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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Remodeled Farmhouses, by Mary H. Northend
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Remodeled Farmhouses
+
+Author: Mary H. Northend
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33955]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMODELED FARMHOUSES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Annie McGuire. This book was produced from
+scanned images of public domain material from the Google
+Print archive.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+
+
+
+REMODELED
+FARMHOUSES
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CURTIS HOUSE FROM THE ROADSIDE]
+
+
+
+
+REMODELED
+FARMHOUSES
+
+
+BY
+MARY H. NORTHEND
+
+AUTHOR OF "COLONIAL HOMES AND THEIR FURNISHINGS,"
+"HISTORIC HOMES OF NEW ENGLAND," ETC.
+
+
+_WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS_
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+BOSTON
+LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY
+1915
+
+
+
+
+_Copyright, 1915,_
+BY LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY.
+
+
+
+
+I DEDICATE THIS BOOK
+TO MY FRIENDS IN MY NATIVE CITY
+TO WHOM I AM INDEBTED
+FOR MANY KINDNESSES
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+There is a certain fascination connected with the remodeling of a
+farmhouse. Its low, raftered interior, its weather-beaten exterior,
+never fail to appeal. Types vary with the period in which they were
+built, but all are of interest.
+
+In this collection, which has been pictured with great care, pains have
+been taken to show as many different types as possible, so that the
+student will be able to find numerous interesting details that can be
+incorporated into his contemplated remodeling. In the study of this work
+I have grown to feel a deep reverence for the old homes of our
+forefathers, and have come to realize as never before the care and
+painstaking thoroughness of the old master builders.
+
+I wish to thank the owners of these homes who have so kindly thrown open
+their doors to my inspection, and who have told me the interesting
+stories connected with the houses.
+
+Acknowledgment should be made to _American Homes and Gardens_ for
+permission to use various articles of mine which they have previously
+published.
+
+In the contents of this book I trust there may be much of value to those
+who are contemplating the remodeling of a farmhouse and that the work
+will bring to them the same enjoyment that the study of the subject has
+brought to me.
+
+  MARY H. NORTHEND.
+  AUGUST, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                           PAGE
+         PREFACE                                                     vii
+      I. IRISTHORPE                                                    1
+     II. LIMOVADY                                                     15
+    III. THE KITTREDGE HOUSE                                          28
+     IV. THE CURTIS HOUSE                                             38
+      V. GREEN MEADOWS                                                49
+     VI. NAWN FARM                                                    61
+    VII. BOULDER FARM                                                 71
+   VIII. THREE ACRES                                                  84
+     IX. THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE                                    100
+      X. THE DAVENPORT BROWN HOUSE                                   110
+     XI. THE DOCTOR CHARLES E. INCHES HOUSE                          124
+    XII. THE CHARLES MARTIN LOEFFLER HOUSE                           136
+   XIII. LITTLE ORCHARD                                              146
+    XIV. WILLOWDALE                                                  155
+     XV. THE GEORGE E. BARNARD ESTATE                                166
+    XVI. THE W. P. ADDEN HOUSE                                       177
+   XVII. THE KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN HOUSE                               187
+  XVIII. THE FRANKLIN BRETT HOUSE                                    198
+    XIX. THE GEORGE D. HALL HOUSE                                    208
+     XX. THE WALTER SCOTT HOPKINS HOUSE                              220
+    XXI. HENRY W. WRIGHT'S HOUSE                                     231
+   XXII. THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE                               243
+         INDEX                                                       255
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  THE CURTIS HOUSE FROM THE ROADSIDE                      _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                             FACING PAGE
+  IRISTHORPE, FRONT VIEW                                               4
+    The Entrance Porch                                                 5
+    From the Garden                                                    8
+    The Entrance Porch, Another View                                   9
+    The Dining Room, and the Living Room                              12
+    The Morning Room, and the Out-door Living Room                    13
+
+  LIMOVADY, REAR VIEW FROM THE GARDEN                                 18
+    Side View                                                         19
+    Two Views of the Living Room                                      22
+    The Dining Room, and the Lounge                                   23
+    Two of the Chambers                                               26
+
+  AN OLD CAPE COD HOUSE                                               27
+    Side View                                                         30
+    The Attic Chamber, and the Living Room                            31
+    The Kitchen                                                       36
+
+  THE CURTIS HOUSE, THE ENTRANCE PORCH                                37
+    Before Remodeling, and Remodeled                                  42
+    The Hall and Unique Stairway                                      43
+    Side View, and the Dining Room                                    48
+
+  GREEN MEADOWS, FRONT VIEW                                           49
+    An Old-fashioned Chamber, and the Living Room                     56
+    Two Views of the Den                                              57
+
+  NAWN FARM, FRONT VIEW                                               64
+    Rear View, and the Living Room                                    65
+    Two Views of the Dining Room                                      68
+    The China Closet in the Dining Room                               69
+
+  BOULDER FARM, FRONT VIEW                                            74
+    The Front Doorway                                                 75
+    The Hall                                                          78
+    The Den, and the Parlor                                           79
+    Two Views of the Dining Room                                      84
+
+  THREE ACRES, FROM THE MAIN ROAD                                     85
+    Front View                                                        90
+    Side View                                                         91
+    A Corner of the Living Room                                       94
+    The Living Room, and the Dining Room                              95
+
+  THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE ON CAPE COD                               100
+    Front View                                                       101
+    Two Views of the Living Room                                     106
+    The Attic Chambers                                               107
+
+  THE DAVENPORT BROWN HOUSE                                          112
+    The Hallway                                                      113
+    The Sun-Parlor or Out-door Nursery, and the Library              118
+    Two of the Chambers                                              119
+    The Nursery, and the Service Wing                                124
+
+  THE CHARLES E. INCHES HOUSE, FRONT VIEW SHOWING THE OLD WELL       125
+    Before Remodeling                                                130
+    Across the Lawn                                                  131
+    The Hall and Stairway, and the Living Room                       134
+
+  THE STUDIO OPPOSITE THE CHARLES M. LOEFFLER HOUSE                  135
+
+  THE CHARLES M. LOEFFLER HOUSE BEFORE REMODELING                    138
+    As Remodeled                                                     139
+    Two Views of the Living Room                                     142
+    The Dining Room, and the Music Room in the Studio Building       143
+
+  LITTLE ORCHARD, THE HOUSE FROM THE DRIVEWAY                        148
+    The Angle of the Ell                                             149
+    The Stairway                                                     152
+    The Entrance Porch, and the Dining Room                          153
+
+  WILLOWDALE, BEFORE REMODELING, AND THE FRONT VIEW                  158
+    The House from the Garden                                        159
+    A Rear View, and the Living Room                                 162
+    Two of the Chambers                                              163
+
+  THE GEORGE E. BARNARD HOUSE BEFORE REMODELING, AND THE FRONT OF
+      THE HOUSE                                                      166
+    The House from the Terrace                                       167
+    The Pergola-Porch                                                172
+    The Hall, and the Alcove in the Living Room                      173
+    The Den, and the Dining Room                                     176
+
+  THE W. P. ADDEN HOUSE                                              177
+    The Stairway                                                     186
+
+  QUILLCOTE, MRS. KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN'S SUMMER HOME                  187
+    The Hall                                                         192
+    Two Views of the Living Room                                     193
+    The Den, and the Dining Room                                     196
+    Two of the Chambers                                              197
+
+  THE FRANKLIN BRETT HOUSE, FRONT VIEW                               202
+    Before Remodeling, and as Remodeled                              203
+    The Pergola-Porch                                                206
+    A First-floor Vista, and the Living Room                         207
+
+  LONE TREE FARM                                                     212
+    As Finally Remodeled, and the Sun-Parlor                         213
+    The Living Room, and a Corner in the Dining Room                 218
+    The Sewing Room, and the Den                                     219
+
+  THE WALTER SCOTT HOPKINS HOUSE BEFORE REMODELING                   224
+    As Remodeled                                                     225
+    The Living Room                                                  228
+    Two Views of the Dining Room                                     229
+
+  THE HENRY W. WRIGHT HOUSE                                          236
+    The Living Room, and the Dining Room                             237
+    Two Noteworthy Chambers                                          242
+
+  THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE                                      243
+    End View                                                         248
+    The Hall                                                         249
+    The Sun-Parlor, and the Living Room                              252
+    The Den, and the Kitchen                                         253
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+IRISTHORPE
+
+
+As you drove slowly along the country road, did you ever stop to
+consider the many possibilities for development that lie hidden in the
+old Colonial farmhouses found here and there? Some are situated quite a
+distance from the main road, while others are placed practically on its
+boundary line. Many of the types are disguised by the unattractive
+additions that have been built to accommodate the growing needs of their
+occupants. Others, with sagging roofs and weather-beaten exteriors,
+stand mute witnesses of the days when our country was making history for
+itself. Some of these unattractive old dwellings in their early days
+sheltered the most ardent patriots of our land, men whose gallant deeds
+have made them famous, and who now lie forgotten.
+
+Fortunately for us, these old houses were not all built in the same
+century, but present a variety of types which makes them all the more
+interesting both to architect and house owner. The age of the house is
+clearly defined in its design. Many of the earliest examples were framed
+in white pine, a wood whose lasting qualities have been plainly shown
+through their power to withstand the ravages of time. Others were
+constructed of stone or brick and are equally interesting in character.
+From an architectural standpoint, most of these houses, no matter how
+dilapidated their condition, show good lines. To be sure, these are
+often hidden under poor surroundings, for as the families grew larger
+and additions became necessary, the new parts were often badly placed.
+This makes it hard for an inexperienced eye to detect where the old
+house leaves off and the additions begin. It must be remembered that the
+early tillers of the soil took little interest in their homes save as
+shelters for themselves and families, and chose for their buildings
+material that lay nearest at hand. All their ready money was expended in
+the building of large and spacious barns to house their cattle.
+
+There is a wealth of possibilities in the reconstruction of old
+farmhouses that are easily recognized by the experienced eye of the
+architect. The study of lines which determine the size and design of
+the old building is most interesting and teaches a lesson in old-time
+architecture which is extremely fascinating. The adaptation of the house
+to new and different purposes, the creation of a picturesque result
+wholly unlike and yet following the lines of the original building,
+calls into play not only skilful designing but careful planning.
+
+Many of these old houses contain fine woodwork which is often hidden
+under layer upon layer of hideous wall-paper bought with an eye to price
+rather than good taste. The fireplaces are sometimes bricked up and
+plastered over to permit the use of a modern "air-tight"; the wainscot
+and molding are buried under coats of unattractive paint and give little
+impression of their value until the original walls and woodwork lie
+bare. Some houses, more especially those situated near the coast and
+erected during the period of commercial prosperity, were built by ship
+carpenters and wood-carvers during dull seasons. In these, one comes
+occasionally upon a wonderful old fireplace or perchance a porch that
+shows artistic carving. Many of these old dwellings naturally show
+original treatment, and it is to these that the architects of to-day
+turn for details to be introduced into the modified Colonial house. They
+were built by men who were forced to use their brains, since they were
+unable to turn to books for ideas.
+
+As originally built, many of them stood with their backs to the road,
+their long, sloping roofs sweeping to the ground, their front doors
+opening on to extensive farm lands. Before the door usually stood the
+father and mother elm, their graceful branches seeming to hover
+protectingly over the dwellings. Many of the trees were there when the
+houses were built, while others have replaced their worthy sires and
+contribute a bit of landscape picturing that adds much to the
+attractiveness of the home.
+
+In these old houses, more especially those that are past complete
+restoration, the architect of to-day frequently finds choice old
+woodwork. Sometimes it is a rare bit of pumpkin pine such as is seldom
+seen; again it is a fine old wainscot, or a wonderful staircase that has
+been saved from the ravages of time. Often some of these details are
+introduced into another remodeled farmhouse to replace parts too far
+gone to be used. The growing vogue of the country home has led to the
+restoration of many of these old-time farmhouses and has saved many a
+valuable structure from falling into decay. Fortunately the appreciation
+of their possibilities came before it was too late to save them from
+destruction, although many that could have done service were allowed to
+go to ruin. There are, however, many fine examples still standing, and
+some of these have been altered to suit modern uses. Little wonder the
+old farmhouse has come into its own, its attractiveness after remodeling
+making it available for summer or all-the-year-round uses. To-day there
+is scarcely a farm or country resort that does not show one or more of
+these old-time buildings in their new dress. Some have interesting
+history connected with them and are associated with legends that have
+been handed down from generation to generation. Often the house has been
+photographed to show both its former appearance and the results of the
+restoration. Some owners, however, have given little thought to the
+original structure, and it is left to the imagination to picture the
+house as it used to be.
+
+[Illustration: IRISTHORPE--FRONT VIEW]
+
+It was six years ago, while hunting for a place to locate a summer home,
+that Doctor and Mrs. Homer Gage of Worcester, Massachusetts, discovered
+at Shrewsbury a simple little farmhouse, showing no claim to
+architectural beauty. It was such an unattractive, plain, little
+building, that only the experienced eye could discover its fine lines.
+This house stood close by the dusty highway; the fence which formed the
+boundary line had fallen into decay, while the farm lands, run down
+through hard usage, showed no trace even of an old-fashioned garden,
+such as many of the housewives of the earlier day so loved to tend. The
+house was built before the Revolutionary War, being erected in 1760, and
+was considered in those days to be a good example of what a farmhouse
+stood for. Surely it was an excellent type, considering the usual lines
+in the New England farmhouses of that day,--this small, unpretentious
+dwelling, whose entrance door out of plumb and windows irregularly
+placed made a curious combination that was in reality fascinating and
+appealing.
+
+It was two stories in height, with an attic under the eaves,--a hot
+little place during the summer months and cold in winter, but good for
+storage of furniture and unnecessary household belongings. The roof had
+a pitch at the back and sloped to meet the kitchen, which was only one
+story in height. Two sturdy, six-foot chimneys had been built on one
+side of the house, as stoves were unknown in those days. The frame was
+of white pine, well seasoned, and the timber hand-hewn, with the mark of
+the adze plainly showing in the beams, for it was built when honest
+labor prevailed and was as stanch as in the days when the bush stuck in
+the chimney or ridge-pole showed that the carpenters' work was done. The
+farm buildings were connected with the main house and comprised a barn,
+hen-house, corn-crib, and byre, all huddled together in the most compact
+kind of way. It had not been occupied since Doctor Brown, the original
+owner, paid his last visit and left the house to its fate. The interior
+was not as dilapidated as in most old houses, being in tolerably good
+repair. And so, with little alteration, it was used as a dwelling house,
+while the new home which was being built near the center of the estate
+was erected.
+
+After the cellar was built and the foundation partly laid, the work on
+the new house was stopped. There was something about the old clapboarded
+farmhouse that appealed so strongly to the new occupants that they fell
+under its charm and decided not to supplant it by a modern home. But
+the house stood too near the road; there was no privacy and no freedom
+from dust. It was of such solid construction, however, that its moving
+could be easily accomplished. So, slowly but surely, it slid down the
+hill and finally rested on the foundations which had been designed for
+the summer house.
+
+[Illustration: The Entrance Porch]
+
+Under the direction of Mr. George Hunt Ingraham, the remodeling was
+begun. The old lines of the roof were left unaltered, and although more
+room was needed, dormers were left out in its reconstruction. Nothing,
+the new owners felt, could so destroy the lines of the house as to break
+them with intrusions such as this. The long, unbroken skyline is one of
+its greatest charms, and even the long slope at one side, reaching down
+and over the one-story kitchen ell, has been carefully retained and adds
+not a little to the harmonious effect of the whole structure. At the
+front was added a small porch showing Colonial treatment, in the center
+of which hang graceful vases filled with iris. The same latticed effect
+was carried out across the front of the house in the space between the
+windows of the first and second stories. On either side of the main
+dwelling, outdoor living-rooms were secured by the introduction of
+screened piazzas, the roofs of which were painted with water-proof
+paint. One of these living-rooms opens on to a water-garden with its
+arches of roses at one side of the house. It is fitted up with willow
+furniture, in the coverings of which is introduced the prevailing
+flower, the iris, which is also shown in the table cover and the shape
+of the vase filled with the same flowers. The opposite porch is also
+fitted up as a living-room and overlooks the home garden. The exterior
+of the house is painted white with conventional green blinds, the
+chimneys following the same treatment, while the windows remain
+unchanged. The massive stone fireplaces were not taken out, although the
+old kitchen chimney had to be altered slightly in order to meet present
+needs. The house to-day overlooks extensive grounds and is embowered in
+a wealth of rambler roses and iris. It resembles the old house in its
+lines but shows in its remodeled form a most wonderful effect and
+reveals what beautiful results can be obtained by correct restoration.
+
+[Illustration: From the Garden]
+
+The house is named "Iristhorpe," the name being chosen by the mistress
+of the house, who since her childhood has taken great interest in the
+iris because of a fairy tale told her by her grandmother, in which the
+flower was supposed to be the home of the fairies.
+
+[Illustration: The Entrance Porch. Another View]
+
+With modern methods of living, it would have been an impossibility to
+retain the old house in its entirety. More room was needed, and a
+service department was an absolute necessity, but in its enlargement
+such careful attention was paid to carrying out the lines of the
+original type that to-day it is almost an impossibility to find where
+the old house leaves off, and the new one commences. In the old
+structure, as it stood facing the main road, there were three rooms in a
+row on the first floor, with the kitchen ell attached at the rear, and
+the upper part of the house cut up into small rooms. In remodeling,
+these rooms were changed over into morning-room, living-room, and
+library, and occupy the entire front of the house, just as they did in
+the original building. They are connected with doors so carefully placed
+in line that they give one the impression of greater space than is
+really found at Iristhorpe. At the rear, the old kitchen was converted
+into a most attractive hallway and stairway, with closets and lavatory
+located at the farther side.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room, which is at the rear of the living-room, has been added
+and conforms in every respect to the original design of the old house.
+Back of this are the service rooms, which are admirably planned and
+equipped with butler's pantry, servants' dining-room, kitchen pantry,
+rear hall, and stairway, together with a kitchen. In the remodeling, the
+second story was divided into four servants' bedrooms, a bathroom, and a
+large sewing-room at the rear. An interesting feature is that this
+department has no connection on the second floor with any other room in
+the house.
+
+The porch door opens directly into the living-room, which has never been
+changed from its original place in the old house. Its central feature is
+the old fireplace, which has been opened at the opposite side into the
+new dining-room. This was originally the old kitchen chimney and
+contained the brick oven. It has been bricked in for modern use, and
+here, as throughout the house, the iris motive prevails. It is shown in
+the graceful andirons, in the coverings of the Sheraton wing chair, in
+the sofa pillows, and even in the lamp-shade. This room contains fine
+woodwork, which is, in fact, a noticeable feature of every part of the
+house, and the Colonial idea has been carefully carried out in all the
+furniture used.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The library opens out from the living-room at the right, and from that
+one passes to the outdoor living-room. On the opposite side of the
+living-room is the den or morning-room, with glass doors which open on
+to the porch. Here again the iris is always the motive of decoration. In
+this room particularly the old paneling has been retained, as have the
+old strap hinges and latches, which, when missing, have been replaced by
+others of like design. This room was originally the doctor's office, and
+in the cupboard was found, at the purchase of the house, some of his old
+stock.
+
+One of the most interesting rooms is the dining-room, which contains an
+old brick oven and paneling so exactly corresponding to the character of
+the original that at first glance it is impossible to differentiate
+between them, either in age or workmanship. The window sashes, with
+their small well-shaped panes, give to the room an appropriate scale,
+and the old iron and brass hinges and latches lend an effective tone.
+The iris, charming in nature and no less decorative in its
+conventionalized form, appears here and there in the carved woodwork and
+always gives a delicate twist to the Colonial design it embellishes. The
+beamed ceiling carries out the old-time idea, while wonderful
+Japanese panels have been inserted in the finish over the fireplace, and
+huge iron andirons show an exact reproduction of the fleur-de-lis. This
+flower is found also in the cushions of the Chippendale chairs, the
+decoration of the table, the china, and in a beautiful Japanese screen
+of most graceful design that hides the service entrance into this room.
+
+[Illustration: The Morning Room]
+
+The white woodwork is a noticeable feature of the interior, where
+harmony has been so carefully maintained that on entering one feels as
+if he were in a really old house, rather than one restored. It should be
+noted that in the architectural treatment, especial consideration has
+been given to lighting and air; the windows have been distributed so
+that the light is concentrated, giving the rooms an effect of
+cheerfulness that could not be obtained otherwise. Even the hanging of
+the curtains, which are of the Colonial type, adds to the charm of the
+house.
+
+[Illustration: The Out-door Living Room]
+
+The bedrooms, on the second floor, of which there are four, show the
+same low stud that is characteristic of the lower floor. They are small
+but most conveniently fitted up, even to the conversion of a small
+closet, which the architect had considered impractical for use, into an
+extra bathroom. Every bit of available space has been made usable.
+
+An unusual feature is the guest house, which has been created in the
+second story of the large stable which stands at one side of the estate.
+This is especially useful for week-end parties. The loft has been
+converted into a suite of bedrooms, pool-rooms, and a screened veranda
+that can be used for sleeping accommodations.
+
+Iristhorpe might be called a conventional farmhouse, one of the type met
+with on almost every country road. It has no exterior adornment of any
+kind, but is a fine example of how a picturesque building can be evolved
+from an unattractive one, and is probably one of the best examples of
+remodeling that can be found. The house is typical of the best American
+architecture, and credit should be given the pioneer who first laid the
+foundation of the old farmhouse. As Iristhorpe now stands, its graceful
+lines cannot be improved upon, and clever as the alterations undoubtedly
+are, the great fascination that grips us as we view the house arises
+from the fact that it is a part of the early architecture, when hewn
+beams were first primed together, and when dwellings were erected that
+would endure for centuries.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+LIMOVADY
+
+
+First the electric car and now the automobile have solved the problem of
+accessibility which until recently confronted those who would have
+returned to the old homestead even sooner, had it been nearer the town.
+But to-day the house must be far away indeed if it cannot be easily
+reached from the more active centers, and probably this fact more than
+any other has opened up for the enjoyment of the younger generations the
+natural charm of the countryside endeared to our forefathers. In the
+roomy, old-fashioned farmhouses of New England, surrounded by stately
+trees and overlooking acres upon acres of rolling pasture and meadow
+land, unlimited opportunities are offered for the development of the
+country home.
+
+In remodeling these houses of the early builders, any radical departure
+from the original scheme is seldom necessary. Rather should the lines
+and motives be sacredly preserved to accentuate their old-time charm,
+and modern improvements introduced unobtrusively and with such care that
+the final result is indeed a restoration and not an alteration. The
+mellowing passage of time has dealt gently with many of our old homes,
+and history and romance have woven about them an added fascination for
+every generation to enjoy. When the work of restoration is commenced,
+the problem of retaining this charm is often a difficult one. In some
+instances it would seem as if nothing short of pure inspiration had
+guided the hands of the remodelers of many of the quaint and irregular
+old houses that stand by the side of the road.
+
+The old house is nearly always in harmony with its surroundings; if it
+did not seem a part of the landscape when it was built, it has at least
+had time to grow into it through the years, and the problem of all
+remodeling is to preserve in the completed structure the atmosphere that
+will make it appear to have always belonged where it stands. While the
+first thought of our forefathers was to provide an adequate home, they
+undoubtedly possessed a peculiar instinct in the choice of a picturesque
+location. By selecting the site best adapted to their needs, the house
+seemed literally to grow out of the land, and herein lies the secret of
+more than half the allurement of the old-fashioned structures. The
+intimacy between house and grounds seems as strong as were the family
+ties of those hardy pioneers who laid the foundations of American
+civilization.
+
+More practical considerations in regard to the environment than
+picturesqueness confront the house owner, however, and one of the most
+important is that of water supply and drainage. These must necessarily
+be kept far apart. A gentle incline is the best location for a dwelling,
+so that the one may come to the house from higher ground above, and the
+other be carried off below. A hollow is bad, because the water will not
+readily flow away from it; it is always damp and hot, as it is shut in
+from the breezes. On too steep a hillside, heavy rains will work havoc
+with lawns, walks, and flower beds.
+
+The slope of the land should be considered in reference to the
+prevailing winds. The house should be placed so that the cool breezes of
+summer blow upon the living-room side and not upon the kitchen, or all
+the heat and odors from cooking will fill the rooms, and they will
+always be hot and stuffy. The attractiveness of the immediate outlook
+should be noted, and it is well to ascertain if there are any
+objectionable features which cannot be removed or which are likely to
+arise within immediate prospect. The character and proximity of the
+neighbors will play a large part in the enjoyment of a summer home. If
+the house is not set well back on the property, it should at least be
+screened with full-grown trees and shrubbery to obtain the seclusion
+desired. Old trees add greatly not only to the attractiveness of a place
+but to its actual value and comfort, for it takes a long time to grow
+new trees that will provide adequate shade from the heat of summer suns.
+
+There is an illustration of a thus happily situated farmhouse at
+Georgetown, about thirty miles from Boston, known as the Jewett house,
+which was built in 1711. It is typical of an old Dutch lean-to and has a
+great central chimney twelve feet square, with four flues. Snuggled down
+in the midst of rolling grass land, it made an attractive picture in its
+surroundings of old elms. It stood far back from the road and was
+approached by a long lane that wound among splendid trees to the front
+of the house. Like many dwellings of this period, its back was toward
+the main road, and the front door opened upon a wide expanse of shady
+meadows which in the summer were bright with many-colored wild
+flowers. Between the house and the road there was a wide stretch of
+green grass which has been transformed into an old-fashioned flower
+garden, planted about a small, cement-lined pool and water garden.
+
+[Illustration: Rear View from the Garden]
+
+This house was discovered several years ago by a young Southerner who
+had come north from her sunny home in Kentucky to find a summer abode
+for her brother and herself. The house as it stood was in a very
+dilapidated condition, and only an artist would have realized its
+possibilities. But about it was a warmth of atmosphere that appealed to
+the enthusiastic Southerner. Not the least of its attractions were the
+elms that cast their protecting shadows not only over the long avenue
+which led to the house but over the dwelling itself; many of them were
+patriarchs of the primeval forests when their younger companions were
+yet in seed; others were set out later, to add their charm to the
+forsaken home.
+
+[Illustration: LIMOVADY--SIDE VIEW]
+
+It was purchased in 1906, and the work of restoration was immediately
+commenced. The outside was weather-beaten and guiltless of paint. The
+roof sagged, and the great stone chimney needed repair. It was propped
+up and made thoroughly safe, and the old roof was entirely-rebuilt, but
+the original lines were closely followed. Viewing the house as it stands
+to-day, one realizes what attractive apartments can be evolved from ugly
+interiors, and what interesting results ingenuity and good judgment can
+bring about.
+
+The interior showed coat after coat of vivid tint and layer after layer
+of atrociously colored wall-paper. The rooms, originally large and
+square, had been divided and partitioned off to meet the needs of
+growing families; many of them were small and hopelessly unattractive.
+But there were latent possibilities.
+
+When the house was first purchased, the owner went over the inside
+herself to discover the original lines. As in many houses of the kind,
+it was easy to restore the size of the room by following beams and
+knocking out partitions. It must be remembered that the usual plan in
+houses of that period was to construct a large, square room in the
+center with small rooms opening off from it which were used as chambers.
+
+The work of decorating, and, as far as possible, the remodeling itself,
+was done by Mrs. William Otis Kimball and her brother. Along the front
+of the house a screened, outdoor living-room has been added. The
+original building consisted of four rooms on the first floor. The front
+door opened into a small hall, to the right of which was the great
+living-room, and to the left the dining-room. Back of the former was a
+guest room, and back of the latter the old kitchen.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Living Room]
+
+In the living-room, the flooring, which was composed of boards often two
+feet wide, was in such good condition that it was left intact, treated
+to a black walnut stain, and shellacked. The height of the ceiling was
+but seven feet; so the heavy beams of swamp oak were boxed in and
+painted white, and the space between whitewashed. The walls, which were
+covered with ten tiers of paper, each one uglier than the last, were
+cleared to the boarding. The last one was found to be a wonderfully fine
+landscape paper, which showed that an early owner of the house must have
+been a person of means, who probably had it brought over in one of the
+merchant-ships during the time of commercial prosperity, when
+Newburyport had a lively trade with foreign lands. The walls were
+treated with a water paint colored a creamy pumpkin tint that makes the
+room seem always well lighted. It is a most inexpensive finish, such as
+is used by scene painters in a theater, and can be put on with an
+ordinary-whitewash brush. The wainscot was stained dark brown to
+harmonize with the floors. Around the top of the room the owner painted
+a frieze of conventionalized pomegranates, which follow the color scheme
+of the woodwork and wall. The old fireplace, which had been closed up,
+was opened, and the over-mantel enriched with a splendidly decorative
+painting by the artist herself, representing a Normandy boar hunt about
+1330.
+
+After it was remodeled, the room measured twenty-four by twenty-six
+feet, the original size when the house was first built. It is now used
+as a living-room and library. Inexpensive shelves, made of boards
+stained to match the wainscot, are fastened along the walls. In places
+there is a single shelf; sometimes two are placed about twelve inches
+apart, and they are used for books, pictures, and ornaments. The windows
+are curtained with an appropriate simplicity that is unusually
+attractive. Unbleached cotton is used for the over-curtains and
+decorated with a border of richly colored cretonne, corresponding in
+color and conventionality of design to the painted frieze on the
+walls.
+
+The hallway is five feet in width and has been kept in the original
+boards. They are stained in tones of soft brown which harmonize
+splendidly with the varying color schemes of the rooms that open on
+either side. Opposite the entrance door is a narrow, winding staircase
+whose white steps and balustrade contrast sharply with the dark woodwork
+and hand-rail. Half way up is the old nightcap closet from which, in the
+early days, our forefathers took their nightly toddy. Underneath the
+stairs is a secret closet so carefully hidden in the panels that only
+those familiar with it can find it. This was known in Colonial days as
+the "priest hole," and it was here, so the legend runs, that French
+refugees were secreted during the French and Indian wars.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room opens off the hallway at the left. It is a long, narrow
+room with a fireplace at one side of the end nearest the hall. The
+woodwork has been finished in a dark stain, and the old corner cupboard
+has been kept intact. The fireplace wall is paneled in swamp pine, and
+over the mantel there is a secret panel cupboard. The lower part of the
+walls is covered with dark green burlap, and above is a decorative paper
+in boldly striking colors. There is a long, refectory dining-table in
+this room, made of stout oak boards, and the other furniture has a
+monastic simplicity which is entirely in keeping with the character of
+the room.
+
+The small room at the rear of the living-room is used as a guest chamber
+and is known as the missionary room. Here the walls are tinted a soft
+moss green, and ornamented at the top by a black and white frieze that
+pictures the different stages of a missionary's life. He is shown from
+the time of his arrival on the lonely island to his chase and capture by
+a band of cannibals, and finally being roasted amidst scenes of hilarity
+as they turn his fat form on the spit.
+
+The studio was originally the kitchen and opens out of this room. The
+woodwork is of the same dark brown tint used through all the lower
+story, and the walls are hung with natural colored burlap. The principal
+features of the room are its fireplace and quaint Dutch oven which were
+built into the center of the twelve-foot chimney when the house was
+erected. From the pothook on the crane hangs an old Colonial kettle. Of
+almost equal interest are the small-paned windows which are closed by
+sliding inside panels.
+
+The present kitchen has been added at the rear. It has white walls
+decorated with a frieze in which lobsters disport themselves in
+different attitudes.
+
+A small closet at one side of the passage that leads into the kitchen
+has been utilized for a bathroom. It is finished in white with a dado of
+tiles painted with turtles.
+
+[Illustration: The Lounge]
+
+When the house was first purchased, there was an old barn on the
+property a short distance away. This was moved up and connected with the
+house. It opens from the dining-room and has been converted into a
+lounge room, with servants' quarters at the rear. This room is one of
+the most interesting in the house. It is finished in stained pine, and
+the old rafters and woodwork have been left as they originally were. The
+spaces between the heavy beams of the ceiling are white, the beams being
+black with a narrow band of peacock blue above.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two of the Chambers]
+
+The originality used in finishing the house is evidenced nowhere better
+than in the chambers, on the second floor. Each one has been decorated
+with a different flower, and they are known as the holly-hock, the sweet
+pea, the wistaria, and the morning-glory room. A frieze of the
+particular flower has been painted around, and the canopies and bed
+coverings show the same design and colors in cretonne.
+
+A small room in the barn wing, which was not large enough to be
+converted into a chamber as it stood, has been utilized for this purpose
+by opening up a large, connecting closet into an alcove to hold the bed.
+It is so arranged that at night the bed can be pulled out into the
+center of the room, and in the daytime hidden behind curtains drawn
+across the alcove.
+
+There are quaint old four-posters in all of the bedrooms, and
+old-fashioned and simple furniture is used throughout the house. Some of
+it is home-made, and in many of the rooms are bookcases constructed from
+packing-boxes, and hung across with curtains of the cretonne used
+elsewhere in the room.
+
+In altering many old houses for modern occupancy, there has been a
+greater expenditure than would have been required to build an entirely
+new structure. But in this instance the charm of the old home has been
+retained with a considerably smaller outlay than would have been
+necessary to erect another of equal size and facilities.
+
+There is an undeniable satisfaction in realizing that all has been
+gotten out of a venture of this kind that was possible, and that no
+offense has been committed against the spirit of the old house. Every
+one who has attempted remodeling obtains different results from those
+first planned, for as the work proceeds, new possibilities and new
+limitations constantly appear, till the completed building has an
+individuality unrealized in the beginning.
+
+In Limovady, as this little country place is named, we find a good
+example of what can be done to make an old house not only a livable but
+a delightful home, and it is a success such as this that inspires other
+home seekers to remodel, according to their own ideas. For no two people
+will be likely to conceive the reconstruction of a home in just the same
+way, and it is this stamp of individuality that lends to the remodeled
+house a large part of its charm.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE KITTREDGE HOUSE
+
+
+Have you ever noticed the fishermen's little cottages that stand along
+the seacoast wherever modern summer resorts have not displaced them?
+From a modern architectural point of view, they would at first seem
+quite insignificant, and yet, hidden away beneath the rough exteriors,
+there are often interesting lines and good proportions. The humble
+fishermen who dwelt there cared little for external appearance, but they
+built their cottages strong and solid and, though unpretentious, they
+were comfortable.
+
+These little old houses, seemingly commonplace though they may be, hold
+much more interest for the prospective house owner and the architect
+than do the more elaborate ones of later periods. For wherever men have
+utilized what skill and intelligence they have to satisfy definite needs
+in the simplest, most straightforward way, they have achieved something
+of lasting worth.
+
+The ages of these old seacoast houses vary just as do those farther
+inland. Some were built long before the Revolution and others at a much
+more recent date. Some have fallen into hopeless decay, while others are
+still stanch and habitable. The possible purchaser should make a careful
+examination both inside and out before he decides to remodel. Sometimes,
+from a superficial survey, an old house may appear sturdy enough to
+warrant renovation, but a closer investigation will prove that this
+would be an expensive business. For the old timbers often hold together
+firmly because they have all settled together as a unit; if any one is
+disturbed, the rest may be greatly weakened or even threaten to fall
+apart, like the proverbial house of cards.
+
+The first indication of dangerous weakness is a sagging roof. If the
+lines are even a little concave, it is a bad sign, for the roof would
+not have settled had the walls held absolutely true. Because of pressure
+against them, they have been forced apart and perhaps are on the point
+of tumbling down altogether. If the roof passes its test well, then
+examine the line of the walls and be sure they are absolutely vertical
+and have neither spread nor fallen inward.
+
+Next study the condition of the timbers. The sill is the most important
+one. If it is badly-decayed, all the other members resting upon it will
+have been thereby weakened and the whole structure impaired. The upright
+timbers and the studs will all have settled, and to straighten them will
+mean practically the rebuilding of the house. The floors and the roof
+which rest upon them will be endangered. Sometimes the ends of the
+uprights have rotted, and the slightest new work about them will result
+in their crumbling and undermining the beams and rafters they support.
+It is often necessary to use a sharp iron or a long knife and pry
+underneath the coverings on both the exterior and the interior to
+determine their condition. A little attention given to these points will
+determine whether it is worth while to attempt remodeling, or whether
+the expense involved would be out of all proportion to the result.
+
+Scarcely less vital is the condition of the cellar. Is there dampness,
+caused by lack of ventilation, by bad walls, or by some inherent
+moisture? Some of these old houses have a well in the cellar; this
+should be drained off and filled up. But if there is an actual spring of
+water, as not infrequently occurs, either move the house or abandon
+it. Bad walls can be cemented and waterproofed. If the trouble comes
+from lack of light and air, it may be possible to cut larger window
+openings. Most old houses were set too low, however, and it is
+frequently an advantage to raise them. This requires sound underpinning,
+or the expense will be great.
+
+While considering the subject of dampness, it is well to examine the
+roof and see how much it leaks under the moss-grown shingles. If it is
+an old house that is in tolerably good repair at the present time, it
+may be that under some previous owner the roof fell into decay, and
+rains soaked through. Look for signs of this, for it will mean weakness
+in timbers and plaster that must be guarded against. Examine the boards
+of the roof to see if they are strong enough to permit the laying of new
+shingles.
+
+The chimney is another important matter to investigate. In old houses
+which have not been used for some time, the bricks often deteriorate and
+become so soft that they crumble at the touch. This would necessitate
+the not inconsiderable expense of rebuilding the whole chimney, unless
+it is so large that a second smaller one may be inserted within the old.
+With the huge fireplaces of other days, whose yawning mouths were often
+capable of holding a ten-foot log, a metal flue is frequently used in
+the remodeling. It is surrounded on the outside, between itself and the
+old chimney, with concrete, which renders it entirely safe from danger
+of fire.
+
+A glance should be given also, in this inspection, at the condition of
+the floors. If they are not level, it indicates defects in the timbers
+underneath. The boards themselves are often so rough and laid with such
+large cracks that it will be necessary to lay new floors. Notice, too,
+the condition of doors and windows; whether they are straight and true
+enough to be used again, or if others will have to replace them. Tap the
+plaster here and there to see where it is loose and to what extent it
+must be renewed.
+
+These are the tests that indicate whether the old house is worth buying
+and what will be the essential expense to make it habitable. Sometimes
+one or another defect is so severe as to make the venture foolish; again
+it can be remedied by resort to strenuous methods. Not infrequently the
+drawbacks of a bad cellar and a poor location are at once overcome by
+removing the house altogether to a new site. This is practicable when
+the building is sound in structure and an inexpensive operation if it is
+small.
+
+[Illustration: AN OLD CAPE COD HOUSE]
+
+That was the proceeding which Miss Mabel L. Kittredge undertook with an
+old fisherman's cottage that had stood for many years on the shores of
+Cape Cod. It was a simple little building, dilapidated and
+weather-beaten, and quite unsuggestive of a summer home. But its very
+quaintness and diminutive size attracted her attention, and she
+determined to investigate it. The owner was willing to part with it,
+just as it stood, for eighty-five dollars, not including the land.
+
+The location was not desirable, and it was decided to "fleck" the house,
+as is the colloquial term on the Cape for preparing a building to be
+moved. It was taken apart and floated across the water to its new
+foundations in South Yarmouth. Here it was "unflecked" and set up facing
+the harbor and the cool breezes from the ocean.
+
+[Illustration: AN OLD CAPE COD HOUSE--SIDE VIEW]
+
+The original building, erected in the early part of the nineteenth
+century, was a small, shingled structure, thirty by twenty feet, with a
+straight gable roof rising from the low stud of the first story. Its
+proportions were not at all unpleasing, and the placing of the several
+small-paned windows was particularly agreeable. There was a kitchen shed
+attached to the rear.
+
+When it was set in position in the new location, additional windows were
+cut, a small porch built at the front entrance, and a second shed
+attached at right angles to the kitchen wing. In the second story, a
+broad flat-roofed dormer with three windows increased the interior
+space, without seriously altering the straight lines of the roof. The
+effort to retain the original simplicity of line is also evident in the
+porch roof, which follows closely the wide angle of the gable ends of
+the house.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The original interior was cut up into a number of small rooms, the
+partitions of which were removed, with the exception of those dividing
+off a bedroom at the rear. This left one good-sized apartment, which was
+fitted up for living and dining-room combined and made a most delightful
+place. The stairs were built at the left, along the rear wall. A group
+of three windows was cut here to give extra light and air, and the
+manner in which they have been handled is interesting. On account of the
+position of a heavy supporting beam, it was impossible to make these new
+windows the height of the original ones. The effect of this was
+ameliorated by placing a shelf directly above the group of three and
+extending it across the wall to meet the old window. A number of
+interesting pieces of china placed on the shelf give it a character and
+weight which thus carries the eye along from one opening to the other
+without any consciousness of the break in height. This is but one of
+those ingenious methods by which remodeling is made successful.
+
+The large, old-fashioned fireplace is the center of interest in this
+room. At the right of it is a china closet with mullioned glass door,
+and on the left two narrower closets are found in the paneling. A new
+hardwood floor had to be laid, as the original one was in bad condition.
+The wainscot and woodwork throughout the house was unusually good for
+such a small and unpretentious structure. After the former layers of
+paint had been removed and the wood thoroughly cleaned, it was finished
+in white. The walls, scraped down to the original plaster, were painted
+in a soft green flat-coat that was delightfully fresh and cool.
+
+Back of this large room was a small hallway leading into the ell at the
+back. At the left, space was taken for a bathroom.
+
+[Illustration: AN OLD CAPE COD HOUSE--THE KITCHEN]
+
+The kitchen was kept practically the same as in the old house. The rough
+stud and rafters were stained a dark brown, and the boards of the roof
+whitewashed. The walls were plastered to the height of the stud. A
+modern stove was attached to the old chimney flue on the outside of the
+building. The exposed uprights provided an opportunity for convenient
+shelves to be built for the various kitchen appliances.
+
+[Illustration: The Attic Chamber]
+
+Up-stairs the entire floor was thrown into one room, instead of making
+several small, stuffy, sleeping apartments. The dormer which was cut in
+the front added not only to the light, air, and space of the room, but
+gave an opportunity for a most attractive window-seat to be built
+beneath the broad windows. The old, wide boards of the floor were in
+good condition and kept intact. The walls were plastered to the ridge,
+exposing the heavy tie-beams. Along the walls under the eaves, sets of
+drawers were built into the woodwork, thus obviating the necessity of
+having chiffoniers or chests of drawers to consume already limited
+space. The rough bricks of the chimney, which breaks slantingly through
+the floor near the center of the room, are not concealed. Instead, they
+form a rather decorative feature in the little apartment, and about
+the four sides of the flue shelves are built which serve as a
+dressing-table and a desk.
+
+The furnishings of the whole house are delightfully simple and
+suggestive of the quaint Colonial period when it was built. Tables and
+chairs, pictures, mirrors, and china are interesting heirlooms that have
+been handed down in the family of the owner and preserve the spirit of
+the little cottage as admirably as do the various alterations which have
+made it so modern and habitable.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE CURTIS HOUSE
+
+
+The great charm of Colonial farmhouses lies in the simplicity of their
+appearance. Many dilapidated, weather-beaten old buildings, long
+neglected by an indifferent community, are really little masterpieces of
+harmonious line and good proportion.
+
+The style of the roof tells much about the age of the building to the
+initiated, and its line is easily the most important factor in the
+appearance of the house. The pitched roof is one of the oldest types and
+was used long before our country was discovered. This roof slopes away
+from the ridge-pole on both sides, thus forming a triangular area, the
+angle at each end of which is called a gable. In the early days, the
+pitch was built very steep to accommodate the thatching with which the
+roof was covered. As shingles came into use, the slope gradually
+flattened, and the age can be roughly judged by its angle.
+
+The gambrel roof appeared before the eighteenth century and was
+commonly used in New England farmhouses. Each side of this is made up of
+two distinct pitches, which have no rule to govern their relationship. A
+somewhat later development was the hipped roof, in which the gabled ends
+were flattened, making four flat sides sloping from the ridge-pole. This
+was used when no attic chamber was needed. In the more pretentious
+Georgian houses, the top was flattened, and a wooden balustrade put
+around it. These roofs are generally shingled and practically never
+painted; the soft gray color they attain in weathering is sometimes
+imitated in stain on new shingles.
+
+The addition of a wing or ell brought up a new problem in roofing, and
+it is this point that demands most serious attention from the remodeler.
+The old builders have not always been successful in preserving the unity
+of the roof line that is so essential to pleasing design. Whenever it is
+possible, the new roof should be made a part of the old, and the lines
+of one should run into those of the other. The pitch of the two should
+be practically the same. The same type of roof must be used over all
+parts of the building, although it is occasionally permissible to have a
+pitched roof on an ell when the main roof is a gambrel.
+
+Where a veranda is added, its roof line must be carefully studied and
+made to seem an original part of the building, not something stuck on as
+an afterthought. This problem of keeping the lines of the different
+roofs in harmony is a vital one, and nowhere is there greater demand for
+ingenuity and thoughtful treatment.
+
+The question of dormers is also important. When it is desired to have a
+second-story porch or sleeping-room, the dormer often supplies the
+solution of this difficult problem. The earliest ones were merely a
+flattening of the pitch of the roof, and this is the type that should be
+used when it is necessary to add a dormer to the older farmhouses. As
+the Georgian details were developed, the gable-roofed dormer was used
+with the cornice moldings of porches and door frames. These dormers were
+high, with a single window often having a semicircular head. They were
+usually combined in groups of three and connected with each other by a
+balustrade.
+
+The exterior walls of the first houses were made of heavy boards laid
+vertically on the framework, without studding. Before long, the wood was
+laid horizontally, each board overlapping the one below it. This
+clapboarding and siding was used without interruption through all the
+various changes in other details. Much later, the shingle was adopted
+for the sides of the house as well as for the roof. A larger shingle,
+however, was used on the walls, with a wide exposure of surface. These
+were made of pine or cypress.
+
+Although the walls of most old houses follow a straight line from one
+story to the next, there was a type, copied by the colonists from the
+buildings of the mother country and used somewhat freely before the
+Georgian era, in which the second story extended beyond the first. This
+overhang was generally used only on the front and back and not on all
+four sides, as in the European counterparts. The girders and cross beams
+were framed into the second-story posts, which frequently ended in an
+ornamental knob or drop, as it was called. The gables, too, occasionally
+had a slight overhang. In altering a pre-Georgian house, it is therefore
+permissible to make use of this overhang feature, and it may solve some
+otherwise knotty problems of required extra space.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+A house which shows unusually clever handling of these points is
+situated in the little village of Charles River, not so many miles
+outside of Boston. Within the last few years, this locality has been
+opened up, and many modern homes have been built and farmhouses
+remodeled. They are situated along charming woodland roads and seem to
+nestle in their picturesque surroundings. This particular one stands on
+the road from Boston to Dover, invitingly shaded by graceful elms that
+have watched unnumbered generations pass. It suggests to passers-by a
+typical, seventeenth century farmhouse, ingeniously remodeled, through
+the plans of the late Philip B. Howard and F. M. Wakefield, architects
+of Boston, into a twentieth-century summer home. This old farmhouse was
+built in 1647 and was of the rectangular type, built about a central
+chimney, with four rooms and a hall on the lower floor. When Mr.
+Frederick H. Curtis selected it for his home, it had already been
+materially altered from the original simple structure by various
+succeeding tenants. And many of these had not added to its charms. The
+exterior was most uninviting in a vicious shade of red paint with white
+trim. In front was a small lattice porch entirely out of keeping with
+the architecture of the house. But in spite of all these unattractive
+features, there was an insistent appeal about the old place that made it
+seem worth venturing to restore.
+
+The first problem which presented itself was that of interior space. The
+difficulty lay in enlarging this space in such a way as to provide the
+needed room and at the same time maintain the harmony of the exterior
+lines. The original four rooms had been added to from time to time by
+former owners by means of the customary ells at the rear. The house was
+two and a half stories high, with a straight, pitched roof starting from
+the top of the second story. In the rear there was a two-story ell and a
+one-story addition behind that, with an outside chimney. Each of these
+was increased by one room, so that space for a laundry was added in the
+lower floor and for servants' quarters in the second. The chimney was
+kept on the outside above the laundry roof and built up to the required
+height. This second-story extension overhangs the old kitchen wall by
+about eighteen inches on one side and on the other runs into an entirely
+new wing, whose roof line joins without a break to that of the old ell.
+The roof of the main building has been extended in the rear, following
+its straight line to the top of the first story, as was frequently done
+in old houses. This brought the lines of the main building and the rear
+ells into greater harmony and provided space for an outdoor living-room
+on the first floor. A flat-roofed dormer was thrown out above this on
+the second floor and turned into a sleeping-porch. The lines of the
+several roofs have thus been kept remarkably simple, considering the
+great amount of space which has been added.
+
+[Illustration: Remodeled]
+
+[Illustration: Side View]
+
+On the opposite side of the house a new wing has been added to the
+second floor, parallel to the main building and at right angles to the
+ells in the rear. The front part of it has a pitched roof following the
+angle of that on the main building, and the rear has a flat roof on a
+very low stud. This provides three additional rooms on the second floor.
+It has been built over an outdoor breakfast or morning-room on the first
+floor, and the kitchen has been widened under it.
+
+[Illustration: The Entrance Porch]
+
+At the front of the house, the flat-roofed entrance porch was removed,
+and one more in keeping with the Colonial period built in its place.
+This has a gabled roof, supported in front on two simple columns. The
+back part of it is closed and forms a small vestibule, with old-time
+oval windows extending on each side beyond the gabled roof-line. There
+are two benches in front, also beyond this line and protected by
+vine-grown lattices and small, extending eaves. The floor is paved with
+brick.
+
+These comprise the major changes to the exterior; but new shingles were
+put on the old roof; the dilapidated slat-shutters were replaced by
+blinds of solid wood, with a diamond cut in the upper panel after the
+old-time fashion; and the ugly red paint was changed to a soft Colonial
+buff.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall and Unique Stairway]
+
+The narrow entrance hall, opening directly on the stairs, has not been
+altered. In the stairs, however, an exceedingly interesting treatment
+has been introduced, made necessary by the plan of the rooms above. On
+the first landing a doorway was cut in the chimney wall, and stairs
+built up the center of the chimney between the two flues. These give
+access to a small hall in the rear, connecting the several bedrooms. The
+door that leads to these stairs, at the foot, is a "secret" one; that
+is, it is covered with the wall-paper which surrounds it and fits
+tightly into the wall without framing woodwork.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+At the right of the hallway the parlor and dining-room were thrown into
+one long living-room, and a pleasant triple window was cut in the rear
+wall looking out upon the veranda. The fine old woodwork about the
+fireplace was restored to its original beauty with many coats of white
+paint. The hand-hewn beams in the ceiling were uncovered from the
+casing which had hidden them, and the wood rubbed and oiled. The floor
+was found to be in good condition and, after the placing of additional
+boards where the partition was removed, was merely scraped, filled,
+stained, and polished. A semicircular corner cupboard in a reproduction
+of an old style, its shelves filled with interesting specimens of
+seventeenth-century pewter, gives character to the room. The walls were
+finished in a soft shade of burlap, and the old mahogany furniture,
+chintz covers, rag rugs, and simple scrim curtains preserve the
+delightful atmosphere.
+
+On the opposite side of the hall is the library or den. This is
+unchanged, except for the white paint and the quaint Colonial
+wall-paper. Willow furniture is used.
+
+Back of this, and extending across to the living-room, is the
+dining-room. The beams show the position of the original walls and
+indicate the way in which the room was enlarged. This leaves the
+fireplace at the side of a sort of alcove and so, to balance it and give
+importance to that end of the room, a china closet was built across the
+corner. An unpaneled wainscot, with simple baseboard and molding at the
+top, runs around the room, the new part matching the old. The woodwork
+is all white, including the encased beams, which here were not in a
+condition to be exposed. The upper walls are covered with a blue and
+silver grass-cloth that strikes an effective color note behind the
+mahogany furniture. In this room is a good example of the use of modern
+reproductions of Sheraton chairs with a genuine old sideboard.
+
+Glass doors lead from either end of the dining-room on to the two
+verandas. Both of these verandas are really rooms without walls, as they
+have been incorporated so completely within the lines and framework of
+the house. The one on the side of the house in front of the kitchen is
+used as a breakfast-room, and many of the other meals are served out
+here in the open air. That in the rear of the living-room is a
+delightful spot on summer afternoons and evenings. Both of these porches
+are thoroughly screened and fitted with framework in which glass sashes
+are placed during the winter.
+
+On the second floor there are four bedrooms and a bath in the main part
+of the building, with a sleeping balcony leading from one of them. This
+is protected with screens and awnings and furnished with hammocks and
+reclining chairs. In the wings there are three servants' rooms and a
+bath. All of the rooms have been fitted up in a quaintly simple style
+that is thoroughly in keeping with the period of the house, the low
+ceilings, and fine woodwork. In some of the rooms there are valuable old
+pieces of furniture, a four-poster of the Sheraton type, and a highboy
+with details of the Queen Anne period. In another room modern white
+enamel furniture has been used, but it is so simple and straightforward
+in design that it harmonizes entirely with the atmosphere of the room
+engendered by the old fireplace and chimney cupboard, the thumb latches
+on the doors, rag rugs, and an old-time wall-paper figured with stripes
+of morning-glories and daintily poised humming-birds. In this second
+floor, the old iron hardware has been largely used in strap and H and L
+hinges, latches, knobs, and shutter fastenings.
+
+Throughout the lower story, modern brass knobs and key plates
+reproducing an old Colonial pattern have been used, securing greater
+convenience and safety.
+
+Hot-air heating has been installed and electric lighting. The outlets,
+however, are all in the walls or baseboard sockets, so that there is no
+conspicuous inconsistency in the atmosphere, and lamps and candles are
+also used throughout the house.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+GREEN MEADOWS
+
+
+The architect of to-day has an advantage over the master builder of long
+ago in that he is able to grasp all ideas that were introduced into the
+old house and can restore it without losing the spirit of the original
+in either the exterior or interior. The wings and ells which were added
+by succeeding tenants often bear little relation to the main building
+and must either be torn down or harmonized in some way to preserve the
+unity of the completed design. The general plan of the house and the
+arrangement of the rooms should be carefully observed before the house
+owner and architect undertake the task of remodeling. Too many houses
+are disappointing because a study has not been made of the different
+types and periods of old houses, and the result is a mixture, neither
+one thing nor the other.
+
+Old Colonial houses were always built on the rectangular plan, as this
+provided the greatest amount of enclosed space with the least
+expenditure of labor and material. They were also constructed about an
+axis, and it is essential for the remodeler to determine what that axis
+is before making any alterations.
+
+In the earliest days, the chimney was the center of the building and
+dominated the plan. The various rooms opened around it, so that as many
+of them as possible could have a fireplace from the one chimney. It was
+consequently a huge affair and occupied about three fourths as much
+space as one of the rooms. In the first plans, there were usually but
+two rooms, a kitchen on one side and a parlor on the other. Later, a
+room was built in the back for the kitchen, and a third opening made in
+the chimney. The narrow stairs were built in at the front to fit into
+the chimney space and generally ascended with two landings and turns at
+right angles.
+
+As a late development, about the time of the Revolution, four equally
+large rooms were needed, and this one chimney was divided into two and
+placed on either side of the center of the house, so that in each of the
+main rooms there was a fireplace opening front or back from one of the
+two chimneys. This arrangement altered the position of the stairs, and
+stairs and hall became the central axis of the house. The proportion of
+the space allotted to them, however, remained about the same as when the
+chimney had occupied the center. This accounts for the wide Colonial
+halls, which are such a charming feature of old houses. The stairs were
+built along one side, the length of the hall, often a perfectly straight
+flight without turn or landing, and the hall was frequently cut clear
+through to a door in the back, which formed a rear exit to the garden.
+The Georgian houses at the end of the eighteenth century were commonly
+built on this plan.
+
+There was one other distinct type, in which the fireplaces in the four
+corner rooms were in the outer walls, and four separate chimneys were
+built. The central hall and staircase retained their same dominant
+proportions, but a second cross hall was sometimes built, dividing the
+house from end to end.
+
+To all of these types, additions were frequently made, as the family
+increased, or new owners took possession. The extra space was not
+acquired by enlarging the main building but by adding an ell in the back
+at right angles to the original structure, or a wing at the side,
+parallel with it. These additions were attached to the house by their
+smallest dimension, as that obstructed the least amount of light. They
+were smaller than the main part; many were but one story in height, and
+those that were two had a lower stud, so that the original building
+would remain the important feature in the whole.
+
+After examining the old house from this point of view, consider the new
+uses to which it will be put and determine what changes will have to be
+made. Sketch the entire plan out before commencing an alteration, and
+then endeavor to see if the proposed remodeling is practical from a
+structural point of view, and if it harmonizes with the original spirit
+of the old building. Mark out in each room the position of windows and
+decide where new ones may have to be cut in the rearranged interiors.
+Study the fireplaces and find out whether the proposed removal of a
+partition wall will throw them out of balance in the rooms, and what you
+can do to counteract it. Pay particular attention to closet room, for in
+the old days it was given too little consideration for modern
+requirements.
+
+Draw rough plans and put your ideas regarding every possibility down on
+paper; it is surprising how many new suggestions will occur as each
+scheme is worked out, and there is a fascination in seeing how much can
+be fitted into a given space. After the work is begun, unforeseen
+conditions will crop up and necessitate changes in the project, as well
+as disclose new opportunities, but a greater part of the planning can be
+done beforehand.
+
+A roomy, old, New England farmhouse near Hamilton was recognized by Mr.
+George Burroughs as a fertile subject for development into a beautiful
+country home. It was situated in the heart of rolling country and
+surrounded by wide stretches of grass land, from which the estate was
+named "Green Meadows."
+
+[Illustration: GREEN MEADOWS--FRONT VIEW]
+
+The original house, separated from the highway by an old wall of field
+stone and an elm-shaded dooryard, was built in 1786, and it is curious
+to note that no deed was ever recorded. It was the usual type of
+farmhouse, constructed about a central chimney, two and a half stories
+in height, with an unbroken roof line. Subsequent owners had added wings
+at each side instead of the more customary ell at the rear. One of these
+wings is of brick, which indicates that it was probably not built before
+the middle of the last century, but although the two building materials
+seem incongruous in the one house, vines have so overgrown this wing
+that the red glimpsed through them and contrasting with the white walls
+of the house is very attractive.
+
+The only important alterations in the exterior appearance of the house
+were in the addition of the long veranda across the rear and the
+alteration of the frame wing at the right. The old structure was found
+to be in too dilapidated a condition to restore, but it was reproduced
+in all its exterior details and joined to the end of a new wing attached
+to the house and a trifle broader than the old. Two hip-roofed dormers
+add to the space in the second floor and permit the construction of
+attractive servants' quarters.
+
+The frame of the entrance door in the center of the front fa�ade is a
+particularly happy example of the simple Georgian style used in the
+better class of farmhouses of that day. Its flat pilasters and
+well-proportioned cornice illustrate the restraint and refinement in the
+work of even the average builders.
+
+The door itself opens into a small hallway, restored with fresh white
+paint to all its original beauty.
+
+On this left side of the house the partition between the old
+dining-room and parlor has been removed to make one large living-room.
+After the cornices and the wainscoting were restored, the woodwork,
+including the encased beams in the ceiling, was painted white. The
+condition of the old floor made it necessary to lay a new one of hard
+wood. This room admirably reflects the old Colonial spirit in its
+fireplace and cupboards. The paneling above the mantel shelf presents an
+interesting variation in the framing of fireplaces. The original
+wainscot with its molded cap divides the wall surface in an agreeable
+proportion, and the rather heavy cornice moldings at the ceiling line
+relieve the emphasis of the great beams. The old hardware is used on
+doors and windows, the thumb latches are finished in the natural black,
+and the H and L hinges painted white to correspond with the woodwork.
+The upper part of the walls is covered with a rose-colored paper
+reproducing a conventional Georgian medallion design in silvery gray.
+This rose color has been carried out in all the furnishings of this
+room; the upholstery of chairs and sofas is in a deeper shade; the
+over-curtains are somewhat paler, and in the Oriental rugs, rose blends
+with soft browns and blues. Old-fashioned Venetian blinds or
+slat-curtains shade the windows in the living-room and throughout the
+house.
+
+On the opposite side of the entrance hall is the reception-room. The
+same treatment has been accorded here as in the living-room, and the
+furnishings are especially harmonious and well arranged. The long, low
+lines of an Adam sofa, a slender-legged desk, and chairs and table, each
+one a noteworthy masterpiece of cabinet making, are admirably chosen to
+add apparent height to the low stud, but the monotony of too much light
+and low furniture is broken by a tall grandfather clock placed in the
+corner. The pictures on the walls, old prints simply framed in mahogany,
+are hung with a similar thought to increase the apparent height of the
+room, and their arrangement is well worth studying. The fireplace, on
+the opposite side of the chimney from that in the living-room, is
+equally interesting. The wall above the white wainscot is papered in a
+golden yellow of conventional flowers, and the upholstery and draperies
+are of a golden striped and figured Adam damask that brings out the rich
+color of the satinwood and mahogany furniture.
+
+In the rear, on the same side of the house, is the dining-room. The old
+woodwork here was insignificant, and it has been replaced with modern
+paneled wainscot covering two thirds of the wall surface. One could wish
+that the proportions of the original woodwork had been a little more
+closely followed, and the atmosphere of the other rooms carried more
+definitely into this. The old fireplace has been retained across the
+corner of the room with its flue in the central chimney, but its frame
+is a modern conception. The chimney cupboard in the side has been turned
+into a china closet with a new door of mullioned glass displaying
+interesting old pewter and plates. The upper third of the wall above the
+wainscot is covered with a reproduction of an old-time scenic paper in
+greens and grays, and the window hangings are of corresponding colors in
+damask. The seats of the Hepplewhite chairs carry the same tones in
+tapestry. The apparent size of the dining-room has been cleverly
+increased by carrying the decorative motives into the passageway which
+connects it with the service quarters in the right wing. The same
+paneling of the wainscot and the same paper above, seen through the
+double doorway, give the impression that this is all part of the one
+room, and the placing of a buffet in front of the opening enhances the
+effect.
+
+On the other side of the dining-room a small hall, paneled with white
+enameled woodwork to the ceiling, leads into the living-room.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+French doors of glass open from here on to the wide veranda which has
+been added across the back of the house, overlooking the green meadows
+and shady vales that stretch away on all sides.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Den]
+
+From this veranda or from the living-room, one can enter the brick wing
+at the left of the house. This originally contained the kitchen with
+bedrooms above, but in altering it, the entire wing was thrown into one
+room opened to the roof. With the great old beams and rafters showing,
+and all the woodwork stained dark, this apartment lends itself admirably
+to the character of a den or smoking-room. At the end, the old kitchen
+chimney has been utilized for a fireplace, and old paneling inserted
+above the high mantel. Seats have been built under the windows flanking
+the chimney and, with their soft cushions and pillows, add materially to
+the comfort of the room. The windows in this wing are unusually
+large,--an indication of the later date of its construction,--and in
+order to carry the same proportions in their divisions as in the older
+part of the house, twenty-four panes of glass were used in each. A rich
+green and brown landscape paper covers the upper two thirds of the walls
+above the wainscot molding. The upholstery and cushions on davenport,
+armchairs, and window-seats of brown leather stamp this apartment
+indelibly as a man's room, and the decorations of old flint-locks in one
+corner add to the effect.
+
+The service quarters of the house in the wings at the right have been
+made especially complete. In the middle section are butler's pantry,
+kitchen, laundry, and refrigerator, with two bedrooms on the second
+floor; and in the narrower part is a servants' hall and three bedrooms
+which are open to the roof.
+
+[Illustration: The Old-fashioned Chamber]
+
+On the upper floor of the main part of the house the four bedrooms have
+been kept much as in the past. Those in the rear have been made to open
+out, through double doors, on to the second story of the veranda, which
+can be used as a sleeping-porch. The old white woodwork and the original
+fireplaces add their ineffable charm. The floors were in poor condition
+and are covered with matting as a background for the rag rugs. Some very
+interesting old pieces of furniture add to the atmosphere of these
+chambers.
+
+The registers of the hot-air heating system which has been installed
+are unusually well selected for an old Colonial house. Instead of the
+customary meaningless scroll and meander pattern in the grills, a simple
+square lattice has been used, which preserves the spirit of other days
+admirably.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+NAWN FARM
+
+
+City people are prone to think that the country is agreeable only during
+the summer months, and that winters spent there are unpleasant and
+dreary. This notion is fast being dispelled, as country houses are kept
+open longer and longer each year, and the pleasures of country week-ends
+during the entire winter are definitely proven. There is in reality no
+more delightful place to spend the long winter months than in the heart
+of a beautiful country. A never-ending round of interests astonishes one
+who has never tried it before. Each month brings a fresh phase, and it
+is hard to determine whether the country is at its best during the
+summer or winter season.
+
+There is a fascination indescribable in watching the fall of snow, the
+settling of flakes on the bare limbs, the transition from brown to
+diamond-covered branches that glisten with every motion and are often
+decorated with long icicles reflecting all the prismatic colors. If you
+have never seen this side of country life, you will find it a wonderful
+world, where it is intensely interesting to study the seasons in turn,
+note the coming and going of birds, look for the early and late flowers,
+watch the melting of snows and the swelling of buds in the warm spring
+suns.
+
+More active pleasures, too, await the adventurer in the winter country.
+There are so many sports to be enjoyed that one does not wonder the
+youth delights to come here for skating, snow-shoeing, or toboganning.
+What is more delightful than a sleighing party, whose destination is a
+remodeled farmhouse not too many miles from the city? Start the cheery
+fire in the huge fireplace, pile on the six-foot logs, draw your chairs
+nearer while you forget the outside world, and feel a glow of delight
+that you, too, have joined the throng who know the thrill of country
+life.
+
+The first thing to do when contemplating an all-the-year-round country
+home is to look for a house in the right location. In selecting it the
+problem of heating must be thought of in a different way than as that
+for merely summer use. Then fireplaces will amply suffice for the few
+cool days and chilly evenings, and no better method could be desired.
+But for the real cold of winter, whether for continued use or the
+occasional week-end, more complete heating will need to be provided.
+
+The cheapest and simplest way is undoubtedly by stoves which can be
+attached to the fireplace flues. But this necessitates closing up the
+fireplace and depriving family and guests of all the joys of the blazing
+logs which never seem more cheerful and hospitable than in the bitterest
+weather. If the house is to be used mainly for week-end parties, stoves
+have another serious drawback. They must be kept oiled when not in use,
+to prevent their rusting, and it takes nearly two days after the fire is
+lighted to burn the oil off. Then, when closing up the house again, the
+stove must be re-oiled, and this necessitates putting the fire out and
+waiting in the cold house until the metal is sufficiently cool to apply
+the treatment.
+
+The most adequate method is by hot water or steam, and for a large
+country house these are really the only practical ways. The expense
+involved will depend upon the structure of the house. In a brick or
+stone building, it will cost a good deal to have the pipes built into
+the wall. Sometimes conditions will allow them to be carried up in a
+closet or partition. In a frame house that has been built with deep
+window jambs, as was so often done in the olden times, the pipes can be
+hidden within this furred framework. The great objection to steam or
+hot-water systems in old houses, however, is the presence of the
+radiator, which never can be made to harmonize thoroughly with the
+spirit of the old building. When it is used, some attempt must be made
+to disguise it. If it can be made long and low and placed in front of a
+window, it can be treated as a window-seat with a metal grill in front.
+For houses of the later Georgian period, grills can be found whose
+designs are not at all out of keeping with the other classical details.
+Sometimes a radiator can be placed entirely within the furred partition,
+and the heat admitted into the room through paneled doors which are
+thrown open when it is in use.
+
+For small houses, the hot-air system is perhaps the most desirable. The
+registers are inconspicuous and bring no jarring note into the old-time
+atmosphere. The pipes require considerable overhead room in the cellar,
+which sometimes becomes a hard problem in the low foundations of old
+houses. The fact that it is difficult to drive the hot air against
+the wind raises a second objection, but if the furnace is placed in the
+corner of the house from which the cold winds blow, or even a second
+furnace is installed, the trouble will be largely overcome. And there is
+the great advantage, especially for a week-end house, that it can be
+started up or left at a moment's notice without trouble from water in
+the pipes or danger of freezing as in the hot-water systems.
+
+Whatever the method decided upon, it is an interesting work from start
+to finish. One feels a thrill of adventure in evoking from the home of
+past generations one for twentieth-century living with all the comforts
+and appliances necessary. But to transform an old building that has
+never even been intended for living purposes into a residence that is
+not only comfortable and suited to the owner's needs but an
+architectural success as well, is a still more fascinating problem. How
+Messrs. Killam and Hopkins have accomplished this with an old barn at
+Dover and kept the distinctive simplicity and atmosphere of the original
+building is worthy of emulation.
+
+[Illustration: NAWN FARM--FRONT VIEW]
+
+When Mrs. Genevieve Fuller bought the Nawn Farm some three years ago, it
+was her intention to alter the farmhouse then on the property. Its
+location, however, was not entirely favorable; the house was on sloping
+ground in somewhat of a hollow and too near the public road. Besides
+this, the rooms were small and very much out of repair. On the crest of
+the hill was the barn, occupying a commanding position and framed in
+splendid old trees. The structure was found to be so stanch that it was
+decided to tear down the old house and convert the barn into the
+residence.
+
+[Illustration: Rear View]
+
+The foundations were left unchanged, and an ell on the north side was
+added for the service portion of the building. The supports and interior
+divisions are all virtually unaltered. The living and dining rooms
+occupy the positions of the former mows, and the hall connecting them is
+the old passage for the wagons. Most of the original studding has been
+used as it stood, and the beams incased or hidden in the finish of the
+walls. The roof was flattened on the top, and the gables cut off, but
+the slope was unaltered. Wider eaves were added at a slightly different
+pitch, softening the lines of the roof.
+
+Doors and windows were, of course, cut anew to conform with the
+different usage of the building. Their position was necessarily
+determined somewhat by the existing supports, but they have been very
+happily placed, whether in groups or singly. Those of the sleeping rooms
+on the second floor are especially well handled; they are wide and
+raised well up under the overhanging roof, so that they carry out the
+broad low lines of the architecture. The openings of the
+sleeping-porches have been treated exactly as windows, their size
+corresponding with the apparent dimensions of the windows, and their
+locations determined by the same factors. They become at once an
+integral part of the structure instead of the unsightly excrescence
+which the presence of a sleeping-porch so often proves.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+On the first floor, the living-room occupies the entire eastern end,
+having exposures on three sides. This has been attractively finished in
+gum wood stained a dark brown, and the warm tones of natural colored
+grass-cloth tone the walls. An interesting treatment has been accorded
+the fireplace by flanking it on either side with a nook, the outer walls
+of which cleverly conceal parts of the old structure. In each of the
+recesses is a small window above the paneling and window-seat. The
+furnishings of the room are appropriately simple and invitingly
+comfortable, suggesting old-fashioned things adapted for modern uses.
+Especial interest is attached to the fireplace fittings; they are of
+hand-forged iron, wrought by the village blacksmith after designs of the
+owner. The andirons were made from the tires of old cart wheels,
+flattened and bent into shape and curled over at the top. The wood-box
+is of flat strips of iron interlaced.
+
+From one wing of the hall ascend stairs which are the faithful
+reproduction of an old Colonial design. The other part of the hall,
+across the southern front, is so broad and cheerful with two big windows
+and two glass doors opening on to the sunny loggia that it has been
+furnished with a davenport, tables, and chairs almost as a second
+living-room. The woodwork is North Carolina pine stained brown, and the
+walls are gray.
+
+The billiard-room back of this hall, with its attractive alcove and
+fireplace, is finished in fumed oak, and the walls are also gray.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Dining Room]
+
+Perhaps the distinction of being the most attractive room in the house
+can be accorded the dining-room with its Colonial white woodwork. The
+fireplace and the china closet, balanced on the other side by the door
+into the pantry, are of excellent proportions and charming detail. The
+mullioned panes of the china closet and the treatment of the moldings
+about the frame are especially interesting. On the opposite side of the
+room a group of three windows provides opportunity for an unusually
+delightful feature in the long window-box, built by the village
+carpenter. Its simple, sturdy lines are worthy of notice. The walls are
+papered in a deep cream, and the greatest simplicity maintained in the
+furniture and draperies.
+
+[Illustration: The China Closet in the Dining Room]
+
+The service portion is well arranged both for convenience of labor and
+comfort of the domestics. The basement laundry leads directly into a
+large drying yard which was the original enclosure for the cows and is
+surrounded by the same wall of field stone.
+
+Up-stairs the rooms might be said to be divided into three suites, which
+can be practically shut off from each other: each has its own bath and
+sleeping-porch. In the group over the living-room there has been an
+ingenious solution of the structural conditions. The division of the
+rooms made possible by the old supports permitted a dressing-room to be
+placed conveniently between the two chambers, but the fireplace added in
+the living-room was directly below, so that the chimney would naturally
+cut off the outside wall. It would have been possible to construct a
+large fireplace in the dressing-room and allow the light to come through
+the chambers, but the architects evolved another scheme. The chimney was
+carried up on one side, providing a fireplace for one of the chambers,
+and a second chimney was built in the opposite corner of the
+dressing-room. In the space between, a window was cut, and the two flues
+joined directly over the window. From the outside of the building this
+gives a most unusual effect as there is a chimney directly over a
+window, having no apparent support, or even purpose. The lines of the
+pyramidal base conform to the slope of the roof.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+BOULDER FARM
+
+
+The remodeling of an old farmhouse is apparently a simple matter; it
+would at first seem necessary only to preserve the main lines and
+characteristics of the original in the alterations that are required to
+meet the conditions of modern life. But when one realizes that the less
+conspicuous details are also important, in order to maintain the
+essential harmony of the whole, it becomes a more intricate proposition.
+One cannot merely study the details already on the building and
+slavishly copy them for the new parts, because frequently it will be
+found that doors or windows or shutters have been added by more recent
+owners and are not really in keeping with the old structure at all. In
+order to reclaim the house, then, so that it shall have a consistent
+unity throughout, one must have some understanding of the evolution of
+these details.
+
+There is no more significant element in these old Colonial houses than
+the front door. It was placed in the center of the front wall and
+formed the unit of the exterior design. The very early doors were of
+heavy oak boards placed vertically and fastened together with horizontal
+strips. These batten doors, as they were called, were made very sturdy
+and strong, in order to resist attacks from Indians or other marauders.
+Often they were marked with an awl into diamond and lozenge patterns and
+sometimes studded with hand-wrought nails. Not for a good many years did
+the panel door come into use. At first it was a flat panel, flush with
+the sides of the door and separated from the sides and top only by a
+small bead molding. This was soon developed into the flat sunken panel,
+meeting the surrounding wood with several moldings; and then the panels
+were beveled and raised in the center, and the moldings gradually became
+more elaborate and delicate in outline. The early doors were solid for
+purposes of protection, but as the country became more settled, thick
+bull's-eye glass was inserted into the top horizontal panel to let light
+into the hall. As the interior plan was changed in its evolution, the
+hall became larger, and these bull's-eyes did not provide sufficient
+light, so the transom was introduced over the door. For some time a
+simple top light was used, divided by lead and then wooden muntins. Then
+side lights were introduced, and the treatment became more elaborate in
+the beautiful styles of the later Georgian period.
+
+The frame about the door was at first of flat, undecorated boards, the
+upper one resting on the two at the sides. Then these were molded and
+mitered at the corners, and later a cap of heavier moldings was put
+across the top. This hood became more and more prominent and required
+the use of definite support. Console brackets were sometimes used but
+more frequently flat pilasters set against the wall. These gradually
+became more important, developing into the three-quarter round and
+finally the isolated column. The pediment and cornice were then extended
+into the open porch that is one of the splendid features of the Georgian
+style. Here in cornice and capital was a field for the development of
+all the most delicate and beautiful motives of classic carving.
+
+As this door and porch was the center of the design of the exterior, the
+windows were grouped symmetrically about it, the same on each side.
+There were few of them at first, and they were of rather small size.
+Casement windows were the earliest kind used, and the small, diamond
+panes were sunk in lead, as were those made in the mother country. It is
+probable that most of these windows were brought over from England and
+not constructed here. After 1700, the sliding sash was introduced,
+dividing the windows horizontally, and these had wooden muntins. It must
+have been considered a more elegant type of window, for it was used in
+the front of the house for a long time, while the leaded casement was
+still put in rear windows for many years. The early wooden muntins were
+quite heavy but later became nearly as delicate as the leaden ones. They
+divided the sash horizontally and vertically into squares.
+
+The window casings, like the door frames, were at first entirely plain
+and then had a heavier band across the top which developed into a molded
+cap or cornice, as at the entrance. When sliding sashes were introduced,
+the walls of the houses were not thick enough to contain them, so the
+frames and the sashes were built on to the outside, frequently
+projecting quite a distance. The necessity for constructing them in this
+way led to the deep jambs and sills which are such a charming
+characteristic of the Colonial style.
+
+Shutters were used on the outside of the house as a means of protection
+from the Indians, when the country was being settled, and these were
+made of heavy, battened wood three or four inches thick, like the doors.
+Subsequently a small diamond was cut in the top to admit some light when
+the shutter was closed. Then a shutter with a solid upper and lower
+panel was used, and finally these panels were replaced with slats.
+
+There was one other part of the exterior which developed interesting
+characteristics to be observed in the remodeling: that is, the cornice
+of the roof. This was merely the overhang in the early buildings and
+sometimes consisted of the framing beam actually exposed. In the
+Georgian houses, this was boxed and later elaborated with splendid
+carvings that deserve perpetuation in more lasting material than wood.
+There was no gutter for rain-water, and the drip from the eaves was
+caught on flagstones on the ground at the corners of the house. This
+detail, although not needed with modern gutters and rain pipes, gives a
+charming old-time touch when retained in the remodeled home.
+
+It is by attention to such seemingly insignificant points that the
+atmosphere of the original buildings has been consistently retained in
+so many cases. An excellent instance of how this has been done may be
+seen in a late Georgian type of farmhouse that stands somewhat back from
+the old Londonderry turnpike on an estate at Hopkinton, New Hampshire.
+Although it is not very old, having been built in 1820, it is typical of
+the better class of simple home in the early days of the Republic.
+
+[Illustration: BOULDER FARM--FRONT VIEW]
+
+The history of the building of this old house is rather interesting. In
+the days when lotteries were still in flourishing condition, and some of
+the best men in the community were interesting themselves in the various
+schemes, a member of one of the churches induced Deacon Philip Brown's
+hired man to purchase a ticket for a paltry sum. Repenting his
+investment, he afterwards sold it to his employer, who was a clever
+silversmith and clock-maker, much respected and well known in the
+community through his yearly rounds about Hopkinton to repair the clocks
+of the farmers. The ticket proved to be the winning one, that drew a
+great prize. With part of this money, Deacon Brown purchased the old
+"Boulder Farm," as it was called from a great rock that still stands in
+an open field just south of the house. Here he erected the Georgian
+farmhouse that is standing to-day. The rest of the money, so the legend
+runs, he buried somewhere in the field, but he probably removed it
+later, as it has never been found.
+
+He placed the house on rising land, a short distance from the broad
+highway, built in the same year and for a long time the straight
+thoroughfare from Londonderry to Concord and Boston. Deacon Brown lived
+on the estate until 1846, with the exception of the year 1830, when it
+was occupied by Governor Matthew Harvey of New Hampshire. The property,
+placed on the market, then fell into the hands of a man named Kelly,
+brother-in-law to Grace Fletcher, the first wife of Daniel Webster.
+During his life, the great American statesman often visited there. What
+happened during the period between this occupancy and the time of its
+purchase by Mr. Harry Dudley of Concord, New Hampshire, is not recorded,
+but we can be confident that the house had careful treatment from its
+state of preservation.
+
+It was while Mr. Dudley was looking around for a home with ample
+grounds, and near enough to his business to allow him to go back and
+forth every day, that he discovered this historic place. Its
+attractiveness and the healthfulness of the surroundings appealed to
+him. Very little was needed to bring the house back to good condition
+and make it habitable. The land was attractive and could be improved. In
+front of the house was a wide stretch of meadow that was easily terraced
+to meet the boundary line. To the many old trees shading the house and
+lawn were added young trees to replace some of the ancient ones that
+were dying.
+
+[Illustration: The Front Doorway]
+
+Although the house was a model type of the architecture of its day, and
+there had been abundant room for the old-time residents, modern ways of
+living demanded additional space. A long ell, built at the rear for the
+service department, and a wide veranda in dignified Colonial style along
+one side were the two main exterior alterations. The appearance of the
+windows was changed by putting in larger panes in order to admit more
+light, but they were still in keeping with the old-time atmosphere. The
+reshingling and repainting of the house and the addition of the
+trellises at one side completed the exterior improvements. The splendid
+front entrance porch with its graceful fanlight, Doric columns, and
+straight cornice, and the equally interesting though less imposing side
+porch were left practically unchanged. The old blinds were restored, to
+give the stately, old-time atmosphere to the mansion.
+
+The new veranda is wide and extends along the whole side of the house.
+Its flat roof rests on coupled Doric columns that carry out the
+classical Georgian detail of the entrance porch; the second story is
+finished with a simple balustrade, in keeping with the fine simplicity
+of the main lines. During the summer months this broad piazza is a
+delightful out-of-door living-room, from which there is a splendid view
+over the green country; and one can, in imagination, picture the old
+stage-coaches of former days lumbering by on the highroad. The upper
+part of the veranda opening from the chambers on that side of the house
+is used as a sleeping-porch.
+
+The path that leads to the main entrance passes through a wicket gate
+and ascends the terrace over stone steps to the granite block before the
+door. The pleasant formality of this porch is accentuated by two
+close-clipped bay trees, one on either side of the step.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall]
+
+This door opens directly into the hall and faces the long, straight
+flight of stairs which reaches the second floor without a turn. The
+woodwork of these stairs is particularly nice in proportion and line;
+and the carving under the ends of the steps, in a simple but beautiful
+scroll design, is most interesting. The hand-rail is mahogany, and the
+molding which follows it on the wall side above the wainscoting is also
+mahogany.
+
+[Illustration: The Parlor]
+
+In the parlor at the left no innovation has been introduced, and it
+remains almost as when the house was built. There we find the old white
+wainscoting unpaneled, with a fine carved molding defining the top. The
+windows, recessed in the Colonial style, retain their original inside
+shutters that are still used. It is unusual to find these to-day, for in
+remodeling houses the shutters are almost always removed in favor of
+more modern conveniences. Shutters were formerly used as we now employ
+curtains, to be closed at night-fall or to shut out light and cold. The
+fireplace in this room is a fine example of Colonial work. It shows a
+central medallion of a plentifully filled fruit basket and wheat sheaves
+over the fluted side columns; the edge of the mantel shelf has an
+unusual ball and string ornamentation finely carved. The wall-paper
+dates back to the time of the fireplace. It shows a Grecian pastoral
+design in shades of brown, yellow, and old rose and was hand-printed
+from blocks made in England. Through all these years it has retained its
+brightness, escaping the hands of time, and lends a charming and quaint
+atmosphere to this room. All of the movable furnishings are equally well
+in keeping; the slat-back chairs and tables conform to the spirit of the
+period, as does the fine old Empire mirror, resting on its rosettes.
+
+On the opposite side of the hall from the parlor is the living-room.
+This is similar in character, with a fireplace only slightly less
+interesting. It has the same old white wainscoting, but the upper walls
+have been covered with a modern foliage paper which, strangely enough,
+blends harmoniously with the setting of the room. It is furnished with
+eighteenth-century pieces corresponding to those in the other parts of
+the house.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Dining Room]
+
+At the end of the hall is the dining-room, reached through an open arch.
+The old wall and door here were cut away in the remodeling to produce an
+impression of spaciousness and give a vista from the entrance clear
+through the house and into the garden at the rear. The arch was added to
+finish the opening, but it conforms carefully to the details found in
+the architecture of that day. This room was originally divided, and one
+part used as a kitchen, but the partition was removed and the two thrown
+into one, making a long dining-room which occupies the greater part of
+the rear of the house. At the end, the old single window was enlarged,
+and two smaller ones cut through on either side to make a delightful
+sunny group which adds materially to the charm of the room. In the
+fireplace, which was the original old kitchen one, used for cooking and
+baking, the brick oven was removed to admit the introduction of a door
+opening into the living-room. Otherwise it was left unchanged, and the
+white painted woodwork about it, although simple and unpretentious, is
+beautifully proportioned. The old flint-lock and warming-pan which hang
+there pleasantly emphasize the Colonial idea. The wall-paper is a
+reproduction of a Colonial block pattern in soft shades of gray and
+green. The floors in this room, as all over the house, are covered with
+matting laid over the original boards, which were found to be in too bad
+a condition to restore; entirely new ones would have been necessitated
+had bare, polished floors been demanded.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+At the end of the dining-room, opposite the triple window, a door leads
+into a small room which is used as a den. This retains the old fireplace
+opening from the same chimney and directly back of that in the parlor.
+The walls have been papered in a plain green and are sparingly decorated
+with sporting prints and trophies suggestive of the hunt and the
+master's particular domain. Doors lead from this room not only into the
+dining-room, but to the parlor and the veranda at the side.
+
+The ell of the house, opening from the dining-room, is devoted to
+butler's pantry, kitchen, servants' dining-room, and servants' chambers
+on the second floor.
+
+The upper story of the main part of the house has been kept almost as
+when it was built, and the large square chambers are well-lighted and
+airy. The open fireplaces and the Colonial furniture, four-posters and
+highboys and chests, give to the rooms a delightfully old-fashioned
+atmosphere.
+
+The whole house is a fine example of late Georgian architecture,
+preserved in all its interesting detail.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THREE ACRES
+
+
+Few people realize how much thought should be put into the remodeling of
+a farmhouse, and many fail to keep the simple country atmosphere; they
+endeavor to establish in suburban surroundings a home that is better
+suited to city life. A house reclaimed in this way is necessarily a
+misfit and must always seem inharmonious in its setting. It never
+carries out the idea for which we are striving: that a house should be
+typical of the life of the people who live in it. It should express
+individuality, be a house to live in, to grow in, to become identified
+with your life; this is a most important fact that cannot be too
+carefully observed, and it becomes all the more essential if the home is
+to be an all-the-year-round one and not merely a summer residence where
+but a few months are passed.
+
+To-day it is a far more difficult matter to select an old farmhouse of
+sufficient distinction to remodel than it was even ten years ago. The
+most desirable ones have already been bought, since the pleasures of
+living in the country have been realized by so many former dwellers in
+the city. There are many personal matters to be thought of in the
+selection of a house for remodeling; one must consider his individual
+needs in its relation to his daily pursuits. The business man must
+select a house near enough to the city to allow traveling back and forth
+every day; but the man whose occupation does not require city life
+during the time he wishes to be in the country can establish himself
+wherever he chooses. There is no doubt that the latter is able to find a
+far better farmhouse, for he can go farther away, where the best types
+have not been reclaimed, owing to their distances from the large cities.
+
+It is to be taken for granted that a person has a definite purpose when
+he leaves the city for a country existence, and it is necessary that he
+educate himself to the point where he makes his ideas practical. This
+cannot be done without study beforehand. In making a house suit
+individual requirements, one must follow along its own lines. Do not
+attempt to transplant into it features from some other house you admire.
+An Elizabethan gable or a craftsman living-room may have been very
+interesting in the friends' houses in which you saw them, but they would
+be quite out of place thrust into a Colonial farmhouse. If you have a
+real need for the features that you find in some other house, you should
+adapt them to the spirit of the building you are remodeling.
+
+If it cannot be made to harmonize with the other motives, it is possible
+that you are attempting to make a home out of a building that is not
+suited to your style of life. But it is because these Colonial
+farmhouses meet the requirements of the average American families so
+adequately that they are so interesting to remodel. Each house owner
+must decide for himself what is the main element in his existence and
+reclaim the house accordingly. In one family, the interests will be
+entirely domestic; another household will live in the open, occupied
+with sports; another devotes much time to music; and there are still
+others who are absorbed in some special craft or work that will require
+definite accommodations. In many cases the house can readily be adapted
+to these particular requirements without any essential change in its
+atmosphere. The success that is achieved by working with these old-time
+elements is due to their sincerity and honesty in solving the problems
+of their own day and age; they are the results of actual and real
+experience, and we know no better ways to meet the same conditions. So
+that when we have the same problems confronting us, we cannot do better
+than accept the successful results of others' experiments.
+
+This does not mean a slavish copying of the old in restoration; to
+simply imitate old elements would be neither interesting nor
+commendable, except for the purposes of a museum. Each style is based
+upon some fundamental principle, and it should be our aim to work with
+the underlying idea of creating that which will best meet our special
+needs, not merely to reproduce the old in imitation of itself.
+
+Nature lends itself to the remodeling and suggests many ideas that help
+to identify the house with the personality of its owner. Everything
+attempted in the way of improvements can be broad and expansive and not
+congested, as would be necessary in the city. You should in every
+particular make the house grow to fit the surroundings and do it in such
+a way that it will seem to have been so always. Often the house has to
+be moved on its foundations to meet this need, but that is not a
+difficult matter to accomplish, if the timbers are stanch and the
+underpinning steady.
+
+If the owner's ideas are carried out, the house in its finished
+condition will be but an expression of his taste and understanding. In
+it we will be able to read his likes and dislikes. Unity should be the
+keynote of it all and should permeate not only the house itself in all
+its details, but its gardens, lawns, stables, and every aspect of the
+estate.
+
+[Illustration: THREE ACRES, FROM THE MAIN ROAD]
+
+There is a house that has been given rare individuality in this way at
+Duxbury, Massachusetts. As one drives along the picturesque country
+road, he comes to a winding lane that leads by graceful turns to a
+little brown farmhouse situated on the crest of a hill about three
+hundred yards from the main road. If the farmhouse alone is attractive,
+how much more so is it made by the entrance, for on either side are
+graceful elms that form an archway, disclosing the house beyond like a
+picture set in a rustic frame. On either side of the roadway one finds
+meadow lands and flower and vegetable gardens, everywhere dotted with
+graceful trees and the picturesque sumach. Vines clamber over the stone
+walls, partly hiding their roughness and giving their homelike
+atmosphere to the grounds. There are just three acres in this little
+property, bounded on two sides by delightful woodlands and on the others
+by rolling farmland and pastures; but there is room in even these small
+confines for a garden to supply the table all the year round and a bit
+of orchard where the gnarled old apple-trees are still fruitful.
+
+Originally the old farmhouse was in a most unprepossessing condition. It
+had been inhabited for many years by farmer folk who took little pains
+with its appearance either without or within. When Mrs. Josephine
+Hartwell Shaw, of Boston, was searching for a country seat where she
+could pursue her occupation away from the bustle of city life and
+unmolested by chance guests, she was attracted first of all to the quiet
+little town by the name of Duxbury. As she looked about for a suitable
+house, she was charmed with the location of this weather-beaten old
+building, and closer examination proved it well worth reclaiming, both
+from an artist's point of view and from that of her own individual
+requirements.
+
+[Illustration: THREE ACRES--FRONT VIEW]
+
+Like many of the farmhouses in eastern Massachusetts, it had that
+peculiar beauty which consisted largely in its simple and
+straightforward solution of the problems at hand. It was not the
+creation of a master architect but of ordinary builders and craftsmen
+following the traditions of their fathers, varied by the restrictions of
+local material and newer requirements. It is this rugged and sturdy
+simplicity that gives to it an enduring charm; it was the very lack of a
+set style that gave to the remodeling of it an unfailing zest, increased
+by the very difficulty of the experiment that might result in a woeful
+failure or a great success. In dealing with houses such as this, it is
+impossible for the architect to rely on any formula or book of rules to
+direct him in a correct restoration. It requires a much deeper study and
+an understanding of the problems that confronted the builder in erecting
+the structure and the conditions under which he worked. It is then that
+the spirit of the old house will be manifest, and its adaptation to
+modern requirements will be but the thought of former years revised to
+meet present needs.
+
+[Illustration: THREE ACRES--SIDE VIEW]
+
+There are few buildings that can claim a more sympathetic handling in
+their restoration than this early, pre-Georgian farmhouse, which is
+called Three Acres. The excellent line of the wide, gabled roof,
+broken by a succession of outbuildings, forms an unusually attractive
+picture, with the weather-stained shingles softened against a background
+of oak and pine trees. The house now faces away from the main road and
+fronts upon a wooded slope that falls sharply down to the shores of a
+picturesque little pond. This is partly hidden by dense woods that form
+a background and a windbreak for the house. Formerly the public road
+went along here within a few yards of the front of the house, but it has
+been abandoned for the broader highway in the rear, and only the vaguest
+traces of it remain to-day.
+
+The building was a two-story, shingled structure with an uncompromising
+squareness about it. The wide, gable roof sloped down to the stud of the
+first floor, giving but little room in the chambers above. It was of the
+central chimney type. In the rear, a small, gable-roofed ell had been
+added, and later still a flat-roofed shed at right angles to the ell, or
+parallel to the main house, was built. In still a third addition, a well
+was incorporated in the rear, under a continuation of the roof of the
+shed, and another small outhouse in an extension to the side. This
+seeming conglomeration of roofs in reality made a rather interesting
+and graceful play of line that lifted the little house from
+commonplaceness.
+
+It was found to be in such good condition on the exterior that little
+repairing was needed, but several alterations were made, adding both to
+the character of the building and the comfort of the occupants. The
+original front door opened very abruptly upon the stairs, leaving only
+enough hall space to open the door. This was remedied by the addition of
+a small, flat-roofed bay at the front, increasing the space in the hall
+by just that much. The old door with its bull's-eyes was used in the new
+position. The step before it was protected under the same roof,
+supported on two, small, square posts and a trellis at the sides, giving
+somewhat the effect of an old-time Colonial porch and serving not only
+the material purpose of adding room to the interior but of relieving the
+abrupt and uninteresting severity of the front lines. In the second
+story, unusually successful dormers were cut in both the back and front
+pitch of the roof. The plan of these dormers deserves especial study, as
+each group is in reality composed of three separate dormers, enlarging
+three rooms in the interior, but confined under the one flat roof. Note,
+too, how each end of the dormer extends beyond the middle portion, and
+how the shape of the windows accents the design.
+
+A new entrance was cut at the side toward the lane, and a screened
+veranda added, with a flat roof corresponding to that at the front.
+Several new windows were made necessary by the rearrangements in the
+interior, but they were placed with careful regard to the exterior
+proportion and balance. The glass used in the old windows when the house
+was bought was all the full size of the sashes, doubtless having been
+put there by some recent owner and seeming quite out of harmony with the
+details of the house; consequently they were replaced with small panes,
+twenty-four to a window, and the new windows were all of the casement
+type.
+
+The interior of the house with its ugly paint and paper, presented a
+rather hopeless appearance, that only a vivid imagination and an
+unwavering enthusiasm could have transformed into the attractive home
+that it is to-day. Beginning at the front, the cramped little hall was
+enlarged as has already been explained. This made a trifle more stair
+room, and the first seven steps reaching to the little landing were
+rebuilt with lower risers and broader treads that made ascent to the
+second floor a less arduous matter.
+
+On the left of the hall was the living-room, on the right a bedroom, and
+in the rear of the house the room originally designed for the kitchen;
+in each of these was a fireplace opening out of the one central chimney.
+
+The first step in the restoration consisted of tearing off the many
+layers of hideous wall-paper, removing the plaster where it was
+crumbling, and scraping the woodwork free from its dingy paint. In these
+operations a number of unexpected discoveries were made concerning the
+fine old paneling and great, hand-hewn beams that had been entirely
+covered up.
+
+[Illustration: A Corner of the Living Room]
+
+The only change made in the plan of this floor was in the corner beyond
+the living-room and at the end of the kitchen. This was originally
+divided into a tiny chamber opening from the living-room, and a pantry
+off the kitchen. These were thrown into one, and the openings to
+living-room and kitchen enlarged. The former bedroom window was changed
+to a door leading on to the screened veranda, and an attractive group of
+three casement windows replaced the one in the rear wall, overlooking
+the charming vista of winding lane and old apple-trees and meadows
+beyond. This little apartment has been treated as a sort of anteroom
+or really a wing of the living-room, and wall finish, paint, and
+furnishings all harmonize.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+In the living-room the fireplace holds the center of attention. It is
+faced with queer old Spanish tiles inserted at intervals in plain
+cement, the rich colorings of which give a quaintly exotic air to the
+fine white woodwork. The moldings about the frame and over the mantel
+are unusually fine for this type of house; the support of the heavy
+mantel shelf and the carved dentils in the ceiling cornice are
+especially interesting. At the right of the fireplace is a cupboard with
+an upper and lower door, in the old-time fashion; the upper one has
+small, square, mullioned panes of glass which disclose some attractive
+pieces of old china and silver.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+In the kitchen, which was turned into the dining-room, the old fireplace
+had been bricked up to receive a stovepipe, and the woodwork had been
+plastered over and papered. The fireplace was opened up to its original
+size, large enough to accommodate a six-foot log, and in refacing it,
+the old, blackened, fire-burned bricks were used with delightful effect.
+The paneling about it is very simple, but the proportions are
+interesting, and the quaint, double-panel cupboards on each side lend
+the whole an insistent charm. The two, great, hand-hewn beams in the
+ceiling have been left exposed, and the fact that they have settled a
+little on their supports, sagging toward one end, only adds to the
+effect, just as the unevenness of a hand-drawn line is more beautiful
+than the accuracy of one ruled.
+
+These three rooms opening so closely into each other have been treated
+so that there is a harmonious and striking vista from every point. The
+walls are covered with a soft, creamy gray, and the hangings of Russian
+crash are of the same tone. The color is supplied in fireplaces, rugs,
+books, pictures, and such ornaments. In the dining-room, there has been
+a slight accent of blue and rose in rug and table runner and
+candle-shades. In the living-room the deep green of the upholstery
+carries the strongest note. The characteristically old-time furniture,
+with a pleasant mingling of Dutch and English and American motifs of the
+eighteenth century, has been arranged with studied care to preserve the
+possibilities of the open vistas from room to room.
+
+The entrance hall completes a delightful picture from the living-room;
+the soft gray colors of a lovely Japanese paper blend strikingly with
+tiny curtains of a wonderfully fresh old blue at the casement windows.
+The rag carpet carries this same blue up the white stairs to the second
+floor.
+
+The rooms on the right of the lower hallway have been kept nearly in
+their original state with the addition of fresh paint and attractive
+papers. They form a small suite of a study and bedroom, seeming quite
+apart from the rest of the house.
+
+On the second floor, a refreshing simplicity has been observed in the
+bedrooms. The dormers that have been cut in the roof add not only to
+their comfort but provide charming little bays and alcoves, giving
+unexpected opportunities for interesting furnishings. Quaint, old-time
+papers and hangings and coverlets on the four-poster beds, matched in
+rugs and cushions and candle-shades, contrast gaily with the spotless
+white paint. Considerable ingenuity has been necessary in planning this
+floor, as the original rooms were so tiny and space so very limited
+under the long slopes of the roof. The dormers gave the much needed
+increase in the size of the chambers, and part of the rear one was
+converted into the bathroom.
+
+In the ell and shed at the rear of the house, perhaps the most
+interesting feature of all is situated. A step lower than the
+dining-room and reached through swinging French doors of glass, is the
+little kitchen which has been fitted up in a most compact way. An
+additional window has been cut at the side to provide both light and
+air, and an outside door gives access to the small court on the far side
+of the house between the main building and the rear shed. This has been
+turned into a miniature old-fashioned garden, where it is pleasant to
+sit among the flowers.
+
+Back of the kitchen is the laundry and an old well, which has been
+drained and is now used as a cooling cellar, and the wire basket
+containing meats and milk and butter is drawn up and down on the old
+crank. Beyond this, the old wood and coal shed has been transformed into
+the studio. Here Mrs. Shaw designs all her beautiful jewelry work at the
+long work-table across the rear under the four long windows. Opening
+from it is a tiny little apartment used as an office, and here at a
+quaint desk, the designs for the metal work are sketched out, and the
+correspondence connected with the business end transacted.
+
+In the adaptation of the outbuildings to the special and unusual
+requirements of the owner, an excellent example is given to others who
+have individual hobbies such as this to accommodate. But throughout the
+building the needs and the personality of the owner have been as
+carefully if not as ostensibly expressed. There has been no thought of
+comfort or of service sacrificed in the effort to revive the
+atmosphere of the past, but rather has that very simplicity and
+straight-forwardness been utilized to banish all that might complicate
+entire convenience. The personality of the owner has been interwoven
+into every detail, and shows nowhere more strongly than in the
+preservation of all the delightful vagaries and unevenness of hand work
+played upon and mellowed by time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE
+
+
+The prospective house owner generally has little or no idea of how to go
+about designing his own home. If he chances to see some other house that
+strikes his fancy, he realizes that it approaches, at least in part,
+what he has in mind. How to accomplish his desire, however, he has no
+definite knowledge. He hesitates to call in an architect who is a
+stranger to him and knows nothing of his needs and habits and
+preferences; he fears that an attempt to combine his own ideas with
+those of the architect will result unsatisfactorily to both of them. To
+such a man as this, the remodeled farmhouse comes as a boon. From the
+old house he is able to determine what type his home will be; no matter
+how battered and worn it is to start with, he can get some impression of
+the possible room space and arrangement by studying other old interiors
+and their relation to each other. That is one of the reasons why the
+movement sweeping through the country to-day has become so extensive.
+It gives a substantial foundation upon which to develop an artistic home
+under one's own supervision.
+
+When a man purchases a weather-beaten farmhouse, it is evident that he
+is up against a real problem in remodeling, and the task demands plenty
+of time and a wide-awake, ingenious brain. If he consults his friends
+and neighbors across the way, doubtless their opinions differ so
+materially from his own that the result is worse than if he had solved
+the questions in his own way. We all have ideals, but it is not always
+easy to express them; they need to be developed in order to be made
+practical and require thought and diligent research if they are to be
+concretely embodied in the altered home. Paper and pencil are good
+friends at this stage of the game, and even a rough sketch drawn
+carelessly on the back of an old envelope, as an idea occurs, gives
+subject matter for larger schemes and more realistic results.
+
+Few people who are planning to spend the summer months in a new house
+realize how much their comfort depends upon light and space. It would be
+foolish for you to buy an old farmhouse and make the rooms small and
+cramped in size. You would lose a great part of the advantage of coming
+to the country to live, the pleasure of being as nearly out of doors as
+possible. Most of the old houses were cut up into small rooms, for,
+owing to the limited heating facilities in olden days, large rooms would
+have been freezing in winter; accordingly one or two bedrooms were
+invariably crowded into the first floor to receive the warmth from the
+kitchen. But it is almost always possible to tear out the partitions
+between some of the rooms and make them into one large apartment which
+can be used for living purposes. This can usually be done without
+weakening the structure; the floor above will be found to rest upon a
+great beam, or a new girder can be put across.
+
+If the stud is low, do not change it, or you will spoil the whole
+atmosphere of the place. A low stud and large rooms are good
+developments, so try to achieve them when you are making over the house.
+Have plenty of windows; in the old days, many windows meant a cold house
+in the winter, but if the farmhouse is to be used only as a summer home,
+the cooler the better. If for a winter residence also, modern systems of
+heating will counteract the difficulty. Windows of the long French type
+are especially desirable; they are more adapted to the requirements of
+country life, as they admit abundant light and air and are entirely in
+keeping with the style of the farmhouse.
+
+The house should represent a unit; the porch should be planned so that
+it leads into the living-room, and by throwing open the windows, will
+seem to become part of a large airy room. The dining-room should either
+be part of the living-room or open conveniently near. The service
+quarters must immediately adjoin the dining-room. If there is other
+space on the floor which cannot be used to increase the comfort of the
+two main rooms, well and good; it may then be devoted to whatever
+purpose you desire. But when the removal of partitions will make a place
+more pleasant to live in, it is always wise to make such a change.
+
+We know that there are few of these old houses that have not been cut up
+and divided; but the conditions which made that necessary in the earlier
+days have been changed, and for a simple country house one large living
+and dining-room is far better than divisions which shut out light and
+air. Many people look at these propositions from a limited view-point
+and do not stop to consider the complete idea. We all learn from houses
+that we visit what is right and what is wrong to do. If we look deeper
+into the subject and go farther afield, we find it pays to carefully
+develop the plan before commencing to rebuild. The requirements of
+elaborate modes of life, liveried servants and much entertaining,
+demand, of course, many apartments; reception-room and drawing-room,
+library and den seem essential in the house plan, but for those who come
+to the country to simplify existence, these are not needed. In
+remodeling your house, let three things be uppermost in your mind:
+convenience, comfort, and light; if you follow these, you will not go
+far astray.
+
+Even a very small house need not be devoid of these qualities. It may be
+very tiny and yet most attractive and complete in every detail. With
+careful thought and a broad conception of the whole, it is quite
+possible to make a place where it is a pleasure to visit and where even
+the casual guest realizes the application of small and interesting
+details in making a harmonious whole.
+
+Do not let your mind wander from the fact that the interior is of as
+much importance, and even more, than the exterior, for it is there that
+we live much of the time during the season, and it should therefore be
+harmonious and in good taste. The development of one room for common
+family use, and the elimination of the shut-up parlor for company, have
+brought about an atmosphere of simplicity that goes to make a perfect
+and livable house.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE ON CAPE COD]
+
+This one-room idea has been charmingly carried out in a small house that
+has been remodeled for a summer home by Mr. Robert Spencer of New York
+and South Yarmouth. It is most attractively situated, standing far back
+from the road, with a background of pine trees that give a picturesque
+touch to the little cottage. Originally it stood on the opposite side of
+the bay, on the shores of Cape Cod at South Dennis, Massachusetts. Its
+possibilities seemed to the present owner worth developing, and he had
+it "flecked" and brought over the water to its present site. This was
+not a hard task to accomplish, as the timbers were stanch and in a good
+state of preservation.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE--FRONT VIEW]
+
+It was a typical fisherman's cottage, with a wide gable roof sloping
+down to the first story and four small rooms about a central chimney. To
+meet the needs of the new owner, it required considerable enlargement. A
+two-story building was added at the rear and side, meeting the main
+house only along the corner. Little attempt was made to have the two
+harmonize, for not only are the roof lines of widely different types,
+but the frame of one is of white clapboarding and of the other weathered
+shingle. At the angle where they join, the roof of the old building has
+been raised to accommodate the higher stud in the new, thus making a
+break in it near the ridge.
+
+Two dormers have been cut in the main roof to give extra room in the
+second floor; these are flat-roofed and well spaced, with two windows
+occupying the entire front of each. A porch has been added across the
+whole front of the house and half of it is roofed over. This breaks with
+the slope of the main roof, but follows that of the dormers. A detail
+which adds much to the appearance of the exterior is the simple,
+square-posted fence that surrounds the porch and encloses a quaint
+little garden in the square formed by the angle of the two buildings.
+This same detail has been adopted at the side of the porch roof in an
+effective way. This fence, and the clapboards and trim of the house, are
+white, and the shutters and shingles are green.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Living Room]
+
+The front door opens immediately into the living and dining-room
+which occupies the whole right side of the house and opens at the rear
+on to a grassy terrace. A triple window has been cut along the side to
+allow ample light and air. Small panes are used in these windows, and
+the French doors have glass of corresponding size. The feature of this
+room is the fine old fireplace at the center of the inside wall. It is
+very simple, with slight attempt at ornamentation, but the proportions
+are good, and the lines rather unusual. Over the fireplace is an old
+cupboard that used to be called a "nightcap closet" from the hospitable
+bottle which was kept there to be passed around among the men just
+before retiring. At the left is a cupboard with upper and lower doors;
+in the panels of the former, panes of glass have been inserted. This end
+of the room has been treated as the living-room and the opposite end as
+the dining-room. The woodwork is all white, and the roughly finished
+plaster is tinted a deep cream.
+
+Straight stairs lead to the second story along the wall at the dining
+end of the room. Here, about the walls, a wide molding has been carried
+over doors and windows, which serves as a plate-rail for numerous
+interesting old family plates and jugs. Beneath it, in several places,
+shelves have been bracketed to the wall to hold other pieces of china.
+The glass door at the end opens on to the terrace, and the paneled door
+beside it communicates with the kitchen and servants' quarters in the
+addition.
+
+The furnishings in this room admirably accord with the building in both
+age and simplicity. The older furniture has been supplemented with
+modern pieces of straightest and most unpretentious line and character.
+Clocks, mirrors, pictures, andirons, and fire-set are family heirlooms.
+The coverings on the floor are large and plain rag carpets; at the
+windows are simple muslin curtains, with overhangings of Colonial chintz
+in soft colors harmonizing with the cheerful and sunny atmosphere of the
+room.
+
+At the left of this room, occupying the other side of the house, are two
+bedrooms. One of them is the children's own room and has been furnished
+very attractively; fresh white tables and chairs harmonize with the
+older mahogany pieces and lend an air of distinctive charm to the
+apartment.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: The Attic Chambers]
+
+The space up-stairs is divided into large and small rooms under the
+eaves. The slope of the roof allows room for many built-in drawers and
+closets, and every inch has been utilized. The white paint and the
+simple white furniture arranged with a care and precision that is worthy
+of emulation contribute to make the effect of these rooms light and airy
+and inviting. The Japanese cr�pe or gay cretonne curtains at the windows
+add just the necessary touch of color.
+
+The lighting fixtures in the house demand especial notice, as it is so
+difficult a matter to attain a distinction in them when a house has not
+been wired but must depend upon older methods of illumination than
+electricity or gas. A number of simple candle brackets attaching to the
+wall have been purchased, and these are placed symmetrically in pairs,
+balancing each other on either side of a fireplace or mirror or window.
+The candlesticks for shelf or table have been arranged with equal
+precision, and some are given all the more importance by attractive
+hand-made shades. An occasional simple, square, candle lantern hangs
+from the ceiling to contribute to the effect. The table and reading
+lamps have been chosen with equal success.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE DAVENPORT BROWN HOUSE
+
+
+In planning the remodeling of a farmhouse, has it ever occurred to you
+how much of the appearance of the exterior depends upon the architecture
+of verandas and porches? Not only must we give much thought to the
+alteration of the lines of the house which may be required by the
+interior plan, but we must be equally careful when it comes to the
+addition of entirely exterior features.
+
+Modern country life demands plenty of veranda room and, whenever
+possible, sleeping-porches. One does not go to the country to sit
+indoors, even if the windows are all thrown open. There is nothing that
+will so materially improve the health as outdoor life; tired and jaded
+nerves are soon restored by use of a sleeping-porch, where the fresh air
+can soothe and induce restful slumber. In the early days, the porch or
+veranda did not exist; it may be supposed that our pioneer ancestors
+were too busy to enjoy any leisurely hours out of doors; at least, they
+made no provision in connection with their houses for such relaxation.
+
+As the details of the exterior became more elaborate, the entrance porch
+was developed with free-standing columns. In time, this assumed greater
+importance, especially in the south, where columns the height of the
+whole building supported a roof across its entire front. In the north,
+the veranda was less frequently used, but there is occasional authority
+for both the front and the less pretentious back piazza. It is one of
+the additions which are imperative in remodeling the house, however, and
+it becomes something of a problem because there is no more definite
+authority for it.
+
+If there is to be simply an entrance porch, offering a bit of shelter at
+the front door for stranger or friend, it may have much precedent in the
+porches of Georgian houses. In planning this, take into consideration
+that it should be an index of what one will find in the interior; it
+should be the keynote, as it were, of the entire house. Here we may have
+the same details and the same proportions as in the cornice of the roof,
+or the fireplace within. We find many porches that are sadly out of
+keeping with the rest of the house and seem very carelessly designed. It
+is far better to have none at all than one which is insignificant and
+out of scale; yet it must not be more elaborate than the house itself
+and tend to dwarf the main structure. Few people realize how important
+this feature is and how necessary that it should be a satisfactory
+adjunct to the architecture of the whole. It is almost the first thing
+we notice as we approach the house. Whether it is well placed and
+rightly proportioned, whether it has a proper overhang, good roof lines,
+and adequately supported cornice, affects to a very great extent the
+style and character of the house.
+
+There were a great many different types of porch in the Georgian houses:
+the simple hood with a high-backed settle on either side that was
+commonly used at a side entrance; the gable-roofed and flat-roofed,
+square porch and circular, open and partly enclosed, with round and oval
+windows at the sides, were all developed to high perfection. The simple,
+Doric column, plain or fluted, with corresponding pilasters or
+three-fourths round against the house, was used on many of the porches;
+but the Ionic and Corinthian capitals are more elaborate than is
+appropriate for the simplicity of a farmhouse. From the infinite number
+of models which can be found, it should be a comparatively easy matter
+to construct an entrance porch, utilizing the details found in the
+house.
+
+A veranda demands somewhat different manner of procedure. First it is
+necessary to decide where it shall be put. Where will it receive the
+best air and the least sun? It must, presumably, open from or adjacent
+to the living-room and yet be so placed that its roof will not cut off
+too much light. If the house is uncomfortably near the highway or
+neighbors, the matter of privacy cannot be neglected, and a thought may
+well be given to the outlook from the piazza. Let it enjoy any advantage
+of a fine view or a picturesque garden that may be compatible with its
+other requirements. Thus it may be at the front, at either or both
+sides, or in the rear. At the side of the ordinary, gable-roofed house,
+the roof of the veranda should as a rule be flat. If it is possible to
+continue the roof line of the house to include that of the porch, by all
+means let it be done; the unbroken sweep will usually be found
+excellent. At some angles it may seem too long and severe; then it is
+often possible to put a slight "kick" in it, especially if there is
+anything of the Dutch type about the building.
+
+The floor of the porch in farmhouses should be low; it may be on a level
+with that of the house, or a step below it. It is well to let the
+underpinning be a continuation of that of the house, and it may then be
+covered with brick or tile, or the conventional boards. The columns or
+posts which support the roof are a stumbling block for many remodelers.
+These should closely copy the entrance porch, if there is one; even if
+it be no more than a flat semblance of a pilaster about the frame of the
+door, it will supply the correct motive. Lacking this, there will
+undoubtedly be some detail in the interior which can be magnified to the
+right proportion for the exterior,--the upright of a mantel or the frame
+of a door. For a house which can boast no such source of suggestion, a
+straight, square post with a simple molding would be the solution. The
+cornice should follow the detail of the entrance door or the house
+cornice; and it is effective and increases the apparent unity to repeat
+the decoration of the one on the other.
+
+The rails and balusters of old houses were extremely simple and should
+be kept so in the remodeling. In the very early examples, the balusters
+were square and spaced far apart; later both square and turned balusters
+were used, and they were spaced twice their width. The design for these
+can often be taken from the stairs in the interior of the house. It is
+the modern tendency to use no railing about verandas, particularly when
+they are low or when they are screened in. Some of the flat-roofed type
+had a railing around the roof, and an open-air porch was thus made for
+the second story.
+
+Sometimes this porch can be utilized as a sleeping-porch on the second
+floor. This feature, while of course entirely foreign to the farmhouse,
+has become as much a necessity in many families as the open-air
+living-room, and it is therefore logical to introduce it where possible
+to do so without destroying the lines of the building. It is better,
+however, to do without it than to add it in such a way that it will seem
+an afterthought and not really incorporated in the structure. Often it
+can be placed in a wide dormer cut in the slope of the roof; sometimes
+the roof line can be extended over the roof of the sleeping-porch, or
+again it may be merely a room with the walls largely cut away. Each
+remodeler will have his own problem in connection with this, and by
+ingenuity and careful study must work it out to his own satisfaction.
+Remember always that the integral simplicity of the building must not be
+disturbed, and that whether it be sleeping-porch, veranda, or entrance
+portico, it must seem always a part of the original building, as if it
+were the conception of the master craftsman who erected the first
+timbers.
+
+[Illustration: THE DAVENPORT BROWN HOUSE]
+
+Most gratifying results along this line are shown in an old farmhouse at
+Medfield, Massachusetts, which was built in 1755. Like many other old
+houses, this had fallen into decay and stood neglected and unoccupied by
+the side of the road while the extensive grounds lay unkempt and
+desolate. But Mr. Davenport Brown recognized in it a house that could be
+made to serve most acceptably as the foundation of his summer home.
+
+It is of the Georgian type, built with the hall and straight flight of
+stairs as the axis. There are two main chimneys opening into four
+fireplaces on the first floor. A service wing has been added at the
+left, parallel with the main building, and half its width. Back of that,
+an ell of equal size extends at right angles. Both of these are two
+storied, but the upper stud is somewhat lower than in the main building,
+thus allowing it to retain its predominance in the design.
+
+The main part is given further importance by the dignified entrance
+porch. Two three-fourths round and two free-standing, fluted, Doric
+columns are used, supporting a cornice and a gabled roof, the details of
+which repeat those in the cornice of the house. A rather unusual type of
+scalloped dentation lends additional interest. The frame about the door
+is arched over, and there are side lights and an overhead fanlight in a
+simple style that carries out the Colonial tradition.
+
+[Illustration: The Hallway]
+
+The hall leads past the stairs and through an open doorway to the rear
+of the house, where there is another entrance, repeating the design of
+the front one. This is some distance from the rear wall of the house,
+and consequently there is a small, arched-over portico formed within the
+lines of the building. The walls of this are paneled, and on each side
+is a built-in seat. The floor is tiled, and the woodwork painted white.
+
+At each end of the main part of the building is a flat-roofed veranda
+carrying out the details of the entrance porch in column and cornice.
+The same dentil ornamentation that appears on the cornice of the house
+is used here in smaller size, as on the entrance porch. Around the edges
+of the flat roofs, boxes filled with blooming plants and vines form an
+original and most attractive method of softening the sharp lines and
+finish of the house. The veranda on the right side overlooking the wide
+lawns and gardens is used largely as the outdoor living-room and is
+screened in. The spacing of the bars and framework of the screening is
+well proportioned and adds not a little to the decoration. The floor of
+the veranda is edged with brick and paved in the center with square
+tiles which slope toward a drain at one side. This wing of the
+living-room has been comfortably furnished with canvas hammocks and
+Chinese grass chairs and stools, and even a sand-box for the children
+finds room here.
+
+In the central hall, the details carry out the character of the old
+period carefully. There is a white unpaneled wainscot carved around the
+walls and up the stairs, with a similar treatment in the second-floor
+hall. The stairs are wide, with white risers and mahogany treads, and
+the hand-rail is mahogany supported on white, turned balusters and a
+mahogany newel post. The upper walls are papered in a gray landscape
+paper, and the furnishings consist of a pair of Sheraton card tables.
+
+[Illustration: The Sun-Parlor or Out-door Nursery]
+
+[Illustration: The Library]
+
+At the right of the hall, the two rooms have been combined into a
+living-room by cutting double arches on either side of the fireplaces
+which open from the back and front of the chimney. The furnishings are
+especially interesting here, as there are a number of rare and beautiful
+pieces. The mantel mirror over the front fireplace is a fine example of
+American workmanship. The mahogany frame divides its length into three
+sections, and it is ornamented with carved and gilded husk festoons; the
+scroll top is surmounted with a gilt spread eagle. In front of the fire
+there is a beautiful little Sheraton fire-screen. Chairs and tables are
+equally interesting; there is an old "comb-back" chair and an
+upholstered "Martha Washington" chair, as well as more modern easy
+chairs and davenports. The upholstery and curtains are of
+small-patterned, Colonial fabrics that carry out the spirit of the room.
+In the back part of this room, a large double window has been cut,
+looking out over the gardens and the grounds. Underneath it is a most
+attractive window-seat suggestive of an old-time settle, and on each
+side low book-shelves extend around the whole end of the room.
+
+The dining-room is situated at the left of the hallway. The fireplace
+and paneling hold the attention in this room. The woodwork is very
+simple but well proportioned, and on either side of the mantel are
+narrow, built-in, china closets with small, leaded, diamond panes in
+both upper and lower parts of the door and even in a transom over it.
+The walls above the unpaneled wainscot are painted white and divided
+into simple, large panels with narrow moldings. The furniture in this
+room is suggestive of the early part of the nineteenth century, with the
+exception of the Queen Anne type of chair. Over the heavy and massive
+sideboard is a long gilt mirror of the Empire "banister" type; between
+the two side windows is a gilt, convex girandole with three branching
+candlesticks on each side. On the mantel is a fine example of a Willard
+shelf clock, and on each side of it are tall mahogany candlesticks with
+the old-fashioned wind glasses. The over-curtains at the windows are a
+soft rose damask; they hang from gilded cornices and are caught back on
+gilded rosettes,--the style of draping which is carried out in all the
+main rooms of the house.
+
+[Illustration: The Service Wing]
+
+The service wing opens from the left of the dining-room, and the den,
+which is back of it, with a fireplace on the opposite side of the same
+chimney, is reached from the rear of the hall.
+
+[Illustration: The Nursery]
+
+At the head of the stairs at the right, one enters the bright and sunny
+nursery. Here the fireplace is very simple and has no over-mantel. The
+woodwork is white, and a broad molding divides the upper part of the
+wall. Below is a quaint paper picturing Mother Goose scenes which the
+children never tire of studying. The furniture is mainly white, and the
+little chairs and tables in child's size are decorated in peasant
+fashion with painted flowers and lines of color.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two of the Chambers]
+
+There are two other bedrooms in the main part of the house and each has
+an open fireplace. The furnishings are simple and old-fashioned in
+character, retaining the Colonial atmosphere admirably. In one room
+there is a Field bedstead of English make, dating about 1780, showing
+reeded posts and a curved canopy top. The chairs and the little night
+stand at the side of the bed are in close harmony with the period of its
+design. In the other chamber are twin beds which are modern
+reproductions of four-posters, but other furnishings retain the
+distinctive atmosphere of age. Over one bureau there is a fine mirror
+with the Georgian eagle ornamentation; in keeping with it are the old
+fireside wing chair and a side chair of Sheraton type.
+
+The most interesting bedroom, perhaps, is in the wing of the house,
+where Hannah Adams, the first American authoress, was born. This is
+reached by a cross hall which leads from the main one, and gives access
+to baths and rear stairs and another tiny bedroom. Although the old
+fireplace has been remodeled, the aspect of the room is much the same as
+when the house was built. The woodwork here is all dark, and the
+hand-hewn rafters and cross beams are exposed in the ceiling. An unusual
+wall-paper in black and gay colors forms an interesting background for
+the four-poster and other old furnishings. An old batten door with a
+quaint little window in the center strip leads from this room to the
+chambers in the service ell.
+
+Much of the house has been restored under the direction of the
+architect, Mr. John Pickering Putnam of Boston, and to him the credit
+for its successful remodeling must be largely given. The planning and
+laying out of the grounds about the house, however, are the work of the
+owner, who has spared no pains to make a harmonious setting for his
+home.
+
+Between the house and the road is a row of great overshadowing elms that
+make a delightful setting for the red and white of the house. The drive
+sweeps around these trees to the stable on the left and is separated
+from the house and the lawns by white palings in a simple Colonial
+pattern, having fine, carved posts surmounted by balls. The fence stops
+at either side of the front to allow wide space for a heavy embankment
+of conifers. Somewhat back of this fence, along the whole length of the
+lawn, is a second lower one, with posts of the same height. This marks
+the boundary of the wide lawn and forms a charming background for an
+old-fashioned hardy border that extends all the way to a swimming-pool
+and pergolas at the far end. Immediately behind the house is the flower
+garden, from which all the blossoms used to decorate the house are cut;
+this is screened by a white trellis and pergola, carrying out some of
+the details of the entrance porches and verandas.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE DOCTOR CHARLES E. INCHES HOUSE
+
+
+A very interesting feature in an old farmhouse is the fireplace, which
+varies in size with the age of the house; the oldest ones are large,
+with cavernous mouths, since they were the only means of heating the
+house. These are capable of holding a ten-foot log, for it must be
+remembered that at that period of our country's history the woods grew
+at the very door.
+
+A few of these old fireplaces are found to-day, principally in the old
+kitchens or living-rooms, although occasionally we see an old house
+which has them in almost every room. There is a great variety in their
+design as well as size, some being very simple and framed in wood, while
+others show tiling; occasionally we find elaborate carving, but this is
+in the better class building rather than in the simple little farmhouse.
+These details denote the different periods and also the wealth of the
+former owner.
+
+With the introduction of stoves, many fireplaces were bricked in to
+accommodate an air-tight stove which gave more heat and saved fuel. One
+unaccustomed to the features of an old farmhouse would infer a lack of
+fireplaces. The removal of brick and mortar, however, reveals the large,
+cavernous hearth which was often three feet deep and sometimes showed a
+second bricking in, to make it smaller. Often in the narrowing of the
+fireplace, tiles are used, generally Dutch, which are blue and white in
+coloring. Occasionally in opening up these fireplaces, one comes across
+rare old andirons that were considered of too little value to be
+removed; old cranes and kettles are also found, of the type common in
+the days of our early ancestors.
+
+It must be remembered that the chimneys of these old houses were often
+six feet square and had many fireplaces opening from them. It was the
+central feature of the house, around which the rooms were built. The
+earliest chimneys were daubed in clay, and in the masonry oak timbers
+were often used. In remodeling a house many people tear down these old
+chimneys for the space which may be converted into closet use and
+alcoves, making a smaller chimney do service.
+
+In the olden times, when the first chimneys were erected, they were so
+carefully built that they were less liable to smoke than the smaller
+ones, so that it is better to let the old one remain if possible. Brick
+was generally used in the construction, although sometimes we find
+stone. It was not the finished brick of to-day but rough and unfaced.
+This was not true, however, of those which formed a part of cargoes from
+abroad, more especially those brought from Holland. The use of stone was
+not popular, as it was apt to chip when brought in contact with the
+heat; this is also true of the hearthstones, where the flagging became
+rough and most unsatisfactory.
+
+The fireback was a feature of some of the old fireplaces. The earliest
+of these made in our country were cast in Saugus, Massachusetts, and
+some were most elaborate in design. Often coats-of-arms and initials
+were worked out in their construction. In addition to the brick and
+stone, soapstone facings were sometimes shown, but seldom do we come
+across good carving.
+
+The crane was a feature of the fireplace, and on it were hung the
+pothooks from which depended the iron and brass pots in which food was
+cooked. In one side of the bricks, just at the left of the fireplace,
+was often a large brick oven with an iron door, and here on baking days
+roaring wood fires were kindled to heat the bricks before the weekly
+baking was placed within. Examination of these old ovens will be very
+apt to reveal the age of the house.
+
+In the remodeling it is well to leave the fireplaces much as they stand,
+with the exception of bricking them in, for the old ones allowed too
+much air to come down the chimney, and at the present high price of
+wood, we are not able to indulge in the ten-foot logs that were in
+evidence in our grandmothers' time.
+
+A house with many fireplaces that stands back from the winding country
+road on the border line between Medfield and Walpole in Massachusetts
+was chosen for a summer home by Charles E. Inches. It is shaded now as
+it was long ago by large, old elms whose widespreading branches seem to
+add a note of hospitality to this most attractive estate. Possibly there
+are better examples of the restored farmhouse than this one found at
+Medfield, but it is very picturesque, not only in type but in
+surroundings. It stands near a turn of the road, where it was erected,
+in 1652, situated in a sheltered glen and protected from cold winds.
+
+[Illustration: Front View showing the Old Well]
+
+At that time it was a small and unpretentious building about twenty feet
+long and showing in the interior fine examples of hand-hewn timbers.
+Even in its dilapidated state it was most attractive, with its many
+fireplaces and old woodwork. This particular house has two values, the
+one relating to its historical record and the other to its old-time
+construction. Through two centuries this little farmhouse had been the
+home of the Adams family, a branch that was near in kin to the
+presidential line of Adams who lived at Quincy, Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+At the time of its building, a stream wound in and out through the
+meadow land that was a part of the property. It was such a large stream
+that it afforded sufficient power to run an old mill that originally
+stood on the estate and which for many years ground the neighbors'
+grain. On a ridge opposite the house, worn stone steps lead up through
+pastures to a sturdy oak which stands nearly opposite the front of the
+house and is known in history as the "whipping tree." Here, in Colonial
+days, wrong-doers were tied to be whipped. Just before we reach the
+stone wall, which was laid probably by the slaves held by the landowner
+of that period, we find an old mounting-block. On the side of one of
+the stones are the figures 1652; and it was from this block that many a
+Colonial dame mounted to her pillion to ride in slow and dignified style
+behind her worthy squire. Even in those days the grounds were very
+extensive and reached for many acres. These to-day have been reclaimed
+and laid down to grass land and garden.
+
+[Illustration: Across the Lawn]
+
+Half way between the house and the tennis court which defines the estate
+is a wonderful old garden which has been designed not so much for show
+purposes as to supply flowers all through the season. This is not the
+only garden on the place, for back of it is the vegetable garden and the
+old-fashioned one. The dividing line between the two is a row of stately
+trees which hide the former from view at the front of the house. Rows of
+apple-trees, many of which were on the estate when it was first
+purchased, remnants of the original orchard, surround in part the tennis
+court, behind which is a swimming pool which is in frequent use. This is
+about twenty-five feet long and twelve wide, cemented to a depth of
+seven feet; with its background of tall poplars it is very artistic and
+lends itself to all sorts of water contests.
+
+During the latter part of the nineteenth century, new life came to the
+old house. It had stood for years, weather-beaten and old, guarding the
+family name. While the outside was very attractive and in tolerably good
+repair, it was the interior that appealed especially. There was
+beautiful old wainscoting and paneling of wide boards, some of which was
+split from logs at least thirty inches in width. Great reverence was
+paid by the owner to the original structure, particularly to the old
+kitchen with its large, brick fireplace and chimney which was restored
+to its early beauty.
+
+Sagging plaster was removed, and underneath were found well-preserved,
+hand-hewn beams and rafters. These were carefully cleaned and considered
+of such great beauty that they were left exposed as far as possible,
+more especially those which showed the sign of the adze. The walls,
+which had been previously neglected, were stripped of wall-papers which
+were in some places ten thicknesses deep. In removing one of these, a
+wonderfully fine landscape paper was discovered, and although every
+attempt was made to save it, it was too far defaced. Under the paper was
+a wide paneling of white pine, so good that it needed only a slight
+restoration. In the opening of the fireplace the crane, pothook, and
+hangers were found to be intact, while many pieces of ancestral pewter
+and copper were polished and placed in proper position on the wide,
+receding chimney. This was to give it the look of the olden days, when
+pewter was used for the table. There was no bricking in of this old
+fireplace, for it was considered such a wonderful example that it was
+left in its original state. The old flint-lock that did service in the
+early war was hung over the fireplace, while from the chimney hook the
+old-time kettles were swung much as they did in the days when they were
+used for cooking purposes. The old brick oven used by the Adams family
+was not removed, and at one side of the fireplace a long braid of corn
+was hung in conformity with the custom of that period. The hand-hewn
+rafters and beams have been left intact in this room, as has the old
+woodwork, so that the kitchen, now used as a den, is an exact
+reproduction of the original room. It is the most interesting apartment
+in the house, being situated at the right of the entrance and furnished
+with old family heirlooms, including five rare slat-back chairs, a
+rush-bottomed rocking-chair, and a settle of the same period. Even the
+wide boards that were used in the original flooring have been retained,
+and the old brick hearth, showing wide bricks such as are never found in
+modern residences. To meet present requirements, the cellar was
+cemented, and a furnace added, in order that the occupants need not
+depend entirely on the fireplaces for heat.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall and Stairway]
+
+In the hallway, the stairway, following the lines of many Colonial
+houses, rises at one side. Here the wall-paper is wonderfully preserved,
+being in the old colors of yellow and white and of a very old design. It
+was made in England over a century ago and gives an appropriate
+atmosphere to the entrance of the attractive old home.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The living-room, which is spacious and comfortable, is at the right just
+before you enter the den. The woodwork has been painted white, following
+the Colonial idea, while old-fashioned, diamond-paned windows have been
+substituted for the original ones. Here, as throughout all the house,
+one comes unexpectedly upon groups of shelves filled with books. There
+are built-in cupboards that provide places for the wonderful collection
+of books, many of which are rare editions, owned by the present
+occupants. Like every room in the house, this shows several tables of
+unusually fine design, a handsome side-wing chair, and a few other
+choice pieces. The great open fireplace with its Colonial accessories
+lends much to the hominess of this room.
+
+At the left of the hallway is the large and spacious dining-room, which
+is in reality three rooms opened into one, the partitions showing in the
+beamed ceilings. The walls are finished in green textile and are left
+unornamented with the exception of one or two choice pictures. There was
+a method in the construction of this room which was planned for unbroken
+spaces to bring out to advantage the lines of the beautiful old
+sideboard. Then, too, the space shows off the lines of the rush-bottomed
+chairs that are used for dining-chairs. The mantel, framed in white
+wood, is hung with rare porringers, ranging from large to baby size.
+There is a restful atmosphere about this room, that, combined with its
+perfect setting, is most refreshing. At the farther end of the room,
+French doors open upon the sun parlor which is used during the summer
+months for a breakfast-room. This overlooks the garden.
+
+The bedrooms up-stairs are large and airy, each one of them being
+carefully furnished with Colonial pieces which include four-posters,
+high and lowboys as well as quaint, old-time chests of drawers that can
+do service as bureaus, or as storage space for extra blankets, hangings,
+or rugs.
+
+The floors throughout the entire house are of hard wood, many of them
+being the original ones that were laid when the house was built. Rare
+old Chippendale, Sheraton, and Hepplewhite chairs are used in the
+furnishings, while hand-woven rugs cover the floors. The windows are
+screened by chintz hangings of bright colors and gay designs, and the
+whole house presents a sunny, restful atmosphere.
+
+At the rear of the house an ell has been added where the new kitchen
+with all modern conveniences, pantries, servants' dining and sitting
+rooms are found. Thus while the exterior features of the old house have
+been carefully preserved, the addition of the ell gives comfort and
+convenience to the new building.
+
+Shrubbery has been planted around the house, and a veranda thrown out;
+window-boxes filled with brilliantly blossoming plants add a bit of
+color to the remodeled farmhouse which is painted red with white trim.
+Velvety lawns have replaced the old-time farming lands, and the planting
+of trees has done much to add to the picturesqueness of this estate.
+The grounds themselves are extensive, covering forty-five acres, and the
+natural beauties are unusually varied. Broad stretches of fields and
+hills intersected with trees make a most appropriate setting for the old
+Adams homestead.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE CHARLES MARTIN LOEFFLER HOUSE
+
+
+It was a staircase that was responsible for the remodeling of one house
+which had no other unusual feature. It was designed by a village
+carpenter whose object was four walls and a shelter rather than
+architectural beauty. The structure was so simple and unobtrusive that
+it did not arouse any enthusiasm in the heart of the architect who
+examined it, for it presented no chance to show his ability in its
+remodeling. It was the kind of a farmhouse that one would find in almost
+any suburban town, built without any pretensions, its only good feature
+being the staircase which saved it from passing into oblivion and caused
+it to be remodeled into a charming, all-the-year-round home.
+
+It had been unoccupied for a long period and with exterior
+weather-beaten and interior uninhabitable, it presented a forlorn
+appearance, repelling to most would-be purchasers. It stood by the side
+of a traveled road and in its best days was occupied by a farmer and
+his family who cared more for the barn adjoining the house than they did
+for the farmhouse itself.
+
+The estate was a large one that had been neglected and allowed to run
+down until weeds and rank grass were so intermingled that it seemed a
+discouraging task to bring it back into a good state of cultivation.
+Adjoining the house, and connected with it by a shed, was a large barn
+with sagging roof and so dilapidated that it seemed past restoring.
+Across the front, defining the estate, was once a neat paling fence that
+had been torn down until only a small portion remained.
+
+Many acres of the estate were meadow-land which swept to the horizon of
+trees, yet the once fine apple orchard, though sadly in need of pruning,
+showed promise, and there were possibilities in the whole estate that
+needed only attention and development to make them profitable. There had
+been no one to care for the old house, and it stood discouraged by the
+roadside awaiting a sympathetic owner.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+It was in this condition when first seen by Mr. Charles Martin Loeffler,
+whose experienced eye discerned its possibilities. It is the wise man
+who fits his house to his grounds and who in the general scheme
+considers its surroundings. The grass land, the garden, the orchards,
+the fencing of the estate, each one of which demands separate treatment,
+should be so arranged that they will be profitable in the end. The new
+owner realized this and also that he could not be too careful in
+combining house and garden so that they would make a harmonious whole.
+
+The location was ideal, quiet and retired and exactly what had been most
+desired, so the remodeling was placed in the hands of a careful
+architect, who, after thoroughly considering the situation, decided it
+could not be done. It was then that Mr. Loeffler took the matter into
+his own hands, drawing exact plans of what was necessary to achieve the
+desired result, and it was under his personal direction that the workmen
+began to remodel the unattractive little cottage. It was borne in mind
+that even the addition of a porch or veranda must be carefully
+considered to avoid confusion of architecture so that the house itself,
+when finished, should follow a single idea and not a composite mass of
+details that were entirely out of place and in bad taste. It was
+realized that no house, no matter how situated, should have discordant
+surroundings. Out-buildings should not be allowed to mar the symmetry
+of the house and should be removed so that they would not be an eyesore
+but in keeping with the general plan.
+
+The house itself, however, demanded attention first; it was very small,
+with a pitched roof in the upper story and a long ell connecting it with
+the farm buildings. The exterior was left practically as when first
+purchased, with the exception of a small and well-planned porch at the
+front, a long ell for servants' quarters, and a wide veranda at the rear
+that extended the entire length of the house. In the porch settles were
+added on either side which help to give the house an air of dignity and
+invite the guest to rest and enjoy the beautiful scenery.
+
+[Illustration: As Remodeled]
+
+The screened-in veranda at the back is used as an out-of-doors
+living-room. It is wide, carpeted with rugs, and furnished with simple
+but substantial pieces. It is a most comfortable place, where charming
+views and wonderful vistas can be enjoyed, for beyond lie the old
+orchard with the meadows between and a background of finger-pointed
+pines that seemingly melt into the blue of the sky. Trellises were built
+on the garden side of the house to carry vines, but this was after the
+house had been given a coat of white paint and the blinds painted green.
+Over the veranda a balcony was built which can be used for outdoor
+sleeping purposes if desired. The picket fence was restored and painted
+white to match the coloring of the house, and a stone wall was built at
+the farther end to enclose the garden; on the outside wild shrubs were
+planted to give a note of color to the gray stone. The old trees,
+pruned, took on a new life and are now in a most nourishing condition;
+across the entire front, as a partial screening, silver-leafed poplars
+were planted. The farm lands were reclaimed, new trees planted in the
+old apple orchard, and at the side of the house an attractive garden was
+laid out with a background of apple-trees. It was a small garden, only
+about an eighth of an acre in size, and filled with old-fashioned
+flowers to make it harmonize with the period in which the house was
+built. A single path divides it in two, and its color schemes have been
+given careful study.
+
+At one side of the garden a rustic pergola has been built with a central
+path of grass, and over this a grapevine has been trained which makes it
+a restful, shady place in summer, while in early fall the vines are
+loaded with great clusters of purple grapes. Everywhere surrounding the
+garden are stretches of green lawns that prove a fitting setting to the
+bright blossoms in the trim and well-kept beds. The fields beyond have
+been brought back to a good state of cultivation and present a beautiful
+green tract beyond which stretch rich meadows with waving grass where
+flit the bobolink and the red-winged blackbird. In the trees around the
+house orioles and robins nest, while everywhere the old apple-trees
+grow, many of them gnarled and twisted with age. In the early fall,
+loaded with fruit, they form an attractive color note of red and yellow
+in the landscape. Great care has been taken to remove the branches of
+the old trees in order to afford attractive vistas. This gives a
+landscape picture carefully planned and creates a delightful feeling of
+restfulness and a sense of relief from the bustle of city life.
+
+Over the porch has been built a lattice to be covered eventually with
+rambler roses, and in order to obtain more light, clusters of windows
+have been let in on either side of the front door.
+
+The interior as well as the exterior has been carefully planned with a
+regard to light and views. One enters the house through the little
+porch and finds himself in a spacious hallway which extends to the
+living-room. The staircase is at the right of the' entrance. It is not a
+primitive affair of the ladder type which is the earliest on record;
+neither is it steep with flat treads, high risers and molded box
+stringers, but the kind that shows simple posts and rail with plain
+balusters. It is of the box stringer type and has no carving in either
+post or balusters; it is perfectly straight and leads by easy treads to
+the second-story floor.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room is at the left of the hallway and is a room built for
+comfort and for everyday life, showing plenty of windows. A feature is
+the great, open fireplace and the bricked chimney-breast, with small
+closets at one side. The woodwork in this room is the same that was in
+the house when it was discovered by Mr. Loeffler and, cleaned and
+treated to a coat of paint, is most attractive. The wide board floor has
+been retained and stained dark to bring out the color schemes of the
+rugs.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Living Room]
+
+This room leads directly into the living-room which extends entirely
+across the house and is also entered from the hallway. Its windows face
+the green fields studded with trees and also overlook the
+old-fashioned garden which is near enough to the house so that every
+summer breeze wafts the perfume of its flowers to the occupants. A
+central feature is a bricked-in fireplace that has been built into the
+room. Instead of plastering, the old oaken cross-beams have been left in
+their original state, and the room is finished with a wainscot painted
+white, above which is a wall covering of Japanese grass-cloth. Bookcases
+form an important furnishing of this room which also contains many
+pieces of antique furniture. It is a cheerful, homelike apartment, into
+which the sun shines practically all day long. Through large French
+windows one steps from the living-room on to the veranda. The second
+story is devoted to chambers and bath.
+
+Its location has a distinctive charm, as it is not too near the city or
+too far away from neighbors. It is well adapted for outdoor living, with
+its wide, inviting veranda and the side garden where bloom the stately
+phlox, the gaudy poppies, and the bright-hued marigold.
+
+[Illustration: THE STUDIO OPPOSITE THE CHARLES M. LOEFFLER HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: The Music Room in the Studio Building]
+
+As time went on, the house grew too small for the owner's needs, and so
+another house just across the way that had passed its prime and stood
+desolate and deserted was also purchased and remodeled into a studio,
+one room expressly designed for Mr. Loeffler's work,--large and
+commodious with high, vaulted ceiling. Here, too, a veranda was built
+across one end that can be used if need be for an outdoor living-room.
+It is shaded by many trees, more especially some fine old elms whose
+graceful branches shadow the house, while a stretch of lawn extends to
+the street. Across the front a paling fence corresponding in style to
+that across the street was built, entrance being through a swinging gate
+that leads directly to the outside porch. This house shows less
+remodeling than the first one; it is principally in the interior that
+changes have been made. The whole front of the house is made into a
+music-room of unusual type, being hung with pictures of the old masters.
+Here the second-story flooring has been removed, and the ceiling vaulted
+and sheathed, in order to secure acoustic properties.
+
+A large chimney has been introduced into the inner wall, with brick
+mantel and chimney breast, and big enough to hold a six-foot log. The
+floors are of polished hardwood, and the ornamentation shows Chinese
+ships hung upon the walls,--an interesting feature for interior
+decoration. The room is entered through French windows that lead on to
+the outside porch.
+
+In addition to the music-room, this house is also used for the caretaker
+and week-end guests. The long ell at one side is used for the former,
+while at the back of the music-room several rooms are fitted up for the
+use of guests, thus solving a problem that is to-day vexing the minds of
+many a house owner, more especially in suburban towns.
+
+There is about the whole place a restfulness that has been achieved by
+careful planning and attention to details. There is no part of the
+estate where one may wander without coming upon picturesque bits of
+landscape, that while apparently in their natural state, yet are
+restored and preserved with a true appreciation of nature. This estate
+is a lesson in reclaiming and remodeling that cannot fail to be
+instructive to all home builders. It goes to show that forethought and
+ingenuity can create a comfortable and inviting home in the midst of
+desolation, and transform an old dilapidated cottage into a charming and
+picturesque abode.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+LITTLE ORCHARD
+
+
+The old farmhouse can well be copied as a type for the modern summer
+home, for its lines are excellent, and its design is often so striking
+that it lends itself to easy reproduction. To the house owner of to-day
+it may seem a little strange that, with the trend of modern
+improvements, the old houses should be used for this purpose, and the
+architecture of the master builders of long ago shown preference over
+that of modern architects who have given their life to this subject.
+
+The builders and designers of old houses had to depend on their own
+ideas or possibly on a few designs that were sent over in the cumbersome
+ships that plied between England and the new country,--the work of Sir
+Christopher Wren, one of the most celebrated architects of his day.
+
+There are no more satisfactory details of house construction than we
+find in these old houses, where fireplaces, doors, porches, and carving
+show individuality. These ideas, modified and improved upon, are found
+in many a twentieth-century home, lending a dignity and charm that would
+otherwise be lacking.
+
+If you are remodeling an old house and wish to change a fireplace that
+is unsatisfactory or a stairway that is not artistic in design, do not
+introduce modern ideas, but rather seek for an old house that is being
+torn down and from it take bits that will satisfactorily fit into the
+work of remodeling. It is not a hard matter to find details of this
+kind, for many an old farmhouse has been neglected so long that it is
+past redemption, and it is the blending of the old with the old that
+does much to keep distinctive the period that you are seeking to
+preserve.
+
+Sometimes the house has been badly mutilated, often to such an extent
+that its best features are disguised, and it is a serious problem to
+eliminate the wrong ideas and duplicate the original. The old craftsmen
+before Colonial times were apt to build houses along certain lines which
+often failed to bring proper results; details varied and sometimes were
+incongruous with the type of the house. The first houses were generally
+one-roomed; later, other rooms like units were gathered around it, and
+the result in some cases was the appearance of a lean-to. Later on came
+the ell, and, to save steps, chambers were designed on the lower floor,
+leading off the main rooms of the houses. Naturally in houses of this
+kind the largest room was the kitchen, for this was the
+family-living-room, more especially during the cold weather.
+
+We will find as we examine an old farmhouse that the dominant portion of
+the building was the first floor, and that the chambers were adapted to
+the lower-story plan. These were not always satisfactory, as little or
+no care was given to the arrangement of the rooms, and in many houses
+closets were little considered. The partitions between these rooms were
+not double, like those found to-day, but were made of matched board and
+accommodated themselves to the framework. Later on plastering came into
+vogue and this made the rooms warmer and much more habitable.
+
+The windows were generally spaced carefully and were in harmony with the
+front door, making an attractive exterior. The walls were of wood, often
+with a layer of brick to keep out the cold and also to form a better
+protection. The roofs, more especially in the early houses, were very
+steep, since they were planned for thatching; later on, when shingles
+came into use, they grew lower and wider. It was not until 1700 that the
+gambrel roof came into style. In considering the evolution of the house
+we must look backward, and thus we come to realize the progression of
+architecture. We then discover that every old house shows interesting
+features, and it is the house with a history that makes its greatest
+appeal to the antiquarian; while the revival of Colonial architecture
+brings a renewed interest in the history of that period.
+
+There is no more attractive remodeled farmhouse than that of Mr. Roland
+C. Lincoln, which is a charming, rambling, summer home situated on the
+Gloucester road half way between Manchester-by-the-Sea and Magnolia. It
+is a low, yellow cottage, picturesquely placed against a background of
+trees and nestled on the side of a hill seemingly as if it had been
+there for centuries. At the front is the ocean, while surrounding it is
+well-placed shrubbery and artistically trained vines.
+
+[Illustration: The House from the Driveway]
+
+The grounds are just at the left of the main road and separated from it
+by a low stone wall; the entrance is by a driveway at one side that
+winds to an entrance porch. All around the house are carefully trimmed
+lawns and gardens gay with flowers, while the soft expanse of green
+sward extends to the shadowing trees and the background of forest and
+rock. The house was built two hundred and fifteen years ago. At that
+time it stood on the road and was overshadowed by the very oldest house
+there was in the town, which stood on the crest of an adjoining hill. It
+then contained four rooms only, each one of which was thirteen and a
+half feet square. Surrounding the old farmhouse was an orchard of
+apple-trees that even in the early days gave to it its present name of
+Little Orchard.
+
+[Illustration: The Angle of the Ell]
+
+The possibilities of the little cottage, as it stood forlorn by the side
+of the road, attracted the attention of the present owner, who purchased
+it, moved it back from the road to its present location, and remodeled
+it, adding a wing at the left. The old front door was improved by the
+addition of a semicircular porch which is an exact reproduction of the
+porch on the White house at Salem, Massachusetts. The side porch was
+unique and most picturesque in its design. Ivy has been trained to cover
+the veranda and outline many of the windows.
+
+At the rear, facing the garden with its frontage of gnarled apple-trees,
+we find the veranda or out-of-doors living-room. This is used during the
+summer months and commands one of the most picturesque views on the
+estate, overlooking lawns and forest.
+
+[Illustration: The Entrance Porch]
+
+[Illustration: The Stairway]
+
+Entrance to the old house is through the porch, and one finds himself in
+a most charming hallway, at one side of which is an alcoved recess. This
+is hung in blue and white Morris paper. Near the front door at the right
+is the staircase which leads with low treads and broad landing to the
+second-story floor; it has a hand-carved balustrade with a mahogany
+rail, while its newel post shows fine carving. Half way up between two
+huge beams have been placed some wonderful old pieces of china of the
+Colonial period, and under them is the quaint inscription, a welcome to
+the home, "In God's hands stands this house, may good luck come to it
+and bad luck go out of it." The staircase is reproduced from a
+particularly fine model found in a house in Boston that was originally
+the home of one of America's greatest statesmen, Edward Everett. It fits
+into its new surroundings as if it had always been there and is exactly
+the type one would expect to find in such a house as this. There is a
+fine old cabinet near the staircase that is considered one of the best
+pieces in the country. Inside is an entire tea-set of Lowestoft
+originally brought to Manchester by one of the old sea captains as a
+commercial venture and placed on sale. It was purchased by the present
+owner and holds a prominent place in her collection.
+
+At the foot of the stairs, inside the front door, the name of the house
+has been done in burnt wood. Mrs. Lincoln arranged to have this executed
+while she was traveling abroad and when talking with the workman she
+told him the story of her remodeled farmhouse and why it was named
+Little Orchard. He was very much interested in her description, and when
+the inscription was finished, it bore not only the name, but decorations
+in each corner of tiny little apples.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+At the end of the entrance hall is the dining-room which is long and
+well lighted by many windows on two sides. This was a part of the
+original house, enlarged and added to. Here we find the low stud and the
+beamed ceiling so prevalent in houses of that day. It is hung with a
+most interesting Morris paper done in pink and blue, and at one end is a
+recessed sideboard. The upper part of this is used as a china
+cupboard, while on either side bookcases have been inserted. The
+furnishing of this room is all of the Colonial period; the chairs are
+Sheraton, as is also the sideboard. The fireplace is unusually good,
+being handsomely carved with a basket of fruit as the central
+decoration.
+
+Opening from the dining-room is the living-room, a large, square room
+with beamed ceiling, a feature being a built-in bookcase at the farther
+end. On the walls are many original paintings including one by the late
+William H. Hunt, "Tired of Work." An interesting inglenook is a
+space-saving device that has been introduced. Underneath the
+window-seat, studded in brass nails, is the name of the house again,
+Little Orchard.
+
+The reception-room is back of the living-room and shows the staircase of
+old Colonial design at the farther end. The fireplace was taken from a
+house which once sheltered General Lafayette. When the house was torn
+down, the beauty of the carving and the graceful design attracted the
+attention of the present owner, who purchased it for his remodeled
+house. When it was brought home, it was found to be almost
+impracticable, through being so badly worm-eaten; under the hands of
+skilful workmen, however, it has been thoroughly renovated and is now a
+prominent feature of the room. The apartment is well lighted by many
+windows, each one of which is of a different design. These have been
+perfectly planned, and there is no discordant note.
+
+The second story has been so arranged that all the rooms open into each
+other and also into the hallway. They are of low stud and contain dormer
+windows. The Colonial atmosphere has been carefully observed, so that
+new pieces which have been introduced fit in harmoniously with the old
+ones. Each room has a large, open fireplace with a crane, suggestive of
+good cheer.
+
+The success of this house has been attained through the careful thought
+of the owners, and it is an example of a charmingly remodeled farmhouse
+of a type such as one seldom finds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+WILLOWDALE
+
+
+Should you chance to run across an old farmhouse that shows good
+interior woodwork, do not carelessly pass it by, for such houses are not
+easy to discover. You must realize that when restored it will be much
+more attractive than one with a plain mopboard and narrow cornice.
+
+Woodwork was not of the Colonial type in the earliest houses; it was
+used merely as a wall covering and was called wainscot, the same as it
+is to-day. This was because the paneling was originally made from
+wainscot oak which was well grained and without knots. Differing from
+that in nineteenth-century houses, it was put on the walls vertically,
+the boards being rough and wide. It must be remembered that in those
+days trees had not been felled to any extent, and the giants of the
+forest provided the best of lumber for this purpose. These boards were
+either lapped or put together with tongue-strips. Later on, we find
+interiors where they were laid horizontally, like those of a century or
+more ago, and instead of being plain boards, were well finished.
+
+Wainscot is an inheritance from our early ancestors, for in the manor
+houses in the mother country there is wonderful woodwork, used not only
+for wainscot, but for other parts of the interior finish. White pine,
+which at that time grew abundantly in our native woods, was employed for
+interior as well as exterior purposes, this being more especially true
+in the northern and eastern parts of the country, where it was more
+plentiful. It has generally been conceded that this wood was the best on
+account of its wearing properties, and as it did not show figure in
+either the grain or markings. It was often called "cheese-like" and for
+this reason was preferred by wood-carvers and cabinetmakers for their
+art.
+
+The wainscot was used until about the time of the Revolution and not
+until a later period were the walls plastered. It has never lost its
+popularity and is found in many twentieth-century houses. It is
+generally shown in paneled effects which came into vogue much later than
+the plain board period. This woodwork was generally in the lower story,
+where more time and thought were given to interior finish; very rarely
+is it found in the chambers and then only in the better class of houses.
+Wainscot is not the only interior woodwork used; we often find whole
+walls finished in paneled wood, and fireplaces with a simple frame in
+paneled effects. Many of these old fireplaces showed a wooden shelf
+only, while later on, in the early part of the nineteenth century, fine
+carvings were included. Occasionally we run across a mantel of this kind
+in an old farmhouse, but it is very rare.
+
+It would be out of place for the house owner to introduce a mantel of
+this kind, no matter how attractive, in some types of old farmhouses. It
+would not be in keeping with the style and, while handsome and graceful
+in design, would be incongruous even in remodeled surroundings.
+
+Door-frames as well as the wainscot betoken the age of the house, for in
+the earlier ones doors are perfectly plain in finish, elaboration in
+design of paneling and wood-carving coming into play at a little later
+period. Cornices widened and also became more elaborate as house
+building progressed, and a century after the first wainscot was used, we
+find them sometimes several inches in width and showing different
+motives, such as the egg and dart. These also are rarely found in an
+old farmhouse, for it must be remembered that our early ancestors had
+little time to think out elaboration in the interior finish of their
+homes which were built solely as shelters.
+
+In the reproductions of to-day the wide boards are not easy to find,
+unless they are taken from some old house. One of the most valuable
+boards is the pumpkin pine which is now rarely found, having disappeared
+from the New England forest long ago. Fortunate is the house owner who
+discovers this wood in his old farmhouse, for it is found only in the
+very oldest buildings. The softness of the wood and the great width of
+the boards distinguish it from the white pine.
+
+In 1695, on the shores of Cape Cod, not far from Cataumet, a small
+farmhouse was built, with four rooms down-stairs and two rooms and an
+unfinished attic above. It was the home of one of the early settlers and
+stood facing the highway, a simple, unpretentious dwelling of no
+particular design and incongruous architecture. Although it had been
+substantially built, it had been abandoned for many years and was in a
+most dilapidated condition. Originally the water came nearly to its
+door, but the shore line gradually had receded, so when first
+discovered, the little building stood with its back to the road, and
+its face to the bare meadows.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+Like other houses of this early period, it was guiltless of paint, and
+its weather-beaten sides showed the wear and exposure of many years'
+conflict with the elements. To transform this house into a summer home
+equipped with accommodations adequate for a modern family, was a
+difficult problem. The proportions of the exterior were good but so
+simple that in order to extend the original quaint outline of the house
+without marring it, the additions had to be made with unusual care.
+
+[Illustration: The Front View]
+
+The first step was to carefully study the period for correct remodeling
+and to lay out the five acres of grounds to balance the house and
+preserve symmetry of detail. A driveway starts at the entrance, where on
+a high pole swings a shield-like sign with a red background and showing
+the name of the house, Willowdale, in white. The estate is defined by a
+fence, and the house in its remodeled state is attractively located on
+rising land, many feet back from the main highway.
+
+[Illustration: The House from the Garden]
+
+A hundred years after the house was built, a new highway was opened at
+the rear; thus the front or south side was wholly screened from
+observation, and it was here that the new owner decided to lay out his
+garden. It is enclosed by a high fence painted white, with latticed
+panels stained green; at the end a summer-house was erected, whose axis
+is the central path of flat stepping-stones that leads to the quaint
+porch entrance. Its three outer sides extend beyond the fence and
+command a broad view of the picturesque shore territory. The garden
+proper is of the old-fashioned type, in conformity with the old-time
+atmosphere of the estate, and the same sorts of flowers thrive in the
+trim beds that bloomed no doubt in the first owner's garden. Trailing
+vines conceal the fence outlining this plot from view. The only
+distinctive modern touch and yet one quite in harmony with the
+quaintness of the grounds is a large crystal gazing-bowl. This reflects
+in its luminous surface the nodding heads of the flowers, the floating
+clouds, the children dashing past, or the still loveliness of the summer
+sunset which preludes the night.
+
+[Illustration: A Rear View]
+
+The original house had been substantially built, and while appearing
+dilapidated, few of the shingles needed replacing even after two hundred
+years' wear. In the interior comparatively few repairs were necessary,
+paint and paper being the principal requisites. Additions had to be
+made to secure the needed room, and the first problem was to arrange
+these to conform with the original quaint outline. The old part was of
+the old farmhouse type, low of build. To the right a wing was built to
+contain three bedrooms and a bathroom, and to balance this a broad,
+covered veranda was added at the left; behind this, at the rear,
+quarters for the kitchen, servants' hall, and chambers were thrown out.
+There was need of more light for the second-floor rooms in the old
+building, so dormers were inserted in the deep pitched roof at the
+front.
+
+The exterior was then painted dark red with a white trim, following the
+style of the first painted houses. Whether the red was used for
+economy's sake or not is a question, but it probably was, and proved
+most appropriate. Yellow was the next coloring used, which is shown by
+the fact that it is sometimes found with red underneath; the white paint
+came into vogue still later.
+
+Over the front door a small porch was built which was in strict keeping
+with the period. Trellises were erected at one side of the house for
+rambler roses and vines that would break the plain, solid effect of the
+shingled surface. An old-fashioned well was boxed in, at the rear of
+the kitchen entrance, and furnishes drinking-water for the family. The
+old chimney was retained, so that the fireplaces could be used.
+
+When the house was first built, there were two rooms at the front and at
+the rear a kitchen, kitchen-bedroom, and a dairy. The three small rooms
+were thrown into one large room which is now used as a dining-room. When
+the plaster was scraped off from the ceiling, it was found that there
+were hand-hewn beams underneath in such a good state of preservation
+that they were left uncovered, giving to the new apartment a distinctive
+touch. It was then discovered that the house had been built around a
+tree, for a substantial oak, with its roots deep in the ground and its
+large trunk still shouldering the roof beam, was disclosed. Underneath
+the old paper was found fine wood paneling which was scraped and painted
+white; next the fireplace was opened, and proved to be eight feet wide
+with a swinging crane at the back. This was restored to its original
+size, and a square, brick hearth was laid. The old floors were replaced
+by new ones, and the entire room was given the tone of the period. Rag
+rugs are laid on the floor, and all the furniture represents
+seventeenth-century pieces. At one end of the room is the dining-table,
+and at the farther side, large French windows hung with chintz open on
+to a vine-clad veranda.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The parlor, which opened from the dining-room, was covered with many
+layers of dirty wall-paper. When these were removed, it was discovered
+that there was a very fine wainscoting. In one corner was a
+three-cornered cupboard with a paneled door underneath. The fireplace
+was opened up, and when the room was painted it developed into one of
+the most charming rooms in the house. The paneling was painted just off
+the white, and the walls were hung with soft, gray paper with tiny pink
+flowers, making the color scheme of the room gray and pink. This was
+carried out in all the furnishings,--the chintz used for cushions and
+the hangings harmonizing with these tones. Instead of having all the
+furniture of the Colonial period, comfortable willow chairs were
+introduced, in order to give the light, airy touch that makes a summer
+home distinctive. This is a large, livable room, well-lighted by many
+windows and looking out upon the lawn and the garden.
+
+The hallway is of the plain, simple type which was so common in the
+oldest houses. The walls are covered with a reproduction of an old-time
+landscape paper, and the passage forms the division line between the old
+sitting-room and the dining-room. This dining-room is now used as a
+chamber; it is large and sunny with a wide-open fireplace. It is
+furnished with an Empire bed and shows everything that would have been
+found in the early days in a chamber of this kind, even to the spirit
+lamp that stands on the high mantel, the warming-pan beside the generous
+fireplace, the oval mirror, and the wooden cradle with its hand-woven
+blanket, where now sleeps a twentieth-century baby.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two of the Chambers]
+
+On the second story the rooms have been remodeled and show the same good
+taste which prevails all through the house. The unfinished attic has
+been plastered, papered, and converted into two bedrooms which are
+equipped with the old-time furnishings and are used primarily as guest
+rooms. The gable windows make them light and airy and at the same time
+afford a charming glimpse of the garden, heavy with the fragrance of the
+sweet-smelling blossoms, much as it was two centuries ago.
+
+Willowdale is one of the most comfortable and well appointed of the many
+remodeled houses that are found in New England. It is the possession of
+such a quantity of fine old woodwork that has given the house its
+distinctive atmosphere, though this has been preserved and heightened by
+the good taste of the present residents, who have succeeded in making it
+a most livable dwelling. Every room is well lighted and well ventilated,
+yet the house maintains in its renovated state all the quaintness and
+charm of a seventeenth-century home. It is a fine example of how an old
+house can be remodeled with little trouble and expense, and how the old
+and new can be combined harmoniously.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE GEORGE E. BARNARD ESTATE
+
+
+In remodeling a farmhouse, one should plan to build wide verandas,
+overlooking pleasing views. These can be glass-enclosed, so that during
+inclement weather one need not stay indoors. Out-door life is a part of
+the essentials in planning a summer home, and it means so much to the
+house owner that every possible means should be devised to secure it.
+With this object in view, why not lay out around the house attractive
+flower beds? Just a plain lawn does not mean much, but planted with
+trees, effective shrubbery, and well-planned gardens, it furnishes an
+inducement to sit on the porch and watch the ever changing views.
+
+In attempting this work, plan for vistas, well-selected spaces through
+which one can get glimpses of the world beyond. Have an objective point
+in view, so that the beauty of the setting sun and the clouds clothed in
+rainbow hues make it more attractive. Panorama effects are always
+interesting and are obtained through judicious planting, for one must
+remember that a plain level lawn in itself has few features that
+attract. Let the units be carefully spaced, and if there are walks or
+drives near the house, lay them out where they will not detract from the
+picturesque effect that you desire. An exception can be made with the
+English or flag treads, which make a charming adjunct to the grounds
+when grass grown.
+
+In the early days, the first settlers had their flower beds close to the
+house, probably because they did not then interfere with garden space.
+The effect was pleasing, for it added to the simple attraction of the
+early building. It is a good plan, after remodeling a house, to carry
+out this scheme of our forebears and have a narrow bed following the
+line of the house. Trees also are always effective; they break the roof
+line and shut off objectionable views. If you have no trees, by all
+means plant some. Screens can be devised by planting shrubbery, which
+makes unnecessary a latticed enclosure and is all the more interesting
+if the shrubs bear flowers, adding a bright spot to the color scheme.
+They are very practical as well, since they serve many purposes besides
+shutting off objectionable portions of the grounds. If rightly planted,
+they serve as windbreaks and can be arranged to frame a vista. While
+evergreen is often used for this scheme, yet shrubs such as the lilac,
+forsythia, bridal wreath, flowering almond, and many others are
+suitable. Plant these so that there will be a continuation in bloom, and
+also with reference to a definite color scheme.
+
+A remodeled farmhouse set back from the road without any surrounding
+decoration of garden or hedge cannot be picturesque, for merely a
+stretch of green lawn leaves it bare and uninviting, no matter how much
+you cover the house with vines. The composition of house and garden
+should be carefully planned, all the more if the estate is extensive,
+with plenty of land that can be used for this purpose. It is not much
+trouble to plant shrubs, and they need little cultivation. In the woods
+near at hand you can usually find plenty that will serve the purpose, if
+economy has to be considered.
+
+In planting the garden there are many things to be regarded; one of the
+most important is the sequence of bloom. This should be arranged with a
+view to color effects, for nowhere will one's taste be more conspicuous
+than in the garden plot which surrounds the house. There is no doubt
+that the harmony of color is a vital question, and complementary ones
+should be grouped together. Yellow should never be left out of the
+garden unless one wishes a very quiet effect; red is a favorite color
+and contrasts well with white. It must be remembered that quiet colors
+can be used in greater profusion than glaring ones; and if the exterior
+of the house is white, it permits one a much wider latitude in the
+choice of colors and in the arrangement of pleasing effects.
+
+The combination of house and garden that is found on the George E.
+Barnard estate of Ipswich, Massachusetts, is ideal and the result of
+many years of careful thought. The house was originally a small and
+unattractive farmhouse which contained only four rooms; it was
+dilapidated and forlorn in appearance and situated in the midst of
+uncultivated grounds. It was the location which attracted the present
+owner, for he saw here great possibilities for development; so he
+purchased the estate with a view of surrounding the house with gardens.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+The house has been added to, a little at a time, by throwing out here a
+room and there a veranda, instead of completing the whole work at once.
+Vine-covered verandas now surround three sides of the house; the
+shrubbery has been well planted.
+
+From the time the garden was first started, it was the desire of the
+owner to paint in flowers what other people have painted on canvas.
+Steep hills that obstructed the view at the side of the house have been
+converted into gentle slopes; bare spots have been thickly planted, and
+colors have been combined so that there is no inharmonious note in the
+finished garden. Careful planning eliminated straight lines, but not
+even the slightest curve in a flower bed was made until after due
+consideration. The flowers were planted to fulfill, as near as possible,
+the scheme of a landscape picture, and each plant not in perfect harmony
+was removed. The effect as one sits on the veranda is like looking at an
+immense canvas, where the pictures change with every move, for the
+estate is a masterpiece of color and bloom, depicting a different phase
+of landscape on every side.
+
+In remodeling the house, so many changes have been made that it is
+almost impossible to tell the manner in which the improvements were
+effected. There is not a room in the house but has been thoroughly
+changed, nor one that has not been enlarged. The service quarters are
+all new; they have been placed in the rear, where they do not intrude on
+the scheme that has been carried out in remodeling--that of making an
+attractive house in keeping with the setting of the grounds. The main
+house is at the front and has been kept in practically the same general
+style as when purchased. The entire rear portion of the house has been
+added a little at a time, until now it is most complete in each and
+every detail.
+
+[Illustration: The Front of the House]
+
+[Illustration: The House from the Terrace]
+
+Dormer windows have been let into the roof in order to give better
+lighting, and the wide verandas have been railed in, to provide an
+up-stairs living-room, from which one gets the best views of the garden.
+The lower veranda is furnished with well-chosen willow furniture, each
+piece being carefully selected so that there are no two alike. It has
+been given a setting of ornamental bay-trees in green tubs and huge
+pottery vases filled with masses of bloom. The most attractive part of
+the veranda is at one side of the house, where it is paved with brick
+and lined on the one side with evergreen trees and on the other with
+scarlet geraniums.
+
+[Illustration: The Pergola-Porch]
+
+[Illustration: The Hall]
+
+The hall or morning-room was a part of the original house. It is
+entered directly from the veranda and has been so treated as to present
+a different series of pictures from the time one enters the door until
+one leaves, each room which opens out of it being carefully designed for
+harmonious effects.
+
+[Illustration: The Alcove in the Living Room]
+
+At the left of the room is the staircase which leads to the second-story
+floor. The low mahogany risers and treads contrast with the white
+balusters which are topped with a highly polished mahogany rail. Doors
+have been removed so that the adjoining rooms are glimpsed as one enters
+from the veranda. This room is hung with a Colonial paper showing
+delicately tinted red flowers against a gray background, and its beauty
+is heightened by the leaded glass windows of the china closet at the
+right and the simple fireplace with its brass accessories. Every bit of
+furniture here is old Colonial and is upholstered in green to match the
+color of the hangings. A long French window opens on to the veranda and
+gives glimpses of the beautiful gardens. The upper portions of the old
+cupboards that were in the house have been glassed in. The floors have
+had to be re-laid.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+Particularly noticeable is the den which is at the left of the hallway.
+Here the color scheme is green, the walls being covered with textile;
+the wainscot is painted white, and the hangings at the window brighten
+the plain effect of the wall treatment. There is no crowding of
+furniture, but a dignified atmosphere pervades the entire room. It is an
+apartment such as one loves to find--quiet and restful. These two rooms
+occupy the entire front of the house.
+
+Opening from the hall is a long reception-room which was originally a
+part of the old house and which shows two rooms thrown into one, with an
+addition at the end nearest the avenue. This is done in old blue velour
+and is furnished in mahogany. The plain tint of the wall gives an
+admirable background to the fine old pictures which hang here and there.
+Every piece of furniture in this room is Colonial. Ionic columns outline
+the wide double windows. Light and air have been carefully considered in
+the remodeling of the entire house and have particularly been sought in
+designing this room, as is shown by the many windows on either side. At
+the farther end, to one side, a French window leads to a glassed-in
+veranda which is used for a breakfast-room.
+
+This room is a feature of the house, for it has been set in the middle
+of the terraced grounds that lie at the side of the house, so that one
+can get the full benefit of the picture garden with the slope of the
+hill beyond rising to meet the blue of the horizon.
+
+In the reception-room, as in every room in the house, wooden doors have
+been removed and replaced by glass ones which act as windows to reveal
+the room beyond. It is a most unusual treatment,--this picture idea
+carried out inside as well as outside of the house,--for there is no
+spot in the whole interior where you do not get a vista of some kind.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+Beyond the reception-room is the dining-room. This, too, is a long,
+narrow room and has been added, since the house was purchased, but so
+fitted in that it is seemingly a part of the old house. This room is
+divided into a dining and a breakfast-room and is used during inclement
+weather. Heavy draperies make it possible to shut the rooms off from
+each other if desired. The entire end of the breakfast-room has been
+given up to groups of long French windows which are repeated on either
+side, making a wide bay window. Here again has the picture effect been
+carried out, for the windows act as a frame to the mass of harmonious
+blossoms beyond, with their setting of green. The dining-room proper
+has a paneled Colonial landscape paper; the furniture is of the Empire
+period, while at the farther end of the room have been let in on either
+side of the long windows an attractive china closet. Here, as in every
+room in the house, we find wainscot and the same use of white paint.
+
+At the rear of this dining-room are the service quarters which consist
+of a large, sanitary, and well-equipped kitchen, butlers' pantries,
+servants' dining-room and sitting-room. The chambers in the second story
+are entirely separate from the rest of the house.
+
+The second floor shows at the right of the staircase a most delightful
+morning-room which is large and square with an open fireplace. This is a
+particularly attractive room, for it commands magnificent views. The
+rest of the house is given over to chambers which are laid out in suites
+and furnished with old-time furniture.
+
+There is an atmosphere about this remodeled farmhouse that is refreshing
+and most unusual. It has taken years to satisfactorily develop the
+owner's idea of combining house and garden in one harmonious color
+scheme. In the exterior this is changed each year, the favorite
+combination being lavender and white. This is attained by the use of
+heliotrope and sweet alyssum which outline the terraced wall and which
+show a carpet of green for central effect.
+
+The veranda is a harmony of green and white which is carried out in the
+awnings, the foliage, the willow furniture, and the white of the
+exterior and the balustrade. In the interior there is not a jumble of
+different colorings, and the rooms have been so arranged that they
+present a series of pictures brought about by the use of plain colors
+that perfectly blend. This has not been the work of a day or a year, but
+of ten years of careful study and is one of the most instructive lessons
+for those who are planning to remodel an old farmhouse and to introduce
+into its interior finish harmonious, restful, color schemes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE W. P. ADDEN HOUSE
+
+
+Many of the old houses still contain some fine specimens of old hardware
+that were used when they were built, more especially the H and L hinges
+and the old latches which have not been removed. The knockers have often
+disappeared, being more conspicuous and therefore eagerly sought, not
+only by collectors but by builders of new houses into which Colonial
+ideas have been introduced.
+
+If you are looking for this particular feature in the farmhouse, you
+will probably find it widely varied, as the different owners of the
+house each had his own special ideas and changed the hardware to suit
+his tastes. Many did not realize the importance of these fixtures in
+retaining the sixteenth and seventeenth-century interiors.
+
+It is absolutely necessary that the hardware should correspond in
+material to period. Too little thought has been given to this subject
+and has led to an incongruous use of hardware, leaving an impression of
+lack of information concerning the correct architectural details of the
+house. There is a decided difference between the hardware that was used
+in the latter part of the sixteenth century and the early seventeenth
+and that we employ to-day. The twentieth-century "builders' hardware"
+covers a great variety of objects included in every part of the house.
+In Colonial times the term was applied to few, such as latches, locks,
+knockers, and hinges, some of which were very ornamental in design, for
+they ranged from small pieces to large ones.
+
+The evolution of this special feature of the house is of interest to
+the house builder; it originated in the Dark Ages, at which period we
+find used Romanesque, Renaissance, and Gothic types in so many
+different forms that it is little wonder the architect turns to them
+for copy. The best examples are seen in the late sixteenth and early
+seventeenth-century houses, when the decoration of the entrance door was
+a very serious subject and received great attention, especially during
+the Colonial period. Then the knockers were of the most importance and
+were either of cast-iron or brass. The former were often very beautiful
+in design and were used on the earlier houses, for brass did not come
+into favor until later. Unfortunately the waning vogue of this piece of
+hardware led to many rare pieces being destroyed or thrown into the
+melting pot. It is fortunate that some house owners realized their worth
+and that collectors felt they would become a fad later on and so stored
+them away, which accounts for many old knockers found on the market
+to-day.
+
+The latch, lock, knob, and hinge are also interesting. The former is
+made from either iron or brass but rarely of any other metal. Before the
+appearance of the latch, the door-ring was used, but this it would be
+most difficult to locate. The thumb-latch is occasionally fanciful in
+design but is generally very plain and is rarely seen even in old-time
+houses, having been replaced by the door-knob. The most common feature,
+and one which we are quite apt to discover, is the long strap-hinge
+which was designed for a special purpose, for we must remember that in
+the early days wooden pins were used to fasten the door; and while they
+kept it compact, yet it demanded the strap-hinge also for protection.
+This hinge will be found in many different patterns and makes, sometimes
+running almost the entire width of the door, and often constructed in
+three sections,--the upper, lower, and central, although frequently
+only two were used. The ornamental ones are rarely if ever seen in
+farmhouses, being confined to the wealthier class. The plain iron ones
+were more often found, and these are of two types,--the one known as the
+H hinge and the other as the H and L.
+
+Closet doors often are equipped with the H hinge which takes its name
+from its formation. Because of the fact that the home builders of to-day
+are turning their attention more and more to the use of decorative
+hardware, one should be very careful to retain this feature as an
+effective detail in the interior finish of a remodeled farmhouse.
+
+In the town of Reading, Massachusetts, is a most attractive remodeled
+farmhouse that has been carefully worked out by W. P. Adden with such a
+regard for the preservation of old-time atmosphere that it can be
+considered as a fine type to copy. Not only has the exterior been
+carefully planned, but the owner has gone farther and made a special
+study of the hardware, so that the house to-day contains many wonderful
+examples that are correct in their treatment and add much to the
+atmosphere of the home.
+
+[Illustration: THE W. P. ADDEN HOUSE]
+
+This old farmhouse was originally a gambrel-roofed cottage built about
+1760 and was probably a four-roomed house, as is indicated by the
+partitions filled with brick that were found in the center of the
+present house, and also by an old brick oven and fireplace which were
+buried up and covered over by the portion of an old brick chimney
+evidently added later. The additions to this dwelling, even when
+purchased by the present owner, had been carefully planned, so that
+there were no awkward joinings or incongruous jogs discernible in the
+outline. There is no doubt that here, as in other old farmhouses, the
+early builders had displayed an inherent sense of proper proportion, and
+the additions which were made from time to time might be said to be
+after-expressions of first thoughts.
+
+When this house was first purchased, it was in an excellent state of
+preservation, with the exception of the ell which was past repairing. It
+faced directly south and had evidently been set by a compass regardless
+of street boundary, though the location was only a short distance from
+the main road. The design of the house contained all the characteristics
+of early construction,--the small-paned windows, closely cropped eaves,
+and long, unrelieved, roof line. At the time of the purchase of the
+estate, which had originally included hundreds of acres, it was
+surrounded by a low wall of field stone which had evidently been taken
+from the grounds to make tillage possible. The house stood on a slope
+and was surrounded by grass land; the same idea is carried out to-day,
+in that little attempt has been made at garden culture, the owner
+preferring to keep the estate as near as possible to the farm lands of
+centuries ago.
+
+After the remodeling was commenced, many interesting facts of
+construction were brought to light. The north side of the house, which
+was originally the rear, was changed by the present owner into the main
+front, with entrance and staircase hall. The hall was necessarily small,
+and in order to make it practical, five feet of the large central
+chimney had to be removed, including three fireplaces and two brick
+ovens. It was then found that this portion had evidently been added to
+the house after the original chimney had been built, as an old fireplace
+and brick oven were found on the line of a partition on the south side
+of the hall. It was also discovered that in all probability the original
+house had a lean-to at the north which was used for a kitchen, and that
+this fireplace and brick oven were a part of the old room. The original
+chimney was found by actual measurement to be sixteen feet by seven and
+a half feet, and the stone foundation was the largest ever seen, being
+ample enough to accommodate the wide hearths as well as the chimney. In
+fact, to-day it takes all the central portion of the basement, leaving
+two small spaces on either side. In the remodeling, it was found that
+the original work was laid up with clay, meadow clay being taken as a
+binder.
+
+The exterior required little alteration, save on the north side, where
+it was necessary to remove a portion of the wall in order to run the
+hall out under the roof of the house so that it might be two stories in
+height. The front of the house, which faced directly south, was left
+unaltered, with the exception that on the opposite side from the ell a
+glass-enclosed piazza was built of like width, length, and height. This
+afforded a ballast, as it were, to the main building and made a
+comfortable playroom for the children.
+
+A new porch, arched with Colonial pillars, was built at the front of the
+house in keeping with the type. In the ell a second one of less formal
+proportions was designed which was reached by a flagging of rough
+stones. A third porch of entirely different character was a finish to
+the rear of the house and shows lattice work, being quite ornamental in
+design.
+
+The angle formed by the main building and the new ell gave space for a
+flower plot, and here is located a small rose garden. This is outlined
+by broad paths of stone; surrounding the whole are wide borders of
+old-fashioned flowers which lend a touch of color that is very
+attractive.
+
+[Illustration: The Stairway]
+
+Entering through the front porch, one comes to a new hall, and with the
+exception of this, there has been little change in interior. This hall
+is most interesting; here are found the H and L hinges, a yellow and
+white Colonial wall-paper, and a staircase that divides at the landing
+and by easy treads leads on either side to chambers above. An old
+grandfather's clock is an appropriate furnishing for this part of the
+house. All through the lower story the old woodwork has been carefully
+preserved, and where it was destroyed it has been replaced.
+
+The living-room is practically as it was when purchased. Here we find
+the H hinges and the old-time latches, while through the center of the
+room runs a beam which had to be cased in and which has been painted
+white to match the trim. At one side a built-in bookcase has followed
+the architectural lines so perfectly that it seems as if it had been
+there ever since the house was built. The simple Colonial fireplace
+shows more ornamentation than is generally found in old farmhouses,
+which indicates that it was of a better type dwelling. With its new wall
+hangings and white trim, this room is most attractive. It connects with
+the sun-parlor at one end and is well-lighted and most homelike in
+atmosphere.
+
+The dining-room, facing east, has had a new group of windows added and
+contains the largest fireplace in the house. The china closet above the
+fireplace was discovered when the plaster was removed for the purpose of
+building in a similar one. This room is fitted with H and L hinges and
+the old-time iron latch. It was originally a portion of the old kitchen,
+the remainder of it being taken for a lavatory and passageway.
+
+All through the house we find that careful attention has been paid not
+only to hardware but to furnishings. No new-fashioned pieces have been
+used in any room in the house, and this careful attention to details has
+been carried out even in the lighting fixtures, which are all of the
+Colonial type.
+
+The second-story floor has undergone changes to meet the requirements of
+the present owner. One half of this story is devoted to the nursery; it
+is equipped with a large fireplace, deep closets, bath, and nurse's
+room, while the remainder provides a large bedroom, bath, and
+dressing-room. It has been so arranged that each part is distinct by
+itself, and convenience has been looked after in every particular.
+
+The original attic was entirely unfinished, and when new stairs were
+erected in the second-story hall, there was great difficulty in finding
+room enough to enter the attic by the side of the large chimney.
+
+In the remodeling of this house, comfort, a careful following of
+Colonial details, and an especial attention to the hardware are the
+salient features.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN HOUSE
+
+
+There is one thing that should be carefully considered in buying an old
+farmhouse,--that is, character. In order to obtain this, distinct points
+should be sought after and brought out. These can be accentuated not
+only in the house but also in its surroundings,--the garden, the trees,
+and the shrubbery; even the defining wall or fence does its part in
+making a good or bad impression on the casual passer-by.
+
+One must remember, in dealing with subjects of this sort, that the term
+"farmhouses" is a varying one. These range from small, insignificant
+little dwellings to the more elaborate houses that were built primarily
+for comfort as well as shelter. There are many large, substantial
+dwellings, not of the earlier type, for they were erected much later,
+but which illustrate the progression of the farmhouse design. One looks
+in houses such as these for larger rooms, higher stud, and more
+up-to-date ideas.
+
+The fireplaces are smaller and more ornate, for it must be remembered
+that as time passed on, money circulated more freely through the
+colonies, allowing for more extensive work and better finished details.
+While it is not necessary to copy the Colonial wall hangings, yet in the
+older houses it is much more satisfactory; still one can depart from
+this custom in a more elaborate house and use his own taste in selecting
+an attractive modern paper. Many people consider that houses restored,
+no matter of what period, should invariably have carefully consistent
+interior finish, without realization that it is sometimes better to look
+for character than type.
+
+The old-time wall-papers, more especially the picturesque ones, were
+generally used in more expensive houses, although we find them here and
+there in the more simple ones. Often this feature of the interior
+decoration is not well carried out, the wall hangings being chosen for
+cheapness rather than merit.
+
+To-day there is on the market such a great variety of papers that it is
+a very easy matter to get one suitable for any certain room and
+suggesting good taste. Many of them are reproductions of old motives,
+while others are plain and simple in character, giving to the room a
+quiet effect and providing a good background for pictures and hangings.
+There is nothing more restful in character than the soft grays; they are
+effective as a setting for stronger colors that can be used in the
+curtains, for this part of a room finish is as important as the wall
+hangings themselves. There is an indescribable charm to a room that has
+been carefully planned and shows good taste and restful surroundings.
+
+In many houses, some decorative scheme has been introduced which
+necessitates a particular kind of wall hanging, and even though it may
+be most unusual in type, it illustrates a motive that has been in the
+mind of the owner. Houses would lack character if the same line of
+interior decoration were carried out in all of them. With a high
+wainscot and cornice painted ivory white, comparatively little paper is
+needed, which reduces the cost and permits a better paper than if the
+room had a simple mopboard and a tiny molding.
+
+Papers that are garish and discordant in themselves, if skilfully
+handled, can produce harmonious effects, for it is often the unusual
+wall hangings that attract most. In curtaining these rooms let the same
+main tone be reproduced; this need not apply to every detail but to the
+general tone. Many people are timid in the use of odd wall-papers or
+curtains; they are afraid that they may look bizarre, but they should
+remember that color is in reality a very powerful agent in making an
+artistic home.
+
+It is sometimes effective to treat a house as a whole, and then again it
+is better that each room should have its own individuality. Very few
+houses but have at least one corner that offers interesting
+opportunities, and it is the artistic treatment of this that helps out
+the harmony of the room.
+
+There is a charming atmosphere surrounding "Quillcote," the home of Kate
+Douglas Wiggin, at Hollis, Maine, where Mrs. Riggs spends three months
+of the year. It may be that the quietness of the place lends to it
+additional charm, and then again it may possibly be the result of its
+environment.
+
+[Illustration: Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin's Summer House]
+
+The house itself is typical of the better class of New England
+farmhouses, and since it has come into Mrs. Riggs' possession, many
+alterations have been made, until to-day it is one of the most
+attractive farmhouses to be found anywhere. Two stories and a half in
+height, with a slant to the roof, it stands back from the road on a
+slight elevation, with a surrounding of lawns and overshadowed by
+century-old elms. To-day its weather-beaten sides have been renovated by
+a coat of white paint, while the blinds have been painted green. A touch
+of picturesqueness has been secured through the introduction of a
+window-box over the porch, bright all through the season with blossoming
+flowers. There is no attempt at floriculture, the owner preferring to
+maintain the rural simplicity of a farmhouse devoid of flowers and only
+relieved by the shrubbery planted around the building.
+
+When the house was first purchased, it was not in a dilapidated
+condition, having been lived in by townspeople and kept in good repair.
+The work of remodeling has been done by the people of the village, and
+it has been superintended by the owner of the house, in order that her
+own ideas, not only in remodeling, but in decorating, should be exactly
+carried out. The old shed is now used as the service department, a wide
+veranda having been built at one side for a servants' outdoor
+sitting-room. At the rear of the house is the old barn, which to-day is
+used for a study and for entertainment purposes.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall]
+
+Entrance to the house is through a Colonial door with a fanlight on
+either side. The owner has preferred to keep this in its original state,
+rather than add a porch of the Colonial type. The only porch that has
+been added to the house is a latticed, circular one at the side door.
+The entrance hall is long and narrow, the staircase also being narrow
+and built at one side in order to save space. The Colonial idea has been
+carried out here in the wainscot, and the ornamentation of hand-carving
+on the stairs shows it was done by a stair-builder and not by an
+ordinary mechanic. The lighting is from a lantern which carries out the
+general effect. The wall-hanging is in Colonial colors,--yellow and
+white,--while the rugs are the old, woven rag carpets which are repeated
+for stair covering. The balusters are very simple in design, while the
+balustrade has been painted white, thus showing it is not of mahogany.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+At the right is the dining-room, a bright, sunny room that has been
+uniquely planned to occupy the front of the house instead of the rear,
+as is more usual. It is a large, square room, in which little or no
+alteration has been made and which has been treated so as to make an
+effective setting to the rare old Colonial furniture. The size of the
+dining-room has been considered in reference to the furniture, this
+being one reason why Mrs. Riggs has chosen this large, square room--in
+order to correctly place her old mahogany pieces. The decorations are
+very simple and follow out the idea of Colonial days, there being no
+pieces that are not in actual use. The walls are hung in shades of
+yellow and brown, and she has been most successful in carrying out her
+color scheme.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+The home study, or den, leads from the dining-room and has been
+carefully planned with an idea of restfulness. A chamber at one end has
+been converted into an alcove, and additional light is obtained by
+cutting a group of casement windows over the writing-table. The room is
+very simply furnished and shows marked originality. The walls are
+papered with woodland scenes, for it was a fad of the occupant to bring
+into the house by wall hangings suggestions of the outside world. While
+it is unique, it has a distinctly restful influence and is in tone with
+the fireplace, which has been decorated with unusual features and which
+bears the name "Quillcote." The draperies in this room are original in
+treatment, being decorated to order by a noted artist who has
+introduced his signature in some part of the work. They are ornamented
+with original designs suggestive of farm life, with such subjects as
+wheat, apples, or corn and are covered with delicate traceries of rushes
+or climbing vines. The fireplace has for andirons black owls, and on
+either side stand altar candles. In the furnishing of the room
+everything has been chosen with an eye to restful effects; the owner has
+done away with the pure Colonial idea, using the mission type and
+considering comfort more than conventionality.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Living Room]
+
+Opposite the dining-room at the front of the house is the living-room,
+where further originality is found in furnishings and in scenes from
+nature introduced in the unique wall hangings. This room is in blue and
+white, the wall-paper being delft blue with a rush design over which
+hover gulls. Singularly enough, the idea is very pleasing. The hangings
+are of white muslin with blue over-curtains, while the furniture is a
+mixture of Colonial and modern pieces. An inglenook has been obtained
+through the introduction of a built-in window-seat which is covered with
+blue to match the tone of the paper. The furniture is all painted white,
+and the white fur rugs laid upon the blue floor covering give a
+charming effect. The decoration and furnishing of this room is quiet and
+restful, for those two ideas form the basis of the owner's scheme which
+she had in mind long before she took this house and while she lived in
+the old family mansion that stands just across the way. It is a
+comfortable, livable room and not used for state occasions alone, but
+for everyday needs.
+
+Just beyond is the sitting-room in which an entirely different idea is
+presented. Here the china fad is evidenced in the ornamentation of
+priceless old plates that have been collected by the owner's sister,
+Miss Nora Smith, and arranged according to her taste. This room is a
+typical Colonial room, and the furniture shown is all of that period,
+even to a spinning-wheel which gives an old-time effect. From this room
+one passes through a door on to the rear porch, from which fine views
+are obtained of the little, old-fashioned garden, the pine grove
+opposite the house, and the winding road.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two of the Chambers]
+
+The second story shows large, square chambers which have been carefully
+planned, each following out a distinct color scheme. In one of these
+rooms there is a combination of lavender, white, and green, shown in
+wall hangings, curtains, and furnishings. The canopied Field bed, with
+its lavender and white spread, has been painted white. Over it has been
+draped a white muslin canopy. The walls are in light green and show no
+pictures save that of a Madonna and Child, suggestive of the author's
+love of children. On the mantel are several very rare pieces of
+Staffordshire, many of which can not be duplicated. The furniture has
+been painted white, with the exception of two chairs which have been
+treated to a coat of green.
+
+Another room, showing wainscot and a quiet yellow and white Colonial
+paper, has a Field bed with white spread and white muslin canopy. Here
+the Colonial idea in furnishing has been strictly carried out.
+
+An original and yet artistic room has its walls entirely covered with a
+dainty cretonne, the bed-covering and hangings being of the same
+material.
+
+The most interesting idea in remodeling is presented by the old barn,
+which has been converted into a large music-room or hall, with a rustic
+platform at one end. Here a new floor has been laid, many windows
+inserted, and a few old-time settles placed, constructed of weathered
+wood toned by time to an almost silvery hue. Nothing else has been
+changed; the ancient rafters and walls remain as they were a century
+ago. The hall is lighted by many lanterns hanging from ceiling and
+harness pegs, also by curious Japanese lanterns painted especially for
+Mrs. Wiggin and bearing the name of the artist. The lanterns, hung from
+overhead, greatly relieve the somber effect of the heavy beams. At the
+rear of the hall a broad door space makes a frame for a pretty
+picture,--a field of buttercups and daisies, a distant house, and two
+arching elms. A large closet, once the harness-room, is fitted up with
+shelves and contains all the necessary china for a "spread" such as is
+given to the village folk several times a year, when dances are held in
+the old barn.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE FRANKLIN BRETT HOUSE
+
+
+Floors are an important detail in the remodeled house. Sometimes the
+original building has many that are in fairly good condition so that
+they can be saved. There is a great advantage in keeping these old
+floors if possible, for they were made with plain edge, of strong timber
+and laid close together. The earliest floors were not double in
+treatment, therefore the edges had to be either lapped or rabbited.
+
+These wide boards that were used in the early construction stand the
+test of furnaces and modern heating a great deal better than do modern
+ones of the same width. The latter are much more apt to shrink and open
+joints. It will be found that the better floors are in the second story
+in almost every house.
+
+It is probable, however, that if you are remodeling your house, you will
+have to lay at least one or more floors, and in such cases, matched
+hemlock is the most advisable for the under floor; but the boards
+should be laid diagonally and close together. The usual method is to lay
+them matching the upper floor. It is a great mistake, even if advised to
+do so by an architect, to lay only one floor, for with shrinkage come
+cracks through which cold air and dust can rise; even a carpet does not
+remedy the trouble.
+
+Hardwood boards make the most popular floors and come in varying
+thicknesses, the oak being generally three eighths of an inch thick and
+the North Carolina pine averaging seven eighths of an inch. Both are
+employed for new floors and for re-covering old, soft-wood ones. The
+narrow width of oak is more satisfactory, as the narrower the stock the
+smaller the space between the strips and the less danger of unsightly
+appearance. They may be a little more expensive than the wider ones, but
+they make a much better showing. Then, too, the shading and figure blend
+more harmoniously than when the broader strips are employed.
+
+Narrow widths also obviate any danger of the flooring strips cupping, as
+they are laid and stay absolutely flat. One should be careful not to lay
+oak flooring while the walls and plaster are damp; in fact, if you have
+to do much remodeling, the floor should be the last thing attended to,
+as it is a better plan to get everything else done and thoroughly
+dried--even to painting, wall hangings, and decorating.
+
+Hard pine is best for the kitchen, as it does not splinter, is more
+reasonable in price, and has fine wearing qualities. It must be taken
+into consideration that oak flooring is cheaper in the end than carpet.
+A yard of carpet is twenty-seven inches wide by three feet in length and
+contains six and three quarters square feet. Clear quartered-oak
+flooring can be bought, laid, and polished for one dollar per carpet
+yard, and when you consider the lasting qualities of the wood and the
+beauty of a polished floor, you will make no mistake to put in one of
+the better quality, more sanitary, and the best background for rugs,
+instead of laying a floor of cheap wood.
+
+Carpets, with the exception of straw matting, are inadvisable for a home
+like this. They are unsanitary, hold the dust, and are not nearly as
+attractive as rugs. These may vary in price with the purse of the owner,
+and can range from Oriental rugs, costing hundreds of dollars, to the
+simple rag rug which is always appropriate and in good taste.
+
+The absolute carrying out of the Colonial idea is not necessary, for it
+would not be appropriate to have old-fashioned rag mats in every room of
+the house. They can be used, however, in the dining-room or in the
+chambers, and to-day the woven rag carpets and mats are so attractive in
+their weave and so lasting that they are satisfactory adjuncts to the
+house furnishings. In the parlor and living-room, while they can be used
+if desired, there are so many attractive low-priced rugs, both Oriental
+and domestic, that it is an easy matter to get something both suitable
+and in good taste.
+
+[Illustration: THE FRANKLIN BRETT HOUSE--FRONT VIEW]
+
+This attention to floors and their covering is nowhere better shown than
+in the Franklin Brett House at North Duxbury, Massachusetts. This house,
+which is over two hundred and fifty years old, was put up at auction
+several years ago, at just the time when the present owner was looking
+for an old farmhouse to remodel. It was a double house that had been
+occupied by two families. The frame, excepting certain parts of the
+first floor joints and also portions of the sills, was in very good
+condition, but the first-floor boarding was badly worn and was not fit
+to be retained for use. It was replaced by a new one of narrow boards.
+
+The second story, however, was in much better condition, and the floors,
+with the exception of the one in the bathroom, could all be used. The
+house was particularly ugly, displaying a combination of bright yellow
+paint and dark red trim, and the exterior was wholly devoid of any
+artistic design.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+At the front of the house there was a wide porch;--just a simple
+flooring and two doors that stood side by side. The old place was so
+forlorn that it was bid in during the excitement of the auction partly
+out of sympathy. It showed so little possibilities that at first the
+owner was doubtful whether it had been a good purchase, for the building
+did not in any way fit his ideal of what was desired in order to make a
+suitable summer home.
+
+[Illustration: As Remodeled]
+
+After careful examination, however, various possibilities were
+discovered indicating that there was a very good chance to make it
+attractive. Originally the house was built for one family only; in
+architecture it was square-framed, containing two stories and an attic,
+with ells at the rear and one side and a deep, sloping roof broken by
+two chimneys. In the old house there were nine rooms on the first floor
+and five rooms and a hallway on the second. Some of these on the first
+floor have been combined by removing partitions to make a living-room
+and dining-room, together with a hallway.
+
+[Illustration: The Pergola-Porch]
+
+In the living-room were found some hand-hewn, second-floor joists, and
+it was decided to leave these exposed and plaster in between them,
+instead of bringing the ceiling down to its original level. In
+practically every room the plaster was in good condition and needed only
+to be treated in places. The chimneys were touched up wherever needed,
+but on the whole very few repairs were necessary. In the lower story
+to-day there are four rooms and a good-sized hall, while the second
+story is divided into six rooms and a bathroom. Five additional windows
+were added down-stairs and two in the second story, in order to secure
+proper light. Very little new material was put into the house, the work
+consisting chiefly of tearing out old material and patching woodwork and
+plaster. At the rear of the house, on a line with the larger ell,--the
+smaller kitchen ell having been torn down,--a rustic pergola was
+constructed and a covered veranda, over which grape-vines were trained
+for shade. The roof was partially reshingled, and the house was painted
+light gray with white trim, with green for the blinds. At the front a
+Colonial porch was added with latticed sides and a settle, which is in
+direct keeping with the architecture of the house. In its remodeled
+condition, with its setting of closely cropped lawn, it bears little
+resemblance to the ugly farmhouse of a few years ago.
+
+There was no plumbing in the old house, so a single bathroom was put in,
+a hot-water boiler was added in the kitchen, and a hot-air engine and
+pump were installed in the cellar which furnish water under pressure
+from a thousand-gallon supply tank. Later on, a hot-water heater was
+installed, so that with the modern improvements the house was made very
+comfortable for habitation all the year round if desired.
+
+[Illustration: A First-floor Vista]
+
+The original parlor on the left has been utilized for a morning-room;
+the bedroom, dining-room, and pantry have been combined into a
+living-room. The partitions between the old hallways have been removed,
+converting them into one good-sized hall. The remaining portion of the
+old dining-room has been made into a large pantry. The kitchen in the
+main ell has been left practically unchanged as to size and shape,
+although the shed opening from it, as well as the kitchen itself, have
+been entirely renovated and equipped with up-to-date improvements.
+Paint and paper and rugs have effected an interior transformation that
+is most attractive. There are no doors in the house, wide openings
+making it appear as though it were one large room.
+
+The hallway is entered from the Colonial porch and is unique because of
+its spaciousness. The stairs are at the further end, opposite the door.
+The Colonial atmosphere has been maintained in the wall hangings, the
+braided rag mats, and the old furniture.
+
+At the left of the hall is the morning-room with its wide, open
+fireplace, its Colonial paper, and Oriental rugs which are in color
+tones to correspond with the paper.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+Opening from this room is the living-room, where the same kind of rugs
+are laid on the hardwood floor. In this room, after the house was
+purchased, a fireplace was discovered hidden away behind the partition.
+It was opened up and restored to its original size. At one side a closet
+was glassed in, while in either corner cosy, built-in settles give an
+inglenook effect that is very interesting. The furnishings are wholly
+Colonial and in keeping with the general character of the apartment.
+Here the low stud, the beamed ceiling, the depth and lightness of the
+room, are most attractive. From the long French window one steps out on
+grass land which commands a most attractive vista of shrubbery and
+trees.
+
+In the planting around the house, great care has been taken to secure
+shade and picturesqueness, so that in its new life the remodeled
+farmhouse is surrounded by charming effects.
+
+On the opposite side of the hallway one enters the long dining-room. It
+is finished in red and white, with one-toned hangings; at the farther
+end is a quaint corner cupboard; a handsome fireplace has been
+introduced at one side. Many of the pieces in this room are very rare,
+especially the Hepplewhite sideboard, the chair-table that was once
+owned by Governor Bradford, and the rush-bottomed chairs. Long glass
+windows open on the side veranda and combine with attractively grouped
+windows to make this room light and cheerful.
+
+Opening out of this is the pantry, conveniently equipped with cupboards
+and shelves, and beyond is the kitchen and shed which have been made
+entirely modern in their appointments.
+
+The chambers up-stairs are large, square, and fitted up with furniture
+of the period. In taking a "secret" cupboard out of a closet, there
+was discovered some paneling that had been plastered and papered over.
+On removing the plaster, it was found that the whole side of the room
+was paneled. By the restoration of this old-time finish, the chamber
+became even more indicative of the period in which it was built. Here
+the wall hangings are all Colonial in design.
+
+Few houses, even among the many that are being restored, have retained
+the old-time atmosphere throughout as completely as has this farmhouse.
+Each room has been made comfortable and given an air of space, and
+consistency has been shown in the furnishing, thus securing a result
+that is perfectly harmonious and in the best of taste. By comparing the
+appearance of the old house at the time of its purchase with the results
+that have been obtained, one realizes how much thought and care have
+been put into its every part. The lines remain the same but have been
+extended by the introduction of the pergola at one side and a porch
+which are very attractive features in themselves. The combination of old
+and new, correctly treated, has done much to make a harmonious whole.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE GEORGE D. HALL HOUSE
+
+
+Fortunate is he who, on opening up the old fireplace in the house he
+intends to remodel, finds hidden away behind plaster and paper a pair of
+old andirons and possibly a shovel and tongs, indispensable furnishings
+for the fireplace. No old farmhouse but what has in almost every room
+some kind of an open hearth, and these are useless for the burning of
+wood without fire-dogs or andirons, as they are commonly known.
+
+To the inexperienced house owner who is looking for economy in his house
+furnishing, reproductions are tempting, and most attractive sets of
+fire-dogs are to be found in almost every store. In choosing a set,
+however, one must exercise judgment. Many of the reproductions are low
+in cost but are really merely lengths of brass piping, showing brass
+balls that are lacquered and strung together on invisible wire frames.
+They are in reality the cheapest kind of spun-brass andirons. If one
+with a knowledge of the weight of brass handles them, he will realize
+their flimsiness, but thousands of people do not recognize the
+difference. Poor fireplace accessories such as these detract greatly
+from the charm that surrounds a good hearth and mantel.
+
+It is no longer easy to pick up original, cut-brass andirons at the
+antique and junk shops,--that is, at a reasonable price. It is in the
+country places, old farmhouses, and from people who have not yet learned
+to gage their worth, that one can get a good bargain, bringing often
+only three or four dollars a pair, and being of the best material. In
+reproduction there are on the market to-day plenty of good, cast-brass
+andirons, but they are expensive and cannot be purchased at less than
+seven dollars, ranging from that to a hundred dollars a pair, while the
+spun-brass kind may be purchased for two dollars and a half a pair.
+
+Andirons come in a great many heights, and in the olden times two sets
+were used, the one holding the forestick, and the other the backlog. In
+addition to that, in the earliest American houses, creepers were used;
+they were, in reality, of iron, small enough to be placed between the
+andirons, and they helped out in holding the sticks. The first material
+used for andirons was iron, and we find to-day occasional specimens of
+this kind, many of them not particularly graceful, while others are very
+ornamental in design. There are the Hessian andirons which are found
+either in plain iron or decorated with bright paint; these came into use
+about 1776 and were used to caricature the British soldiers who were
+very unpopular in our country.
+
+The most interesting of these old andirons show unusual shapes, a great
+many of them having artistic ornamentation; occasionally we find them
+with brass tops. It was fitting to use this metal, on account of the
+fire frame, which was of cast-iron as well, and while many of these were
+of foreign manufacture, yet not a few were fashioned by the village
+blacksmith. In the choice of andirons, the size of the fireplace should
+be considered; the small ones should not have the steeple tops but
+small, ball pattern or some other design that is low enough not to crowd
+the fireplace and thus give the impression of bad taste. The large
+fireplaces need the high andirons, of which there are so many different
+kinds. The modern adaptation of the Colonial has brought these
+furnishings into vogue, so that to-day it would be almost impossible to
+tell the old from the new.
+
+Shovel and tongs were much used during the early period, but a poker
+never accompanied the set. These appeared after the introduction of coal
+and are found among the reproductions on the market to-day. Another bit
+of the furnishings is the fender, of which there are many designs, some
+being of simple wire painted black with brass top and balls, while
+others are entirely of brass. The warming-pan is an appropriate
+accessory for this part of the room; it should be hung on a peg at one
+side of the hearth. In addition to that, we find the bellows, some of
+which are most decorative in their design. The proper selection of this
+furniture gives an air of refinement to the room.
+
+There is a most attractive farmhouse situated in Dover, Massachusetts.
+It is owned by Mr. George D. Hall, and shows a series of remodelings,
+rather than a complete work, for each year an addition has been made
+which has bettered the initial scheme. The original farmhouse, for
+instance, which was built in 1729, was a small, unpretentious building
+that was very dilapidated in condition, but whose situation appealed to
+its present owner. It was his desire to obtain an old house that could
+be used if need be for an all-the-year-round home; plenty of land,
+picturesque views, good landscape effects, and ample elbow room were
+what he especially desired.
+
+[Illustration: LONE TREE FARM]
+
+The house stands back from a winding country road in one of the most
+picturesque situations it would be possible to find. An old stone wall,
+built over a century ago by the original owner, still forms a boundary
+line to protect the grounds. Few estates show so many beautiful trees;
+they add greatly to the pictorial effect of the place. Graceful elms
+with swaying branches are on every side, while on the opposite side of
+the road pine trees are in evidence, and on either side of the stone
+wall wild shrubs have been planted. There has been no attempt at formal
+arrangement of the grounds, not even with the garden which is at the
+side of the house. There has been built simply a picturesque lattice
+that separates house from barn and over which have been trained
+attractive vines.
+
+[Illustration: As Finally Remodeled]
+
+In 1907 a wing was thrown out to the south, with an enclosed, tiled
+porch and a sitting-room above. A small eyebrow window was placed in the
+roof to light the stairway, while the original porch on the west and
+south was carefully retained. Two years later this porch was removed,
+and a smaller entrance one was substituted. This showed a brick walk
+extending from carriage block to covered loggia at the south. Again in
+1914 the eyebrow window was removed, and dormers inserted in the roof.
+An open, tiled platform was built outside the enclosed loggia, and a
+sleeping-porch was added to the east sitting-room. A garden and pond
+were laid out to the south of the loggia, with a vista framed by two
+huge elms that were some thirty feet south of the house. These
+improvements have converted the old farmhouse into one of the most
+interesting and beautiful houses that can be found.
+
+Within the last few years the planting and garden effects have been more
+carefully considered; the grounds have been enlarged, and at the left of
+the house an old-fashioned garden has been laid out with a gazing-globe
+for the central feature. The name "Lone Tree Farm" was given at the time
+of purchase from the fact that a single tree guarded the house at the
+front. This tree still stands but has been enhanced by the careful
+planting of shrubbery on either side the driveway, which has now grown
+until it has become a partial screen for the lower floor of the
+farmhouse. Other trees have been added, and in order to obtain the
+seclusion desired, extensive grounds have been purchased on the opposite
+side of the road, so that no neighbors may come near enough to detract
+from the quiet.
+
+In remodeling this house, an ell has been added at the rear for the
+service department, and a sun-parlor has been thrown out at one side.
+This makes a most attractive living-room in winter and, with windows
+removed, a cool sleeping-porch in the summer. The Colonial porch which
+has been added at the front is much more attractive than the former long
+veranda which is replaced by the sun-parlor. In painting the house,
+white has been used with green blinds, so that it is in reality a
+symphony of green and white, and as it stands in the center of the lot,
+surrounded on three sides by pasture land, gardens, and meadows, and on
+the front by hundreds of acres of woodland, it is one of the most
+interesting studies in house remodeling to be found.
+
+The small hallway is simply an entrance with narrow, winding staircase
+that leads by easy treads to the second-story floor. In 1914, in ripping
+out these front stairs to secure the space above them for a small room,
+it was discovered that the old smoke-house, where in olden days hams
+were cured, and the back of the bake oven behind it had not been torn
+out. The former consisted of two Gothic arches, the taller of which was
+twenty feet in height; the shape was dependent on the two fireplaces in
+adjoining rooms. The smoke-house is about five feet deep and when
+discovered was enclosed with an inch of greasy soot. An oak cross-beam
+with hand-wrought nails indicated where the hogs were hung. It had been
+left in its natural state after being cleaned out, and as it looked
+crude to one entering the front door, it was shut off with an old,
+paneled door, so that the hall, with stairs removed, is now shaped like
+six sides of a hexagon, the front door remaining where it originally was
+placed.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The living-room, which is at the right of the hallway, has been made
+from two rooms. In this the old woodwork has been carefully retained,
+and the walls have been hung with a soft green that is a fine background
+for the many pictures and which brings out the beauty of the white
+woodwork. The furniture here does not follow the Colonial lines, for
+comfort has been the first consideration. It is shown in the large,
+roomy davenport piled with sofa pillows and the comfortable armchair at
+one side of the open fireplace. Here the owner has supplied the correct
+fireplace accessories, the andirons being low with brass ball tops, and
+the shovel and tongs having the same finish. The mantel, while not
+elaborate, shows hand-carving and paneling. Bookcases are a feature of
+this room and are found everywhere.
+
+[Illustration: The Sun Parlor]
+
+Opening from the living-room is the glass-enclosed sun-parlor which has
+been tiled, and in which is a modern fireplace of bricks laid in white
+mortar. Over it is a bas-relief. The andirons are high, of modern type,
+showing fleur-de-lis design, and are in keeping with the fireplace.
+Willow furniture is used in order to give the sun-parlor a light touch
+which could not have been done if the Colonial idea had been carried
+out. It is an ideal summer living-room, being sunny most of the day.
+Then, too, its location is well chosen, as it overlooks the
+old-fashioned garden and commands vistas cut in trees and shrubbery.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+The den, used extensively by the owner, is a typical man's room.
+Built-in bookcases and window-seats give it a most livable look, while
+pictures of the hunt line the wall, and a hunting scene is used as a
+frieze. It is placed in a sunny part of the house so as to catch as much
+light as possible.
+
+[Illustration: A Corner in the Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room was made from a part of the old kitchen and strangely
+enough shows fine paneling of white pine, which has been carefully
+preserved and makes a background for the mantel ornaments. The mantel
+shelf is narrow and extends around the whole fireplace; the old chimney
+has been partly built in for modern use, while the andirons are very
+unique reproductions. The old crane has been retained, as have the
+pothooks and iron kettle, while the old brick oven, now never used, is a
+memento of the days when our grandmothers cooked with great logs of
+wood, heating the oven once a week in order to do the family baking. The
+furniture is of the Colonial type, while the rugs are modern but blend
+with the scheme color of the room. It is large, well-lighted by many
+windows, and divided by an alcove only from the living-room which
+adjoins it.
+
+Every room in this house has been carefully considered with regard to
+view, and one can stand at any window and look out upon a different
+phase of country life, for trees and shrubbery are so arranged that the
+grounds lend themselves admirably to pictorial effects upon which no
+neighboring house intrudes.
+
+[Illustration: The Sewing Room]
+
+Up-stairs in the ell of the house, over the sun-parlor, is a large
+sitting-room. It has been so designed that it faces three different
+directions and is lighted by a group of long windows at one side. In
+this room the sunlight lays practically all day, making it a bright,
+livable room, where Colonial features have not been considered. To be
+sure there are several pieces, such as the old-time work-table, but
+modern ideas mainly have been introduced. On either side of the cluster
+of windows are built-in bookcases which have been painted white to match
+the trim and are filled with well-read books. Between these bookcases is
+a long window-seat, beneath which drawers have been built which are very
+convenient for holding unfinished work. The hangings are of muslin with
+blue over-drapery, harmonizing with the color scheme of the room. A
+large, open fireplace on the opposite side provides for a cheery wood
+fire, more especially on stormy days, for this house is one that is
+lived in all the year round, so that heating and lighting had to be
+taken into consideration.
+
+In addition to this room there are three chambers, two bathrooms, and a
+closet on the floor. Each one of these chambers has been given a
+different treatment. One of the most interesting shows fine woodwork
+in the paneled doors and also in the small closet that is over the
+fireplace, a favorite place for a closet to be introduced in the early
+days. The fireplace is not a large one, and the andirons are small-sized
+steeple tops. The bed is an old slat bed, while every piece of furniture
+is in keeping with the period.
+
+Take it all in all, one rarely finds a farmhouse that shows more
+attractive features than this one, where comfort, light, and view have
+all been carefully considered. It is perfectly available for an
+all-the-year-round home, as it is not too far from the station to allow
+its occupants to go back and forth to business every day.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE WALTER SCOTT HOPKINS HOUSE
+
+
+When you plan to remodel your house, there is nothing that should
+receive much more careful attention than the closets. It is doubtful,
+that is, if the house is of the earliest period, if you will find many.
+Our emigrant ancestors did not have as many clothes or table
+appointments as we require to-day. The few of the former they possessed
+were hung on pegs or disposed of in chests; the dishes were placed on
+racks, thus eliminating the necessity for closet room in houses where
+every available bit of space was utilized for living purposes.
+
+In all probability you will find corner cupboards which will be more or
+less elaborate in design. The best examples show a shell treatment. The
+earliest corner cupboards were clumsy affairs, being movable; later on
+they were built into the house and employed to hold family china and
+glassware. There was a great variety in these closets, some being fitted
+up with shelves only, while others were divided in two, the underneath
+part being used for books and odds and ends.
+
+Fortunate is the house owner who finds in his old house one or more of
+these old corner cupboards. To be sure they can be reproduced; but how
+much better are the originals. Dig out the old plaster, rip open the
+sides of the partitions, if you think there is any chance of odd closets
+being hidden away between, and remember that in many old houses there
+are secret closets, and it will pay you to tap the wall space to
+discover their whereabouts. Sometimes they are hidden under the
+flooring, and again the space between the windows is used for this
+purpose. It is always well to open them, for who knows what valuable
+heirlooms may be hidden inside.
+
+There are plenty of spaces where new closets can be introduced as, for
+instance, the end of the dining-room, where a glassed-in china closet
+with an arched top and half-domed interior makes an excellent place to
+display the old china and glass. Panels in the wainscot can be utilized,
+more especially when they are under the first step of the staircase.
+These are most convenient for filing newspapers or any magazines that
+are kept for reference.
+
+If the hallway is paneled, it is a very easy matter to put an invisible
+door into one of the panels. This can be used for the coat closet, with
+a low shelf underneath to hold hats; and on the floor partitions can be
+made to hold rubbers. On each side of the chimney a great deal of waste
+space can be converted into bookcases, with little, leaded, glass doors.
+Above the mantel, set in the chimney-breast, will be found spaces which
+even in the early days were devoted to closets. They are cut in a panel
+and were used to protect china or old pewter from the dust. Sometimes
+three of these closets have been found built into the fireplaces, all of
+which were used to hold the household china.
+
+In the upper part of the house, under the attic stairs, can generally be
+found places that can be made into linen closets, but it must be
+remembered that if no ventilation is allowed, cloth will become
+yellowed, so by all means have brass ventilators in the doors. Whatever
+the purpose of the closet, its location should be carefully
+considered,--the shape, the place, and the cost,--so that as many as
+possible can be introduced.
+
+There is no doubt that the majority of old-time farmhouses readily adapt
+themselves to modern requirements and show possibilities that allow of
+most attractive development. The result of working out certain
+possibilities is shown in the Walter Scott Hopkins house at Reading,
+Massachusetts. It is a long, rambling house that seemed when first
+purchased wholly lacking in artistic qualities, and it was not until
+after careful deliberation that the owner realized that the old
+farmhouse, beneath its coating of accumulated dust, possessed a wealth
+of fine features that were well worth developing.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+The house had been used for two families, and each section was separate
+and distinct, although under the same roof. It was built in the latter
+part of the eighteenth century and contains fine woodwork,--better than
+that found in most houses of that day. All the distinctive features of
+the Colonial architecture were evident in this old farmhouse, where
+unbroken roof-line, close-cropped eaves, and small-paned windows were
+placed with mathematical precision, and the severely simple exterior was
+in strict conformity with the period.
+
+In remodeling the house, the original outlines were carefully preserved,
+and the additions were made to conform. The small, ugly entrances which
+had marred the exterior of the house were torn down and replaced by
+windows, so that only a single entrance was left. A very attractive
+porch with sloping roof-line was supported by solid but unornamented
+columns. In the roof dormer windows were cut, both at the front and
+rear. This was to make the attic practical for living purposes by
+affording sufficient light and air. At one side of the house, in place
+of the woodshed, an out-of-door living-room was added, broad and low of
+build, with a sloping roof that harmonized in outline with the main
+roof. At the rear a small addition of the deep, bay-window type was
+added; this was to secure extra space for the newly arranged dining-room
+and the remodeled kitchen. Two small porches were built in addition to
+the new trellised entrance, giving a simple dignity to the old house,
+which has been painted white with green blinds.
+
+[Illustration: As Remodeled]
+
+The grounds, rough and unkempt, with a stone wall defining a part of
+them, were beautified to afford a fitting environment for the new home,
+and to-day smooth sweeps of lawn and judicious groupings of shrubbery
+add in no small degree to the exterior attractiveness of the old
+homestead. A path of rough, irregular flagstones leads to the main
+entrance, and a similar path winds from the street to a gateway in the
+outlying wall and opens into a charming garden plot that has been laid
+out just beyond the outdoor living-room. Planting has been judiciously
+carried out, and the estate has been brought to a fine state of
+cultivation, with the result that it has become an attractive setting
+for the remodeled house, which stands on the slope of a hill.
+
+The interior required a great deal of altering, including much tearing
+down of partitions to suit present-day needs and to make broad, spacious
+rooms out of the tiny spaces which sufficed a century or more ago. There
+was installation of plumbing, lighting and heating devices, in order to
+meet the demands of modern life, and the New England attic was made over
+into servants' quarters that were sufficiently ample for a large country
+house.
+
+A leaded glass door that shows fanlight above opens into a broad,
+low-ceilinged hall. At one side is a large fireplace, and a heavy beam
+crosses the ceiling. To the right is the new dining-room, to the left
+the living-room, and from the end of the hall opens the den, a
+passageway connecting this with the servants' department. In all the
+rooms every detail of the old-fashioned construction has been retained.
+The fine woodwork shows the original paneling; the great fireplaces with
+their chimney closets have been preserved intact, and even the old,
+hand-made hardware has been retained for present-day use. Cupboards were
+discovered, when the coating of plaster and paper were removed, and are
+serving the same purpose in the twentieth-century home that they did
+years ago in the Colonial one; and the new cupboards that have been
+added seem to fit in as if they had always been there. The house in its
+entirety shows many points that are of unusual interest. The arrangement
+of the windows is particularly good, as are the chimneys, while the
+sweeping roof-line at the rear carries out the old contour and yet has
+been slightly changed to afford light and air to chambers inside. The
+semblance of the original farmhouse has been left unaltered, while the
+really radical changes have been tempered with a regard for the
+preservation of the old-time atmosphere.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The living-room shows a typical old farmhouse room. The woodwork here is
+particularly good; there is a wainscot three feet high that comes above
+the lower sill of the window frame, and which is paneled in doors and
+over the mantel. The fireplace has remained unchanged, being a Colonial
+one of huge size. The early period is evidenced in the absence of a
+mantel, which brings out the lines of the wonderful old woodwork to the
+greatest advantage. The andirons, instead of following the sixteenth or
+seventeenth-century type, represent griffins. A nightcap closet,
+introduced in the middle panel over the fireplace, shows the original H
+hinges of iron. When the house was first purchased, these were hidden
+away, and only when the original woodwork was reached were they
+discovered, restored, treated to a coat of white paint, and adapted to
+present use. This is a feature that is rarely found in the remodeled
+farmhouse of to-day. The walls are hung with a one-toned paper of soft
+coloring, while plain muslin curtains shade the windows. The old floor
+was re-laid with narrow boards over which are laid Daghestan rugs;
+Mission furniture is used. The lighting fixtures are of the Colonial
+type and placed at the sides only. The room contains many well-placed
+windows which give to it light and air.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room is at the rear of the living-room and opens into it,
+being connected with a wide opening so that, if need be, the rooms can
+be used as one, giving plenty of space for large dinner parties. Here
+the woodwork has been restored to its original charming simplicity and
+painted white to match that of the living-room. The walls have been
+covered with a dark-toned paper, and at one end, opposite the
+living-room, an alcoved recess has been added in order that its group of
+windows may give better lighting to the dining-room which is exposed to
+the outside on two sides only. The floors of this room, too, have been
+re-laid and handsomely polished, and are an effective foil to the
+domestic rug which is used. Here, also, the furniture follows the
+Mission style, in order to be in keeping with that of the living-room.
+The lighting fixtures are of the same type found in the adjoining room
+and are also side lights, considered more effective because softer than
+a ceiling light.
+
+In order to let the light in from the hallway, windows were inserted
+which follow the early window casing in their plain style and contain
+small panes, there being no elaboration. They are placed on either side
+of the entrance door, which is glassed in the upper portion. Here, as
+all through the house, the early style of small-paned windows has
+been retained. There are many reasons why these are advantageous: not
+only do they follow the period in which the house was built, carrying
+out details correctly, but when broken they are more easily replaced,
+though much harder to keep clean. These windows are usually placed near
+the ceiling, being designed for light and ornamentation, rather than as
+outlooks. The ornamental design which has been carried out in the
+arrangement of windows and door is unusual even in Colonial houses,
+where the low stud and the beamed ceiling helped much towards
+effectiveness.
+
+This room was originally the kitchen and bedroom combined. The old
+fireplace has been preserved, as has the brick oven, and over it is a
+series of small closets such as are rarely found. There is a central
+closet and a smaller one on either side. Here the H hinges have been
+retained and also the old-time latches.
+
+On the opposite side of the hall is the parlor, which corresponds in
+size to the living-room and shows equally fine woodwork. This was
+originally the parlor in the farther side of the double house and has
+been left practically its original shape and size, for in this part of
+the house very little remodeling has been done. The old fireplace has
+been retained at the farther end of the room.
+
+At the rear of this, what was once the sitting-room has been converted
+into an office. Beyond this room, the original kitchen on that side of
+the house and the shed have been thrown into a most attractive summer
+room.
+
+In the story above there were formerly two large bedrooms on either
+side. These remain practically as they were and are furnished with
+Colonial pieces. The old attic, which originally was used for clutter,
+is now remodeled into servants' quarters and by the addition of the
+dormer windows has been made into comfortable rooms which can be kept
+cool during the warm weather by the cross draughts.
+
+The architects were very wise in remodeling this house so as to show its
+extremely simple lines, for they give it individuality and character and
+accentuate certain features that were necessary to create of it a home
+for one family. There is no doubt that the alterations have been planned
+and executed with rare taste and discrimination.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+Henry W. Wright's House
+
+
+People who possess old pieces of furniture often have very erroneous
+ideas as to their real age and call everything "Colonial" for want of a
+better name. They assume, that is, if they have not made a careful study
+of the subject, that anything belonging to their great grandmother must
+be at least two hundred years old. But, for instance, sideboards were
+not made two hundred years ago, and Chippendale never designed one; the
+nearest he came to it was a serving-table. People get an impression that
+he included this piece of furniture in his productions, but they are
+wrong in their assumption.
+
+The revival of interest in "antiques" has caused many an heirloom that
+has been relegated to attic or storehouse to be brought out, renovated,
+and given a prominent place. Can we assign to each ancient article an
+approximate date or maker, it becomes much more valuable than the
+daintiest piece of up-to-date furniture. Worm-holes are a sign of age
+and a proof of guarantee, that is, if the pieces are family possessions.
+There is so much cunning workmanship in remodeled furniture that this
+does not apply to every bit, though apparently original. It must be
+remembered that very few furnishings were brought over by the colonists,
+and the early houses were very scantily supplied.
+
+The oldest furniture was made of oak; it was very heavy and showed more
+or less elaboration in carving. Chests made at this early period are
+often found in families where they have been carefully treasured since
+they were brought over the sea packed with clothing.
+
+The three leading cabinetmakers were Chippendale, Hepplewhite, and
+Sheraton. Chippendale was the earliest but was not appreciated until
+after his death. His masterpieces, which combined the Chinese, French,
+and Dutch models with ideas originated in his own brain, were so
+perfectly constructed that we find them in a fine state of preservation
+even to-day.
+
+Lighter and more dainty in character were the designs of Hepplewhite,
+who cultivated a freedom of line such as was adopted by his predecessor,
+but who banished the Chippendale heaviness. The Prince of Wales feather
+was a favorite design of his. Carved drapery, the belle-flower, and
+wheat were often used by him. A distinguishing mark was usually given to
+the backs of his chairs, which are either oval, heart, or shield-shaped.
+They were finished in japanned work and often inlaid in light and dark
+wood. The legs were generally much more slender than the Chippendale and
+often ended in what is known as a spade-foot.
+
+Sheraton, who succeeded him, took advantage of the ideas of his
+forerunners and revealed a still more delicate touch, although he
+retained many of Hepplewhite's ideas which he strengthened and improved.
+The shield is rarely if ever found in a chair of his make, which can be
+distinguished by its rectangular back and its slender uprights, ranging
+in number from four to seven. The legs show a great many different
+styles, the best being straight, while carved, fluted, and twisted ones
+are also found. The general trend of fancy in those days was towards
+light, elegant designs and showy decorations. Sheraton indulged his
+fancy for brilliant coloring in the most gorgeously painted decorations,
+combining them with inlay and carving. Next he introduced white and
+gold, following the French style, and still later the brass inlay so
+fashionable in Napoleon's day. Caned work was used for seats and was
+varied by coverings of needlework, morocco, striped and variegated
+horsehair, damasks, and fine printed silks. The curved piece which
+Sheraton introduced about 1800 remained the favorite chair pattern for a
+century, although it lost the brass mounts which he at first used. There
+is not much danger of confounding the three great masters, for each
+produced an entirely different style of furniture.
+
+After the French Revolution, the furniture became markedly different in
+style; Greek models were once more popular, and the tripod became a
+favorite support. Coarse woods and mahogany were freely used and were
+carved and profusely gilded.
+
+The Empire furniture which is so popular to-day was heavy and stiff in
+its early period, particularly so when of English make, but under
+American manipulation the beauty of the wood showed to the best
+advantage. Yet there is a certain appeal in its solidity and
+massiveness. When the darkened mahogany came into fashion an opportunity
+arose for the revival of brass and wood that lent charm to the court of
+the Empress Josephine. Few good examples of the Empire style are found
+in remodeled farmhouses.
+
+Old furniture is most interesting, and if you intend to furnish your
+remodeled farmhouse with it, do not fail to make a careful study of the
+subject before attempting it. It covers a wide field of makers, styles,
+and decorations, but the modern home affords ample scope for the
+employment of these old pieces, many of which have been brought down
+from the attic.
+
+When Salem was in her highest and proudest days of mercantile
+prosperity, when her wharves were bustling scenes of unlading and
+shipping, when her harbor was a gathering place of quaintly rigged
+vessels, and great East-Indiamen labored under clouds of canvas, then
+from the holds of these cumbersome ships were discharged cargoes of rich
+furniture, teakwood, and sandalwood brought from every land. The wealth
+of these incoming treasures has made the quiet city prominent even until
+to-day. Here may be found many old heirlooms, and in the homes of the
+descendants of old shipmasters we frequently find rare pieces. These
+show to advantage in various remodeled farmhouses that have been
+adopted as all-the-year-round homes by the last generation.
+
+[Illustration: THE HENRY W. WRIGHT HOUSE]
+
+Many fine old pieces are found in the home of Mr. Henry W. Wright at
+Danvers, Massachusetts. Some of them are of exceptional value and rare
+examples such as are seldom seen even in the homes of collectors. The
+farmhouse itself stands close to the road, a simple, plain,
+unostentatious building, yet showing good lines and careful treatment.
+The soft gray of the exterior and the white trim blend harmoniously with
+the green of the grass and the bright-colored flowers of the little
+garden. At the front of the house at each side stand tall elms that cast
+a grateful shade over the old farmhouse.
+
+The entrance porch has been made square, its lattice, designed for the
+support of vines, taking away the plain look of the exterior. The
+windows are well spaced, and the small panes have been retained. At the
+side of the house a porch has been thrown out which can be glassed in as
+a living-room or sun-parlor during the winter and used as an out-of-door
+veranda during the summer months. It is so situated that it commands a
+picturesque view of the rolling country which is on every side.
+
+The big chimney, that was formerly the central feature of the house, has
+given way to two smaller ones, one on either end. The sloping roof has
+been treated to new shingles, while the exterior has been left
+practically as it was when built. The addition of green blinds has done
+much to soften what would otherwise be a rather bare exterior. The house
+is of the type that shows four rooms in each story.
+
+The hallway has a castellated paper in gray and white and a winding
+staircase with box stairs and simple balusters and posts painted white
+and a mahogany rail. It is a simple little hall, small, compact, and
+truly Colonial in its type, with its Dutch armchair showing pierced
+slats of Chippendale influence. This chair was probably made about the
+time the house was built which was in the early part of the eighteenth
+century, the date not being definitely known.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+At the left of the hallway is the living-room, which is of the simple
+farmhouse type, lacking a wainscot but containing a simple mopboard and
+paneled door. The wide boards in the flooring have been retained here as
+well as in the dining-room,--plain-edged boards that, while laid close
+together, still show a crack between. This living-room was in the early
+days used as living-room and bedroom; the space at the farther end,
+which was used as a closet into which the bed folded during the daytime,
+is now utilized as a bookcase and makes an interesting feature. The
+slat-back chair beside the bookcase is the most valuable type of its
+period, being made about 1750. It shows a turned knob. In chairs of this
+kind, which were more commonly used during the first part of the
+eighteenth century, the number of slats varied, the most common having
+three, while the rarest have five.
+
+The gate-legged table is a good example, while the Chippendale chair is
+unusual, showing very graceful effect, with wonderfully delicate
+carving, and being of the best design. An equally rare example of a
+Hepplewhite chair, which is beautifully carved, is contained in the same
+room. In addition to these are banister and Sheraton chairs, as well as
+a fine example of girandole, uncommon from the fact that there is a pair
+exactly alike, and they are seen one on either side of the room.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+Opposite the living-room is the dining-room, and here the same correct
+furnishing has been used. The plain wainscot is of the early type, the
+lighting has Colonial fixtures, while the chairs are painted Sheraton,
+being most unusual in that there is a whole set of the same pattern
+which are all originals. A wonderfully fine example of a mahogany
+dining-table has been utilized as a serving-table, and the silver is all
+of the Colonial pattern. Here one finds the low stud, but none of the
+exposed beams often found in old houses.
+
+At the rear of the dining-room is the kitchen which is equipped with
+modern appliances. Leading from the dining-room at the left is a small
+room which has been fitted up as a music-room and den combined. It is a
+most livable room, there being no stiffness or formality in the
+arrangement of the furniture, and each piece of furniture proves a
+fitting foil for its mate. The wall hangings are not of the Colonial
+type; they are plain gray and bring out to advantage the setting of
+furniture, pictures, and ornaments in the room.
+
+In the upper hall is found a fine old carved chest of the Jacobean
+period. This is considered one of the best examples of chests in
+existence, being wonderfully carved, of solid oak, and probably used
+originally as a dower chest. Leading off from the hallway are four
+large, square chambers, each one correctly furnished with Colonial
+pieces, many of which are family heirlooms. Here, where modern lighting
+has been introduced, the Colonial type of fixtures has been carefully
+maintained. In all the house there is no central light, all the lights
+being at the side. In the upper story as well as the lower, the wide
+flooring has been retained, as it was found in such excellent condition
+it could easily be used.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Noteworthy Chambers]
+
+The steeple-topped andirons in the simple fireplace, the painted mirror,
+and the old brass candlesticks of one chamber are most appropriately
+chosen. The Field bed has a canopy of white with ball fringe which is an
+exact replica of the old-time draping. Rag mats have been used for the
+floor; they are not the common braided ones but woven rugs which are
+more suitable. Alcoved recesses are shown on either side of the
+fireplace; in one of them a six-legged, high chest of drawers with china
+steps, designed about 1720, shows drop handles, and is ornamented with
+rare old family china. On the opposite side is a wing or Martha
+Washington chair of the Sheraton type. The bureau, 1815, is a fine
+example of the period, while the swell-front, Hepplewhite bureau with
+the oval, pressed-brass handles and the painted mirror above are in
+conformity with the general scheme. A banister-backed chair with a rush
+bottom stands at one side of the bed.
+
+Very unusual is the Colonial wall-paper which is found in a second
+chamber, while eighteenth-century andirons are used in the fireplace
+which is still of the original size and which shows a plain Colonial
+mantel. In this chamber, as in the other, there is a very plain wainscot
+of boards placed horizontally. An Empire bed which has wonderfully
+beautiful carving is shown in this room, and also a very unusual chair
+known as a comb-back rocker and dating about 1750. The rugs here are of
+the Arts and Crafts style, while the bureau and writing-table have
+cabriole legs and secret drawers, the central one with rising sun or fan
+carving.
+
+Every piece in this house is genuine, for they all are heirlooms or
+pieces that have been carefully chosen, since the owner is an expert in
+determining period and correct types. It is a well-known fact that
+to-day one has to be a careful student of furniture not to be deceived.
+The popularity of the Colonial period, more especially since the vogue
+of the modified Colonial house, has led many a fakir to reproduce the
+lines of the genuine antique. Skilful workmen are employed to
+manufacture these pieces, and they are able, by imitating worm-holes,
+dentation, and other distinguishing marks, to put on the market pieces
+whose genuineness even the antique dealer is puzzled to decide.
+
+All through the country the value of antiques is becoming better and
+better known, so that it is far more difficult to obtain bargains than
+it was even five years ago. To-day, so great has grown the demand,
+people who before were unaware of the worth of their heirlooms have been
+led to overestimate their value and they now ask fabulous sums for
+pieces hitherto neglected and ignored.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE
+
+
+When your house is remodeled, be careful what kind of paint you use for
+both outside and inside finish. A variation from the right tone will mar
+the whole effect. So much depends on this that one should not copy from
+houses of to-day but turn back to the style of a century ago, so that in
+this particular, at least, the house shall correspond with the old
+Colonial idea.
+
+Few, if any, care to use a weathered exterior, that is, unless the
+scientifically treated shingles that will soon turn a silver gray are
+employed. There are two reasons why your house should be painted: one is
+that it preserves the wood and if rightly treated is fireproof; the
+second is that it gives the finish a far better appearance than it would
+have without paint. Every house needs paint of some kind to improve its
+appearance, whether it be oil paint or stain.
+
+There are many different brands found to-day, and they are of every
+conceivable color, so that you have a wide range of choice. It is
+always safe to use one made by a reliable concern or one hand-mixed, if
+both white lead and linseed oil are absolutely pure. There is nothing
+more variable in quality than paint, and even experts are puzzled at
+times and it is necessary to have a chemical analysis in order to
+determine between good and bad.
+
+For exterior use the proper kind should be a mixture of pure white lead
+and linseed oil or pure zinc white and linseed oil. Manufacturers, more
+especially those of white lead paints, will insist that theirs is the
+only kind to use, and the zinc paint producers will do likewise, but a
+reliable dealer or architect will inform you correctly. One of the first
+colors to be used on any house is white,--in all probability there is
+nothing as durable as this. The reason for it is that the ingredients
+used have greater wearing qualities than any of the other pigments.
+There is a complaint that it is apt to yellow with age and become
+discolored, but in reality it remains unchanged longer than almost any
+other color. Green blinds secure the best effect, or trellises that
+relieve the monotony of the white. This the old farmers realized, and it
+is one of the reasons why it was so much used. If your house is
+shingled, there are a great many shades of gray that need a white trim,
+and there is no color that harmonizes with every other as well as this.
+
+There are a great many reliable stains for shingles; do not let the
+painter mix the stain himself, because that carefully prepared by a
+manufacturer is generally superior both in color and durability. In
+mixing these stains, both Creosote and oil are used, there being on the
+market to-day excellent brands of both kinds.
+
+The repainting of the country house is a necessary evil that recurs
+periodically. We tire of one color as we weary of an old dress, and this
+leads to a different tone of coloring each time. For instance, the white
+house is changed possibly to a Colonial yellow or a gray, and with its
+new coat it seems to take on a new lease of life. The fall of the year
+is the best time for the painting, as the dry October weather is
+especially suited for good results. During the summer months there are
+insects flying about and too much dust. By October the outside has had
+time to cool after the heat and is in good condition for treatment.
+
+The time to paint is before the house gets shabby, when the paint is
+powdery or porous. It can be tested with either a knife or the finger,
+and if the old paint chips off, soaks up water, or can be rubbed off
+like a powder with the finger, it no longer protects the wood and needs
+another coat. With this covering of paint, wood will last practically
+forever, and as lumber is expensive, it is greater economy to keep your
+house properly painted.
+
+The cost of painting is a serious problem to many house owners and is
+never alluded to by an agent when selling a house; to the novice it does
+not occur, so eager is he to secure for himself a new home. At the end
+of the second year, its freshness is dimmed through exposure to wind and
+storm, and at the end of the third season, it is shabby and needs a new
+covering. In attempting to figure the cost, it is necessary to ascertain
+the square feet on the outside. Any painter has a rule for this, making
+allowances for errors. Windows and doors are considered as plain
+surfaces that are to be treated to paint even though only the sills and
+sides are in need of it.
+
+Good exterior paint costs from three to five dollars a gallon, and a
+painter can put on one hundred square yards in a day for the first coat
+and seventy-five for the second. This gives the house owner a little
+idea of what it will cost, although it is best to make a regular bargain
+with the architect to cover this expense.
+
+For interior finish, white is always preferable. It seems to be the
+proper treatment for any Colonial home. To be sure, if you are planning
+for a den, a dark color can be used and also a stain for the kitchen
+part of the house.
+
+In searching for a farmhouse to be converted into a country home, Mr.
+Howland S. Chandler of Boston chanced upon an old house at Needham,
+Massachusetts, that seemed to meet his requirements. It was a
+square-framed house, two stories and a half in height, with a kitchen
+ell at the rear. It was not handsome but quite ordinary in appearance
+and without any unusual exterior features. It was not even a
+seventeenth-century house but was built in 1801, and it was in such good
+condition and the frame was so sound that it hardly deserved the term
+"old."
+
+[Illustration: THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE]
+
+The farmhouse fronted the southwest, so that its main rooms were dark,
+with little sunlight, while the rear was flooded with light and very
+cheerful. There were delightful views from this part of the house which
+overlooked a merry, gurgling brook, the mill-pond, and the distant
+hills. But this idea had not entered the minds of the former owners, who
+had given little consideration to the subject and with no forethought
+had inserted only two small windows, one in the kitchen and the other in
+a bedroom. Evidently their idea was to sacrifice view to arrangement,
+for to their minds, houses should be built parallel to the street and
+with the "best room" at the front.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE--END VIEW]
+
+The grounds showed little care, but in remodeling a brick-paved terrace
+was arranged at the left just outside the original parlor. An
+old-fashioned garden was planted near the kitchen end, and a trellis
+enclosed the clothes-yard. The grounds in front of the house have been
+laid out in well-trimmed lawns, while a brick walk now leads from the
+sidewalk to the house. A feature of the house is a large, overhanging
+elm which affords shade and picturesqueness; fresh shrubbery has been
+attractively planted, and vines trained to clamber over latticed work
+and the trellised porch which is at the front of the house. Dormer
+windows have been added to the roof, and the simple little farmhouse has
+been converted into a most attractive all-the-year-round home.
+
+In the process of remodeling, the original house was left unchanged,
+and additions were depended upon for development. A good-sized porch
+with brick floor and high-backed settles at the side replaced the
+unattractive, old-time entrance, while the dormers relieved the long,
+monotonous roof-line and afforded light to the apartment constructed
+from the formerly unfinished attic space. Just outside the original
+parlor, beside the shed space, an addition has been built that runs
+midway of the shed to the line of the chimney in the parlor, and without
+a large covered veranda is added. To the kitchen ell an addition of
+about four feet was made to provide space for a vestibule within the new
+back door and also to secure extra space at one side of the room so that
+a window might be inserted.
+
+Due attention was paid to the rear, in the matter of windows, and here
+were laid out the rooms which would be most frequently used. In
+consequence of the rearrangement, the interior is practically wholly
+changed. The shed was remodeled into a charming sewing-room that opens
+at one side on to a veranda, and the new addition was combined with the
+little bedroom and a small portion from the parlor to secure space for a
+library. This made possible a doorway to the dining-room and
+sewing-room, and a broad open space to the living-room.
+
+[Illustration: The Sun-Parlor]
+
+The old-time parlor showed two deep closets beside the fireplace. One of
+these was torn out, a window was inserted in the outer wall, and a seat
+was built beneath it. The other was made into an opening into the
+library. This arrangement secured additional light and at the same time
+permitted a glimpse of the picturesque rear view.
+
+In the dining-room several alterations were made, resulting in a
+complete change in shape and size. Oblique walls replace the two rear
+corners, one containing the doorway leading to the library, and the
+other affording entrance and furnishing some space for the china closet
+which was inserted between the dining-room and the kitchen. The single
+window on the southeast was replaced by a semi-octagonal bow recess.
+This was fitted with small lights of glass and affords space for the
+grouping of many plants and incidentally adds a touch of distinct
+picturesqueness.
+
+The kitchen received its share of consideration during the process of
+remodeling, resulting in the substitution of a pleasant, convenient
+apartment in place of the conspicuous, ill-lighted, original one. There
+was added at the right of the vestibule a built-in refrigerator, and
+about the side walls of the room newly built-in cupboards were grouped.
+
+Two important changes in the body of the house consisted in the
+enlargement of the cellar, made necessary by the greater space required
+for the modern heating apparatus, and in the substitution of the
+original, small-paned type of window for the two panes which had been
+inserted to take the place of the old ones.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall]
+
+The entrance hall at the front of the house is a small apartment hung
+with landscape paper of the Colonial period; a staircase with one
+landing and a half turn in its flight, showing white balusters and
+mahogany top, leads to the second story. In the lighting, the Colonial
+idea is attained by the use of a lantern, while under the stairs is a
+closet opened by a brass door-pull.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+At the left is the living-room, with dull red hangings and a white
+wainscot that provides a fitting background for the wonderful old
+mahogany found in this room. There are some rare Dutch chairs sometimes
+known as Queen Anne from the opening that is found on either side of the
+central slat, designed about 1710, and the earliest of that design.
+There is a refreshing simplicity and a dignified air to this room,
+brought about in part by the simple Colonial fireplace with its
+steeple-topped andirons, and the well-spaced windows that let plenty of
+sunlight into the apartment.
+
+On the opposite side of the room is the dining-room which is finished
+with tapestry hanging in dark green, brown, and yellow, with a design of
+pine cones and needles that contrasts prettily with the white wainscot.
+A slight reduction in the height of the window casing affords an
+opportunity to carry the wall-paper and moldings across the windows and
+doors, thus avoiding the cramped effect of too high window arrangement.
+The original floor has been replaced by a new one, and a cheerful
+atmosphere has been given to the room by opening a semicircular bay up
+for a small conservatory which can be closed or opened at pleasure by
+the use of glass doors.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+The library has been finished in dark brown with low bookcases extending
+around part of the room, corresponding in color with the woodwork. The
+hangings are tan color, and the furniture is partly Colonial and partly
+modern, to meet the demands of a den. This is one of the pleasantest
+rooms in the house, having a delightful outlook; combined with the
+sewing-room and living-room opening from it, it makes a charming and
+conveniently arranged interior.
+
+[Illustration: The Kitchen]
+
+The kitchen at the rear of the house has been altered with the idea of
+saving steps. This is shown in the numberless closets at the right, for
+flour barrel and other supplies. At the left is the kitchen cupboard,
+while the china is in the built-in closet above and the groceries in the
+drawers below. The sink has a shelf underneath to hold the dishpan and
+drainer. The whole color tone, including the beamed ceiling, is a dark
+stain with lighter wall finish.
+
+This house is an interesting example of successful and artistic
+remodeling, the interior and exterior being in harmony and giving the
+result of a comfortable and attractive home which was secured at much
+less cost than if an entirely new house had been built.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The houses described in this book cover but the merest fraction of the
+homes and summer places evolved from old-fashioned farmhouses. They are
+scattered broadcast through New England, sometimes isolated on roads
+which still retain their country atmosphere, sometimes surrounded by
+the town which has outgrown its early limits, and sometimes the center
+of a large estate. Each has its individual charm, its special beauties,
+but wherever found these remodeled farmhouses testify to the stanchness
+of early American workmanship and to the appreciation of modern
+Americans for their forefathers' handiwork. Certainly many a one of the
+latter "builded better than he knew."
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Adams family, 128.
+    Hannah, 122.
+
+  Adden, W. P., 180.
+
+  Adden house, W. P., 180-186.
+    age, 181.
+    chimney, 182-183.
+    hardware, 184, 185.
+    location, 180.
+    porches, 183-184.
+    remodeling, 182-186.
+    type, 181.
+
+  Andirons, 11, 12, 68, 125, 194, 208-210, 216, 217, 219, 227, 240, 241,
+      252.
+    Hessian, 210.
+
+  Arches, 81, 119.
+
+  Attics, 6, 164, 186, 224, 225, 230.
+
+
+  Balusters, 114-115.
+
+  Barns, 2, 25, 65-70, 137, 191, 196-197.
+
+  Barnard house, George E., 169-176.
+    breakfast-room, 173.
+    color scheme, 175.
+    den, 172.
+    dining-room, 174.
+    location, 169.
+    picture effect, 170, 174.
+    remodeling, 170-174.
+
+  Bathrooms, 14, 25, 35, 47, 97, 202, 204, 218.
+
+  Beams, 7, 20, 29, 34, 36, 46, 47, 55, 58, 66, 75, 94, 102, 122, 130,
+      131, 151, 185, 197, 203, 215.
+
+  Bedrooms, 13, 24, 25, 26, 36, 47, 59, 83, 108, 121, 122, 133, 148,
+      164, 175, 195, 206, 218, 230, 239.
+
+  Billiard-room, 68.
+
+  Blinds, 79, 237.
+    inside, 80.
+    paneled, 75.
+    slat, 45, 75.
+    solid, 45, 75.
+    Venetian, 56.
+
+  Boston, Massachusetts, 18, 42, 77, 122, 151.
+
+  Boulder Farm, 76-83.
+    arch, 81.
+    history, 76-77.
+    improvements, 78-79.
+    location, 76, 78.
+    parlor, 80.
+
+  Bradford, Governor, 206.
+
+  Breakfast-rooms, 44, 47, 133, 173-174.
+
+  Brett house, Franklin, 201-207.
+    age, 201.
+    dining-room, 206.
+    floors, 202.
+    heating, 204.
+    living-room, 205.
+    location, 201.
+    paneling, 207.
+    repairs, 203.
+    type, 202.
+
+  Bricks, 126, 132.
+
+  Brown, Doctor, 7.
+
+  Brown, Davenport, 116.
+
+  Brown house, Davenport, 116-123.
+    age, 116.
+    bedroom, 122.
+    dining-room, 120.
+    furnishings, 119, 120, 121, 122.
+    grounds, 122-123.
+    living-room, 119.
+    location, 116.
+    nursery, 121.
+    porches, 116, 117, 118.
+    remodeling, 116-122.
+    type, 116.
+
+  Brown, Deacon Philip, 76, 77.
+
+  Burroughs, George, 53.
+
+
+  Cape Cod, 33, 105.
+
+  Cataumet, Massachusetts, 158.
+
+  Ceilings, beamed, 12, 21, 25, 45, 55, 96, 152, 153, 162, 205-206, 225,
+      253.
+    vaulted, 144.
+
+  Cellars, 7, 30, 98, 251.
+
+  Chambers, see BEDROOMS.
+
+  Chandler house, Howard S., 247-253.
+    age, 247.
+    dining-room, 250, 252.
+    grounds, 248.
+    kitchen, 253.
+    library, 252.
+    living-room, 251.
+    location, 247.
+    remodeling, 247-253.
+    type, 247.
+    views, 247, 249, 250.
+
+  Charles River, Massachusetts, 41.
+
+  Chimneys, 7, 9, 18, 19, 31, 43, 50, 53, 69-70, 105, 116, 125, 144,
+      182-183, 203, 217, 237, 249.
+
+  Clapboards, 7, 40-41, 106.
+
+  Closets, 10, 23, 52, 55, 95, 96, 109, 132, 142, 148, 205, 218,
+      220-222, 226, 229, 250, 251, 253.
+    chimney, 57, 218, 222, 226.
+    china, 35, 46, 57, 68, 120, 153, 172, 185, 197, 220, 221, 250.
+    corner, 23, 46, 163, 206, 220-221.
+    linen, 222.
+    nightcap, 23, 107.
+    secret, 23, 207, 221.
+    wainscot, 221, 222.
+
+  Concord, New Hampshire, 77.
+
+  Cottages, fishermen's, 28.
+    "flecked," 33, 105.
+
+  Cupboards, see CLOSETS.
+
+  Curtis, Frederick H., 42.
+
+  Curtis house, Frederick H., 42-48.
+    age, 42.
+    furnishings, 48.
+    hardware, 48.
+    heating, 48.
+    lighting, 48.
+    lines of, 43-44.
+    location, 41-42.
+    new wing, 44.
+    remodeling, 43-48.
+    stairway, 45.
+    veranda, 47.
+
+
+  Danvers, Massachusetts, 236.
+
+  Dens, 12, 46, 58, 83, 104, 121, 131, 173, 193, 216.
+
+  Dining-rooms, 10, 11, 23, 34, 46, 56-57, 68, 81-82, 95, 96, 103, 107,
+      120, 133, 142, 152, 162, 174, 185, 206, 217, 227, 238, 250, 252.
+
+  Doors, 6, 10, 32, 45, 71-73, 180.
+    batten, 72, 122.
+    French, 98, 107, 133.
+    front, 18, 54, 71, 92, 106, 150, 161, 178, 192, 202.
+    glass, 12, 34, 47, 58, 68, 225, 252.
+    panel, 72.
+    secret, 45.
+
+  Door-frames, 54, 73, 117, 157.
+
+  Door lights, bull's-eye, 72, 92.
+    fanlight, 117, 192, 225.
+    side, 73, 117.
+    top, 73.
+    transom, 72.
+
+  Dover, Massachusetts, 42, 65, 211.
+
+  Drainage, 17.
+
+  Drawing-room, 104.
+
+  Dudley, Harry, 77.
+
+  Duxbury, Massachusetts, 88, 89.
+
+
+  Ells, 8, 9, 43, 44, 51, 53, 66, 78, 83, 91, 98, 116, 134, 139, 145,
+      148, 150, 161, 181, 212, 217, 249.
+    brick, 58.
+
+  Everett, Edward, 151.
+
+
+  Farmhouses, architectural treatment, 71, 100, 138, 146.
+    axis, 50-51, 116.
+    Colonial, 49, 223.
+    construction, 49-51, 116, 147, 148.
+    cottages, 28, 29.
+    examination, 29-33.
+    frame, 7, 106.
+    Georgian, 51, 75, 76, 83, 116.
+    heating, 48, 59, 62-65, 102, 204.
+    individuality, 84-88, 146, 187.
+    lighting, 48, 102, 103, 109, 192, 196, 251.
+    lines, 2, 3, 8, 15, 28, 29, 38, 147.
+    location, 8, 16, 17, 18, 33, 41-42, 53, 62, 65, 66, 76, 78, 88-89,
+      105, 116, 127, 136, 138, 143, 149, 158, 169, 180, 190, 201, 212,
+      223, 236, 247.
+    painting, 242-247.
+    remodeling, 8, 9-14, 19-26, 34-36, 43-48, 52, 54-60, 66-70, 78-83,
+      90-99, 101-104, 105-108, 111-123, 130-134, 139-145, 147, 150-154,
+      159-164, 170-174, 182-186, 201-207, 214-219, 223-230, 236-240,
+      247-253.
+
+  Fireback, 126.
+
+  Fireplace fittings, 68, 82, 125, 126, 131, 208, 209, 210-211, 216,
+      217.
+
+  Fireplaces, 3, 11, 13, 22, 24, 31, 35, 46, 50, 55, 56, 58, 62, 67, 68,
+      80, 82, 95, 107, 120, 121, 122, 124-127, 130, 142, 143, 144, 153,
+      157, 162, 175, 185, 188, 193, 205, 218, 227, 230, 240, 250, 252.
+
+  Fences, 106, 123, 137, 140, 144, 159, 160.
+
+  Flagstones, 75, 167, 224.
+
+  Fletcher, Grace, 77.
+
+  Floors, 21, 30, 32, 35, 46, 55, 82, 114, 132, 134, 142, 144, 198-200,
+      228, 237, 240, 252.
+    brick, 44, 118.
+    tiled, 117, 212, 216.
+
+  Flower-boxes, 118, 134, 191.
+
+  French and Indian War, 23.
+
+  Frieze, 22, 24, 25, 216.
+
+  Fuller, Mrs. Genevieve, 65.
+
+  Furnaces, 65.
+
+  Furniture, 22, 56, 59, 80, 81, 83, 108, 118, 119, 120, 121, 132, 133,
+      139, 152, 163, 184, 194, 196, 205, 206, 215, 219, 231-235, 237,
+      238, 239, 240, 241, 251, 252.
+    Adams, 56.
+    Chippendale, 13, 134, 232, 238.
+    Empire, 80, 120, 164, 175, 234, 235, 241.
+    Field, 121, 196, 240.
+    Hepplewhite, 57, 134, 206, 232, 238, 240.
+    home-made, 26.
+    Jacobean, 239.
+    Mission, 227, 228.
+    old-fashioned, 26, 37, 46, 59, 68, 96, 108, 121, 131, 143, 153, 172,
+      173, 193, 195, 230, 235, 239.
+    Queen Anne, 120, 251.
+    Sheraton, 11, 47, 48, 119, 122, 134, 153, 233, 238, 239, 240.
+    white enamel, 48.
+    willow, 9, 46, 163, 171, 176.
+
+
+  Gables, 38, 40, 41, 66.
+
+  Gage, Doctor Homer, 5.
+
+  Gardens, 106, 123, 129, 166-168, 170.
+    old-fashioned, 6, 19, 98, 140, 143, 160, 184, 195, 213, 248.
+    water, 9, 19, 213.
+
+  Georgetown, Massachusetts, 18.
+
+  Girandoles, 120, 238.
+
+  Gloucester, Massachusetts, 149.
+
+  Green Meadows, 53-60.
+    age, 53.
+    alterations, 54-60.
+    dining-room, 57.
+    door, 54.
+    heating, 59.
+    living-room, 55.
+    location, 53.
+    reception-room, 56.
+    type, 53.
+    wing, 58.
+
+  Grills, 60, 64.
+
+  Grounds, 9, 18, 89, 118, 122, 123, 129, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141,
+      150, 159, 167-168, 182, 206, 213, 214, 224, 248.
+
+
+  Hall, George D., 211.
+    house, see LONE TREE FARM.
+
+  Hallways, 10, 23, 45, 50, 51, 54, 92, 96, 97, 118, 151, 163, 171, 184,
+      192, 204, 205, 215, 237, 251.
+
+  Hangings, 13, 22, 55, 56, 96, 97, 108, 109, 119, 120, 134, 163, 172,
+      173, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 205, 207, 218, 227, 239, 251, 252.
+
+  Hardware, 12, 48, 55, 177-180.
+
+  Harvey, Governor Matthew, 77.
+
+  Heating, by fireplaces, 62.
+    hot-air, 48, 59, 64.
+    hot-water, 63, 64, 204.
+    steam, 63, 64.
+    stoves, 63.
+
+  Hinges, H, 180, 184, 227.
+    H and L, 55, 177, 179, 180, 184, 185.
+    strap, 12.
+
+  Hollis, Maine, 190.
+
+  Hopkins house, Walter Scott, 223-230.
+    age, 223.
+    attic, 230.
+    closets, 226, 227, 229.
+    dining-room, 227, 228.
+    grounds, 224, 225.
+    hardware, 227, 229.
+    lighting, 227.
+    living-rooms, 224, 226, 227.
+    location, 223
+    parlor, 229.
+    remodeling, 223-230.
+    type, 223.
+
+  Hopkinton, New Hampshire, 76.
+
+  Howard, Philip B., 42.
+
+  Hunt, William H., 153.
+
+
+  Ingraham, George Hunt, 8.
+
+  Inches, Doctor Charles E., 127.
+
+  Inches house, Charles E., 127-135.
+    age, 127.
+    den, 131.
+    dining-room, 133.
+    furnishings, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135.
+    gardens, 129.
+    grounds, 129, 134, 135.
+    living-room, 132.
+    location, 127.
+    remodeling, 130-134.
+    swimming-pool, 129.
+    value, 128.
+    whipping-tree, 128.
+
+  Ipswich, Massachusetts, 169.
+
+  Iristhorpe, 6-14.
+    age, 6.
+    architectural treatment, 13.
+    guest house, 14.
+    iris motive, 9.
+    lines, 8, 14.
+    location, 6.
+    remodeling, 8-13.
+
+
+
+  Jewett house, see LIMOVODY.
+
+  Josephine, Empress, 235.
+
+  Kelly, William, 77.
+
+  Killam and Hopkins (Architects), 64.
+
+  Kimball, Mrs. William Otis, 20.
+
+  Kitchens, 10, 36, 44, 50, 95, 98, 108, 130, 148, 204, 239, 250, 253.
+
+  Kittredge, Mabel L., 33.
+
+  Kittredge house, 33-37.
+    chimney, 36, 37.
+    furnishings, 37.
+    lines, 34.
+    location, 33.
+    remodeling, 34-36.
+    size, 33.
+
+  Knockers, 178.
+
+
+  Lafayette, General, 153.
+
+  Latches, 12, 48, 55, 177, 179, 184, 185.
+
+  Lavatories, 10, 185.
+
+  Lean-to, Dutch, 18.
+
+  Libraries, 10, 12, 22, 46, 104, 252.
+
+  Lighting, 103.
+    candles, 48, 109.
+    electric, 48.
+    lamps, 48, 109.
+    lanterns, 192, 196, 251.
+
+  Limovady, 18-27.
+    age, 18.
+    bedrooms, 25, 26.
+    lines, 20.
+    location, 18.
+    lounge room, 25.
+    Missionary room, 24.
+    "priest hole," 23.
+    remodeling, 19-26.
+    studio, 24.
+
+  Lincoln, Roland C., 149.
+    Mrs. Roland C., 152.
+
+  Little Orchard, 149-154.
+    age, 150.
+    china, 152.
+    fireplace, 153.
+    furnishings, 152, 153.
+    location, 149.
+    name, 152.
+    remodeling, 150-154.
+    staircase, 151.
+
+  Living-rooms, 10, 11, 21, 22, 34, 45, 55, 58, 67, 81, 94, 95, 103,
+      107, 119, 132, 153, 184, 194, 203, 204, 205, 214, 215, 226, 237,
+      251.
+    outdoor, 8, 9, 12, 21, 44, 68, 79, 118, 139, 142, 144, 151, 171,
+      224.
+
+  Loeffler, Charles Martin, 137, 138, 142, 144.
+
+  Loeffler house, 136-146.
+    atmosphere, 141, 145.
+    grounds, 140, 141.
+    location, 136, 138, 143.
+    music room, 144.
+    remodeling, 139-144.
+
+  Loggia, 213.
+
+  Londonderry, New Hampshire, 76, 77.
+
+  Lone Tree Farm, 211-219.
+    age, 211.
+    dining-room, 217.
+    furnishings, 215-219.
+    grounds, 214.
+    living-room, 215.
+    location, 212.
+    sitting-room, 218.
+    smoke-house, 214, 215.
+    remodeling, 214-219.
+    vistas, 216, 217.
+    wing, 212.
+
+
+  Magnolia, Massachusetts, 149.
+
+  Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, 149.
+
+  Mantels, 157, 216, 217, 241.
+
+  Medfield, Massachusetts, 116, 127.
+
+  Morning-rooms, 10, 12, 44, 175, 204, 205.
+
+  Music-rooms, 144, 196, 239.
+
+
+  Nawn Farm, 65-70.
+    alterations, 66-70.
+    chimney, 70.
+    dining-room, 68.
+    living-room, 67.
+    location, 65, 66.
+    windows, 66, 70.
+
+  Needham, Massachusetts, 247.
+
+  Newburyport, Massachusetts, 21.
+
+  New York City, 105.
+
+  North Duxbury, Massachusetts, 201.
+
+  Nurseries, 121, 186.
+
+
+  Office, 230.
+
+  Out-buildings, 7, 91, 99, 138.
+
+  Ovens, brick, 11, 12, 82, 127, 131, 181, 217, 229.
+    Dutch, 24.
+
+  Overmantel, 22.
+
+
+  Paint, 9, 21, 42, 45, 134, 140, 161, 191, 202, 203, 214, 224, 243-247.
+
+  Paneling, 12, 23, 55, 58, 94, 95, 120, 130, 154, 162, 207, 217, 219,
+      221, 222, 226.
+    Japanese, 13.
+
+  Parlors, 50, 80, 105, 163, 229, 250.
+    sun, 216, 236.
+
+  Partitions, 148.
+    removal of, 20, 34, 46, 52, 54, 82, 102, 103, 203, 204.
+
+  Pergolas, 123, 140, 203, 207.
+
+  Pewter, 46, 57, 131.
+
+  Piazza, see PORCHES.
+
+  Plate-rail, 107.
+
+  Porch columns, 44, 73, 78, 79, 92, 111, 112, 114, 117, 224.
+
+  Porches, 3, 34, 40, 42, 47, 79, 93, 103, 106, 111-116, 117, 138, 139,
+      150, 161, 170, 183, 184, 192, 202, 212, 213, 224, 236, 249.
+    Colonial, 8, 44, 92, 204, 214.
+    Georgian, 73, 78, 111, 112.
+    sleeping, 40, 44, 47, 59, 67, 79, 110, 115, 117, 140, 213, 214.
+    types of, 112.
+
+  Porch railings, 114.
+
+  Portico, 117.
+
+  Putnam, John Pickering, 122.
+
+
+  Quillcote, 190-197.
+    barn, 196, 197.
+    china, 195, 196.
+    furnishings, 193, 194, 196.
+    location, 190.
+    type, 190.
+    wall-papers, 193, 194.
+
+  Quincy, Massachusetts, 128.
+
+
+  Radiators, 64.
+
+  Reading, Massachusetts, 180, 223.
+
+  Reception-rooms, 56, 104, 153, 173, 174.
+
+  Registers, 59.
+
+  Revolution, American, 6, 29, 50, 156.
+    French, 234.
+
+  Roofs, 19, 29, 31, 34, 38-40, 43, 44, 66, 91, 113, 148, 190, 224, 226.
+    flat, 44.
+    gambrel, 38, 149, 181.
+    hipped, 39.
+    overhang, 41, 75.
+    pitched (gable), 6, 38, 44, 91, 105, 139, 202, 237.
+
+  Rugs, Arts and Crafts, 24.
+    fur, 194.
+    modern, 217.
+    Oriental, 55, 200, 201, 205, 227.
+    rag, 46, 48, 59, 108, 134, 162, 192, 200, 201, 205, 240.
+
+
+  Salem, Massachusetts, 150, 235.
+
+  Saugus, Massachusetts, 126.
+
+  Screen, Japanese, 13.
+
+  Servants' rooms, 11, 43, 47, 83, 108, 134, 225.
+
+  Service departments, 10, 11, 43, 59, 69, 78, 103, 116, 121, 171, 175,
+      191, 206.
+
+  Serving-room, 249.
+
+  Shaw, Mrs. Josephine Hartwell, 89, 98.
+
+  Shingles, 41, 91, 106, 149, 243, 245.
+
+  Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, 6, 134, 149.
+
+  Shrubbery, 167, 168, 213, 224, 248.
+
+  Shutters, see BLINDS.
+
+  Sill, 30.
+
+  Sitting-room, 218.
+
+  Sleeping-porches, see PORCHES.
+
+  Smith, Nora, 195.
+
+  South Dennis, Massachusetts, 105.
+
+  South Yarmouth, Massachusetts, 33, 105.
+
+  Spencer, Robert, 105.
+
+  Spencer house, 105-109.
+    fence, 106.
+    furniture, 108, 109.
+    lighting, 109.
+    location, 105.
+    new wing, 105, 106.
+    windows, 106.
+
+  Staircases, 4, 10, 23, 45, 50, 51, 68, 80, 93, 107, 118, 132, 136,
+      142, 151, 153, 184, 192, 214, 251.
+
+  Stoves, 63.
+
+  Stud, 30, 66, 106, 117.
+    low, 13, 44, 52, 56, 102, 152, 154, 205, 239.
+
+
+  Three Acres, 88-99.
+    living-room, 95.
+    location, 88, 89.
+    restoration, 90-99.
+    studio, 98.
+    type, 91.
+    vistas, 96.
+    windows, 92, 97.
+
+  Tiles, 125.
+
+  "Tired of Work" (picture), 153.
+
+  Trees, 4, 15, 18, 19, 42, 78, 88, 91, 105, 123, 127, 128, 129, 134,
+      140, 141, 144, 150, 167, 212, 213, 236, 248.
+
+
+  Verandas, see PORCHES.
+
+
+  Wainscot, 22, 35, 46, 55, 57, 80, 81, 118, 120, 130, 143, 155-157,
+      163, 173, 192, 221, 226, 238, 241, 251, 252.
+
+  Wakefield, F. M., 42.
+
+  Walls, 29, 41, 46, 47, 67, 69, 83, 96, 130, 133, 148, 155-157, 173,
+      215.
+    burlap, 23, 45.
+    exterior, 40, 41.
+    grass-cloth, 47, 67, 143.
+    painted, 21, 24, 25, 35, 68.
+    papered, 23, 45, 48, 55, 56,
+  57, 59, 69, 81, 83, 119,
+  122, 163, 227, 228.
+    plastered, 36, 107, 156.
+    sheathed, 144, 155.
+    stone, 128, 140, 149, 182, 212, 224.
+    tapestry, 252.
+
+  Wall-papers, 3, 20, 23, 48, 80, 97, 132, 188-190.
+    castellated, 237.
+    Colonial, 46, 82, 172, 184, 188, 196, 241.
+    foliage, 81.
+    Georgian, 55.
+    Japanese, 97.
+    landscape, 21, 57, 59, 119, 164, 175, 193, 194, 251.
+    Morris, 151, 152.
+
+  Wall-papers, Mother Goose, 121.
+
+  Walpole, Massachusetts, 127.
+
+  Water supply, 17, 204.
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 77.
+
+  White house (Salem), 150.
+
+  Wiggin, Kate Douglas, 190, 197.
+
+  Willowdale, 158-165.
+    additions, 161.
+    age, 158.
+    dining-room, 162.
+    garden, 160.
+    lines, 159.
+    location, 158.
+    parlor, 163.
+    tree, 162.
+    woodwork, 165.
+
+  Window casings, 74.
+    muntins, 73, 74.
+
+  Windows, 6, 9, 34, 35, 52, 58, 66, 73, 78, 102, 119, 141, 148, 154,
+      218, 226.
+    bay, 92, 224, 250, 252.
+    casement, 74, 93, 94, 97, 193.
+    dormer, 8, 34, 36, 40, 54, 92, 97, 106, 115, 154, 161, 171, 213,
+      224, 248.
+    eyebrow, 212.
+    French, 102, 143, 145, 163, 172, 174, 206.
+    gable, 104.
+    oval, 44, 112.
+    small-paned, 24, 34, 74, 132, 228, 236, 251.
+    triple, 45, 69, 82, 107.
+
+  Window-seats, 36, 58, 67, 119, 153, 194, 216, 218, 250.
+
+  Wings, see ELLS.
+
+  Wood, cypress, 41.
+    gum, 67.
+    hemlock, 98.
+    oak, 155, 199, 200.
+      fumed, 68.
+      swamp, 21, 125.
+    pine, hard, 200.
+      North Carolina, 68, 199.
+      pumpkin, 4, 158.
+      swamp, 23.
+      white, 2, 7, 41, 156.
+
+  Woodwork, 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13,
+  22, 23, 24, 25, 35, 45, 46,
+  48, 55, 56, 58, 59, 68, 80,
+  82, 95, 107, 120, 121, 122,
+  131, 142, 155-158, 165, 184,
+  192, 215, 219, 226, 227, 228.
+
+  Worcester, Massachusetts, 5.
+
+  Wren, Sir Christopher, 146.
+
+  Wright, Henry W., 236.
+
+  Wright house, 236-241.
+    furniture, 237-241.
+    lighting, 238, 240.
+    location, 236.
+    remodeling, 236-240.
+    type, 236, 237.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Remodeled Farmhouses, by Mary H. Northend
+
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+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Remodeled Farmhouses, by Mary H. Northend
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Remodeled Farmhouses
+
+Author: Mary H. Northend
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33955]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMODELED FARMHOUSES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Annie McGuire. This book was produced from
+scanned images of public domain material from the Google
+Print archive.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;">
+<img src="images/ill_001.jpg" width="367" height="600" alt="Book Cover" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>REMODELED</h2>
+
+<h2>FARMHOUSES</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 461px;"><a name="ILL_002" id="ILL_002"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_002.jpg" width="461" height="600" alt="The Curtis House from the Roadside" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Curtis House from the Roadside</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>REMODELED</h2>
+
+<h2>FARMHOUSES</h2>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>MARY H. NORTHEND</h2>
+
+<p class="center">AUTHOR OF "COLONIAL HOMES AND THEIR FURNISHINGS,"</p>
+
+<p class="center">"HISTORIC HOMES OF NEW ENGLAND," ETC.</p>
+
+<h3><i>WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS</i></h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 71px;">
+<img src="images/ill_003.jpg" width="71" height="100" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4>BOSTON</h4>
+
+<h4>LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY</h4>
+
+<h4>1915</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><i>Copyright, 1915,</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Little, Brown, and Company</span>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>I DEDICATE THIS BOOK</h4>
+
+<h4>TO MY FRIENDS IN MY NATIVE CITY</h4>
+
+<h4>TO WHOM I AM INDEBTED</h4>
+
+<h4>FOR MANY KINDNESSES</h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p>There is a certain fascination connected with the remodeling of a
+farmhouse. Its low, raftered interior, its weather-beaten exterior,
+never fail to appeal. Types vary with the period in which they were
+built, but all are of interest.</p>
+
+<p>In this collection, which has been pictured with great care, pains have
+been taken to show as many different types as possible, so that the
+student will be able to find numerous interesting details that can be
+incorporated into his contemplated remodeling. In the study of this work
+I have grown to feel a deep reverence for the old homes of our
+forefathers, and have come to realize as never before the care and
+painstaking thoroughness of the old master builders.</p>
+
+<p>I wish to thank the owners of these homes who have so kindly thrown open
+their doors to my inspection, and who have told me the interesting
+stories connected with the houses.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Acknowledgment should be made to <i>American Homes and Gardens</i> for
+permission to use various articles of mine which they have previously
+published.</p>
+
+<p>In the contents of this book I trust there may be much of value to those
+who are contemplating the remodeling of a farmhouse and that the work
+will bring to them the same enjoyment that the study of the subject has
+brought to me.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 34em;">MARY H. NORTHEND.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 34em;"><span class="smcap">August</span>, 1915.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#PREFACE"><b><span class="smcap">Preface</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><b><span class="smcap">Iristhorpe</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><b><span class="smcap">Limovady</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><b><span class="smcap">The Kittredge House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IV.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><b><span class="smcap">The Curtis House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>V.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><b><span class="smcap">Green Meadows</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VI.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><b><span class="smcap">Nawn Farm</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VII.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><b><span class="smcap">Boulder Farm</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VIII.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><b><span class="smcap">Three Acres</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IX.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><b><span class="smcap">The Robert Spencer House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>X.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><b><span class="smcap">The Davenport Brown House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XI.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XI"><b><span class="smcap">The Doctor Charles E. Inches House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XII.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XII"><b><span class="smcap">The Charles Martin Loeffler House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIII.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII"><b><span class="smcap">Little Orchard</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIV.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV"><b><span class="smcap">Willowdale</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XV.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XV"><b><span class="smcap">The George E. Barnard Estate</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVI.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI"><b><span class="smcap">The W.&nbsp;P. Adden House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVII.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII"><b><span class="smcap">The Kate Douglas Wiggin House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVIII.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII"><b><span class="smcap">The Franklin Brett House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIX.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX"><b><span class="smcap">The George D. Hall House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XX.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XX"><b><span class="smcap">The Walter Scott Hopkins House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXI.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI"><b><span class="smcap">Henry W. Wright's House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXII.</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XXII"><b><span class="smcap">The Howland S. Chandler House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#INDEX"><b>INDEX</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_002"><b><span class="smcap">The Curtis House from the Roadside</span><br /><br /></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_004"><b><span class="smcap">Iristhorpe, Front View</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_005"><b>The Entrance Porch</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_006"><b>From the Garden</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_007"><b>The Entrance Porch, Another View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_008"><b>The Dining Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_009"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_010"><b>The Morning Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_011"><b>The Out-door Living Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_012"><b><span class="smcap">Limovady, Rear View from the Garden</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_013"><b>Side View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_014"><b>Two Views of the Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_016"><b>The Dining Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_017"><b>The Lounge</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_018"><b>Two of the Chambers</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_020"><b><span class="smcap">An Old Cape Cod House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_021"><b>Side View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_022"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_023"><b>The Kitchen</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_024"><b>The Attic Chamber</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_025"><b><span class="smcap">The Curtis House, Before Remodeling</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_026"><b>Remodeled</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_027"><b>Side View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_028"><b>The Entrance Porch</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_029"><b>The Hall and Unique Stairway</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_030"><b>The Dining Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_031"><b><span class="smcap">Green Meadows, Front View</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_032"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_033"><b>Two Views of the Den</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_035"><b>An Old-fashioned Chamber</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_036"><b><span class="smcap">Nawn Farm, Front View</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_037"><b>Rear View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_038"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_039"><b>Two Views of the Dining Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_041"><b>The China Closet in the Dining Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_042"><b><span class="smcap">Boulder Farm, Front View</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_043"><b>The Front Doorway</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_044"><b>The Hall</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_045"><b>The Parlor</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_046"><b>Two Views of the Dining Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_048"><b>The Den</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_049"><b><span class="smcap">Three Acres, from the Main Road</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_050"><b>Front View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_051"><b>Side View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_052"><b>A Corner of the Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_053"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_054"><b>The Dining Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_055"><b><span class="smcap">The Robert Spencer House on Cape Cod</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_056"><b>Front View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_057"><b>Two Views of the Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_059"><b>The Attic Chambers</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_061"><b><span class="smcap">The Davenport Brown House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_062"><b>The Hallway</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_063"><b>The Sun-Parlor or Out-door Nursery</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_064"><b>The Library</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_065"><b>The Service Wing</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_066"><b>The Nursery</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_067"><b>Two of the Chambers</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_069"><b><span class="smcap">The Charles E. Inches House, Front View showing the Old Well</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_070"><b>Before Remodeling</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_071"><b>Across the Lawn</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_072"><b>The Hall and Stairway</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_073"><b>The Living Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_074"><b><span class="smcap">The Charles M. Loeffler House Before Remodeling</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_075"><b>As Remodeled</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_076"><b>The Dining Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_077"><b>Two Views of the Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_079"><b>The Studio Opposite the Charles M. Loeffler House</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_080"><b>The Music Room in the Studio Building</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_081"><b><span class="smcap">Little Orchard, The House from the Driveway</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_082"><b>The Angle of the Ell</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_083"><b>The Entrance Porch</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_084"><b>The Stairway</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_085"><b>The Dining Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_086"><b><span class="smcap">Willowdale, Before Remodeling</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_087"><b>The Front View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_088"><b>The House from the Garden</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_089"><b>A Rear View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_090"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_091"><b>Two of the Chambers</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_093"><b><span class="smcap">The George E. Barnard House Before Remodeling</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_094"><b>The Front of the House</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_095"><b>The House from the Terrace</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_096"><b>The Pergola-Porch</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_097"><b>The Hall</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_098"><b>The Alcove in the Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_099"><b>The Den</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_100"><b>The Dining Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_101"><b><span class="smcap">The W.&nbsp;P. Adden House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_102"><b>The Stairway</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_103"><b><span class="smcap">Quillcote, Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin's Summer Home</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_104"><b>The Hall</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_105"><b>The Dining Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_106"><b>The Den</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_107"><b>Two Views of the Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_109"><b>Two of the Chambers</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_111"><b><span class="smcap">The Franklin Brett House, Front View</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_112"><b>Before Remodeling</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_113"><b>As Remodeled</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_114"><b>The Pergola-Porch</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_115"><b>A First-floor Vista</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_116"><b>The Living Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_117"><b><span class="smcap">Lone Tree Farm</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_118"><b>As Finally Remodeled</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_119"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_120"><b>The Sun-Parlor</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_121"><b>The Den</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_122"><b>A Corner in the Dining Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_123"><b>The Sewing Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_124"><b><span class="smcap">The Walter Scott Hopkins House Before Remodeling</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_125"><b>As Remodeled</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_126"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_127"><b>Two Views of the Dining Room</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_129"><b><span class="smcap">The Henry W. Wright House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_130"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_131"><b>The Dining Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_132"><b>Two Noteworthy Chambers</b></a><br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ILL_134"><b><span class="smcap">The Howland S. Chandler House</span></b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_135"><b>End View</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_136"><b>The Sun-Parlor</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_137"><b>The Hall</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_138"><b>The Living Room</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_139"><b>The Den</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ILL_140"><b>The Kitchen</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h3>IRISTHORPE</h3>
+
+<p>As you drove slowly along the country road, did you ever stop to
+consider the many possibilities for development that lie hidden in the
+old Colonial farmhouses found here and there? Some are situated quite a
+distance from the main road, while others are placed practically on its
+boundary line. Many of the types are disguised by the unattractive
+additions that have been built to accommodate the growing needs of their
+occupants. Others, with sagging roofs and weather-beaten exteriors,
+stand mute witnesses of the days when our country was making history for
+itself. Some of these unattractive old dwellings in their early days
+sheltered the most ardent patriots of our land, men whose gallant deeds
+have made them famous, and who now lie forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately for us, these old houses were not all built in the same
+century, but present a variety<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> of types which makes them all the more
+interesting both to architect and house owner. The age of the house is
+clearly defined in its design. Many of the earliest examples were framed
+in white pine, a wood whose lasting qualities have been plainly shown
+through their power to withstand the ravages of time. Others were
+constructed of stone or brick and are equally interesting in character.
+From an architectural standpoint, most of these houses, no matter how
+dilapidated their condition, show good lines. To be sure, these are
+often hidden under poor surroundings, for as the families grew larger
+and additions became necessary, the new parts were often badly placed.
+This makes it hard for an inexperienced eye to detect where the old
+house leaves off and the additions begin. It must be remembered that the
+early tillers of the soil took little interest in their homes save as
+shelters for themselves and families, and chose for their buildings
+material that lay nearest at hand. All their ready money was expended in
+the building of large and spacious barns to house their cattle.</p>
+
+<p>There is a wealth of possibilities in the reconstruction of old
+farmhouses that are easily recognized by the experienced eye of the
+architect.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> The study of lines which determine the size and design of
+the old building is most interesting and teaches a lesson in old-time
+architecture which is extremely fascinating. The adaptation of the house
+to new and different purposes, the creation of a picturesque result
+wholly unlike and yet following the lines of the original building,
+calls into play not only skilful designing but careful planning.</p>
+
+<p>Many of these old houses contain fine woodwork which is often hidden
+under layer upon layer of hideous wall-paper bought with an eye to price
+rather than good taste. The fireplaces are sometimes bricked up and
+plastered over to permit the use of a modern "air-tight"; the wainscot
+and molding are buried under coats of unattractive paint and give little
+impression of their value until the original walls and woodwork lie
+bare. Some houses, more especially those situated near the coast and
+erected during the period of commercial prosperity, were built by ship
+carpenters and wood-carvers during dull seasons. In these, one comes
+occasionally upon a wonderful old fireplace or perchance a porch that
+shows artistic carving. Many of these old dwellings naturally show
+original treatment, and it is to these that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> the architects of to-day
+turn for details to be introduced into the modified Colonial house. They
+were built by men who were forced to use their brains, since they were
+unable to turn to books for ideas.</p>
+
+<p>As originally built, many of them stood with their backs to the road,
+their long, sloping roofs sweeping to the ground, their front doors
+opening on to extensive farm lands. Before the door usually stood the
+father and mother elm, their graceful branches seeming to hover
+protectingly over the dwellings. Many of the trees were there when the
+houses were built, while others have replaced their worthy sires and
+contribute a bit of landscape picturing that adds much to the
+attractiveness of the home.</p>
+
+<p>In these old houses, more especially those that are past complete
+restoration, the architect of to-day frequently finds choice old
+woodwork. Sometimes it is a rare bit of pumpkin pine such as is seldom
+seen; again it is a fine old wainscot, or a wonderful staircase that has
+been saved from the ravages of time. Often some of these details are
+introduced into another remodeled farmhouse to replace parts too far
+gone to be used. The growing vogue of the country home has led to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+restoration of many of these old-time farmhouses and has saved many a
+valuable structure from falling into decay. Fortunately the appreciation
+of their possibilities came before it was too late to save them from
+destruction, although many that could have done service were allowed to
+go to ruin. There are, however, many fine examples still standing, and
+some of these have been altered to suit modern uses. Little wonder the
+old farmhouse has come into its own, its attractiveness after remodeling
+making it available for summer or all-the-year-round uses. To-day there
+is scarcely a farm or country resort that does not show one or more of
+these old-time buildings in their new dress. Some have interesting
+history connected with them and are associated with legends that have
+been handed down from generation to generation. Often the house has been
+photographed to show both its former appearance and the results of the
+restoration. Some owners, however, have given little thought to the
+original structure, and it is left to the imagination to picture the
+house as it used to be.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_004" id="ILL_004"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_004.jpg" width="600" height="419" alt="Iristhorpe&mdash;Front View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Iristhorpe&mdash;Front View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was six years ago, while hunting for a place to locate a summer home,
+that Doctor and Mrs. Homer Gage of Worcester, Massachusetts, discovered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+at Shrewsbury a simple little farmhouse, showing no claim to
+architectural beauty. It was such an unattractive, plain, little
+building, that only the experienced eye could discover its fine lines.
+This house stood close by the dusty highway; the fence which formed the
+boundary line had fallen into decay, while the farm lands, run down
+through hard usage, showed no trace even of an old-fashioned garden,
+such as many of the housewives of the earlier day so loved to tend. The
+house was built before the Revolutionary War, being erected in 1760, and
+was considered in those days to be a good example of what a farmhouse
+stood for. Surely it was an excellent type, considering the usual lines
+in the New England farmhouses of that day,&mdash;this small, unpretentious
+dwelling, whose entrance door out of plumb and windows irregularly
+placed made a curious combination that was in reality fascinating and
+appealing.</p>
+
+<p>It was two stories in height, with an attic under the eaves,&mdash;a hot
+little place during the summer months and cold in winter, but good for
+storage of furniture and unnecessary household belongings. The roof had
+a pitch at the back and sloped to meet the kitchen, which was only one
+story in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> height. Two sturdy, six-foot chimneys had been built on one
+side of the house, as stoves were unknown in those days. The frame was
+of white pine, well seasoned, and the timber hand-hewn, with the mark of
+the adze plainly showing in the beams, for it was built when honest
+labor prevailed and was as stanch as in the days when the bush stuck in
+the chimney or ridge-pole showed that the carpenters' work was done. The
+farm buildings were connected with the main house and comprised a barn,
+hen-house, corn-crib, and byre, all huddled together in the most compact
+kind of way. It had not been occupied since Doctor Brown, the original
+owner, paid his last visit and left the house to its fate. The interior
+was not as dilapidated as in most old houses, being in tolerably good
+repair. And so, with little alteration, it was used as a dwelling house,
+while the new home which was being built near the center of the estate
+was erected.</p>
+
+<p>After the cellar was built and the foundation partly laid, the work on
+the new house was stopped. There was something about the old clapboarded
+farmhouse that appealed so strongly to the new occupants that they fell
+under its charm and decided not to supplant it by a modern home. But<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+the house stood too near the road; there was no privacy and no freedom
+from dust. It was of such solid construction, however, that its moving
+could be easily accomplished. So, slowly but surely, it slid down the
+hill and finally rested on the foundations which had been designed for
+the summer house.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 434px;"><a name="ILL_005" id="ILL_005"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_005.jpg" width="434" height="600" alt="The Entrance Porch" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Entrance Porch</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Under the direction of Mr. George Hunt Ingraham, the remodeling was
+begun. The old lines of the roof were left unaltered, and although more
+room was needed, dormers were left out in its reconstruction. Nothing,
+the new owners felt, could so destroy the lines of the house as to break
+them with intrusions such as this. The long, unbroken skyline is one of
+its greatest charms, and even the long slope at one side, reaching down
+and over the one-story kitchen ell, has been carefully retained and adds
+not a little to the harmonious effect of the whole structure. At the
+front was added a small porch showing Colonial treatment, in the center
+of which hang graceful vases filled with iris. The same latticed effect
+was carried out across the front of the house in the space between the
+windows of the first and second stories. On either side of the main
+dwelling, outdoor living-rooms were secured by the introduction of
+screened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> piazzas, the roofs of which were painted with water-proof
+paint. One of these living-rooms opens on to a water-garden with its
+arches of roses at one side of the house. It is fitted up with willow
+furniture, in the coverings of which is introduced the prevailing
+flower, the iris, which is also shown in the table cover and the shape
+of the vase filled with the same flowers. The opposite porch is also
+fitted up as a living-room and overlooks the home garden. The exterior
+of the house is painted white with conventional green blinds, the
+chimneys following the same treatment, while the windows remain
+unchanged. The massive stone fireplaces were not taken out, although the
+old kitchen chimney had to be altered slightly in order to meet present
+needs. The house to-day overlooks extensive grounds and is embowered in
+a wealth of rambler roses and iris. It resembles the old house in its
+lines but shows in its remodeled form a most wonderful effect and
+reveals what beautiful results can be obtained by correct restoration.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_006" id="ILL_006"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_006.jpg" width="600" height="424" alt="From the Garden" title="" />
+<span class="caption">From the Garden</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The house is named "Iristhorpe," the name being chosen by the mistress
+of the house, who since her childhood has taken great interest in the
+iris because of a fairy tale told her by her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> grandmother, in which the
+flower was supposed to be the home of the fairies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><a name="ILL_007" id="ILL_007"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_007.jpg" width="450" height="600" alt="The Entrance Porch. Another View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Entrance Porch. Another View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>With modern methods of living, it would have been an impossibility to
+retain the old house in its entirety. More room was needed, and a
+service department was an absolute necessity, but in its enlargement
+such careful attention was paid to carrying out the lines of the
+original type that to-day it is almost an impossibility to find where
+the old house leaves off, and the new one commences. In the old
+structure, as it stood facing the main road, there were three rooms in a
+row on the first floor, with the kitchen ell attached at the rear, and
+the upper part of the house cut up into small rooms. In remodeling,
+these rooms were changed over into morning-room, living-room, and
+library, and occupy the entire front of the house, just as they did in
+the original building. They are connected with doors so carefully placed
+in line that they give one the impression of greater space than is
+really found at Iristhorpe. At the rear, the old kitchen was converted
+into a most attractive hallway and stairway, with closets and lavatory
+located at the farther side.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_008" id="ILL_008"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_008.jpg" width="600" height="426" alt="The Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dining-room, which is at the rear of the living-room, has been added
+and conforms in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> every respect to the original design of the old house.
+Back of this are the service rooms, which are admirably planned and
+equipped with butler's pantry, servants' dining-room, kitchen pantry,
+rear hall, and stairway, together with a kitchen. In the remodeling, the
+second story was divided into four servants' bedrooms, a bathroom, and a
+large sewing-room at the rear. An interesting feature is that this
+department has no connection on the second floor with any other room in
+the house.</p>
+
+<p>The porch door opens directly into the living-room, which has never been
+changed from its original place in the old house. Its central feature is
+the old fireplace, which has been opened at the opposite side into the
+new dining-room. This was originally the old kitchen chimney and
+contained the brick oven. It has been bricked in for modern use, and
+here, as throughout the house, the iris motive prevails. It is shown in
+the graceful andirons, in the coverings of the Sheraton wing chair, in
+the sofa pillows, and even in the lamp-shade. This room contains fine
+woodwork, which is, in fact, a noticeable feature of every part of the
+house, and the Colonial idea has been carefully carried out in all the
+furniture used.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_009" id="ILL_009"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_009.jpg" width="600" height="439" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The library opens out from the living-room at the right, and from that
+one passes to the outdoor living-room. On the opposite side of the
+living-room is the den or morning-room, with glass doors which open on
+to the porch. Here again the iris is always the motive of decoration. In
+this room particularly the old paneling has been retained, as have the
+old strap hinges and latches, which, when missing, have been replaced by
+others of like design. This room was originally the doctor's office, and
+in the cupboard was found, at the purchase of the house, some of his old
+stock.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most interesting rooms is the dining-room, which contains an
+old brick oven and paneling so exactly corresponding to the character of
+the original that at first glance it is impossible to differentiate
+between them, either in age or workmanship. The window sashes, with
+their small well-shaped panes, give to the room an appropriate scale,
+and the old iron and brass hinges and latches lend an effective tone.
+The iris, charming in nature and no less decorative in its
+conventionalized form, appears here and there in the carved woodwork and
+always gives a delicate twist to the Colonial design it embellishes. The
+beamed ceiling carries out the old-time idea, while wonderful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+Japanese panels have been inserted in the finish over the fireplace, and
+huge iron andirons show an exact reproduction of the fleur-de-lis. This
+flower is found also in the cushions of the Chippendale chairs, the
+decoration of the table, the china, and in a beautiful Japanese screen
+of most graceful design that hides the service entrance into this room.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_010" id="ILL_010"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_010.jpg" width="600" height="437" alt="The Morning Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Morning Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The white woodwork is a noticeable feature of the interior, where
+harmony has been so carefully maintained that on entering one feels as
+if he were in a really old house, rather than one restored. It should be
+noted that in the architectural treatment, especial consideration has
+been given to lighting and air; the windows have been distributed so
+that the light is concentrated, giving the rooms an effect of
+cheerfulness that could not be obtained otherwise. Even the hanging of
+the curtains, which are of the Colonial type, adds to the charm of the
+house.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_011" id="ILL_011"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_011.jpg" width="600" height="428" alt="The Out-door Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Out-door Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The bedrooms, on the second floor, of which there are four, show the
+same low stud that is characteristic of the lower floor. They are small
+but most conveniently fitted up, even to the conversion of a small
+closet, which the architect had considered impractical for use, into an
+extra<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> bathroom. Every bit of available space has been made usable.</p>
+
+<p>An unusual feature is the guest house, which has been created in the
+second story of the large stable which stands at one side of the estate.
+This is especially useful for week-end parties. The loft has been
+converted into a suite of bedrooms, pool-rooms, and a screened veranda
+that can be used for sleeping accommodations.</p>
+
+<p>Iristhorpe might be called a conventional farmhouse, one of the type met
+with on almost every country road. It has no exterior adornment of any
+kind, but is a fine example of how a picturesque building can be evolved
+from an unattractive one, and is probably one of the best examples of
+remodeling that can be found. The house is typical of the best American
+architecture, and credit should be given the pioneer who first laid the
+foundation of the old farmhouse. As Iristhorpe now stands, its graceful
+lines cannot be improved upon, and clever as the alterations undoubtedly
+are, the great fascination that grips us as we view the house arises
+from the fact that it is a part of the early architecture, when hewn
+beams were first primed together, and when dwellings were erected that
+would endure for centuries.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h3>LIMOVADY</h3>
+
+<p>First the electric car and now the automobile have solved the problem of
+accessibility which until recently confronted those who would have
+returned to the old homestead even sooner, had it been nearer the town.
+But to-day the house must be far away indeed if it cannot be easily
+reached from the more active centers, and probably this fact more than
+any other has opened up for the enjoyment of the younger generations the
+natural charm of the countryside endeared to our forefathers. In the
+roomy, old-fashioned farmhouses of New England, surrounded by stately
+trees and overlooking acres upon acres of rolling pasture and meadow
+land, unlimited opportunities are offered for the development of the
+country home.</p>
+
+<p>In remodeling these houses of the early builders, any radical departure
+from the original scheme is seldom necessary. Rather should the lines
+and motives be sacredly preserved to accentuate their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> old-time charm,
+and modern improvements introduced unobtrusively and with such care that
+the final result is indeed a restoration and not an alteration. The
+mellowing passage of time has dealt gently with many of our old homes,
+and history and romance have woven about them an added fascination for
+every generation to enjoy. When the work of restoration is commenced,
+the problem of retaining this charm is often a difficult one. In some
+instances it would seem as if nothing short of pure inspiration had
+guided the hands of the remodelers of many of the quaint and irregular
+old houses that stand by the side of the road.</p>
+
+<p>The old house is nearly always in harmony with its surroundings; if it
+did not seem a part of the landscape when it was built, it has at least
+had time to grow into it through the years, and the problem of all
+remodeling is to preserve in the completed structure the atmosphere that
+will make it appear to have always belonged where it stands. While the
+first thought of our forefathers was to provide an adequate home, they
+undoubtedly possessed a peculiar instinct in the choice of a picturesque
+location. By selecting the site best adapted to their needs, the house
+seemed literally to grow out of the land, and herein lies the secret<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> of
+more than half the allurement of the old-fashioned structures. The
+intimacy between house and grounds seems as strong as were the family
+ties of those hardy pioneers who laid the foundations of American
+civilization.</p>
+
+<p>More practical considerations in regard to the environment than
+picturesqueness confront the house owner, however, and one of the most
+important is that of water supply and drainage. These must necessarily
+be kept far apart. A gentle incline is the best location for a dwelling,
+so that the one may come to the house from higher ground above, and the
+other be carried off below. A hollow is bad, because the water will not
+readily flow away from it; it is always damp and hot, as it is shut in
+from the breezes. On too steep a hillside, heavy rains will work havoc
+with lawns, walks, and flower beds.</p>
+
+<p>The slope of the land should be considered in reference to the
+prevailing winds. The house should be placed so that the cool breezes of
+summer blow upon the living-room side and not upon the kitchen, or all
+the heat and odors from cooking will fill the rooms, and they will
+always be hot and stuffy. The attractiveness of the immediate outlook
+should be noted, and it is well to ascertain if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> there are any
+objectionable features which cannot be removed or which are likely to
+arise within immediate prospect. The character and proximity of the
+neighbors will play a large part in the enjoyment of a summer home. If
+the house is not set well back on the property, it should at least be
+screened with full-grown trees and shrubbery to obtain the seclusion
+desired. Old trees add greatly not only to the attractiveness of a place
+but to its actual value and comfort, for it takes a long time to grow
+new trees that will provide adequate shade from the heat of summer suns.</p>
+
+<p>There is an illustration of a thus happily situated farmhouse at
+Georgetown, about thirty miles from Boston, known as the Jewett house,
+which was built in 1711. It is typical of an old Dutch lean-to and has a
+great central chimney twelve feet square, with four flues. Snuggled down
+in the midst of rolling grass land, it made an attractive picture in its
+surroundings of old elms. It stood far back from the road and was
+approached by a long lane that wound among splendid trees to the front
+of the house. Like many dwellings of this period, its back was toward
+the main road, and the front door opened upon a wide expanse of shady
+meadows which in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> summer were bright with many-colored wild
+flowers. Between the house and the road there was a wide stretch of
+green grass which has been transformed into an old-fashioned flower
+garden, planted about a small, cement-lined pool and water garden.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_012" id="ILL_012"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_012.jpg" width="600" height="420" alt="Rear View from the Garden" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Rear View from the Garden</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This house was discovered several years ago by a young Southerner who
+had come north from her sunny home in Kentucky to find a summer abode
+for her brother and herself. The house as it stood was in a very
+dilapidated condition, and only an artist would have realized its
+possibilities. But about it was a warmth of atmosphere that appealed to
+the enthusiastic Southerner. Not the least of its attractions were the
+elms that cast their protecting shadows not only over the long avenue
+which led to the house but over the dwelling itself; many of them were
+patriarchs of the primeval forests when their younger companions were
+yet in seed; others were set out later, to add their charm to the
+forsaken home.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_013" id="ILL_013"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_013.jpg" width="600" height="418" alt="Limovady&mdash;Side View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Limovady&mdash;Side View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was purchased in 1906, and the work of restoration was immediately
+commenced. The outside was weather-beaten and guiltless of paint. The
+roof sagged, and the great stone chimney needed repair. It was propped
+up and made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> thoroughly safe, and the old roof was entirely-rebuilt, but
+the original lines were closely followed. Viewing the house as it stands
+to-day, one realizes what attractive apartments can be evolved from ugly
+interiors, and what interesting results ingenuity and good judgment can
+bring about.</p>
+
+<p>The interior showed coat after coat of vivid tint and layer after layer
+of atrociously colored wall-paper. The rooms, originally large and
+square, had been divided and partitioned off to meet the needs of
+growing families; many of them were small and hopelessly unattractive.
+But there were latent possibilities.</p>
+
+<p>When the house was first purchased, the owner went over the inside
+herself to discover the original lines. As in many houses of the kind,
+it was easy to restore the size of the room by following beams and
+knocking out partitions. It must be remembered that the usual plan in
+houses of that period was to construct a large, square room in the
+center with small rooms opening off from it which were used as chambers.</p>
+
+<p>The work of decorating, and, as far as possible, the remodeling itself,
+was done by Mrs. William Otis Kimball and her brother. Along the front
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> the house a screened, outdoor living-room has been added. The
+original building consisted of four rooms on the first floor. The front
+door opened into a small hall, to the right of which was the great
+living-room, and to the left the dining-room. Back of the former was a
+guest room, and back of the latter the old kitchen.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_014" id="ILL_014"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_014.jpg" width="600" height="429" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_015.jpg" width="600" height="436" alt="Two Views of the Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two Views of the Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the living-room, the flooring, which was composed of boards often two
+feet wide, was in such good condition that it was left intact, treated
+to a black walnut stain, and shellacked. The height of the ceiling was
+but seven feet; so the heavy beams of swamp oak were boxed in and
+painted white, and the space between whitewashed. The walls, which were
+covered with ten tiers of paper, each one uglier than the last, were
+cleared to the boarding. The last one was found to be a wonderfully fine
+landscape paper, which showed that an early owner of the house must have
+been a person of means, who probably had it brought over in one of the
+merchant-ships during the time of commercial prosperity, when
+Newburyport had a lively trade with foreign lands. The walls were
+treated with a water paint colored a creamy pumpkin tint that makes the
+room seem always well lighted. It is a most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> inexpensive finish, such as
+is used by scene painters in a theater, and can be put on with an
+ordinary-whitewash brush. The wainscot was stained dark brown to
+harmonize with the floors. Around the top of the room the owner painted
+a frieze of conventionalized pomegranates, which follow the color scheme
+of the woodwork and wall. The old fireplace, which had been closed up,
+was opened, and the over-mantel enriched with a splendidly decorative
+painting by the artist herself, representing a Normandy boar hunt about
+1330.</p>
+
+<p>After it was remodeled, the room measured twenty-four by twenty-six
+feet, the original size when the house was first built. It is now used
+as a living-room and library. Inexpensive shelves, made of boards
+stained to match the wainscot, are fastened along the walls. In places
+there is a single shelf; sometimes two are placed about twelve inches
+apart, and they are used for books, pictures, and ornaments. The windows
+are curtained with an appropriate simplicity that is unusually
+attractive. Unbleached cotton is used for the over-curtains and
+decorated with a border of richly colored cretonne, corresponding in
+color and conventionality of design to the painted frieze on the
+walls.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The hallway is five feet in width and has been kept in the original
+boards. They are stained in tones of soft brown which harmonize
+splendidly with the varying color schemes of the rooms that open on
+either side. Opposite the entrance door is a narrow, winding staircase
+whose white steps and balustrade contrast sharply with the dark woodwork
+and hand-rail. Half way up is the old nightcap closet from which, in the
+early days, our forefathers took their nightly toddy. Underneath the
+stairs is a secret closet so carefully hidden in the panels that only
+those familiar with it can find it. This was known in Colonial days as
+the "priest hole," and it was here, so the legend runs, that French
+refugees were secreted during the French and Indian wars.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_016" id="ILL_016"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_016.jpg" width="600" height="426" alt="The Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dining-room opens off the hallway at the left. It is a long, narrow
+room with a fireplace at one side of the end nearest the hall. The
+woodwork has been finished in a dark stain, and the old corner cupboard
+has been kept intact. The fireplace wall is paneled in swamp pine, and
+over the mantel there is a secret panel cupboard. The lower part of the
+walls is covered with dark green burlap, and above is a decorative paper
+in boldly striking colors. There is a long, refectory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> dining-table in
+this room, made of stout oak boards, and the other furniture has a
+monastic simplicity which is entirely in keeping with the character of
+the room.</p>
+
+<p>The small room at the rear of the living-room is used as a guest chamber
+and is known as the missionary room. Here the walls are tinted a soft
+moss green, and ornamented at the top by a black and white frieze that
+pictures the different stages of a missionary's life. He is shown from
+the time of his arrival on the lonely island to his chase and capture by
+a band of cannibals, and finally being roasted amidst scenes of hilarity
+as they turn his fat form on the spit.</p>
+
+<p>The studio was originally the kitchen and opens out of this room. The
+woodwork is of the same dark brown tint used through all the lower
+story, and the walls are hung with natural colored burlap. The principal
+features of the room are its fireplace and quaint Dutch oven which were
+built into the center of the twelve-foot chimney when the house was
+erected. From the pothook on the crane hangs an old Colonial kettle. Of
+almost equal interest are the small-paned windows which are closed by
+sliding inside panels.</p>
+
+<p>The present kitchen has been added at the rear.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> It has white walls
+decorated with a frieze in which lobsters disport themselves in
+different attitudes.</p>
+
+<p>A small closet at one side of the passage that leads into the kitchen
+has been utilized for a bathroom. It is finished in white with a dado of
+tiles painted with turtles.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_017" id="ILL_017"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_017.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="The Lounge" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Lounge</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the house was first purchased, there was an old barn on the
+property a short distance away. This was moved up and connected with the
+house. It opens from the dining-room and has been converted into a
+lounge room, with servants' quarters at the rear. This room is one of
+the most interesting in the house. It is finished in stained pine, and
+the old rafters and woodwork have been left as they originally were. The
+spaces between the heavy beams of the ceiling are white, the beams being
+black with a narrow band of peacock blue above.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_018" id="ILL_018"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_018.jpg" width="600" height="427" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_019.jpg" width="600" height="475" alt="Two of the Chambers" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two of the Chambers</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The originality used in finishing the house is evidenced nowhere better
+than in the chambers, on the second floor. Each one has been decorated
+with a different flower, and they are known as the holly-hock, the sweet
+pea, the wistaria, and the morning-glory room. A frieze of the
+particular flower has been painted around, and the canopies and bed
+coverings show the same design and colors in cretonne.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A small room in the barn wing, which was not large enough to be
+converted into a chamber as it stood, has been utilized for this purpose
+by opening up a large, connecting closet into an alcove to hold the bed.
+It is so arranged that at night the bed can be pulled out into the
+center of the room, and in the daytime hidden behind curtains drawn
+across the alcove.</p>
+
+<p>There are quaint old four-posters in all of the bedrooms, and
+old-fashioned and simple furniture is used throughout the house. Some of
+it is home-made, and in many of the rooms are bookcases constructed from
+packing-boxes, and hung across with curtains of the cretonne used
+elsewhere in the room.</p>
+
+<p>In altering many old houses for modern occupancy, there has been a
+greater expenditure than would have been required to build an entirely
+new structure. But in this instance the charm of the old home has been
+retained with a considerably smaller outlay than would have been
+necessary to erect another of equal size and facilities.</p>
+
+<p>There is an undeniable satisfaction in realizing that all has been
+gotten out of a venture of this kind that was possible, and that no
+offense has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> been committed against the spirit of the old house. Every
+one who has attempted remodeling obtains different results from those
+first planned, for as the work proceeds, new possibilities and new
+limitations constantly appear, till the completed building has an
+individuality unrealized in the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>In Limovady, as this little country place is named, we find a good
+example of what can be done to make an old house not only a livable but
+a delightful home, and it is a success such as this that inspires other
+home seekers to remodel, according to their own ideas. For no two people
+will be likely to conceive the reconstruction of a home in just the same
+way, and it is this stamp of individuality that lends to the remodeled
+house a large part of its charm.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<h3>THE KITTREDGE HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>Have you ever noticed the fishermen's little cottages that stand along
+the seacoast wherever modern summer resorts have not displaced them?
+From a modern architectural point of view, they would at first seem
+quite insignificant, and yet, hidden away beneath the rough exteriors,
+there are often interesting lines and good proportions. The humble
+fishermen who dwelt there cared little for external appearance, but they
+built their cottages strong and solid and, though unpretentious, they
+were comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>These little old houses, seemingly commonplace though they may be, hold
+much more interest for the prospective house owner and the architect
+than do the more elaborate ones of later periods. For wherever men have
+utilized what skill and intelligence they have to satisfy definite needs
+in the simplest, most straightforward way, they have achieved something
+of lasting worth.</p>
+
+<p>The ages of these old seacoast houses vary just<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> as do those farther
+inland. Some were built long before the Revolution and others at a much
+more recent date. Some have fallen into hopeless decay, while others are
+still stanch and habitable. The possible purchaser should make a careful
+examination both inside and out before he decides to remodel. Sometimes,
+from a superficial survey, an old house may appear sturdy enough to
+warrant renovation, but a closer investigation will prove that this
+would be an expensive business. For the old timbers often hold together
+firmly because they have all settled together as a unit; if any one is
+disturbed, the rest may be greatly weakened or even threaten to fall
+apart, like the proverbial house of cards.</p>
+
+<p>The first indication of dangerous weakness is a sagging roof. If the
+lines are even a little concave, it is a bad sign, for the roof would
+not have settled had the walls held absolutely true. Because of pressure
+against them, they have been forced apart and perhaps are on the point
+of tumbling down altogether. If the roof passes its test well, then
+examine the line of the walls and be sure they are absolutely vertical
+and have neither spread nor fallen inward.</p>
+
+<p>Next study the condition of the timbers. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> sill is the most important
+one. If it is badly-decayed, all the other members resting upon it will
+have been thereby weakened and the whole structure impaired. The upright
+timbers and the studs will all have settled, and to straighten them will
+mean practically the rebuilding of the house. The floors and the roof
+which rest upon them will be endangered. Sometimes the ends of the
+uprights have rotted, and the slightest new work about them will result
+in their crumbling and undermining the beams and rafters they support.
+It is often necessary to use a sharp iron or a long knife and pry
+underneath the coverings on both the exterior and the interior to
+determine their condition. A little attention given to these points will
+determine whether it is worth while to attempt remodeling, or whether
+the expense involved would be out of all proportion to the result.</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely less vital is the condition of the cellar. Is there dampness,
+caused by lack of ventilation, by bad walls, or by some inherent
+moisture? Some of these old houses have a well in the cellar; this
+should be drained off and filled up. But if there is an actual spring of
+water, as not infrequently occurs, either move the house or abandon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+it. Bad walls can be cemented and waterproofed. If the trouble comes
+from lack of light and air, it may be possible to cut larger window
+openings. Most old houses were set too low, however, and it is
+frequently an advantage to raise them. This requires sound underpinning,
+or the expense will be great.</p>
+
+<p>While considering the subject of dampness, it is well to examine the
+roof and see how much it leaks under the moss-grown shingles. If it is
+an old house that is in tolerably good repair at the present time, it
+may be that under some previous owner the roof fell into decay, and
+rains soaked through. Look for signs of this, for it will mean weakness
+in timbers and plaster that must be guarded against. Examine the boards
+of the roof to see if they are strong enough to permit the laying of new
+shingles.</p>
+
+<p>The chimney is another important matter to investigate. In old houses
+which have not been used for some time, the bricks often deteriorate and
+become so soft that they crumble at the touch. This would necessitate
+the not inconsiderable expense of rebuilding the whole chimney, unless
+it is so large that a second smaller one may be inserted within the old.
+With the huge fireplaces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> of other days, whose yawning mouths were often
+capable of holding a ten-foot log, a metal flue is frequently used in
+the remodeling. It is surrounded on the outside, between itself and the
+old chimney, with concrete, which renders it entirely safe from danger
+of fire.</p>
+
+<p>A glance should be given also, in this inspection, at the condition of
+the floors. If they are not level, it indicates defects in the timbers
+underneath. The boards themselves are often so rough and laid with such
+large cracks that it will be necessary to lay new floors. Notice, too,
+the condition of doors and windows; whether they are straight and true
+enough to be used again, or if others will have to replace them. Tap the
+plaster here and there to see where it is loose and to what extent it
+must be renewed.</p>
+
+<p>These are the tests that indicate whether the old house is worth buying
+and what will be the essential expense to make it habitable. Sometimes
+one or another defect is so severe as to make the venture foolish; again
+it can be remedied by resort to strenuous methods. Not infrequently the
+drawbacks of a bad cellar and a poor location are at once overcome by
+removing the house altogether to a new site. This is practicable when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+the building is sound in structure and an inexpensive operation if it is
+small.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_020" id="ILL_020"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_020.jpg" width="600" height="413" alt="An Old Cape Cod House" title="" />
+<span class="caption">An Old Cape Cod House</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>That was the proceeding which Miss Mabel L. Kittredge undertook with an
+old fisherman's cottage that had stood for many years on the shores of
+Cape Cod. It was a simple little building, dilapidated and
+weather-beaten, and quite unsuggestive of a summer home. But its very
+quaintness and diminutive size attracted her attention, and she
+determined to investigate it. The owner was willing to part with it,
+just as it stood, for eighty-five dollars, not including the land.</p>
+
+<p>The location was not desirable, and it was decided to "fleck" the house,
+as is the colloquial term on the Cape for preparing a building to be
+moved. It was taken apart and floated across the water to its new
+foundations in South Yarmouth. Here it was "unflecked" and set up facing
+the harbor and the cool breezes from the ocean.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_021" id="ILL_021"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_021.jpg" width="600" height="405" alt="An Old Cape Cod House&mdash;Side View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">An Old Cape Cod House&mdash;Side View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The original building, erected in the early part of the nineteenth
+century, was a small, shingled structure, thirty by twenty feet, with a
+straight gable roof rising from the low stud of the first story. Its
+proportions were not at all unpleasing,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> and the placing of the several
+small-paned windows was particularly agreeable. There was a kitchen shed
+attached to the rear.</p>
+
+<p>When it was set in position in the new location, additional windows were
+cut, a small porch built at the front entrance, and a second shed
+attached at right angles to the kitchen wing. In the second story, a
+broad flat-roofed dormer with three windows increased the interior
+space, without seriously altering the straight lines of the roof. The
+effort to retain the original simplicity of line is also evident in the
+porch roof, which follows closely the wide angle of the gable ends of
+the house.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_022" id="ILL_022"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_022.jpg" width="600" height="422" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The original interior was cut up into a number of small rooms, the
+partitions of which were removed, with the exception of those dividing
+off a bedroom at the rear. This left one good-sized apartment, which was
+fitted up for living and dining-room combined and made a most delightful
+place. The stairs were built at the left, along the rear wall. A group
+of three windows was cut here to give extra light and air, and the
+manner in which they have been handled is interesting. On account of the
+position of a heavy supporting beam, it was impossible to make these new
+windows<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> the height of the original ones. The effect of this was
+ameliorated by placing a shelf directly above the group of three and
+extending it across the wall to meet the old window. A number of
+interesting pieces of china placed on the shelf give it a character and
+weight which thus carries the eye along from one opening to the other
+without any consciousness of the break in height. This is but one of
+those ingenious methods by which remodeling is made successful.</p>
+
+<p>The large, old-fashioned fireplace is the center of interest in this
+room. At the right of it is a china closet with mullioned glass door,
+and on the left two narrower closets are found in the paneling. A new
+hardwood floor had to be laid, as the original one was in bad condition.
+The wainscot and woodwork throughout the house was unusually good for
+such a small and unpretentious structure. After the former layers of
+paint had been removed and the wood thoroughly cleaned, it was finished
+in white. The walls, scraped down to the original plaster, were painted
+in a soft green flat-coat that was delightfully fresh and cool.</p>
+
+<p>Back of this large room was a small hallway leading into the ell at the
+back. At the left, space was taken for a bathroom.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 435px;"><a name="ILL_023" id="ILL_023"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_023.jpg" width="435" height="600" alt="An Old Cape Cod House&mdash;The Kitchen" title="" />
+<span class="caption">An Old Cape Cod House&mdash;The Kitchen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The kitchen was kept practically the same as in the old house. The rough
+stud and rafters were stained a dark brown, and the boards of the roof
+whitewashed. The walls were plastered to the height of the stud. A
+modern stove was attached to the old chimney flue on the outside of the
+building. The exposed uprights provided an opportunity for convenient
+shelves to be built for the various kitchen appliances.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_024" id="ILL_024"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_024.jpg" width="600" height="396" alt="The Attic Chamber" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Attic Chamber</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Up-stairs the entire floor was thrown into one room, instead of making
+several small, stuffy, sleeping apartments. The dormer which was cut in
+the front added not only to the light, air, and space of the room, but
+gave an opportunity for a most attractive window-seat to be built
+beneath the broad windows. The old, wide boards of the floor were in
+good condition and kept intact. The walls were plastered to the ridge,
+exposing the heavy tie-beams. Along the walls under the eaves, sets of
+drawers were built into the woodwork, thus obviating the necessity of
+having chiffoniers or chests of drawers to consume already limited
+space. The rough bricks of the chimney, which breaks slantingly through
+the floor near the center of the room, are not concealed. Instead, they
+form a rather decorative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> feature in the little apartment, and about
+the four sides of the flue shelves are built which serve as a
+dressing-table and a desk.</p>
+
+<p>The furnishings of the whole house are delightfully simple and
+suggestive of the quaint Colonial period when it was built. Tables and
+chairs, pictures, mirrors, and china are interesting heirlooms that have
+been handed down in the family of the owner and preserve the spirit of
+the little cottage as admirably as do the various alterations which have
+made it so modern and habitable.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CURTIS HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>The great charm of Colonial farmhouses lies in the simplicity of their
+appearance. Many dilapidated, weather-beaten old buildings, long
+neglected by an indifferent community, are really little masterpieces of
+harmonious line and good proportion.</p>
+
+<p>The style of the roof tells much about the age of the building to the
+initiated, and its line is easily the most important factor in the
+appearance of the house. The pitched roof is one of the oldest types and
+was used long before our country was discovered. This roof slopes away
+from the ridge-pole on both sides, thus forming a triangular area, the
+angle at each end of which is called a gable. In the early days, the
+pitch was built very steep to accommodate the thatching with which the
+roof was covered. As shingles came into use, the slope gradually
+flattened, and the age can be roughly judged by its angle.</p>
+
+<p>The gambrel roof appeared before the eighteenth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> century and was
+commonly used in New England farmhouses. Each side of this is made up of
+two distinct pitches, which have no rule to govern their relationship. A
+somewhat later development was the hipped roof, in which the gabled ends
+were flattened, making four flat sides sloping from the ridge-pole. This
+was used when no attic chamber was needed. In the more pretentious
+Georgian houses, the top was flattened, and a wooden balustrade put
+around it. These roofs are generally shingled and practically never
+painted; the soft gray color they attain in weathering is sometimes
+imitated in stain on new shingles.</p>
+
+<p>The addition of a wing or ell brought up a new problem in roofing, and
+it is this point that demands most serious attention from the remodeler.
+The old builders have not always been successful in preserving the unity
+of the roof line that is so essential to pleasing design. Whenever it is
+possible, the new roof should be made a part of the old, and the lines
+of one should run into those of the other. The pitch of the two should
+be practically the same. The same type of roof must be used over all
+parts of the building, although it is occasionally permissible to have a
+pitched roof on an ell when the main roof is a gambrel.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Where a veranda is added, its roof line must be carefully studied and
+made to seem an original part of the building, not something stuck on as
+an afterthought. This problem of keeping the lines of the different
+roofs in harmony is a vital one, and nowhere is there greater demand for
+ingenuity and thoughtful treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The question of dormers is also important. When it is desired to have a
+second-story porch or sleeping-room, the dormer often supplies the
+solution of this difficult problem. The earliest ones were merely a
+flattening of the pitch of the roof, and this is the type that should be
+used when it is necessary to add a dormer to the older farmhouses. As
+the Georgian details were developed, the gable-roofed dormer was used
+with the cornice moldings of porches and door frames. These dormers were
+high, with a single window often having a semicircular head. They were
+usually combined in groups of three and connected with each other by a
+balustrade.</p>
+
+<p>The exterior walls of the first houses were made of heavy boards laid
+vertically on the framework, without studding. Before long, the wood was
+laid horizontally, each board overlapping the one below it. This
+clapboarding and siding was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> used without interruption through all the
+various changes in other details. Much later, the shingle was adopted
+for the sides of the house as well as for the roof. A larger shingle,
+however, was used on the walls, with a wide exposure of surface. These
+were made of pine or cypress.</p>
+
+<p>Although the walls of most old houses follow a straight line from one
+story to the next, there was a type, copied by the colonists from the
+buildings of the mother country and used somewhat freely before the
+Georgian era, in which the second story extended beyond the first. This
+overhang was generally used only on the front and back and not on all
+four sides, as in the European counterparts. The girders and cross beams
+were framed into the second-story posts, which frequently ended in an
+ornamental knob or drop, as it was called. The gables, too, occasionally
+had a slight overhang. In altering a pre-Georgian house, it is therefore
+permissible to make use of this overhang feature, and it may solve some
+otherwise knotty problems of required extra space.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_025" id="ILL_025"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_025.jpg" width="600" height="424" alt="Before Remodeling" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Before Remodeling</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A house which shows unusually clever handling of these points is
+situated in the little village of Charles River, not so many miles
+outside of Boston. Within the last few years, this locality has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> been
+opened up, and many modern homes have been built and farmhouses
+remodeled. They are situated along charming woodland roads and seem to
+nestle in their picturesque surroundings. This particular one stands on
+the road from Boston to Dover, invitingly shaded by graceful elms that
+have watched unnumbered generations pass. It suggests to passers-by a
+typical, seventeenth century farmhouse, ingeniously remodeled, through
+the plans of the late Philip B. Howard and F.&nbsp;M. Wakefield, architects
+of Boston, into a twentieth-century summer home. This old farmhouse was
+built in 1647 and was of the rectangular type, built about a central
+chimney, with four rooms and a hall on the lower floor. When Mr.
+Frederick H. Curtis selected it for his home, it had already been
+materially altered from the original simple structure by various
+succeeding tenants. And many of these had not added to its charms. The
+exterior was most uninviting in a vicious shade of red paint with white
+trim. In front was a small lattice porch entirely out of keeping with
+the architecture of the house. But in spite of all these unattractive
+features, there was an insistent appeal about the old place that made it
+seem worth venturing to restore.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first problem which presented itself was that of interior space. The
+difficulty lay in enlarging this space in such a way as to provide the
+needed room and at the same time maintain the harmony of the exterior
+lines. The original four rooms had been added to from time to time by
+former owners by means of the customary ells at the rear. The house was
+two and a half stories high, with a straight, pitched roof starting from
+the top of the second story. In the rear there was a two-story ell and a
+one-story addition behind that, with an outside chimney. Each of these
+was increased by one room, so that space for a laundry was added in the
+lower floor and for servants' quarters in the second. The chimney was
+kept on the outside above the laundry roof and built up to the required
+height. This second-story extension overhangs the old kitchen wall by
+about eighteen inches on one side and on the other runs into an entirely
+new wing, whose roof line joins without a break to that of the old ell.
+The roof of the main building has been extended in the rear, following
+its straight line to the top of the first story, as was frequently done
+in old houses. This brought the lines of the main building and the rear
+ells into greater harmony and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> provided space for an outdoor living-room
+on the first floor. A flat-roofed dormer was thrown out above this on
+the second floor and turned into a sleeping-porch. The lines of the
+several roofs have thus been kept remarkably simple, considering the
+great amount of space which has been added.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_026" id="ILL_026"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_026.jpg" width="600" height="409" alt="Remodeled" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Remodeled</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_027" id="ILL_027"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_027.jpg" width="600" height="433" alt="Side View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Side View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the opposite side of the house a new wing has been added to the
+second floor, parallel to the main building and at right angles to the
+ells in the rear. The front part of it has a pitched roof following the
+angle of that on the main building, and the rear has a flat roof on a
+very low stud. This provides three additional rooms on the second floor.
+It has been built over an outdoor breakfast or morning-room on the first
+floor, and the kitchen has been widened under it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 449px;"><a name="ILL_028" id="ILL_028"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_028.jpg" width="449" height="600" alt="The Entrance Porch" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Entrance Porch</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the front of the house, the flat-roofed entrance porch was removed,
+and one more in keeping with the Colonial period built in its place.
+This has a gabled roof, supported in front on two simple columns. The
+back part of it is closed and forms a small vestibule, with old-time
+oval windows extending on each side beyond the gabled roof-line. There
+are two benches in front, also beyond this line and protected by
+vine-grown lattices and small, extending eaves. The floor is paved with
+brick.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These comprise the major changes to the exterior; but new shingles were
+put on the old roof; the dilapidated slat-shutters were replaced by
+blinds of solid wood, with a diamond cut in the upper panel after the
+old-time fashion; and the ugly red paint was changed to a soft Colonial
+buff.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 454px;"><a name="ILL_029" id="ILL_029"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_029.jpg" width="454" height="600" alt="The Hall and Unique Stairway" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Hall and Unique Stairway</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The narrow entrance hall, opening directly on the stairs, has not been
+altered. In the stairs, however, an exceedingly interesting treatment
+has been introduced, made necessary by the plan of the rooms above. On
+the first landing a doorway was cut in the chimney wall, and stairs
+built up the center of the chimney between the two flues. These give
+access to a small hall in the rear, connecting the several bedrooms. The
+door that leads to these stairs, at the foot, is a "secret" one; that
+is, it is covered with the wall-paper which surrounds it and fits
+tightly into the wall without framing woodwork.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_030" id="ILL_030"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_030.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="The Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the right of the hallway the parlor and dining-room were thrown into
+one long living-room, and a pleasant triple window was cut in the rear
+wall looking out upon the veranda. The fine old woodwork about the
+fireplace was restored to its original beauty with many coats of white
+paint. The hand-hewn beams in the ceiling were uncovered from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> the
+casing which had hidden them, and the wood rubbed and oiled. The floor
+was found to be in good condition and, after the placing of additional
+boards where the partition was removed, was merely scraped, filled,
+stained, and polished. A semicircular corner cupboard in a reproduction
+of an old style, its shelves filled with interesting specimens of
+seventeenth-century pewter, gives character to the room. The walls were
+finished in a soft shade of burlap, and the old mahogany furniture,
+chintz covers, rag rugs, and simple scrim curtains preserve the
+delightful atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>On the opposite side of the hall is the library or den. This is
+unchanged, except for the white paint and the quaint Colonial
+wall-paper. Willow furniture is used.</p>
+
+<p>Back of this, and extending across to the living-room, is the
+dining-room. The beams show the position of the original walls and
+indicate the way in which the room was enlarged. This leaves the
+fireplace at the side of a sort of alcove and so, to balance it and give
+importance to that end of the room, a china closet was built across the
+corner. An unpaneled wainscot, with simple baseboard and molding at the
+top, runs around the room, the new part matching the old. The woodwork
+is all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> white, including the encased beams, which here were not in a
+condition to be exposed. The upper walls are covered with a blue and
+silver grass-cloth that strikes an effective color note behind the
+mahogany furniture. In this room is a good example of the use of modern
+reproductions of Sheraton chairs with a genuine old sideboard.</p>
+
+<p>Glass doors lead from either end of the dining-room on to the two
+verandas. Both of these verandas are really rooms without walls, as they
+have been incorporated so completely within the lines and framework of
+the house. The one on the side of the house in front of the kitchen is
+used as a breakfast-room, and many of the other meals are served out
+here in the open air. That in the rear of the living-room is a
+delightful spot on summer afternoons and evenings. Both of these porches
+are thoroughly screened and fitted with framework in which glass sashes
+are placed during the winter.</p>
+
+<p>On the second floor there are four bedrooms and a bath in the main part
+of the building, with a sleeping balcony leading from one of them. This
+is protected with screens and awnings and furnished with hammocks and
+reclining chairs. In the wings there are three servants' rooms and a
+bath. All of the rooms have been fitted up in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> quaintly simple style
+that is thoroughly in keeping with the period of the house, the low
+ceilings, and fine woodwork. In some of the rooms there are valuable old
+pieces of furniture, a four-poster of the Sheraton type, and a highboy
+with details of the Queen Anne period. In another room modern white
+enamel furniture has been used, but it is so simple and straightforward
+in design that it harmonizes entirely with the atmosphere of the room
+engendered by the old fireplace and chimney cupboard, the thumb latches
+on the doors, rag rugs, and an old-time wall-paper figured with stripes
+of morning-glories and daintily poised humming-birds. In this second
+floor, the old iron hardware has been largely used in strap and H and L
+hinges, latches, knobs, and shutter fastenings.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the lower story, modern brass knobs and key plates
+reproducing an old Colonial pattern have been used, securing greater
+convenience and safety.</p>
+
+<p>Hot-air heating has been installed and electric lighting. The outlets,
+however, are all in the walls or baseboard sockets, so that there is no
+conspicuous inconsistency in the atmosphere, and lamps and candles are
+also used throughout the house.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h3>GREEN MEADOWS</h3>
+
+<p>The architect of to-day has an advantage over the master builder of long
+ago in that he is able to grasp all ideas that were introduced into the
+old house and can restore it without losing the spirit of the original
+in either the exterior or interior. The wings and ells which were added
+by succeeding tenants often bear little relation to the main building
+and must either be torn down or harmonized in some way to preserve the
+unity of the completed design. The general plan of the house and the
+arrangement of the rooms should be carefully observed before the house
+owner and architect undertake the task of remodeling. Too many houses
+are disappointing because a study has not been made of the different
+types and periods of old houses, and the result is a mixture, neither
+one thing nor the other.</p>
+
+<p>Old Colonial houses were always built on the rectangular plan, as this
+provided the greatest amount of enclosed space with the least
+expenditure<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> of labor and material. They were also constructed about an
+axis, and it is essential for the remodeler to determine what that axis
+is before making any alterations.</p>
+
+<p>In the earliest days, the chimney was the center of the building and
+dominated the plan. The various rooms opened around it, so that as many
+of them as possible could have a fireplace from the one chimney. It was
+consequently a huge affair and occupied about three fourths as much
+space as one of the rooms. In the first plans, there were usually but
+two rooms, a kitchen on one side and a parlor on the other. Later, a
+room was built in the back for the kitchen, and a third opening made in
+the chimney. The narrow stairs were built in at the front to fit into
+the chimney space and generally ascended with two landings and turns at
+right angles.</p>
+
+<p>As a late development, about the time of the Revolution, four equally
+large rooms were needed, and this one chimney was divided into two and
+placed on either side of the center of the house, so that in each of the
+main rooms there was a fireplace opening front or back from one of the
+two chimneys. This arrangement altered the position of the stairs, and
+stairs and hall became the central<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> axis of the house. The proportion of
+the space allotted to them, however, remained about the same as when the
+chimney had occupied the center. This accounts for the wide Colonial
+halls, which are such a charming feature of old houses. The stairs were
+built along one side, the length of the hall, often a perfectly straight
+flight without turn or landing, and the hall was frequently cut clear
+through to a door in the back, which formed a rear exit to the garden.
+The Georgian houses at the end of the eighteenth century were commonly
+built on this plan.</p>
+
+<p>There was one other distinct type, in which the fireplaces in the four
+corner rooms were in the outer walls, and four separate chimneys were
+built. The central hall and staircase retained their same dominant
+proportions, but a second cross hall was sometimes built, dividing the
+house from end to end.</p>
+
+<p>To all of these types, additions were frequently made, as the family
+increased, or new owners took possession. The extra space was not
+acquired by enlarging the main building but by adding an ell in the back
+at right angles to the original structure, or a wing at the side,
+parallel with it. These additions were attached to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> house by their
+smallest dimension, as that obstructed the least amount of light. They
+were smaller than the main part; many were but one story in height, and
+those that were two had a lower stud, so that the original building
+would remain the important feature in the whole.</p>
+
+<p>After examining the old house from this point of view, consider the new
+uses to which it will be put and determine what changes will have to be
+made. Sketch the entire plan out before commencing an alteration, and
+then endeavor to see if the proposed remodeling is practical from a
+structural point of view, and if it harmonizes with the original spirit
+of the old building. Mark out in each room the position of windows and
+decide where new ones may have to be cut in the rearranged interiors.
+Study the fireplaces and find out whether the proposed removal of a
+partition wall will throw them out of balance in the rooms, and what you
+can do to counteract it. Pay particular attention to closet room, for in
+the old days it was given too little consideration for modern
+requirements.</p>
+
+<p>Draw rough plans and put your ideas regarding every possibility down on
+paper; it is surprising how many new suggestions will occur as each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+scheme is worked out, and there is a fascination in seeing how much can
+be fitted into a given space. After the work is begun, unforeseen
+conditions will crop up and necessitate changes in the project, as well
+as disclose new opportunities, but a greater part of the planning can be
+done beforehand.</p>
+
+<p>A roomy, old, New England farmhouse near Hamilton was recognized by Mr.
+George Burroughs as a fertile subject for development into a beautiful
+country home. It was situated in the heart of rolling country and
+surrounded by wide stretches of grass land, from which the estate was
+named "Green Meadows."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_031" id="ILL_031"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_031.jpg" width="600" height="429" alt="Green Meadows&mdash;Front View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Green Meadows&mdash;Front View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The original house, separated from the highway by an old wall of field
+stone and an elm-shaded dooryard, was built in 1786, and it is curious
+to note that no deed was ever recorded. It was the usual type of
+farmhouse, constructed about a central chimney, two and a half stories
+in height, with an unbroken roof line. Subsequent owners had added wings
+at each side instead of the more customary ell at the rear. One of these
+wings is of brick, which indicates that it was probably not built before
+the middle of the last century, but although the two building materials
+seem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> incongruous in the one house, vines have so overgrown this wing
+that the red glimpsed through them and contrasting with the white walls
+of the house is very attractive.</p>
+
+<p>The only important alterations in the exterior appearance of the house
+were in the addition of the long veranda across the rear and the
+alteration of the frame wing at the right. The old structure was found
+to be in too dilapidated a condition to restore, but it was reproduced
+in all its exterior details and joined to the end of a new wing attached
+to the house and a trifle broader than the old. Two hip-roofed dormers
+add to the space in the second floor and permit the construction of
+attractive servants' quarters.</p>
+
+<p>The frame of the entrance door in the center of the front fa&ccedil;ade is a
+particularly happy example of the simple Georgian style used in the
+better class of farmhouses of that day. Its flat pilasters and
+well-proportioned cornice illustrate the restraint and refinement in the
+work of even the average builders.</p>
+
+<p>The door itself opens into a small hallway, restored with fresh white
+paint to all its original beauty.</p>
+
+<p>On this left side of the house the partition between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> the old
+dining-room and parlor has been removed to make one large living-room.
+After the cornices and the wainscoting were restored, the woodwork,
+including the encased beams in the ceiling, was painted white. The
+condition of the old floor made it necessary to lay a new one of hard
+wood. This room admirably reflects the old Colonial spirit in its
+fireplace and cupboards. The paneling above the mantel shelf presents an
+interesting variation in the framing of fireplaces. The original
+wainscot with its molded cap divides the wall surface in an agreeable
+proportion, and the rather heavy cornice moldings at the ceiling line
+relieve the emphasis of the great beams. The old hardware is used on
+doors and windows, the thumb latches are finished in the natural black,
+and the H and L hinges painted white to correspond with the woodwork.
+The upper part of the walls is covered with a rose-colored paper
+reproducing a conventional Georgian medallion design in silvery gray.
+This rose color has been carried out in all the furnishings of this
+room; the upholstery of chairs and sofas is in a deeper shade; the
+over-curtains are somewhat paler, and in the Oriental rugs, rose blends
+with soft browns and blues. Old-fashioned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> Venetian blinds or
+slat-curtains shade the windows in the living-room and throughout the
+house.</p>
+
+<p>On the opposite side of the entrance hall is the reception-room. The
+same treatment has been accorded here as in the living-room, and the
+furnishings are especially harmonious and well arranged. The long, low
+lines of an Adam sofa, a slender-legged desk, and chairs and table, each
+one a noteworthy masterpiece of cabinet making, are admirably chosen to
+add apparent height to the low stud, but the monotony of too much light
+and low furniture is broken by a tall grandfather clock placed in the
+corner. The pictures on the walls, old prints simply framed in mahogany,
+are hung with a similar thought to increase the apparent height of the
+room, and their arrangement is well worth studying. The fireplace, on
+the opposite side of the chimney from that in the living-room, is
+equally interesting. The wall above the white wainscot is papered in a
+golden yellow of conventional flowers, and the upholstery and draperies
+are of a golden striped and figured Adam damask that brings out the rich
+color of the satinwood and mahogany furniture.</p>
+
+<p>In the rear, on the same side of the house, is the dining-room. The old
+woodwork here was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> insignificant, and it has been replaced with modern
+paneled wainscot covering two thirds of the wall surface. One could wish
+that the proportions of the original woodwork had been a little more
+closely followed, and the atmosphere of the other rooms carried more
+definitely into this. The old fireplace has been retained across the
+corner of the room with its flue in the central chimney, but its frame
+is a modern conception. The chimney cupboard in the side has been turned
+into a china closet with a new door of mullioned glass displaying
+interesting old pewter and plates. The upper third of the wall above the
+wainscot is covered with a reproduction of an old-time scenic paper in
+greens and grays, and the window hangings are of corresponding colors in
+damask. The seats of the Hepplewhite chairs carry the same tones in
+tapestry. The apparent size of the dining-room has been cleverly
+increased by carrying the decorative motives into the passageway which
+connects it with the service quarters in the right wing. The same
+paneling of the wainscot and the same paper above, seen through the
+double doorway, give the impression that this is all part of the one
+room, and the placing of a buffet in front of the opening enhances the
+effect.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the other side of the dining-room a small hall, paneled with white
+enameled woodwork to the ceiling, leads into the living-room.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_032" id="ILL_032"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_032.jpg" width="600" height="442" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>French doors of glass open from here on to the wide veranda which has
+been added across the back of the house, overlooking the green meadows
+and shady vales that stretch away on all sides.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_033" id="ILL_033"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_033.jpg" width="600" height="440" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_034.jpg" width="600" height="435" alt="Two Views of the Den" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two Views of the Den</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>From this veranda or from the living-room, one can enter the brick wing
+at the left of the house. This originally contained the kitchen with
+bedrooms above, but in altering it, the entire wing was thrown into one
+room opened to the roof. With the great old beams and rafters showing,
+and all the woodwork stained dark, this apartment lends itself admirably
+to the character of a den or smoking-room. At the end, the old kitchen
+chimney has been utilized for a fireplace, and old paneling inserted
+above the high mantel. Seats have been built under the windows flanking
+the chimney and, with their soft cushions and pillows, add materially to
+the comfort of the room. The windows in this wing are unusually
+large,&mdash;an indication of the later date of its construction,&mdash;and in
+order to carry the same proportions in their divisions as in the older
+part of the house, twenty-four panes of glass were used in each.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> A rich
+green and brown landscape paper covers the upper two thirds of the walls
+above the wainscot molding. The upholstery and cushions on davenport,
+armchairs, and window-seats of brown leather stamp this apartment
+indelibly as a man's room, and the decorations of old flint-locks in one
+corner add to the effect.</p>
+
+<p>The service quarters of the house in the wings at the right have been
+made especially complete. In the middle section are butler's pantry,
+kitchen, laundry, and refrigerator, with two bedrooms on the second
+floor; and in the narrower part is a servants' hall and three bedrooms
+which are open to the roof.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_035" id="ILL_035"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_035.jpg" width="600" height="434" alt="The Old-fashioned Chamber" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Old-fashioned Chamber</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the upper floor of the main part of the house the four bedrooms have
+been kept much as in the past. Those in the rear have been made to open
+out, through double doors, on to the second story of the veranda, which
+can be used as a sleeping-porch. The old white woodwork and the original
+fireplaces add their ineffable charm. The floors were in poor condition
+and are covered with matting as a background for the rag rugs. Some very
+interesting old pieces of furniture add to the atmosphere of these
+chambers.</p>
+
+<p>The registers of the hot-air heating system which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> has been installed
+are unusually well selected for an old Colonial house. Instead of the
+customary meaningless scroll and meander pattern in the grills, a simple
+square lattice has been used, which preserves the spirit of other days
+admirably.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h3>NAWN FARM</h3>
+
+<p>City people are prone to think that the country is agreeable only during
+the summer months, and that winters spent there are unpleasant and
+dreary. This notion is fast being dispelled, as country houses are kept
+open longer and longer each year, and the pleasures of country week-ends
+during the entire winter are definitely proven. There is in reality no
+more delightful place to spend the long winter months than in the heart
+of a beautiful country. A never-ending round of interests astonishes one
+who has never tried it before. Each month brings a fresh phase, and it
+is hard to determine whether the country is at its best during the
+summer or winter season.</p>
+
+<p>There is a fascination indescribable in watching the fall of snow, the
+settling of flakes on the bare limbs, the transition from brown to
+diamond-covered branches that glisten with every motion and are often
+decorated with long icicles reflecting all the prismatic colors. If you
+have never seen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> this side of country life, you will find it a wonderful
+world, where it is intensely interesting to study the seasons in turn,
+note the coming and going of birds, look for the early and late flowers,
+watch the melting of snows and the swelling of buds in the warm spring
+suns.</p>
+
+<p>More active pleasures, too, await the adventurer in the winter country.
+There are so many sports to be enjoyed that one does not wonder the
+youth delights to come here for skating, snow-shoeing, or toboganning.
+What is more delightful than a sleighing party, whose destination is a
+remodeled farmhouse not too many miles from the city? Start the cheery
+fire in the huge fireplace, pile on the six-foot logs, draw your chairs
+nearer while you forget the outside world, and feel a glow of delight
+that you, too, have joined the throng who know the thrill of country
+life.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing to do when contemplating an all-the-year-round country
+home is to look for a house in the right location. In selecting it the
+problem of heating must be thought of in a different way than as that
+for merely summer use. Then fireplaces will amply suffice for the few
+cool days and chilly evenings, and no better method could be desired.
+But for the real cold of winter,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> whether for continued use or the
+occasional week-end, more complete heating will need to be provided.</p>
+
+<p>The cheapest and simplest way is undoubtedly by stoves which can be
+attached to the fireplace flues. But this necessitates closing up the
+fireplace and depriving family and guests of all the joys of the blazing
+logs which never seem more cheerful and hospitable than in the bitterest
+weather. If the house is to be used mainly for week-end parties, stoves
+have another serious drawback. They must be kept oiled when not in use,
+to prevent their rusting, and it takes nearly two days after the fire is
+lighted to burn the oil off. Then, when closing up the house again, the
+stove must be re-oiled, and this necessitates putting the fire out and
+waiting in the cold house until the metal is sufficiently cool to apply
+the treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The most adequate method is by hot water or steam, and for a large
+country house these are really the only practical ways. The expense
+involved will depend upon the structure of the house. In a brick or
+stone building, it will cost a good deal to have the pipes built into
+the wall. Sometimes conditions will allow them to be carried<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> up in a
+closet or partition. In a frame house that has been built with deep
+window jambs, as was so often done in the olden times, the pipes can be
+hidden within this furred framework. The great objection to steam or
+hot-water systems in old houses, however, is the presence of the
+radiator, which never can be made to harmonize thoroughly with the
+spirit of the old building. When it is used, some attempt must be made
+to disguise it. If it can be made long and low and placed in front of a
+window, it can be treated as a window-seat with a metal grill in front.
+For houses of the later Georgian period, grills can be found whose
+designs are not at all out of keeping with the other classical details.
+Sometimes a radiator can be placed entirely within the furred partition,
+and the heat admitted into the room through paneled doors which are
+thrown open when it is in use.</p>
+
+<p>For small houses, the hot-air system is perhaps the most desirable. The
+registers are inconspicuous and bring no jarring note into the old-time
+atmosphere. The pipes require considerable overhead room in the cellar,
+which sometimes becomes a hard problem in the low foundations of old
+houses. The fact that it is difficult to drive the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> hot air against
+the wind raises a second objection, but if the furnace is placed in the
+corner of the house from which the cold winds blow, or even a second
+furnace is installed, the trouble will be largely overcome. And there is
+the great advantage, especially for a week-end house, that it can be
+started up or left at a moment's notice without trouble from water in
+the pipes or danger of freezing as in the hot-water systems.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever the method decided upon, it is an interesting work from start
+to finish. One feels a thrill of adventure in evoking from the home of
+past generations one for twentieth-century living with all the comforts
+and appliances necessary. But to transform an old building that has
+never even been intended for living purposes into a residence that is
+not only comfortable and suited to the owner's needs but an
+architectural success as well, is a still more fascinating problem. How
+Messrs. Killam and Hopkins have accomplished this with an old barn at
+Dover and kept the distinctive simplicity and atmosphere of the original
+building is worthy of emulation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_036" id="ILL_036"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_036.jpg" width="600" height="420" alt="Nawn Farm&mdash;Front View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Nawn Farm&mdash;Front View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When Mrs. Genevieve Fuller bought the Nawn Farm some three years ago, it
+was her intention to alter the farmhouse then on the property.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> Its
+location, however, was not entirely favorable; the house was on sloping
+ground in somewhat of a hollow and too near the public road. Besides
+this, the rooms were small and very much out of repair. On the crest of
+the hill was the barn, occupying a commanding position and framed in
+splendid old trees. The structure was found to be so stanch that it was
+decided to tear down the old house and convert the barn into the
+residence.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_037" id="ILL_037"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_037.jpg" width="600" height="398" alt="Rear View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Rear View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The foundations were left unchanged, and an ell on the north side was
+added for the service portion of the building. The supports and interior
+divisions are all virtually unaltered. The living and dining rooms
+occupy the positions of the former mows, and the hall connecting them is
+the old passage for the wagons. Most of the original studding has been
+used as it stood, and the beams incased or hidden in the finish of the
+walls. The roof was flattened on the top, and the gables cut off, but
+the slope was unaltered. Wider eaves were added at a slightly different
+pitch, softening the lines of the roof.</p>
+
+<p>Doors and windows were, of course, cut anew to conform with the
+different usage of the building. Their position was necessarily
+determined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> somewhat by the existing supports, but they have been very
+happily placed, whether in groups or singly. Those of the sleeping rooms
+on the second floor are especially well handled; they are wide and
+raised well up under the overhanging roof, so that they carry out the
+broad low lines of the architecture. The openings of the
+sleeping-porches have been treated exactly as windows, their size
+corresponding with the apparent dimensions of the windows, and their
+locations determined by the same factors. They become at once an
+integral part of the structure instead of the unsightly excrescence
+which the presence of a sleeping-porch so often proves.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_038" id="ILL_038"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_038.jpg" width="600" height="462" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the first floor, the living-room occupies the entire eastern end,
+having exposures on three sides. This has been attractively finished in
+gum wood stained a dark brown, and the warm tones of natural colored
+grass-cloth tone the walls. An interesting treatment has been accorded
+the fireplace by flanking it on either side with a nook, the outer walls
+of which cleverly conceal parts of the old structure. In each of the
+recesses is a small window above the paneling and window-seat. The
+furnishings of the room are appropriately simple and invitingly
+comfortable, suggesting old-fashioned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> things adapted for modern uses.
+Especial interest is attached to the fireplace fittings; they are of
+hand-forged iron, wrought by the village blacksmith after designs of the
+owner. The andirons were made from the tires of old cart wheels,
+flattened and bent into shape and curled over at the top. The wood-box
+is of flat strips of iron interlaced.</p>
+
+<p>From one wing of the hall ascend stairs which are the faithful
+reproduction of an old Colonial design. The other part of the hall,
+across the southern front, is so broad and cheerful with two big windows
+and two glass doors opening on to the sunny loggia that it has been
+furnished with a davenport, tables, and chairs almost as a second
+living-room. The woodwork is North Carolina pine stained brown, and the
+walls are gray.</p>
+
+<p>The billiard-room back of this hall, with its attractive alcove and
+fireplace, is finished in fumed oak, and the walls are also gray.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_039" id="ILL_039"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_039.jpg" width="600" height="458" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_040.jpg" width="600" height="446" alt="Two Views of the Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two Views of the Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Perhaps the distinction of being the most attractive room in the house
+can be accorded the dining-room with its Colonial white woodwork. The
+fireplace and the china closet, balanced on the other side by the door
+into the pantry, are of excellent proportions and charming detail. The
+mullioned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> panes of the china closet and the treatment of the moldings
+about the frame are especially interesting. On the opposite side of the
+room a group of three windows provides opportunity for an unusually
+delightful feature in the long window-box, built by the village
+carpenter. Its simple, sturdy lines are worthy of notice. The walls are
+papered in a deep cream, and the greatest simplicity maintained in the
+furniture and draperies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 452px;"><a name="ILL_041" id="ILL_041"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_041.jpg" width="452" height="600" alt="The China Closet in the Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The China Closet in the Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The service portion is well arranged both for convenience of labor and
+comfort of the domestics. The basement laundry leads directly into a
+large drying yard which was the original enclosure for the cows and is
+surrounded by the same wall of field stone.</p>
+
+<p>Up-stairs the rooms might be said to be divided into three suites, which
+can be practically shut off from each other: each has its own bath and
+sleeping-porch. In the group over the living-room there has been an
+ingenious solution of the structural conditions. The division of the
+rooms made possible by the old supports permitted a dressing-room to be
+placed conveniently between the two chambers, but the fireplace added in
+the living-room was directly below, so that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> chimney would naturally
+cut off the outside wall. It would have been possible to construct a
+large fireplace in the dressing-room and allow the light to come through
+the chambers, but the architects evolved another scheme. The chimney was
+carried up on one side, providing a fireplace for one of the chambers,
+and a second chimney was built in the opposite corner of the
+dressing-room. In the space between, a window was cut, and the two flues
+joined directly over the window. From the outside of the building this
+gives a most unusual effect as there is a chimney directly over a
+window, having no apparent support, or even purpose. The lines of the
+pyramidal base conform to the slope of the roof.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h3>BOULDER FARM</h3>
+
+<p>The remodeling of an old farmhouse is apparently a simple matter; it
+would at first seem necessary only to preserve the main lines and
+characteristics of the original in the alterations that are required to
+meet the conditions of modern life. But when one realizes that the less
+conspicuous details are also important, in order to maintain the
+essential harmony of the whole, it becomes a more intricate proposition.
+One cannot merely study the details already on the building and
+slavishly copy them for the new parts, because frequently it will be
+found that doors or windows or shutters have been added by more recent
+owners and are not really in keeping with the old structure at all. In
+order to reclaim the house, then, so that it shall have a consistent
+unity throughout, one must have some understanding of the evolution of
+these details.</p>
+
+<p>There is no more significant element in these old Colonial houses than
+the front door. It was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> placed in the center of the front wall and
+formed the unit of the exterior design. The very early doors were of
+heavy oak boards placed vertically and fastened together with horizontal
+strips. These batten doors, as they were called, were made very sturdy
+and strong, in order to resist attacks from Indians or other marauders.
+Often they were marked with an awl into diamond and lozenge patterns and
+sometimes studded with hand-wrought nails. Not for a good many years did
+the panel door come into use. At first it was a flat panel, flush with
+the sides of the door and separated from the sides and top only by a
+small bead molding. This was soon developed into the flat sunken panel,
+meeting the surrounding wood with several moldings; and then the panels
+were beveled and raised in the center, and the moldings gradually became
+more elaborate and delicate in outline. The early doors were solid for
+purposes of protection, but as the country became more settled, thick
+bull's-eye glass was inserted into the top horizontal panel to let light
+into the hall. As the interior plan was changed in its evolution, the
+hall became larger, and these bull's-eyes did not provide sufficient
+light, so the transom was introduced over the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> door. For some time a
+simple top light was used, divided by lead and then wooden muntins. Then
+side lights were introduced, and the treatment became more elaborate in
+the beautiful styles of the later Georgian period.</p>
+
+<p>The frame about the door was at first of flat, undecorated boards, the
+upper one resting on the two at the sides. Then these were molded and
+mitered at the corners, and later a cap of heavier moldings was put
+across the top. This hood became more and more prominent and required
+the use of definite support. Console brackets were sometimes used but
+more frequently flat pilasters set against the wall. These gradually
+became more important, developing into the three-quarter round and
+finally the isolated column. The pediment and cornice were then extended
+into the open porch that is one of the splendid features of the Georgian
+style. Here in cornice and capital was a field for the development of
+all the most delicate and beautiful motives of classic carving.</p>
+
+<p>As this door and porch was the center of the design of the exterior, the
+windows were grouped symmetrically about it, the same on each side.
+There were few of them at first, and they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> of rather small size.
+Casement windows were the earliest kind used, and the small, diamond
+panes were sunk in lead, as were those made in the mother country. It is
+probable that most of these windows were brought over from England and
+not constructed here. After 1700, the sliding sash was introduced,
+dividing the windows horizontally, and these had wooden muntins. It must
+have been considered a more elegant type of window, for it was used in
+the front of the house for a long time, while the leaded casement was
+still put in rear windows for many years. The early wooden muntins were
+quite heavy but later became nearly as delicate as the leaden ones. They
+divided the sash horizontally and vertically into squares.</p>
+
+<p>The window casings, like the door frames, were at first entirely plain
+and then had a heavier band across the top which developed into a molded
+cap or cornice, as at the entrance. When sliding sashes were introduced,
+the walls of the houses were not thick enough to contain them, so the
+frames and the sashes were built on to the outside, frequently
+projecting quite a distance. The necessity for constructing them in this
+way led to the deep jambs and sills which are such a charming
+characteristic of the Colonial style.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Shutters were used on the outside of the house as a means of protection
+from the Indians, when the country was being settled, and these were
+made of heavy, battened wood three or four inches thick, like the doors.
+Subsequently a small diamond was cut in the top to admit some light when
+the shutter was closed. Then a shutter with a solid upper and lower
+panel was used, and finally these panels were replaced with slats.</p>
+
+<p>There was one other part of the exterior which developed interesting
+characteristics to be observed in the remodeling: that is, the cornice
+of the roof. This was merely the overhang in the early buildings and
+sometimes consisted of the framing beam actually exposed. In the
+Georgian houses, this was boxed and later elaborated with splendid
+carvings that deserve perpetuation in more lasting material than wood.
+There was no gutter for rain-water, and the drip from the eaves was
+caught on flagstones on the ground at the corners of the house. This
+detail, although not needed with modern gutters and rain pipes, gives a
+charming old-time touch when retained in the remodeled home.</p>
+
+<p>It is by attention to such seemingly insignificant points that the
+atmosphere of the original<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> buildings has been consistently retained in
+so many cases. An excellent instance of how this has been done may be
+seen in a late Georgian type of farmhouse that stands somewhat back from
+the old Londonderry turnpike on an estate at Hopkinton, New Hampshire.
+Although it is not very old, having been built in 1820, it is typical of
+the better class of simple home in the early days of the Republic.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_042" id="ILL_042"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_042.jpg" width="600" height="446" alt="Boulder Farm&mdash;Front View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Boulder Farm&mdash;Front View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The history of the building of this old house is rather interesting. In
+the days when lotteries were still in flourishing condition, and some of
+the best men in the community were interesting themselves in the various
+schemes, a member of one of the churches induced Deacon Philip Brown's
+hired man to purchase a ticket for a paltry sum. Repenting his
+investment, he afterwards sold it to his employer, who was a clever
+silversmith and clock-maker, much respected and well known in the
+community through his yearly rounds about Hopkinton to repair the clocks
+of the farmers. The ticket proved to be the winning one, that drew a
+great prize. With part of this money, Deacon Brown purchased the old
+"Boulder Farm," as it was called from a great rock that still stands in
+an open field just south of the house.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> Here he erected the Georgian
+farmhouse that is standing to-day. The rest of the money, so the legend
+runs, he buried somewhere in the field, but he probably removed it
+later, as it has never been found.</p>
+
+<p>He placed the house on rising land, a short distance from the broad
+highway, built in the same year and for a long time the straight
+thoroughfare from Londonderry to Concord and Boston. Deacon Brown lived
+on the estate until 1846, with the exception of the year 1830, when it
+was occupied by Governor Matthew Harvey of New Hampshire. The property,
+placed on the market, then fell into the hands of a man named Kelly,
+brother-in-law to Grace Fletcher, the first wife of Daniel Webster.
+During his life, the great American statesman often visited there. What
+happened during the period between this occupancy and the time of its
+purchase by Mr. Harry Dudley of Concord, New Hampshire, is not recorded,
+but we can be confident that the house had careful treatment from its
+state of preservation.</p>
+
+<p>It was while Mr. Dudley was looking around for a home with ample
+grounds, and near enough to his business to allow him to go back and
+forth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> every day, that he discovered this historic place. Its
+attractiveness and the healthfulness of the surroundings appealed to
+him. Very little was needed to bring the house back to good condition
+and make it habitable. The land was attractive and could be improved. In
+front of the house was a wide stretch of meadow that was easily terraced
+to meet the boundary line. To the many old trees shading the house and
+lawn were added young trees to replace some of the ancient ones that
+were dying.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 462px;"><a name="ILL_043" id="ILL_043"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_043.jpg" width="462" height="600" alt="The Front Doorway" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Front Doorway</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although the house was a model type of the architecture of its day, and
+there had been abundant room for the old-time residents, modern ways of
+living demanded additional space. A long ell, built at the rear for the
+service department, and a wide veranda in dignified Colonial style along
+one side were the two main exterior alterations. The appearance of the
+windows was changed by putting in larger panes in order to admit more
+light, but they were still in keeping with the old-time atmosphere. The
+reshingling and repainting of the house and the addition of the
+trellises at one side completed the exterior improvements. The splendid
+front entrance porch with its graceful fanlight, Doric columns,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> and
+straight cornice, and the equally interesting though less imposing side
+porch were left practically unchanged. The old blinds were restored, to
+give the stately, old-time atmosphere to the mansion.</p>
+
+<p>The new veranda is wide and extends along the whole side of the house.
+Its flat roof rests on coupled Doric columns that carry out the
+classical Georgian detail of the entrance porch; the second story is
+finished with a simple balustrade, in keeping with the fine simplicity
+of the main lines. During the summer months this broad piazza is a
+delightful out-of-door living-room, from which there is a splendid view
+over the green country; and one can, in imagination, picture the old
+stage-coaches of former days lumbering by on the highroad. The upper
+part of the veranda opening from the chambers on that side of the house
+is used as a sleeping-porch.</p>
+
+<p>The path that leads to the main entrance passes through a wicket gate
+and ascends the terrace over stone steps to the granite block before the
+door. The pleasant formality of this porch is accentuated by two
+close-clipped bay trees, one on either side of the step.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 461px;"><a name="ILL_044" id="ILL_044"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_044.jpg" width="461" height="600" alt="The Hall" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Hall</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This door opens directly into the hall and faces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> the long, straight
+flight of stairs which reaches the second floor without a turn. The
+woodwork of these stairs is particularly nice in proportion and line;
+and the carving under the ends of the steps, in a simple but beautiful
+scroll design, is most interesting. The hand-rail is mahogany, and the
+molding which follows it on the wall side above the wainscoting is also
+mahogany.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_045" id="ILL_045"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_045.jpg" width="600" height="461" alt="The Parlor" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Parlor</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the parlor at the left no innovation has been introduced, and it
+remains almost as when the house was built. There we find the old white
+wainscoting unpaneled, with a fine carved molding defining the top. The
+windows, recessed in the Colonial style, retain their original inside
+shutters that are still used. It is unusual to find these to-day, for in
+remodeling houses the shutters are almost always removed in favor of
+more modern conveniences. Shutters were formerly used as we now employ
+curtains, to be closed at night-fall or to shut out light and cold. The
+fireplace in this room is a fine example of Colonial work. It shows a
+central medallion of a plentifully filled fruit basket and wheat sheaves
+over the fluted side columns; the edge of the mantel shelf has an
+unusual ball and string ornamentation finely carved. The wall-paper
+dates back to the time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> of the fireplace. It shows a Grecian pastoral
+design in shades of brown, yellow, and old rose and was hand-printed
+from blocks made in England. Through all these years it has retained its
+brightness, escaping the hands of time, and lends a charming and quaint
+atmosphere to this room. All of the movable furnishings are equally well
+in keeping; the slat-back chairs and tables conform to the spirit of the
+period, as does the fine old Empire mirror, resting on its rosettes.</p>
+
+<p>On the opposite side of the hall from the parlor is the living-room.
+This is similar in character, with a fireplace only slightly less
+interesting. It has the same old white wainscoting, but the upper walls
+have been covered with a modern foliage paper which, strangely enough,
+blends harmoniously with the setting of the room. It is furnished with
+eighteenth-century pieces corresponding to those in the other parts of
+the house.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_046" id="ILL_046"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_046.jpg" width="600" height="450" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_047.jpg" width="600" height="461" alt="Two Views of the Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two Views of the Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the end of the hall is the dining-room, reached through an open arch.
+The old wall and door here were cut away in the remodeling to produce an
+impression of spaciousness and give a vista from the entrance clear
+through the house and into the garden at the rear. The arch was added to
+finish the opening, but it conforms carefully<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> to the details found in
+the architecture of that day. This room was originally divided, and one
+part used as a kitchen, but the partition was removed and the two thrown
+into one, making a long dining-room which occupies the greater part of
+the rear of the house. At the end, the old single window was enlarged,
+and two smaller ones cut through on either side to make a delightful
+sunny group which adds materially to the charm of the room. In the
+fireplace, which was the original old kitchen one, used for cooking and
+baking, the brick oven was removed to admit the introduction of a door
+opening into the living-room. Otherwise it was left unchanged, and the
+white painted woodwork about it, although simple and unpretentious, is
+beautifully proportioned. The old flint-lock and warming-pan which hang
+there pleasantly emphasize the Colonial idea. The wall-paper is a
+reproduction of a Colonial block pattern in soft shades of gray and
+green. The floors in this room, as all over the house, are covered with
+matting laid over the original boards, which were found to be in too bad
+a condition to restore; entirely new ones would have been necessitated
+had bare, polished floors been demanded.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_048" id="ILL_048"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_048.jpg" width="600" height="460" alt="The Den" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Den</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the end of the dining-room, opposite the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> triple window, a door leads
+into a small room which is used as a den. This retains the old fireplace
+opening from the same chimney and directly back of that in the parlor.
+The walls have been papered in a plain green and are sparingly decorated
+with sporting prints and trophies suggestive of the hunt and the
+master's particular domain. Doors lead from this room not only into the
+dining-room, but to the parlor and the veranda at the side.</p>
+
+<p>The ell of the house, opening from the dining-room, is devoted to
+butler's pantry, kitchen, servants' dining-room, and servants' chambers
+on the second floor.</p>
+
+<p>The upper story of the main part of the house has been kept almost as
+when it was built, and the large square chambers are well-lighted and
+airy. The open fireplaces and the Colonial furniture, four-posters and
+highboys and chests, give to the rooms a delightfully old-fashioned
+atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>The whole house is a fine example of late Georgian architecture,
+preserved in all its interesting detail.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h3>THREE ACRES</h3>
+
+<p>Few people realize how much thought should be put into the remodeling of
+a farmhouse, and many fail to keep the simple country atmosphere; they
+endeavor to establish in suburban surroundings a home that is better
+suited to city life. A house reclaimed in this way is necessarily a
+misfit and must always seem inharmonious in its setting. It never
+carries out the idea for which we are striving: that a house should be
+typical of the life of the people who live in it. It should express
+individuality, be a house to live in, to grow in, to become identified
+with your life; this is a most important fact that cannot be too
+carefully observed, and it becomes all the more essential if the home is
+to be an all-the-year-round one and not merely a summer residence where
+but a few months are passed.</p>
+
+<p>To-day it is a far more difficult matter to select an old farmhouse of
+sufficient distinction to remodel than it was even ten years ago. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+most desirable ones have already been bought, since the pleasures of
+living in the country have been realized by so many former dwellers in
+the city. There are many personal matters to be thought of in the
+selection of a house for remodeling; one must consider his individual
+needs in its relation to his daily pursuits. The business man must
+select a house near enough to the city to allow traveling back and forth
+every day; but the man whose occupation does not require city life
+during the time he wishes to be in the country can establish himself
+wherever he chooses. There is no doubt that the latter is able to find a
+far better farmhouse, for he can go farther away, where the best types
+have not been reclaimed, owing to their distances from the large cities.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be taken for granted that a person has a definite purpose when
+he leaves the city for a country existence, and it is necessary that he
+educate himself to the point where he makes his ideas practical. This
+cannot be done without study beforehand. In making a house suit
+individual requirements, one must follow along its own lines. Do not
+attempt to transplant into it features from some other house you admire.
+An Elizabethan gable or a craftsman living-room<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> may have been very
+interesting in the friends' houses in which you saw them, but they would
+be quite out of place thrust into a Colonial farmhouse. If you have a
+real need for the features that you find in some other house, you should
+adapt them to the spirit of the building you are remodeling.</p>
+
+<p>If it cannot be made to harmonize with the other motives, it is possible
+that you are attempting to make a home out of a building that is not
+suited to your style of life. But it is because these Colonial
+farmhouses meet the requirements of the average American families so
+adequately that they are so interesting to remodel. Each house owner
+must decide for himself what is the main element in his existence and
+reclaim the house accordingly. In one family, the interests will be
+entirely domestic; another household will live in the open, occupied
+with sports; another devotes much time to music; and there are still
+others who are absorbed in some special craft or work that will require
+definite accommodations. In many cases the house can readily be adapted
+to these particular requirements without any essential change in its
+atmosphere. The success that is achieved by working with these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> old-time
+elements is due to their sincerity and honesty in solving the problems
+of their own day and age; they are the results of actual and real
+experience, and we know no better ways to meet the same conditions. So
+that when we have the same problems confronting us, we cannot do better
+than accept the successful results of others' experiments.</p>
+
+<p>This does not mean a slavish copying of the old in restoration; to
+simply imitate old elements would be neither interesting nor
+commendable, except for the purposes of a museum. Each style is based
+upon some fundamental principle, and it should be our aim to work with
+the underlying idea of creating that which will best meet our special
+needs, not merely to reproduce the old in imitation of itself.</p>
+
+<p>Nature lends itself to the remodeling and suggests many ideas that help
+to identify the house with the personality of its owner. Everything
+attempted in the way of improvements can be broad and expansive and not
+congested, as would be necessary in the city. You should in every
+particular make the house grow to fit the surroundings and do it in such
+a way that it will seem to have been so always. Often the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> house has to
+be moved on its foundations to meet this need, but that is not a
+difficult matter to accomplish, if the timbers are stanch and the
+underpinning steady.</p>
+
+<p>If the owner's ideas are carried out, the house in its finished
+condition will be but an expression of his taste and understanding. In
+it we will be able to read his likes and dislikes. Unity should be the
+keynote of it all and should permeate not only the house itself in all
+its details, but its gardens, lawns, stables, and every aspect of the
+estate.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 438px;"><a name="ILL_049" id="ILL_049"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_049.jpg" width="438" height="600" alt="Three Acres, from the Main Road" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Three Acres, from the Main Road</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is a house that has been given rare individuality in this way at
+Duxbury, Massachusetts. As one drives along the picturesque country
+road, he comes to a winding lane that leads by graceful turns to a
+little brown farmhouse situated on the crest of a hill about three
+hundred yards from the main road. If the farmhouse alone is attractive,
+how much more so is it made by the entrance, for on either side are
+graceful elms that form an archway, disclosing the house beyond like a
+picture set in a rustic frame. On either side of the roadway one finds
+meadow lands and flower and vegetable gardens, everywhere dotted with
+graceful trees and the picturesque sumach. Vines clamber<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> over the stone
+walls, partly hiding their roughness and giving their homelike
+atmosphere to the grounds. There are just three acres in this little
+property, bounded on two sides by delightful woodlands and on the others
+by rolling farmland and pastures; but there is room in even these small
+confines for a garden to supply the table all the year round and a bit
+of orchard where the gnarled old apple-trees are still fruitful.</p>
+
+<p>Originally the old farmhouse was in a most unprepossessing condition. It
+had been inhabited for many years by farmer folk who took little pains
+with its appearance either without or within. When Mrs. Josephine
+Hartwell Shaw, of Boston, was searching for a country seat where she
+could pursue her occupation away from the bustle of city life and
+unmolested by chance guests, she was attracted first of all to the quiet
+little town by the name of Duxbury. As she looked about for a suitable
+house, she was charmed with the location of this weather-beaten old
+building, and closer examination proved it well worth reclaiming, both
+from an artist's point of view and from that of her own individual
+requirements.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_050" id="ILL_050"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_050.jpg" width="600" height="405" alt="Three Acres&mdash;Front View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Three Acres&mdash;Front View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Like many of the farmhouses in eastern Massachusetts, it had that
+peculiar beauty which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> consisted largely in its simple and
+straightforward solution of the problems at hand. It was not the
+creation of a master architect but of ordinary builders and craftsmen
+following the traditions of their fathers, varied by the restrictions of
+local material and newer requirements. It is this rugged and sturdy
+simplicity that gives to it an enduring charm; it was the very lack of a
+set style that gave to the remodeling of it an unfailing zest, increased
+by the very difficulty of the experiment that might result in a woeful
+failure or a great success. In dealing with houses such as this, it is
+impossible for the architect to rely on any formula or book of rules to
+direct him in a correct restoration. It requires a much deeper study and
+an understanding of the problems that confronted the builder in erecting
+the structure and the conditions under which he worked. It is then that
+the spirit of the old house will be manifest, and its adaptation to
+modern requirements will be but the thought of former years revised to
+meet present needs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_051" id="ILL_051"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_051.jpg" width="600" height="413" alt="Three Acres&mdash;Side View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Three Acres&mdash;Side View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are few buildings that can claim a more sympathetic handling in
+their restoration than this early, pre-Georgian farmhouse, which is
+called Three Acres. The excellent line of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> wide, gabled roof,
+broken by a succession of outbuildings, forms an unusually attractive
+picture, with the weather-stained shingles softened against a background
+of oak and pine trees. The house now faces away from the main road and
+fronts upon a wooded slope that falls sharply down to the shores of a
+picturesque little pond. This is partly hidden by dense woods that form
+a background and a windbreak for the house. Formerly the public road
+went along here within a few yards of the front of the house, but it has
+been abandoned for the broader highway in the rear, and only the vaguest
+traces of it remain to-day.</p>
+
+<p>The building was a two-story, shingled structure with an uncompromising
+squareness about it. The wide, gable roof sloped down to the stud of the
+first floor, giving but little room in the chambers above. It was of the
+central chimney type. In the rear, a small, gable-roofed ell had been
+added, and later still a flat-roofed shed at right angles to the ell, or
+parallel to the main house, was built. In still a third addition, a well
+was incorporated in the rear, under a continuation of the roof of the
+shed, and another small outhouse in an extension to the side. This
+seeming conglomeration of roofs in reality made a rather interesting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+and graceful play of line that lifted the little house from
+commonplaceness.</p>
+
+<p>It was found to be in such good condition on the exterior that little
+repairing was needed, but several alterations were made, adding both to
+the character of the building and the comfort of the occupants. The
+original front door opened very abruptly upon the stairs, leaving only
+enough hall space to open the door. This was remedied by the addition of
+a small, flat-roofed bay at the front, increasing the space in the hall
+by just that much. The old door with its bull's-eyes was used in the new
+position. The step before it was protected under the same roof,
+supported on two, small, square posts and a trellis at the sides, giving
+somewhat the effect of an old-time Colonial porch and serving not only
+the material purpose of adding room to the interior but of relieving the
+abrupt and uninteresting severity of the front lines. In the second
+story, unusually successful dormers were cut in both the back and front
+pitch of the roof. The plan of these dormers deserves especial study, as
+each group is in reality composed of three separate dormers, enlarging
+three rooms in the interior, but confined under the one flat roof. Note,
+too, how each end of the dormer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> extends beyond the middle portion, and
+how the shape of the windows accents the design.</p>
+
+<p>A new entrance was cut at the side toward the lane, and a screened
+veranda added, with a flat roof corresponding to that at the front.
+Several new windows were made necessary by the rearrangements in the
+interior, but they were placed with careful regard to the exterior
+proportion and balance. The glass used in the old windows when the house
+was bought was all the full size of the sashes, doubtless having been
+put there by some recent owner and seeming quite out of harmony with the
+details of the house; consequently they were replaced with small panes,
+twenty-four to a window, and the new windows were all of the casement
+type.</p>
+
+<p>The interior of the house with its ugly paint and paper, presented a
+rather hopeless appearance, that only a vivid imagination and an
+unwavering enthusiasm could have transformed into the attractive home
+that it is to-day. Beginning at the front, the cramped little hall was
+enlarged as has already been explained. This made a trifle more stair
+room, and the first seven steps reaching to the little landing were
+rebuilt with lower risers and broader treads that made ascent to the
+second floor a less arduous matter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the left of the hall was the living-room, on the right a bedroom, and
+in the rear of the house the room originally designed for the kitchen;
+in each of these was a fireplace opening out of the one central chimney.</p>
+
+<p>The first step in the restoration consisted of tearing off the many
+layers of hideous wall-paper, removing the plaster where it was
+crumbling, and scraping the woodwork free from its dingy paint. In these
+operations a number of unexpected discoveries were made concerning the
+fine old paneling and great, hand-hewn beams that had been entirely
+covered up.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 448px;"><a name="ILL_052" id="ILL_052"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_052.jpg" width="448" height="600" alt="A Corner of the Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">A Corner of the Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The only change made in the plan of this floor was in the corner beyond
+the living-room and at the end of the kitchen. This was originally
+divided into a tiny chamber opening from the living-room, and a pantry
+off the kitchen. These were thrown into one, and the openings to
+living-room and kitchen enlarged. The former bedroom window was changed
+to a door leading on to the screened veranda, and an attractive group of
+three casement windows replaced the one in the rear wall, overlooking
+the charming vista of winding lane and old apple-trees and meadows
+beyond. This little apartment has been treated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> as a sort of anteroom
+or really a wing of the living-room, and wall finish, paint, and
+furnishings all harmonize.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_053" id="ILL_053"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_053.jpg" width="600" height="435" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the living-room the fireplace holds the center of attention. It is
+faced with queer old Spanish tiles inserted at intervals in plain
+cement, the rich colorings of which give a quaintly exotic air to the
+fine white woodwork. The moldings about the frame and over the mantel
+are unusually fine for this type of house; the support of the heavy
+mantel shelf and the carved dentils in the ceiling cornice are
+especially interesting. At the right of the fireplace is a cupboard with
+an upper and lower door, in the old-time fashion; the upper one has
+small, square, mullioned panes of glass which disclose some attractive
+pieces of old china and silver.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_054" id="ILL_054"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_054.jpg" width="600" height="439" alt="The Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the kitchen, which was turned into the dining-room, the old fireplace
+had been bricked up to receive a stovepipe, and the woodwork had been
+plastered over and papered. The fireplace was opened up to its original
+size, large enough to accommodate a six-foot log, and in refacing it,
+the old, blackened, fire-burned bricks were used with delightful effect.
+The paneling about it is very simple, but the proportions are
+interesting, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> the quaint, double-panel cupboards on each side lend
+the whole an insistent charm. The two, great, hand-hewn beams in the
+ceiling have been left exposed, and the fact that they have settled a
+little on their supports, sagging toward one end, only adds to the
+effect, just as the unevenness of a hand-drawn line is more beautiful
+than the accuracy of one ruled.</p>
+
+<p>These three rooms opening so closely into each other have been treated
+so that there is a harmonious and striking vista from every point. The
+walls are covered with a soft, creamy gray, and the hangings of Russian
+crash are of the same tone. The color is supplied in fireplaces, rugs,
+books, pictures, and such ornaments. In the dining-room, there has been
+a slight accent of blue and rose in rug and table runner and
+candle-shades. In the living-room the deep green of the upholstery
+carries the strongest note. The characteristically old-time furniture,
+with a pleasant mingling of Dutch and English and American motifs of the
+eighteenth century, has been arranged with studied care to preserve the
+possibilities of the open vistas from room to room.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance hall completes a delightful picture from the living-room;
+the soft gray colors of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> lovely Japanese paper blend strikingly with
+tiny curtains of a wonderfully fresh old blue at the casement windows.
+The rag carpet carries this same blue up the white stairs to the second
+floor.</p>
+
+<p>The rooms on the right of the lower hallway have been kept nearly in
+their original state with the addition of fresh paint and attractive
+papers. They form a small suite of a study and bedroom, seeming quite
+apart from the rest of the house.</p>
+
+<p>On the second floor, a refreshing simplicity has been observed in the
+bedrooms. The dormers that have been cut in the roof add not only to
+their comfort but provide charming little bays and alcoves, giving
+unexpected opportunities for interesting furnishings. Quaint, old-time
+papers and hangings and coverlets on the four-poster beds, matched in
+rugs and cushions and candle-shades, contrast gaily with the spotless
+white paint. Considerable ingenuity has been necessary in planning this
+floor, as the original rooms were so tiny and space so very limited
+under the long slopes of the roof. The dormers gave the much needed
+increase in the size of the chambers, and part of the rear one was
+converted into the bathroom.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the ell and shed at the rear of the house, perhaps the most
+interesting feature of all is situated. A step lower than the
+dining-room and reached through swinging French doors of glass, is the
+little kitchen which has been fitted up in a most compact way. An
+additional window has been cut at the side to provide both light and
+air, and an outside door gives access to the small court on the far side
+of the house between the main building and the rear shed. This has been
+turned into a miniature old-fashioned garden, where it is pleasant to
+sit among the flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Back of the kitchen is the laundry and an old well, which has been
+drained and is now used as a cooling cellar, and the wire basket
+containing meats and milk and butter is drawn up and down on the old
+crank. Beyond this, the old wood and coal shed has been transformed into
+the studio. Here Mrs. Shaw designs all her beautiful jewelry work at the
+long work-table across the rear under the four long windows. Opening
+from it is a tiny little apartment used as an office, and here at a
+quaint desk, the designs for the metal work are sketched out, and the
+correspondence connected with the business end transacted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the adaptation of the outbuildings to the special and unusual
+requirements of the owner, an excellent example is given to others who
+have individual hobbies such as this to accommodate. But throughout the
+building the needs and the personality of the owner have been as
+carefully if not as ostensibly expressed. There has been no thought of
+comfort or of service sacrificed in the effort to revive the
+atmosphere of the past, but rather has that very simplicity and
+straight-forwardness been utilized to banish all that might complicate
+entire convenience. The personality of the owner has been interwoven
+into every detail, and shows nowhere more strongly than in the
+preservation of all the delightful vagaries and unevenness of hand work
+played upon and mellowed by time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h3>THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>The prospective house owner generally has little or no idea of how to go
+about designing his own home. If he chances to see some other house that
+strikes his fancy, he realizes that it approaches, at least in part,
+what he has in mind. How to accomplish his desire, however, he has no
+definite knowledge. He hesitates to call in an architect who is a
+stranger to him and knows nothing of his needs and habits and
+preferences; he fears that an attempt to combine his own ideas with
+those of the architect will result unsatisfactorily to both of them. To
+such a man as this, the remodeled farmhouse comes as a boon. From the
+old house he is able to determine what type his home will be; no matter
+how battered and worn it is to start with, he can get some impression of
+the possible room space and arrangement by studying other old interiors
+and their relation to each other. That is one of the reasons why the
+movement sweeping through the country to-day has become<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> so extensive.
+It gives a substantial foundation upon which to develop an artistic home
+under one's own supervision.</p>
+
+<p>When a man purchases a weather-beaten farmhouse, it is evident that he
+is up against a real problem in remodeling, and the task demands plenty
+of time and a wide-awake, ingenious brain. If he consults his friends
+and neighbors across the way, doubtless their opinions differ so
+materially from his own that the result is worse than if he had solved
+the questions in his own way. We all have ideals, but it is not always
+easy to express them; they need to be developed in order to be made
+practical and require thought and diligent research if they are to be
+concretely embodied in the altered home. Paper and pencil are good
+friends at this stage of the game, and even a rough sketch drawn
+carelessly on the back of an old envelope, as an idea occurs, gives
+subject matter for larger schemes and more realistic results.</p>
+
+<p>Few people who are planning to spend the summer months in a new house
+realize how much their comfort depends upon light and space. It would be
+foolish for you to buy an old farmhouse and make the rooms small and
+cramped in size. You would lose a great part of the advantage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> of coming
+to the country to live, the pleasure of being as nearly out of doors as
+possible. Most of the old houses were cut up into small rooms, for,
+owing to the limited heating facilities in olden days, large rooms would
+have been freezing in winter; accordingly one or two bedrooms were
+invariably crowded into the first floor to receive the warmth from the
+kitchen. But it is almost always possible to tear out the partitions
+between some of the rooms and make them into one large apartment which
+can be used for living purposes. This can usually be done without
+weakening the structure; the floor above will be found to rest upon a
+great beam, or a new girder can be put across.</p>
+
+<p>If the stud is low, do not change it, or you will spoil the whole
+atmosphere of the place. A low stud and large rooms are good
+developments, so try to achieve them when you are making over the house.
+Have plenty of windows; in the old days, many windows meant a cold house
+in the winter, but if the farmhouse is to be used only as a summer home,
+the cooler the better. If for a winter residence also, modern systems of
+heating will counteract the difficulty. Windows of the long French type
+are especially desirable; they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> are more adapted to the requirements of
+country life, as they admit abundant light and air and are entirely in
+keeping with the style of the farmhouse.</p>
+
+<p>The house should represent a unit; the porch should be planned so that
+it leads into the living-room, and by throwing open the windows, will
+seem to become part of a large airy room. The dining-room should either
+be part of the living-room or open conveniently near. The service
+quarters must immediately adjoin the dining-room. If there is other
+space on the floor which cannot be used to increase the comfort of the
+two main rooms, well and good; it may then be devoted to whatever
+purpose you desire. But when the removal of partitions will make a place
+more pleasant to live in, it is always wise to make such a change.</p>
+
+<p>We know that there are few of these old houses that have not been cut up
+and divided; but the conditions which made that necessary in the earlier
+days have been changed, and for a simple country house one large living
+and dining-room is far better than divisions which shut out light and
+air. Many people look at these propositions from a limited view-point
+and do not stop to consider the complete idea. We all learn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> from houses
+that we visit what is right and what is wrong to do. If we look deeper
+into the subject and go farther afield, we find it pays to carefully
+develop the plan before commencing to rebuild. The requirements of
+elaborate modes of life, liveried servants and much entertaining,
+demand, of course, many apartments; reception-room and drawing-room,
+library and den seem essential in the house plan, but for those who come
+to the country to simplify existence, these are not needed. In
+remodeling your house, let three things be uppermost in your mind:
+convenience, comfort, and light; if you follow these, you will not go
+far astray.</p>
+
+<p>Even a very small house need not be devoid of these qualities. It may be
+very tiny and yet most attractive and complete in every detail. With
+careful thought and a broad conception of the whole, it is quite
+possible to make a place where it is a pleasure to visit and where even
+the casual guest realizes the application of small and interesting
+details in making a harmonious whole.</p>
+
+<p>Do not let your mind wander from the fact that the interior is of as
+much importance, and even more, than the exterior, for it is there that
+we live much of the time during the season, and it should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> therefore be
+harmonious and in good taste. The development of one room for common
+family use, and the elimination of the shut-up parlor for company, have
+brought about an atmosphere of simplicity that goes to make a perfect
+and livable house.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_055" id="ILL_055"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_055.jpg" width="600" height="418" alt="The Robert Spencer House on Cape Cod" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Robert Spencer House on Cape Cod</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This one-room idea has been charmingly carried out in a small house that
+has been remodeled for a summer home by Mr. Robert Spencer of New York
+and South Yarmouth. It is most attractively situated, standing far back
+from the road, with a background of pine trees that give a picturesque
+touch to the little cottage. Originally it stood on the opposite side of
+the bay, on the shores of Cape Cod at South Dennis, Massachusetts. Its
+possibilities seemed to the present owner worth developing, and he had
+it "flecked" and brought over the water to its present site. This was
+not a hard task to accomplish, as the timbers were stanch and in a good
+state of preservation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="ILL_056" id="ILL_056"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_056.jpg" width="500" height="357" alt="The Robert Spencer House&mdash;Front View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Robert Spencer House&mdash;Front View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was a typical fisherman's cottage, with a wide gable roof sloping
+down to the first story and four small rooms about a central chimney. To
+meet the needs of the new owner, it required considerable enlargement. A
+two-story building<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> was added at the rear and side, meeting the main
+house only along the corner. Little attempt was made to have the two
+harmonize, for not only are the roof lines of widely different types,
+but the frame of one is of white clapboarding and of the other weathered
+shingle. At the angle where they join, the roof of the old building has
+been raised to accommodate the higher stud in the new, thus making a
+break in it near the ridge.</p>
+
+<p>Two dormers have been cut in the main roof to give extra room in the
+second floor; these are flat-roofed and well spaced, with two windows
+occupying the entire front of each. A porch has been added across the
+whole front of the house and half of it is roofed over. This breaks with
+the slope of the main roof, but follows that of the dormers. A detail
+which adds much to the appearance of the exterior is the simple,
+square-posted fence that surrounds the porch and encloses a quaint
+little garden in the square formed by the angle of the two buildings.
+This same detail has been adopted at the side of the porch roof in an
+effective way. This fence, and the clapboards and trim of the house, are
+white, and the shutters and shingles are green.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_057" id="ILL_057"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_057.jpg" width="600" height="440" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_058.jpg" width="600" height="448" alt="Two Views of the Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two Views of the Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The front door opens immediately into the living<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> and dining-room
+which occupies the whole right side of the house and opens at the rear
+on to a grassy terrace. A triple window has been cut along the side to
+allow ample light and air. Small panes are used in these windows, and
+the French doors have glass of corresponding size. The feature of this
+room is the fine old fireplace at the center of the inside wall. It is
+very simple, with slight attempt at ornamentation, but the proportions
+are good, and the lines rather unusual. Over the fireplace is an old
+cupboard that used to be called a "nightcap closet" from the hospitable
+bottle which was kept there to be passed around among the men just
+before retiring. At the left is a cupboard with upper and lower doors;
+in the panels of the former, panes of glass have been inserted. This end
+of the room has been treated as the living-room and the opposite end as
+the dining-room. The woodwork is all white, and the roughly finished
+plaster is tinted a deep cream.</p>
+
+<p>Straight stairs lead to the second story along the wall at the dining
+end of the room. Here, about the walls, a wide molding has been carried
+over doors and windows, which serves as a plate-rail for numerous
+interesting old family plates<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> and jugs. Beneath it, in several places,
+shelves have been bracketed to the wall to hold other pieces of china.
+The glass door at the end opens on to the terrace, and the paneled door
+beside it communicates with the kitchen and servants' quarters in the
+addition.</p>
+
+<p>The furnishings in this room admirably accord with the building in both
+age and simplicity. The older furniture has been supplemented with
+modern pieces of straightest and most unpretentious line and character.
+Clocks, mirrors, pictures, andirons, and fire-set are family heirlooms.
+The coverings on the floor are large and plain rag carpets; at the
+windows are simple muslin curtains, with overhangings of Colonial chintz
+in soft colors harmonizing with the cheerful and sunny atmosphere of the
+room.</p>
+
+<p>At the left of this room, occupying the other side of the house, are two
+bedrooms. One of them is the children's own room and has been furnished
+very attractively; fresh white tables and chairs harmonize with the
+older mahogany pieces and lend an air of distinctive charm to the
+apartment.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_059" id="ILL_059"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_059.jpg" width="600" height="423" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_060.jpg" width="600" height="431" alt="The Attic Chambers" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Attic Chambers</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The space up-stairs is divided into large and small rooms under the
+eaves. The slope of the roof allows room for many built-in drawers and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+closets, and every inch has been utilized. The white paint and the
+simple white furniture arranged with a care and precision that is worthy
+of emulation contribute to make the effect of these rooms light and airy
+and inviting. The Japanese cr&ecirc;pe or gay cretonne curtains at the windows
+add just the necessary touch of color.</p>
+
+<p>The lighting fixtures in the house demand especial notice, as it is so
+difficult a matter to attain a distinction in them when a house has not
+been wired but must depend upon older methods of illumination than
+electricity or gas. A number of simple candle brackets attaching to the
+wall have been purchased, and these are placed symmetrically in pairs,
+balancing each other on either side of a fireplace or mirror or window.
+The candlesticks for shelf or table have been arranged with equal
+precision, and some are given all the more importance by attractive
+hand-made shades. An occasional simple, square, candle lantern hangs
+from the ceiling to contribute to the effect. The table and reading
+lamps have been chosen with equal success.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<h3>THE DAVENPORT BROWN HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>In planning the remodeling of a farmhouse, has it ever occurred to you
+how much of the appearance of the exterior depends upon the architecture
+of verandas and porches? Not only must we give much thought to the
+alteration of the lines of the house which may be required by the
+interior plan, but we must be equally careful when it comes to the
+addition of entirely exterior features.</p>
+
+<p>Modern country life demands plenty of veranda room and, whenever
+possible, sleeping-porches. One does not go to the country to sit
+indoors, even if the windows are all thrown open. There is nothing that
+will so materially improve the health as outdoor life; tired and jaded
+nerves are soon restored by use of a sleeping-porch, where the fresh air
+can soothe and induce restful slumber. In the early days, the porch or
+veranda did not exist; it may be supposed that our pioneer ancestors
+were too busy to enjoy any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> leisurely hours out of doors; at least, they
+made no provision in connection with their houses for such relaxation.</p>
+
+<p>As the details of the exterior became more elaborate, the entrance porch
+was developed with free-standing columns. In time, this assumed greater
+importance, especially in the south, where columns the height of the
+whole building supported a roof across its entire front. In the north,
+the veranda was less frequently used, but there is occasional authority
+for both the front and the less pretentious back piazza. It is one of
+the additions which are imperative in remodeling the house, however, and
+it becomes something of a problem because there is no more definite
+authority for it.</p>
+
+<p>If there is to be simply an entrance porch, offering a bit of shelter at
+the front door for stranger or friend, it may have much precedent in the
+porches of Georgian houses. In planning this, take into consideration
+that it should be an index of what one will find in the interior; it
+should be the keynote, as it were, of the entire house. Here we may have
+the same details and the same proportions as in the cornice of the roof,
+or the fireplace within. We find many porches that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> are sadly out of
+keeping with the rest of the house and seem very carelessly designed. It
+is far better to have none at all than one which is insignificant and
+out of scale; yet it must not be more elaborate than the house itself
+and tend to dwarf the main structure. Few people realize how important
+this feature is and how necessary that it should be a satisfactory
+adjunct to the architecture of the whole. It is almost the first thing
+we notice as we approach the house. Whether it is well placed and
+rightly proportioned, whether it has a proper overhang, good roof lines,
+and adequately supported cornice, affects to a very great extent the
+style and character of the house.</p>
+
+<p>There were a great many different types of porch in the Georgian houses:
+the simple hood with a high-backed settle on either side that was
+commonly used at a side entrance; the gable-roofed and flat-roofed,
+square porch and circular, open and partly enclosed, with round and oval
+windows at the sides, were all developed to high perfection. The simple,
+Doric column, plain or fluted, with corresponding pilasters or
+three-fourths round against the house, was used on many of the porches;
+but the Ionic and Corinthian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> capitals are more elaborate than is
+appropriate for the simplicity of a farmhouse. From the infinite number
+of models which can be found, it should be a comparatively easy matter
+to construct an entrance porch, utilizing the details found in the
+house.</p>
+
+<p>A veranda demands somewhat different manner of procedure. First it is
+necessary to decide where it shall be put. Where will it receive the
+best air and the least sun? It must, presumably, open from or adjacent
+to the living-room and yet be so placed that its roof will not cut off
+too much light. If the house is uncomfortably near the highway or
+neighbors, the matter of privacy cannot be neglected, and a thought may
+well be given to the outlook from the piazza. Let it enjoy any advantage
+of a fine view or a picturesque garden that may be compatible with its
+other requirements. Thus it may be at the front, at either or both
+sides, or in the rear. At the side of the ordinary, gable-roofed house,
+the roof of the veranda should as a rule be flat. If it is possible to
+continue the roof line of the house to include that of the porch, by all
+means let it be done; the unbroken sweep will usually be found
+excellent. At some angles it may seem too long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> and severe; then it is
+often possible to put a slight "kick" in it, especially if there is
+anything of the Dutch type about the building.</p>
+
+<p>The floor of the porch in farmhouses should be low; it may be on a level
+with that of the house, or a step below it. It is well to let the
+underpinning be a continuation of that of the house, and it may then be
+covered with brick or tile, or the conventional boards. The columns or
+posts which support the roof are a stumbling block for many remodelers.
+These should closely copy the entrance porch, if there is one; even if
+it be no more than a flat semblance of a pilaster about the frame of the
+door, it will supply the correct motive. Lacking this, there will
+undoubtedly be some detail in the interior which can be magnified to the
+right proportion for the exterior,&mdash;the upright of a mantel or the frame
+of a door. For a house which can boast no such source of suggestion, a
+straight, square post with a simple molding would be the solution. The
+cornice should follow the detail of the entrance door or the house
+cornice; and it is effective and increases the apparent unity to repeat
+the decoration of the one on the other.</p>
+
+<p>The rails and balusters of old houses were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> extremely simple and should
+be kept so in the remodeling. In the very early examples, the balusters
+were square and spaced far apart; later both square and turned balusters
+were used, and they were spaced twice their width. The design for these
+can often be taken from the stairs in the interior of the house. It is
+the modern tendency to use no railing about verandas, particularly when
+they are low or when they are screened in. Some of the flat-roofed type
+had a railing around the roof, and an open-air porch was thus made for
+the second story.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes this porch can be utilized as a sleeping-porch on the second
+floor. This feature, while of course entirely foreign to the farmhouse,
+has become as much a necessity in many families as the open-air
+living-room, and it is therefore logical to introduce it where possible
+to do so without destroying the lines of the building. It is better,
+however, to do without it than to add it in such a way that it will seem
+an afterthought and not really incorporated in the structure. Often it
+can be placed in a wide dormer cut in the slope of the roof; sometimes
+the roof line can be extended over the roof of the sleeping-porch, or
+again it may be merely a room with the walls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> largely cut away. Each
+remodeler will have his own problem in connection with this, and by
+ingenuity and careful study must work it out to his own satisfaction.
+Remember always that the integral simplicity of the building must not be
+disturbed, and that whether it be sleeping-porch, veranda, or entrance
+portico, it must seem always a part of the original building, as if it
+were the conception of the master craftsman who erected the first
+timbers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_061" id="ILL_061"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_061.jpg" width="600" height="426" alt="The Davenport Brown House" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Davenport Brown House</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Most gratifying results along this line are shown in an old farmhouse at
+Medfield, Massachusetts, which was built in 1755. Like many other old
+houses, this had fallen into decay and stood neglected and unoccupied by
+the side of the road while the extensive grounds lay unkempt and
+desolate. But Mr. Davenport Brown recognized in it a house that could be
+made to serve most acceptably as the foundation of his summer home.</p>
+
+<p>It is of the Georgian type, built with the hall and straight flight of
+stairs as the axis. There are two main chimneys opening into four
+fireplaces on the first floor. A service wing has been added at the
+left, parallel with the main building, and half its width. Back of that,
+an ell of equal size extends at right angles. Both of these are two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+storied, but the upper stud is somewhat lower than in the main building,
+thus allowing it to retain its predominance in the design.</p>
+
+<p>The main part is given further importance by the dignified entrance
+porch. Two three-fourths round and two free-standing, fluted, Doric
+columns are used, supporting a cornice and a gabled roof, the details of
+which repeat those in the cornice of the house. A rather unusual type of
+scalloped dentation lends additional interest. The frame about the door
+is arched over, and there are side lights and an overhead fanlight in a
+simple style that carries out the Colonial tradition.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 457px;"><a name="ILL_062" id="ILL_062"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_062.jpg" width="457" height="600" alt="The Hallway" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Hallway</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The hall leads past the stairs and through an open doorway to the rear
+of the house, where there is another entrance, repeating the design of
+the front one. This is some distance from the rear wall of the house,
+and consequently there is a small, arched-over portico formed within the
+lines of the building. The walls of this are paneled, and on each side
+is a built-in seat. The floor is tiled, and the woodwork painted white.</p>
+
+<p>At each end of the main part of the building is a flat-roofed veranda
+carrying out the details of the entrance porch in column and cornice.
+The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> same dentil ornamentation that appears on the cornice of the house
+is used here in smaller size, as on the entrance porch. Around the edges
+of the flat roofs, boxes filled with blooming plants and vines form an
+original and most attractive method of softening the sharp lines and
+finish of the house. The veranda on the right side overlooking the wide
+lawns and gardens is used largely as the outdoor living-room and is
+screened in. The spacing of the bars and framework of the screening is
+well proportioned and adds not a little to the decoration. The floor of
+the veranda is edged with brick and paved in the center with square
+tiles which slope toward a drain at one side. This wing of the
+living-room has been comfortably furnished with canvas hammocks and
+Chinese grass chairs and stools, and even a sand-box for the children
+finds room here.</p>
+
+<p>In the central hall, the details carry out the character of the old
+period carefully. There is a white unpaneled wainscot carved around the
+walls and up the stairs, with a similar treatment in the second-floor
+hall. The stairs are wide, with white risers and mahogany treads, and
+the hand-rail is mahogany supported on white, turned balusters and a
+mahogany newel post. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> upper walls are papered in a gray landscape
+paper, and the furnishings consist of a pair of Sheraton card tables.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_063" id="ILL_063"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_063.jpg" width="600" height="475" alt="The Sun-Parlor or Out-door Nursery" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Sun-Parlor or Out-door Nursery</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_064" id="ILL_064"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_064.jpg" width="600" height="458" alt="The Library" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Library</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the right of the hall, the two rooms have been combined into a
+living-room by cutting double arches on either side of the fireplaces
+which open from the back and front of the chimney. The furnishings are
+especially interesting here, as there are a number of rare and beautiful
+pieces. The mantel mirror over the front fireplace is a fine example of
+American workmanship. The mahogany frame divides its length into three
+sections, and it is ornamented with carved and gilded husk festoons; the
+scroll top is surmounted with a gilt spread eagle. In front of the fire
+there is a beautiful little Sheraton fire-screen. Chairs and tables are
+equally interesting; there is an old "comb-back" chair and an
+upholstered "Martha Washington" chair, as well as more modern easy
+chairs and davenports. The upholstery and curtains are of
+small-patterned, Colonial fabrics that carry out the spirit of the room.
+In the back part of this room, a large double window has been cut,
+looking out over the gardens and the grounds. Underneath it is a most
+attractive window-seat suggestive of an old-time settle, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> on each
+side low book-shelves extend around the whole end of the room.</p>
+
+<p>The dining-room is situated at the left of the hallway. The fireplace
+and paneling hold the attention in this room. The woodwork is very
+simple but well proportioned, and on either side of the mantel are
+narrow, built-in, china closets with small, leaded, diamond panes in
+both upper and lower parts of the door and even in a transom over it.
+The walls above the unpaneled wainscot are painted white and divided
+into simple, large panels with narrow moldings. The furniture in this
+room is suggestive of the early part of the nineteenth century, with the
+exception of the Queen Anne type of chair. Over the heavy and massive
+sideboard is a long gilt mirror of the Empire "banister" type; between
+the two side windows is a gilt, convex girandole with three branching
+candlesticks on each side. On the mantel is a fine example of a Willard
+shelf clock, and on each side of it are tall mahogany candlesticks with
+the old-fashioned wind glasses. The over-curtains at the windows are a
+soft rose damask; they hang from gilded cornices and are caught back on
+gilded rosettes,&mdash;the style of draping which is carried out in all the
+main rooms of the house.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_065" id="ILL_065"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_065.jpg" width="600" height="432" alt="The Service Wing" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Service Wing</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The service wing opens from the left of the dining-room, and the den,
+which is back of it, with a fireplace on the opposite side of the same
+chimney, is reached from the rear of the hall.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_066" id="ILL_066"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_066.jpg" width="600" height="452" alt="The Nursery" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Nursery</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the head of the stairs at the right, one enters the bright and sunny
+nursery. Here the fireplace is very simple and has no over-mantel. The
+woodwork is white, and a broad molding divides the upper part of the
+wall. Below is a quaint paper picturing Mother Goose scenes which the
+children never tire of studying. The furniture is mainly white, and the
+little chairs and tables in child's size are decorated in peasant
+fashion with painted flowers and lines of color.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_067" id="ILL_067"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_067.jpg" width="600" height="464" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_068.jpg" width="600" height="444" alt="Two of the Chambers" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two of the Chambers</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are two other bedrooms in the main part of the house and each has
+an open fireplace. The furnishings are simple and old-fashioned in
+character, retaining the Colonial atmosphere admirably. In one room
+there is a Field bedstead of English make, dating about 1780, showing
+reeded posts and a curved canopy top. The chairs and the little night
+stand at the side of the bed are in close harmony with the period of its
+design. In the other chamber are twin beds which are modern
+reproductions of four-posters, but other furnishings retain the
+distinctive atmosphere of age.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> Over one bureau there is a fine mirror
+with the Georgian eagle ornamentation; in keeping with it are the old
+fireside wing chair and a side chair of Sheraton type.</p>
+
+<p>The most interesting bedroom, perhaps, is in the wing of the house,
+where Hannah Adams, the first American authoress, was born. This is
+reached by a cross hall which leads from the main one, and gives access
+to baths and rear stairs and another tiny bedroom. Although the old
+fireplace has been remodeled, the aspect of the room is much the same as
+when the house was built. The woodwork here is all dark, and the
+hand-hewn rafters and cross beams are exposed in the ceiling. An unusual
+wall-paper in black and gay colors forms an interesting background for
+the four-poster and other old furnishings. An old batten door with a
+quaint little window in the center strip leads from this room to the
+chambers in the service ell.</p>
+
+<p>Much of the house has been restored under the direction of the
+architect, Mr. John Pickering Putnam of Boston, and to him the credit
+for its successful remodeling must be largely given. The planning and
+laying out of the grounds about the house, however, are the work of the
+owner,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> who has spared no pains to make a harmonious setting for his
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Between the house and the road is a row of great overshadowing elms that
+make a delightful setting for the red and white of the house. The drive
+sweeps around these trees to the stable on the left and is separated
+from the house and the lawns by white palings in a simple Colonial
+pattern, having fine, carved posts surmounted by balls. The fence stops
+at either side of the front to allow wide space for a heavy embankment
+of conifers. Somewhat back of this fence, along the whole length of the
+lawn, is a second lower one, with posts of the same height. This marks
+the boundary of the wide lawn and forms a charming background for an
+old-fashioned hardy border that extends all the way to a swimming-pool
+and pergolas at the far end. Immediately behind the house is the flower
+garden, from which all the blossoms used to decorate the house are cut;
+this is screened by a white trellis and pergola, carrying out some of
+the details of the entrance porches and verandas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE DOCTOR CHARLES E. INCHES HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>A very interesting feature in an old farmhouse is the fireplace, which
+varies in size with the age of the house; the oldest ones are large,
+with cavernous mouths, since they were the only means of heating the
+house. These are capable of holding a ten-foot log, for it must be
+remembered that at that period of our country's history the woods grew
+at the very door.</p>
+
+<p>A few of these old fireplaces are found to-day, principally in the old
+kitchens or living-rooms, although occasionally we see an old house
+which has them in almost every room. There is a great variety in their
+design as well as size, some being very simple and framed in wood, while
+others show tiling; occasionally we find elaborate carving, but this is
+in the better class building rather than in the simple little farmhouse.
+These details denote the different periods and also the wealth of the
+former owner.</p>
+
+<p>With the introduction of stoves, many fireplaces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> were bricked in to
+accommodate an air-tight stove which gave more heat and saved fuel. One
+unaccustomed to the features of an old farmhouse would infer a lack of
+fireplaces. The removal of brick and mortar, however, reveals the large,
+cavernous hearth which was often three feet deep and sometimes showed a
+second bricking in, to make it smaller. Often in the narrowing of the
+fireplace, tiles are used, generally Dutch, which are blue and white in
+coloring. Occasionally in opening up these fireplaces, one comes across
+rare old andirons that were considered of too little value to be
+removed; old cranes and kettles are also found, of the type common in
+the days of our early ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered that the chimneys of these old houses were often
+six feet square and had many fireplaces opening from them. It was the
+central feature of the house, around which the rooms were built. The
+earliest chimneys were daubed in clay, and in the masonry oak timbers
+were often used. In remodeling a house many people tear down these old
+chimneys for the space which may be converted into closet use and
+alcoves, making a smaller chimney do service.</p>
+
+<p>In the olden times, when the first chimneys<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> were erected, they were so
+carefully built that they were less liable to smoke than the smaller
+ones, so that it is better to let the old one remain if possible. Brick
+was generally used in the construction, although sometimes we find
+stone. It was not the finished brick of to-day but rough and unfaced.
+This was not true, however, of those which formed a part of cargoes from
+abroad, more especially those brought from Holland. The use of stone was
+not popular, as it was apt to chip when brought in contact with the
+heat; this is also true of the hearthstones, where the flagging became
+rough and most unsatisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>The fireback was a feature of some of the old fireplaces. The earliest
+of these made in our country were cast in Saugus, Massachusetts, and
+some were most elaborate in design. Often coats-of-arms and initials
+were worked out in their construction. In addition to the brick and
+stone, soapstone facings were sometimes shown, but seldom do we come
+across good carving.</p>
+
+<p>The crane was a feature of the fireplace, and on it were hung the
+pothooks from which depended the iron and brass pots in which food was
+cooked. In one side of the bricks, just at the left of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> fireplace,
+was often a large brick oven with an iron door, and here on baking days
+roaring wood fires were kindled to heat the bricks before the weekly
+baking was placed within. Examination of these old ovens will be very
+apt to reveal the age of the house.</p>
+
+<p>In the remodeling it is well to leave the fireplaces much as they stand,
+with the exception of bricking them in, for the old ones allowed too
+much air to come down the chimney, and at the present high price of
+wood, we are not able to indulge in the ten-foot logs that were in
+evidence in our grandmothers' time.</p>
+
+<p>A house with many fireplaces that stands back from the winding country
+road on the border line between Medfield and Walpole in Massachusetts
+was chosen for a summer home by Charles E. Inches. It is shaded now as
+it was long ago by large, old elms whose widespreading branches seem to
+add a note of hospitality to this most attractive estate. Possibly there
+are better examples of the restored farmhouse than this one found at
+Medfield, but it is very picturesque, not only in type but in
+surroundings. It stands near a turn of the road, where it was erected,
+in 1652, situated in a sheltered glen and protected from cold winds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_069" id="ILL_069"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_069.jpg" width="600" height="411" alt="Front View showing the Old Well" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Front View showing the Old Well</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At that time it was a small and unpretentious building about twenty feet
+long and showing in the interior fine examples of hand-hewn timbers.
+Even in its dilapidated state it was most attractive, with its many
+fireplaces and old woodwork. This particular house has two values, the
+one relating to its historical record and the other to its old-time
+construction. Through two centuries this little farmhouse had been the
+home of the Adams family, a branch that was near in kin to the
+presidential line of Adams who lived at Quincy, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_070" id="ILL_070"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_070.jpg" width="600" height="448" alt="Before Remodeling" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Before Remodeling</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the time of its building, a stream wound in and out through the
+meadow land that was a part of the property. It was such a large stream
+that it afforded sufficient power to run an old mill that originally
+stood on the estate and which for many years ground the neighbors'
+grain. On a ridge opposite the house, worn stone steps lead up through
+pastures to a sturdy oak which stands nearly opposite the front of the
+house and is known in history as the "whipping tree." Here, in Colonial
+days, wrong-doers were tied to be whipped. Just before we reach the
+stone wall, which was laid probably by the slaves held by the landowner
+of that period, we find an old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> mounting-block. On the side of one of
+the stones are the figures 1652; and it was from this block that many a
+Colonial dame mounted to her pillion to ride in slow and dignified style
+behind her worthy squire. Even in those days the grounds were very
+extensive and reached for many acres. These to-day have been reclaimed
+and laid down to grass land and garden.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_071" id="ILL_071"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_071.jpg" width="600" height="387" alt="Across the Lawn" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Across the Lawn</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Half way between the house and the tennis court which defines the estate
+is a wonderful old garden which has been designed not so much for show
+purposes as to supply flowers all through the season. This is not the
+only garden on the place, for back of it is the vegetable garden and the
+old-fashioned one. The dividing line between the two is a row of stately
+trees which hide the former from view at the front of the house. Rows of
+apple-trees, many of which were on the estate when it was first
+purchased, remnants of the original orchard, surround in part the tennis
+court, behind which is a swimming pool which is in frequent use. This is
+about twenty-five feet long and twelve wide, cemented to a depth of
+seven feet; with its background of tall poplars it is very artistic and
+lends itself to all sorts of water contests.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During the latter part of the nineteenth century, new life came to the
+old house. It had stood for years, weather-beaten and old, guarding the
+family name. While the outside was very attractive and in tolerably good
+repair, it was the interior that appealed especially. There was
+beautiful old wainscoting and paneling of wide boards, some of which was
+split from logs at least thirty inches in width. Great reverence was
+paid by the owner to the original structure, particularly to the old
+kitchen with its large, brick fireplace and chimney which was restored
+to its early beauty.</p>
+
+<p>Sagging plaster was removed, and underneath were found well-preserved,
+hand-hewn beams and rafters. These were carefully cleaned and considered
+of such great beauty that they were left exposed as far as possible,
+more especially those which showed the sign of the adze. The walls,
+which had been previously neglected, were stripped of wall-papers which
+were in some places ten thicknesses deep. In removing one of these, a
+wonderfully fine landscape paper was discovered, and although every
+attempt was made to save it, it was too far defaced. Under the paper was
+a wide paneling of white pine, so good that it needed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> only a slight
+restoration. In the opening of the fireplace the crane, pothook, and
+hangers were found to be intact, while many pieces of ancestral pewter
+and copper were polished and placed in proper position on the wide,
+receding chimney. This was to give it the look of the olden days, when
+pewter was used for the table. There was no bricking in of this old
+fireplace, for it was considered such a wonderful example that it was
+left in its original state. The old flint-lock that did service in the
+early war was hung over the fireplace, while from the chimney hook the
+old-time kettles were swung much as they did in the days when they were
+used for cooking purposes. The old brick oven used by the Adams family
+was not removed, and at one side of the fireplace a long braid of corn
+was hung in conformity with the custom of that period. The hand-hewn
+rafters and beams have been left intact in this room, as has the old
+woodwork, so that the kitchen, now used as a den, is an exact
+reproduction of the original room. It is the most interesting apartment
+in the house, being situated at the right of the entrance and furnished
+with old family heirlooms, including five rare slat-back chairs, a
+rush-bottomed rocking-chair, and a settle of the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> period. Even the
+wide boards that were used in the original flooring have been retained,
+and the old brick hearth, showing wide bricks such as are never found in
+modern residences. To meet present requirements, the cellar was
+cemented, and a furnace added, in order that the occupants need not
+depend entirely on the fireplaces for heat.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_072" id="ILL_072"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_072.jpg" width="600" height="468" alt="The Hall and Stairway" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Hall and Stairway</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the hallway, the stairway, following the lines of many Colonial
+houses, rises at one side. Here the wall-paper is wonderfully preserved,
+being in the old colors of yellow and white and of a very old design. It
+was made in England over a century ago and gives an appropriate
+atmosphere to the entrance of the attractive old home.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_073" id="ILL_073"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_073.jpg" width="600" height="454" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The living-room, which is spacious and comfortable, is at the right just
+before you enter the den. The woodwork has been painted white, following
+the Colonial idea, while old-fashioned, diamond-paned windows have been
+substituted for the original ones. Here, as throughout all the house,
+one comes unexpectedly upon groups of shelves filled with books. There
+are built-in cupboards that provide places for the wonderful collection
+of books, many of which are rare editions, owned by the present
+occupants. Like every room in the house, this shows several tables of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+unusually fine design, a handsome side-wing chair, and a few other
+choice pieces. The great open fireplace with its Colonial accessories
+lends much to the hominess of this room.</p>
+
+<p>At the left of the hallway is the large and spacious dining-room, which
+is in reality three rooms opened into one, the partitions showing in the
+beamed ceilings. The walls are finished in green textile and are left
+unornamented with the exception of one or two choice pictures. There was
+a method in the construction of this room which was planned for unbroken
+spaces to bring out to advantage the lines of the beautiful old
+sideboard. Then, too, the space shows off the lines of the rush-bottomed
+chairs that are used for dining-chairs. The mantel, framed in white
+wood, is hung with rare porringers, ranging from large to baby size.
+There is a restful atmosphere about this room, that, combined with its
+perfect setting, is most refreshing. At the farther end of the room,
+French doors open upon the sun parlor which is used during the summer
+months for a breakfast-room. This overlooks the garden.</p>
+
+<p>The bedrooms up-stairs are large and airy, each one of them being
+carefully furnished with Colonial pieces which include four-posters,
+high and lowboys<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> as well as quaint, old-time chests of drawers that can
+do service as bureaus, or as storage space for extra blankets, hangings,
+or rugs.</p>
+
+<p>The floors throughout the entire house are of hard wood, many of them
+being the original ones that were laid when the house was built. Rare
+old Chippendale, Sheraton, and Hepplewhite chairs are used in the
+furnishings, while hand-woven rugs cover the floors. The windows are
+screened by chintz hangings of bright colors and gay designs, and the
+whole house presents a sunny, restful atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>At the rear of the house an ell has been added where the new kitchen
+with all modern conveniences, pantries, servants' dining and sitting
+rooms are found. Thus while the exterior features of the old house have
+been carefully preserved, the addition of the ell gives comfort and
+convenience to the new building.</p>
+
+<p>Shrubbery has been planted around the house, and a veranda thrown out;
+window-boxes filled with brilliantly blossoming plants add a bit of
+color to the remodeled farmhouse which is painted red with white trim.
+Velvety lawns have replaced the old-time farming lands, and the planting
+of trees has done much to add to the picturesqueness<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> of this estate.
+The grounds themselves are extensive, covering forty-five acres, and the
+natural beauties are unusually varied. Broad stretches of fields and
+hills intersected with trees make a most appropriate setting for the old
+Adams homestead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CHARLES MARTIN LOEFFLER HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>It was a staircase that was responsible for the remodeling of one house
+which had no other unusual feature. It was designed by a village
+carpenter whose object was four walls and a shelter rather than
+architectural beauty. The structure was so simple and unobtrusive that
+it did not arouse any enthusiasm in the heart of the architect who
+examined it, for it presented no chance to show his ability in its
+remodeling. It was the kind of a farmhouse that one would find in almost
+any suburban town, built without any pretensions, its only good feature
+being the staircase which saved it from passing into oblivion and caused
+it to be remodeled into a charming, all-the-year-round home.</p>
+
+<p>It had been unoccupied for a long period and with exterior
+weather-beaten and interior uninhabitable, it presented a forlorn
+appearance, repelling to most would-be purchasers. It stood by the side
+of a traveled road and in its best days<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> was occupied by a farmer and
+his family who cared more for the barn adjoining the house than they did
+for the farmhouse itself.</p>
+
+<p>The estate was a large one that had been neglected and allowed to run
+down until weeds and rank grass were so intermingled that it seemed a
+discouraging task to bring it back into a good state of cultivation.
+Adjoining the house, and connected with it by a shed, was a large barn
+with sagging roof and so dilapidated that it seemed past restoring.
+Across the front, defining the estate, was once a neat paling fence that
+had been torn down until only a small portion remained.</p>
+
+<p>Many acres of the estate were meadow-land which swept to the horizon of
+trees, yet the once fine apple orchard, though sadly in need of pruning,
+showed promise, and there were possibilities in the whole estate that
+needed only attention and development to make them profitable. There had
+been no one to care for the old house, and it stood discouraged by the
+roadside awaiting a sympathetic owner.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_074" id="ILL_074"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_074.jpg" width="600" height="398" alt="Before Remodeling" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Before Remodeling</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was in this condition when first seen by Mr. Charles Martin Loeffler,
+whose experienced eye discerned its possibilities. It is the wise man
+who fits his house to his grounds and who in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> general scheme
+considers its surroundings. The grass land, the garden, the orchards,
+the fencing of the estate, each one of which demands separate treatment,
+should be so arranged that they will be profitable in the end. The new
+owner realized this and also that he could not be too careful in
+combining house and garden so that they would make a harmonious whole.</p>
+
+<p>The location was ideal, quiet and retired and exactly what had been most
+desired, so the remodeling was placed in the hands of a careful
+architect, who, after thoroughly considering the situation, decided it
+could not be done. It was then that Mr. Loeffler took the matter into
+his own hands, drawing exact plans of what was necessary to achieve the
+desired result, and it was under his personal direction that the workmen
+began to remodel the unattractive little cottage. It was borne in mind
+that even the addition of a porch or veranda must be carefully
+considered to avoid confusion of architecture so that the house itself,
+when finished, should follow a single idea and not a composite mass of
+details that were entirely out of place and in bad taste. It was
+realized that no house, no matter how situated, should have discordant
+surroundings. Out-buildings<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> should not be allowed to mar the symmetry
+of the house and should be removed so that they would not be an eyesore
+but in keeping with the general plan.</p>
+
+<p>The house itself, however, demanded attention first; it was very small,
+with a pitched roof in the upper story and a long ell connecting it with
+the farm buildings. The exterior was left practically as when first
+purchased, with the exception of a small and well-planned porch at the
+front, a long ell for servants' quarters, and a wide veranda at the rear
+that extended the entire length of the house. In the porch settles were
+added on either side which help to give the house an air of dignity and
+invite the guest to rest and enjoy the beautiful scenery.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_075" id="ILL_075"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_075.jpg" width="600" height="412" alt="As Remodeled" title="" />
+<span class="caption">As Remodeled</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The screened-in veranda at the back is used as an out-of-doors
+living-room. It is wide, carpeted with rugs, and furnished with simple
+but substantial pieces. It is a most comfortable place, where charming
+views and wonderful vistas can be enjoyed, for beyond lie the old
+orchard with the meadows between and a background of finger-pointed
+pines that seemingly melt into the blue of the sky. Trellises were built
+on the garden side of the house to carry vines, but this was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> after the
+house had been given a coat of white paint and the blinds painted green.
+Over the veranda a balcony was built which can be used for outdoor
+sleeping purposes if desired. The picket fence was restored and painted
+white to match the coloring of the house, and a stone wall was built at
+the farther end to enclose the garden; on the outside wild shrubs were
+planted to give a note of color to the gray stone. The old trees,
+pruned, took on a new life and are now in a most nourishing condition;
+across the entire front, as a partial screening, silver-leafed poplars
+were planted. The farm lands were reclaimed, new trees planted in the
+old apple orchard, and at the side of the house an attractive garden was
+laid out with a background of apple-trees. It was a small garden, only
+about an eighth of an acre in size, and filled with old-fashioned
+flowers to make it harmonize with the period in which the house was
+built. A single path divides it in two, and its color schemes have been
+given careful study.</p>
+
+<p>At one side of the garden a rustic pergola has been built with a central
+path of grass, and over this a grapevine has been trained which makes it
+a restful, shady place in summer, while in early<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> fall the vines are
+loaded with great clusters of purple grapes. Everywhere surrounding the
+garden are stretches of green lawns that prove a fitting setting to the
+bright blossoms in the trim and well-kept beds. The fields beyond have
+been brought back to a good state of cultivation and present a beautiful
+green tract beyond which stretch rich meadows with waving grass where
+flit the bobolink and the red-winged blackbird. In the trees around the
+house orioles and robins nest, while everywhere the old apple-trees
+grow, many of them gnarled and twisted with age. In the early fall,
+loaded with fruit, they form an attractive color note of red and yellow
+in the landscape. Great care has been taken to remove the branches of
+the old trees in order to afford attractive vistas. This gives a
+landscape picture carefully planned and creates a delightful feeling of
+restfulness and a sense of relief from the bustle of city life.</p>
+
+<p>Over the porch has been built a lattice to be covered eventually with
+rambler roses, and in order to obtain more light, clusters of windows
+have been let in on either side of the front door.</p>
+
+<p>The interior as well as the exterior has been carefully planned with a
+regard to light and views. One enters the house through the little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
+porch and finds himself in a spacious hallway which extends to the
+living-room. The staircase is at the right of the' entrance. It is not a
+primitive affair of the ladder type which is the earliest on record;
+neither is it steep with flat treads, high risers and molded box
+stringers, but the kind that shows simple posts and rail with plain
+balusters. It is of the box stringer type and has no carving in either
+post or balusters; it is perfectly straight and leads by easy treads to
+the second-story floor.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_076" id="ILL_076"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_076.jpg" width="600" height="456" alt="The Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dining-room is at the left of the hallway and is a room built for
+comfort and for everyday life, showing plenty of windows. A feature is
+the great, open fireplace and the bricked chimney-breast, with small
+closets at one side. The woodwork in this room is the same that was in
+the house when it was discovered by Mr. Loeffler and, cleaned and
+treated to a coat of paint, is most attractive. The wide board floor has
+been retained and stained dark to bring out the color schemes of the
+rugs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_077" id="ILL_077"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_077.jpg" width="600" height="447" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_078.jpg" width="600" height="441" alt="Two Views of the Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two Views of the Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This room leads directly into the living-room which extends entirely
+across the house and is also entered from the hallway. Its windows face
+the green fields studded with trees and also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> overlook the
+old-fashioned garden which is near enough to the house so that every
+summer breeze wafts the perfume of its flowers to the occupants. A
+central feature is a bricked-in fireplace that has been built into the
+room. Instead of plastering, the old oaken cross-beams have been left in
+their original state, and the room is finished with a wainscot painted
+white, above which is a wall covering of Japanese grass-cloth. Bookcases
+form an important furnishing of this room which also contains many
+pieces of antique furniture. It is a cheerful, homelike apartment, into
+which the sun shines practically all day long. Through large French
+windows one steps from the living-room on to the veranda. The second
+story is devoted to chambers and bath.</p>
+
+<p>Its location has a distinctive charm, as it is not too near the city or
+too far away from neighbors. It is well adapted for outdoor living, with
+its wide, inviting veranda and the side garden where bloom the stately
+phlox, the gaudy poppies, and the bright-hued marigold.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_079" id="ILL_079"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_079.jpg" width="600" height="421" alt="The Studio Opposite the Charles M. Loeffler House" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Studio Opposite the Charles M. Loeffler House</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_080" id="ILL_080"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_080.jpg" width="600" height="427" alt="The Music Room in the Studio Building" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Music Room in the Studio Building</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>As time went on, the house grew too small for the owner's needs, and so
+another house just across the way that had passed its prime and stood
+desolate and deserted was also purchased<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> and remodeled into a studio,
+one room expressly designed for Mr. Loeffler's work,&mdash;large and
+commodious with high, vaulted ceiling. Here, too, a veranda was built
+across one end that can be used if need be for an outdoor living-room.
+It is shaded by many trees, more especially some fine old elms whose
+graceful branches shadow the house, while a stretch of lawn extends to
+the street. Across the front a paling fence corresponding in style to
+that across the street was built, entrance being through a swinging gate
+that leads directly to the outside porch. This house shows less
+remodeling than the first one; it is principally in the interior that
+changes have been made. The whole front of the house is made into a
+music-room of unusual type, being hung with pictures of the old masters.
+Here the second-story flooring has been removed, and the ceiling vaulted
+and sheathed, in order to secure acoustic properties.</p>
+
+<p>A large chimney has been introduced into the inner wall, with brick
+mantel and chimney breast, and big enough to hold a six-foot log. The
+floors are of polished hardwood, and the ornamentation shows Chinese
+ships hung upon the walls,&mdash;an interesting feature for interior
+decoration.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> The room is entered through French windows that lead on to
+the outside porch.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the music-room, this house is also used for the caretaker
+and week-end guests. The long ell at one side is used for the former,
+while at the back of the music-room several rooms are fitted up for the
+use of guests, thus solving a problem that is to-day vexing the minds of
+many a house owner, more especially in suburban towns.</p>
+
+<p>There is about the whole place a restfulness that has been achieved by
+careful planning and attention to details. There is no part of the
+estate where one may wander without coming upon picturesque bits of
+landscape, that while apparently in their natural state, yet are
+restored and preserved with a true appreciation of nature. This estate
+is a lesson in reclaiming and remodeling that cannot fail to be
+instructive to all home builders. It goes to show that forethought and
+ingenuity can create a comfortable and inviting home in the midst of
+desolation, and transform an old dilapidated cottage into a charming and
+picturesque abode.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<h3>LITTLE ORCHARD</h3>
+
+<p>The old farmhouse can well be copied as a type for the modern summer
+home, for its lines are excellent, and its design is often so striking
+that it lends itself to easy reproduction. To the house owner of to-day
+it may seem a little strange that, with the trend of modern
+improvements, the old houses should be used for this purpose, and the
+architecture of the master builders of long ago shown preference over
+that of modern architects who have given their life to this subject.</p>
+
+<p>The builders and designers of old houses had to depend on their own
+ideas or possibly on a few designs that were sent over in the cumbersome
+ships that plied between England and the new country,&mdash;the work of Sir
+Christopher Wren, one of the most celebrated architects of his day.</p>
+
+<p>There are no more satisfactory details of house construction than we
+find in these old houses, where fireplaces, doors, porches, and carving
+show individuality. These ideas, modified and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> improved upon, are found
+in many a twentieth-century home, lending a dignity and charm that would
+otherwise be lacking.</p>
+
+<p>If you are remodeling an old house and wish to change a fireplace that
+is unsatisfactory or a stairway that is not artistic in design, do not
+introduce modern ideas, but rather seek for an old house that is being
+torn down and from it take bits that will satisfactorily fit into the
+work of remodeling. It is not a hard matter to find details of this
+kind, for many an old farmhouse has been neglected so long that it is
+past redemption, and it is the blending of the old with the old that
+does much to keep distinctive the period that you are seeking to
+preserve.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the house has been badly mutilated, often to such an extent
+that its best features are disguised, and it is a serious problem to
+eliminate the wrong ideas and duplicate the original. The old craftsmen
+before Colonial times were apt to build houses along certain lines which
+often failed to bring proper results; details varied and sometimes were
+incongruous with the type of the house. The first houses were generally
+one-roomed; later, other rooms like units were gathered around it, and
+the result in some cases was the appearance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> of a lean-to. Later on came
+the ell, and, to save steps, chambers were designed on the lower floor,
+leading off the main rooms of the houses. Naturally in houses of this
+kind the largest room was the kitchen, for this was the
+family-living-room, more especially during the cold weather.</p>
+
+<p>We will find as we examine an old farmhouse that the dominant portion of
+the building was the first floor, and that the chambers were adapted to
+the lower-story plan. These were not always satisfactory, as little or
+no care was given to the arrangement of the rooms, and in many houses
+closets were little considered. The partitions between these rooms were
+not double, like those found to-day, but were made of matched board and
+accommodated themselves to the framework. Later on plastering came into
+vogue and this made the rooms warmer and much more habitable.</p>
+
+<p>The windows were generally spaced carefully and were in harmony with the
+front door, making an attractive exterior. The walls were of wood, often
+with a layer of brick to keep out the cold and also to form a better
+protection. The roofs, more especially in the early houses, were very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+steep, since they were planned for thatching; later on, when shingles
+came into use, they grew lower and wider. It was not until 1700 that the
+gambrel roof came into style. In considering the evolution of the house
+we must look backward, and thus we come to realize the progression of
+architecture. We then discover that every old house shows interesting
+features, and it is the house with a history that makes its greatest
+appeal to the antiquarian; while the revival of Colonial architecture
+brings a renewed interest in the history of that period.</p>
+
+<p>There is no more attractive remodeled farmhouse than that of Mr. Roland
+C. Lincoln, which is a charming, rambling, summer home situated on the
+Gloucester road half way between Manchester-by-the-Sea and Magnolia. It
+is a low, yellow cottage, picturesquely placed against a background of
+trees and nestled on the side of a hill seemingly as if it had been
+there for centuries. At the front is the ocean, while surrounding it is
+well-placed shrubbery and artistically trained vines.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_081" id="ILL_081"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_081.jpg" width="600" height="417" alt="The House from the Driveway" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The House from the Driveway</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The grounds are just at the left of the main road and separated from it
+by a low stone wall; the entrance is by a driveway at one side that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+winds to an entrance porch. All around the house are carefully trimmed
+lawns and gardens gay with flowers, while the soft expanse of green
+sward extends to the shadowing trees and the background of forest and
+rock. The house was built two hundred and fifteen years ago. At that
+time it stood on the road and was overshadowed by the very oldest house
+there was in the town, which stood on the crest of an adjoining hill. It
+then contained four rooms only, each one of which was thirteen and a
+half feet square. Surrounding the old farmhouse was an orchard of
+apple-trees that even in the early days gave to it its present name of
+Little Orchard.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_082" id="ILL_082"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_082.jpg" width="600" height="442" alt="The Angle of the Ell" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Angle of the Ell</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The possibilities of the little cottage, as it stood forlorn by the side
+of the road, attracted the attention of the present owner, who purchased
+it, moved it back from the road to its present location, and remodeled
+it, adding a wing at the left. The old front door was improved by the
+addition of a semicircular porch which is an exact reproduction of the
+porch on the White house at Salem, Massachusetts. The side porch was
+unique and most picturesque in its design. Ivy has been trained to cover
+the veranda and outline many of the windows.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At the rear, facing the garden with its frontage of gnarled apple-trees,
+we find the veranda or out-of-doors living-room. This is used during the
+summer months and commands one of the most picturesque views on the
+estate, overlooking lawns and forest.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_083" id="ILL_083"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_083.jpg" width="600" height="445" alt="The Entrance Porch" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Entrance Porch</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 454px;"><a name="ILL_084" id="ILL_084"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_084.jpg" width="454" height="600" alt="The Stairway" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Stairway</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Entrance to the old house is through the porch, and one finds himself in
+a most charming hallway, at one side of which is an alcoved recess. This
+is hung in blue and white Morris paper. Near the front door at the right
+is the staircase which leads with low treads and broad landing to the
+second-story floor; it has a hand-carved balustrade with a mahogany
+rail, while its newel post shows fine carving. Half way up between two
+huge beams have been placed some wonderful old pieces of china of the
+Colonial period, and under them is the quaint inscription, a welcome to
+the home, "In God's hands stands this house, may good luck come to it
+and bad luck go out of it." The staircase is reproduced from a
+particularly fine model found in a house in Boston that was originally
+the home of one of America's greatest statesmen, Edward Everett. It fits
+into its new surroundings as if it had always been there and is exactly
+the type one would expect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> to find in such a house as this. There is a
+fine old cabinet near the staircase that is considered one of the best
+pieces in the country. Inside is an entire tea-set of Lowestoft
+originally brought to Manchester by one of the old sea captains as a
+commercial venture and placed on sale. It was purchased by the present
+owner and holds a prominent place in her collection.</p>
+
+<p>At the foot of the stairs, inside the front door, the name of the house
+has been done in burnt wood. Mrs. Lincoln arranged to have this executed
+while she was traveling abroad and when talking with the workman she
+told him the story of her remodeled farmhouse and why it was named
+Little Orchard. He was very much interested in her description, and when
+the inscription was finished, it bore not only the name, but decorations
+in each corner of tiny little apples.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_085" id="ILL_085"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_085.jpg" width="600" height="444" alt="The Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the end of the entrance hall is the dining-room which is long and
+well lighted by many windows on two sides. This was a part of the
+original house, enlarged and added to. Here we find the low stud and the
+beamed ceiling so prevalent in houses of that day. It is hung with a
+most interesting Morris paper done in pink and blue, and at one end is a
+recessed sideboard.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> The upper part of this is used as a china
+cupboard, while on either side bookcases have been inserted. The
+furnishing of this room is all of the Colonial period; the chairs are
+Sheraton, as is also the sideboard. The fireplace is unusually good,
+being handsomely carved with a basket of fruit as the central
+decoration.</p>
+
+<p>Opening from the dining-room is the living-room, a large, square room
+with beamed ceiling, a feature being a built-in bookcase at the farther
+end. On the walls are many original paintings including one by the late
+William H. Hunt, "Tired of Work." An interesting inglenook is a
+space-saving device that has been introduced. Underneath the
+window-seat, studded in brass nails, is the name of the house again,
+Little Orchard.</p>
+
+<p>The reception-room is back of the living-room and shows the staircase of
+old Colonial design at the farther end. The fireplace was taken from a
+house which once sheltered General Lafayette. When the house was torn
+down, the beauty of the carving and the graceful design attracted the
+attention of the present owner, who purchased it for his remodeled
+house. When it was brought home, it was found to be almost
+impracticable,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> through being so badly worm-eaten; under the hands of
+skilful workmen, however, it has been thoroughly renovated and is now a
+prominent feature of the room. The apartment is well lighted by many
+windows, each one of which is of a different design. These have been
+perfectly planned, and there is no discordant note.</p>
+
+<p>The second story has been so arranged that all the rooms open into each
+other and also into the hallway. They are of low stud and contain dormer
+windows. The Colonial atmosphere has been carefully observed, so that
+new pieces which have been introduced fit in harmoniously with the old
+ones. Each room has a large, open fireplace with a crane, suggestive of
+good cheer.</p>
+
+<p>The success of this house has been attained through the careful thought
+of the owners, and it is an example of a charmingly remodeled farmhouse
+of a type such as one seldom finds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+
+<h3>WILLOWDALE</h3>
+
+<p>Should you chance to run across an old farmhouse that shows good
+interior woodwork, do not carelessly pass it by, for such houses are not
+easy to discover. You must realize that when restored it will be much
+more attractive than one with a plain mopboard and narrow cornice.</p>
+
+<p>Woodwork was not of the Colonial type in the earliest houses; it was
+used merely as a wall covering and was called wainscot, the same as it
+is to-day. This was because the paneling was originally made from
+wainscot oak which was well grained and without knots. Differing from
+that in nineteenth-century houses, it was put on the walls vertically,
+the boards being rough and wide. It must be remembered that in those
+days trees had not been felled to any extent, and the giants of the
+forest provided the best of lumber for this purpose. These boards were
+either lapped or put together with tongue-strips. Later on, we find
+interiors where they were laid horizontally,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> like those of a century or
+more ago, and instead of being plain boards, were well finished.</p>
+
+<p>Wainscot is an inheritance from our early ancestors, for in the manor
+houses in the mother country there is wonderful woodwork, used not only
+for wainscot, but for other parts of the interior finish. White pine,
+which at that time grew abundantly in our native woods, was employed for
+interior as well as exterior purposes, this being more especially true
+in the northern and eastern parts of the country, where it was more
+plentiful. It has generally been conceded that this wood was the best on
+account of its wearing properties, and as it did not show figure in
+either the grain or markings. It was often called "cheese-like" and for
+this reason was preferred by wood-carvers and cabinetmakers for their
+art.</p>
+
+<p>The wainscot was used until about the time of the Revolution and not
+until a later period were the walls plastered. It has never lost its
+popularity and is found in many twentieth-century houses. It is
+generally shown in paneled effects which came into vogue much later than
+the plain board period. This woodwork was generally in the lower story,
+where more time and thought were given to interior finish; very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> rarely
+is it found in the chambers and then only in the better class of houses.
+Wainscot is not the only interior woodwork used; we often find whole
+walls finished in paneled wood, and fireplaces with a simple frame in
+paneled effects. Many of these old fireplaces showed a wooden shelf
+only, while later on, in the early part of the nineteenth century, fine
+carvings were included. Occasionally we run across a mantel of this kind
+in an old farmhouse, but it is very rare.</p>
+
+<p>It would be out of place for the house owner to introduce a mantel of
+this kind, no matter how attractive, in some types of old farmhouses. It
+would not be in keeping with the style and, while handsome and graceful
+in design, would be incongruous even in remodeled surroundings.</p>
+
+<p>Door-frames as well as the wainscot betoken the age of the house, for in
+the earlier ones doors are perfectly plain in finish, elaboration in
+design of paneling and wood-carving coming into play at a little later
+period. Cornices widened and also became more elaborate as house
+building progressed, and a century after the first wainscot was used, we
+find them sometimes several inches in width and showing different
+motives, such as the egg and dart. These also are rarely found in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> an
+old farmhouse, for it must be remembered that our early ancestors had
+little time to think out elaboration in the interior finish of their
+homes which were built solely as shelters.</p>
+
+<p>In the reproductions of to-day the wide boards are not easy to find,
+unless they are taken from some old house. One of the most valuable
+boards is the pumpkin pine which is now rarely found, having disappeared
+from the New England forest long ago. Fortunate is the house owner who
+discovers this wood in his old farmhouse, for it is found only in the
+very oldest buildings. The softness of the wood and the great width of
+the boards distinguish it from the white pine.</p>
+
+<p>In 1695, on the shores of Cape Cod, not far from Cataumet, a small
+farmhouse was built, with four rooms down-stairs and two rooms and an
+unfinished attic above. It was the home of one of the early settlers and
+stood facing the highway, a simple, unpretentious dwelling of no
+particular design and incongruous architecture. Although it had been
+substantially built, it had been abandoned for many years and was in a
+most dilapidated condition. Originally the water came nearly to its
+door, but the shore line gradually had receded, so when first
+discovered, the little building<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> stood with its back to the road, and
+its face to the bare meadows.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_086" id="ILL_086"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_086.jpg" width="600" height="416" alt="Before Remodeling" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Before Remodeling</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Like other houses of this early period, it was guiltless of paint, and
+its weather-beaten sides showed the wear and exposure of many years'
+conflict with the elements. To transform this house into a summer home
+equipped with accommodations adequate for a modern family, was a
+difficult problem. The proportions of the exterior were good but so
+simple that in order to extend the original quaint outline of the house
+without marring it, the additions had to be made with unusual care.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_087" id="ILL_087"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_087.jpg" width="600" height="416" alt="The Front View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Front View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first step was to carefully study the period for correct remodeling
+and to lay out the five acres of grounds to balance the house and
+preserve symmetry of detail. A driveway starts at the entrance, where on
+a high pole swings a shield-like sign with a red background and showing
+the name of the house, Willowdale, in white. The estate is defined by a
+fence, and the house in its remodeled state is attractively located on
+rising land, many feet back from the main highway.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_088" id="ILL_088"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_088.jpg" width="600" height="422" alt="The House from the Garden" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The House from the Garden</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A hundred years after the house was built, a new highway was opened at
+the rear; thus the front or south side was wholly screened from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+observation, and it was here that the new owner decided to lay out his
+garden. It is enclosed by a high fence painted white, with latticed
+panels stained green; at the end a summer-house was erected, whose axis
+is the central path of flat stepping-stones that leads to the quaint
+porch entrance. Its three outer sides extend beyond the fence and
+command a broad view of the picturesque shore territory. The garden
+proper is of the old-fashioned type, in conformity with the old-time
+atmosphere of the estate, and the same sorts of flowers thrive in the
+trim beds that bloomed no doubt in the first owner's garden. Trailing
+vines conceal the fence outlining this plot from view. The only
+distinctive modern touch and yet one quite in harmony with the
+quaintness of the grounds is a large crystal gazing-bowl. This reflects
+in its luminous surface the nodding heads of the flowers, the floating
+clouds, the children dashing past, or the still loveliness of the summer
+sunset which preludes the night.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_089" id="ILL_089"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_089.jpg" width="600" height="412" alt="A Rear View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">A Rear View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The original house had been substantially built, and while appearing
+dilapidated, few of the shingles needed replacing even after two hundred
+years' wear. In the interior comparatively few repairs were necessary,
+paint and paper being the principal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> requisites. Additions had to be
+made to secure the needed room, and the first problem was to arrange
+these to conform with the original quaint outline. The old part was of
+the old farmhouse type, low of build. To the right a wing was built to
+contain three bedrooms and a bathroom, and to balance this a broad,
+covered veranda was added at the left; behind this, at the rear,
+quarters for the kitchen, servants' hall, and chambers were thrown out.
+There was need of more light for the second-floor rooms in the old
+building, so dormers were inserted in the deep pitched roof at the
+front.</p>
+
+<p>The exterior was then painted dark red with a white trim, following the
+style of the first painted houses. Whether the red was used for
+economy's sake or not is a question, but it probably was, and proved
+most appropriate. Yellow was the next coloring used, which is shown by
+the fact that it is sometimes found with red underneath; the white paint
+came into vogue still later.</p>
+
+<p>Over the front door a small porch was built which was in strict keeping
+with the period. Trellises were erected at one side of the house for
+rambler roses and vines that would break the plain, solid effect of the
+shingled surface. An<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> old-fashioned well was boxed in, at the rear of
+the kitchen entrance, and furnishes drinking-water for the family. The
+old chimney was retained, so that the fireplaces could be used.</p>
+
+<p>When the house was first built, there were two rooms at the front and at
+the rear a kitchen, kitchen-bedroom, and a dairy. The three small rooms
+were thrown into one large room which is now used as a dining-room. When
+the plaster was scraped off from the ceiling, it was found that there
+were hand-hewn beams underneath in such a good state of preservation
+that they were left uncovered, giving to the new apartment a distinctive
+touch. It was then discovered that the house had been built around a
+tree, for a substantial oak, with its roots deep in the ground and its
+large trunk still shouldering the roof beam, was disclosed. Underneath
+the old paper was found fine wood paneling which was scraped and painted
+white; next the fireplace was opened, and proved to be eight feet wide
+with a swinging crane at the back. This was restored to its original
+size, and a square, brick hearth was laid. The old floors were replaced
+by new ones, and the entire room was given the tone of the period. Rag
+rugs are laid on the floor, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> all the furniture represents
+seventeenth-century pieces. At one end of the room is the dining-table,
+and at the farther side, large French windows hung with chintz open on
+to a vine-clad veranda.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_090" id="ILL_090"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_090.jpg" width="600" height="433" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The parlor, which opened from the dining-room, was covered with many
+layers of dirty wall-paper. When these were removed, it was discovered
+that there was a very fine wainscoting. In one corner was a
+three-cornered cupboard with a paneled door underneath. The fireplace
+was opened up, and when the room was painted it developed into one of
+the most charming rooms in the house. The paneling was painted just off
+the white, and the walls were hung with soft, gray paper with tiny pink
+flowers, making the color scheme of the room gray and pink. This was
+carried out in all the furnishings,&mdash;the chintz used for cushions and
+the hangings harmonizing with these tones. Instead of having all the
+furniture of the Colonial period, comfortable willow chairs were
+introduced, in order to give the light, airy touch that makes a summer
+home distinctive. This is a large, livable room, well-lighted by many
+windows and looking out upon the lawn and the garden.</p>
+
+<p>The hallway is of the plain, simple type which was so common in the
+oldest houses. The walls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> are covered with a reproduction of an old-time
+landscape paper, and the passage forms the division line between the old
+sitting-room and the dining-room. This dining-room is now used as a
+chamber; it is large and sunny with a wide-open fireplace. It is
+furnished with an Empire bed and shows everything that would have been
+found in the early days in a chamber of this kind, even to the spirit
+lamp that stands on the high mantel, the warming-pan beside the generous
+fireplace, the oval mirror, and the wooden cradle with its hand-woven
+blanket, where now sleeps a twentieth-century baby.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_091" id="ILL_091"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_091.jpg" width="600" height="453" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_092.jpg" width="600" height="449" alt="Two of the Chambers" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two of the Chambers</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the second story the rooms have been remodeled and show the same good
+taste which prevails all through the house. The unfinished attic has
+been plastered, papered, and converted into two bedrooms which are
+equipped with the old-time furnishings and are used primarily as guest
+rooms. The gable windows make them light and airy and at the same time
+afford a charming glimpse of the garden, heavy with the fragrance of the
+sweet-smelling blossoms, much as it was two centuries ago.</p>
+
+<p>Willowdale is one of the most comfortable and well appointed of the many
+remodeled houses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> that are found in New England. It is the possession of
+such a quantity of fine old woodwork that has given the house its
+distinctive atmosphere, though this has been preserved and heightened by
+the good taste of the present residents, who have succeeded in making it
+a most livable dwelling. Every room is well lighted and well ventilated,
+yet the house maintains in its renovated state all the quaintness and
+charm of a seventeenth-century home. It is a fine example of how an old
+house can be remodeled with little trouble and expense, and how the old
+and new can be combined harmoniously.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV</h2>
+
+<h3>THE GEORGE E. BARNARD ESTATE</h3>
+
+<p>In remodeling a farmhouse, one should plan to build wide verandas,
+overlooking pleasing views. These can be glass-enclosed, so that during
+inclement weather one need not stay indoors. Out-door life is a part of
+the essentials in planning a summer home, and it means so much to the
+house owner that every possible means should be devised to secure it.
+With this object in view, why not lay out around the house attractive
+flower beds? Just a plain lawn does not mean much, but planted with
+trees, effective shrubbery, and well-planned gardens, it furnishes an
+inducement to sit on the porch and watch the ever changing views.</p>
+
+<p>In attempting this work, plan for vistas, well-selected spaces through
+which one can get glimpses of the world beyond. Have an objective point
+in view, so that the beauty of the setting sun and the clouds clothed in
+rainbow hues make it more attractive. Panorama effects are always
+interesting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> and are obtained through judicious planting, for one must
+remember that a plain level lawn in itself has few features that
+attract. Let the units be carefully spaced, and if there are walks or
+drives near the house, lay them out where they will not detract from the
+picturesque effect that you desire. An exception can be made with the
+English or flag treads, which make a charming adjunct to the grounds
+when grass grown.</p>
+
+<p>In the early days, the first settlers had their flower beds close to the
+house, probably because they did not then interfere with garden space.
+The effect was pleasing, for it added to the simple attraction of the
+early building. It is a good plan, after remodeling a house, to carry
+out this scheme of our forebears and have a narrow bed following the
+line of the house. Trees also are always effective; they break the roof
+line and shut off objectionable views. If you have no trees, by all
+means plant some. Screens can be devised by planting shrubbery, which
+makes unnecessary a latticed enclosure and is all the more interesting
+if the shrubs bear flowers, adding a bright spot to the color scheme.
+They are very practical as well, since they serve many purposes besides
+shutting off objectionable portions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> of the grounds. If rightly planted,
+they serve as windbreaks and can be arranged to frame a vista. While
+evergreen is often used for this scheme, yet shrubs such as the lilac,
+forsythia, bridal wreath, flowering almond, and many others are
+suitable. Plant these so that there will be a continuation in bloom, and
+also with reference to a definite color scheme.</p>
+
+<p>A remodeled farmhouse set back from the road without any surrounding
+decoration of garden or hedge cannot be picturesque, for merely a
+stretch of green lawn leaves it bare and uninviting, no matter how much
+you cover the house with vines. The composition of house and garden
+should be carefully planned, all the more if the estate is extensive,
+with plenty of land that can be used for this purpose. It is not much
+trouble to plant shrubs, and they need little cultivation. In the woods
+near at hand you can usually find plenty that will serve the purpose, if
+economy has to be considered.</p>
+
+<p>In planting the garden there are many things to be regarded; one of the
+most important is the sequence of bloom. This should be arranged with a
+view to color effects, for nowhere will one's taste be more conspicuous
+than in the garden<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> plot which surrounds the house. There is no doubt
+that the harmony of color is a vital question, and complementary ones
+should be grouped together. Yellow should never be left out of the
+garden unless one wishes a very quiet effect; red is a favorite color
+and contrasts well with white. It must be remembered that quiet colors
+can be used in greater profusion than glaring ones; and if the exterior
+of the house is white, it permits one a much wider latitude in the
+choice of colors and in the arrangement of pleasing effects.</p>
+
+<p>The combination of house and garden that is found on the George E.
+Barnard estate of Ipswich, Massachusetts, is ideal and the result of
+many years of careful thought. The house was originally a small and
+unattractive farmhouse which contained only four rooms; it was
+dilapidated and forlorn in appearance and situated in the midst of
+uncultivated grounds. It was the location which attracted the present
+owner, for he saw here great possibilities for development; so he
+purchased the estate with a view of surrounding the house with gardens.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_093" id="ILL_093"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_093.jpg" width="600" height="388" alt="Before Remodeling" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Before Remodeling</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The house has been added to, a little at a time, by throwing out here a
+room and there a veranda,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> instead of completing the whole work at once.
+Vine-covered verandas now surround three sides of the house; the
+shrubbery has been well planted.</p>
+
+<p>From the time the garden was first started, it was the desire of the
+owner to paint in flowers what other people have painted on canvas.
+Steep hills that obstructed the view at the side of the house have been
+converted into gentle slopes; bare spots have been thickly planted, and
+colors have been combined so that there is no inharmonious note in the
+finished garden. Careful planning eliminated straight lines, but not
+even the slightest curve in a flower bed was made until after due
+consideration. The flowers were planted to fulfill, as near as possible,
+the scheme of a landscape picture, and each plant not in perfect harmony
+was removed. The effect as one sits on the veranda is like looking at an
+immense canvas, where the pictures change with every move, for the
+estate is a masterpiece of color and bloom, depicting a different phase
+of landscape on every side.</p>
+
+<p>In remodeling the house, so many changes have been made that it is
+almost impossible to tell the manner in which the improvements were
+effected. There is not a room in the house but has been thoroughly
+changed, nor one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> that has not been enlarged. The service quarters are
+all new; they have been placed in the rear, where they do not intrude on
+the scheme that has been carried out in remodeling&mdash;that of making an
+attractive house in keeping with the setting of the grounds. The main
+house is at the front and has been kept in practically the same general
+style as when purchased. The entire rear portion of the house has been
+added a little at a time, until now it is most complete in each and
+every detail.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_094" id="ILL_094"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_094.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="The Front of the House" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Front of the House</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_095" id="ILL_095"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_095.jpg" width="600" height="414" alt="The House from the Terrace" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The House from the Terrace</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Dormer windows have been let into the roof in order to give better
+lighting, and the wide verandas have been railed in, to provide an
+up-stairs living-room, from which one gets the best views of the garden.
+The lower veranda is furnished with well-chosen willow furniture, each
+piece being carefully selected so that there are no two alike. It has
+been given a setting of ornamental bay-trees in green tubs and huge
+pottery vases filled with masses of bloom. The most attractive part of
+the veranda is at one side of the house, where it is paved with brick
+and lined on the one side with evergreen trees and on the other with
+scarlet geraniums.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 453px;"><a name="ILL_096" id="ILL_096"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_096.jpg" width="453" height="600" alt="The Pergola-Porch" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Pergola-Porch</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_097" id="ILL_097"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_097.jpg" width="600" height="421" alt="The Hall" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Hall</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The hall or morning-room was a part of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> original house. It is
+entered directly from the veranda and has been so treated as to present
+a different series of pictures from the time one enters the door until
+one leaves, each room which opens out of it being carefully designed for
+harmonious effects.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_098" id="ILL_098"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_098.jpg" width="600" height="433" alt="The Alcove in the Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Alcove in the Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the left of the room is the staircase which leads to the second-story
+floor. The low mahogany risers and treads contrast with the white
+balusters which are topped with a highly polished mahogany rail. Doors
+have been removed so that the adjoining rooms are glimpsed as one enters
+from the veranda. This room is hung with a Colonial paper showing
+delicately tinted red flowers against a gray background, and its beauty
+is heightened by the leaded glass windows of the china closet at the
+right and the simple fireplace with its brass accessories. Every bit of
+furniture here is old Colonial and is upholstered in green to match the
+color of the hangings. A long French window opens on to the veranda and
+gives glimpses of the beautiful gardens. The upper portions of the old
+cupboards that were in the house have been glassed in. The floors have
+had to be re-laid.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_099" id="ILL_099"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_099.jpg" width="600" height="431" alt="The Den" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Den</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Particularly noticeable is the den which is at the left of the hallway.
+Here the color scheme<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> is green, the walls being covered with textile;
+the wainscot is painted white, and the hangings at the window brighten
+the plain effect of the wall treatment. There is no crowding of
+furniture, but a dignified atmosphere pervades the entire room. It is an
+apartment such as one loves to find&mdash;quiet and restful. These two rooms
+occupy the entire front of the house.</p>
+
+<p>Opening from the hall is a long reception-room which was originally a
+part of the old house and which shows two rooms thrown into one, with an
+addition at the end nearest the avenue. This is done in old blue velour
+and is furnished in mahogany. The plain tint of the wall gives an
+admirable background to the fine old pictures which hang here and there.
+Every piece of furniture in this room is Colonial. Ionic columns outline
+the wide double windows. Light and air have been carefully considered in
+the remodeling of the entire house and have particularly been sought in
+designing this room, as is shown by the many windows on either side. At
+the farther end, to one side, a French window leads to a glassed-in
+veranda which is used for a breakfast-room.</p>
+
+<p>This room is a feature of the house, for it has been set in the middle
+of the terraced grounds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> that lie at the side of the house, so that one
+can get the full benefit of the picture garden with the slope of the
+hill beyond rising to meet the blue of the horizon.</p>
+
+<p>In the reception-room, as in every room in the house, wooden doors have
+been removed and replaced by glass ones which act as windows to reveal
+the room beyond. It is a most unusual treatment,&mdash;this picture idea
+carried out inside as well as outside of the house,&mdash;for there is no
+spot in the whole interior where you do not get a vista of some kind.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_100" id="ILL_100"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_100.jpg" width="600" height="461" alt="The Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Beyond the reception-room is the dining-room. This, too, is a long,
+narrow room and has been added, since the house was purchased, but so
+fitted in that it is seemingly a part of the old house. This room is
+divided into a dining and a breakfast-room and is used during inclement
+weather. Heavy draperies make it possible to shut the rooms off from
+each other if desired. The entire end of the breakfast-room has been
+given up to groups of long French windows which are repeated on either
+side, making a wide bay window. Here again has the picture effect been
+carried out, for the windows act as a frame to the mass of harmonious
+blossoms beyond, with their setting of green.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> The dining-room proper
+has a paneled Colonial landscape paper; the furniture is of the Empire
+period, while at the farther end of the room have been let in on either
+side of the long windows an attractive china closet. Here, as in every
+room in the house, we find wainscot and the same use of white paint.</p>
+
+<p>At the rear of this dining-room are the service quarters which consist
+of a large, sanitary, and well-equipped kitchen, butlers' pantries,
+servants' dining-room and sitting-room. The chambers in the second story
+are entirely separate from the rest of the house.</p>
+
+<p>The second floor shows at the right of the staircase a most delightful
+morning-room which is large and square with an open fireplace. This is a
+particularly attractive room, for it commands magnificent views. The
+rest of the house is given over to chambers which are laid out in suites
+and furnished with old-time furniture.</p>
+
+<p>There is an atmosphere about this remodeled farmhouse that is refreshing
+and most unusual. It has taken years to satisfactorily develop the
+owner's idea of combining house and garden in one harmonious color
+scheme. In the exterior this is changed each year, the favorite
+combination<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> being lavender and white. This is attained by the use of
+heliotrope and sweet alyssum which outline the terraced wall and which
+show a carpet of green for central effect.</p>
+
+<p>The veranda is a harmony of green and white which is carried out in the
+awnings, the foliage, the willow furniture, and the white of the
+exterior and the balustrade. In the interior there is not a jumble of
+different colorings, and the rooms have been so arranged that they
+present a series of pictures brought about by the use of plain colors
+that perfectly blend. This has not been the work of a day or a year, but
+of ten years of careful study and is one of the most instructive lessons
+for those who are planning to remodel an old farmhouse and to introduce
+into its interior finish harmonious, restful, color schemes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE W.&nbsp;P. ADDEN HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>Many of the old houses still contain some fine specimens of old hardware
+that were used when they were built, more especially the H and L hinges
+and the old latches which have not been removed. The knockers have often
+disappeared, being more conspicuous and therefore eagerly sought, not
+only by collectors but by builders of new houses into which Colonial
+ideas have been introduced.</p>
+
+<p>If you are looking for this particular feature in the farmhouse, you
+will probably find it widely varied, as the different owners of the
+house each had his own special ideas and changed the hardware to suit
+his tastes. Many did not realize the importance of these fixtures in
+retaining the sixteenth and seventeenth-century interiors.</p>
+
+<p>It is absolutely necessary that the hardware should correspond in
+material to period. Too little thought has been given to this subject
+and has led to an incongruous use of hardware, leaving an impression of
+lack of information concerning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> the correct architectural details of the
+house. There is a decided difference between the hardware that was used
+in the latter part of the sixteenth century and the early seventeenth
+and that we employ to-day. The twentieth-century "builders' hardware"
+covers a great variety of objects included in every part of the house.
+In Colonial times the term was applied to few, such as latches, locks,
+knockers, and hinges, some of which were very ornamental in design, for
+they ranged from small pieces to large ones.</p>
+
+<p>The evolution of this special feature of the house is of interest to
+the house builder; it originated in the Dark Ages, at which period we
+find used Romanesque, Renaissance, and Gothic types in so many
+different forms that it is little wonder the architect turns to them
+for copy. The best examples are seen in the late sixteenth and early
+seventeenth-century houses, when the decoration of the entrance door was
+a very serious subject and received great attention, especially during
+the Colonial period. Then the knockers were of the most importance and
+were either of cast-iron or brass. The former were often very beautiful
+in design and were used on the earlier houses, for brass did not come
+into favor until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> later. Unfortunately the waning vogue of this piece of
+hardware led to many rare pieces being destroyed or thrown into the
+melting pot. It is fortunate that some house owners realized their worth
+and that collectors felt they would become a fad later on and so stored
+them away, which accounts for many old knockers found on the market
+to-day.</p>
+
+<p>The latch, lock, knob, and hinge are also interesting. The former is
+made from either iron or brass but rarely of any other metal. Before the
+appearance of the latch, the door-ring was used, but this it would be
+most difficult to locate. The thumb-latch is occasionally fanciful in
+design but is generally very plain and is rarely seen even in old-time
+houses, having been replaced by the door-knob. The most common feature,
+and one which we are quite apt to discover, is the long strap-hinge
+which was designed for a special purpose, for we must remember that in
+the early days wooden pins were used to fasten the door; and while they
+kept it compact, yet it demanded the strap-hinge also for protection.
+This hinge will be found in many different patterns and makes, sometimes
+running almost the entire width of the door, and often constructed in
+three sections,&mdash;the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> upper, lower, and central, although frequently
+only two were used. The ornamental ones are rarely if ever seen in
+farmhouses, being confined to the wealthier class. The plain iron ones
+were more often found, and these are of two types,&mdash;the one known as the
+H hinge and the other as the H and L.</p>
+
+<p>Closet doors often are equipped with the H hinge which takes its name
+from its formation. Because of the fact that the home builders of to-day
+are turning their attention more and more to the use of decorative
+hardware, one should be very careful to retain this feature as an
+effective detail in the interior finish of a remodeled farmhouse.</p>
+
+<p>In the town of Reading, Massachusetts, is a most attractive remodeled
+farmhouse that has been carefully worked out by W.&nbsp;P. Adden with such a
+regard for the preservation of old-time atmosphere that it can be
+considered as a fine type to copy. Not only has the exterior been
+carefully planned, but the owner has gone farther and made a special
+study of the hardware, so that the house to-day contains many wonderful
+examples that are correct in their treatment and add much to the
+atmosphere of the home.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_101" id="ILL_101"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_101.jpg" width="600" height="396" alt="The W. P. Adden House" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The W.&nbsp;P. Adden House</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This old farmhouse was originally a gambrel-roofed cottage built about
+1760 and was probably a four-roomed house, as is indicated by the
+partitions filled with brick that were found in the center of the
+present house, and also by an old brick oven and fireplace which were
+buried up and covered over by the portion of an old brick chimney
+evidently added later. The additions to this dwelling, even when
+purchased by the present owner, had been carefully planned, so that
+there were no awkward joinings or incongruous jogs discernible in the
+outline. There is no doubt that here, as in other old farmhouses, the
+early builders had displayed an inherent sense of proper proportion, and
+the additions which were made from time to time might be said to be
+after-expressions of first thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>When this house was first purchased, it was in an excellent state of
+preservation, with the exception of the ell which was past repairing. It
+faced directly south and had evidently been set by a compass regardless
+of street boundary, though the location was only a short distance from
+the main road. The design of the house contained all the characteristics
+of early construction,&mdash;the small-paned windows, closely cropped eaves,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+and long, unrelieved, roof line. At the time of the purchase of the
+estate, which had originally included hundreds of acres, it was
+surrounded by a low wall of field stone which had evidently been taken
+from the grounds to make tillage possible. The house stood on a slope
+and was surrounded by grass land; the same idea is carried out to-day,
+in that little attempt has been made at garden culture, the owner
+preferring to keep the estate as near as possible to the farm lands of
+centuries ago.</p>
+
+<p>After the remodeling was commenced, many interesting facts of
+construction were brought to light. The north side of the house, which
+was originally the rear, was changed by the present owner into the main
+front, with entrance and staircase hall. The hall was necessarily small,
+and in order to make it practical, five feet of the large central
+chimney had to be removed, including three fireplaces and two brick
+ovens. It was then found that this portion had evidently been added to
+the house after the original chimney had been built, as an old fireplace
+and brick oven were found on the line of a partition on the south side
+of the hall. It was also discovered that in all probability the original
+house had a lean-to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> at the north which was used for a kitchen, and that
+this fireplace and brick oven were a part of the old room. The original
+chimney was found by actual measurement to be sixteen feet by seven and
+a half feet, and the stone foundation was the largest ever seen, being
+ample enough to accommodate the wide hearths as well as the chimney. In
+fact, to-day it takes all the central portion of the basement, leaving
+two small spaces on either side. In the remodeling, it was found that
+the original work was laid up with clay, meadow clay being taken as a
+binder.</p>
+
+<p>The exterior required little alteration, save on the north side, where
+it was necessary to remove a portion of the wall in order to run the
+hall out under the roof of the house so that it might be two stories in
+height. The front of the house, which faced directly south, was left
+unaltered, with the exception that on the opposite side from the ell a
+glass-enclosed piazza was built of like width, length, and height. This
+afforded a ballast, as it were, to the main building and made a
+comfortable playroom for the children.</p>
+
+<p>A new porch, arched with Colonial pillars, was built at the front of the
+house in keeping with the type. In the ell a second one of less formal
+proportions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> was designed which was reached by a flagging of rough
+stones. A third porch of entirely different character was a finish to
+the rear of the house and shows lattice work, being quite ornamental in
+design.</p>
+
+<p>The angle formed by the main building and the new ell gave space for a
+flower plot, and here is located a small rose garden. This is outlined
+by broad paths of stone; surrounding the whole are wide borders of
+old-fashioned flowers which lend a touch of color that is very
+attractive.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 469px;"><a name="ILL_102" id="ILL_102"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_102.jpg" width="469" height="600" alt="The Stairway" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Stairway</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Entering through the front porch, one comes to a new hall, and with the
+exception of this, there has been little change in interior. This hall
+is most interesting; here are found the H and L hinges, a yellow and
+white Colonial wall-paper, and a staircase that divides at the landing
+and by easy treads leads on either side to chambers above. An old
+grandfather's clock is an appropriate furnishing for this part of the
+house. All through the lower story the old woodwork has been carefully
+preserved, and where it was destroyed it has been replaced.</p>
+
+<p>The living-room is practically as it was when purchased. Here we find
+the H hinges and the old-time latches, while through the center of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
+room runs a beam which had to be cased in and which has been painted
+white to match the trim. At one side a built-in bookcase has followed
+the architectural lines so perfectly that it seems as if it had been
+there ever since the house was built. The simple Colonial fireplace
+shows more ornamentation than is generally found in old farmhouses,
+which indicates that it was of a better type dwelling. With its new wall
+hangings and white trim, this room is most attractive. It connects with
+the sun-parlor at one end and is well-lighted and most homelike in
+atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>The dining-room, facing east, has had a new group of windows added and
+contains the largest fireplace in the house. The china closet above the
+fireplace was discovered when the plaster was removed for the purpose of
+building in a similar one. This room is fitted with H and L hinges and
+the old-time iron latch. It was originally a portion of the old kitchen,
+the remainder of it being taken for a lavatory and passageway.</p>
+
+<p>All through the house we find that careful attention has been paid not
+only to hardware but to furnishings. No new-fashioned pieces have been
+used in any room in the house, and this careful attention to details has
+been carried out even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> in the lighting fixtures, which are all of the
+Colonial type.</p>
+
+<p>The second-story floor has undergone changes to meet the requirements of
+the present owner. One half of this story is devoted to the nursery; it
+is equipped with a large fireplace, deep closets, bath, and nurse's
+room, while the remainder provides a large bedroom, bath, and
+dressing-room. It has been so arranged that each part is distinct by
+itself, and convenience has been looked after in every particular.</p>
+
+<p>The original attic was entirely unfinished, and when new stairs were
+erected in the second-story hall, there was great difficulty in finding
+room enough to enter the attic by the side of the large chimney.</p>
+
+<p>In the remodeling of this house, comfort, a careful following of
+Colonial details, and an especial attention to the hardware are the
+salient features.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>There is one thing that should be carefully considered in buying an old
+farmhouse,&mdash;that is, character. In order to obtain this, distinct points
+should be sought after and brought out. These can be accentuated not
+only in the house but also in its surroundings,&mdash;the garden, the trees,
+and the shrubbery; even the defining wall or fence does its part in
+making a good or bad impression on the casual passer-by.</p>
+
+<p>One must remember, in dealing with subjects of this sort, that the term
+"farmhouses" is a varying one. These range from small, insignificant
+little dwellings to the more elaborate houses that were built primarily
+for comfort as well as shelter. There are many large, substantial
+dwellings, not of the earlier type, for they were erected much later,
+but which illustrate the progression of the farmhouse design. One looks
+in houses such as these for larger rooms, higher stud, and more
+up-to-date ideas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The fireplaces are smaller and more ornate, for it must be remembered
+that as time passed on, money circulated more freely through the
+colonies, allowing for more extensive work and better finished details.
+While it is not necessary to copy the Colonial wall hangings, yet in the
+older houses it is much more satisfactory; still one can depart from
+this custom in a more elaborate house and use his own taste in selecting
+an attractive modern paper. Many people consider that houses restored,
+no matter of what period, should invariably have carefully consistent
+interior finish, without realization that it is sometimes better to look
+for character than type.</p>
+
+<p>The old-time wall-papers, more especially the picturesque ones, were
+generally used in more expensive houses, although we find them here and
+there in the more simple ones. Often this feature of the interior
+decoration is not well carried out, the wall hangings being chosen for
+cheapness rather than merit.</p>
+
+<p>To-day there is on the market such a great variety of papers that it is
+a very easy matter to get one suitable for any certain room and
+suggesting good taste. Many of them are reproductions of old motives,
+while others are plain and simple<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> in character, giving to the room a
+quiet effect and providing a good background for pictures and hangings.
+There is nothing more restful in character than the soft grays; they are
+effective as a setting for stronger colors that can be used in the
+curtains, for this part of a room finish is as important as the wall
+hangings themselves. There is an indescribable charm to a room that has
+been carefully planned and shows good taste and restful surroundings.</p>
+
+<p>In many houses, some decorative scheme has been introduced which
+necessitates a particular kind of wall hanging, and even though it may
+be most unusual in type, it illustrates a motive that has been in the
+mind of the owner. Houses would lack character if the same line of
+interior decoration were carried out in all of them. With a high
+wainscot and cornice painted ivory white, comparatively little paper is
+needed, which reduces the cost and permits a better paper than if the
+room had a simple mopboard and a tiny molding.</p>
+
+<p>Papers that are garish and discordant in themselves, if skilfully
+handled, can produce harmonious effects, for it is often the unusual
+wall hangings that attract most. In curtaining these rooms let the same
+main tone be reproduced;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> this need not apply to every detail but to the
+general tone. Many people are timid in the use of odd wall-papers or
+curtains; they are afraid that they may look bizarre, but they should
+remember that color is in reality a very powerful agent in making an
+artistic home.</p>
+
+<p>It is sometimes effective to treat a house as a whole, and then again it
+is better that each room should have its own individuality. Very few
+houses but have at least one corner that offers interesting
+opportunities, and it is the artistic treatment of this that helps out
+the harmony of the room.</p>
+
+<p>There is a charming atmosphere surrounding "Quillcote," the home of Kate
+Douglas Wiggin, at Hollis, Maine, where Mrs. Riggs spends three months
+of the year. It may be that the quietness of the place lends to it
+additional charm, and then again it may possibly be the result of its
+environment.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_103" id="ILL_103"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_103.jpg" width="600" height="422" alt="Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin&#39;s Summer House" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin&#39;s Summer House</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The house itself is typical of the better class of New England
+farmhouses, and since it has come into Mrs. Riggs' possession, many
+alterations have been made, until to-day it is one of the most
+attractive farmhouses to be found anywhere. Two stories and a half in
+height, with a slant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> to the roof, it stands back from the road on a
+slight elevation, with a surrounding of lawns and overshadowed by
+century-old elms. To-day its weather-beaten sides have been renovated by
+a coat of white paint, while the blinds have been painted green. A touch
+of picturesqueness has been secured through the introduction of a
+window-box over the porch, bright all through the season with blossoming
+flowers. There is no attempt at floriculture, the owner preferring to
+maintain the rural simplicity of a farmhouse devoid of flowers and only
+relieved by the shrubbery planted around the building.</p>
+
+<p>When the house was first purchased, it was not in a dilapidated
+condition, having been lived in by townspeople and kept in good repair.
+The work of remodeling has been done by the people of the village, and
+it has been superintended by the owner of the house, in order that her
+own ideas, not only in remodeling, but in decorating, should be exactly
+carried out. The old shed is now used as the service department, a wide
+veranda having been built at one side for a servants' outdoor
+sitting-room. At the rear of the house is the old barn, which to-day is
+used for a study and for entertainment purposes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 454px;"><a name="ILL_104" id="ILL_104"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_104.jpg" width="454" height="600" alt="The Hall" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Hall</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Entrance to the house is through a Colonial door with a fanlight on
+either side. The owner has preferred to keep this in its original state,
+rather than add a porch of the Colonial type. The only porch that has
+been added to the house is a latticed, circular one at the side door.
+The entrance hall is long and narrow, the staircase also being narrow
+and built at one side in order to save space. The Colonial idea has been
+carried out here in the wainscot, and the ornamentation of hand-carving
+on the stairs shows it was done by a stair-builder and not by an
+ordinary mechanic. The lighting is from a lantern which carries out the
+general effect. The wall-hanging is in Colonial colors,&mdash;yellow and
+white,&mdash;while the rugs are the old, woven rag carpets which are repeated
+for stair covering. The balusters are very simple in design, while the
+balustrade has been painted white, thus showing it is not of mahogany.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_105" id="ILL_105"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_105.jpg" width="600" height="435" alt="The Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the right is the dining-room, a bright, sunny room that has been
+uniquely planned to occupy the front of the house instead of the rear,
+as is more usual. It is a large, square room, in which little or no
+alteration has been made and which has been treated so as to make an
+effective setting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> to the rare old Colonial furniture. The size of the
+dining-room has been considered in reference to the furniture, this
+being one reason why Mrs. Riggs has chosen this large, square room&mdash;in
+order to correctly place her old mahogany pieces. The decorations are
+very simple and follow out the idea of Colonial days, there being no
+pieces that are not in actual use. The walls are hung in shades of
+yellow and brown, and she has been most successful in carrying out her
+color scheme.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_106" id="ILL_106"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_106.jpg" width="600" height="433" alt="The Den" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Den</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The home study, or den, leads from the dining-room and has been
+carefully planned with an idea of restfulness. A chamber at one end has
+been converted into an alcove, and additional light is obtained by
+cutting a group of casement windows over the writing-table. The room is
+very simply furnished and shows marked originality. The walls are
+papered with woodland scenes, for it was a fad of the occupant to bring
+into the house by wall hangings suggestions of the outside world. While
+it is unique, it has a distinctly restful influence and is in tone with
+the fireplace, which has been decorated with unusual features and which
+bears the name "Quillcote." The draperies in this room are original in
+treatment, being decorated to order by a noted artist who has
+introduced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> his signature in some part of the work. They are ornamented
+with original designs suggestive of farm life, with such subjects as
+wheat, apples, or corn and are covered with delicate traceries of rushes
+or climbing vines. The fireplace has for andirons black owls, and on
+either side stand altar candles. In the furnishing of the room
+everything has been chosen with an eye to restful effects; the owner has
+done away with the pure Colonial idea, using the mission type and
+considering comfort more than conventionality.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_107" id="ILL_107"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_107.jpg" width="600" height="449" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_108.jpg" width="600" height="440" alt="Two Views of the Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two Views of the Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Opposite the dining-room at the front of the house is the living-room,
+where further originality is found in furnishings and in scenes from
+nature introduced in the unique wall hangings. This room is in blue and
+white, the wall-paper being delft blue with a rush design over which
+hover gulls. Singularly enough, the idea is very pleasing. The hangings
+are of white muslin with blue over-curtains, while the furniture is a
+mixture of Colonial and modern pieces. An inglenook has been obtained
+through the introduction of a built-in window-seat which is covered with
+blue to match the tone of the paper. The furniture is all painted white,
+and the white fur rugs laid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> upon the blue floor covering give a
+charming effect. The decoration and furnishing of this room is quiet and
+restful, for those two ideas form the basis of the owner's scheme which
+she had in mind long before she took this house and while she lived in
+the old family mansion that stands just across the way. It is a
+comfortable, livable room and not used for state occasions alone, but
+for everyday needs.</p>
+
+<p>Just beyond is the sitting-room in which an entirely different idea is
+presented. Here the china fad is evidenced in the ornamentation of
+priceless old plates that have been collected by the owner's sister,
+Miss Nora Smith, and arranged according to her taste. This room is a
+typical Colonial room, and the furniture shown is all of that period,
+even to a spinning-wheel which gives an old-time effect. From this room
+one passes through a door on to the rear porch, from which fine views
+are obtained of the little, old-fashioned garden, the pine grove
+opposite the house, and the winding road.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_109" id="ILL_109"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_109.jpg" width="600" height="410" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_110.jpg" width="600" height="449" alt="Two of the Chambers" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two of the Chambers</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The second story shows large, square chambers which have been carefully
+planned, each following out a distinct color scheme. In one of these
+rooms there is a combination of lavender, white,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> and green, shown in
+wall hangings, curtains, and furnishings. The canopied Field bed, with
+its lavender and white spread, has been painted white. Over it has been
+draped a white muslin canopy. The walls are in light green and show no
+pictures save that of a Madonna and Child, suggestive of the author's
+love of children. On the mantel are several very rare pieces of
+Staffordshire, many of which can not be duplicated. The furniture has
+been painted white, with the exception of two chairs which have been
+treated to a coat of green.</p>
+
+<p>Another room, showing wainscot and a quiet yellow and white Colonial
+paper, has a Field bed with white spread and white muslin canopy. Here
+the Colonial idea in furnishing has been strictly carried out.</p>
+
+<p>An original and yet artistic room has its walls entirely covered with a
+dainty cretonne, the bed-covering and hangings being of the same
+material.</p>
+
+<p>The most interesting idea in remodeling is presented by the old barn,
+which has been converted into a large music-room or hall, with a rustic
+platform at one end. Here a new floor has been laid, many windows
+inserted, and a few old-time settles placed, constructed of weathered
+wood toned by time to an almost silvery hue.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> Nothing else has been
+changed; the ancient rafters and walls remain as they were a century
+ago. The hall is lighted by many lanterns hanging from ceiling and
+harness pegs, also by curious Japanese lanterns painted especially for
+Mrs. Wiggin and bearing the name of the artist. The lanterns, hung from
+overhead, greatly relieve the somber effect of the heavy beams. At the
+rear of the hall a broad door space makes a frame for a pretty
+picture,&mdash;a field of buttercups and daisies, a distant house, and two
+arching elms. A large closet, once the harness-room, is fitted up with
+shelves and contains all the necessary china for a "spread" such as is
+given to the village folk several times a year, when dances are held in
+the old barn.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE FRANKLIN BRETT HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>Floors are an important detail in the remodeled house. Sometimes the
+original building has many that are in fairly good condition so that
+they can be saved. There is a great advantage in keeping these old
+floors if possible, for they were made with plain edge, of strong timber
+and laid close together. The earliest floors were not double in
+treatment, therefore the edges had to be either lapped or rabbited.</p>
+
+<p>These wide boards that were used in the early construction stand the
+test of furnaces and modern heating a great deal better than do modern
+ones of the same width. The latter are much more apt to shrink and open
+joints. It will be found that the better floors are in the second story
+in almost every house.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable, however, that if you are remodeling your house, you will
+have to lay at least one or more floors, and in such cases, matched
+hemlock is the most advisable for the under floor;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> but the boards
+should be laid diagonally and close together. The usual method is to lay
+them matching the upper floor. It is a great mistake, even if advised to
+do so by an architect, to lay only one floor, for with shrinkage come
+cracks through which cold air and dust can rise; even a carpet does not
+remedy the trouble.</p>
+
+<p>Hardwood boards make the most popular floors and come in varying
+thicknesses, the oak being generally three eighths of an inch thick and
+the North Carolina pine averaging seven eighths of an inch. Both are
+employed for new floors and for re-covering old, soft-wood ones. The
+narrow width of oak is more satisfactory, as the narrower the stock the
+smaller the space between the strips and the less danger of unsightly
+appearance. They may be a little more expensive than the wider ones, but
+they make a much better showing. Then, too, the shading and figure blend
+more harmoniously than when the broader strips are employed.</p>
+
+<p>Narrow widths also obviate any danger of the flooring strips cupping, as
+they are laid and stay absolutely flat. One should be careful not to lay
+oak flooring while the walls and plaster are damp; in fact, if you have
+to do much remodeling,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> the floor should be the last thing attended to,
+as it is a better plan to get everything else done and thoroughly
+dried&mdash;even to painting, wall hangings, and decorating.</p>
+
+<p>Hard pine is best for the kitchen, as it does not splinter, is more
+reasonable in price, and has fine wearing qualities. It must be taken
+into consideration that oak flooring is cheaper in the end than carpet.
+A yard of carpet is twenty-seven inches wide by three feet in length and
+contains six and three quarters square feet. Clear quartered-oak
+flooring can be bought, laid, and polished for one dollar per carpet
+yard, and when you consider the lasting qualities of the wood and the
+beauty of a polished floor, you will make no mistake to put in one of
+the better quality, more sanitary, and the best background for rugs,
+instead of laying a floor of cheap wood.</p>
+
+<p>Carpets, with the exception of straw matting, are inadvisable for a home
+like this. They are unsanitary, hold the dust, and are not nearly as
+attractive as rugs. These may vary in price with the purse of the owner,
+and can range from Oriental rugs, costing hundreds of dollars, to the
+simple rag rug which is always appropriate and in good taste.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The absolute carrying out of the Colonial idea is not necessary, for it
+would not be appropriate to have old-fashioned rag mats in every room of
+the house. They can be used, however, in the dining-room or in the
+chambers, and to-day the woven rag carpets and mats are so attractive in
+their weave and so lasting that they are satisfactory adjuncts to the
+house furnishings. In the parlor and living-room, while they can be used
+if desired, there are so many attractive low-priced rugs, both Oriental
+and domestic, that it is an easy matter to get something both suitable
+and in good taste.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_111" id="ILL_111"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_111.jpg" width="600" height="408" alt="The Franklin Brett House&mdash;Front View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Franklin Brett House&mdash;Front View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This attention to floors and their covering is nowhere better shown than
+in the Franklin Brett House at North Duxbury, Massachusetts. This house,
+which is over two hundred and fifty years old, was put up at auction
+several years ago, at just the time when the present owner was looking
+for an old farmhouse to remodel. It was a double house that had been
+occupied by two families. The frame, excepting certain parts of the
+first floor joints and also portions of the sills, was in very good
+condition, but the first-floor boarding was badly worn and was not fit
+to be retained for use. It was replaced by a new one of narrow boards.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The second story, however, was in much better condition, and the floors,
+with the exception of the one in the bathroom, could all be used. The
+house was particularly ugly, displaying a combination of bright yellow
+paint and dark red trim, and the exterior was wholly devoid of any
+artistic design.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_112" id="ILL_112"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_112.jpg" width="600" height="445" alt="Before Remodeling" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Before Remodeling</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the front of the house there was a wide porch;&mdash;just a simple
+flooring and two doors that stood side by side. The old place was so
+forlorn that it was bid in during the excitement of the auction partly
+out of sympathy. It showed so little possibilities that at first the
+owner was doubtful whether it had been a good purchase, for the building
+did not in any way fit his ideal of what was desired in order to make a
+suitable summer home.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_113" id="ILL_113"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_113.jpg" width="600" height="418" alt="As Remodeled" title="" />
+<span class="caption">As Remodeled</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>After careful examination, however, various possibilities were
+discovered indicating that there was a very good chance to make it
+attractive. Originally the house was built for one family only; in
+architecture it was square-framed, containing two stories and an attic,
+with ells at the rear and one side and a deep, sloping roof broken by
+two chimneys. In the old house there were nine rooms on the first floor
+and five rooms and a hallway on the second. Some of these on the first
+floor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> have been combined by removing partitions to make a living-room
+and dining-room, together with a hallway.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;"><a name="ILL_114" id="ILL_114"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_114.jpg" width="446" height="600" alt="The Pergola-Porch" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Pergola-Porch</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the living-room were found some hand-hewn, second-floor joists, and
+it was decided to leave these exposed and plaster in between them,
+instead of bringing the ceiling down to its original level. In
+practically every room the plaster was in good condition and needed only
+to be treated in places. The chimneys were touched up wherever needed,
+but on the whole very few repairs were necessary. In the lower story
+to-day there are four rooms and a good-sized hall, while the second
+story is divided into six rooms and a bathroom. Five additional windows
+were added down-stairs and two in the second story, in order to secure
+proper light. Very little new material was put into the house, the work
+consisting chiefly of tearing out old material and patching woodwork and
+plaster. At the rear of the house, on a line with the larger ell,&mdash;the
+smaller kitchen ell having been torn down,&mdash;a rustic pergola was
+constructed and a covered veranda, over which grape-vines were trained
+for shade. The roof was partially reshingled, and the house was painted
+light gray with white trim, with green for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> the blinds. At the front a
+Colonial porch was added with latticed sides and a settle, which is in
+direct keeping with the architecture of the house. In its remodeled
+condition, with its setting of closely cropped lawn, it bears little
+resemblance to the ugly farmhouse of a few years ago.</p>
+
+<p>There was no plumbing in the old house, so a single bathroom was put in,
+a hot-water boiler was added in the kitchen, and a hot-air engine and
+pump were installed in the cellar which furnish water under pressure
+from a thousand-gallon supply tank. Later on, a hot-water heater was
+installed, so that with the modern improvements the house was made very
+comfortable for habitation all the year round if desired.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_115" id="ILL_115"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_115.jpg" width="600" height="423" alt="A First-floor Vista" title="" />
+<span class="caption">A First-floor Vista</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The original parlor on the left has been utilized for a morning-room;
+the bedroom, dining-room, and pantry have been combined into a
+living-room. The partitions between the old hallways have been removed,
+converting them into one good-sized hall. The remaining portion of the
+old dining-room has been made into a large pantry. The kitchen in the
+main ell has been left practically unchanged as to size and shape,
+although the shed opening from it, as well as the kitchen itself, have
+been entirely renovated and equipped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> with up-to-date improvements.
+Paint and paper and rugs have effected an interior transformation that
+is most attractive. There are no doors in the house, wide openings
+making it appear as though it were one large room.</p>
+
+<p>The hallway is entered from the Colonial porch and is unique because of
+its spaciousness. The stairs are at the further end, opposite the door.
+The Colonial atmosphere has been maintained in the wall hangings, the
+braided rag mats, and the old furniture.</p>
+
+<p>At the left of the hall is the morning-room with its wide, open
+fireplace, its Colonial paper, and Oriental rugs which are in color
+tones to correspond with the paper.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_116" id="ILL_116"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_116.jpg" width="600" height="432" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Opening from this room is the living-room, where the same kind of rugs
+are laid on the hardwood floor. In this room, after the house was
+purchased, a fireplace was discovered hidden away behind the partition.
+It was opened up and restored to its original size. At one side a closet
+was glassed in, while in either corner cosy, built-in settles give an
+inglenook effect that is very interesting. The furnishings are wholly
+Colonial and in keeping with the general character of the apartment.
+Here the low stud, the beamed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> ceiling, the depth and lightness of the
+room, are most attractive. From the long French window one steps out on
+grass land which commands a most attractive vista of shrubbery and
+trees.</p>
+
+<p>In the planting around the house, great care has been taken to secure
+shade and picturesqueness, so that in its new life the remodeled
+farmhouse is surrounded by charming effects.</p>
+
+<p>On the opposite side of the hallway one enters the long dining-room. It
+is finished in red and white, with one-toned hangings; at the farther
+end is a quaint corner cupboard; a handsome fireplace has been
+introduced at one side. Many of the pieces in this room are very rare,
+especially the Hepplewhite sideboard, the chair-table that was once
+owned by Governor Bradford, and the rush-bottomed chairs. Long glass
+windows open on the side veranda and combine with attractively grouped
+windows to make this room light and cheerful.</p>
+
+<p>Opening out of this is the pantry, conveniently equipped with cupboards
+and shelves, and beyond is the kitchen and shed which have been made
+entirely modern in their appointments.</p>
+
+<p>The chambers up-stairs are large, square, and fitted up with furniture
+of the period. In taking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> a "secret" cupboard out of a closet, there
+was discovered some paneling that had been plastered and papered over.
+On removing the plaster, it was found that the whole side of the room
+was paneled. By the restoration of this old-time finish, the chamber
+became even more indicative of the period in which it was built. Here
+the wall hangings are all Colonial in design.</p>
+
+<p>Few houses, even among the many that are being restored, have retained
+the old-time atmosphere throughout as completely as has this farmhouse.
+Each room has been made comfortable and given an air of space, and
+consistency has been shown in the furnishing, thus securing a result
+that is perfectly harmonious and in the best of taste. By comparing the
+appearance of the old house at the time of its purchase with the results
+that have been obtained, one realizes how much thought and care have
+been put into its every part. The lines remain the same but have been
+extended by the introduction of the pergola at one side and a porch
+which are very attractive features in themselves. The combination of old
+and new, correctly treated, has done much to make a harmonious whole.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX</h2>
+
+<h3>THE GEORGE D. HALL HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>Fortunate is he who, on opening up the old fireplace in the house he
+intends to remodel, finds hidden away behind plaster and paper a pair of
+old andirons and possibly a shovel and tongs, indispensable furnishings
+for the fireplace. No old farmhouse but what has in almost every room
+some kind of an open hearth, and these are useless for the burning of
+wood without fire-dogs or andirons, as they are commonly known.</p>
+
+<p>To the inexperienced house owner who is looking for economy in his house
+furnishing, reproductions are tempting, and most attractive sets of
+fire-dogs are to be found in almost every store. In choosing a set,
+however, one must exercise judgment. Many of the reproductions are low
+in cost but are really merely lengths of brass piping, showing brass
+balls that are lacquered and strung together on invisible wire frames.
+They are in reality the cheapest kind of spun-brass andirons. If one
+with a knowledge of the weight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> of brass handles them, he will realize
+their flimsiness, but thousands of people do not recognize the
+difference. Poor fireplace accessories such as these detract greatly
+from the charm that surrounds a good hearth and mantel.</p>
+
+<p>It is no longer easy to pick up original, cut-brass andirons at the
+antique and junk shops,&mdash;that is, at a reasonable price. It is in the
+country places, old farmhouses, and from people who have not yet learned
+to gage their worth, that one can get a good bargain, bringing often
+only three or four dollars a pair, and being of the best material. In
+reproduction there are on the market to-day plenty of good, cast-brass
+andirons, but they are expensive and cannot be purchased at less than
+seven dollars, ranging from that to a hundred dollars a pair, while the
+spun-brass kind may be purchased for two dollars and a half a pair.</p>
+
+<p>Andirons come in a great many heights, and in the olden times two sets
+were used, the one holding the forestick, and the other the backlog. In
+addition to that, in the earliest American houses, creepers were used;
+they were, in reality, of iron, small enough to be placed between the
+andirons, and they helped out in holding the sticks. The first material
+used for andirons was iron, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> we find to-day occasional specimens of
+this kind, many of them not particularly graceful, while others are very
+ornamental in design. There are the Hessian andirons which are found
+either in plain iron or decorated with bright paint; these came into use
+about 1776 and were used to caricature the British soldiers who were
+very unpopular in our country.</p>
+
+<p>The most interesting of these old andirons show unusual shapes, a great
+many of them having artistic ornamentation; occasionally we find them
+with brass tops. It was fitting to use this metal, on account of the
+fire frame, which was of cast-iron as well, and while many of these were
+of foreign manufacture, yet not a few were fashioned by the village
+blacksmith. In the choice of andirons, the size of the fireplace should
+be considered; the small ones should not have the steeple tops but
+small, ball pattern or some other design that is low enough not to crowd
+the fireplace and thus give the impression of bad taste. The large
+fireplaces need the high andirons, of which there are so many different
+kinds. The modern adaptation of the Colonial has brought these
+furnishings into vogue, so that to-day it would be almost impossible to
+tell the old from the new.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Shovel and tongs were much used during the early period, but a poker
+never accompanied the set. These appeared after the introduction of coal
+and are found among the reproductions on the market to-day. Another bit
+of the furnishings is the fender, of which there are many designs, some
+being of simple wire painted black with brass top and balls, while
+others are entirely of brass. The warming-pan is an appropriate
+accessory for this part of the room; it should be hung on a peg at one
+side of the hearth. In addition to that, we find the bellows, some of
+which are most decorative in their design. The proper selection of this
+furniture gives an air of refinement to the room.</p>
+
+<p>There is a most attractive farmhouse situated in Dover, Massachusetts.
+It is owned by Mr. George D. Hall, and shows a series of remodelings,
+rather than a complete work, for each year an addition has been made
+which has bettered the initial scheme. The original farmhouse, for
+instance, which was built in 1729, was a small, unpretentious building
+that was very dilapidated in condition, but whose situation appealed to
+its present owner. It was his desire to obtain an old house that could
+be used if need be for an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> all-the-year-round home; plenty of land,
+picturesque views, good landscape effects, and ample elbow room were
+what he especially desired.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_117" id="ILL_117"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_117.jpg" width="600" height="434" alt="Lone Tree Farm" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Lone Tree Farm</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The house stands back from a winding country road in one of the most
+picturesque situations it would be possible to find. An old stone wall,
+built over a century ago by the original owner, still forms a boundary
+line to protect the grounds. Few estates show so many beautiful trees;
+they add greatly to the pictorial effect of the place. Graceful elms
+with swaying branches are on every side, while on the opposite side of
+the road pine trees are in evidence, and on either side of the stone
+wall wild shrubs have been planted. There has been no attempt at formal
+arrangement of the grounds, not even with the garden which is at the
+side of the house. There has been built simply a picturesque lattice
+that separates house from barn and over which have been trained
+attractive vines.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_118" id="ILL_118"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_118.jpg" width="600" height="420" alt="As Finally Remodeled" title="" />
+<span class="caption">As Finally Remodeled</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1907 a wing was thrown out to the south, with an enclosed, tiled
+porch and a sitting-room above. A small eyebrow window was placed in the
+roof to light the stairway, while the original porch on the west and
+south was carefully retained. Two years later this porch was removed,
+and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> smaller entrance one was substituted. This showed a brick walk
+extending from carriage block to covered loggia at the south. Again in
+1914 the eyebrow window was removed, and dormers inserted in the roof.
+An open, tiled platform was built outside the enclosed loggia, and a
+sleeping-porch was added to the east sitting-room. A garden and pond
+were laid out to the south of the loggia, with a vista framed by two
+huge elms that were some thirty feet south of the house. These
+improvements have converted the old farmhouse into one of the most
+interesting and beautiful houses that can be found.</p>
+
+<p>Within the last few years the planting and garden effects have been more
+carefully considered; the grounds have been enlarged, and at the left of
+the house an old-fashioned garden has been laid out with a gazing-globe
+for the central feature. The name "Lone Tree Farm" was given at the time
+of purchase from the fact that a single tree guarded the house at the
+front. This tree still stands but has been enhanced by the careful
+planting of shrubbery on either side the driveway, which has now grown
+until it has become a partial screen for the lower floor of the
+farmhouse. Other trees have been added, and in order to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> obtain the
+seclusion desired, extensive grounds have been purchased on the opposite
+side of the road, so that no neighbors may come near enough to detract
+from the quiet.</p>
+
+<p>In remodeling this house, an ell has been added at the rear for the
+service department, and a sun-parlor has been thrown out at one side.
+This makes a most attractive living-room in winter and, with windows
+removed, a cool sleeping-porch in the summer. The Colonial porch which
+has been added at the front is much more attractive than the former long
+veranda which is replaced by the sun-parlor. In painting the house,
+white has been used with green blinds, so that it is in reality a
+symphony of green and white, and as it stands in the center of the lot,
+surrounded on three sides by pasture land, gardens, and meadows, and on
+the front by hundreds of acres of woodland, it is one of the most
+interesting studies in house remodeling to be found.</p>
+
+<p>The small hallway is simply an entrance with narrow, winding staircase
+that leads by easy treads to the second-story floor. In 1914, in ripping
+out these front stairs to secure the space above them for a small room,
+it was discovered that the old smoke-house, where in olden days<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> hams
+were cured, and the back of the bake oven behind it had not been torn
+out. The former consisted of two Gothic arches, the taller of which was
+twenty feet in height; the shape was dependent on the two fireplaces in
+adjoining rooms. The smoke-house is about five feet deep and when
+discovered was enclosed with an inch of greasy soot. An oak cross-beam
+with hand-wrought nails indicated where the hogs were hung. It had been
+left in its natural state after being cleaned out, and as it looked
+crude to one entering the front door, it was shut off with an old,
+paneled door, so that the hall, with stairs removed, is now shaped like
+six sides of a hexagon, the front door remaining where it originally was
+placed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_119" id="ILL_119"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_119.jpg" width="600" height="414" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The living-room, which is at the right of the hallway, has been made
+from two rooms. In this the old woodwork has been carefully retained,
+and the walls have been hung with a soft green that is a fine background
+for the many pictures and which brings out the beauty of the white
+woodwork. The furniture here does not follow the Colonial lines, for
+comfort has been the first consideration. It is shown in the large,
+roomy davenport piled with sofa pillows and the comfortable armchair at
+one side of the open fireplace.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> Here the owner has supplied the correct
+fireplace accessories, the andirons being low with brass ball tops, and
+the shovel and tongs having the same finish. The mantel, while not
+elaborate, shows hand-carving and paneling. Bookcases are a feature of
+this room and are found everywhere.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_120" id="ILL_120"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_120.jpg" width="600" height="449" alt="The Sun Parlor" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Sun Parlor</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Opening from the living-room is the glass-enclosed sun-parlor which has
+been tiled, and in which is a modern fireplace of bricks laid in white
+mortar. Over it is a bas-relief. The andirons are high, of modern type,
+showing fleur-de-lis design, and are in keeping with the fireplace.
+Willow furniture is used in order to give the sun-parlor a light touch
+which could not have been done if the Colonial idea had been carried
+out. It is an ideal summer living-room, being sunny most of the day.
+Then, too, its location is well chosen, as it overlooks the
+old-fashioned garden and commands vistas cut in trees and shrubbery.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_121" id="ILL_121"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_121.jpg" width="600" height="442" alt="The Den" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Den</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The den, used extensively by the owner, is a typical man's room.
+Built-in bookcases and window-seats give it a most livable look, while
+pictures of the hunt line the wall, and a hunting scene is used as a
+frieze. It is placed in a sunny part of the house so as to catch as much
+light as possible.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_122" id="ILL_122"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_122.jpg" width="600" height="435" alt="A Corner in the Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">A Corner in the Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dining-room was made from a part of the old kitchen and strangely
+enough shows fine paneling of white pine, which has been carefully
+preserved and makes a background for the mantel ornaments. The mantel
+shelf is narrow and extends around the whole fireplace; the old chimney
+has been partly built in for modern use, while the andirons are very
+unique reproductions. The old crane has been retained, as have the
+pothooks and iron kettle, while the old brick oven, now never used, is a
+memento of the days when our grandmothers cooked with great logs of
+wood, heating the oven once a week in order to do the family baking. The
+furniture is of the Colonial type, while the rugs are modern but blend
+with the scheme color of the room. It is large, well-lighted by many
+windows, and divided by an alcove only from the living-room which
+adjoins it.</p>
+
+<p>Every room in this house has been carefully considered with regard to
+view, and one can stand at any window and look out upon a different
+phase of country life, for trees and shrubbery are so arranged that the
+grounds lend themselves admirably to pictorial effects upon which no
+neighboring house intrudes.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_123" id="ILL_123"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_123.jpg" width="600" height="431" alt="The Sewing Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Sewing Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Up-stairs in the ell of the house, over the sun-parlor,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> is a large
+sitting-room. It has been so designed that it faces three different
+directions and is lighted by a group of long windows at one side. In
+this room the sunlight lays practically all day, making it a bright,
+livable room, where Colonial features have not been considered. To be
+sure there are several pieces, such as the old-time work-table, but
+modern ideas mainly have been introduced. On either side of the cluster
+of windows are built-in bookcases which have been painted white to match
+the trim and are filled with well-read books. Between these bookcases is
+a long window-seat, beneath which drawers have been built which are very
+convenient for holding unfinished work. The hangings are of muslin with
+blue over-drapery, harmonizing with the color scheme of the room. A
+large, open fireplace on the opposite side provides for a cheery wood
+fire, more especially on stormy days, for this house is one that is
+lived in all the year round, so that heating and lighting had to be
+taken into consideration.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to this room there are three chambers, two bathrooms, and a
+closet on the floor. Each one of these chambers has been given a
+different treatment. One of the most interesting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> shows fine woodwork
+in the paneled doors and also in the small closet that is over the
+fireplace, a favorite place for a closet to be introduced in the early
+days. The fireplace is not a large one, and the andirons are small-sized
+steeple tops. The bed is an old slat bed, while every piece of furniture
+is in keeping with the period.</p>
+
+<p>Take it all in all, one rarely finds a farmhouse that shows more
+attractive features than this one, where comfort, light, and view have
+all been carefully considered. It is perfectly available for an
+all-the-year-round home, as it is not too far from the station to allow
+its occupants to go back and forth to business every day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX</h2>
+
+<h3>THE WALTER SCOTT HOPKINS HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>When you plan to remodel your house, there is nothing that should
+receive much more careful attention than the closets. It is doubtful,
+that is, if the house is of the earliest period, if you will find many.
+Our emigrant ancestors did not have as many clothes or table
+appointments as we require to-day. The few of the former they possessed
+were hung on pegs or disposed of in chests; the dishes were placed on
+racks, thus eliminating the necessity for closet room in houses where
+every available bit of space was utilized for living purposes.</p>
+
+<p>In all probability you will find corner cupboards which will be more or
+less elaborate in design. The best examples show a shell treatment. The
+earliest corner cupboards were clumsy affairs, being movable; later on
+they were built into the house and employed to hold family china and
+glassware. There was a great variety in these closets, some being fitted
+up with shelves only,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> while others were divided in two, the underneath
+part being used for books and odds and ends.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunate is the house owner who finds in his old house one or more of
+these old corner cupboards. To be sure they can be reproduced; but how
+much better are the originals. Dig out the old plaster, rip open the
+sides of the partitions, if you think there is any chance of odd closets
+being hidden away between, and remember that in many old houses there
+are secret closets, and it will pay you to tap the wall space to
+discover their whereabouts. Sometimes they are hidden under the
+flooring, and again the space between the windows is used for this
+purpose. It is always well to open them, for who knows what valuable
+heirlooms may be hidden inside.</p>
+
+<p>There are plenty of spaces where new closets can be introduced as, for
+instance, the end of the dining-room, where a glassed-in china closet
+with an arched top and half-domed interior makes an excellent place to
+display the old china and glass. Panels in the wainscot can be utilized,
+more especially when they are under the first step of the staircase.
+These are most convenient for filing newspapers or any magazines that
+are kept for reference.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If the hallway is paneled, it is a very easy matter to put an invisible
+door into one of the panels. This can be used for the coat closet, with
+a low shelf underneath to hold hats; and on the floor partitions can be
+made to hold rubbers. On each side of the chimney a great deal of waste
+space can be converted into bookcases, with little, leaded, glass doors.
+Above the mantel, set in the chimney-breast, will be found spaces which
+even in the early days were devoted to closets. They are cut in a panel
+and were used to protect china or old pewter from the dust. Sometimes
+three of these closets have been found built into the fireplaces, all of
+which were used to hold the household china.</p>
+
+<p>In the upper part of the house, under the attic stairs, can generally be
+found places that can be made into linen closets, but it must be
+remembered that if no ventilation is allowed, cloth will become
+yellowed, so by all means have brass ventilators in the doors. Whatever
+the purpose of the closet, its location should be carefully
+considered,&mdash;the shape, the place, and the cost,&mdash;so that as many as
+possible can be introduced.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that the majority of old-time farmhouses readily adapt
+themselves to modern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> requirements and show possibilities that allow of
+most attractive development. The result of working out certain
+possibilities is shown in the Walter Scott Hopkins house at Reading,
+Massachusetts. It is a long, rambling house that seemed when first
+purchased wholly lacking in artistic qualities, and it was not until
+after careful deliberation that the owner realized that the old
+farmhouse, beneath its coating of accumulated dust, possessed a wealth
+of fine features that were well worth developing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_124" id="ILL_124"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_124.jpg" width="600" height="402" alt="Before Remodeling" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Before Remodeling</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The house had been used for two families, and each section was separate
+and distinct, although under the same roof. It was built in the latter
+part of the eighteenth century and contains fine woodwork,&mdash;better than
+that found in most houses of that day. All the distinctive features of
+the Colonial architecture were evident in this old farmhouse, where
+unbroken roof-line, close-cropped eaves, and small-paned windows were
+placed with mathematical precision, and the severely simple exterior was
+in strict conformity with the period.</p>
+
+<p>In remodeling the house, the original outlines were carefully preserved,
+and the additions were made to conform. The small, ugly entrances<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> which
+had marred the exterior of the house were torn down and replaced by
+windows, so that only a single entrance was left. A very attractive
+porch with sloping roof-line was supported by solid but unornamented
+columns. In the roof dormer windows were cut, both at the front and
+rear. This was to make the attic practical for living purposes by
+affording sufficient light and air. At one side of the house, in place
+of the woodshed, an out-of-door living-room was added, broad and low of
+build, with a sloping roof that harmonized in outline with the main
+roof. At the rear a small addition of the deep, bay-window type was
+added; this was to secure extra space for the newly arranged dining-room
+and the remodeled kitchen. Two small porches were built in addition to
+the new trellised entrance, giving a simple dignity to the old house,
+which has been painted white with green blinds.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_125" id="ILL_125"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_125.jpg" width="600" height="402" alt="As Remodeled" title="" />
+<span class="caption">As Remodeled</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The grounds, rough and unkempt, with a stone wall defining a part of
+them, were beautified to afford a fitting environment for the new home,
+and to-day smooth sweeps of lawn and judicious groupings of shrubbery
+add in no small degree to the exterior attractiveness of the old
+homestead. A path of rough, irregular flagstones leads<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> to the main
+entrance, and a similar path winds from the street to a gateway in the
+outlying wall and opens into a charming garden plot that has been laid
+out just beyond the outdoor living-room. Planting has been judiciously
+carried out, and the estate has been brought to a fine state of
+cultivation, with the result that it has become an attractive setting
+for the remodeled house, which stands on the slope of a hill.</p>
+
+<p>The interior required a great deal of altering, including much tearing
+down of partitions to suit present-day needs and to make broad, spacious
+rooms out of the tiny spaces which sufficed a century or more ago. There
+was installation of plumbing, lighting and heating devices, in order to
+meet the demands of modern life, and the New England attic was made over
+into servants' quarters that were sufficiently ample for a large country
+house.</p>
+
+<p>A leaded glass door that shows fanlight above opens into a broad,
+low-ceilinged hall. At one side is a large fireplace, and a heavy beam
+crosses the ceiling. To the right is the new dining-room, to the left
+the living-room, and from the end of the hall opens the den, a
+passageway connecting this with the servants' department. In all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
+rooms every detail of the old-fashioned construction has been retained.
+The fine woodwork shows the original paneling; the great fireplaces with
+their chimney closets have been preserved intact, and even the old,
+hand-made hardware has been retained for present-day use. Cupboards were
+discovered, when the coating of plaster and paper were removed, and are
+serving the same purpose in the twentieth-century home that they did
+years ago in the Colonial one; and the new cupboards that have been
+added seem to fit in as if they had always been there. The house in its
+entirety shows many points that are of unusual interest. The arrangement
+of the windows is particularly good, as are the chimneys, while the
+sweeping roof-line at the rear carries out the old contour and yet has
+been slightly changed to afford light and air to chambers inside. The
+semblance of the original farmhouse has been left unaltered, while the
+really radical changes have been tempered with a regard for the
+preservation of the old-time atmosphere.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_126" id="ILL_126"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_126.jpg" width="600" height="424" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The living-room shows a typical old farmhouse room. The woodwork here is
+particularly good; there is a wainscot three feet high that comes above
+the lower sill of the window frame, and which is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> paneled in doors and
+over the mantel. The fireplace has remained unchanged, being a Colonial
+one of huge size. The early period is evidenced in the absence of a
+mantel, which brings out the lines of the wonderful old woodwork to the
+greatest advantage. The andirons, instead of following the sixteenth or
+seventeenth-century type, represent griffins. A nightcap closet,
+introduced in the middle panel over the fireplace, shows the original H
+hinges of iron. When the house was first purchased, these were hidden
+away, and only when the original woodwork was reached were they
+discovered, restored, treated to a coat of white paint, and adapted to
+present use. This is a feature that is rarely found in the remodeled
+farmhouse of to-day. The walls are hung with a one-toned paper of soft
+coloring, while plain muslin curtains shade the windows. The old floor
+was re-laid with narrow boards over which are laid Daghestan rugs;
+Mission furniture is used. The lighting fixtures are of the Colonial
+type and placed at the sides only. The room contains many well-placed
+windows which give to it light and air.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_127" id="ILL_127"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_127.jpg" width="600" height="439" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_128.jpg" width="600" height="445" alt="Two Views of the Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two Views of the Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dining-room is at the rear of the living-room and opens into it,
+being connected with a wide<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> opening so that, if need be, the rooms can
+be used as one, giving plenty of space for large dinner parties. Here
+the woodwork has been restored to its original charming simplicity and
+painted white to match that of the living-room. The walls have been
+covered with a dark-toned paper, and at one end, opposite the
+living-room, an alcoved recess has been added in order that its group of
+windows may give better lighting to the dining-room which is exposed to
+the outside on two sides only. The floors of this room, too, have been
+re-laid and handsomely polished, and are an effective foil to the
+domestic rug which is used. Here, also, the furniture follows the
+Mission style, in order to be in keeping with that of the living-room.
+The lighting fixtures are of the same type found in the adjoining room
+and are also side lights, considered more effective because softer than
+a ceiling light.</p>
+
+<p>In order to let the light in from the hallway, windows were inserted
+which follow the early window casing in their plain style and contain
+small panes, there being no elaboration. They are placed on either side
+of the entrance door, which is glassed in the upper portion. Here, as
+all through the house, the early style of small-paned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> windows has
+been retained. There are many reasons why these are advantageous: not
+only do they follow the period in which the house was built, carrying
+out details correctly, but when broken they are more easily replaced,
+though much harder to keep clean. These windows are usually placed near
+the ceiling, being designed for light and ornamentation, rather than as
+outlooks. The ornamental design which has been carried out in the
+arrangement of windows and door is unusual even in Colonial houses,
+where the low stud and the beamed ceiling helped much towards
+effectiveness.</p>
+
+<p>This room was originally the kitchen and bedroom combined. The old
+fireplace has been preserved, as has the brick oven, and over it is a
+series of small closets such as are rarely found. There is a central
+closet and a smaller one on either side. Here the H hinges have been
+retained and also the old-time latches.</p>
+
+<p>On the opposite side of the hall is the parlor, which corresponds in
+size to the living-room and shows equally fine woodwork. This was
+originally the parlor in the farther side of the double house and has
+been left practically its original shape and size, for in this part of
+the house very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> little remodeling has been done. The old fireplace has
+been retained at the farther end of the room.</p>
+
+<p>At the rear of this, what was once the sitting-room has been converted
+into an office. Beyond this room, the original kitchen on that side of
+the house and the shed have been thrown into a most attractive summer
+room.</p>
+
+<p>In the story above there were formerly two large bedrooms on either
+side. These remain practically as they were and are furnished with
+Colonial pieces. The old attic, which originally was used for clutter,
+is now remodeled into servants' quarters and by the addition of the
+dormer windows has been made into comfortable rooms which can be kept
+cool during the warm weather by the cross draughts.</p>
+
+<p>The architects were very wise in remodeling this house so as to show its
+extremely simple lines, for they give it individuality and character and
+accentuate certain features that were necessary to create of it a home
+for one family. There is no doubt that the alterations have been planned
+and executed with rare taste and discrimination.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI</h2>
+
+<h3>Henry W. Wright's House</h3>
+
+<p>People who possess old pieces of furniture often have very erroneous
+ideas as to their real age and call everything "Colonial" for want of a
+better name. They assume, that is, if they have not made a careful study
+of the subject, that anything belonging to their great grandmother must
+be at least two hundred years old. But, for instance, sideboards were
+not made two hundred years ago, and Chippendale never designed one; the
+nearest he came to it was a serving-table. People get an impression that
+he included this piece of furniture in his productions, but they are
+wrong in their assumption.</p>
+
+<p>The revival of interest in "antiques" has caused many an heirloom that
+has been relegated to attic or storehouse to be brought out, renovated,
+and given a prominent place. Can we assign to each ancient article an
+approximate date or maker, it becomes much more valuable than the
+daintiest piece of up-to-date furniture. Worm-holes are a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> sign of age
+and a proof of guarantee, that is, if the pieces are family possessions.
+There is so much cunning workmanship in remodeled furniture that this
+does not apply to every bit, though apparently original. It must be
+remembered that very few furnishings were brought over by the colonists,
+and the early houses were very scantily supplied.</p>
+
+<p>The oldest furniture was made of oak; it was very heavy and showed more
+or less elaboration in carving. Chests made at this early period are
+often found in families where they have been carefully treasured since
+they were brought over the sea packed with clothing.</p>
+
+<p>The three leading cabinetmakers were Chippendale, Hepplewhite, and
+Sheraton. Chippendale was the earliest but was not appreciated until
+after his death. His masterpieces, which combined the Chinese, French,
+and Dutch models with ideas originated in his own brain, were so
+perfectly constructed that we find them in a fine state of preservation
+even to-day.</p>
+
+<p>Lighter and more dainty in character were the designs of Hepplewhite,
+who cultivated a freedom of line such as was adopted by his predecessor,
+but who banished the Chippendale heaviness.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> The Prince of Wales feather
+was a favorite design of his. Carved drapery, the belle-flower, and
+wheat were often used by him. A distinguishing mark was usually given to
+the backs of his chairs, which are either oval, heart, or shield-shaped.
+They were finished in japanned work and often inlaid in light and dark
+wood. The legs were generally much more slender than the Chippendale and
+often ended in what is known as a spade-foot.</p>
+
+<p>Sheraton, who succeeded him, took advantage of the ideas of his
+forerunners and revealed a still more delicate touch, although he
+retained many of Hepplewhite's ideas which he strengthened and improved.
+The shield is rarely if ever found in a chair of his make, which can be
+distinguished by its rectangular back and its slender uprights, ranging
+in number from four to seven. The legs show a great many different
+styles, the best being straight, while carved, fluted, and twisted ones
+are also found. The general trend of fancy in those days was towards
+light, elegant designs and showy decorations. Sheraton indulged his
+fancy for brilliant coloring in the most gorgeously painted decorations,
+combining them with inlay and carving. Next he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> introduced white and
+gold, following the French style, and still later the brass inlay so
+fashionable in Napoleon's day. Caned work was used for seats and was
+varied by coverings of needlework, morocco, striped and variegated
+horsehair, damasks, and fine printed silks. The curved piece which
+Sheraton introduced about 1800 remained the favorite chair pattern for a
+century, although it lost the brass mounts which he at first used. There
+is not much danger of confounding the three great masters, for each
+produced an entirely different style of furniture.</p>
+
+<p>After the French Revolution, the furniture became markedly different in
+style; Greek models were once more popular, and the tripod became a
+favorite support. Coarse woods and mahogany were freely used and were
+carved and profusely gilded.</p>
+
+<p>The Empire furniture which is so popular to-day was heavy and stiff in
+its early period, particularly so when of English make, but under
+American manipulation the beauty of the wood showed to the best
+advantage. Yet there is a certain appeal in its solidity and
+massiveness. When the darkened mahogany came into fashion an opportunity
+arose for the revival of brass and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> wood that lent charm to the court of
+the Empress Josephine. Few good examples of the Empire style are found
+in remodeled farmhouses.</p>
+
+<p>Old furniture is most interesting, and if you intend to furnish your
+remodeled farmhouse with it, do not fail to make a careful study of the
+subject before attempting it. It covers a wide field of makers, styles,
+and decorations, but the modern home affords ample scope for the
+employment of these old pieces, many of which have been brought down
+from the attic.</p>
+
+<p>When Salem was in her highest and proudest days of mercantile
+prosperity, when her wharves were bustling scenes of unlading and
+shipping, when her harbor was a gathering place of quaintly rigged
+vessels, and great East-Indiamen labored under clouds of canvas, then
+from the holds of these cumbersome ships were discharged cargoes of rich
+furniture, teakwood, and sandalwood brought from every land. The wealth
+of these incoming treasures has made the quiet city prominent even until
+to-day. Here may be found many old heirlooms, and in the homes of the
+descendants of old shipmasters we frequently find rare pieces. These
+show to advantage in various remodeled farmhouses that have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+adopted as all-the-year-round homes by the last generation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_129" id="ILL_129"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_129.jpg" width="600" height="409" alt="The Henry W. Wright House" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Henry W. Wright House</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many fine old pieces are found in the home of Mr. Henry W. Wright at
+Danvers, Massachusetts. Some of them are of exceptional value and rare
+examples such as are seldom seen even in the homes of collectors. The
+farmhouse itself stands close to the road, a simple, plain,
+unostentatious building, yet showing good lines and careful treatment.
+The soft gray of the exterior and the white trim blend harmoniously with
+the green of the grass and the bright-colored flowers of the little
+garden. At the front of the house at each side stand tall elms that cast
+a grateful shade over the old farmhouse.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance porch has been made square, its lattice, designed for the
+support of vines, taking away the plain look of the exterior. The
+windows are well spaced, and the small panes have been retained. At the
+side of the house a porch has been thrown out which can be glassed in as
+a living-room or sun-parlor during the winter and used as an out-of-door
+veranda during the summer months. It is so situated that it commands a
+picturesque view of the rolling country which is on every side.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The big chimney, that was formerly the central feature of the house, has
+given way to two smaller ones, one on either end. The sloping roof has
+been treated to new shingles, while the exterior has been left
+practically as it was when built. The addition of green blinds has done
+much to soften what would otherwise be a rather bare exterior. The house
+is of the type that shows four rooms in each story.</p>
+
+<p>The hallway has a castellated paper in gray and white and a winding
+staircase with box stairs and simple balusters and posts painted white
+and a mahogany rail. It is a simple little hall, small, compact, and
+truly Colonial in its type, with its Dutch armchair showing pierced
+slats of Chippendale influence. This chair was probably made about the
+time the house was built which was in the early part of the eighteenth
+century, the date not being definitely known.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_130" id="ILL_130"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_130.jpg" width="600" height="429" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the left of the hallway is the living-room, which is of the simple
+farmhouse type, lacking a wainscot but containing a simple mopboard and
+paneled door. The wide boards in the flooring have been retained here as
+well as in the dining-room,&mdash;plain-edged boards that, while laid close
+together, still show a crack between. This living-room<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> was in the early
+days used as living-room and bedroom; the space at the farther end,
+which was used as a closet into which the bed folded during the daytime,
+is now utilized as a bookcase and makes an interesting feature. The
+slat-back chair beside the bookcase is the most valuable type of its
+period, being made about 1750. It shows a turned knob. In chairs of this
+kind, which were more commonly used during the first part of the
+eighteenth century, the number of slats varied, the most common having
+three, while the rarest have five.</p>
+
+<p>The gate-legged table is a good example, while the Chippendale chair is
+unusual, showing very graceful effect, with wonderfully delicate
+carving, and being of the best design. An equally rare example of a
+Hepplewhite chair, which is beautifully carved, is contained in the same
+room. In addition to these are banister and Sheraton chairs, as well as
+a fine example of girandole, uncommon from the fact that there is a pair
+exactly alike, and they are seen one on either side of the room.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_131" id="ILL_131"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_131.jpg" width="600" height="436" alt="The Dining Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Dining Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Opposite the living-room is the dining-room, and here the same correct
+furnishing has been used. The plain wainscot is of the early type, the
+lighting has Colonial fixtures, while the chairs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> are painted Sheraton,
+being most unusual in that there is a whole set of the same pattern
+which are all originals. A wonderfully fine example of a mahogany
+dining-table has been utilized as a serving-table, and the silver is all
+of the Colonial pattern. Here one finds the low stud, but none of the
+exposed beams often found in old houses.</p>
+
+<p>At the rear of the dining-room is the kitchen which is equipped with
+modern appliances. Leading from the dining-room at the left is a small
+room which has been fitted up as a music-room and den combined. It is a
+most livable room, there being no stiffness or formality in the
+arrangement of the furniture, and each piece of furniture proves a
+fitting foil for its mate. The wall hangings are not of the Colonial
+type; they are plain gray and bring out to advantage the setting of
+furniture, pictures, and ornaments in the room.</p>
+
+<p>In the upper hall is found a fine old carved chest of the Jacobean
+period. This is considered one of the best examples of chests in
+existence, being wonderfully carved, of solid oak, and probably used
+originally as a dower chest. Leading off from the hallway are four
+large, square chambers, each one correctly furnished with Colonial
+pieces, many of which are family heirlooms.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> Here, where modern lighting
+has been introduced, the Colonial type of fixtures has been carefully
+maintained. In all the house there is no central light, all the lights
+being at the side. In the upper story as well as the lower, the wide
+flooring has been retained, as it was found in such excellent condition
+it could easily be used.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_132" id="ILL_132"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_132.jpg" width="600" height="444" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill_133.jpg" width="600" height="448" alt="Two Noteworthy Chambers" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Two Noteworthy Chambers</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The steeple-topped andirons in the simple fireplace, the painted mirror,
+and the old brass candlesticks of one chamber are most appropriately
+chosen. The Field bed has a canopy of white with ball fringe which is an
+exact replica of the old-time draping. Rag mats have been used for the
+floor; they are not the common braided ones but woven rugs which are
+more suitable. Alcoved recesses are shown on either side of the
+fireplace; in one of them a six-legged, high chest of drawers with china
+steps, designed about 1720, shows drop handles, and is ornamented with
+rare old family china. On the opposite side is a wing or Martha
+Washington chair of the Sheraton type. The bureau, 1815, is a fine
+example of the period, while the swell-front, Hepplewhite bureau with
+the oval, pressed-brass handles and the painted mirror above are in
+conformity with the general scheme. A banister-backed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> chair with a rush
+bottom stands at one side of the bed.</p>
+
+<p>Very unusual is the Colonial wall-paper which is found in a second
+chamber, while eighteenth-century andirons are used in the fireplace
+which is still of the original size and which shows a plain Colonial
+mantel. In this chamber, as in the other, there is a very plain wainscot
+of boards placed horizontally. An Empire bed which has wonderfully
+beautiful carving is shown in this room, and also a very unusual chair
+known as a comb-back rocker and dating about 1750. The rugs here are of
+the Arts and Crafts style, while the bureau and writing-table have
+cabriole legs and secret drawers, the central one with rising sun or fan
+carving.</p>
+
+<p>Every piece in this house is genuine, for they all are heirlooms or
+pieces that have been carefully chosen, since the owner is an expert in
+determining period and correct types. It is a well-known fact that
+to-day one has to be a careful student of furniture not to be deceived.
+The popularity of the Colonial period, more especially since the vogue
+of the modified Colonial house, has led many a fakir to reproduce the
+lines of the genuine antique. Skilful workmen are employed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> to
+manufacture these pieces, and they are able, by imitating worm-holes,
+dentation, and other distinguishing marks, to put on the market pieces
+whose genuineness even the antique dealer is puzzled to decide.</p>
+
+<p>All through the country the value of antiques is becoming better and
+better known, so that it is far more difficult to obtain bargains than
+it was even five years ago. To-day, so great has grown the demand,
+people who before were unaware of the worth of their heirlooms have been
+led to overestimate their value and they now ask fabulous sums for
+pieces hitherto neglected and ignored.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>When your house is remodeled, be careful what kind of paint you use for
+both outside and inside finish. A variation from the right tone will mar
+the whole effect. So much depends on this that one should not copy from
+houses of to-day but turn back to the style of a century ago, so that in
+this particular, at least, the house shall correspond with the old
+Colonial idea.</p>
+
+<p>Few, if any, care to use a weathered exterior, that is, unless the
+scientifically treated shingles that will soon turn a silver gray are
+employed. There are two reasons why your house should be painted: one is
+that it preserves the wood and if rightly treated is fireproof; the
+second is that it gives the finish a far better appearance than it would
+have without paint. Every house needs paint of some kind to improve its
+appearance, whether it be oil paint or stain.</p>
+
+<p>There are many different brands found to-day, and they are of every
+conceivable color, so that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> you have a wide range of choice. It is
+always safe to use one made by a reliable concern or one hand-mixed, if
+both white lead and linseed oil are absolutely pure. There is nothing
+more variable in quality than paint, and even experts are puzzled at
+times and it is necessary to have a chemical analysis in order to
+determine between good and bad.</p>
+
+<p>For exterior use the proper kind should be a mixture of pure white lead
+and linseed oil or pure zinc white and linseed oil. Manufacturers, more
+especially those of white lead paints, will insist that theirs is the
+only kind to use, and the zinc paint producers will do likewise, but a
+reliable dealer or architect will inform you correctly. One of the first
+colors to be used on any house is white,&mdash;in all probability there is
+nothing as durable as this. The reason for it is that the ingredients
+used have greater wearing qualities than any of the other pigments.
+There is a complaint that it is apt to yellow with age and become
+discolored, but in reality it remains unchanged longer than almost any
+other color. Green blinds secure the best effect, or trellises that
+relieve the monotony of the white. This the old farmers realized, and it
+is one of the reasons why<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> it was so much used. If your house is
+shingled, there are a great many shades of gray that need a white trim,
+and there is no color that harmonizes with every other as well as this.</p>
+
+<p>There are a great many reliable stains for shingles; do not let the
+painter mix the stain himself, because that carefully prepared by a
+manufacturer is generally superior both in color and durability. In
+mixing these stains, both Creosote and oil are used, there being on the
+market to-day excellent brands of both kinds.</p>
+
+<p>The repainting of the country house is a necessary evil that recurs
+periodically. We tire of one color as we weary of an old dress, and this
+leads to a different tone of coloring each time. For instance, the white
+house is changed possibly to a Colonial yellow or a gray, and with its
+new coat it seems to take on a new lease of life. The fall of the year
+is the best time for the painting, as the dry October weather is
+especially suited for good results. During the summer months there are
+insects flying about and too much dust. By October the outside has had
+time to cool after the heat and is in good condition for treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The time to paint is before the house gets shabby, when the paint is
+powdery or porous. It can be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> tested with either a knife or the finger,
+and if the old paint chips off, soaks up water, or can be rubbed off
+like a powder with the finger, it no longer protects the wood and needs
+another coat. With this covering of paint, wood will last practically
+forever, and as lumber is expensive, it is greater economy to keep your
+house properly painted.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of painting is a serious problem to many house owners and is
+never alluded to by an agent when selling a house; to the novice it does
+not occur, so eager is he to secure for himself a new home. At the end
+of the second year, its freshness is dimmed through exposure to wind and
+storm, and at the end of the third season, it is shabby and needs a new
+covering. In attempting to figure the cost, it is necessary to ascertain
+the square feet on the outside. Any painter has a rule for this, making
+allowances for errors. Windows and doors are considered as plain
+surfaces that are to be treated to paint even though only the sills and
+sides are in need of it.</p>
+
+<p>Good exterior paint costs from three to five dollars a gallon, and a
+painter can put on one hundred square yards in a day for the first coat
+and seventy-five for the second. This gives the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> house owner a little
+idea of what it will cost, although it is best to make a regular bargain
+with the architect to cover this expense.</p>
+
+<p>For interior finish, white is always preferable. It seems to be the
+proper treatment for any Colonial home. To be sure, if you are planning
+for a den, a dark color can be used and also a stain for the kitchen
+part of the house.</p>
+
+<p>In searching for a farmhouse to be converted into a country home, Mr.
+Howland S. Chandler of Boston chanced upon an old house at Needham,
+Massachusetts, that seemed to meet his requirements. It was a
+square-framed house, two stories and a half in height, with a kitchen
+ell at the rear. It was not handsome but quite ordinary in appearance
+and without any unusual exterior features. It was not even a
+seventeenth-century house but was built in 1801, and it was in such good
+condition and the frame was so sound that it hardly deserved the term
+"old."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_134" id="ILL_134"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_134.jpg" width="600" height="433" alt="The Howland S. Chandler House" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Howland S. Chandler House</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The farmhouse fronted the southwest, so that its main rooms were dark,
+with little sunlight, while the rear was flooded with light and very
+cheerful. There were delightful views from this part of the house which
+overlooked a merry, gurgling brook, the mill-pond, and the distant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>
+hills. But this idea had not entered the minds of the former owners, who
+had given little consideration to the subject and with no forethought
+had inserted only two small windows, one in the kitchen and the other in
+a bedroom. Evidently their idea was to sacrifice view to arrangement,
+for to their minds, houses should be built parallel to the street and
+with the "best room" at the front.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_135" id="ILL_135"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_135.jpg" width="600" height="424" alt="The Howland S. Chandler House&mdash;End View" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Howland S. Chandler House&mdash;End View</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The grounds showed little care, but in remodeling a brick-paved terrace
+was arranged at the left just outside the original parlor. An
+old-fashioned garden was planted near the kitchen end, and a trellis
+enclosed the clothes-yard. The grounds in front of the house have been
+laid out in well-trimmed lawns, while a brick walk now leads from the
+sidewalk to the house. A feature of the house is a large, overhanging
+elm which affords shade and picturesqueness; fresh shrubbery has been
+attractively planted, and vines trained to clamber over latticed work
+and the trellised porch which is at the front of the house. Dormer
+windows have been added to the roof, and the simple little farmhouse has
+been converted into a most attractive all-the-year-round home.</p>
+
+<p>In the process of remodeling, the original house<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> was left unchanged,
+and additions were depended upon for development. A good-sized porch
+with brick floor and high-backed settles at the side replaced the
+unattractive, old-time entrance, while the dormers relieved the long,
+monotonous roof-line and afforded light to the apartment constructed
+from the formerly unfinished attic space. Just outside the original
+parlor, beside the shed space, an addition has been built that runs
+midway of the shed to the line of the chimney in the parlor, and without
+a large covered veranda is added. To the kitchen ell an addition of
+about four feet was made to provide space for a vestibule within the new
+back door and also to secure extra space at one side of the room so that
+a window might be inserted.</p>
+
+<p>Due attention was paid to the rear, in the matter of windows, and here
+were laid out the rooms which would be most frequently used. In
+consequence of the rearrangement, the interior is practically wholly
+changed. The shed was remodeled into a charming sewing-room that opens
+at one side on to a veranda, and the new addition was combined with the
+little bedroom and a small portion from the parlor to secure space for a
+library. This made possible a doorway to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> dining-room and
+sewing-room, and a broad open space to the living-room.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_136" id="ILL_136"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_136.jpg" width="600" height="457" alt="The Sun-Parlor" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Sun-Parlor</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The old-time parlor showed two deep closets beside the fireplace. One of
+these was torn out, a window was inserted in the outer wall, and a seat
+was built beneath it. The other was made into an opening into the
+library. This arrangement secured additional light and at the same time
+permitted a glimpse of the picturesque rear view.</p>
+
+<p>In the dining-room several alterations were made, resulting in a
+complete change in shape and size. Oblique walls replace the two rear
+corners, one containing the doorway leading to the library, and the
+other affording entrance and furnishing some space for the china closet
+which was inserted between the dining-room and the kitchen. The single
+window on the southeast was replaced by a semi-octagonal bow recess.
+This was fitted with small lights of glass and affords space for the
+grouping of many plants and incidentally adds a touch of distinct
+picturesqueness.</p>
+
+<p>The kitchen received its share of consideration during the process of
+remodeling, resulting in the substitution of a pleasant, convenient
+apartment in place of the conspicuous, ill-lighted,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> original one. There
+was added at the right of the vestibule a built-in refrigerator, and
+about the side walls of the room newly built-in cupboards were grouped.</p>
+
+<p>Two important changes in the body of the house consisted in the
+enlargement of the cellar, made necessary by the greater space required
+for the modern heating apparatus, and in the substitution of the
+original, small-paned type of window for the two panes which had been
+inserted to take the place of the old ones.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 465px;"><a name="ILL_137" id="ILL_137"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_137.jpg" width="465" height="600" alt="The Hall" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Hall</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The entrance hall at the front of the house is a small apartment hung
+with landscape paper of the Colonial period; a staircase with one
+landing and a half turn in its flight, showing white balusters and
+mahogany top, leads to the second story. In the lighting, the Colonial
+idea is attained by the use of a lantern, while under the stairs is a
+closet opened by a brass door-pull.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_138" id="ILL_138"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_138.jpg" width="600" height="442" alt="The Living Room" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Living Room</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the left is the living-room, with dull red hangings and a white
+wainscot that provides a fitting background for the wonderful old
+mahogany found in this room. There are some rare Dutch chairs sometimes
+known as Queen Anne from the opening that is found on either side of the
+central slat, designed about 1710, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> earliest of that design.
+There is a refreshing simplicity and a dignified air to this room,
+brought about in part by the simple Colonial fireplace with its
+steeple-topped andirons, and the well-spaced windows that let plenty of
+sunlight into the apartment.</p>
+
+<p>On the opposite side of the room is the dining-room which is finished
+with tapestry hanging in dark green, brown, and yellow, with a design of
+pine cones and needles that contrasts prettily with the white wainscot.
+A slight reduction in the height of the window casing affords an
+opportunity to carry the wall-paper and moldings across the windows and
+doors, thus avoiding the cramped effect of too high window arrangement.
+The original floor has been replaced by a new one, and a cheerful
+atmosphere has been given to the room by opening a semicircular bay up
+for a small conservatory which can be closed or opened at pleasure by
+the use of glass doors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_139" id="ILL_139"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_139.jpg" width="600" height="446" alt="The Den" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Den</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The library has been finished in dark brown with low bookcases extending
+around part of the room, corresponding in color with the woodwork. The
+hangings are tan color, and the furniture is partly Colonial and partly
+modern, to meet the demands of a den. This is one of the pleasantest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>
+rooms in the house, having a delightful outlook; combined with the
+sewing-room and living-room opening from it, it makes a charming and
+conveniently arranged interior.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="ILL_140" id="ILL_140"></a>
+<img src="images/ill_140.jpg" width="600" height="462" alt="The Kitchen" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Kitchen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The kitchen at the rear of the house has been altered with the idea of
+saving steps. This is shown in the numberless closets at the right, for
+flour barrel and other supplies. At the left is the kitchen cupboard,
+while the china is in the built-in closet above and the groceries in the
+drawers below. The sink has a shelf underneath to hold the dishpan and
+drainer. The whole color tone, including the beamed ceiling, is a dark
+stain with lighter wall finish.</p>
+
+<p>This house is an interesting example of successful and artistic
+remodeling, the interior and exterior being in harmony and giving the
+result of a comfortable and attractive home which was secured at much
+less cost than if an entirely new house had been built.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The houses described in this book cover but the merest fraction of the
+homes and summer places evolved from old-fashioned farmhouses. They are
+scattered broadcast through New England, sometimes isolated on roads
+which still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> retain their country atmosphere, sometimes surrounded by
+the town which has outgrown its early limits, and sometimes the center
+of a large estate. Each has its individual charm, its special beauties,
+but wherever found these remodeled farmhouses testify to the stanchness
+of early American workmanship and to the appreciation of modern
+Americans for their forefathers' handiwork. Certainly many a one of the
+latter "builded better than he knew."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams family, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hannah, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adden, W. P., <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adden house, W. P., <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>-<a href='#Page_186'><b>186</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">chimney, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>-<a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hardware, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">porches, <a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a>-<a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>-<a href='#Page_186'><b>186</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">type, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andirons, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_208'><b>208</b></a>-<a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a>, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>, <a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>, <a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hessian, <a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arches, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Attics, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_186'><b>186</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a>, <a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balusters, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>-<a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barns, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a>, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>-<a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barnard house, George E., <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a>-<a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">breakfast-room, <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">color scheme, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">den, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">picture effect, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a>, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a>-<a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bathrooms, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beams, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bedrooms, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a>, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>, <a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Billiard-room, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blinds, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">inside, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paneled, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">slat, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">solid, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Venetian, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boston, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boulder Farm, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>-<a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arch, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">history, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>-<a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">improvements, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>-<a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">parlor, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bradford, Governor, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Breakfast-rooms, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>, <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>-<a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brett house, Franklin, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>-<a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">floors, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">heating, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">living-room, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paneling, <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">repairs, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">type, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bricks, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, Doctor, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, Davenport, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown house, Davenport, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>-<a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">bedroom, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">furnishings, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grounds, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>-<a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">living-room, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nursery, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">porches, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>-<a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">type, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, Deacon Philip, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burroughs, George, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cape Cod, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cataumet, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ceilings, beamed, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>-<a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>, <a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a>, <a href='#Page_253'><b>253</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vaulted, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cellars, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chambers, see <span class="smcap">Bedrooms</span>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chandler house, Howard S., <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>-<a href='#Page_253'><b>253</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grounds, <a href='#Page_248'><b>248</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">kitchen, <a href='#Page_253'><b>253</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">library, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">living-room, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>-<a href='#Page_253'><b>253</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">type, <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">views, <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>, <a href='#Page_249'><b>249</b></a>, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles River, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chimneys, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>-<a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a>, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>, <a href='#Page_249'><b>249</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clapboards, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>-<a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Closets, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>, <a href='#Page_220'><b>220</b></a>-<a href='#Page_222'><b>222</b></a>, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>, <a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a>, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>, <a href='#Page_253'><b>253</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">chimney, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>, <a href='#Page_222'><b>222</b></a>, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">china, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>, <a href='#Page_220'><b>220</b></a>, <a href='#Page_221'><b>221</b></a>, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">corner, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>, <a href='#Page_220'><b>220</b></a>-<a href='#Page_221'><b>221</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">linen, <a href='#Page_222'><b>222</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nightcap, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">secret, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>, <a href='#Page_221'><b>221</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">wainscot, <a href='#Page_221'><b>221</b></a>, <a href='#Page_222'><b>222</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Concord, New Hampshire, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cottages, fishermen's, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"flecked," <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cupboards, see <span class="smcap">Closets</span>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curtis, Frederick H., <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curtis house, Frederick H., <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>-<a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">furnishings, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hardware, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">heating, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lighting, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lines of, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>-<a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>-<a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">new wing, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>-<a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stairway, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">veranda, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Danvers, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dens, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dining-rooms, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>-<a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_238'><b>238</b></a>, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doors, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>-<a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">batten, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">French, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">front, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">glass, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">panel, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">secret, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Door-frames, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Door lights, bull's-eye, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fanlight, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">side, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">top, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">transom, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dover, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_211'><b>211</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drainage, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drawing-room, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dudley, Harry, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duxbury, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ells, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a>, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>, <a href='#Page_249'><b>249</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">brick, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Everett, Edward, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farmhouses, architectural treatment, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">axis, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>-<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Colonial, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>, <a href='#Page_223'><b>223</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">construction, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>-<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a>, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cottages, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">examination, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>-<a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">frame, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Georgian, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">heating, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a>-<a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">individuality, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>-<a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_187'><b>187</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lighting, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lines, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>, <a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a>, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a>, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>-<a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a>, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>-<a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a>, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>, <a href='#Page_223'><b>223</b></a>, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>, <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">painting, <a href='#Page_242'><b>242</b></a>-<a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>-<a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>-<a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>-<a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>-<a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a>, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>-<a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>-<a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a>-<a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>, <a href='#Page_101'><b>101</b></a>-<a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>-<a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>-<a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>-<a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a>-<a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a>, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>-<a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>-<a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a>-<a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a>, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>-<a href='#Page_186'><b>186</b></a>, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>-<a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>-<a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>, <a href='#Page_223'><b>223</b></a>-<a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>-<a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>, <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>-<a href='#Page_253'><b>253</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fireback, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fireplace fittings, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_208'><b>208</b></a>, <a href='#Page_209'><b>209</b></a>, <a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a>-<a href='#Page_211'><b>211</b></a>, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fireplaces, <a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a>, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>-<a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>, <a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a>, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>, <a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fences, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flagstones, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fletcher, Grace, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Floors, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_198'><b>198</b></a>-<a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a>, <a href='#Page_228'><b>228</b></a>, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>, <a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">brick, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tiled, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flower-boxes, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French and Indian War, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frieze, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fuller, Mrs. Genevieve, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furnaces, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furniture, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a>, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>, <a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>, <a href='#Page_231'><b>231</b></a>-<a href='#Page_235'><b>235</b></a>, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>, <a href='#Page_238'><b>238</b></a>, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>, <a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>, <a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Adams, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chippendale, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_232'><b>232</b></a>, <a href='#Page_238'><b>238</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Empire, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>, <a href='#Page_234'><b>234</b></a>, <a href='#Page_235'><b>235</b></a>, <a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Field, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>, <a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hepplewhite, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>, <a href='#Page_232'><b>232</b></a>, <a href='#Page_238'><b>238</b></a>, <a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">home-made, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jacobean, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mission, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_228'><b>228</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">old-fashioned, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a>, <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a>, <a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>, <a href='#Page_235'><b>235</b></a>, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Queen Anne, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sheraton, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_233'><b>233</b></a>, <a href='#Page_238'><b>238</b></a>, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>, <a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">white enamel, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">willow, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a>, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gables, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gage, Doctor Homer, <a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gardens, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>-<a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">old-fashioned, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a>, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>, <a href='#Page_248'><b>248</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">water, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Georgetown, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Girandoles, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_238'><b>238</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gloucester, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Green Meadows, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>-<a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">alterations, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>-<a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">door, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">heating, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">living-room, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reception-room, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">type, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">wing, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grills, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grounds, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>, <a href='#Page_141'><b>141</b></a>, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>-<a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_248'><b>248</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hall, George D., <a href='#Page_211'><b>211</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">house, see <span class="smcap">Lone Tree Farm</span>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hallways, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hangings, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a>, <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>, <a href='#Page_189'><b>189</b></a>, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>, <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hardware, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_177'><b>177</b></a>-<a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harvey, Governor Matthew, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heating, by fireplaces, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hot-air, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hot-water, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">steam, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stoves, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hinges, H, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H and L, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_177'><b>177</b></a>, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a>, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">strap, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hollis, Maine, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hopkins house, Walter Scott, <a href='#Page_223'><b>223</b></a>-<a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_223'><b>223</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attic, <a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">closets, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_228'><b>228</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grounds, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hardware, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lighting, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">living-rooms, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_223'><b>223</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">parlor, <a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_223'><b>223</b></a>-<a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">type, <a href='#Page_223'><b>223</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hopkinton, New Hampshire, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Howard, Philip B., <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hunt, William H., <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ingraham, George Hunt, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inches, Doctor Charles E., <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inches house, Charles E., <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>-<a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">den, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">furnishings, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gardens, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grounds, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">living-room, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>-<a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">swimming-pool, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">value, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">whipping-tree, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ipswich, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Iristhorpe, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>-<a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">architectural treatment, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">guest house, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">iris motive, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lines, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>-<a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jewett house, see <span class="smcap">Limovody</span>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josephine, Empress, <a href='#Page_235'><b>235</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kelly, William, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Killam and Hopkins (Architects), <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kimball, Mrs. William Otis, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kitchens, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>, <a href='#Page_253'><b>253</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kittredge, Mabel L., <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kittredge house, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>-<a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">chimney, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">furnishings, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lines, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>-<a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">size, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knockers, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lafayette, General, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Latches, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_177'><b>177</b></a>, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lavatories, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lean-to, Dutch, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Libraries, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lighting, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">candles, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">electric, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lamps, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lanterns, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Limovady, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>-<a href='#Page_27'><b>27</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">bedrooms, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lines, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lounge room, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Missionary room, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"priest hole," <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>-<a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">studio, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln, Roland C., <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Roland C., <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Little Orchard, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>-<a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">china, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fireplace, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">furnishings, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">name, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>-<a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">staircase, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Living-rooms, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">outdoor, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loeffler, Charles Martin, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loeffler house, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">atmosphere, <a href='#Page_141'><b>141</b></a>, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grounds, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>, <a href='#Page_141'><b>141</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">music room, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a>-<a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loggia, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Londonderry, New Hampshire, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lone Tree Farm, <a href='#Page_211'><b>211</b></a>-<a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_211'><b>211</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">furnishings, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>-<a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grounds, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">living-room, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sitting-room, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">smoke-house, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>-<a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vistas, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">wing, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magnolia, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mantels, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>, <a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Medfield, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morning-rooms, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Music-rooms, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nawn Farm, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">alterations, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">chimney, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">living-room, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">windows, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Needham, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newburyport, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York City, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Duxbury, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nurseries, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_186'><b>186</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Office, <a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Out-buildings, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ovens, brick, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>, <a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dutch, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Overmantel, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paint, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a>, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_243'><b>243</b></a>-<a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paneling, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>, <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>, <a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>, <a href='#Page_221'><b>221</b></a>, <a href='#Page_222'><b>222</b></a>, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Japanese, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parlors, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a>, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sun, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Partitions, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">removal of, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a>, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pergolas, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>, <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pewter, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piazza, see <span class="smcap">Porches</span>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plate-rail, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porch columns, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porches, <a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>-<a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a>, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a>, <a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>, <a href='#Page_249'><b>249</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Colonial, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Georgian, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sleeping, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">types of, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porch railings, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portico, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Putnam, John Pickering, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quillcote, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>-<a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">barn, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">china, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">furnishings, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">type, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">wall-papers, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quincy, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Radiators, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reading, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>, <a href='#Page_223'><b>223</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reception-rooms, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Registers, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Revolution, American, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">French, <a href='#Page_234'><b>234</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roofs, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>-<a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flat, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gambrel, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hipped, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">overhang, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pitched (gable), <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a>, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rugs, Arts and Crafts, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fur, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">modern, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Oriental, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a>, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rag, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a>, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>, <a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salem, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>, <a href='#Page_235'><b>235</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saugus, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Screen, Japanese, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Servants' rooms, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Service departments, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a>, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Serving-room, <a href='#Page_249'><b>249</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shaw, Mrs. Josephine Hartwell, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shingles, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>, <a href='#Page_243'><b>243</b></a>, <a href='#Page_245'><b>245</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shrubbery, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_248'><b>248</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shutters, see <span class="smcap">Blinds</span>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sill, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sitting-room, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sleeping-porches, see <span class="smcap">Porches</span>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, Nora, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South Dennis, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South Yarmouth, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spencer, Robert, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spencer house, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>-<a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fence, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">furniture, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lighting, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">new wing, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">windows, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Staircases, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stoves, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stud, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">low, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Three Acres, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>-<a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">living-room, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">restoration, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a>-<a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">studio, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">type, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vistas, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">windows, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tiles, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Tired of Work" (picture), <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trees, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a>, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>, <a href='#Page_141'><b>141</b></a>, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>, <a href='#Page_248'><b>248</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Verandas, see <span class="smcap">Porches</span>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wainscot, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a>-<a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>,<a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_221'><b>221</b></a>, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>, <a href='#Page_238'><b>238</b></a>, <a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wakefield, F. M., <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walls, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a>-<a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">burlap, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">exterior, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grass-cloth, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">painted, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">papered, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_228'><b>228</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">plastered, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sheathed, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stone, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tapestry, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wall-papers, <a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a>, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>, <a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a>-<a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">castellated, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Colonial, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>, <a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">foliage, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Georgian, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Japanese, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">landscape, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Morris, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wall-papers, Mother Goose, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walpole, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water supply, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Webster, Daniel, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White house (Salem), <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiggin, Kate Douglas, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willowdale, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>-<a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">additions, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dining-room, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">garden, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lines, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">parlor, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tree, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">woodwork, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Window casings, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">muntins, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Windows, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_141'><b>141</b></a>, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">bay, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">casement, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dormer, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a>, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a>, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>, <a href='#Page_248'><b>248</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">eyebrow, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">French, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a>, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a>, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gable, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oval, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">small-paned, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>, <a href='#Page_228'><b>228</b></a>, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>, <a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">triple, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Window-seats, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>, <a href='#Page_218'><b>218</b></a>, <a href='#Page_250'><b>250</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wings, see <span class="smcap">Ells</span>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wood, cypress, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gum, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hemlock, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oak, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a>, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a>, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">fumed, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">swamp, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pine, hard, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">North Carolina, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">pumpkin, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">swamp, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">white, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woodwork, <a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a>, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a>-<a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>, <a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>, <a href='#Page_228'><b>228</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Worcester, Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wren, Sir Christopher, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wright, Henry W., <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wright house, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>-<a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">furniture, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>-<a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lighting, <a href='#Page_238'><b>238</b></a>, <a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">location, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remodeling, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>-<a href='#Page_240'><b>240</b></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">type, <a href='#Page_236'><b>236</b></a>, <a href='#Page_237'><b>237</b></a>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Remodeled Farmhouses, by Mary H. Northend
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Remodeled Farmhouses, by Mary H. Northend
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Remodeled Farmhouses
+
+Author: Mary H. Northend
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33955]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMODELED FARMHOUSES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Annie McGuire. This book was produced from
+scanned images of public domain material from the Google
+Print archive.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+
+
+
+REMODELED
+FARMHOUSES
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CURTIS HOUSE FROM THE ROADSIDE]
+
+
+
+
+REMODELED
+FARMHOUSES
+
+
+BY
+MARY H. NORTHEND
+
+AUTHOR OF "COLONIAL HOMES AND THEIR FURNISHINGS,"
+"HISTORIC HOMES OF NEW ENGLAND," ETC.
+
+
+_WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS_
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+BOSTON
+LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY
+1915
+
+
+
+
+_Copyright, 1915,_
+BY LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY.
+
+
+
+
+I DEDICATE THIS BOOK
+TO MY FRIENDS IN MY NATIVE CITY
+TO WHOM I AM INDEBTED
+FOR MANY KINDNESSES
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+There is a certain fascination connected with the remodeling of a
+farmhouse. Its low, raftered interior, its weather-beaten exterior,
+never fail to appeal. Types vary with the period in which they were
+built, but all are of interest.
+
+In this collection, which has been pictured with great care, pains have
+been taken to show as many different types as possible, so that the
+student will be able to find numerous interesting details that can be
+incorporated into his contemplated remodeling. In the study of this work
+I have grown to feel a deep reverence for the old homes of our
+forefathers, and have come to realize as never before the care and
+painstaking thoroughness of the old master builders.
+
+I wish to thank the owners of these homes who have so kindly thrown open
+their doors to my inspection, and who have told me the interesting
+stories connected with the houses.
+
+Acknowledgment should be made to _American Homes and Gardens_ for
+permission to use various articles of mine which they have previously
+published.
+
+In the contents of this book I trust there may be much of value to those
+who are contemplating the remodeling of a farmhouse and that the work
+will bring to them the same enjoyment that the study of the subject has
+brought to me.
+
+  MARY H. NORTHEND.
+  AUGUST, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                           PAGE
+         PREFACE                                                     vii
+      I. IRISTHORPE                                                    1
+     II. LIMOVADY                                                     15
+    III. THE KITTREDGE HOUSE                                          28
+     IV. THE CURTIS HOUSE                                             38
+      V. GREEN MEADOWS                                                49
+     VI. NAWN FARM                                                    61
+    VII. BOULDER FARM                                                 71
+   VIII. THREE ACRES                                                  84
+     IX. THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE                                    100
+      X. THE DAVENPORT BROWN HOUSE                                   110
+     XI. THE DOCTOR CHARLES E. INCHES HOUSE                          124
+    XII. THE CHARLES MARTIN LOEFFLER HOUSE                           136
+   XIII. LITTLE ORCHARD                                              146
+    XIV. WILLOWDALE                                                  155
+     XV. THE GEORGE E. BARNARD ESTATE                                166
+    XVI. THE W. P. ADDEN HOUSE                                       177
+   XVII. THE KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN HOUSE                               187
+  XVIII. THE FRANKLIN BRETT HOUSE                                    198
+    XIX. THE GEORGE D. HALL HOUSE                                    208
+     XX. THE WALTER SCOTT HOPKINS HOUSE                              220
+    XXI. HENRY W. WRIGHT'S HOUSE                                     231
+   XXII. THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE                               243
+         INDEX                                                       255
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  THE CURTIS HOUSE FROM THE ROADSIDE                      _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                             FACING PAGE
+  IRISTHORPE, FRONT VIEW                                               4
+    The Entrance Porch                                                 5
+    From the Garden                                                    8
+    The Entrance Porch, Another View                                   9
+    The Dining Room, and the Living Room                              12
+    The Morning Room, and the Out-door Living Room                    13
+
+  LIMOVADY, REAR VIEW FROM THE GARDEN                                 18
+    Side View                                                         19
+    Two Views of the Living Room                                      22
+    The Dining Room, and the Lounge                                   23
+    Two of the Chambers                                               26
+
+  AN OLD CAPE COD HOUSE                                               27
+    Side View                                                         30
+    The Attic Chamber, and the Living Room                            31
+    The Kitchen                                                       36
+
+  THE CURTIS HOUSE, THE ENTRANCE PORCH                                37
+    Before Remodeling, and Remodeled                                  42
+    The Hall and Unique Stairway                                      43
+    Side View, and the Dining Room                                    48
+
+  GREEN MEADOWS, FRONT VIEW                                           49
+    An Old-fashioned Chamber, and the Living Room                     56
+    Two Views of the Den                                              57
+
+  NAWN FARM, FRONT VIEW                                               64
+    Rear View, and the Living Room                                    65
+    Two Views of the Dining Room                                      68
+    The China Closet in the Dining Room                               69
+
+  BOULDER FARM, FRONT VIEW                                            74
+    The Front Doorway                                                 75
+    The Hall                                                          78
+    The Den, and the Parlor                                           79
+    Two Views of the Dining Room                                      84
+
+  THREE ACRES, FROM THE MAIN ROAD                                     85
+    Front View                                                        90
+    Side View                                                         91
+    A Corner of the Living Room                                       94
+    The Living Room, and the Dining Room                              95
+
+  THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE ON CAPE COD                               100
+    Front View                                                       101
+    Two Views of the Living Room                                     106
+    The Attic Chambers                                               107
+
+  THE DAVENPORT BROWN HOUSE                                          112
+    The Hallway                                                      113
+    The Sun-Parlor or Out-door Nursery, and the Library              118
+    Two of the Chambers                                              119
+    The Nursery, and the Service Wing                                124
+
+  THE CHARLES E. INCHES HOUSE, FRONT VIEW SHOWING THE OLD WELL       125
+    Before Remodeling                                                130
+    Across the Lawn                                                  131
+    The Hall and Stairway, and the Living Room                       134
+
+  THE STUDIO OPPOSITE THE CHARLES M. LOEFFLER HOUSE                  135
+
+  THE CHARLES M. LOEFFLER HOUSE BEFORE REMODELING                    138
+    As Remodeled                                                     139
+    Two Views of the Living Room                                     142
+    The Dining Room, and the Music Room in the Studio Building       143
+
+  LITTLE ORCHARD, THE HOUSE FROM THE DRIVEWAY                        148
+    The Angle of the Ell                                             149
+    The Stairway                                                     152
+    The Entrance Porch, and the Dining Room                          153
+
+  WILLOWDALE, BEFORE REMODELING, AND THE FRONT VIEW                  158
+    The House from the Garden                                        159
+    A Rear View, and the Living Room                                 162
+    Two of the Chambers                                              163
+
+  THE GEORGE E. BARNARD HOUSE BEFORE REMODELING, AND THE FRONT OF
+      THE HOUSE                                                      166
+    The House from the Terrace                                       167
+    The Pergola-Porch                                                172
+    The Hall, and the Alcove in the Living Room                      173
+    The Den, and the Dining Room                                     176
+
+  THE W. P. ADDEN HOUSE                                              177
+    The Stairway                                                     186
+
+  QUILLCOTE, MRS. KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN'S SUMMER HOME                  187
+    The Hall                                                         192
+    Two Views of the Living Room                                     193
+    The Den, and the Dining Room                                     196
+    Two of the Chambers                                              197
+
+  THE FRANKLIN BRETT HOUSE, FRONT VIEW                               202
+    Before Remodeling, and as Remodeled                              203
+    The Pergola-Porch                                                206
+    A First-floor Vista, and the Living Room                         207
+
+  LONE TREE FARM                                                     212
+    As Finally Remodeled, and the Sun-Parlor                         213
+    The Living Room, and a Corner in the Dining Room                 218
+    The Sewing Room, and the Den                                     219
+
+  THE WALTER SCOTT HOPKINS HOUSE BEFORE REMODELING                   224
+    As Remodeled                                                     225
+    The Living Room                                                  228
+    Two Views of the Dining Room                                     229
+
+  THE HENRY W. WRIGHT HOUSE                                          236
+    The Living Room, and the Dining Room                             237
+    Two Noteworthy Chambers                                          242
+
+  THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE                                      243
+    End View                                                         248
+    The Hall                                                         249
+    The Sun-Parlor, and the Living Room                              252
+    The Den, and the Kitchen                                         253
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+IRISTHORPE
+
+
+As you drove slowly along the country road, did you ever stop to
+consider the many possibilities for development that lie hidden in the
+old Colonial farmhouses found here and there? Some are situated quite a
+distance from the main road, while others are placed practically on its
+boundary line. Many of the types are disguised by the unattractive
+additions that have been built to accommodate the growing needs of their
+occupants. Others, with sagging roofs and weather-beaten exteriors,
+stand mute witnesses of the days when our country was making history for
+itself. Some of these unattractive old dwellings in their early days
+sheltered the most ardent patriots of our land, men whose gallant deeds
+have made them famous, and who now lie forgotten.
+
+Fortunately for us, these old houses were not all built in the same
+century, but present a variety of types which makes them all the more
+interesting both to architect and house owner. The age of the house is
+clearly defined in its design. Many of the earliest examples were framed
+in white pine, a wood whose lasting qualities have been plainly shown
+through their power to withstand the ravages of time. Others were
+constructed of stone or brick and are equally interesting in character.
+From an architectural standpoint, most of these houses, no matter how
+dilapidated their condition, show good lines. To be sure, these are
+often hidden under poor surroundings, for as the families grew larger
+and additions became necessary, the new parts were often badly placed.
+This makes it hard for an inexperienced eye to detect where the old
+house leaves off and the additions begin. It must be remembered that the
+early tillers of the soil took little interest in their homes save as
+shelters for themselves and families, and chose for their buildings
+material that lay nearest at hand. All their ready money was expended in
+the building of large and spacious barns to house their cattle.
+
+There is a wealth of possibilities in the reconstruction of old
+farmhouses that are easily recognized by the experienced eye of the
+architect. The study of lines which determine the size and design of
+the old building is most interesting and teaches a lesson in old-time
+architecture which is extremely fascinating. The adaptation of the house
+to new and different purposes, the creation of a picturesque result
+wholly unlike and yet following the lines of the original building,
+calls into play not only skilful designing but careful planning.
+
+Many of these old houses contain fine woodwork which is often hidden
+under layer upon layer of hideous wall-paper bought with an eye to price
+rather than good taste. The fireplaces are sometimes bricked up and
+plastered over to permit the use of a modern "air-tight"; the wainscot
+and molding are buried under coats of unattractive paint and give little
+impression of their value until the original walls and woodwork lie
+bare. Some houses, more especially those situated near the coast and
+erected during the period of commercial prosperity, were built by ship
+carpenters and wood-carvers during dull seasons. In these, one comes
+occasionally upon a wonderful old fireplace or perchance a porch that
+shows artistic carving. Many of these old dwellings naturally show
+original treatment, and it is to these that the architects of to-day
+turn for details to be introduced into the modified Colonial house. They
+were built by men who were forced to use their brains, since they were
+unable to turn to books for ideas.
+
+As originally built, many of them stood with their backs to the road,
+their long, sloping roofs sweeping to the ground, their front doors
+opening on to extensive farm lands. Before the door usually stood the
+father and mother elm, their graceful branches seeming to hover
+protectingly over the dwellings. Many of the trees were there when the
+houses were built, while others have replaced their worthy sires and
+contribute a bit of landscape picturing that adds much to the
+attractiveness of the home.
+
+In these old houses, more especially those that are past complete
+restoration, the architect of to-day frequently finds choice old
+woodwork. Sometimes it is a rare bit of pumpkin pine such as is seldom
+seen; again it is a fine old wainscot, or a wonderful staircase that has
+been saved from the ravages of time. Often some of these details are
+introduced into another remodeled farmhouse to replace parts too far
+gone to be used. The growing vogue of the country home has led to the
+restoration of many of these old-time farmhouses and has saved many a
+valuable structure from falling into decay. Fortunately the appreciation
+of their possibilities came before it was too late to save them from
+destruction, although many that could have done service were allowed to
+go to ruin. There are, however, many fine examples still standing, and
+some of these have been altered to suit modern uses. Little wonder the
+old farmhouse has come into its own, its attractiveness after remodeling
+making it available for summer or all-the-year-round uses. To-day there
+is scarcely a farm or country resort that does not show one or more of
+these old-time buildings in their new dress. Some have interesting
+history connected with them and are associated with legends that have
+been handed down from generation to generation. Often the house has been
+photographed to show both its former appearance and the results of the
+restoration. Some owners, however, have given little thought to the
+original structure, and it is left to the imagination to picture the
+house as it used to be.
+
+[Illustration: IRISTHORPE--FRONT VIEW]
+
+It was six years ago, while hunting for a place to locate a summer home,
+that Doctor and Mrs. Homer Gage of Worcester, Massachusetts, discovered
+at Shrewsbury a simple little farmhouse, showing no claim to
+architectural beauty. It was such an unattractive, plain, little
+building, that only the experienced eye could discover its fine lines.
+This house stood close by the dusty highway; the fence which formed the
+boundary line had fallen into decay, while the farm lands, run down
+through hard usage, showed no trace even of an old-fashioned garden,
+such as many of the housewives of the earlier day so loved to tend. The
+house was built before the Revolutionary War, being erected in 1760, and
+was considered in those days to be a good example of what a farmhouse
+stood for. Surely it was an excellent type, considering the usual lines
+in the New England farmhouses of that day,--this small, unpretentious
+dwelling, whose entrance door out of plumb and windows irregularly
+placed made a curious combination that was in reality fascinating and
+appealing.
+
+It was two stories in height, with an attic under the eaves,--a hot
+little place during the summer months and cold in winter, but good for
+storage of furniture and unnecessary household belongings. The roof had
+a pitch at the back and sloped to meet the kitchen, which was only one
+story in height. Two sturdy, six-foot chimneys had been built on one
+side of the house, as stoves were unknown in those days. The frame was
+of white pine, well seasoned, and the timber hand-hewn, with the mark of
+the adze plainly showing in the beams, for it was built when honest
+labor prevailed and was as stanch as in the days when the bush stuck in
+the chimney or ridge-pole showed that the carpenters' work was done. The
+farm buildings were connected with the main house and comprised a barn,
+hen-house, corn-crib, and byre, all huddled together in the most compact
+kind of way. It had not been occupied since Doctor Brown, the original
+owner, paid his last visit and left the house to its fate. The interior
+was not as dilapidated as in most old houses, being in tolerably good
+repair. And so, with little alteration, it was used as a dwelling house,
+while the new home which was being built near the center of the estate
+was erected.
+
+After the cellar was built and the foundation partly laid, the work on
+the new house was stopped. There was something about the old clapboarded
+farmhouse that appealed so strongly to the new occupants that they fell
+under its charm and decided not to supplant it by a modern home. But
+the house stood too near the road; there was no privacy and no freedom
+from dust. It was of such solid construction, however, that its moving
+could be easily accomplished. So, slowly but surely, it slid down the
+hill and finally rested on the foundations which had been designed for
+the summer house.
+
+[Illustration: The Entrance Porch]
+
+Under the direction of Mr. George Hunt Ingraham, the remodeling was
+begun. The old lines of the roof were left unaltered, and although more
+room was needed, dormers were left out in its reconstruction. Nothing,
+the new owners felt, could so destroy the lines of the house as to break
+them with intrusions such as this. The long, unbroken skyline is one of
+its greatest charms, and even the long slope at one side, reaching down
+and over the one-story kitchen ell, has been carefully retained and adds
+not a little to the harmonious effect of the whole structure. At the
+front was added a small porch showing Colonial treatment, in the center
+of which hang graceful vases filled with iris. The same latticed effect
+was carried out across the front of the house in the space between the
+windows of the first and second stories. On either side of the main
+dwelling, outdoor living-rooms were secured by the introduction of
+screened piazzas, the roofs of which were painted with water-proof
+paint. One of these living-rooms opens on to a water-garden with its
+arches of roses at one side of the house. It is fitted up with willow
+furniture, in the coverings of which is introduced the prevailing
+flower, the iris, which is also shown in the table cover and the shape
+of the vase filled with the same flowers. The opposite porch is also
+fitted up as a living-room and overlooks the home garden. The exterior
+of the house is painted white with conventional green blinds, the
+chimneys following the same treatment, while the windows remain
+unchanged. The massive stone fireplaces were not taken out, although the
+old kitchen chimney had to be altered slightly in order to meet present
+needs. The house to-day overlooks extensive grounds and is embowered in
+a wealth of rambler roses and iris. It resembles the old house in its
+lines but shows in its remodeled form a most wonderful effect and
+reveals what beautiful results can be obtained by correct restoration.
+
+[Illustration: From the Garden]
+
+The house is named "Iristhorpe," the name being chosen by the mistress
+of the house, who since her childhood has taken great interest in the
+iris because of a fairy tale told her by her grandmother, in which the
+flower was supposed to be the home of the fairies.
+
+[Illustration: The Entrance Porch. Another View]
+
+With modern methods of living, it would have been an impossibility to
+retain the old house in its entirety. More room was needed, and a
+service department was an absolute necessity, but in its enlargement
+such careful attention was paid to carrying out the lines of the
+original type that to-day it is almost an impossibility to find where
+the old house leaves off, and the new one commences. In the old
+structure, as it stood facing the main road, there were three rooms in a
+row on the first floor, with the kitchen ell attached at the rear, and
+the upper part of the house cut up into small rooms. In remodeling,
+these rooms were changed over into morning-room, living-room, and
+library, and occupy the entire front of the house, just as they did in
+the original building. They are connected with doors so carefully placed
+in line that they give one the impression of greater space than is
+really found at Iristhorpe. At the rear, the old kitchen was converted
+into a most attractive hallway and stairway, with closets and lavatory
+located at the farther side.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room, which is at the rear of the living-room, has been added
+and conforms in every respect to the original design of the old house.
+Back of this are the service rooms, which are admirably planned and
+equipped with butler's pantry, servants' dining-room, kitchen pantry,
+rear hall, and stairway, together with a kitchen. In the remodeling, the
+second story was divided into four servants' bedrooms, a bathroom, and a
+large sewing-room at the rear. An interesting feature is that this
+department has no connection on the second floor with any other room in
+the house.
+
+The porch door opens directly into the living-room, which has never been
+changed from its original place in the old house. Its central feature is
+the old fireplace, which has been opened at the opposite side into the
+new dining-room. This was originally the old kitchen chimney and
+contained the brick oven. It has been bricked in for modern use, and
+here, as throughout the house, the iris motive prevails. It is shown in
+the graceful andirons, in the coverings of the Sheraton wing chair, in
+the sofa pillows, and even in the lamp-shade. This room contains fine
+woodwork, which is, in fact, a noticeable feature of every part of the
+house, and the Colonial idea has been carefully carried out in all the
+furniture used.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The library opens out from the living-room at the right, and from that
+one passes to the outdoor living-room. On the opposite side of the
+living-room is the den or morning-room, with glass doors which open on
+to the porch. Here again the iris is always the motive of decoration. In
+this room particularly the old paneling has been retained, as have the
+old strap hinges and latches, which, when missing, have been replaced by
+others of like design. This room was originally the doctor's office, and
+in the cupboard was found, at the purchase of the house, some of his old
+stock.
+
+One of the most interesting rooms is the dining-room, which contains an
+old brick oven and paneling so exactly corresponding to the character of
+the original that at first glance it is impossible to differentiate
+between them, either in age or workmanship. The window sashes, with
+their small well-shaped panes, give to the room an appropriate scale,
+and the old iron and brass hinges and latches lend an effective tone.
+The iris, charming in nature and no less decorative in its
+conventionalized form, appears here and there in the carved woodwork and
+always gives a delicate twist to the Colonial design it embellishes. The
+beamed ceiling carries out the old-time idea, while wonderful
+Japanese panels have been inserted in the finish over the fireplace, and
+huge iron andirons show an exact reproduction of the fleur-de-lis. This
+flower is found also in the cushions of the Chippendale chairs, the
+decoration of the table, the china, and in a beautiful Japanese screen
+of most graceful design that hides the service entrance into this room.
+
+[Illustration: The Morning Room]
+
+The white woodwork is a noticeable feature of the interior, where
+harmony has been so carefully maintained that on entering one feels as
+if he were in a really old house, rather than one restored. It should be
+noted that in the architectural treatment, especial consideration has
+been given to lighting and air; the windows have been distributed so
+that the light is concentrated, giving the rooms an effect of
+cheerfulness that could not be obtained otherwise. Even the hanging of
+the curtains, which are of the Colonial type, adds to the charm of the
+house.
+
+[Illustration: The Out-door Living Room]
+
+The bedrooms, on the second floor, of which there are four, show the
+same low stud that is characteristic of the lower floor. They are small
+but most conveniently fitted up, even to the conversion of a small
+closet, which the architect had considered impractical for use, into an
+extra bathroom. Every bit of available space has been made usable.
+
+An unusual feature is the guest house, which has been created in the
+second story of the large stable which stands at one side of the estate.
+This is especially useful for week-end parties. The loft has been
+converted into a suite of bedrooms, pool-rooms, and a screened veranda
+that can be used for sleeping accommodations.
+
+Iristhorpe might be called a conventional farmhouse, one of the type met
+with on almost every country road. It has no exterior adornment of any
+kind, but is a fine example of how a picturesque building can be evolved
+from an unattractive one, and is probably one of the best examples of
+remodeling that can be found. The house is typical of the best American
+architecture, and credit should be given the pioneer who first laid the
+foundation of the old farmhouse. As Iristhorpe now stands, its graceful
+lines cannot be improved upon, and clever as the alterations undoubtedly
+are, the great fascination that grips us as we view the house arises
+from the fact that it is a part of the early architecture, when hewn
+beams were first primed together, and when dwellings were erected that
+would endure for centuries.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+LIMOVADY
+
+
+First the electric car and now the automobile have solved the problem of
+accessibility which until recently confronted those who would have
+returned to the old homestead even sooner, had it been nearer the town.
+But to-day the house must be far away indeed if it cannot be easily
+reached from the more active centers, and probably this fact more than
+any other has opened up for the enjoyment of the younger generations the
+natural charm of the countryside endeared to our forefathers. In the
+roomy, old-fashioned farmhouses of New England, surrounded by stately
+trees and overlooking acres upon acres of rolling pasture and meadow
+land, unlimited opportunities are offered for the development of the
+country home.
+
+In remodeling these houses of the early builders, any radical departure
+from the original scheme is seldom necessary. Rather should the lines
+and motives be sacredly preserved to accentuate their old-time charm,
+and modern improvements introduced unobtrusively and with such care that
+the final result is indeed a restoration and not an alteration. The
+mellowing passage of time has dealt gently with many of our old homes,
+and history and romance have woven about them an added fascination for
+every generation to enjoy. When the work of restoration is commenced,
+the problem of retaining this charm is often a difficult one. In some
+instances it would seem as if nothing short of pure inspiration had
+guided the hands of the remodelers of many of the quaint and irregular
+old houses that stand by the side of the road.
+
+The old house is nearly always in harmony with its surroundings; if it
+did not seem a part of the landscape when it was built, it has at least
+had time to grow into it through the years, and the problem of all
+remodeling is to preserve in the completed structure the atmosphere that
+will make it appear to have always belonged where it stands. While the
+first thought of our forefathers was to provide an adequate home, they
+undoubtedly possessed a peculiar instinct in the choice of a picturesque
+location. By selecting the site best adapted to their needs, the house
+seemed literally to grow out of the land, and herein lies the secret of
+more than half the allurement of the old-fashioned structures. The
+intimacy between house and grounds seems as strong as were the family
+ties of those hardy pioneers who laid the foundations of American
+civilization.
+
+More practical considerations in regard to the environment than
+picturesqueness confront the house owner, however, and one of the most
+important is that of water supply and drainage. These must necessarily
+be kept far apart. A gentle incline is the best location for a dwelling,
+so that the one may come to the house from higher ground above, and the
+other be carried off below. A hollow is bad, because the water will not
+readily flow away from it; it is always damp and hot, as it is shut in
+from the breezes. On too steep a hillside, heavy rains will work havoc
+with lawns, walks, and flower beds.
+
+The slope of the land should be considered in reference to the
+prevailing winds. The house should be placed so that the cool breezes of
+summer blow upon the living-room side and not upon the kitchen, or all
+the heat and odors from cooking will fill the rooms, and they will
+always be hot and stuffy. The attractiveness of the immediate outlook
+should be noted, and it is well to ascertain if there are any
+objectionable features which cannot be removed or which are likely to
+arise within immediate prospect. The character and proximity of the
+neighbors will play a large part in the enjoyment of a summer home. If
+the house is not set well back on the property, it should at least be
+screened with full-grown trees and shrubbery to obtain the seclusion
+desired. Old trees add greatly not only to the attractiveness of a place
+but to its actual value and comfort, for it takes a long time to grow
+new trees that will provide adequate shade from the heat of summer suns.
+
+There is an illustration of a thus happily situated farmhouse at
+Georgetown, about thirty miles from Boston, known as the Jewett house,
+which was built in 1711. It is typical of an old Dutch lean-to and has a
+great central chimney twelve feet square, with four flues. Snuggled down
+in the midst of rolling grass land, it made an attractive picture in its
+surroundings of old elms. It stood far back from the road and was
+approached by a long lane that wound among splendid trees to the front
+of the house. Like many dwellings of this period, its back was toward
+the main road, and the front door opened upon a wide expanse of shady
+meadows which in the summer were bright with many-colored wild
+flowers. Between the house and the road there was a wide stretch of
+green grass which has been transformed into an old-fashioned flower
+garden, planted about a small, cement-lined pool and water garden.
+
+[Illustration: Rear View from the Garden]
+
+This house was discovered several years ago by a young Southerner who
+had come north from her sunny home in Kentucky to find a summer abode
+for her brother and herself. The house as it stood was in a very
+dilapidated condition, and only an artist would have realized its
+possibilities. But about it was a warmth of atmosphere that appealed to
+the enthusiastic Southerner. Not the least of its attractions were the
+elms that cast their protecting shadows not only over the long avenue
+which led to the house but over the dwelling itself; many of them were
+patriarchs of the primeval forests when their younger companions were
+yet in seed; others were set out later, to add their charm to the
+forsaken home.
+
+[Illustration: LIMOVADY--SIDE VIEW]
+
+It was purchased in 1906, and the work of restoration was immediately
+commenced. The outside was weather-beaten and guiltless of paint. The
+roof sagged, and the great stone chimney needed repair. It was propped
+up and made thoroughly safe, and the old roof was entirely-rebuilt, but
+the original lines were closely followed. Viewing the house as it stands
+to-day, one realizes what attractive apartments can be evolved from ugly
+interiors, and what interesting results ingenuity and good judgment can
+bring about.
+
+The interior showed coat after coat of vivid tint and layer after layer
+of atrociously colored wall-paper. The rooms, originally large and
+square, had been divided and partitioned off to meet the needs of
+growing families; many of them were small and hopelessly unattractive.
+But there were latent possibilities.
+
+When the house was first purchased, the owner went over the inside
+herself to discover the original lines. As in many houses of the kind,
+it was easy to restore the size of the room by following beams and
+knocking out partitions. It must be remembered that the usual plan in
+houses of that period was to construct a large, square room in the
+center with small rooms opening off from it which were used as chambers.
+
+The work of decorating, and, as far as possible, the remodeling itself,
+was done by Mrs. William Otis Kimball and her brother. Along the front
+of the house a screened, outdoor living-room has been added. The
+original building consisted of four rooms on the first floor. The front
+door opened into a small hall, to the right of which was the great
+living-room, and to the left the dining-room. Back of the former was a
+guest room, and back of the latter the old kitchen.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Living Room]
+
+In the living-room, the flooring, which was composed of boards often two
+feet wide, was in such good condition that it was left intact, treated
+to a black walnut stain, and shellacked. The height of the ceiling was
+but seven feet; so the heavy beams of swamp oak were boxed in and
+painted white, and the space between whitewashed. The walls, which were
+covered with ten tiers of paper, each one uglier than the last, were
+cleared to the boarding. The last one was found to be a wonderfully fine
+landscape paper, which showed that an early owner of the house must have
+been a person of means, who probably had it brought over in one of the
+merchant-ships during the time of commercial prosperity, when
+Newburyport had a lively trade with foreign lands. The walls were
+treated with a water paint colored a creamy pumpkin tint that makes the
+room seem always well lighted. It is a most inexpensive finish, such as
+is used by scene painters in a theater, and can be put on with an
+ordinary-whitewash brush. The wainscot was stained dark brown to
+harmonize with the floors. Around the top of the room the owner painted
+a frieze of conventionalized pomegranates, which follow the color scheme
+of the woodwork and wall. The old fireplace, which had been closed up,
+was opened, and the over-mantel enriched with a splendidly decorative
+painting by the artist herself, representing a Normandy boar hunt about
+1330.
+
+After it was remodeled, the room measured twenty-four by twenty-six
+feet, the original size when the house was first built. It is now used
+as a living-room and library. Inexpensive shelves, made of boards
+stained to match the wainscot, are fastened along the walls. In places
+there is a single shelf; sometimes two are placed about twelve inches
+apart, and they are used for books, pictures, and ornaments. The windows
+are curtained with an appropriate simplicity that is unusually
+attractive. Unbleached cotton is used for the over-curtains and
+decorated with a border of richly colored cretonne, corresponding in
+color and conventionality of design to the painted frieze on the
+walls.
+
+The hallway is five feet in width and has been kept in the original
+boards. They are stained in tones of soft brown which harmonize
+splendidly with the varying color schemes of the rooms that open on
+either side. Opposite the entrance door is a narrow, winding staircase
+whose white steps and balustrade contrast sharply with the dark woodwork
+and hand-rail. Half way up is the old nightcap closet from which, in the
+early days, our forefathers took their nightly toddy. Underneath the
+stairs is a secret closet so carefully hidden in the panels that only
+those familiar with it can find it. This was known in Colonial days as
+the "priest hole," and it was here, so the legend runs, that French
+refugees were secreted during the French and Indian wars.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room opens off the hallway at the left. It is a long, narrow
+room with a fireplace at one side of the end nearest the hall. The
+woodwork has been finished in a dark stain, and the old corner cupboard
+has been kept intact. The fireplace wall is paneled in swamp pine, and
+over the mantel there is a secret panel cupboard. The lower part of the
+walls is covered with dark green burlap, and above is a decorative paper
+in boldly striking colors. There is a long, refectory dining-table in
+this room, made of stout oak boards, and the other furniture has a
+monastic simplicity which is entirely in keeping with the character of
+the room.
+
+The small room at the rear of the living-room is used as a guest chamber
+and is known as the missionary room. Here the walls are tinted a soft
+moss green, and ornamented at the top by a black and white frieze that
+pictures the different stages of a missionary's life. He is shown from
+the time of his arrival on the lonely island to his chase and capture by
+a band of cannibals, and finally being roasted amidst scenes of hilarity
+as they turn his fat form on the spit.
+
+The studio was originally the kitchen and opens out of this room. The
+woodwork is of the same dark brown tint used through all the lower
+story, and the walls are hung with natural colored burlap. The principal
+features of the room are its fireplace and quaint Dutch oven which were
+built into the center of the twelve-foot chimney when the house was
+erected. From the pothook on the crane hangs an old Colonial kettle. Of
+almost equal interest are the small-paned windows which are closed by
+sliding inside panels.
+
+The present kitchen has been added at the rear. It has white walls
+decorated with a frieze in which lobsters disport themselves in
+different attitudes.
+
+A small closet at one side of the passage that leads into the kitchen
+has been utilized for a bathroom. It is finished in white with a dado of
+tiles painted with turtles.
+
+[Illustration: The Lounge]
+
+When the house was first purchased, there was an old barn on the
+property a short distance away. This was moved up and connected with the
+house. It opens from the dining-room and has been converted into a
+lounge room, with servants' quarters at the rear. This room is one of
+the most interesting in the house. It is finished in stained pine, and
+the old rafters and woodwork have been left as they originally were. The
+spaces between the heavy beams of the ceiling are white, the beams being
+black with a narrow band of peacock blue above.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two of the Chambers]
+
+The originality used in finishing the house is evidenced nowhere better
+than in the chambers, on the second floor. Each one has been decorated
+with a different flower, and they are known as the holly-hock, the sweet
+pea, the wistaria, and the morning-glory room. A frieze of the
+particular flower has been painted around, and the canopies and bed
+coverings show the same design and colors in cretonne.
+
+A small room in the barn wing, which was not large enough to be
+converted into a chamber as it stood, has been utilized for this purpose
+by opening up a large, connecting closet into an alcove to hold the bed.
+It is so arranged that at night the bed can be pulled out into the
+center of the room, and in the daytime hidden behind curtains drawn
+across the alcove.
+
+There are quaint old four-posters in all of the bedrooms, and
+old-fashioned and simple furniture is used throughout the house. Some of
+it is home-made, and in many of the rooms are bookcases constructed from
+packing-boxes, and hung across with curtains of the cretonne used
+elsewhere in the room.
+
+In altering many old houses for modern occupancy, there has been a
+greater expenditure than would have been required to build an entirely
+new structure. But in this instance the charm of the old home has been
+retained with a considerably smaller outlay than would have been
+necessary to erect another of equal size and facilities.
+
+There is an undeniable satisfaction in realizing that all has been
+gotten out of a venture of this kind that was possible, and that no
+offense has been committed against the spirit of the old house. Every
+one who has attempted remodeling obtains different results from those
+first planned, for as the work proceeds, new possibilities and new
+limitations constantly appear, till the completed building has an
+individuality unrealized in the beginning.
+
+In Limovady, as this little country place is named, we find a good
+example of what can be done to make an old house not only a livable but
+a delightful home, and it is a success such as this that inspires other
+home seekers to remodel, according to their own ideas. For no two people
+will be likely to conceive the reconstruction of a home in just the same
+way, and it is this stamp of individuality that lends to the remodeled
+house a large part of its charm.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE KITTREDGE HOUSE
+
+
+Have you ever noticed the fishermen's little cottages that stand along
+the seacoast wherever modern summer resorts have not displaced them?
+From a modern architectural point of view, they would at first seem
+quite insignificant, and yet, hidden away beneath the rough exteriors,
+there are often interesting lines and good proportions. The humble
+fishermen who dwelt there cared little for external appearance, but they
+built their cottages strong and solid and, though unpretentious, they
+were comfortable.
+
+These little old houses, seemingly commonplace though they may be, hold
+much more interest for the prospective house owner and the architect
+than do the more elaborate ones of later periods. For wherever men have
+utilized what skill and intelligence they have to satisfy definite needs
+in the simplest, most straightforward way, they have achieved something
+of lasting worth.
+
+The ages of these old seacoast houses vary just as do those farther
+inland. Some were built long before the Revolution and others at a much
+more recent date. Some have fallen into hopeless decay, while others are
+still stanch and habitable. The possible purchaser should make a careful
+examination both inside and out before he decides to remodel. Sometimes,
+from a superficial survey, an old house may appear sturdy enough to
+warrant renovation, but a closer investigation will prove that this
+would be an expensive business. For the old timbers often hold together
+firmly because they have all settled together as a unit; if any one is
+disturbed, the rest may be greatly weakened or even threaten to fall
+apart, like the proverbial house of cards.
+
+The first indication of dangerous weakness is a sagging roof. If the
+lines are even a little concave, it is a bad sign, for the roof would
+not have settled had the walls held absolutely true. Because of pressure
+against them, they have been forced apart and perhaps are on the point
+of tumbling down altogether. If the roof passes its test well, then
+examine the line of the walls and be sure they are absolutely vertical
+and have neither spread nor fallen inward.
+
+Next study the condition of the timbers. The sill is the most important
+one. If it is badly-decayed, all the other members resting upon it will
+have been thereby weakened and the whole structure impaired. The upright
+timbers and the studs will all have settled, and to straighten them will
+mean practically the rebuilding of the house. The floors and the roof
+which rest upon them will be endangered. Sometimes the ends of the
+uprights have rotted, and the slightest new work about them will result
+in their crumbling and undermining the beams and rafters they support.
+It is often necessary to use a sharp iron or a long knife and pry
+underneath the coverings on both the exterior and the interior to
+determine their condition. A little attention given to these points will
+determine whether it is worth while to attempt remodeling, or whether
+the expense involved would be out of all proportion to the result.
+
+Scarcely less vital is the condition of the cellar. Is there dampness,
+caused by lack of ventilation, by bad walls, or by some inherent
+moisture? Some of these old houses have a well in the cellar; this
+should be drained off and filled up. But if there is an actual spring of
+water, as not infrequently occurs, either move the house or abandon
+it. Bad walls can be cemented and waterproofed. If the trouble comes
+from lack of light and air, it may be possible to cut larger window
+openings. Most old houses were set too low, however, and it is
+frequently an advantage to raise them. This requires sound underpinning,
+or the expense will be great.
+
+While considering the subject of dampness, it is well to examine the
+roof and see how much it leaks under the moss-grown shingles. If it is
+an old house that is in tolerably good repair at the present time, it
+may be that under some previous owner the roof fell into decay, and
+rains soaked through. Look for signs of this, for it will mean weakness
+in timbers and plaster that must be guarded against. Examine the boards
+of the roof to see if they are strong enough to permit the laying of new
+shingles.
+
+The chimney is another important matter to investigate. In old houses
+which have not been used for some time, the bricks often deteriorate and
+become so soft that they crumble at the touch. This would necessitate
+the not inconsiderable expense of rebuilding the whole chimney, unless
+it is so large that a second smaller one may be inserted within the old.
+With the huge fireplaces of other days, whose yawning mouths were often
+capable of holding a ten-foot log, a metal flue is frequently used in
+the remodeling. It is surrounded on the outside, between itself and the
+old chimney, with concrete, which renders it entirely safe from danger
+of fire.
+
+A glance should be given also, in this inspection, at the condition of
+the floors. If they are not level, it indicates defects in the timbers
+underneath. The boards themselves are often so rough and laid with such
+large cracks that it will be necessary to lay new floors. Notice, too,
+the condition of doors and windows; whether they are straight and true
+enough to be used again, or if others will have to replace them. Tap the
+plaster here and there to see where it is loose and to what extent it
+must be renewed.
+
+These are the tests that indicate whether the old house is worth buying
+and what will be the essential expense to make it habitable. Sometimes
+one or another defect is so severe as to make the venture foolish; again
+it can be remedied by resort to strenuous methods. Not infrequently the
+drawbacks of a bad cellar and a poor location are at once overcome by
+removing the house altogether to a new site. This is practicable when
+the building is sound in structure and an inexpensive operation if it is
+small.
+
+[Illustration: AN OLD CAPE COD HOUSE]
+
+That was the proceeding which Miss Mabel L. Kittredge undertook with an
+old fisherman's cottage that had stood for many years on the shores of
+Cape Cod. It was a simple little building, dilapidated and
+weather-beaten, and quite unsuggestive of a summer home. But its very
+quaintness and diminutive size attracted her attention, and she
+determined to investigate it. The owner was willing to part with it,
+just as it stood, for eighty-five dollars, not including the land.
+
+The location was not desirable, and it was decided to "fleck" the house,
+as is the colloquial term on the Cape for preparing a building to be
+moved. It was taken apart and floated across the water to its new
+foundations in South Yarmouth. Here it was "unflecked" and set up facing
+the harbor and the cool breezes from the ocean.
+
+[Illustration: AN OLD CAPE COD HOUSE--SIDE VIEW]
+
+The original building, erected in the early part of the nineteenth
+century, was a small, shingled structure, thirty by twenty feet, with a
+straight gable roof rising from the low stud of the first story. Its
+proportions were not at all unpleasing, and the placing of the several
+small-paned windows was particularly agreeable. There was a kitchen shed
+attached to the rear.
+
+When it was set in position in the new location, additional windows were
+cut, a small porch built at the front entrance, and a second shed
+attached at right angles to the kitchen wing. In the second story, a
+broad flat-roofed dormer with three windows increased the interior
+space, without seriously altering the straight lines of the roof. The
+effort to retain the original simplicity of line is also evident in the
+porch roof, which follows closely the wide angle of the gable ends of
+the house.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The original interior was cut up into a number of small rooms, the
+partitions of which were removed, with the exception of those dividing
+off a bedroom at the rear. This left one good-sized apartment, which was
+fitted up for living and dining-room combined and made a most delightful
+place. The stairs were built at the left, along the rear wall. A group
+of three windows was cut here to give extra light and air, and the
+manner in which they have been handled is interesting. On account of the
+position of a heavy supporting beam, it was impossible to make these new
+windows the height of the original ones. The effect of this was
+ameliorated by placing a shelf directly above the group of three and
+extending it across the wall to meet the old window. A number of
+interesting pieces of china placed on the shelf give it a character and
+weight which thus carries the eye along from one opening to the other
+without any consciousness of the break in height. This is but one of
+those ingenious methods by which remodeling is made successful.
+
+The large, old-fashioned fireplace is the center of interest in this
+room. At the right of it is a china closet with mullioned glass door,
+and on the left two narrower closets are found in the paneling. A new
+hardwood floor had to be laid, as the original one was in bad condition.
+The wainscot and woodwork throughout the house was unusually good for
+such a small and unpretentious structure. After the former layers of
+paint had been removed and the wood thoroughly cleaned, it was finished
+in white. The walls, scraped down to the original plaster, were painted
+in a soft green flat-coat that was delightfully fresh and cool.
+
+Back of this large room was a small hallway leading into the ell at the
+back. At the left, space was taken for a bathroom.
+
+[Illustration: AN OLD CAPE COD HOUSE--THE KITCHEN]
+
+The kitchen was kept practically the same as in the old house. The rough
+stud and rafters were stained a dark brown, and the boards of the roof
+whitewashed. The walls were plastered to the height of the stud. A
+modern stove was attached to the old chimney flue on the outside of the
+building. The exposed uprights provided an opportunity for convenient
+shelves to be built for the various kitchen appliances.
+
+[Illustration: The Attic Chamber]
+
+Up-stairs the entire floor was thrown into one room, instead of making
+several small, stuffy, sleeping apartments. The dormer which was cut in
+the front added not only to the light, air, and space of the room, but
+gave an opportunity for a most attractive window-seat to be built
+beneath the broad windows. The old, wide boards of the floor were in
+good condition and kept intact. The walls were plastered to the ridge,
+exposing the heavy tie-beams. Along the walls under the eaves, sets of
+drawers were built into the woodwork, thus obviating the necessity of
+having chiffoniers or chests of drawers to consume already limited
+space. The rough bricks of the chimney, which breaks slantingly through
+the floor near the center of the room, are not concealed. Instead, they
+form a rather decorative feature in the little apartment, and about
+the four sides of the flue shelves are built which serve as a
+dressing-table and a desk.
+
+The furnishings of the whole house are delightfully simple and
+suggestive of the quaint Colonial period when it was built. Tables and
+chairs, pictures, mirrors, and china are interesting heirlooms that have
+been handed down in the family of the owner and preserve the spirit of
+the little cottage as admirably as do the various alterations which have
+made it so modern and habitable.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE CURTIS HOUSE
+
+
+The great charm of Colonial farmhouses lies in the simplicity of their
+appearance. Many dilapidated, weather-beaten old buildings, long
+neglected by an indifferent community, are really little masterpieces of
+harmonious line and good proportion.
+
+The style of the roof tells much about the age of the building to the
+initiated, and its line is easily the most important factor in the
+appearance of the house. The pitched roof is one of the oldest types and
+was used long before our country was discovered. This roof slopes away
+from the ridge-pole on both sides, thus forming a triangular area, the
+angle at each end of which is called a gable. In the early days, the
+pitch was built very steep to accommodate the thatching with which the
+roof was covered. As shingles came into use, the slope gradually
+flattened, and the age can be roughly judged by its angle.
+
+The gambrel roof appeared before the eighteenth century and was
+commonly used in New England farmhouses. Each side of this is made up of
+two distinct pitches, which have no rule to govern their relationship. A
+somewhat later development was the hipped roof, in which the gabled ends
+were flattened, making four flat sides sloping from the ridge-pole. This
+was used when no attic chamber was needed. In the more pretentious
+Georgian houses, the top was flattened, and a wooden balustrade put
+around it. These roofs are generally shingled and practically never
+painted; the soft gray color they attain in weathering is sometimes
+imitated in stain on new shingles.
+
+The addition of a wing or ell brought up a new problem in roofing, and
+it is this point that demands most serious attention from the remodeler.
+The old builders have not always been successful in preserving the unity
+of the roof line that is so essential to pleasing design. Whenever it is
+possible, the new roof should be made a part of the old, and the lines
+of one should run into those of the other. The pitch of the two should
+be practically the same. The same type of roof must be used over all
+parts of the building, although it is occasionally permissible to have a
+pitched roof on an ell when the main roof is a gambrel.
+
+Where a veranda is added, its roof line must be carefully studied and
+made to seem an original part of the building, not something stuck on as
+an afterthought. This problem of keeping the lines of the different
+roofs in harmony is a vital one, and nowhere is there greater demand for
+ingenuity and thoughtful treatment.
+
+The question of dormers is also important. When it is desired to have a
+second-story porch or sleeping-room, the dormer often supplies the
+solution of this difficult problem. The earliest ones were merely a
+flattening of the pitch of the roof, and this is the type that should be
+used when it is necessary to add a dormer to the older farmhouses. As
+the Georgian details were developed, the gable-roofed dormer was used
+with the cornice moldings of porches and door frames. These dormers were
+high, with a single window often having a semicircular head. They were
+usually combined in groups of three and connected with each other by a
+balustrade.
+
+The exterior walls of the first houses were made of heavy boards laid
+vertically on the framework, without studding. Before long, the wood was
+laid horizontally, each board overlapping the one below it. This
+clapboarding and siding was used without interruption through all the
+various changes in other details. Much later, the shingle was adopted
+for the sides of the house as well as for the roof. A larger shingle,
+however, was used on the walls, with a wide exposure of surface. These
+were made of pine or cypress.
+
+Although the walls of most old houses follow a straight line from one
+story to the next, there was a type, copied by the colonists from the
+buildings of the mother country and used somewhat freely before the
+Georgian era, in which the second story extended beyond the first. This
+overhang was generally used only on the front and back and not on all
+four sides, as in the European counterparts. The girders and cross beams
+were framed into the second-story posts, which frequently ended in an
+ornamental knob or drop, as it was called. The gables, too, occasionally
+had a slight overhang. In altering a pre-Georgian house, it is therefore
+permissible to make use of this overhang feature, and it may solve some
+otherwise knotty problems of required extra space.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+A house which shows unusually clever handling of these points is
+situated in the little village of Charles River, not so many miles
+outside of Boston. Within the last few years, this locality has been
+opened up, and many modern homes have been built and farmhouses
+remodeled. They are situated along charming woodland roads and seem to
+nestle in their picturesque surroundings. This particular one stands on
+the road from Boston to Dover, invitingly shaded by graceful elms that
+have watched unnumbered generations pass. It suggests to passers-by a
+typical, seventeenth century farmhouse, ingeniously remodeled, through
+the plans of the late Philip B. Howard and F. M. Wakefield, architects
+of Boston, into a twentieth-century summer home. This old farmhouse was
+built in 1647 and was of the rectangular type, built about a central
+chimney, with four rooms and a hall on the lower floor. When Mr.
+Frederick H. Curtis selected it for his home, it had already been
+materially altered from the original simple structure by various
+succeeding tenants. And many of these had not added to its charms. The
+exterior was most uninviting in a vicious shade of red paint with white
+trim. In front was a small lattice porch entirely out of keeping with
+the architecture of the house. But in spite of all these unattractive
+features, there was an insistent appeal about the old place that made it
+seem worth venturing to restore.
+
+The first problem which presented itself was that of interior space. The
+difficulty lay in enlarging this space in such a way as to provide the
+needed room and at the same time maintain the harmony of the exterior
+lines. The original four rooms had been added to from time to time by
+former owners by means of the customary ells at the rear. The house was
+two and a half stories high, with a straight, pitched roof starting from
+the top of the second story. In the rear there was a two-story ell and a
+one-story addition behind that, with an outside chimney. Each of these
+was increased by one room, so that space for a laundry was added in the
+lower floor and for servants' quarters in the second. The chimney was
+kept on the outside above the laundry roof and built up to the required
+height. This second-story extension overhangs the old kitchen wall by
+about eighteen inches on one side and on the other runs into an entirely
+new wing, whose roof line joins without a break to that of the old ell.
+The roof of the main building has been extended in the rear, following
+its straight line to the top of the first story, as was frequently done
+in old houses. This brought the lines of the main building and the rear
+ells into greater harmony and provided space for an outdoor living-room
+on the first floor. A flat-roofed dormer was thrown out above this on
+the second floor and turned into a sleeping-porch. The lines of the
+several roofs have thus been kept remarkably simple, considering the
+great amount of space which has been added.
+
+[Illustration: Remodeled]
+
+[Illustration: Side View]
+
+On the opposite side of the house a new wing has been added to the
+second floor, parallel to the main building and at right angles to the
+ells in the rear. The front part of it has a pitched roof following the
+angle of that on the main building, and the rear has a flat roof on a
+very low stud. This provides three additional rooms on the second floor.
+It has been built over an outdoor breakfast or morning-room on the first
+floor, and the kitchen has been widened under it.
+
+[Illustration: The Entrance Porch]
+
+At the front of the house, the flat-roofed entrance porch was removed,
+and one more in keeping with the Colonial period built in its place.
+This has a gabled roof, supported in front on two simple columns. The
+back part of it is closed and forms a small vestibule, with old-time
+oval windows extending on each side beyond the gabled roof-line. There
+are two benches in front, also beyond this line and protected by
+vine-grown lattices and small, extending eaves. The floor is paved with
+brick.
+
+These comprise the major changes to the exterior; but new shingles were
+put on the old roof; the dilapidated slat-shutters were replaced by
+blinds of solid wood, with a diamond cut in the upper panel after the
+old-time fashion; and the ugly red paint was changed to a soft Colonial
+buff.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall and Unique Stairway]
+
+The narrow entrance hall, opening directly on the stairs, has not been
+altered. In the stairs, however, an exceedingly interesting treatment
+has been introduced, made necessary by the plan of the rooms above. On
+the first landing a doorway was cut in the chimney wall, and stairs
+built up the center of the chimney between the two flues. These give
+access to a small hall in the rear, connecting the several bedrooms. The
+door that leads to these stairs, at the foot, is a "secret" one; that
+is, it is covered with the wall-paper which surrounds it and fits
+tightly into the wall without framing woodwork.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+At the right of the hallway the parlor and dining-room were thrown into
+one long living-room, and a pleasant triple window was cut in the rear
+wall looking out upon the veranda. The fine old woodwork about the
+fireplace was restored to its original beauty with many coats of white
+paint. The hand-hewn beams in the ceiling were uncovered from the
+casing which had hidden them, and the wood rubbed and oiled. The floor
+was found to be in good condition and, after the placing of additional
+boards where the partition was removed, was merely scraped, filled,
+stained, and polished. A semicircular corner cupboard in a reproduction
+of an old style, its shelves filled with interesting specimens of
+seventeenth-century pewter, gives character to the room. The walls were
+finished in a soft shade of burlap, and the old mahogany furniture,
+chintz covers, rag rugs, and simple scrim curtains preserve the
+delightful atmosphere.
+
+On the opposite side of the hall is the library or den. This is
+unchanged, except for the white paint and the quaint Colonial
+wall-paper. Willow furniture is used.
+
+Back of this, and extending across to the living-room, is the
+dining-room. The beams show the position of the original walls and
+indicate the way in which the room was enlarged. This leaves the
+fireplace at the side of a sort of alcove and so, to balance it and give
+importance to that end of the room, a china closet was built across the
+corner. An unpaneled wainscot, with simple baseboard and molding at the
+top, runs around the room, the new part matching the old. The woodwork
+is all white, including the encased beams, which here were not in a
+condition to be exposed. The upper walls are covered with a blue and
+silver grass-cloth that strikes an effective color note behind the
+mahogany furniture. In this room is a good example of the use of modern
+reproductions of Sheraton chairs with a genuine old sideboard.
+
+Glass doors lead from either end of the dining-room on to the two
+verandas. Both of these verandas are really rooms without walls, as they
+have been incorporated so completely within the lines and framework of
+the house. The one on the side of the house in front of the kitchen is
+used as a breakfast-room, and many of the other meals are served out
+here in the open air. That in the rear of the living-room is a
+delightful spot on summer afternoons and evenings. Both of these porches
+are thoroughly screened and fitted with framework in which glass sashes
+are placed during the winter.
+
+On the second floor there are four bedrooms and a bath in the main part
+of the building, with a sleeping balcony leading from one of them. This
+is protected with screens and awnings and furnished with hammocks and
+reclining chairs. In the wings there are three servants' rooms and a
+bath. All of the rooms have been fitted up in a quaintly simple style
+that is thoroughly in keeping with the period of the house, the low
+ceilings, and fine woodwork. In some of the rooms there are valuable old
+pieces of furniture, a four-poster of the Sheraton type, and a highboy
+with details of the Queen Anne period. In another room modern white
+enamel furniture has been used, but it is so simple and straightforward
+in design that it harmonizes entirely with the atmosphere of the room
+engendered by the old fireplace and chimney cupboard, the thumb latches
+on the doors, rag rugs, and an old-time wall-paper figured with stripes
+of morning-glories and daintily poised humming-birds. In this second
+floor, the old iron hardware has been largely used in strap and H and L
+hinges, latches, knobs, and shutter fastenings.
+
+Throughout the lower story, modern brass knobs and key plates
+reproducing an old Colonial pattern have been used, securing greater
+convenience and safety.
+
+Hot-air heating has been installed and electric lighting. The outlets,
+however, are all in the walls or baseboard sockets, so that there is no
+conspicuous inconsistency in the atmosphere, and lamps and candles are
+also used throughout the house.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+GREEN MEADOWS
+
+
+The architect of to-day has an advantage over the master builder of long
+ago in that he is able to grasp all ideas that were introduced into the
+old house and can restore it without losing the spirit of the original
+in either the exterior or interior. The wings and ells which were added
+by succeeding tenants often bear little relation to the main building
+and must either be torn down or harmonized in some way to preserve the
+unity of the completed design. The general plan of the house and the
+arrangement of the rooms should be carefully observed before the house
+owner and architect undertake the task of remodeling. Too many houses
+are disappointing because a study has not been made of the different
+types and periods of old houses, and the result is a mixture, neither
+one thing nor the other.
+
+Old Colonial houses were always built on the rectangular plan, as this
+provided the greatest amount of enclosed space with the least
+expenditure of labor and material. They were also constructed about an
+axis, and it is essential for the remodeler to determine what that axis
+is before making any alterations.
+
+In the earliest days, the chimney was the center of the building and
+dominated the plan. The various rooms opened around it, so that as many
+of them as possible could have a fireplace from the one chimney. It was
+consequently a huge affair and occupied about three fourths as much
+space as one of the rooms. In the first plans, there were usually but
+two rooms, a kitchen on one side and a parlor on the other. Later, a
+room was built in the back for the kitchen, and a third opening made in
+the chimney. The narrow stairs were built in at the front to fit into
+the chimney space and generally ascended with two landings and turns at
+right angles.
+
+As a late development, about the time of the Revolution, four equally
+large rooms were needed, and this one chimney was divided into two and
+placed on either side of the center of the house, so that in each of the
+main rooms there was a fireplace opening front or back from one of the
+two chimneys. This arrangement altered the position of the stairs, and
+stairs and hall became the central axis of the house. The proportion of
+the space allotted to them, however, remained about the same as when the
+chimney had occupied the center. This accounts for the wide Colonial
+halls, which are such a charming feature of old houses. The stairs were
+built along one side, the length of the hall, often a perfectly straight
+flight without turn or landing, and the hall was frequently cut clear
+through to a door in the back, which formed a rear exit to the garden.
+The Georgian houses at the end of the eighteenth century were commonly
+built on this plan.
+
+There was one other distinct type, in which the fireplaces in the four
+corner rooms were in the outer walls, and four separate chimneys were
+built. The central hall and staircase retained their same dominant
+proportions, but a second cross hall was sometimes built, dividing the
+house from end to end.
+
+To all of these types, additions were frequently made, as the family
+increased, or new owners took possession. The extra space was not
+acquired by enlarging the main building but by adding an ell in the back
+at right angles to the original structure, or a wing at the side,
+parallel with it. These additions were attached to the house by their
+smallest dimension, as that obstructed the least amount of light. They
+were smaller than the main part; many were but one story in height, and
+those that were two had a lower stud, so that the original building
+would remain the important feature in the whole.
+
+After examining the old house from this point of view, consider the new
+uses to which it will be put and determine what changes will have to be
+made. Sketch the entire plan out before commencing an alteration, and
+then endeavor to see if the proposed remodeling is practical from a
+structural point of view, and if it harmonizes with the original spirit
+of the old building. Mark out in each room the position of windows and
+decide where new ones may have to be cut in the rearranged interiors.
+Study the fireplaces and find out whether the proposed removal of a
+partition wall will throw them out of balance in the rooms, and what you
+can do to counteract it. Pay particular attention to closet room, for in
+the old days it was given too little consideration for modern
+requirements.
+
+Draw rough plans and put your ideas regarding every possibility down on
+paper; it is surprising how many new suggestions will occur as each
+scheme is worked out, and there is a fascination in seeing how much can
+be fitted into a given space. After the work is begun, unforeseen
+conditions will crop up and necessitate changes in the project, as well
+as disclose new opportunities, but a greater part of the planning can be
+done beforehand.
+
+A roomy, old, New England farmhouse near Hamilton was recognized by Mr.
+George Burroughs as a fertile subject for development into a beautiful
+country home. It was situated in the heart of rolling country and
+surrounded by wide stretches of grass land, from which the estate was
+named "Green Meadows."
+
+[Illustration: GREEN MEADOWS--FRONT VIEW]
+
+The original house, separated from the highway by an old wall of field
+stone and an elm-shaded dooryard, was built in 1786, and it is curious
+to note that no deed was ever recorded. It was the usual type of
+farmhouse, constructed about a central chimney, two and a half stories
+in height, with an unbroken roof line. Subsequent owners had added wings
+at each side instead of the more customary ell at the rear. One of these
+wings is of brick, which indicates that it was probably not built before
+the middle of the last century, but although the two building materials
+seem incongruous in the one house, vines have so overgrown this wing
+that the red glimpsed through them and contrasting with the white walls
+of the house is very attractive.
+
+The only important alterations in the exterior appearance of the house
+were in the addition of the long veranda across the rear and the
+alteration of the frame wing at the right. The old structure was found
+to be in too dilapidated a condition to restore, but it was reproduced
+in all its exterior details and joined to the end of a new wing attached
+to the house and a trifle broader than the old. Two hip-roofed dormers
+add to the space in the second floor and permit the construction of
+attractive servants' quarters.
+
+The frame of the entrance door in the center of the front facade is a
+particularly happy example of the simple Georgian style used in the
+better class of farmhouses of that day. Its flat pilasters and
+well-proportioned cornice illustrate the restraint and refinement in the
+work of even the average builders.
+
+The door itself opens into a small hallway, restored with fresh white
+paint to all its original beauty.
+
+On this left side of the house the partition between the old
+dining-room and parlor has been removed to make one large living-room.
+After the cornices and the wainscoting were restored, the woodwork,
+including the encased beams in the ceiling, was painted white. The
+condition of the old floor made it necessary to lay a new one of hard
+wood. This room admirably reflects the old Colonial spirit in its
+fireplace and cupboards. The paneling above the mantel shelf presents an
+interesting variation in the framing of fireplaces. The original
+wainscot with its molded cap divides the wall surface in an agreeable
+proportion, and the rather heavy cornice moldings at the ceiling line
+relieve the emphasis of the great beams. The old hardware is used on
+doors and windows, the thumb latches are finished in the natural black,
+and the H and L hinges painted white to correspond with the woodwork.
+The upper part of the walls is covered with a rose-colored paper
+reproducing a conventional Georgian medallion design in silvery gray.
+This rose color has been carried out in all the furnishings of this
+room; the upholstery of chairs and sofas is in a deeper shade; the
+over-curtains are somewhat paler, and in the Oriental rugs, rose blends
+with soft browns and blues. Old-fashioned Venetian blinds or
+slat-curtains shade the windows in the living-room and throughout the
+house.
+
+On the opposite side of the entrance hall is the reception-room. The
+same treatment has been accorded here as in the living-room, and the
+furnishings are especially harmonious and well arranged. The long, low
+lines of an Adam sofa, a slender-legged desk, and chairs and table, each
+one a noteworthy masterpiece of cabinet making, are admirably chosen to
+add apparent height to the low stud, but the monotony of too much light
+and low furniture is broken by a tall grandfather clock placed in the
+corner. The pictures on the walls, old prints simply framed in mahogany,
+are hung with a similar thought to increase the apparent height of the
+room, and their arrangement is well worth studying. The fireplace, on
+the opposite side of the chimney from that in the living-room, is
+equally interesting. The wall above the white wainscot is papered in a
+golden yellow of conventional flowers, and the upholstery and draperies
+are of a golden striped and figured Adam damask that brings out the rich
+color of the satinwood and mahogany furniture.
+
+In the rear, on the same side of the house, is the dining-room. The old
+woodwork here was insignificant, and it has been replaced with modern
+paneled wainscot covering two thirds of the wall surface. One could wish
+that the proportions of the original woodwork had been a little more
+closely followed, and the atmosphere of the other rooms carried more
+definitely into this. The old fireplace has been retained across the
+corner of the room with its flue in the central chimney, but its frame
+is a modern conception. The chimney cupboard in the side has been turned
+into a china closet with a new door of mullioned glass displaying
+interesting old pewter and plates. The upper third of the wall above the
+wainscot is covered with a reproduction of an old-time scenic paper in
+greens and grays, and the window hangings are of corresponding colors in
+damask. The seats of the Hepplewhite chairs carry the same tones in
+tapestry. The apparent size of the dining-room has been cleverly
+increased by carrying the decorative motives into the passageway which
+connects it with the service quarters in the right wing. The same
+paneling of the wainscot and the same paper above, seen through the
+double doorway, give the impression that this is all part of the one
+room, and the placing of a buffet in front of the opening enhances the
+effect.
+
+On the other side of the dining-room a small hall, paneled with white
+enameled woodwork to the ceiling, leads into the living-room.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+French doors of glass open from here on to the wide veranda which has
+been added across the back of the house, overlooking the green meadows
+and shady vales that stretch away on all sides.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Den]
+
+From this veranda or from the living-room, one can enter the brick wing
+at the left of the house. This originally contained the kitchen with
+bedrooms above, but in altering it, the entire wing was thrown into one
+room opened to the roof. With the great old beams and rafters showing,
+and all the woodwork stained dark, this apartment lends itself admirably
+to the character of a den or smoking-room. At the end, the old kitchen
+chimney has been utilized for a fireplace, and old paneling inserted
+above the high mantel. Seats have been built under the windows flanking
+the chimney and, with their soft cushions and pillows, add materially to
+the comfort of the room. The windows in this wing are unusually
+large,--an indication of the later date of its construction,--and in
+order to carry the same proportions in their divisions as in the older
+part of the house, twenty-four panes of glass were used in each. A rich
+green and brown landscape paper covers the upper two thirds of the walls
+above the wainscot molding. The upholstery and cushions on davenport,
+armchairs, and window-seats of brown leather stamp this apartment
+indelibly as a man's room, and the decorations of old flint-locks in one
+corner add to the effect.
+
+The service quarters of the house in the wings at the right have been
+made especially complete. In the middle section are butler's pantry,
+kitchen, laundry, and refrigerator, with two bedrooms on the second
+floor; and in the narrower part is a servants' hall and three bedrooms
+which are open to the roof.
+
+[Illustration: The Old-fashioned Chamber]
+
+On the upper floor of the main part of the house the four bedrooms have
+been kept much as in the past. Those in the rear have been made to open
+out, through double doors, on to the second story of the veranda, which
+can be used as a sleeping-porch. The old white woodwork and the original
+fireplaces add their ineffable charm. The floors were in poor condition
+and are covered with matting as a background for the rag rugs. Some very
+interesting old pieces of furniture add to the atmosphere of these
+chambers.
+
+The registers of the hot-air heating system which has been installed
+are unusually well selected for an old Colonial house. Instead of the
+customary meaningless scroll and meander pattern in the grills, a simple
+square lattice has been used, which preserves the spirit of other days
+admirably.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+NAWN FARM
+
+
+City people are prone to think that the country is agreeable only during
+the summer months, and that winters spent there are unpleasant and
+dreary. This notion is fast being dispelled, as country houses are kept
+open longer and longer each year, and the pleasures of country week-ends
+during the entire winter are definitely proven. There is in reality no
+more delightful place to spend the long winter months than in the heart
+of a beautiful country. A never-ending round of interests astonishes one
+who has never tried it before. Each month brings a fresh phase, and it
+is hard to determine whether the country is at its best during the
+summer or winter season.
+
+There is a fascination indescribable in watching the fall of snow, the
+settling of flakes on the bare limbs, the transition from brown to
+diamond-covered branches that glisten with every motion and are often
+decorated with long icicles reflecting all the prismatic colors. If you
+have never seen this side of country life, you will find it a wonderful
+world, where it is intensely interesting to study the seasons in turn,
+note the coming and going of birds, look for the early and late flowers,
+watch the melting of snows and the swelling of buds in the warm spring
+suns.
+
+More active pleasures, too, await the adventurer in the winter country.
+There are so many sports to be enjoyed that one does not wonder the
+youth delights to come here for skating, snow-shoeing, or toboganning.
+What is more delightful than a sleighing party, whose destination is a
+remodeled farmhouse not too many miles from the city? Start the cheery
+fire in the huge fireplace, pile on the six-foot logs, draw your chairs
+nearer while you forget the outside world, and feel a glow of delight
+that you, too, have joined the throng who know the thrill of country
+life.
+
+The first thing to do when contemplating an all-the-year-round country
+home is to look for a house in the right location. In selecting it the
+problem of heating must be thought of in a different way than as that
+for merely summer use. Then fireplaces will amply suffice for the few
+cool days and chilly evenings, and no better method could be desired.
+But for the real cold of winter, whether for continued use or the
+occasional week-end, more complete heating will need to be provided.
+
+The cheapest and simplest way is undoubtedly by stoves which can be
+attached to the fireplace flues. But this necessitates closing up the
+fireplace and depriving family and guests of all the joys of the blazing
+logs which never seem more cheerful and hospitable than in the bitterest
+weather. If the house is to be used mainly for week-end parties, stoves
+have another serious drawback. They must be kept oiled when not in use,
+to prevent their rusting, and it takes nearly two days after the fire is
+lighted to burn the oil off. Then, when closing up the house again, the
+stove must be re-oiled, and this necessitates putting the fire out and
+waiting in the cold house until the metal is sufficiently cool to apply
+the treatment.
+
+The most adequate method is by hot water or steam, and for a large
+country house these are really the only practical ways. The expense
+involved will depend upon the structure of the house. In a brick or
+stone building, it will cost a good deal to have the pipes built into
+the wall. Sometimes conditions will allow them to be carried up in a
+closet or partition. In a frame house that has been built with deep
+window jambs, as was so often done in the olden times, the pipes can be
+hidden within this furred framework. The great objection to steam or
+hot-water systems in old houses, however, is the presence of the
+radiator, which never can be made to harmonize thoroughly with the
+spirit of the old building. When it is used, some attempt must be made
+to disguise it. If it can be made long and low and placed in front of a
+window, it can be treated as a window-seat with a metal grill in front.
+For houses of the later Georgian period, grills can be found whose
+designs are not at all out of keeping with the other classical details.
+Sometimes a radiator can be placed entirely within the furred partition,
+and the heat admitted into the room through paneled doors which are
+thrown open when it is in use.
+
+For small houses, the hot-air system is perhaps the most desirable. The
+registers are inconspicuous and bring no jarring note into the old-time
+atmosphere. The pipes require considerable overhead room in the cellar,
+which sometimes becomes a hard problem in the low foundations of old
+houses. The fact that it is difficult to drive the hot air against
+the wind raises a second objection, but if the furnace is placed in the
+corner of the house from which the cold winds blow, or even a second
+furnace is installed, the trouble will be largely overcome. And there is
+the great advantage, especially for a week-end house, that it can be
+started up or left at a moment's notice without trouble from water in
+the pipes or danger of freezing as in the hot-water systems.
+
+Whatever the method decided upon, it is an interesting work from start
+to finish. One feels a thrill of adventure in evoking from the home of
+past generations one for twentieth-century living with all the comforts
+and appliances necessary. But to transform an old building that has
+never even been intended for living purposes into a residence that is
+not only comfortable and suited to the owner's needs but an
+architectural success as well, is a still more fascinating problem. How
+Messrs. Killam and Hopkins have accomplished this with an old barn at
+Dover and kept the distinctive simplicity and atmosphere of the original
+building is worthy of emulation.
+
+[Illustration: NAWN FARM--FRONT VIEW]
+
+When Mrs. Genevieve Fuller bought the Nawn Farm some three years ago, it
+was her intention to alter the farmhouse then on the property. Its
+location, however, was not entirely favorable; the house was on sloping
+ground in somewhat of a hollow and too near the public road. Besides
+this, the rooms were small and very much out of repair. On the crest of
+the hill was the barn, occupying a commanding position and framed in
+splendid old trees. The structure was found to be so stanch that it was
+decided to tear down the old house and convert the barn into the
+residence.
+
+[Illustration: Rear View]
+
+The foundations were left unchanged, and an ell on the north side was
+added for the service portion of the building. The supports and interior
+divisions are all virtually unaltered. The living and dining rooms
+occupy the positions of the former mows, and the hall connecting them is
+the old passage for the wagons. Most of the original studding has been
+used as it stood, and the beams incased or hidden in the finish of the
+walls. The roof was flattened on the top, and the gables cut off, but
+the slope was unaltered. Wider eaves were added at a slightly different
+pitch, softening the lines of the roof.
+
+Doors and windows were, of course, cut anew to conform with the
+different usage of the building. Their position was necessarily
+determined somewhat by the existing supports, but they have been very
+happily placed, whether in groups or singly. Those of the sleeping rooms
+on the second floor are especially well handled; they are wide and
+raised well up under the overhanging roof, so that they carry out the
+broad low lines of the architecture. The openings of the
+sleeping-porches have been treated exactly as windows, their size
+corresponding with the apparent dimensions of the windows, and their
+locations determined by the same factors. They become at once an
+integral part of the structure instead of the unsightly excrescence
+which the presence of a sleeping-porch so often proves.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+On the first floor, the living-room occupies the entire eastern end,
+having exposures on three sides. This has been attractively finished in
+gum wood stained a dark brown, and the warm tones of natural colored
+grass-cloth tone the walls. An interesting treatment has been accorded
+the fireplace by flanking it on either side with a nook, the outer walls
+of which cleverly conceal parts of the old structure. In each of the
+recesses is a small window above the paneling and window-seat. The
+furnishings of the room are appropriately simple and invitingly
+comfortable, suggesting old-fashioned things adapted for modern uses.
+Especial interest is attached to the fireplace fittings; they are of
+hand-forged iron, wrought by the village blacksmith after designs of the
+owner. The andirons were made from the tires of old cart wheels,
+flattened and bent into shape and curled over at the top. The wood-box
+is of flat strips of iron interlaced.
+
+From one wing of the hall ascend stairs which are the faithful
+reproduction of an old Colonial design. The other part of the hall,
+across the southern front, is so broad and cheerful with two big windows
+and two glass doors opening on to the sunny loggia that it has been
+furnished with a davenport, tables, and chairs almost as a second
+living-room. The woodwork is North Carolina pine stained brown, and the
+walls are gray.
+
+The billiard-room back of this hall, with its attractive alcove and
+fireplace, is finished in fumed oak, and the walls are also gray.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Dining Room]
+
+Perhaps the distinction of being the most attractive room in the house
+can be accorded the dining-room with its Colonial white woodwork. The
+fireplace and the china closet, balanced on the other side by the door
+into the pantry, are of excellent proportions and charming detail. The
+mullioned panes of the china closet and the treatment of the moldings
+about the frame are especially interesting. On the opposite side of the
+room a group of three windows provides opportunity for an unusually
+delightful feature in the long window-box, built by the village
+carpenter. Its simple, sturdy lines are worthy of notice. The walls are
+papered in a deep cream, and the greatest simplicity maintained in the
+furniture and draperies.
+
+[Illustration: The China Closet in the Dining Room]
+
+The service portion is well arranged both for convenience of labor and
+comfort of the domestics. The basement laundry leads directly into a
+large drying yard which was the original enclosure for the cows and is
+surrounded by the same wall of field stone.
+
+Up-stairs the rooms might be said to be divided into three suites, which
+can be practically shut off from each other: each has its own bath and
+sleeping-porch. In the group over the living-room there has been an
+ingenious solution of the structural conditions. The division of the
+rooms made possible by the old supports permitted a dressing-room to be
+placed conveniently between the two chambers, but the fireplace added in
+the living-room was directly below, so that the chimney would naturally
+cut off the outside wall. It would have been possible to construct a
+large fireplace in the dressing-room and allow the light to come through
+the chambers, but the architects evolved another scheme. The chimney was
+carried up on one side, providing a fireplace for one of the chambers,
+and a second chimney was built in the opposite corner of the
+dressing-room. In the space between, a window was cut, and the two flues
+joined directly over the window. From the outside of the building this
+gives a most unusual effect as there is a chimney directly over a
+window, having no apparent support, or even purpose. The lines of the
+pyramidal base conform to the slope of the roof.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+BOULDER FARM
+
+
+The remodeling of an old farmhouse is apparently a simple matter; it
+would at first seem necessary only to preserve the main lines and
+characteristics of the original in the alterations that are required to
+meet the conditions of modern life. But when one realizes that the less
+conspicuous details are also important, in order to maintain the
+essential harmony of the whole, it becomes a more intricate proposition.
+One cannot merely study the details already on the building and
+slavishly copy them for the new parts, because frequently it will be
+found that doors or windows or shutters have been added by more recent
+owners and are not really in keeping with the old structure at all. In
+order to reclaim the house, then, so that it shall have a consistent
+unity throughout, one must have some understanding of the evolution of
+these details.
+
+There is no more significant element in these old Colonial houses than
+the front door. It was placed in the center of the front wall and
+formed the unit of the exterior design. The very early doors were of
+heavy oak boards placed vertically and fastened together with horizontal
+strips. These batten doors, as they were called, were made very sturdy
+and strong, in order to resist attacks from Indians or other marauders.
+Often they were marked with an awl into diamond and lozenge patterns and
+sometimes studded with hand-wrought nails. Not for a good many years did
+the panel door come into use. At first it was a flat panel, flush with
+the sides of the door and separated from the sides and top only by a
+small bead molding. This was soon developed into the flat sunken panel,
+meeting the surrounding wood with several moldings; and then the panels
+were beveled and raised in the center, and the moldings gradually became
+more elaborate and delicate in outline. The early doors were solid for
+purposes of protection, but as the country became more settled, thick
+bull's-eye glass was inserted into the top horizontal panel to let light
+into the hall. As the interior plan was changed in its evolution, the
+hall became larger, and these bull's-eyes did not provide sufficient
+light, so the transom was introduced over the door. For some time a
+simple top light was used, divided by lead and then wooden muntins. Then
+side lights were introduced, and the treatment became more elaborate in
+the beautiful styles of the later Georgian period.
+
+The frame about the door was at first of flat, undecorated boards, the
+upper one resting on the two at the sides. Then these were molded and
+mitered at the corners, and later a cap of heavier moldings was put
+across the top. This hood became more and more prominent and required
+the use of definite support. Console brackets were sometimes used but
+more frequently flat pilasters set against the wall. These gradually
+became more important, developing into the three-quarter round and
+finally the isolated column. The pediment and cornice were then extended
+into the open porch that is one of the splendid features of the Georgian
+style. Here in cornice and capital was a field for the development of
+all the most delicate and beautiful motives of classic carving.
+
+As this door and porch was the center of the design of the exterior, the
+windows were grouped symmetrically about it, the same on each side.
+There were few of them at first, and they were of rather small size.
+Casement windows were the earliest kind used, and the small, diamond
+panes were sunk in lead, as were those made in the mother country. It is
+probable that most of these windows were brought over from England and
+not constructed here. After 1700, the sliding sash was introduced,
+dividing the windows horizontally, and these had wooden muntins. It must
+have been considered a more elegant type of window, for it was used in
+the front of the house for a long time, while the leaded casement was
+still put in rear windows for many years. The early wooden muntins were
+quite heavy but later became nearly as delicate as the leaden ones. They
+divided the sash horizontally and vertically into squares.
+
+The window casings, like the door frames, were at first entirely plain
+and then had a heavier band across the top which developed into a molded
+cap or cornice, as at the entrance. When sliding sashes were introduced,
+the walls of the houses were not thick enough to contain them, so the
+frames and the sashes were built on to the outside, frequently
+projecting quite a distance. The necessity for constructing them in this
+way led to the deep jambs and sills which are such a charming
+characteristic of the Colonial style.
+
+Shutters were used on the outside of the house as a means of protection
+from the Indians, when the country was being settled, and these were
+made of heavy, battened wood three or four inches thick, like the doors.
+Subsequently a small diamond was cut in the top to admit some light when
+the shutter was closed. Then a shutter with a solid upper and lower
+panel was used, and finally these panels were replaced with slats.
+
+There was one other part of the exterior which developed interesting
+characteristics to be observed in the remodeling: that is, the cornice
+of the roof. This was merely the overhang in the early buildings and
+sometimes consisted of the framing beam actually exposed. In the
+Georgian houses, this was boxed and later elaborated with splendid
+carvings that deserve perpetuation in more lasting material than wood.
+There was no gutter for rain-water, and the drip from the eaves was
+caught on flagstones on the ground at the corners of the house. This
+detail, although not needed with modern gutters and rain pipes, gives a
+charming old-time touch when retained in the remodeled home.
+
+It is by attention to such seemingly insignificant points that the
+atmosphere of the original buildings has been consistently retained in
+so many cases. An excellent instance of how this has been done may be
+seen in a late Georgian type of farmhouse that stands somewhat back from
+the old Londonderry turnpike on an estate at Hopkinton, New Hampshire.
+Although it is not very old, having been built in 1820, it is typical of
+the better class of simple home in the early days of the Republic.
+
+[Illustration: BOULDER FARM--FRONT VIEW]
+
+The history of the building of this old house is rather interesting. In
+the days when lotteries were still in flourishing condition, and some of
+the best men in the community were interesting themselves in the various
+schemes, a member of one of the churches induced Deacon Philip Brown's
+hired man to purchase a ticket for a paltry sum. Repenting his
+investment, he afterwards sold it to his employer, who was a clever
+silversmith and clock-maker, much respected and well known in the
+community through his yearly rounds about Hopkinton to repair the clocks
+of the farmers. The ticket proved to be the winning one, that drew a
+great prize. With part of this money, Deacon Brown purchased the old
+"Boulder Farm," as it was called from a great rock that still stands in
+an open field just south of the house. Here he erected the Georgian
+farmhouse that is standing to-day. The rest of the money, so the legend
+runs, he buried somewhere in the field, but he probably removed it
+later, as it has never been found.
+
+He placed the house on rising land, a short distance from the broad
+highway, built in the same year and for a long time the straight
+thoroughfare from Londonderry to Concord and Boston. Deacon Brown lived
+on the estate until 1846, with the exception of the year 1830, when it
+was occupied by Governor Matthew Harvey of New Hampshire. The property,
+placed on the market, then fell into the hands of a man named Kelly,
+brother-in-law to Grace Fletcher, the first wife of Daniel Webster.
+During his life, the great American statesman often visited there. What
+happened during the period between this occupancy and the time of its
+purchase by Mr. Harry Dudley of Concord, New Hampshire, is not recorded,
+but we can be confident that the house had careful treatment from its
+state of preservation.
+
+It was while Mr. Dudley was looking around for a home with ample
+grounds, and near enough to his business to allow him to go back and
+forth every day, that he discovered this historic place. Its
+attractiveness and the healthfulness of the surroundings appealed to
+him. Very little was needed to bring the house back to good condition
+and make it habitable. The land was attractive and could be improved. In
+front of the house was a wide stretch of meadow that was easily terraced
+to meet the boundary line. To the many old trees shading the house and
+lawn were added young trees to replace some of the ancient ones that
+were dying.
+
+[Illustration: The Front Doorway]
+
+Although the house was a model type of the architecture of its day, and
+there had been abundant room for the old-time residents, modern ways of
+living demanded additional space. A long ell, built at the rear for the
+service department, and a wide veranda in dignified Colonial style along
+one side were the two main exterior alterations. The appearance of the
+windows was changed by putting in larger panes in order to admit more
+light, but they were still in keeping with the old-time atmosphere. The
+reshingling and repainting of the house and the addition of the
+trellises at one side completed the exterior improvements. The splendid
+front entrance porch with its graceful fanlight, Doric columns, and
+straight cornice, and the equally interesting though less imposing side
+porch were left practically unchanged. The old blinds were restored, to
+give the stately, old-time atmosphere to the mansion.
+
+The new veranda is wide and extends along the whole side of the house.
+Its flat roof rests on coupled Doric columns that carry out the
+classical Georgian detail of the entrance porch; the second story is
+finished with a simple balustrade, in keeping with the fine simplicity
+of the main lines. During the summer months this broad piazza is a
+delightful out-of-door living-room, from which there is a splendid view
+over the green country; and one can, in imagination, picture the old
+stage-coaches of former days lumbering by on the highroad. The upper
+part of the veranda opening from the chambers on that side of the house
+is used as a sleeping-porch.
+
+The path that leads to the main entrance passes through a wicket gate
+and ascends the terrace over stone steps to the granite block before the
+door. The pleasant formality of this porch is accentuated by two
+close-clipped bay trees, one on either side of the step.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall]
+
+This door opens directly into the hall and faces the long, straight
+flight of stairs which reaches the second floor without a turn. The
+woodwork of these stairs is particularly nice in proportion and line;
+and the carving under the ends of the steps, in a simple but beautiful
+scroll design, is most interesting. The hand-rail is mahogany, and the
+molding which follows it on the wall side above the wainscoting is also
+mahogany.
+
+[Illustration: The Parlor]
+
+In the parlor at the left no innovation has been introduced, and it
+remains almost as when the house was built. There we find the old white
+wainscoting unpaneled, with a fine carved molding defining the top. The
+windows, recessed in the Colonial style, retain their original inside
+shutters that are still used. It is unusual to find these to-day, for in
+remodeling houses the shutters are almost always removed in favor of
+more modern conveniences. Shutters were formerly used as we now employ
+curtains, to be closed at night-fall or to shut out light and cold. The
+fireplace in this room is a fine example of Colonial work. It shows a
+central medallion of a plentifully filled fruit basket and wheat sheaves
+over the fluted side columns; the edge of the mantel shelf has an
+unusual ball and string ornamentation finely carved. The wall-paper
+dates back to the time of the fireplace. It shows a Grecian pastoral
+design in shades of brown, yellow, and old rose and was hand-printed
+from blocks made in England. Through all these years it has retained its
+brightness, escaping the hands of time, and lends a charming and quaint
+atmosphere to this room. All of the movable furnishings are equally well
+in keeping; the slat-back chairs and tables conform to the spirit of the
+period, as does the fine old Empire mirror, resting on its rosettes.
+
+On the opposite side of the hall from the parlor is the living-room.
+This is similar in character, with a fireplace only slightly less
+interesting. It has the same old white wainscoting, but the upper walls
+have been covered with a modern foliage paper which, strangely enough,
+blends harmoniously with the setting of the room. It is furnished with
+eighteenth-century pieces corresponding to those in the other parts of
+the house.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Dining Room]
+
+At the end of the hall is the dining-room, reached through an open arch.
+The old wall and door here were cut away in the remodeling to produce an
+impression of spaciousness and give a vista from the entrance clear
+through the house and into the garden at the rear. The arch was added to
+finish the opening, but it conforms carefully to the details found in
+the architecture of that day. This room was originally divided, and one
+part used as a kitchen, but the partition was removed and the two thrown
+into one, making a long dining-room which occupies the greater part of
+the rear of the house. At the end, the old single window was enlarged,
+and two smaller ones cut through on either side to make a delightful
+sunny group which adds materially to the charm of the room. In the
+fireplace, which was the original old kitchen one, used for cooking and
+baking, the brick oven was removed to admit the introduction of a door
+opening into the living-room. Otherwise it was left unchanged, and the
+white painted woodwork about it, although simple and unpretentious, is
+beautifully proportioned. The old flint-lock and warming-pan which hang
+there pleasantly emphasize the Colonial idea. The wall-paper is a
+reproduction of a Colonial block pattern in soft shades of gray and
+green. The floors in this room, as all over the house, are covered with
+matting laid over the original boards, which were found to be in too bad
+a condition to restore; entirely new ones would have been necessitated
+had bare, polished floors been demanded.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+At the end of the dining-room, opposite the triple window, a door leads
+into a small room which is used as a den. This retains the old fireplace
+opening from the same chimney and directly back of that in the parlor.
+The walls have been papered in a plain green and are sparingly decorated
+with sporting prints and trophies suggestive of the hunt and the
+master's particular domain. Doors lead from this room not only into the
+dining-room, but to the parlor and the veranda at the side.
+
+The ell of the house, opening from the dining-room, is devoted to
+butler's pantry, kitchen, servants' dining-room, and servants' chambers
+on the second floor.
+
+The upper story of the main part of the house has been kept almost as
+when it was built, and the large square chambers are well-lighted and
+airy. The open fireplaces and the Colonial furniture, four-posters and
+highboys and chests, give to the rooms a delightfully old-fashioned
+atmosphere.
+
+The whole house is a fine example of late Georgian architecture,
+preserved in all its interesting detail.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THREE ACRES
+
+
+Few people realize how much thought should be put into the remodeling of
+a farmhouse, and many fail to keep the simple country atmosphere; they
+endeavor to establish in suburban surroundings a home that is better
+suited to city life. A house reclaimed in this way is necessarily a
+misfit and must always seem inharmonious in its setting. It never
+carries out the idea for which we are striving: that a house should be
+typical of the life of the people who live in it. It should express
+individuality, be a house to live in, to grow in, to become identified
+with your life; this is a most important fact that cannot be too
+carefully observed, and it becomes all the more essential if the home is
+to be an all-the-year-round one and not merely a summer residence where
+but a few months are passed.
+
+To-day it is a far more difficult matter to select an old farmhouse of
+sufficient distinction to remodel than it was even ten years ago. The
+most desirable ones have already been bought, since the pleasures of
+living in the country have been realized by so many former dwellers in
+the city. There are many personal matters to be thought of in the
+selection of a house for remodeling; one must consider his individual
+needs in its relation to his daily pursuits. The business man must
+select a house near enough to the city to allow traveling back and forth
+every day; but the man whose occupation does not require city life
+during the time he wishes to be in the country can establish himself
+wherever he chooses. There is no doubt that the latter is able to find a
+far better farmhouse, for he can go farther away, where the best types
+have not been reclaimed, owing to their distances from the large cities.
+
+It is to be taken for granted that a person has a definite purpose when
+he leaves the city for a country existence, and it is necessary that he
+educate himself to the point where he makes his ideas practical. This
+cannot be done without study beforehand. In making a house suit
+individual requirements, one must follow along its own lines. Do not
+attempt to transplant into it features from some other house you admire.
+An Elizabethan gable or a craftsman living-room may have been very
+interesting in the friends' houses in which you saw them, but they would
+be quite out of place thrust into a Colonial farmhouse. If you have a
+real need for the features that you find in some other house, you should
+adapt them to the spirit of the building you are remodeling.
+
+If it cannot be made to harmonize with the other motives, it is possible
+that you are attempting to make a home out of a building that is not
+suited to your style of life. But it is because these Colonial
+farmhouses meet the requirements of the average American families so
+adequately that they are so interesting to remodel. Each house owner
+must decide for himself what is the main element in his existence and
+reclaim the house accordingly. In one family, the interests will be
+entirely domestic; another household will live in the open, occupied
+with sports; another devotes much time to music; and there are still
+others who are absorbed in some special craft or work that will require
+definite accommodations. In many cases the house can readily be adapted
+to these particular requirements without any essential change in its
+atmosphere. The success that is achieved by working with these old-time
+elements is due to their sincerity and honesty in solving the problems
+of their own day and age; they are the results of actual and real
+experience, and we know no better ways to meet the same conditions. So
+that when we have the same problems confronting us, we cannot do better
+than accept the successful results of others' experiments.
+
+This does not mean a slavish copying of the old in restoration; to
+simply imitate old elements would be neither interesting nor
+commendable, except for the purposes of a museum. Each style is based
+upon some fundamental principle, and it should be our aim to work with
+the underlying idea of creating that which will best meet our special
+needs, not merely to reproduce the old in imitation of itself.
+
+Nature lends itself to the remodeling and suggests many ideas that help
+to identify the house with the personality of its owner. Everything
+attempted in the way of improvements can be broad and expansive and not
+congested, as would be necessary in the city. You should in every
+particular make the house grow to fit the surroundings and do it in such
+a way that it will seem to have been so always. Often the house has to
+be moved on its foundations to meet this need, but that is not a
+difficult matter to accomplish, if the timbers are stanch and the
+underpinning steady.
+
+If the owner's ideas are carried out, the house in its finished
+condition will be but an expression of his taste and understanding. In
+it we will be able to read his likes and dislikes. Unity should be the
+keynote of it all and should permeate not only the house itself in all
+its details, but its gardens, lawns, stables, and every aspect of the
+estate.
+
+[Illustration: THREE ACRES, FROM THE MAIN ROAD]
+
+There is a house that has been given rare individuality in this way at
+Duxbury, Massachusetts. As one drives along the picturesque country
+road, he comes to a winding lane that leads by graceful turns to a
+little brown farmhouse situated on the crest of a hill about three
+hundred yards from the main road. If the farmhouse alone is attractive,
+how much more so is it made by the entrance, for on either side are
+graceful elms that form an archway, disclosing the house beyond like a
+picture set in a rustic frame. On either side of the roadway one finds
+meadow lands and flower and vegetable gardens, everywhere dotted with
+graceful trees and the picturesque sumach. Vines clamber over the stone
+walls, partly hiding their roughness and giving their homelike
+atmosphere to the grounds. There are just three acres in this little
+property, bounded on two sides by delightful woodlands and on the others
+by rolling farmland and pastures; but there is room in even these small
+confines for a garden to supply the table all the year round and a bit
+of orchard where the gnarled old apple-trees are still fruitful.
+
+Originally the old farmhouse was in a most unprepossessing condition. It
+had been inhabited for many years by farmer folk who took little pains
+with its appearance either without or within. When Mrs. Josephine
+Hartwell Shaw, of Boston, was searching for a country seat where she
+could pursue her occupation away from the bustle of city life and
+unmolested by chance guests, she was attracted first of all to the quiet
+little town by the name of Duxbury. As she looked about for a suitable
+house, she was charmed with the location of this weather-beaten old
+building, and closer examination proved it well worth reclaiming, both
+from an artist's point of view and from that of her own individual
+requirements.
+
+[Illustration: THREE ACRES--FRONT VIEW]
+
+Like many of the farmhouses in eastern Massachusetts, it had that
+peculiar beauty which consisted largely in its simple and
+straightforward solution of the problems at hand. It was not the
+creation of a master architect but of ordinary builders and craftsmen
+following the traditions of their fathers, varied by the restrictions of
+local material and newer requirements. It is this rugged and sturdy
+simplicity that gives to it an enduring charm; it was the very lack of a
+set style that gave to the remodeling of it an unfailing zest, increased
+by the very difficulty of the experiment that might result in a woeful
+failure or a great success. In dealing with houses such as this, it is
+impossible for the architect to rely on any formula or book of rules to
+direct him in a correct restoration. It requires a much deeper study and
+an understanding of the problems that confronted the builder in erecting
+the structure and the conditions under which he worked. It is then that
+the spirit of the old house will be manifest, and its adaptation to
+modern requirements will be but the thought of former years revised to
+meet present needs.
+
+[Illustration: THREE ACRES--SIDE VIEW]
+
+There are few buildings that can claim a more sympathetic handling in
+their restoration than this early, pre-Georgian farmhouse, which is
+called Three Acres. The excellent line of the wide, gabled roof,
+broken by a succession of outbuildings, forms an unusually attractive
+picture, with the weather-stained shingles softened against a background
+of oak and pine trees. The house now faces away from the main road and
+fronts upon a wooded slope that falls sharply down to the shores of a
+picturesque little pond. This is partly hidden by dense woods that form
+a background and a windbreak for the house. Formerly the public road
+went along here within a few yards of the front of the house, but it has
+been abandoned for the broader highway in the rear, and only the vaguest
+traces of it remain to-day.
+
+The building was a two-story, shingled structure with an uncompromising
+squareness about it. The wide, gable roof sloped down to the stud of the
+first floor, giving but little room in the chambers above. It was of the
+central chimney type. In the rear, a small, gable-roofed ell had been
+added, and later still a flat-roofed shed at right angles to the ell, or
+parallel to the main house, was built. In still a third addition, a well
+was incorporated in the rear, under a continuation of the roof of the
+shed, and another small outhouse in an extension to the side. This
+seeming conglomeration of roofs in reality made a rather interesting
+and graceful play of line that lifted the little house from
+commonplaceness.
+
+It was found to be in such good condition on the exterior that little
+repairing was needed, but several alterations were made, adding both to
+the character of the building and the comfort of the occupants. The
+original front door opened very abruptly upon the stairs, leaving only
+enough hall space to open the door. This was remedied by the addition of
+a small, flat-roofed bay at the front, increasing the space in the hall
+by just that much. The old door with its bull's-eyes was used in the new
+position. The step before it was protected under the same roof,
+supported on two, small, square posts and a trellis at the sides, giving
+somewhat the effect of an old-time Colonial porch and serving not only
+the material purpose of adding room to the interior but of relieving the
+abrupt and uninteresting severity of the front lines. In the second
+story, unusually successful dormers were cut in both the back and front
+pitch of the roof. The plan of these dormers deserves especial study, as
+each group is in reality composed of three separate dormers, enlarging
+three rooms in the interior, but confined under the one flat roof. Note,
+too, how each end of the dormer extends beyond the middle portion, and
+how the shape of the windows accents the design.
+
+A new entrance was cut at the side toward the lane, and a screened
+veranda added, with a flat roof corresponding to that at the front.
+Several new windows were made necessary by the rearrangements in the
+interior, but they were placed with careful regard to the exterior
+proportion and balance. The glass used in the old windows when the house
+was bought was all the full size of the sashes, doubtless having been
+put there by some recent owner and seeming quite out of harmony with the
+details of the house; consequently they were replaced with small panes,
+twenty-four to a window, and the new windows were all of the casement
+type.
+
+The interior of the house with its ugly paint and paper, presented a
+rather hopeless appearance, that only a vivid imagination and an
+unwavering enthusiasm could have transformed into the attractive home
+that it is to-day. Beginning at the front, the cramped little hall was
+enlarged as has already been explained. This made a trifle more stair
+room, and the first seven steps reaching to the little landing were
+rebuilt with lower risers and broader treads that made ascent to the
+second floor a less arduous matter.
+
+On the left of the hall was the living-room, on the right a bedroom, and
+in the rear of the house the room originally designed for the kitchen;
+in each of these was a fireplace opening out of the one central chimney.
+
+The first step in the restoration consisted of tearing off the many
+layers of hideous wall-paper, removing the plaster where it was
+crumbling, and scraping the woodwork free from its dingy paint. In these
+operations a number of unexpected discoveries were made concerning the
+fine old paneling and great, hand-hewn beams that had been entirely
+covered up.
+
+[Illustration: A Corner of the Living Room]
+
+The only change made in the plan of this floor was in the corner beyond
+the living-room and at the end of the kitchen. This was originally
+divided into a tiny chamber opening from the living-room, and a pantry
+off the kitchen. These were thrown into one, and the openings to
+living-room and kitchen enlarged. The former bedroom window was changed
+to a door leading on to the screened veranda, and an attractive group of
+three casement windows replaced the one in the rear wall, overlooking
+the charming vista of winding lane and old apple-trees and meadows
+beyond. This little apartment has been treated as a sort of anteroom
+or really a wing of the living-room, and wall finish, paint, and
+furnishings all harmonize.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+In the living-room the fireplace holds the center of attention. It is
+faced with queer old Spanish tiles inserted at intervals in plain
+cement, the rich colorings of which give a quaintly exotic air to the
+fine white woodwork. The moldings about the frame and over the mantel
+are unusually fine for this type of house; the support of the heavy
+mantel shelf and the carved dentils in the ceiling cornice are
+especially interesting. At the right of the fireplace is a cupboard with
+an upper and lower door, in the old-time fashion; the upper one has
+small, square, mullioned panes of glass which disclose some attractive
+pieces of old china and silver.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+In the kitchen, which was turned into the dining-room, the old fireplace
+had been bricked up to receive a stovepipe, and the woodwork had been
+plastered over and papered. The fireplace was opened up to its original
+size, large enough to accommodate a six-foot log, and in refacing it,
+the old, blackened, fire-burned bricks were used with delightful effect.
+The paneling about it is very simple, but the proportions are
+interesting, and the quaint, double-panel cupboards on each side lend
+the whole an insistent charm. The two, great, hand-hewn beams in the
+ceiling have been left exposed, and the fact that they have settled a
+little on their supports, sagging toward one end, only adds to the
+effect, just as the unevenness of a hand-drawn line is more beautiful
+than the accuracy of one ruled.
+
+These three rooms opening so closely into each other have been treated
+so that there is a harmonious and striking vista from every point. The
+walls are covered with a soft, creamy gray, and the hangings of Russian
+crash are of the same tone. The color is supplied in fireplaces, rugs,
+books, pictures, and such ornaments. In the dining-room, there has been
+a slight accent of blue and rose in rug and table runner and
+candle-shades. In the living-room the deep green of the upholstery
+carries the strongest note. The characteristically old-time furniture,
+with a pleasant mingling of Dutch and English and American motifs of the
+eighteenth century, has been arranged with studied care to preserve the
+possibilities of the open vistas from room to room.
+
+The entrance hall completes a delightful picture from the living-room;
+the soft gray colors of a lovely Japanese paper blend strikingly with
+tiny curtains of a wonderfully fresh old blue at the casement windows.
+The rag carpet carries this same blue up the white stairs to the second
+floor.
+
+The rooms on the right of the lower hallway have been kept nearly in
+their original state with the addition of fresh paint and attractive
+papers. They form a small suite of a study and bedroom, seeming quite
+apart from the rest of the house.
+
+On the second floor, a refreshing simplicity has been observed in the
+bedrooms. The dormers that have been cut in the roof add not only to
+their comfort but provide charming little bays and alcoves, giving
+unexpected opportunities for interesting furnishings. Quaint, old-time
+papers and hangings and coverlets on the four-poster beds, matched in
+rugs and cushions and candle-shades, contrast gaily with the spotless
+white paint. Considerable ingenuity has been necessary in planning this
+floor, as the original rooms were so tiny and space so very limited
+under the long slopes of the roof. The dormers gave the much needed
+increase in the size of the chambers, and part of the rear one was
+converted into the bathroom.
+
+In the ell and shed at the rear of the house, perhaps the most
+interesting feature of all is situated. A step lower than the
+dining-room and reached through swinging French doors of glass, is the
+little kitchen which has been fitted up in a most compact way. An
+additional window has been cut at the side to provide both light and
+air, and an outside door gives access to the small court on the far side
+of the house between the main building and the rear shed. This has been
+turned into a miniature old-fashioned garden, where it is pleasant to
+sit among the flowers.
+
+Back of the kitchen is the laundry and an old well, which has been
+drained and is now used as a cooling cellar, and the wire basket
+containing meats and milk and butter is drawn up and down on the old
+crank. Beyond this, the old wood and coal shed has been transformed into
+the studio. Here Mrs. Shaw designs all her beautiful jewelry work at the
+long work-table across the rear under the four long windows. Opening
+from it is a tiny little apartment used as an office, and here at a
+quaint desk, the designs for the metal work are sketched out, and the
+correspondence connected with the business end transacted.
+
+In the adaptation of the outbuildings to the special and unusual
+requirements of the owner, an excellent example is given to others who
+have individual hobbies such as this to accommodate. But throughout the
+building the needs and the personality of the owner have been as
+carefully if not as ostensibly expressed. There has been no thought of
+comfort or of service sacrificed in the effort to revive the
+atmosphere of the past, but rather has that very simplicity and
+straight-forwardness been utilized to banish all that might complicate
+entire convenience. The personality of the owner has been interwoven
+into every detail, and shows nowhere more strongly than in the
+preservation of all the delightful vagaries and unevenness of hand work
+played upon and mellowed by time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE
+
+
+The prospective house owner generally has little or no idea of how to go
+about designing his own home. If he chances to see some other house that
+strikes his fancy, he realizes that it approaches, at least in part,
+what he has in mind. How to accomplish his desire, however, he has no
+definite knowledge. He hesitates to call in an architect who is a
+stranger to him and knows nothing of his needs and habits and
+preferences; he fears that an attempt to combine his own ideas with
+those of the architect will result unsatisfactorily to both of them. To
+such a man as this, the remodeled farmhouse comes as a boon. From the
+old house he is able to determine what type his home will be; no matter
+how battered and worn it is to start with, he can get some impression of
+the possible room space and arrangement by studying other old interiors
+and their relation to each other. That is one of the reasons why the
+movement sweeping through the country to-day has become so extensive.
+It gives a substantial foundation upon which to develop an artistic home
+under one's own supervision.
+
+When a man purchases a weather-beaten farmhouse, it is evident that he
+is up against a real problem in remodeling, and the task demands plenty
+of time and a wide-awake, ingenious brain. If he consults his friends
+and neighbors across the way, doubtless their opinions differ so
+materially from his own that the result is worse than if he had solved
+the questions in his own way. We all have ideals, but it is not always
+easy to express them; they need to be developed in order to be made
+practical and require thought and diligent research if they are to be
+concretely embodied in the altered home. Paper and pencil are good
+friends at this stage of the game, and even a rough sketch drawn
+carelessly on the back of an old envelope, as an idea occurs, gives
+subject matter for larger schemes and more realistic results.
+
+Few people who are planning to spend the summer months in a new house
+realize how much their comfort depends upon light and space. It would be
+foolish for you to buy an old farmhouse and make the rooms small and
+cramped in size. You would lose a great part of the advantage of coming
+to the country to live, the pleasure of being as nearly out of doors as
+possible. Most of the old houses were cut up into small rooms, for,
+owing to the limited heating facilities in olden days, large rooms would
+have been freezing in winter; accordingly one or two bedrooms were
+invariably crowded into the first floor to receive the warmth from the
+kitchen. But it is almost always possible to tear out the partitions
+between some of the rooms and make them into one large apartment which
+can be used for living purposes. This can usually be done without
+weakening the structure; the floor above will be found to rest upon a
+great beam, or a new girder can be put across.
+
+If the stud is low, do not change it, or you will spoil the whole
+atmosphere of the place. A low stud and large rooms are good
+developments, so try to achieve them when you are making over the house.
+Have plenty of windows; in the old days, many windows meant a cold house
+in the winter, but if the farmhouse is to be used only as a summer home,
+the cooler the better. If for a winter residence also, modern systems of
+heating will counteract the difficulty. Windows of the long French type
+are especially desirable; they are more adapted to the requirements of
+country life, as they admit abundant light and air and are entirely in
+keeping with the style of the farmhouse.
+
+The house should represent a unit; the porch should be planned so that
+it leads into the living-room, and by throwing open the windows, will
+seem to become part of a large airy room. The dining-room should either
+be part of the living-room or open conveniently near. The service
+quarters must immediately adjoin the dining-room. If there is other
+space on the floor which cannot be used to increase the comfort of the
+two main rooms, well and good; it may then be devoted to whatever
+purpose you desire. But when the removal of partitions will make a place
+more pleasant to live in, it is always wise to make such a change.
+
+We know that there are few of these old houses that have not been cut up
+and divided; but the conditions which made that necessary in the earlier
+days have been changed, and for a simple country house one large living
+and dining-room is far better than divisions which shut out light and
+air. Many people look at these propositions from a limited view-point
+and do not stop to consider the complete idea. We all learn from houses
+that we visit what is right and what is wrong to do. If we look deeper
+into the subject and go farther afield, we find it pays to carefully
+develop the plan before commencing to rebuild. The requirements of
+elaborate modes of life, liveried servants and much entertaining,
+demand, of course, many apartments; reception-room and drawing-room,
+library and den seem essential in the house plan, but for those who come
+to the country to simplify existence, these are not needed. In
+remodeling your house, let three things be uppermost in your mind:
+convenience, comfort, and light; if you follow these, you will not go
+far astray.
+
+Even a very small house need not be devoid of these qualities. It may be
+very tiny and yet most attractive and complete in every detail. With
+careful thought and a broad conception of the whole, it is quite
+possible to make a place where it is a pleasure to visit and where even
+the casual guest realizes the application of small and interesting
+details in making a harmonious whole.
+
+Do not let your mind wander from the fact that the interior is of as
+much importance, and even more, than the exterior, for it is there that
+we live much of the time during the season, and it should therefore be
+harmonious and in good taste. The development of one room for common
+family use, and the elimination of the shut-up parlor for company, have
+brought about an atmosphere of simplicity that goes to make a perfect
+and livable house.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE ON CAPE COD]
+
+This one-room idea has been charmingly carried out in a small house that
+has been remodeled for a summer home by Mr. Robert Spencer of New York
+and South Yarmouth. It is most attractively situated, standing far back
+from the road, with a background of pine trees that give a picturesque
+touch to the little cottage. Originally it stood on the opposite side of
+the bay, on the shores of Cape Cod at South Dennis, Massachusetts. Its
+possibilities seemed to the present owner worth developing, and he had
+it "flecked" and brought over the water to its present site. This was
+not a hard task to accomplish, as the timbers were stanch and in a good
+state of preservation.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROBERT SPENCER HOUSE--FRONT VIEW]
+
+It was a typical fisherman's cottage, with a wide gable roof sloping
+down to the first story and four small rooms about a central chimney. To
+meet the needs of the new owner, it required considerable enlargement. A
+two-story building was added at the rear and side, meeting the main
+house only along the corner. Little attempt was made to have the two
+harmonize, for not only are the roof lines of widely different types,
+but the frame of one is of white clapboarding and of the other weathered
+shingle. At the angle where they join, the roof of the old building has
+been raised to accommodate the higher stud in the new, thus making a
+break in it near the ridge.
+
+Two dormers have been cut in the main roof to give extra room in the
+second floor; these are flat-roofed and well spaced, with two windows
+occupying the entire front of each. A porch has been added across the
+whole front of the house and half of it is roofed over. This breaks with
+the slope of the main roof, but follows that of the dormers. A detail
+which adds much to the appearance of the exterior is the simple,
+square-posted fence that surrounds the porch and encloses a quaint
+little garden in the square formed by the angle of the two buildings.
+This same detail has been adopted at the side of the porch roof in an
+effective way. This fence, and the clapboards and trim of the house, are
+white, and the shutters and shingles are green.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Living Room]
+
+The front door opens immediately into the living and dining-room
+which occupies the whole right side of the house and opens at the rear
+on to a grassy terrace. A triple window has been cut along the side to
+allow ample light and air. Small panes are used in these windows, and
+the French doors have glass of corresponding size. The feature of this
+room is the fine old fireplace at the center of the inside wall. It is
+very simple, with slight attempt at ornamentation, but the proportions
+are good, and the lines rather unusual. Over the fireplace is an old
+cupboard that used to be called a "nightcap closet" from the hospitable
+bottle which was kept there to be passed around among the men just
+before retiring. At the left is a cupboard with upper and lower doors;
+in the panels of the former, panes of glass have been inserted. This end
+of the room has been treated as the living-room and the opposite end as
+the dining-room. The woodwork is all white, and the roughly finished
+plaster is tinted a deep cream.
+
+Straight stairs lead to the second story along the wall at the dining
+end of the room. Here, about the walls, a wide molding has been carried
+over doors and windows, which serves as a plate-rail for numerous
+interesting old family plates and jugs. Beneath it, in several places,
+shelves have been bracketed to the wall to hold other pieces of china.
+The glass door at the end opens on to the terrace, and the paneled door
+beside it communicates with the kitchen and servants' quarters in the
+addition.
+
+The furnishings in this room admirably accord with the building in both
+age and simplicity. The older furniture has been supplemented with
+modern pieces of straightest and most unpretentious line and character.
+Clocks, mirrors, pictures, andirons, and fire-set are family heirlooms.
+The coverings on the floor are large and plain rag carpets; at the
+windows are simple muslin curtains, with overhangings of Colonial chintz
+in soft colors harmonizing with the cheerful and sunny atmosphere of the
+room.
+
+At the left of this room, occupying the other side of the house, are two
+bedrooms. One of them is the children's own room and has been furnished
+very attractively; fresh white tables and chairs harmonize with the
+older mahogany pieces and lend an air of distinctive charm to the
+apartment.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: The Attic Chambers]
+
+The space up-stairs is divided into large and small rooms under the
+eaves. The slope of the roof allows room for many built-in drawers and
+closets, and every inch has been utilized. The white paint and the
+simple white furniture arranged with a care and precision that is worthy
+of emulation contribute to make the effect of these rooms light and airy
+and inviting. The Japanese crepe or gay cretonne curtains at the windows
+add just the necessary touch of color.
+
+The lighting fixtures in the house demand especial notice, as it is so
+difficult a matter to attain a distinction in them when a house has not
+been wired but must depend upon older methods of illumination than
+electricity or gas. A number of simple candle brackets attaching to the
+wall have been purchased, and these are placed symmetrically in pairs,
+balancing each other on either side of a fireplace or mirror or window.
+The candlesticks for shelf or table have been arranged with equal
+precision, and some are given all the more importance by attractive
+hand-made shades. An occasional simple, square, candle lantern hangs
+from the ceiling to contribute to the effect. The table and reading
+lamps have been chosen with equal success.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE DAVENPORT BROWN HOUSE
+
+
+In planning the remodeling of a farmhouse, has it ever occurred to you
+how much of the appearance of the exterior depends upon the architecture
+of verandas and porches? Not only must we give much thought to the
+alteration of the lines of the house which may be required by the
+interior plan, but we must be equally careful when it comes to the
+addition of entirely exterior features.
+
+Modern country life demands plenty of veranda room and, whenever
+possible, sleeping-porches. One does not go to the country to sit
+indoors, even if the windows are all thrown open. There is nothing that
+will so materially improve the health as outdoor life; tired and jaded
+nerves are soon restored by use of a sleeping-porch, where the fresh air
+can soothe and induce restful slumber. In the early days, the porch or
+veranda did not exist; it may be supposed that our pioneer ancestors
+were too busy to enjoy any leisurely hours out of doors; at least, they
+made no provision in connection with their houses for such relaxation.
+
+As the details of the exterior became more elaborate, the entrance porch
+was developed with free-standing columns. In time, this assumed greater
+importance, especially in the south, where columns the height of the
+whole building supported a roof across its entire front. In the north,
+the veranda was less frequently used, but there is occasional authority
+for both the front and the less pretentious back piazza. It is one of
+the additions which are imperative in remodeling the house, however, and
+it becomes something of a problem because there is no more definite
+authority for it.
+
+If there is to be simply an entrance porch, offering a bit of shelter at
+the front door for stranger or friend, it may have much precedent in the
+porches of Georgian houses. In planning this, take into consideration
+that it should be an index of what one will find in the interior; it
+should be the keynote, as it were, of the entire house. Here we may have
+the same details and the same proportions as in the cornice of the roof,
+or the fireplace within. We find many porches that are sadly out of
+keeping with the rest of the house and seem very carelessly designed. It
+is far better to have none at all than one which is insignificant and
+out of scale; yet it must not be more elaborate than the house itself
+and tend to dwarf the main structure. Few people realize how important
+this feature is and how necessary that it should be a satisfactory
+adjunct to the architecture of the whole. It is almost the first thing
+we notice as we approach the house. Whether it is well placed and
+rightly proportioned, whether it has a proper overhang, good roof lines,
+and adequately supported cornice, affects to a very great extent the
+style and character of the house.
+
+There were a great many different types of porch in the Georgian houses:
+the simple hood with a high-backed settle on either side that was
+commonly used at a side entrance; the gable-roofed and flat-roofed,
+square porch and circular, open and partly enclosed, with round and oval
+windows at the sides, were all developed to high perfection. The simple,
+Doric column, plain or fluted, with corresponding pilasters or
+three-fourths round against the house, was used on many of the porches;
+but the Ionic and Corinthian capitals are more elaborate than is
+appropriate for the simplicity of a farmhouse. From the infinite number
+of models which can be found, it should be a comparatively easy matter
+to construct an entrance porch, utilizing the details found in the
+house.
+
+A veranda demands somewhat different manner of procedure. First it is
+necessary to decide where it shall be put. Where will it receive the
+best air and the least sun? It must, presumably, open from or adjacent
+to the living-room and yet be so placed that its roof will not cut off
+too much light. If the house is uncomfortably near the highway or
+neighbors, the matter of privacy cannot be neglected, and a thought may
+well be given to the outlook from the piazza. Let it enjoy any advantage
+of a fine view or a picturesque garden that may be compatible with its
+other requirements. Thus it may be at the front, at either or both
+sides, or in the rear. At the side of the ordinary, gable-roofed house,
+the roof of the veranda should as a rule be flat. If it is possible to
+continue the roof line of the house to include that of the porch, by all
+means let it be done; the unbroken sweep will usually be found
+excellent. At some angles it may seem too long and severe; then it is
+often possible to put a slight "kick" in it, especially if there is
+anything of the Dutch type about the building.
+
+The floor of the porch in farmhouses should be low; it may be on a level
+with that of the house, or a step below it. It is well to let the
+underpinning be a continuation of that of the house, and it may then be
+covered with brick or tile, or the conventional boards. The columns or
+posts which support the roof are a stumbling block for many remodelers.
+These should closely copy the entrance porch, if there is one; even if
+it be no more than a flat semblance of a pilaster about the frame of the
+door, it will supply the correct motive. Lacking this, there will
+undoubtedly be some detail in the interior which can be magnified to the
+right proportion for the exterior,--the upright of a mantel or the frame
+of a door. For a house which can boast no such source of suggestion, a
+straight, square post with a simple molding would be the solution. The
+cornice should follow the detail of the entrance door or the house
+cornice; and it is effective and increases the apparent unity to repeat
+the decoration of the one on the other.
+
+The rails and balusters of old houses were extremely simple and should
+be kept so in the remodeling. In the very early examples, the balusters
+were square and spaced far apart; later both square and turned balusters
+were used, and they were spaced twice their width. The design for these
+can often be taken from the stairs in the interior of the house. It is
+the modern tendency to use no railing about verandas, particularly when
+they are low or when they are screened in. Some of the flat-roofed type
+had a railing around the roof, and an open-air porch was thus made for
+the second story.
+
+Sometimes this porch can be utilized as a sleeping-porch on the second
+floor. This feature, while of course entirely foreign to the farmhouse,
+has become as much a necessity in many families as the open-air
+living-room, and it is therefore logical to introduce it where possible
+to do so without destroying the lines of the building. It is better,
+however, to do without it than to add it in such a way that it will seem
+an afterthought and not really incorporated in the structure. Often it
+can be placed in a wide dormer cut in the slope of the roof; sometimes
+the roof line can be extended over the roof of the sleeping-porch, or
+again it may be merely a room with the walls largely cut away. Each
+remodeler will have his own problem in connection with this, and by
+ingenuity and careful study must work it out to his own satisfaction.
+Remember always that the integral simplicity of the building must not be
+disturbed, and that whether it be sleeping-porch, veranda, or entrance
+portico, it must seem always a part of the original building, as if it
+were the conception of the master craftsman who erected the first
+timbers.
+
+[Illustration: THE DAVENPORT BROWN HOUSE]
+
+Most gratifying results along this line are shown in an old farmhouse at
+Medfield, Massachusetts, which was built in 1755. Like many other old
+houses, this had fallen into decay and stood neglected and unoccupied by
+the side of the road while the extensive grounds lay unkempt and
+desolate. But Mr. Davenport Brown recognized in it a house that could be
+made to serve most acceptably as the foundation of his summer home.
+
+It is of the Georgian type, built with the hall and straight flight of
+stairs as the axis. There are two main chimneys opening into four
+fireplaces on the first floor. A service wing has been added at the
+left, parallel with the main building, and half its width. Back of that,
+an ell of equal size extends at right angles. Both of these are two
+storied, but the upper stud is somewhat lower than in the main building,
+thus allowing it to retain its predominance in the design.
+
+The main part is given further importance by the dignified entrance
+porch. Two three-fourths round and two free-standing, fluted, Doric
+columns are used, supporting a cornice and a gabled roof, the details of
+which repeat those in the cornice of the house. A rather unusual type of
+scalloped dentation lends additional interest. The frame about the door
+is arched over, and there are side lights and an overhead fanlight in a
+simple style that carries out the Colonial tradition.
+
+[Illustration: The Hallway]
+
+The hall leads past the stairs and through an open doorway to the rear
+of the house, where there is another entrance, repeating the design of
+the front one. This is some distance from the rear wall of the house,
+and consequently there is a small, arched-over portico formed within the
+lines of the building. The walls of this are paneled, and on each side
+is a built-in seat. The floor is tiled, and the woodwork painted white.
+
+At each end of the main part of the building is a flat-roofed veranda
+carrying out the details of the entrance porch in column and cornice.
+The same dentil ornamentation that appears on the cornice of the house
+is used here in smaller size, as on the entrance porch. Around the edges
+of the flat roofs, boxes filled with blooming plants and vines form an
+original and most attractive method of softening the sharp lines and
+finish of the house. The veranda on the right side overlooking the wide
+lawns and gardens is used largely as the outdoor living-room and is
+screened in. The spacing of the bars and framework of the screening is
+well proportioned and adds not a little to the decoration. The floor of
+the veranda is edged with brick and paved in the center with square
+tiles which slope toward a drain at one side. This wing of the
+living-room has been comfortably furnished with canvas hammocks and
+Chinese grass chairs and stools, and even a sand-box for the children
+finds room here.
+
+In the central hall, the details carry out the character of the old
+period carefully. There is a white unpaneled wainscot carved around the
+walls and up the stairs, with a similar treatment in the second-floor
+hall. The stairs are wide, with white risers and mahogany treads, and
+the hand-rail is mahogany supported on white, turned balusters and a
+mahogany newel post. The upper walls are papered in a gray landscape
+paper, and the furnishings consist of a pair of Sheraton card tables.
+
+[Illustration: The Sun-Parlor or Out-door Nursery]
+
+[Illustration: The Library]
+
+At the right of the hall, the two rooms have been combined into a
+living-room by cutting double arches on either side of the fireplaces
+which open from the back and front of the chimney. The furnishings are
+especially interesting here, as there are a number of rare and beautiful
+pieces. The mantel mirror over the front fireplace is a fine example of
+American workmanship. The mahogany frame divides its length into three
+sections, and it is ornamented with carved and gilded husk festoons; the
+scroll top is surmounted with a gilt spread eagle. In front of the fire
+there is a beautiful little Sheraton fire-screen. Chairs and tables are
+equally interesting; there is an old "comb-back" chair and an
+upholstered "Martha Washington" chair, as well as more modern easy
+chairs and davenports. The upholstery and curtains are of
+small-patterned, Colonial fabrics that carry out the spirit of the room.
+In the back part of this room, a large double window has been cut,
+looking out over the gardens and the grounds. Underneath it is a most
+attractive window-seat suggestive of an old-time settle, and on each
+side low book-shelves extend around the whole end of the room.
+
+The dining-room is situated at the left of the hallway. The fireplace
+and paneling hold the attention in this room. The woodwork is very
+simple but well proportioned, and on either side of the mantel are
+narrow, built-in, china closets with small, leaded, diamond panes in
+both upper and lower parts of the door and even in a transom over it.
+The walls above the unpaneled wainscot are painted white and divided
+into simple, large panels with narrow moldings. The furniture in this
+room is suggestive of the early part of the nineteenth century, with the
+exception of the Queen Anne type of chair. Over the heavy and massive
+sideboard is a long gilt mirror of the Empire "banister" type; between
+the two side windows is a gilt, convex girandole with three branching
+candlesticks on each side. On the mantel is a fine example of a Willard
+shelf clock, and on each side of it are tall mahogany candlesticks with
+the old-fashioned wind glasses. The over-curtains at the windows are a
+soft rose damask; they hang from gilded cornices and are caught back on
+gilded rosettes,--the style of draping which is carried out in all the
+main rooms of the house.
+
+[Illustration: The Service Wing]
+
+The service wing opens from the left of the dining-room, and the den,
+which is back of it, with a fireplace on the opposite side of the same
+chimney, is reached from the rear of the hall.
+
+[Illustration: The Nursery]
+
+At the head of the stairs at the right, one enters the bright and sunny
+nursery. Here the fireplace is very simple and has no over-mantel. The
+woodwork is white, and a broad molding divides the upper part of the
+wall. Below is a quaint paper picturing Mother Goose scenes which the
+children never tire of studying. The furniture is mainly white, and the
+little chairs and tables in child's size are decorated in peasant
+fashion with painted flowers and lines of color.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two of the Chambers]
+
+There are two other bedrooms in the main part of the house and each has
+an open fireplace. The furnishings are simple and old-fashioned in
+character, retaining the Colonial atmosphere admirably. In one room
+there is a Field bedstead of English make, dating about 1780, showing
+reeded posts and a curved canopy top. The chairs and the little night
+stand at the side of the bed are in close harmony with the period of its
+design. In the other chamber are twin beds which are modern
+reproductions of four-posters, but other furnishings retain the
+distinctive atmosphere of age. Over one bureau there is a fine mirror
+with the Georgian eagle ornamentation; in keeping with it are the old
+fireside wing chair and a side chair of Sheraton type.
+
+The most interesting bedroom, perhaps, is in the wing of the house,
+where Hannah Adams, the first American authoress, was born. This is
+reached by a cross hall which leads from the main one, and gives access
+to baths and rear stairs and another tiny bedroom. Although the old
+fireplace has been remodeled, the aspect of the room is much the same as
+when the house was built. The woodwork here is all dark, and the
+hand-hewn rafters and cross beams are exposed in the ceiling. An unusual
+wall-paper in black and gay colors forms an interesting background for
+the four-poster and other old furnishings. An old batten door with a
+quaint little window in the center strip leads from this room to the
+chambers in the service ell.
+
+Much of the house has been restored under the direction of the
+architect, Mr. John Pickering Putnam of Boston, and to him the credit
+for its successful remodeling must be largely given. The planning and
+laying out of the grounds about the house, however, are the work of the
+owner, who has spared no pains to make a harmonious setting for his
+home.
+
+Between the house and the road is a row of great overshadowing elms that
+make a delightful setting for the red and white of the house. The drive
+sweeps around these trees to the stable on the left and is separated
+from the house and the lawns by white palings in a simple Colonial
+pattern, having fine, carved posts surmounted by balls. The fence stops
+at either side of the front to allow wide space for a heavy embankment
+of conifers. Somewhat back of this fence, along the whole length of the
+lawn, is a second lower one, with posts of the same height. This marks
+the boundary of the wide lawn and forms a charming background for an
+old-fashioned hardy border that extends all the way to a swimming-pool
+and pergolas at the far end. Immediately behind the house is the flower
+garden, from which all the blossoms used to decorate the house are cut;
+this is screened by a white trellis and pergola, carrying out some of
+the details of the entrance porches and verandas.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE DOCTOR CHARLES E. INCHES HOUSE
+
+
+A very interesting feature in an old farmhouse is the fireplace, which
+varies in size with the age of the house; the oldest ones are large,
+with cavernous mouths, since they were the only means of heating the
+house. These are capable of holding a ten-foot log, for it must be
+remembered that at that period of our country's history the woods grew
+at the very door.
+
+A few of these old fireplaces are found to-day, principally in the old
+kitchens or living-rooms, although occasionally we see an old house
+which has them in almost every room. There is a great variety in their
+design as well as size, some being very simple and framed in wood, while
+others show tiling; occasionally we find elaborate carving, but this is
+in the better class building rather than in the simple little farmhouse.
+These details denote the different periods and also the wealth of the
+former owner.
+
+With the introduction of stoves, many fireplaces were bricked in to
+accommodate an air-tight stove which gave more heat and saved fuel. One
+unaccustomed to the features of an old farmhouse would infer a lack of
+fireplaces. The removal of brick and mortar, however, reveals the large,
+cavernous hearth which was often three feet deep and sometimes showed a
+second bricking in, to make it smaller. Often in the narrowing of the
+fireplace, tiles are used, generally Dutch, which are blue and white in
+coloring. Occasionally in opening up these fireplaces, one comes across
+rare old andirons that were considered of too little value to be
+removed; old cranes and kettles are also found, of the type common in
+the days of our early ancestors.
+
+It must be remembered that the chimneys of these old houses were often
+six feet square and had many fireplaces opening from them. It was the
+central feature of the house, around which the rooms were built. The
+earliest chimneys were daubed in clay, and in the masonry oak timbers
+were often used. In remodeling a house many people tear down these old
+chimneys for the space which may be converted into closet use and
+alcoves, making a smaller chimney do service.
+
+In the olden times, when the first chimneys were erected, they were so
+carefully built that they were less liable to smoke than the smaller
+ones, so that it is better to let the old one remain if possible. Brick
+was generally used in the construction, although sometimes we find
+stone. It was not the finished brick of to-day but rough and unfaced.
+This was not true, however, of those which formed a part of cargoes from
+abroad, more especially those brought from Holland. The use of stone was
+not popular, as it was apt to chip when brought in contact with the
+heat; this is also true of the hearthstones, where the flagging became
+rough and most unsatisfactory.
+
+The fireback was a feature of some of the old fireplaces. The earliest
+of these made in our country were cast in Saugus, Massachusetts, and
+some were most elaborate in design. Often coats-of-arms and initials
+were worked out in their construction. In addition to the brick and
+stone, soapstone facings were sometimes shown, but seldom do we come
+across good carving.
+
+The crane was a feature of the fireplace, and on it were hung the
+pothooks from which depended the iron and brass pots in which food was
+cooked. In one side of the bricks, just at the left of the fireplace,
+was often a large brick oven with an iron door, and here on baking days
+roaring wood fires were kindled to heat the bricks before the weekly
+baking was placed within. Examination of these old ovens will be very
+apt to reveal the age of the house.
+
+In the remodeling it is well to leave the fireplaces much as they stand,
+with the exception of bricking them in, for the old ones allowed too
+much air to come down the chimney, and at the present high price of
+wood, we are not able to indulge in the ten-foot logs that were in
+evidence in our grandmothers' time.
+
+A house with many fireplaces that stands back from the winding country
+road on the border line between Medfield and Walpole in Massachusetts
+was chosen for a summer home by Charles E. Inches. It is shaded now as
+it was long ago by large, old elms whose widespreading branches seem to
+add a note of hospitality to this most attractive estate. Possibly there
+are better examples of the restored farmhouse than this one found at
+Medfield, but it is very picturesque, not only in type but in
+surroundings. It stands near a turn of the road, where it was erected,
+in 1652, situated in a sheltered glen and protected from cold winds.
+
+[Illustration: Front View showing the Old Well]
+
+At that time it was a small and unpretentious building about twenty feet
+long and showing in the interior fine examples of hand-hewn timbers.
+Even in its dilapidated state it was most attractive, with its many
+fireplaces and old woodwork. This particular house has two values, the
+one relating to its historical record and the other to its old-time
+construction. Through two centuries this little farmhouse had been the
+home of the Adams family, a branch that was near in kin to the
+presidential line of Adams who lived at Quincy, Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+At the time of its building, a stream wound in and out through the
+meadow land that was a part of the property. It was such a large stream
+that it afforded sufficient power to run an old mill that originally
+stood on the estate and which for many years ground the neighbors'
+grain. On a ridge opposite the house, worn stone steps lead up through
+pastures to a sturdy oak which stands nearly opposite the front of the
+house and is known in history as the "whipping tree." Here, in Colonial
+days, wrong-doers were tied to be whipped. Just before we reach the
+stone wall, which was laid probably by the slaves held by the landowner
+of that period, we find an old mounting-block. On the side of one of
+the stones are the figures 1652; and it was from this block that many a
+Colonial dame mounted to her pillion to ride in slow and dignified style
+behind her worthy squire. Even in those days the grounds were very
+extensive and reached for many acres. These to-day have been reclaimed
+and laid down to grass land and garden.
+
+[Illustration: Across the Lawn]
+
+Half way between the house and the tennis court which defines the estate
+is a wonderful old garden which has been designed not so much for show
+purposes as to supply flowers all through the season. This is not the
+only garden on the place, for back of it is the vegetable garden and the
+old-fashioned one. The dividing line between the two is a row of stately
+trees which hide the former from view at the front of the house. Rows of
+apple-trees, many of which were on the estate when it was first
+purchased, remnants of the original orchard, surround in part the tennis
+court, behind which is a swimming pool which is in frequent use. This is
+about twenty-five feet long and twelve wide, cemented to a depth of
+seven feet; with its background of tall poplars it is very artistic and
+lends itself to all sorts of water contests.
+
+During the latter part of the nineteenth century, new life came to the
+old house. It had stood for years, weather-beaten and old, guarding the
+family name. While the outside was very attractive and in tolerably good
+repair, it was the interior that appealed especially. There was
+beautiful old wainscoting and paneling of wide boards, some of which was
+split from logs at least thirty inches in width. Great reverence was
+paid by the owner to the original structure, particularly to the old
+kitchen with its large, brick fireplace and chimney which was restored
+to its early beauty.
+
+Sagging plaster was removed, and underneath were found well-preserved,
+hand-hewn beams and rafters. These were carefully cleaned and considered
+of such great beauty that they were left exposed as far as possible,
+more especially those which showed the sign of the adze. The walls,
+which had been previously neglected, were stripped of wall-papers which
+were in some places ten thicknesses deep. In removing one of these, a
+wonderfully fine landscape paper was discovered, and although every
+attempt was made to save it, it was too far defaced. Under the paper was
+a wide paneling of white pine, so good that it needed only a slight
+restoration. In the opening of the fireplace the crane, pothook, and
+hangers were found to be intact, while many pieces of ancestral pewter
+and copper were polished and placed in proper position on the wide,
+receding chimney. This was to give it the look of the olden days, when
+pewter was used for the table. There was no bricking in of this old
+fireplace, for it was considered such a wonderful example that it was
+left in its original state. The old flint-lock that did service in the
+early war was hung over the fireplace, while from the chimney hook the
+old-time kettles were swung much as they did in the days when they were
+used for cooking purposes. The old brick oven used by the Adams family
+was not removed, and at one side of the fireplace a long braid of corn
+was hung in conformity with the custom of that period. The hand-hewn
+rafters and beams have been left intact in this room, as has the old
+woodwork, so that the kitchen, now used as a den, is an exact
+reproduction of the original room. It is the most interesting apartment
+in the house, being situated at the right of the entrance and furnished
+with old family heirlooms, including five rare slat-back chairs, a
+rush-bottomed rocking-chair, and a settle of the same period. Even the
+wide boards that were used in the original flooring have been retained,
+and the old brick hearth, showing wide bricks such as are never found in
+modern residences. To meet present requirements, the cellar was
+cemented, and a furnace added, in order that the occupants need not
+depend entirely on the fireplaces for heat.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall and Stairway]
+
+In the hallway, the stairway, following the lines of many Colonial
+houses, rises at one side. Here the wall-paper is wonderfully preserved,
+being in the old colors of yellow and white and of a very old design. It
+was made in England over a century ago and gives an appropriate
+atmosphere to the entrance of the attractive old home.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The living-room, which is spacious and comfortable, is at the right just
+before you enter the den. The woodwork has been painted white, following
+the Colonial idea, while old-fashioned, diamond-paned windows have been
+substituted for the original ones. Here, as throughout all the house,
+one comes unexpectedly upon groups of shelves filled with books. There
+are built-in cupboards that provide places for the wonderful collection
+of books, many of which are rare editions, owned by the present
+occupants. Like every room in the house, this shows several tables of
+unusually fine design, a handsome side-wing chair, and a few other
+choice pieces. The great open fireplace with its Colonial accessories
+lends much to the hominess of this room.
+
+At the left of the hallway is the large and spacious dining-room, which
+is in reality three rooms opened into one, the partitions showing in the
+beamed ceilings. The walls are finished in green textile and are left
+unornamented with the exception of one or two choice pictures. There was
+a method in the construction of this room which was planned for unbroken
+spaces to bring out to advantage the lines of the beautiful old
+sideboard. Then, too, the space shows off the lines of the rush-bottomed
+chairs that are used for dining-chairs. The mantel, framed in white
+wood, is hung with rare porringers, ranging from large to baby size.
+There is a restful atmosphere about this room, that, combined with its
+perfect setting, is most refreshing. At the farther end of the room,
+French doors open upon the sun parlor which is used during the summer
+months for a breakfast-room. This overlooks the garden.
+
+The bedrooms up-stairs are large and airy, each one of them being
+carefully furnished with Colonial pieces which include four-posters,
+high and lowboys as well as quaint, old-time chests of drawers that can
+do service as bureaus, or as storage space for extra blankets, hangings,
+or rugs.
+
+The floors throughout the entire house are of hard wood, many of them
+being the original ones that were laid when the house was built. Rare
+old Chippendale, Sheraton, and Hepplewhite chairs are used in the
+furnishings, while hand-woven rugs cover the floors. The windows are
+screened by chintz hangings of bright colors and gay designs, and the
+whole house presents a sunny, restful atmosphere.
+
+At the rear of the house an ell has been added where the new kitchen
+with all modern conveniences, pantries, servants' dining and sitting
+rooms are found. Thus while the exterior features of the old house have
+been carefully preserved, the addition of the ell gives comfort and
+convenience to the new building.
+
+Shrubbery has been planted around the house, and a veranda thrown out;
+window-boxes filled with brilliantly blossoming plants add a bit of
+color to the remodeled farmhouse which is painted red with white trim.
+Velvety lawns have replaced the old-time farming lands, and the planting
+of trees has done much to add to the picturesqueness of this estate.
+The grounds themselves are extensive, covering forty-five acres, and the
+natural beauties are unusually varied. Broad stretches of fields and
+hills intersected with trees make a most appropriate setting for the old
+Adams homestead.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE CHARLES MARTIN LOEFFLER HOUSE
+
+
+It was a staircase that was responsible for the remodeling of one house
+which had no other unusual feature. It was designed by a village
+carpenter whose object was four walls and a shelter rather than
+architectural beauty. The structure was so simple and unobtrusive that
+it did not arouse any enthusiasm in the heart of the architect who
+examined it, for it presented no chance to show his ability in its
+remodeling. It was the kind of a farmhouse that one would find in almost
+any suburban town, built without any pretensions, its only good feature
+being the staircase which saved it from passing into oblivion and caused
+it to be remodeled into a charming, all-the-year-round home.
+
+It had been unoccupied for a long period and with exterior
+weather-beaten and interior uninhabitable, it presented a forlorn
+appearance, repelling to most would-be purchasers. It stood by the side
+of a traveled road and in its best days was occupied by a farmer and
+his family who cared more for the barn adjoining the house than they did
+for the farmhouse itself.
+
+The estate was a large one that had been neglected and allowed to run
+down until weeds and rank grass were so intermingled that it seemed a
+discouraging task to bring it back into a good state of cultivation.
+Adjoining the house, and connected with it by a shed, was a large barn
+with sagging roof and so dilapidated that it seemed past restoring.
+Across the front, defining the estate, was once a neat paling fence that
+had been torn down until only a small portion remained.
+
+Many acres of the estate were meadow-land which swept to the horizon of
+trees, yet the once fine apple orchard, though sadly in need of pruning,
+showed promise, and there were possibilities in the whole estate that
+needed only attention and development to make them profitable. There had
+been no one to care for the old house, and it stood discouraged by the
+roadside awaiting a sympathetic owner.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+It was in this condition when first seen by Mr. Charles Martin Loeffler,
+whose experienced eye discerned its possibilities. It is the wise man
+who fits his house to his grounds and who in the general scheme
+considers its surroundings. The grass land, the garden, the orchards,
+the fencing of the estate, each one of which demands separate treatment,
+should be so arranged that they will be profitable in the end. The new
+owner realized this and also that he could not be too careful in
+combining house and garden so that they would make a harmonious whole.
+
+The location was ideal, quiet and retired and exactly what had been most
+desired, so the remodeling was placed in the hands of a careful
+architect, who, after thoroughly considering the situation, decided it
+could not be done. It was then that Mr. Loeffler took the matter into
+his own hands, drawing exact plans of what was necessary to achieve the
+desired result, and it was under his personal direction that the workmen
+began to remodel the unattractive little cottage. It was borne in mind
+that even the addition of a porch or veranda must be carefully
+considered to avoid confusion of architecture so that the house itself,
+when finished, should follow a single idea and not a composite mass of
+details that were entirely out of place and in bad taste. It was
+realized that no house, no matter how situated, should have discordant
+surroundings. Out-buildings should not be allowed to mar the symmetry
+of the house and should be removed so that they would not be an eyesore
+but in keeping with the general plan.
+
+The house itself, however, demanded attention first; it was very small,
+with a pitched roof in the upper story and a long ell connecting it with
+the farm buildings. The exterior was left practically as when first
+purchased, with the exception of a small and well-planned porch at the
+front, a long ell for servants' quarters, and a wide veranda at the rear
+that extended the entire length of the house. In the porch settles were
+added on either side which help to give the house an air of dignity and
+invite the guest to rest and enjoy the beautiful scenery.
+
+[Illustration: As Remodeled]
+
+The screened-in veranda at the back is used as an out-of-doors
+living-room. It is wide, carpeted with rugs, and furnished with simple
+but substantial pieces. It is a most comfortable place, where charming
+views and wonderful vistas can be enjoyed, for beyond lie the old
+orchard with the meadows between and a background of finger-pointed
+pines that seemingly melt into the blue of the sky. Trellises were built
+on the garden side of the house to carry vines, but this was after the
+house had been given a coat of white paint and the blinds painted green.
+Over the veranda a balcony was built which can be used for outdoor
+sleeping purposes if desired. The picket fence was restored and painted
+white to match the coloring of the house, and a stone wall was built at
+the farther end to enclose the garden; on the outside wild shrubs were
+planted to give a note of color to the gray stone. The old trees,
+pruned, took on a new life and are now in a most nourishing condition;
+across the entire front, as a partial screening, silver-leafed poplars
+were planted. The farm lands were reclaimed, new trees planted in the
+old apple orchard, and at the side of the house an attractive garden was
+laid out with a background of apple-trees. It was a small garden, only
+about an eighth of an acre in size, and filled with old-fashioned
+flowers to make it harmonize with the period in which the house was
+built. A single path divides it in two, and its color schemes have been
+given careful study.
+
+At one side of the garden a rustic pergola has been built with a central
+path of grass, and over this a grapevine has been trained which makes it
+a restful, shady place in summer, while in early fall the vines are
+loaded with great clusters of purple grapes. Everywhere surrounding the
+garden are stretches of green lawns that prove a fitting setting to the
+bright blossoms in the trim and well-kept beds. The fields beyond have
+been brought back to a good state of cultivation and present a beautiful
+green tract beyond which stretch rich meadows with waving grass where
+flit the bobolink and the red-winged blackbird. In the trees around the
+house orioles and robins nest, while everywhere the old apple-trees
+grow, many of them gnarled and twisted with age. In the early fall,
+loaded with fruit, they form an attractive color note of red and yellow
+in the landscape. Great care has been taken to remove the branches of
+the old trees in order to afford attractive vistas. This gives a
+landscape picture carefully planned and creates a delightful feeling of
+restfulness and a sense of relief from the bustle of city life.
+
+Over the porch has been built a lattice to be covered eventually with
+rambler roses, and in order to obtain more light, clusters of windows
+have been let in on either side of the front door.
+
+The interior as well as the exterior has been carefully planned with a
+regard to light and views. One enters the house through the little
+porch and finds himself in a spacious hallway which extends to the
+living-room. The staircase is at the right of the' entrance. It is not a
+primitive affair of the ladder type which is the earliest on record;
+neither is it steep with flat treads, high risers and molded box
+stringers, but the kind that shows simple posts and rail with plain
+balusters. It is of the box stringer type and has no carving in either
+post or balusters; it is perfectly straight and leads by easy treads to
+the second-story floor.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room is at the left of the hallway and is a room built for
+comfort and for everyday life, showing plenty of windows. A feature is
+the great, open fireplace and the bricked chimney-breast, with small
+closets at one side. The woodwork in this room is the same that was in
+the house when it was discovered by Mr. Loeffler and, cleaned and
+treated to a coat of paint, is most attractive. The wide board floor has
+been retained and stained dark to bring out the color schemes of the
+rugs.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Living Room]
+
+This room leads directly into the living-room which extends entirely
+across the house and is also entered from the hallway. Its windows face
+the green fields studded with trees and also overlook the
+old-fashioned garden which is near enough to the house so that every
+summer breeze wafts the perfume of its flowers to the occupants. A
+central feature is a bricked-in fireplace that has been built into the
+room. Instead of plastering, the old oaken cross-beams have been left in
+their original state, and the room is finished with a wainscot painted
+white, above which is a wall covering of Japanese grass-cloth. Bookcases
+form an important furnishing of this room which also contains many
+pieces of antique furniture. It is a cheerful, homelike apartment, into
+which the sun shines practically all day long. Through large French
+windows one steps from the living-room on to the veranda. The second
+story is devoted to chambers and bath.
+
+Its location has a distinctive charm, as it is not too near the city or
+too far away from neighbors. It is well adapted for outdoor living, with
+its wide, inviting veranda and the side garden where bloom the stately
+phlox, the gaudy poppies, and the bright-hued marigold.
+
+[Illustration: THE STUDIO OPPOSITE THE CHARLES M. LOEFFLER HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: The Music Room in the Studio Building]
+
+As time went on, the house grew too small for the owner's needs, and so
+another house just across the way that had passed its prime and stood
+desolate and deserted was also purchased and remodeled into a studio,
+one room expressly designed for Mr. Loeffler's work,--large and
+commodious with high, vaulted ceiling. Here, too, a veranda was built
+across one end that can be used if need be for an outdoor living-room.
+It is shaded by many trees, more especially some fine old elms whose
+graceful branches shadow the house, while a stretch of lawn extends to
+the street. Across the front a paling fence corresponding in style to
+that across the street was built, entrance being through a swinging gate
+that leads directly to the outside porch. This house shows less
+remodeling than the first one; it is principally in the interior that
+changes have been made. The whole front of the house is made into a
+music-room of unusual type, being hung with pictures of the old masters.
+Here the second-story flooring has been removed, and the ceiling vaulted
+and sheathed, in order to secure acoustic properties.
+
+A large chimney has been introduced into the inner wall, with brick
+mantel and chimney breast, and big enough to hold a six-foot log. The
+floors are of polished hardwood, and the ornamentation shows Chinese
+ships hung upon the walls,--an interesting feature for interior
+decoration. The room is entered through French windows that lead on to
+the outside porch.
+
+In addition to the music-room, this house is also used for the caretaker
+and week-end guests. The long ell at one side is used for the former,
+while at the back of the music-room several rooms are fitted up for the
+use of guests, thus solving a problem that is to-day vexing the minds of
+many a house owner, more especially in suburban towns.
+
+There is about the whole place a restfulness that has been achieved by
+careful planning and attention to details. There is no part of the
+estate where one may wander without coming upon picturesque bits of
+landscape, that while apparently in their natural state, yet are
+restored and preserved with a true appreciation of nature. This estate
+is a lesson in reclaiming and remodeling that cannot fail to be
+instructive to all home builders. It goes to show that forethought and
+ingenuity can create a comfortable and inviting home in the midst of
+desolation, and transform an old dilapidated cottage into a charming and
+picturesque abode.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+LITTLE ORCHARD
+
+
+The old farmhouse can well be copied as a type for the modern summer
+home, for its lines are excellent, and its design is often so striking
+that it lends itself to easy reproduction. To the house owner of to-day
+it may seem a little strange that, with the trend of modern
+improvements, the old houses should be used for this purpose, and the
+architecture of the master builders of long ago shown preference over
+that of modern architects who have given their life to this subject.
+
+The builders and designers of old houses had to depend on their own
+ideas or possibly on a few designs that were sent over in the cumbersome
+ships that plied between England and the new country,--the work of Sir
+Christopher Wren, one of the most celebrated architects of his day.
+
+There are no more satisfactory details of house construction than we
+find in these old houses, where fireplaces, doors, porches, and carving
+show individuality. These ideas, modified and improved upon, are found
+in many a twentieth-century home, lending a dignity and charm that would
+otherwise be lacking.
+
+If you are remodeling an old house and wish to change a fireplace that
+is unsatisfactory or a stairway that is not artistic in design, do not
+introduce modern ideas, but rather seek for an old house that is being
+torn down and from it take bits that will satisfactorily fit into the
+work of remodeling. It is not a hard matter to find details of this
+kind, for many an old farmhouse has been neglected so long that it is
+past redemption, and it is the blending of the old with the old that
+does much to keep distinctive the period that you are seeking to
+preserve.
+
+Sometimes the house has been badly mutilated, often to such an extent
+that its best features are disguised, and it is a serious problem to
+eliminate the wrong ideas and duplicate the original. The old craftsmen
+before Colonial times were apt to build houses along certain lines which
+often failed to bring proper results; details varied and sometimes were
+incongruous with the type of the house. The first houses were generally
+one-roomed; later, other rooms like units were gathered around it, and
+the result in some cases was the appearance of a lean-to. Later on came
+the ell, and, to save steps, chambers were designed on the lower floor,
+leading off the main rooms of the houses. Naturally in houses of this
+kind the largest room was the kitchen, for this was the
+family-living-room, more especially during the cold weather.
+
+We will find as we examine an old farmhouse that the dominant portion of
+the building was the first floor, and that the chambers were adapted to
+the lower-story plan. These were not always satisfactory, as little or
+no care was given to the arrangement of the rooms, and in many houses
+closets were little considered. The partitions between these rooms were
+not double, like those found to-day, but were made of matched board and
+accommodated themselves to the framework. Later on plastering came into
+vogue and this made the rooms warmer and much more habitable.
+
+The windows were generally spaced carefully and were in harmony with the
+front door, making an attractive exterior. The walls were of wood, often
+with a layer of brick to keep out the cold and also to form a better
+protection. The roofs, more especially in the early houses, were very
+steep, since they were planned for thatching; later on, when shingles
+came into use, they grew lower and wider. It was not until 1700 that the
+gambrel roof came into style. In considering the evolution of the house
+we must look backward, and thus we come to realize the progression of
+architecture. We then discover that every old house shows interesting
+features, and it is the house with a history that makes its greatest
+appeal to the antiquarian; while the revival of Colonial architecture
+brings a renewed interest in the history of that period.
+
+There is no more attractive remodeled farmhouse than that of Mr. Roland
+C. Lincoln, which is a charming, rambling, summer home situated on the
+Gloucester road half way between Manchester-by-the-Sea and Magnolia. It
+is a low, yellow cottage, picturesquely placed against a background of
+trees and nestled on the side of a hill seemingly as if it had been
+there for centuries. At the front is the ocean, while surrounding it is
+well-placed shrubbery and artistically trained vines.
+
+[Illustration: The House from the Driveway]
+
+The grounds are just at the left of the main road and separated from it
+by a low stone wall; the entrance is by a driveway at one side that
+winds to an entrance porch. All around the house are carefully trimmed
+lawns and gardens gay with flowers, while the soft expanse of green
+sward extends to the shadowing trees and the background of forest and
+rock. The house was built two hundred and fifteen years ago. At that
+time it stood on the road and was overshadowed by the very oldest house
+there was in the town, which stood on the crest of an adjoining hill. It
+then contained four rooms only, each one of which was thirteen and a
+half feet square. Surrounding the old farmhouse was an orchard of
+apple-trees that even in the early days gave to it its present name of
+Little Orchard.
+
+[Illustration: The Angle of the Ell]
+
+The possibilities of the little cottage, as it stood forlorn by the side
+of the road, attracted the attention of the present owner, who purchased
+it, moved it back from the road to its present location, and remodeled
+it, adding a wing at the left. The old front door was improved by the
+addition of a semicircular porch which is an exact reproduction of the
+porch on the White house at Salem, Massachusetts. The side porch was
+unique and most picturesque in its design. Ivy has been trained to cover
+the veranda and outline many of the windows.
+
+At the rear, facing the garden with its frontage of gnarled apple-trees,
+we find the veranda or out-of-doors living-room. This is used during the
+summer months and commands one of the most picturesque views on the
+estate, overlooking lawns and forest.
+
+[Illustration: The Entrance Porch]
+
+[Illustration: The Stairway]
+
+Entrance to the old house is through the porch, and one finds himself in
+a most charming hallway, at one side of which is an alcoved recess. This
+is hung in blue and white Morris paper. Near the front door at the right
+is the staircase which leads with low treads and broad landing to the
+second-story floor; it has a hand-carved balustrade with a mahogany
+rail, while its newel post shows fine carving. Half way up between two
+huge beams have been placed some wonderful old pieces of china of the
+Colonial period, and under them is the quaint inscription, a welcome to
+the home, "In God's hands stands this house, may good luck come to it
+and bad luck go out of it." The staircase is reproduced from a
+particularly fine model found in a house in Boston that was originally
+the home of one of America's greatest statesmen, Edward Everett. It fits
+into its new surroundings as if it had always been there and is exactly
+the type one would expect to find in such a house as this. There is a
+fine old cabinet near the staircase that is considered one of the best
+pieces in the country. Inside is an entire tea-set of Lowestoft
+originally brought to Manchester by one of the old sea captains as a
+commercial venture and placed on sale. It was purchased by the present
+owner and holds a prominent place in her collection.
+
+At the foot of the stairs, inside the front door, the name of the house
+has been done in burnt wood. Mrs. Lincoln arranged to have this executed
+while she was traveling abroad and when talking with the workman she
+told him the story of her remodeled farmhouse and why it was named
+Little Orchard. He was very much interested in her description, and when
+the inscription was finished, it bore not only the name, but decorations
+in each corner of tiny little apples.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+At the end of the entrance hall is the dining-room which is long and
+well lighted by many windows on two sides. This was a part of the
+original house, enlarged and added to. Here we find the low stud and the
+beamed ceiling so prevalent in houses of that day. It is hung with a
+most interesting Morris paper done in pink and blue, and at one end is a
+recessed sideboard. The upper part of this is used as a china
+cupboard, while on either side bookcases have been inserted. The
+furnishing of this room is all of the Colonial period; the chairs are
+Sheraton, as is also the sideboard. The fireplace is unusually good,
+being handsomely carved with a basket of fruit as the central
+decoration.
+
+Opening from the dining-room is the living-room, a large, square room
+with beamed ceiling, a feature being a built-in bookcase at the farther
+end. On the walls are many original paintings including one by the late
+William H. Hunt, "Tired of Work." An interesting inglenook is a
+space-saving device that has been introduced. Underneath the
+window-seat, studded in brass nails, is the name of the house again,
+Little Orchard.
+
+The reception-room is back of the living-room and shows the staircase of
+old Colonial design at the farther end. The fireplace was taken from a
+house which once sheltered General Lafayette. When the house was torn
+down, the beauty of the carving and the graceful design attracted the
+attention of the present owner, who purchased it for his remodeled
+house. When it was brought home, it was found to be almost
+impracticable, through being so badly worm-eaten; under the hands of
+skilful workmen, however, it has been thoroughly renovated and is now a
+prominent feature of the room. The apartment is well lighted by many
+windows, each one of which is of a different design. These have been
+perfectly planned, and there is no discordant note.
+
+The second story has been so arranged that all the rooms open into each
+other and also into the hallway. They are of low stud and contain dormer
+windows. The Colonial atmosphere has been carefully observed, so that
+new pieces which have been introduced fit in harmoniously with the old
+ones. Each room has a large, open fireplace with a crane, suggestive of
+good cheer.
+
+The success of this house has been attained through the careful thought
+of the owners, and it is an example of a charmingly remodeled farmhouse
+of a type such as one seldom finds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+WILLOWDALE
+
+
+Should you chance to run across an old farmhouse that shows good
+interior woodwork, do not carelessly pass it by, for such houses are not
+easy to discover. You must realize that when restored it will be much
+more attractive than one with a plain mopboard and narrow cornice.
+
+Woodwork was not of the Colonial type in the earliest houses; it was
+used merely as a wall covering and was called wainscot, the same as it
+is to-day. This was because the paneling was originally made from
+wainscot oak which was well grained and without knots. Differing from
+that in nineteenth-century houses, it was put on the walls vertically,
+the boards being rough and wide. It must be remembered that in those
+days trees had not been felled to any extent, and the giants of the
+forest provided the best of lumber for this purpose. These boards were
+either lapped or put together with tongue-strips. Later on, we find
+interiors where they were laid horizontally, like those of a century or
+more ago, and instead of being plain boards, were well finished.
+
+Wainscot is an inheritance from our early ancestors, for in the manor
+houses in the mother country there is wonderful woodwork, used not only
+for wainscot, but for other parts of the interior finish. White pine,
+which at that time grew abundantly in our native woods, was employed for
+interior as well as exterior purposes, this being more especially true
+in the northern and eastern parts of the country, where it was more
+plentiful. It has generally been conceded that this wood was the best on
+account of its wearing properties, and as it did not show figure in
+either the grain or markings. It was often called "cheese-like" and for
+this reason was preferred by wood-carvers and cabinetmakers for their
+art.
+
+The wainscot was used until about the time of the Revolution and not
+until a later period were the walls plastered. It has never lost its
+popularity and is found in many twentieth-century houses. It is
+generally shown in paneled effects which came into vogue much later than
+the plain board period. This woodwork was generally in the lower story,
+where more time and thought were given to interior finish; very rarely
+is it found in the chambers and then only in the better class of houses.
+Wainscot is not the only interior woodwork used; we often find whole
+walls finished in paneled wood, and fireplaces with a simple frame in
+paneled effects. Many of these old fireplaces showed a wooden shelf
+only, while later on, in the early part of the nineteenth century, fine
+carvings were included. Occasionally we run across a mantel of this kind
+in an old farmhouse, but it is very rare.
+
+It would be out of place for the house owner to introduce a mantel of
+this kind, no matter how attractive, in some types of old farmhouses. It
+would not be in keeping with the style and, while handsome and graceful
+in design, would be incongruous even in remodeled surroundings.
+
+Door-frames as well as the wainscot betoken the age of the house, for in
+the earlier ones doors are perfectly plain in finish, elaboration in
+design of paneling and wood-carving coming into play at a little later
+period. Cornices widened and also became more elaborate as house
+building progressed, and a century after the first wainscot was used, we
+find them sometimes several inches in width and showing different
+motives, such as the egg and dart. These also are rarely found in an
+old farmhouse, for it must be remembered that our early ancestors had
+little time to think out elaboration in the interior finish of their
+homes which were built solely as shelters.
+
+In the reproductions of to-day the wide boards are not easy to find,
+unless they are taken from some old house. One of the most valuable
+boards is the pumpkin pine which is now rarely found, having disappeared
+from the New England forest long ago. Fortunate is the house owner who
+discovers this wood in his old farmhouse, for it is found only in the
+very oldest buildings. The softness of the wood and the great width of
+the boards distinguish it from the white pine.
+
+In 1695, on the shores of Cape Cod, not far from Cataumet, a small
+farmhouse was built, with four rooms down-stairs and two rooms and an
+unfinished attic above. It was the home of one of the early settlers and
+stood facing the highway, a simple, unpretentious dwelling of no
+particular design and incongruous architecture. Although it had been
+substantially built, it had been abandoned for many years and was in a
+most dilapidated condition. Originally the water came nearly to its
+door, but the shore line gradually had receded, so when first
+discovered, the little building stood with its back to the road, and
+its face to the bare meadows.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+Like other houses of this early period, it was guiltless of paint, and
+its weather-beaten sides showed the wear and exposure of many years'
+conflict with the elements. To transform this house into a summer home
+equipped with accommodations adequate for a modern family, was a
+difficult problem. The proportions of the exterior were good but so
+simple that in order to extend the original quaint outline of the house
+without marring it, the additions had to be made with unusual care.
+
+[Illustration: The Front View]
+
+The first step was to carefully study the period for correct remodeling
+and to lay out the five acres of grounds to balance the house and
+preserve symmetry of detail. A driveway starts at the entrance, where on
+a high pole swings a shield-like sign with a red background and showing
+the name of the house, Willowdale, in white. The estate is defined by a
+fence, and the house in its remodeled state is attractively located on
+rising land, many feet back from the main highway.
+
+[Illustration: The House from the Garden]
+
+A hundred years after the house was built, a new highway was opened at
+the rear; thus the front or south side was wholly screened from
+observation, and it was here that the new owner decided to lay out his
+garden. It is enclosed by a high fence painted white, with latticed
+panels stained green; at the end a summer-house was erected, whose axis
+is the central path of flat stepping-stones that leads to the quaint
+porch entrance. Its three outer sides extend beyond the fence and
+command a broad view of the picturesque shore territory. The garden
+proper is of the old-fashioned type, in conformity with the old-time
+atmosphere of the estate, and the same sorts of flowers thrive in the
+trim beds that bloomed no doubt in the first owner's garden. Trailing
+vines conceal the fence outlining this plot from view. The only
+distinctive modern touch and yet one quite in harmony with the
+quaintness of the grounds is a large crystal gazing-bowl. This reflects
+in its luminous surface the nodding heads of the flowers, the floating
+clouds, the children dashing past, or the still loveliness of the summer
+sunset which preludes the night.
+
+[Illustration: A Rear View]
+
+The original house had been substantially built, and while appearing
+dilapidated, few of the shingles needed replacing even after two hundred
+years' wear. In the interior comparatively few repairs were necessary,
+paint and paper being the principal requisites. Additions had to be
+made to secure the needed room, and the first problem was to arrange
+these to conform with the original quaint outline. The old part was of
+the old farmhouse type, low of build. To the right a wing was built to
+contain three bedrooms and a bathroom, and to balance this a broad,
+covered veranda was added at the left; behind this, at the rear,
+quarters for the kitchen, servants' hall, and chambers were thrown out.
+There was need of more light for the second-floor rooms in the old
+building, so dormers were inserted in the deep pitched roof at the
+front.
+
+The exterior was then painted dark red with a white trim, following the
+style of the first painted houses. Whether the red was used for
+economy's sake or not is a question, but it probably was, and proved
+most appropriate. Yellow was the next coloring used, which is shown by
+the fact that it is sometimes found with red underneath; the white paint
+came into vogue still later.
+
+Over the front door a small porch was built which was in strict keeping
+with the period. Trellises were erected at one side of the house for
+rambler roses and vines that would break the plain, solid effect of the
+shingled surface. An old-fashioned well was boxed in, at the rear of
+the kitchen entrance, and furnishes drinking-water for the family. The
+old chimney was retained, so that the fireplaces could be used.
+
+When the house was first built, there were two rooms at the front and at
+the rear a kitchen, kitchen-bedroom, and a dairy. The three small rooms
+were thrown into one large room which is now used as a dining-room. When
+the plaster was scraped off from the ceiling, it was found that there
+were hand-hewn beams underneath in such a good state of preservation
+that they were left uncovered, giving to the new apartment a distinctive
+touch. It was then discovered that the house had been built around a
+tree, for a substantial oak, with its roots deep in the ground and its
+large trunk still shouldering the roof beam, was disclosed. Underneath
+the old paper was found fine wood paneling which was scraped and painted
+white; next the fireplace was opened, and proved to be eight feet wide
+with a swinging crane at the back. This was restored to its original
+size, and a square, brick hearth was laid. The old floors were replaced
+by new ones, and the entire room was given the tone of the period. Rag
+rugs are laid on the floor, and all the furniture represents
+seventeenth-century pieces. At one end of the room is the dining-table,
+and at the farther side, large French windows hung with chintz open on
+to a vine-clad veranda.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The parlor, which opened from the dining-room, was covered with many
+layers of dirty wall-paper. When these were removed, it was discovered
+that there was a very fine wainscoting. In one corner was a
+three-cornered cupboard with a paneled door underneath. The fireplace
+was opened up, and when the room was painted it developed into one of
+the most charming rooms in the house. The paneling was painted just off
+the white, and the walls were hung with soft, gray paper with tiny pink
+flowers, making the color scheme of the room gray and pink. This was
+carried out in all the furnishings,--the chintz used for cushions and
+the hangings harmonizing with these tones. Instead of having all the
+furniture of the Colonial period, comfortable willow chairs were
+introduced, in order to give the light, airy touch that makes a summer
+home distinctive. This is a large, livable room, well-lighted by many
+windows and looking out upon the lawn and the garden.
+
+The hallway is of the plain, simple type which was so common in the
+oldest houses. The walls are covered with a reproduction of an old-time
+landscape paper, and the passage forms the division line between the old
+sitting-room and the dining-room. This dining-room is now used as a
+chamber; it is large and sunny with a wide-open fireplace. It is
+furnished with an Empire bed and shows everything that would have been
+found in the early days in a chamber of this kind, even to the spirit
+lamp that stands on the high mantel, the warming-pan beside the generous
+fireplace, the oval mirror, and the wooden cradle with its hand-woven
+blanket, where now sleeps a twentieth-century baby.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two of the Chambers]
+
+On the second story the rooms have been remodeled and show the same good
+taste which prevails all through the house. The unfinished attic has
+been plastered, papered, and converted into two bedrooms which are
+equipped with the old-time furnishings and are used primarily as guest
+rooms. The gable windows make them light and airy and at the same time
+afford a charming glimpse of the garden, heavy with the fragrance of the
+sweet-smelling blossoms, much as it was two centuries ago.
+
+Willowdale is one of the most comfortable and well appointed of the many
+remodeled houses that are found in New England. It is the possession of
+such a quantity of fine old woodwork that has given the house its
+distinctive atmosphere, though this has been preserved and heightened by
+the good taste of the present residents, who have succeeded in making it
+a most livable dwelling. Every room is well lighted and well ventilated,
+yet the house maintains in its renovated state all the quaintness and
+charm of a seventeenth-century home. It is a fine example of how an old
+house can be remodeled with little trouble and expense, and how the old
+and new can be combined harmoniously.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE GEORGE E. BARNARD ESTATE
+
+
+In remodeling a farmhouse, one should plan to build wide verandas,
+overlooking pleasing views. These can be glass-enclosed, so that during
+inclement weather one need not stay indoors. Out-door life is a part of
+the essentials in planning a summer home, and it means so much to the
+house owner that every possible means should be devised to secure it.
+With this object in view, why not lay out around the house attractive
+flower beds? Just a plain lawn does not mean much, but planted with
+trees, effective shrubbery, and well-planned gardens, it furnishes an
+inducement to sit on the porch and watch the ever changing views.
+
+In attempting this work, plan for vistas, well-selected spaces through
+which one can get glimpses of the world beyond. Have an objective point
+in view, so that the beauty of the setting sun and the clouds clothed in
+rainbow hues make it more attractive. Panorama effects are always
+interesting and are obtained through judicious planting, for one must
+remember that a plain level lawn in itself has few features that
+attract. Let the units be carefully spaced, and if there are walks or
+drives near the house, lay them out where they will not detract from the
+picturesque effect that you desire. An exception can be made with the
+English or flag treads, which make a charming adjunct to the grounds
+when grass grown.
+
+In the early days, the first settlers had their flower beds close to the
+house, probably because they did not then interfere with garden space.
+The effect was pleasing, for it added to the simple attraction of the
+early building. It is a good plan, after remodeling a house, to carry
+out this scheme of our forebears and have a narrow bed following the
+line of the house. Trees also are always effective; they break the roof
+line and shut off objectionable views. If you have no trees, by all
+means plant some. Screens can be devised by planting shrubbery, which
+makes unnecessary a latticed enclosure and is all the more interesting
+if the shrubs bear flowers, adding a bright spot to the color scheme.
+They are very practical as well, since they serve many purposes besides
+shutting off objectionable portions of the grounds. If rightly planted,
+they serve as windbreaks and can be arranged to frame a vista. While
+evergreen is often used for this scheme, yet shrubs such as the lilac,
+forsythia, bridal wreath, flowering almond, and many others are
+suitable. Plant these so that there will be a continuation in bloom, and
+also with reference to a definite color scheme.
+
+A remodeled farmhouse set back from the road without any surrounding
+decoration of garden or hedge cannot be picturesque, for merely a
+stretch of green lawn leaves it bare and uninviting, no matter how much
+you cover the house with vines. The composition of house and garden
+should be carefully planned, all the more if the estate is extensive,
+with plenty of land that can be used for this purpose. It is not much
+trouble to plant shrubs, and they need little cultivation. In the woods
+near at hand you can usually find plenty that will serve the purpose, if
+economy has to be considered.
+
+In planting the garden there are many things to be regarded; one of the
+most important is the sequence of bloom. This should be arranged with a
+view to color effects, for nowhere will one's taste be more conspicuous
+than in the garden plot which surrounds the house. There is no doubt
+that the harmony of color is a vital question, and complementary ones
+should be grouped together. Yellow should never be left out of the
+garden unless one wishes a very quiet effect; red is a favorite color
+and contrasts well with white. It must be remembered that quiet colors
+can be used in greater profusion than glaring ones; and if the exterior
+of the house is white, it permits one a much wider latitude in the
+choice of colors and in the arrangement of pleasing effects.
+
+The combination of house and garden that is found on the George E.
+Barnard estate of Ipswich, Massachusetts, is ideal and the result of
+many years of careful thought. The house was originally a small and
+unattractive farmhouse which contained only four rooms; it was
+dilapidated and forlorn in appearance and situated in the midst of
+uncultivated grounds. It was the location which attracted the present
+owner, for he saw here great possibilities for development; so he
+purchased the estate with a view of surrounding the house with gardens.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+The house has been added to, a little at a time, by throwing out here a
+room and there a veranda, instead of completing the whole work at once.
+Vine-covered verandas now surround three sides of the house; the
+shrubbery has been well planted.
+
+From the time the garden was first started, it was the desire of the
+owner to paint in flowers what other people have painted on canvas.
+Steep hills that obstructed the view at the side of the house have been
+converted into gentle slopes; bare spots have been thickly planted, and
+colors have been combined so that there is no inharmonious note in the
+finished garden. Careful planning eliminated straight lines, but not
+even the slightest curve in a flower bed was made until after due
+consideration. The flowers were planted to fulfill, as near as possible,
+the scheme of a landscape picture, and each plant not in perfect harmony
+was removed. The effect as one sits on the veranda is like looking at an
+immense canvas, where the pictures change with every move, for the
+estate is a masterpiece of color and bloom, depicting a different phase
+of landscape on every side.
+
+In remodeling the house, so many changes have been made that it is
+almost impossible to tell the manner in which the improvements were
+effected. There is not a room in the house but has been thoroughly
+changed, nor one that has not been enlarged. The service quarters are
+all new; they have been placed in the rear, where they do not intrude on
+the scheme that has been carried out in remodeling--that of making an
+attractive house in keeping with the setting of the grounds. The main
+house is at the front and has been kept in practically the same general
+style as when purchased. The entire rear portion of the house has been
+added a little at a time, until now it is most complete in each and
+every detail.
+
+[Illustration: The Front of the House]
+
+[Illustration: The House from the Terrace]
+
+Dormer windows have been let into the roof in order to give better
+lighting, and the wide verandas have been railed in, to provide an
+up-stairs living-room, from which one gets the best views of the garden.
+The lower veranda is furnished with well-chosen willow furniture, each
+piece being carefully selected so that there are no two alike. It has
+been given a setting of ornamental bay-trees in green tubs and huge
+pottery vases filled with masses of bloom. The most attractive part of
+the veranda is at one side of the house, where it is paved with brick
+and lined on the one side with evergreen trees and on the other with
+scarlet geraniums.
+
+[Illustration: The Pergola-Porch]
+
+[Illustration: The Hall]
+
+The hall or morning-room was a part of the original house. It is
+entered directly from the veranda and has been so treated as to present
+a different series of pictures from the time one enters the door until
+one leaves, each room which opens out of it being carefully designed for
+harmonious effects.
+
+[Illustration: The Alcove in the Living Room]
+
+At the left of the room is the staircase which leads to the second-story
+floor. The low mahogany risers and treads contrast with the white
+balusters which are topped with a highly polished mahogany rail. Doors
+have been removed so that the adjoining rooms are glimpsed as one enters
+from the veranda. This room is hung with a Colonial paper showing
+delicately tinted red flowers against a gray background, and its beauty
+is heightened by the leaded glass windows of the china closet at the
+right and the simple fireplace with its brass accessories. Every bit of
+furniture here is old Colonial and is upholstered in green to match the
+color of the hangings. A long French window opens on to the veranda and
+gives glimpses of the beautiful gardens. The upper portions of the old
+cupboards that were in the house have been glassed in. The floors have
+had to be re-laid.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+Particularly noticeable is the den which is at the left of the hallway.
+Here the color scheme is green, the walls being covered with textile;
+the wainscot is painted white, and the hangings at the window brighten
+the plain effect of the wall treatment. There is no crowding of
+furniture, but a dignified atmosphere pervades the entire room. It is an
+apartment such as one loves to find--quiet and restful. These two rooms
+occupy the entire front of the house.
+
+Opening from the hall is a long reception-room which was originally a
+part of the old house and which shows two rooms thrown into one, with an
+addition at the end nearest the avenue. This is done in old blue velour
+and is furnished in mahogany. The plain tint of the wall gives an
+admirable background to the fine old pictures which hang here and there.
+Every piece of furniture in this room is Colonial. Ionic columns outline
+the wide double windows. Light and air have been carefully considered in
+the remodeling of the entire house and have particularly been sought in
+designing this room, as is shown by the many windows on either side. At
+the farther end, to one side, a French window leads to a glassed-in
+veranda which is used for a breakfast-room.
+
+This room is a feature of the house, for it has been set in the middle
+of the terraced grounds that lie at the side of the house, so that one
+can get the full benefit of the picture garden with the slope of the
+hill beyond rising to meet the blue of the horizon.
+
+In the reception-room, as in every room in the house, wooden doors have
+been removed and replaced by glass ones which act as windows to reveal
+the room beyond. It is a most unusual treatment,--this picture idea
+carried out inside as well as outside of the house,--for there is no
+spot in the whole interior where you do not get a vista of some kind.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+Beyond the reception-room is the dining-room. This, too, is a long,
+narrow room and has been added, since the house was purchased, but so
+fitted in that it is seemingly a part of the old house. This room is
+divided into a dining and a breakfast-room and is used during inclement
+weather. Heavy draperies make it possible to shut the rooms off from
+each other if desired. The entire end of the breakfast-room has been
+given up to groups of long French windows which are repeated on either
+side, making a wide bay window. Here again has the picture effect been
+carried out, for the windows act as a frame to the mass of harmonious
+blossoms beyond, with their setting of green. The dining-room proper
+has a paneled Colonial landscape paper; the furniture is of the Empire
+period, while at the farther end of the room have been let in on either
+side of the long windows an attractive china closet. Here, as in every
+room in the house, we find wainscot and the same use of white paint.
+
+At the rear of this dining-room are the service quarters which consist
+of a large, sanitary, and well-equipped kitchen, butlers' pantries,
+servants' dining-room and sitting-room. The chambers in the second story
+are entirely separate from the rest of the house.
+
+The second floor shows at the right of the staircase a most delightful
+morning-room which is large and square with an open fireplace. This is a
+particularly attractive room, for it commands magnificent views. The
+rest of the house is given over to chambers which are laid out in suites
+and furnished with old-time furniture.
+
+There is an atmosphere about this remodeled farmhouse that is refreshing
+and most unusual. It has taken years to satisfactorily develop the
+owner's idea of combining house and garden in one harmonious color
+scheme. In the exterior this is changed each year, the favorite
+combination being lavender and white. This is attained by the use of
+heliotrope and sweet alyssum which outline the terraced wall and which
+show a carpet of green for central effect.
+
+The veranda is a harmony of green and white which is carried out in the
+awnings, the foliage, the willow furniture, and the white of the
+exterior and the balustrade. In the interior there is not a jumble of
+different colorings, and the rooms have been so arranged that they
+present a series of pictures brought about by the use of plain colors
+that perfectly blend. This has not been the work of a day or a year, but
+of ten years of careful study and is one of the most instructive lessons
+for those who are planning to remodel an old farmhouse and to introduce
+into its interior finish harmonious, restful, color schemes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE W. P. ADDEN HOUSE
+
+
+Many of the old houses still contain some fine specimens of old hardware
+that were used when they were built, more especially the H and L hinges
+and the old latches which have not been removed. The knockers have often
+disappeared, being more conspicuous and therefore eagerly sought, not
+only by collectors but by builders of new houses into which Colonial
+ideas have been introduced.
+
+If you are looking for this particular feature in the farmhouse, you
+will probably find it widely varied, as the different owners of the
+house each had his own special ideas and changed the hardware to suit
+his tastes. Many did not realize the importance of these fixtures in
+retaining the sixteenth and seventeenth-century interiors.
+
+It is absolutely necessary that the hardware should correspond in
+material to period. Too little thought has been given to this subject
+and has led to an incongruous use of hardware, leaving an impression of
+lack of information concerning the correct architectural details of the
+house. There is a decided difference between the hardware that was used
+in the latter part of the sixteenth century and the early seventeenth
+and that we employ to-day. The twentieth-century "builders' hardware"
+covers a great variety of objects included in every part of the house.
+In Colonial times the term was applied to few, such as latches, locks,
+knockers, and hinges, some of which were very ornamental in design, for
+they ranged from small pieces to large ones.
+
+The evolution of this special feature of the house is of interest to
+the house builder; it originated in the Dark Ages, at which period we
+find used Romanesque, Renaissance, and Gothic types in so many
+different forms that it is little wonder the architect turns to them
+for copy. The best examples are seen in the late sixteenth and early
+seventeenth-century houses, when the decoration of the entrance door was
+a very serious subject and received great attention, especially during
+the Colonial period. Then the knockers were of the most importance and
+were either of cast-iron or brass. The former were often very beautiful
+in design and were used on the earlier houses, for brass did not come
+into favor until later. Unfortunately the waning vogue of this piece of
+hardware led to many rare pieces being destroyed or thrown into the
+melting pot. It is fortunate that some house owners realized their worth
+and that collectors felt they would become a fad later on and so stored
+them away, which accounts for many old knockers found on the market
+to-day.
+
+The latch, lock, knob, and hinge are also interesting. The former is
+made from either iron or brass but rarely of any other metal. Before the
+appearance of the latch, the door-ring was used, but this it would be
+most difficult to locate. The thumb-latch is occasionally fanciful in
+design but is generally very plain and is rarely seen even in old-time
+houses, having been replaced by the door-knob. The most common feature,
+and one which we are quite apt to discover, is the long strap-hinge
+which was designed for a special purpose, for we must remember that in
+the early days wooden pins were used to fasten the door; and while they
+kept it compact, yet it demanded the strap-hinge also for protection.
+This hinge will be found in many different patterns and makes, sometimes
+running almost the entire width of the door, and often constructed in
+three sections,--the upper, lower, and central, although frequently
+only two were used. The ornamental ones are rarely if ever seen in
+farmhouses, being confined to the wealthier class. The plain iron ones
+were more often found, and these are of two types,--the one known as the
+H hinge and the other as the H and L.
+
+Closet doors often are equipped with the H hinge which takes its name
+from its formation. Because of the fact that the home builders of to-day
+are turning their attention more and more to the use of decorative
+hardware, one should be very careful to retain this feature as an
+effective detail in the interior finish of a remodeled farmhouse.
+
+In the town of Reading, Massachusetts, is a most attractive remodeled
+farmhouse that has been carefully worked out by W. P. Adden with such a
+regard for the preservation of old-time atmosphere that it can be
+considered as a fine type to copy. Not only has the exterior been
+carefully planned, but the owner has gone farther and made a special
+study of the hardware, so that the house to-day contains many wonderful
+examples that are correct in their treatment and add much to the
+atmosphere of the home.
+
+[Illustration: THE W. P. ADDEN HOUSE]
+
+This old farmhouse was originally a gambrel-roofed cottage built about
+1760 and was probably a four-roomed house, as is indicated by the
+partitions filled with brick that were found in the center of the
+present house, and also by an old brick oven and fireplace which were
+buried up and covered over by the portion of an old brick chimney
+evidently added later. The additions to this dwelling, even when
+purchased by the present owner, had been carefully planned, so that
+there were no awkward joinings or incongruous jogs discernible in the
+outline. There is no doubt that here, as in other old farmhouses, the
+early builders had displayed an inherent sense of proper proportion, and
+the additions which were made from time to time might be said to be
+after-expressions of first thoughts.
+
+When this house was first purchased, it was in an excellent state of
+preservation, with the exception of the ell which was past repairing. It
+faced directly south and had evidently been set by a compass regardless
+of street boundary, though the location was only a short distance from
+the main road. The design of the house contained all the characteristics
+of early construction,--the small-paned windows, closely cropped eaves,
+and long, unrelieved, roof line. At the time of the purchase of the
+estate, which had originally included hundreds of acres, it was
+surrounded by a low wall of field stone which had evidently been taken
+from the grounds to make tillage possible. The house stood on a slope
+and was surrounded by grass land; the same idea is carried out to-day,
+in that little attempt has been made at garden culture, the owner
+preferring to keep the estate as near as possible to the farm lands of
+centuries ago.
+
+After the remodeling was commenced, many interesting facts of
+construction were brought to light. The north side of the house, which
+was originally the rear, was changed by the present owner into the main
+front, with entrance and staircase hall. The hall was necessarily small,
+and in order to make it practical, five feet of the large central
+chimney had to be removed, including three fireplaces and two brick
+ovens. It was then found that this portion had evidently been added to
+the house after the original chimney had been built, as an old fireplace
+and brick oven were found on the line of a partition on the south side
+of the hall. It was also discovered that in all probability the original
+house had a lean-to at the north which was used for a kitchen, and that
+this fireplace and brick oven were a part of the old room. The original
+chimney was found by actual measurement to be sixteen feet by seven and
+a half feet, and the stone foundation was the largest ever seen, being
+ample enough to accommodate the wide hearths as well as the chimney. In
+fact, to-day it takes all the central portion of the basement, leaving
+two small spaces on either side. In the remodeling, it was found that
+the original work was laid up with clay, meadow clay being taken as a
+binder.
+
+The exterior required little alteration, save on the north side, where
+it was necessary to remove a portion of the wall in order to run the
+hall out under the roof of the house so that it might be two stories in
+height. The front of the house, which faced directly south, was left
+unaltered, with the exception that on the opposite side from the ell a
+glass-enclosed piazza was built of like width, length, and height. This
+afforded a ballast, as it were, to the main building and made a
+comfortable playroom for the children.
+
+A new porch, arched with Colonial pillars, was built at the front of the
+house in keeping with the type. In the ell a second one of less formal
+proportions was designed which was reached by a flagging of rough
+stones. A third porch of entirely different character was a finish to
+the rear of the house and shows lattice work, being quite ornamental in
+design.
+
+The angle formed by the main building and the new ell gave space for a
+flower plot, and here is located a small rose garden. This is outlined
+by broad paths of stone; surrounding the whole are wide borders of
+old-fashioned flowers which lend a touch of color that is very
+attractive.
+
+[Illustration: The Stairway]
+
+Entering through the front porch, one comes to a new hall, and with the
+exception of this, there has been little change in interior. This hall
+is most interesting; here are found the H and L hinges, a yellow and
+white Colonial wall-paper, and a staircase that divides at the landing
+and by easy treads leads on either side to chambers above. An old
+grandfather's clock is an appropriate furnishing for this part of the
+house. All through the lower story the old woodwork has been carefully
+preserved, and where it was destroyed it has been replaced.
+
+The living-room is practically as it was when purchased. Here we find
+the H hinges and the old-time latches, while through the center of the
+room runs a beam which had to be cased in and which has been painted
+white to match the trim. At one side a built-in bookcase has followed
+the architectural lines so perfectly that it seems as if it had been
+there ever since the house was built. The simple Colonial fireplace
+shows more ornamentation than is generally found in old farmhouses,
+which indicates that it was of a better type dwelling. With its new wall
+hangings and white trim, this room is most attractive. It connects with
+the sun-parlor at one end and is well-lighted and most homelike in
+atmosphere.
+
+The dining-room, facing east, has had a new group of windows added and
+contains the largest fireplace in the house. The china closet above the
+fireplace was discovered when the plaster was removed for the purpose of
+building in a similar one. This room is fitted with H and L hinges and
+the old-time iron latch. It was originally a portion of the old kitchen,
+the remainder of it being taken for a lavatory and passageway.
+
+All through the house we find that careful attention has been paid not
+only to hardware but to furnishings. No new-fashioned pieces have been
+used in any room in the house, and this careful attention to details has
+been carried out even in the lighting fixtures, which are all of the
+Colonial type.
+
+The second-story floor has undergone changes to meet the requirements of
+the present owner. One half of this story is devoted to the nursery; it
+is equipped with a large fireplace, deep closets, bath, and nurse's
+room, while the remainder provides a large bedroom, bath, and
+dressing-room. It has been so arranged that each part is distinct by
+itself, and convenience has been looked after in every particular.
+
+The original attic was entirely unfinished, and when new stairs were
+erected in the second-story hall, there was great difficulty in finding
+room enough to enter the attic by the side of the large chimney.
+
+In the remodeling of this house, comfort, a careful following of
+Colonial details, and an especial attention to the hardware are the
+salient features.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN HOUSE
+
+
+There is one thing that should be carefully considered in buying an old
+farmhouse,--that is, character. In order to obtain this, distinct points
+should be sought after and brought out. These can be accentuated not
+only in the house but also in its surroundings,--the garden, the trees,
+and the shrubbery; even the defining wall or fence does its part in
+making a good or bad impression on the casual passer-by.
+
+One must remember, in dealing with subjects of this sort, that the term
+"farmhouses" is a varying one. These range from small, insignificant
+little dwellings to the more elaborate houses that were built primarily
+for comfort as well as shelter. There are many large, substantial
+dwellings, not of the earlier type, for they were erected much later,
+but which illustrate the progression of the farmhouse design. One looks
+in houses such as these for larger rooms, higher stud, and more
+up-to-date ideas.
+
+The fireplaces are smaller and more ornate, for it must be remembered
+that as time passed on, money circulated more freely through the
+colonies, allowing for more extensive work and better finished details.
+While it is not necessary to copy the Colonial wall hangings, yet in the
+older houses it is much more satisfactory; still one can depart from
+this custom in a more elaborate house and use his own taste in selecting
+an attractive modern paper. Many people consider that houses restored,
+no matter of what period, should invariably have carefully consistent
+interior finish, without realization that it is sometimes better to look
+for character than type.
+
+The old-time wall-papers, more especially the picturesque ones, were
+generally used in more expensive houses, although we find them here and
+there in the more simple ones. Often this feature of the interior
+decoration is not well carried out, the wall hangings being chosen for
+cheapness rather than merit.
+
+To-day there is on the market such a great variety of papers that it is
+a very easy matter to get one suitable for any certain room and
+suggesting good taste. Many of them are reproductions of old motives,
+while others are plain and simple in character, giving to the room a
+quiet effect and providing a good background for pictures and hangings.
+There is nothing more restful in character than the soft grays; they are
+effective as a setting for stronger colors that can be used in the
+curtains, for this part of a room finish is as important as the wall
+hangings themselves. There is an indescribable charm to a room that has
+been carefully planned and shows good taste and restful surroundings.
+
+In many houses, some decorative scheme has been introduced which
+necessitates a particular kind of wall hanging, and even though it may
+be most unusual in type, it illustrates a motive that has been in the
+mind of the owner. Houses would lack character if the same line of
+interior decoration were carried out in all of them. With a high
+wainscot and cornice painted ivory white, comparatively little paper is
+needed, which reduces the cost and permits a better paper than if the
+room had a simple mopboard and a tiny molding.
+
+Papers that are garish and discordant in themselves, if skilfully
+handled, can produce harmonious effects, for it is often the unusual
+wall hangings that attract most. In curtaining these rooms let the same
+main tone be reproduced; this need not apply to every detail but to the
+general tone. Many people are timid in the use of odd wall-papers or
+curtains; they are afraid that they may look bizarre, but they should
+remember that color is in reality a very powerful agent in making an
+artistic home.
+
+It is sometimes effective to treat a house as a whole, and then again it
+is better that each room should have its own individuality. Very few
+houses but have at least one corner that offers interesting
+opportunities, and it is the artistic treatment of this that helps out
+the harmony of the room.
+
+There is a charming atmosphere surrounding "Quillcote," the home of Kate
+Douglas Wiggin, at Hollis, Maine, where Mrs. Riggs spends three months
+of the year. It may be that the quietness of the place lends to it
+additional charm, and then again it may possibly be the result of its
+environment.
+
+[Illustration: Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin's Summer House]
+
+The house itself is typical of the better class of New England
+farmhouses, and since it has come into Mrs. Riggs' possession, many
+alterations have been made, until to-day it is one of the most
+attractive farmhouses to be found anywhere. Two stories and a half in
+height, with a slant to the roof, it stands back from the road on a
+slight elevation, with a surrounding of lawns and overshadowed by
+century-old elms. To-day its weather-beaten sides have been renovated by
+a coat of white paint, while the blinds have been painted green. A touch
+of picturesqueness has been secured through the introduction of a
+window-box over the porch, bright all through the season with blossoming
+flowers. There is no attempt at floriculture, the owner preferring to
+maintain the rural simplicity of a farmhouse devoid of flowers and only
+relieved by the shrubbery planted around the building.
+
+When the house was first purchased, it was not in a dilapidated
+condition, having been lived in by townspeople and kept in good repair.
+The work of remodeling has been done by the people of the village, and
+it has been superintended by the owner of the house, in order that her
+own ideas, not only in remodeling, but in decorating, should be exactly
+carried out. The old shed is now used as the service department, a wide
+veranda having been built at one side for a servants' outdoor
+sitting-room. At the rear of the house is the old barn, which to-day is
+used for a study and for entertainment purposes.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall]
+
+Entrance to the house is through a Colonial door with a fanlight on
+either side. The owner has preferred to keep this in its original state,
+rather than add a porch of the Colonial type. The only porch that has
+been added to the house is a latticed, circular one at the side door.
+The entrance hall is long and narrow, the staircase also being narrow
+and built at one side in order to save space. The Colonial idea has been
+carried out here in the wainscot, and the ornamentation of hand-carving
+on the stairs shows it was done by a stair-builder and not by an
+ordinary mechanic. The lighting is from a lantern which carries out the
+general effect. The wall-hanging is in Colonial colors,--yellow and
+white,--while the rugs are the old, woven rag carpets which are repeated
+for stair covering. The balusters are very simple in design, while the
+balustrade has been painted white, thus showing it is not of mahogany.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+At the right is the dining-room, a bright, sunny room that has been
+uniquely planned to occupy the front of the house instead of the rear,
+as is more usual. It is a large, square room, in which little or no
+alteration has been made and which has been treated so as to make an
+effective setting to the rare old Colonial furniture. The size of the
+dining-room has been considered in reference to the furniture, this
+being one reason why Mrs. Riggs has chosen this large, square room--in
+order to correctly place her old mahogany pieces. The decorations are
+very simple and follow out the idea of Colonial days, there being no
+pieces that are not in actual use. The walls are hung in shades of
+yellow and brown, and she has been most successful in carrying out her
+color scheme.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+The home study, or den, leads from the dining-room and has been
+carefully planned with an idea of restfulness. A chamber at one end has
+been converted into an alcove, and additional light is obtained by
+cutting a group of casement windows over the writing-table. The room is
+very simply furnished and shows marked originality. The walls are
+papered with woodland scenes, for it was a fad of the occupant to bring
+into the house by wall hangings suggestions of the outside world. While
+it is unique, it has a distinctly restful influence and is in tone with
+the fireplace, which has been decorated with unusual features and which
+bears the name "Quillcote." The draperies in this room are original in
+treatment, being decorated to order by a noted artist who has
+introduced his signature in some part of the work. They are ornamented
+with original designs suggestive of farm life, with such subjects as
+wheat, apples, or corn and are covered with delicate traceries of rushes
+or climbing vines. The fireplace has for andirons black owls, and on
+either side stand altar candles. In the furnishing of the room
+everything has been chosen with an eye to restful effects; the owner has
+done away with the pure Colonial idea, using the mission type and
+considering comfort more than conventionality.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Living Room]
+
+Opposite the dining-room at the front of the house is the living-room,
+where further originality is found in furnishings and in scenes from
+nature introduced in the unique wall hangings. This room is in blue and
+white, the wall-paper being delft blue with a rush design over which
+hover gulls. Singularly enough, the idea is very pleasing. The hangings
+are of white muslin with blue over-curtains, while the furniture is a
+mixture of Colonial and modern pieces. An inglenook has been obtained
+through the introduction of a built-in window-seat which is covered with
+blue to match the tone of the paper. The furniture is all painted white,
+and the white fur rugs laid upon the blue floor covering give a
+charming effect. The decoration and furnishing of this room is quiet and
+restful, for those two ideas form the basis of the owner's scheme which
+she had in mind long before she took this house and while she lived in
+the old family mansion that stands just across the way. It is a
+comfortable, livable room and not used for state occasions alone, but
+for everyday needs.
+
+Just beyond is the sitting-room in which an entirely different idea is
+presented. Here the china fad is evidenced in the ornamentation of
+priceless old plates that have been collected by the owner's sister,
+Miss Nora Smith, and arranged according to her taste. This room is a
+typical Colonial room, and the furniture shown is all of that period,
+even to a spinning-wheel which gives an old-time effect. From this room
+one passes through a door on to the rear porch, from which fine views
+are obtained of the little, old-fashioned garden, the pine grove
+opposite the house, and the winding road.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two of the Chambers]
+
+The second story shows large, square chambers which have been carefully
+planned, each following out a distinct color scheme. In one of these
+rooms there is a combination of lavender, white, and green, shown in
+wall hangings, curtains, and furnishings. The canopied Field bed, with
+its lavender and white spread, has been painted white. Over it has been
+draped a white muslin canopy. The walls are in light green and show no
+pictures save that of a Madonna and Child, suggestive of the author's
+love of children. On the mantel are several very rare pieces of
+Staffordshire, many of which can not be duplicated. The furniture has
+been painted white, with the exception of two chairs which have been
+treated to a coat of green.
+
+Another room, showing wainscot and a quiet yellow and white Colonial
+paper, has a Field bed with white spread and white muslin canopy. Here
+the Colonial idea in furnishing has been strictly carried out.
+
+An original and yet artistic room has its walls entirely covered with a
+dainty cretonne, the bed-covering and hangings being of the same
+material.
+
+The most interesting idea in remodeling is presented by the old barn,
+which has been converted into a large music-room or hall, with a rustic
+platform at one end. Here a new floor has been laid, many windows
+inserted, and a few old-time settles placed, constructed of weathered
+wood toned by time to an almost silvery hue. Nothing else has been
+changed; the ancient rafters and walls remain as they were a century
+ago. The hall is lighted by many lanterns hanging from ceiling and
+harness pegs, also by curious Japanese lanterns painted especially for
+Mrs. Wiggin and bearing the name of the artist. The lanterns, hung from
+overhead, greatly relieve the somber effect of the heavy beams. At the
+rear of the hall a broad door space makes a frame for a pretty
+picture,--a field of buttercups and daisies, a distant house, and two
+arching elms. A large closet, once the harness-room, is fitted up with
+shelves and contains all the necessary china for a "spread" such as is
+given to the village folk several times a year, when dances are held in
+the old barn.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE FRANKLIN BRETT HOUSE
+
+
+Floors are an important detail in the remodeled house. Sometimes the
+original building has many that are in fairly good condition so that
+they can be saved. There is a great advantage in keeping these old
+floors if possible, for they were made with plain edge, of strong timber
+and laid close together. The earliest floors were not double in
+treatment, therefore the edges had to be either lapped or rabbited.
+
+These wide boards that were used in the early construction stand the
+test of furnaces and modern heating a great deal better than do modern
+ones of the same width. The latter are much more apt to shrink and open
+joints. It will be found that the better floors are in the second story
+in almost every house.
+
+It is probable, however, that if you are remodeling your house, you will
+have to lay at least one or more floors, and in such cases, matched
+hemlock is the most advisable for the under floor; but the boards
+should be laid diagonally and close together. The usual method is to lay
+them matching the upper floor. It is a great mistake, even if advised to
+do so by an architect, to lay only one floor, for with shrinkage come
+cracks through which cold air and dust can rise; even a carpet does not
+remedy the trouble.
+
+Hardwood boards make the most popular floors and come in varying
+thicknesses, the oak being generally three eighths of an inch thick and
+the North Carolina pine averaging seven eighths of an inch. Both are
+employed for new floors and for re-covering old, soft-wood ones. The
+narrow width of oak is more satisfactory, as the narrower the stock the
+smaller the space between the strips and the less danger of unsightly
+appearance. They may be a little more expensive than the wider ones, but
+they make a much better showing. Then, too, the shading and figure blend
+more harmoniously than when the broader strips are employed.
+
+Narrow widths also obviate any danger of the flooring strips cupping, as
+they are laid and stay absolutely flat. One should be careful not to lay
+oak flooring while the walls and plaster are damp; in fact, if you have
+to do much remodeling, the floor should be the last thing attended to,
+as it is a better plan to get everything else done and thoroughly
+dried--even to painting, wall hangings, and decorating.
+
+Hard pine is best for the kitchen, as it does not splinter, is more
+reasonable in price, and has fine wearing qualities. It must be taken
+into consideration that oak flooring is cheaper in the end than carpet.
+A yard of carpet is twenty-seven inches wide by three feet in length and
+contains six and three quarters square feet. Clear quartered-oak
+flooring can be bought, laid, and polished for one dollar per carpet
+yard, and when you consider the lasting qualities of the wood and the
+beauty of a polished floor, you will make no mistake to put in one of
+the better quality, more sanitary, and the best background for rugs,
+instead of laying a floor of cheap wood.
+
+Carpets, with the exception of straw matting, are inadvisable for a home
+like this. They are unsanitary, hold the dust, and are not nearly as
+attractive as rugs. These may vary in price with the purse of the owner,
+and can range from Oriental rugs, costing hundreds of dollars, to the
+simple rag rug which is always appropriate and in good taste.
+
+The absolute carrying out of the Colonial idea is not necessary, for it
+would not be appropriate to have old-fashioned rag mats in every room of
+the house. They can be used, however, in the dining-room or in the
+chambers, and to-day the woven rag carpets and mats are so attractive in
+their weave and so lasting that they are satisfactory adjuncts to the
+house furnishings. In the parlor and living-room, while they can be used
+if desired, there are so many attractive low-priced rugs, both Oriental
+and domestic, that it is an easy matter to get something both suitable
+and in good taste.
+
+[Illustration: THE FRANKLIN BRETT HOUSE--FRONT VIEW]
+
+This attention to floors and their covering is nowhere better shown than
+in the Franklin Brett House at North Duxbury, Massachusetts. This house,
+which is over two hundred and fifty years old, was put up at auction
+several years ago, at just the time when the present owner was looking
+for an old farmhouse to remodel. It was a double house that had been
+occupied by two families. The frame, excepting certain parts of the
+first floor joints and also portions of the sills, was in very good
+condition, but the first-floor boarding was badly worn and was not fit
+to be retained for use. It was replaced by a new one of narrow boards.
+
+The second story, however, was in much better condition, and the floors,
+with the exception of the one in the bathroom, could all be used. The
+house was particularly ugly, displaying a combination of bright yellow
+paint and dark red trim, and the exterior was wholly devoid of any
+artistic design.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+At the front of the house there was a wide porch;--just a simple
+flooring and two doors that stood side by side. The old place was so
+forlorn that it was bid in during the excitement of the auction partly
+out of sympathy. It showed so little possibilities that at first the
+owner was doubtful whether it had been a good purchase, for the building
+did not in any way fit his ideal of what was desired in order to make a
+suitable summer home.
+
+[Illustration: As Remodeled]
+
+After careful examination, however, various possibilities were
+discovered indicating that there was a very good chance to make it
+attractive. Originally the house was built for one family only; in
+architecture it was square-framed, containing two stories and an attic,
+with ells at the rear and one side and a deep, sloping roof broken by
+two chimneys. In the old house there were nine rooms on the first floor
+and five rooms and a hallway on the second. Some of these on the first
+floor have been combined by removing partitions to make a living-room
+and dining-room, together with a hallway.
+
+[Illustration: The Pergola-Porch]
+
+In the living-room were found some hand-hewn, second-floor joists, and
+it was decided to leave these exposed and plaster in between them,
+instead of bringing the ceiling down to its original level. In
+practically every room the plaster was in good condition and needed only
+to be treated in places. The chimneys were touched up wherever needed,
+but on the whole very few repairs were necessary. In the lower story
+to-day there are four rooms and a good-sized hall, while the second
+story is divided into six rooms and a bathroom. Five additional windows
+were added down-stairs and two in the second story, in order to secure
+proper light. Very little new material was put into the house, the work
+consisting chiefly of tearing out old material and patching woodwork and
+plaster. At the rear of the house, on a line with the larger ell,--the
+smaller kitchen ell having been torn down,--a rustic pergola was
+constructed and a covered veranda, over which grape-vines were trained
+for shade. The roof was partially reshingled, and the house was painted
+light gray with white trim, with green for the blinds. At the front a
+Colonial porch was added with latticed sides and a settle, which is in
+direct keeping with the architecture of the house. In its remodeled
+condition, with its setting of closely cropped lawn, it bears little
+resemblance to the ugly farmhouse of a few years ago.
+
+There was no plumbing in the old house, so a single bathroom was put in,
+a hot-water boiler was added in the kitchen, and a hot-air engine and
+pump were installed in the cellar which furnish water under pressure
+from a thousand-gallon supply tank. Later on, a hot-water heater was
+installed, so that with the modern improvements the house was made very
+comfortable for habitation all the year round if desired.
+
+[Illustration: A First-floor Vista]
+
+The original parlor on the left has been utilized for a morning-room;
+the bedroom, dining-room, and pantry have been combined into a
+living-room. The partitions between the old hallways have been removed,
+converting them into one good-sized hall. The remaining portion of the
+old dining-room has been made into a large pantry. The kitchen in the
+main ell has been left practically unchanged as to size and shape,
+although the shed opening from it, as well as the kitchen itself, have
+been entirely renovated and equipped with up-to-date improvements.
+Paint and paper and rugs have effected an interior transformation that
+is most attractive. There are no doors in the house, wide openings
+making it appear as though it were one large room.
+
+The hallway is entered from the Colonial porch and is unique because of
+its spaciousness. The stairs are at the further end, opposite the door.
+The Colonial atmosphere has been maintained in the wall hangings, the
+braided rag mats, and the old furniture.
+
+At the left of the hall is the morning-room with its wide, open
+fireplace, its Colonial paper, and Oriental rugs which are in color
+tones to correspond with the paper.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+Opening from this room is the living-room, where the same kind of rugs
+are laid on the hardwood floor. In this room, after the house was
+purchased, a fireplace was discovered hidden away behind the partition.
+It was opened up and restored to its original size. At one side a closet
+was glassed in, while in either corner cosy, built-in settles give an
+inglenook effect that is very interesting. The furnishings are wholly
+Colonial and in keeping with the general character of the apartment.
+Here the low stud, the beamed ceiling, the depth and lightness of the
+room, are most attractive. From the long French window one steps out on
+grass land which commands a most attractive vista of shrubbery and
+trees.
+
+In the planting around the house, great care has been taken to secure
+shade and picturesqueness, so that in its new life the remodeled
+farmhouse is surrounded by charming effects.
+
+On the opposite side of the hallway one enters the long dining-room. It
+is finished in red and white, with one-toned hangings; at the farther
+end is a quaint corner cupboard; a handsome fireplace has been
+introduced at one side. Many of the pieces in this room are very rare,
+especially the Hepplewhite sideboard, the chair-table that was once
+owned by Governor Bradford, and the rush-bottomed chairs. Long glass
+windows open on the side veranda and combine with attractively grouped
+windows to make this room light and cheerful.
+
+Opening out of this is the pantry, conveniently equipped with cupboards
+and shelves, and beyond is the kitchen and shed which have been made
+entirely modern in their appointments.
+
+The chambers up-stairs are large, square, and fitted up with furniture
+of the period. In taking a "secret" cupboard out of a closet, there
+was discovered some paneling that had been plastered and papered over.
+On removing the plaster, it was found that the whole side of the room
+was paneled. By the restoration of this old-time finish, the chamber
+became even more indicative of the period in which it was built. Here
+the wall hangings are all Colonial in design.
+
+Few houses, even among the many that are being restored, have retained
+the old-time atmosphere throughout as completely as has this farmhouse.
+Each room has been made comfortable and given an air of space, and
+consistency has been shown in the furnishing, thus securing a result
+that is perfectly harmonious and in the best of taste. By comparing the
+appearance of the old house at the time of its purchase with the results
+that have been obtained, one realizes how much thought and care have
+been put into its every part. The lines remain the same but have been
+extended by the introduction of the pergola at one side and a porch
+which are very attractive features in themselves. The combination of old
+and new, correctly treated, has done much to make a harmonious whole.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE GEORGE D. HALL HOUSE
+
+
+Fortunate is he who, on opening up the old fireplace in the house he
+intends to remodel, finds hidden away behind plaster and paper a pair of
+old andirons and possibly a shovel and tongs, indispensable furnishings
+for the fireplace. No old farmhouse but what has in almost every room
+some kind of an open hearth, and these are useless for the burning of
+wood without fire-dogs or andirons, as they are commonly known.
+
+To the inexperienced house owner who is looking for economy in his house
+furnishing, reproductions are tempting, and most attractive sets of
+fire-dogs are to be found in almost every store. In choosing a set,
+however, one must exercise judgment. Many of the reproductions are low
+in cost but are really merely lengths of brass piping, showing brass
+balls that are lacquered and strung together on invisible wire frames.
+They are in reality the cheapest kind of spun-brass andirons. If one
+with a knowledge of the weight of brass handles them, he will realize
+their flimsiness, but thousands of people do not recognize the
+difference. Poor fireplace accessories such as these detract greatly
+from the charm that surrounds a good hearth and mantel.
+
+It is no longer easy to pick up original, cut-brass andirons at the
+antique and junk shops,--that is, at a reasonable price. It is in the
+country places, old farmhouses, and from people who have not yet learned
+to gage their worth, that one can get a good bargain, bringing often
+only three or four dollars a pair, and being of the best material. In
+reproduction there are on the market to-day plenty of good, cast-brass
+andirons, but they are expensive and cannot be purchased at less than
+seven dollars, ranging from that to a hundred dollars a pair, while the
+spun-brass kind may be purchased for two dollars and a half a pair.
+
+Andirons come in a great many heights, and in the olden times two sets
+were used, the one holding the forestick, and the other the backlog. In
+addition to that, in the earliest American houses, creepers were used;
+they were, in reality, of iron, small enough to be placed between the
+andirons, and they helped out in holding the sticks. The first material
+used for andirons was iron, and we find to-day occasional specimens of
+this kind, many of them not particularly graceful, while others are very
+ornamental in design. There are the Hessian andirons which are found
+either in plain iron or decorated with bright paint; these came into use
+about 1776 and were used to caricature the British soldiers who were
+very unpopular in our country.
+
+The most interesting of these old andirons show unusual shapes, a great
+many of them having artistic ornamentation; occasionally we find them
+with brass tops. It was fitting to use this metal, on account of the
+fire frame, which was of cast-iron as well, and while many of these were
+of foreign manufacture, yet not a few were fashioned by the village
+blacksmith. In the choice of andirons, the size of the fireplace should
+be considered; the small ones should not have the steeple tops but
+small, ball pattern or some other design that is low enough not to crowd
+the fireplace and thus give the impression of bad taste. The large
+fireplaces need the high andirons, of which there are so many different
+kinds. The modern adaptation of the Colonial has brought these
+furnishings into vogue, so that to-day it would be almost impossible to
+tell the old from the new.
+
+Shovel and tongs were much used during the early period, but a poker
+never accompanied the set. These appeared after the introduction of coal
+and are found among the reproductions on the market to-day. Another bit
+of the furnishings is the fender, of which there are many designs, some
+being of simple wire painted black with brass top and balls, while
+others are entirely of brass. The warming-pan is an appropriate
+accessory for this part of the room; it should be hung on a peg at one
+side of the hearth. In addition to that, we find the bellows, some of
+which are most decorative in their design. The proper selection of this
+furniture gives an air of refinement to the room.
+
+There is a most attractive farmhouse situated in Dover, Massachusetts.
+It is owned by Mr. George D. Hall, and shows a series of remodelings,
+rather than a complete work, for each year an addition has been made
+which has bettered the initial scheme. The original farmhouse, for
+instance, which was built in 1729, was a small, unpretentious building
+that was very dilapidated in condition, but whose situation appealed to
+its present owner. It was his desire to obtain an old house that could
+be used if need be for an all-the-year-round home; plenty of land,
+picturesque views, good landscape effects, and ample elbow room were
+what he especially desired.
+
+[Illustration: LONE TREE FARM]
+
+The house stands back from a winding country road in one of the most
+picturesque situations it would be possible to find. An old stone wall,
+built over a century ago by the original owner, still forms a boundary
+line to protect the grounds. Few estates show so many beautiful trees;
+they add greatly to the pictorial effect of the place. Graceful elms
+with swaying branches are on every side, while on the opposite side of
+the road pine trees are in evidence, and on either side of the stone
+wall wild shrubs have been planted. There has been no attempt at formal
+arrangement of the grounds, not even with the garden which is at the
+side of the house. There has been built simply a picturesque lattice
+that separates house from barn and over which have been trained
+attractive vines.
+
+[Illustration: As Finally Remodeled]
+
+In 1907 a wing was thrown out to the south, with an enclosed, tiled
+porch and a sitting-room above. A small eyebrow window was placed in the
+roof to light the stairway, while the original porch on the west and
+south was carefully retained. Two years later this porch was removed,
+and a smaller entrance one was substituted. This showed a brick walk
+extending from carriage block to covered loggia at the south. Again in
+1914 the eyebrow window was removed, and dormers inserted in the roof.
+An open, tiled platform was built outside the enclosed loggia, and a
+sleeping-porch was added to the east sitting-room. A garden and pond
+were laid out to the south of the loggia, with a vista framed by two
+huge elms that were some thirty feet south of the house. These
+improvements have converted the old farmhouse into one of the most
+interesting and beautiful houses that can be found.
+
+Within the last few years the planting and garden effects have been more
+carefully considered; the grounds have been enlarged, and at the left of
+the house an old-fashioned garden has been laid out with a gazing-globe
+for the central feature. The name "Lone Tree Farm" was given at the time
+of purchase from the fact that a single tree guarded the house at the
+front. This tree still stands but has been enhanced by the careful
+planting of shrubbery on either side the driveway, which has now grown
+until it has become a partial screen for the lower floor of the
+farmhouse. Other trees have been added, and in order to obtain the
+seclusion desired, extensive grounds have been purchased on the opposite
+side of the road, so that no neighbors may come near enough to detract
+from the quiet.
+
+In remodeling this house, an ell has been added at the rear for the
+service department, and a sun-parlor has been thrown out at one side.
+This makes a most attractive living-room in winter and, with windows
+removed, a cool sleeping-porch in the summer. The Colonial porch which
+has been added at the front is much more attractive than the former long
+veranda which is replaced by the sun-parlor. In painting the house,
+white has been used with green blinds, so that it is in reality a
+symphony of green and white, and as it stands in the center of the lot,
+surrounded on three sides by pasture land, gardens, and meadows, and on
+the front by hundreds of acres of woodland, it is one of the most
+interesting studies in house remodeling to be found.
+
+The small hallway is simply an entrance with narrow, winding staircase
+that leads by easy treads to the second-story floor. In 1914, in ripping
+out these front stairs to secure the space above them for a small room,
+it was discovered that the old smoke-house, where in olden days hams
+were cured, and the back of the bake oven behind it had not been torn
+out. The former consisted of two Gothic arches, the taller of which was
+twenty feet in height; the shape was dependent on the two fireplaces in
+adjoining rooms. The smoke-house is about five feet deep and when
+discovered was enclosed with an inch of greasy soot. An oak cross-beam
+with hand-wrought nails indicated where the hogs were hung. It had been
+left in its natural state after being cleaned out, and as it looked
+crude to one entering the front door, it was shut off with an old,
+paneled door, so that the hall, with stairs removed, is now shaped like
+six sides of a hexagon, the front door remaining where it originally was
+placed.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The living-room, which is at the right of the hallway, has been made
+from two rooms. In this the old woodwork has been carefully retained,
+and the walls have been hung with a soft green that is a fine background
+for the many pictures and which brings out the beauty of the white
+woodwork. The furniture here does not follow the Colonial lines, for
+comfort has been the first consideration. It is shown in the large,
+roomy davenport piled with sofa pillows and the comfortable armchair at
+one side of the open fireplace. Here the owner has supplied the correct
+fireplace accessories, the andirons being low with brass ball tops, and
+the shovel and tongs having the same finish. The mantel, while not
+elaborate, shows hand-carving and paneling. Bookcases are a feature of
+this room and are found everywhere.
+
+[Illustration: The Sun Parlor]
+
+Opening from the living-room is the glass-enclosed sun-parlor which has
+been tiled, and in which is a modern fireplace of bricks laid in white
+mortar. Over it is a bas-relief. The andirons are high, of modern type,
+showing fleur-de-lis design, and are in keeping with the fireplace.
+Willow furniture is used in order to give the sun-parlor a light touch
+which could not have been done if the Colonial idea had been carried
+out. It is an ideal summer living-room, being sunny most of the day.
+Then, too, its location is well chosen, as it overlooks the
+old-fashioned garden and commands vistas cut in trees and shrubbery.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+The den, used extensively by the owner, is a typical man's room.
+Built-in bookcases and window-seats give it a most livable look, while
+pictures of the hunt line the wall, and a hunting scene is used as a
+frieze. It is placed in a sunny part of the house so as to catch as much
+light as possible.
+
+[Illustration: A Corner in the Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room was made from a part of the old kitchen and strangely
+enough shows fine paneling of white pine, which has been carefully
+preserved and makes a background for the mantel ornaments. The mantel
+shelf is narrow and extends around the whole fireplace; the old chimney
+has been partly built in for modern use, while the andirons are very
+unique reproductions. The old crane has been retained, as have the
+pothooks and iron kettle, while the old brick oven, now never used, is a
+memento of the days when our grandmothers cooked with great logs of
+wood, heating the oven once a week in order to do the family baking. The
+furniture is of the Colonial type, while the rugs are modern but blend
+with the scheme color of the room. It is large, well-lighted by many
+windows, and divided by an alcove only from the living-room which
+adjoins it.
+
+Every room in this house has been carefully considered with regard to
+view, and one can stand at any window and look out upon a different
+phase of country life, for trees and shrubbery are so arranged that the
+grounds lend themselves admirably to pictorial effects upon which no
+neighboring house intrudes.
+
+[Illustration: The Sewing Room]
+
+Up-stairs in the ell of the house, over the sun-parlor, is a large
+sitting-room. It has been so designed that it faces three different
+directions and is lighted by a group of long windows at one side. In
+this room the sunlight lays practically all day, making it a bright,
+livable room, where Colonial features have not been considered. To be
+sure there are several pieces, such as the old-time work-table, but
+modern ideas mainly have been introduced. On either side of the cluster
+of windows are built-in bookcases which have been painted white to match
+the trim and are filled with well-read books. Between these bookcases is
+a long window-seat, beneath which drawers have been built which are very
+convenient for holding unfinished work. The hangings are of muslin with
+blue over-drapery, harmonizing with the color scheme of the room. A
+large, open fireplace on the opposite side provides for a cheery wood
+fire, more especially on stormy days, for this house is one that is
+lived in all the year round, so that heating and lighting had to be
+taken into consideration.
+
+In addition to this room there are three chambers, two bathrooms, and a
+closet on the floor. Each one of these chambers has been given a
+different treatment. One of the most interesting shows fine woodwork
+in the paneled doors and also in the small closet that is over the
+fireplace, a favorite place for a closet to be introduced in the early
+days. The fireplace is not a large one, and the andirons are small-sized
+steeple tops. The bed is an old slat bed, while every piece of furniture
+is in keeping with the period.
+
+Take it all in all, one rarely finds a farmhouse that shows more
+attractive features than this one, where comfort, light, and view have
+all been carefully considered. It is perfectly available for an
+all-the-year-round home, as it is not too far from the station to allow
+its occupants to go back and forth to business every day.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE WALTER SCOTT HOPKINS HOUSE
+
+
+When you plan to remodel your house, there is nothing that should
+receive much more careful attention than the closets. It is doubtful,
+that is, if the house is of the earliest period, if you will find many.
+Our emigrant ancestors did not have as many clothes or table
+appointments as we require to-day. The few of the former they possessed
+were hung on pegs or disposed of in chests; the dishes were placed on
+racks, thus eliminating the necessity for closet room in houses where
+every available bit of space was utilized for living purposes.
+
+In all probability you will find corner cupboards which will be more or
+less elaborate in design. The best examples show a shell treatment. The
+earliest corner cupboards were clumsy affairs, being movable; later on
+they were built into the house and employed to hold family china and
+glassware. There was a great variety in these closets, some being fitted
+up with shelves only, while others were divided in two, the underneath
+part being used for books and odds and ends.
+
+Fortunate is the house owner who finds in his old house one or more of
+these old corner cupboards. To be sure they can be reproduced; but how
+much better are the originals. Dig out the old plaster, rip open the
+sides of the partitions, if you think there is any chance of odd closets
+being hidden away between, and remember that in many old houses there
+are secret closets, and it will pay you to tap the wall space to
+discover their whereabouts. Sometimes they are hidden under the
+flooring, and again the space between the windows is used for this
+purpose. It is always well to open them, for who knows what valuable
+heirlooms may be hidden inside.
+
+There are plenty of spaces where new closets can be introduced as, for
+instance, the end of the dining-room, where a glassed-in china closet
+with an arched top and half-domed interior makes an excellent place to
+display the old china and glass. Panels in the wainscot can be utilized,
+more especially when they are under the first step of the staircase.
+These are most convenient for filing newspapers or any magazines that
+are kept for reference.
+
+If the hallway is paneled, it is a very easy matter to put an invisible
+door into one of the panels. This can be used for the coat closet, with
+a low shelf underneath to hold hats; and on the floor partitions can be
+made to hold rubbers. On each side of the chimney a great deal of waste
+space can be converted into bookcases, with little, leaded, glass doors.
+Above the mantel, set in the chimney-breast, will be found spaces which
+even in the early days were devoted to closets. They are cut in a panel
+and were used to protect china or old pewter from the dust. Sometimes
+three of these closets have been found built into the fireplaces, all of
+which were used to hold the household china.
+
+In the upper part of the house, under the attic stairs, can generally be
+found places that can be made into linen closets, but it must be
+remembered that if no ventilation is allowed, cloth will become
+yellowed, so by all means have brass ventilators in the doors. Whatever
+the purpose of the closet, its location should be carefully
+considered,--the shape, the place, and the cost,--so that as many as
+possible can be introduced.
+
+There is no doubt that the majority of old-time farmhouses readily adapt
+themselves to modern requirements and show possibilities that allow of
+most attractive development. The result of working out certain
+possibilities is shown in the Walter Scott Hopkins house at Reading,
+Massachusetts. It is a long, rambling house that seemed when first
+purchased wholly lacking in artistic qualities, and it was not until
+after careful deliberation that the owner realized that the old
+farmhouse, beneath its coating of accumulated dust, possessed a wealth
+of fine features that were well worth developing.
+
+[Illustration: Before Remodeling]
+
+The house had been used for two families, and each section was separate
+and distinct, although under the same roof. It was built in the latter
+part of the eighteenth century and contains fine woodwork,--better than
+that found in most houses of that day. All the distinctive features of
+the Colonial architecture were evident in this old farmhouse, where
+unbroken roof-line, close-cropped eaves, and small-paned windows were
+placed with mathematical precision, and the severely simple exterior was
+in strict conformity with the period.
+
+In remodeling the house, the original outlines were carefully preserved,
+and the additions were made to conform. The small, ugly entrances which
+had marred the exterior of the house were torn down and replaced by
+windows, so that only a single entrance was left. A very attractive
+porch with sloping roof-line was supported by solid but unornamented
+columns. In the roof dormer windows were cut, both at the front and
+rear. This was to make the attic practical for living purposes by
+affording sufficient light and air. At one side of the house, in place
+of the woodshed, an out-of-door living-room was added, broad and low of
+build, with a sloping roof that harmonized in outline with the main
+roof. At the rear a small addition of the deep, bay-window type was
+added; this was to secure extra space for the newly arranged dining-room
+and the remodeled kitchen. Two small porches were built in addition to
+the new trellised entrance, giving a simple dignity to the old house,
+which has been painted white with green blinds.
+
+[Illustration: As Remodeled]
+
+The grounds, rough and unkempt, with a stone wall defining a part of
+them, were beautified to afford a fitting environment for the new home,
+and to-day smooth sweeps of lawn and judicious groupings of shrubbery
+add in no small degree to the exterior attractiveness of the old
+homestead. A path of rough, irregular flagstones leads to the main
+entrance, and a similar path winds from the street to a gateway in the
+outlying wall and opens into a charming garden plot that has been laid
+out just beyond the outdoor living-room. Planting has been judiciously
+carried out, and the estate has been brought to a fine state of
+cultivation, with the result that it has become an attractive setting
+for the remodeled house, which stands on the slope of a hill.
+
+The interior required a great deal of altering, including much tearing
+down of partitions to suit present-day needs and to make broad, spacious
+rooms out of the tiny spaces which sufficed a century or more ago. There
+was installation of plumbing, lighting and heating devices, in order to
+meet the demands of modern life, and the New England attic was made over
+into servants' quarters that were sufficiently ample for a large country
+house.
+
+A leaded glass door that shows fanlight above opens into a broad,
+low-ceilinged hall. At one side is a large fireplace, and a heavy beam
+crosses the ceiling. To the right is the new dining-room, to the left
+the living-room, and from the end of the hall opens the den, a
+passageway connecting this with the servants' department. In all the
+rooms every detail of the old-fashioned construction has been retained.
+The fine woodwork shows the original paneling; the great fireplaces with
+their chimney closets have been preserved intact, and even the old,
+hand-made hardware has been retained for present-day use. Cupboards were
+discovered, when the coating of plaster and paper were removed, and are
+serving the same purpose in the twentieth-century home that they did
+years ago in the Colonial one; and the new cupboards that have been
+added seem to fit in as if they had always been there. The house in its
+entirety shows many points that are of unusual interest. The arrangement
+of the windows is particularly good, as are the chimneys, while the
+sweeping roof-line at the rear carries out the old contour and yet has
+been slightly changed to afford light and air to chambers inside. The
+semblance of the original farmhouse has been left unaltered, while the
+really radical changes have been tempered with a regard for the
+preservation of the old-time atmosphere.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+The living-room shows a typical old farmhouse room. The woodwork here is
+particularly good; there is a wainscot three feet high that comes above
+the lower sill of the window frame, and which is paneled in doors and
+over the mantel. The fireplace has remained unchanged, being a Colonial
+one of huge size. The early period is evidenced in the absence of a
+mantel, which brings out the lines of the wonderful old woodwork to the
+greatest advantage. The andirons, instead of following the sixteenth or
+seventeenth-century type, represent griffins. A nightcap closet,
+introduced in the middle panel over the fireplace, shows the original H
+hinges of iron. When the house was first purchased, these were hidden
+away, and only when the original woodwork was reached were they
+discovered, restored, treated to a coat of white paint, and adapted to
+present use. This is a feature that is rarely found in the remodeled
+farmhouse of to-day. The walls are hung with a one-toned paper of soft
+coloring, while plain muslin curtains shade the windows. The old floor
+was re-laid with narrow boards over which are laid Daghestan rugs;
+Mission furniture is used. The lighting fixtures are of the Colonial
+type and placed at the sides only. The room contains many well-placed
+windows which give to it light and air.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Views of the Dining Room]
+
+The dining-room is at the rear of the living-room and opens into it,
+being connected with a wide opening so that, if need be, the rooms can
+be used as one, giving plenty of space for large dinner parties. Here
+the woodwork has been restored to its original charming simplicity and
+painted white to match that of the living-room. The walls have been
+covered with a dark-toned paper, and at one end, opposite the
+living-room, an alcoved recess has been added in order that its group of
+windows may give better lighting to the dining-room which is exposed to
+the outside on two sides only. The floors of this room, too, have been
+re-laid and handsomely polished, and are an effective foil to the
+domestic rug which is used. Here, also, the furniture follows the
+Mission style, in order to be in keeping with that of the living-room.
+The lighting fixtures are of the same type found in the adjoining room
+and are also side lights, considered more effective because softer than
+a ceiling light.
+
+In order to let the light in from the hallway, windows were inserted
+which follow the early window casing in their plain style and contain
+small panes, there being no elaboration. They are placed on either side
+of the entrance door, which is glassed in the upper portion. Here, as
+all through the house, the early style of small-paned windows has
+been retained. There are many reasons why these are advantageous: not
+only do they follow the period in which the house was built, carrying
+out details correctly, but when broken they are more easily replaced,
+though much harder to keep clean. These windows are usually placed near
+the ceiling, being designed for light and ornamentation, rather than as
+outlooks. The ornamental design which has been carried out in the
+arrangement of windows and door is unusual even in Colonial houses,
+where the low stud and the beamed ceiling helped much towards
+effectiveness.
+
+This room was originally the kitchen and bedroom combined. The old
+fireplace has been preserved, as has the brick oven, and over it is a
+series of small closets such as are rarely found. There is a central
+closet and a smaller one on either side. Here the H hinges have been
+retained and also the old-time latches.
+
+On the opposite side of the hall is the parlor, which corresponds in
+size to the living-room and shows equally fine woodwork. This was
+originally the parlor in the farther side of the double house and has
+been left practically its original shape and size, for in this part of
+the house very little remodeling has been done. The old fireplace has
+been retained at the farther end of the room.
+
+At the rear of this, what was once the sitting-room has been converted
+into an office. Beyond this room, the original kitchen on that side of
+the house and the shed have been thrown into a most attractive summer
+room.
+
+In the story above there were formerly two large bedrooms on either
+side. These remain practically as they were and are furnished with
+Colonial pieces. The old attic, which originally was used for clutter,
+is now remodeled into servants' quarters and by the addition of the
+dormer windows has been made into comfortable rooms which can be kept
+cool during the warm weather by the cross draughts.
+
+The architects were very wise in remodeling this house so as to show its
+extremely simple lines, for they give it individuality and character and
+accentuate certain features that were necessary to create of it a home
+for one family. There is no doubt that the alterations have been planned
+and executed with rare taste and discrimination.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+Henry W. Wright's House
+
+
+People who possess old pieces of furniture often have very erroneous
+ideas as to their real age and call everything "Colonial" for want of a
+better name. They assume, that is, if they have not made a careful study
+of the subject, that anything belonging to their great grandmother must
+be at least two hundred years old. But, for instance, sideboards were
+not made two hundred years ago, and Chippendale never designed one; the
+nearest he came to it was a serving-table. People get an impression that
+he included this piece of furniture in his productions, but they are
+wrong in their assumption.
+
+The revival of interest in "antiques" has caused many an heirloom that
+has been relegated to attic or storehouse to be brought out, renovated,
+and given a prominent place. Can we assign to each ancient article an
+approximate date or maker, it becomes much more valuable than the
+daintiest piece of up-to-date furniture. Worm-holes are a sign of age
+and a proof of guarantee, that is, if the pieces are family possessions.
+There is so much cunning workmanship in remodeled furniture that this
+does not apply to every bit, though apparently original. It must be
+remembered that very few furnishings were brought over by the colonists,
+and the early houses were very scantily supplied.
+
+The oldest furniture was made of oak; it was very heavy and showed more
+or less elaboration in carving. Chests made at this early period are
+often found in families where they have been carefully treasured since
+they were brought over the sea packed with clothing.
+
+The three leading cabinetmakers were Chippendale, Hepplewhite, and
+Sheraton. Chippendale was the earliest but was not appreciated until
+after his death. His masterpieces, which combined the Chinese, French,
+and Dutch models with ideas originated in his own brain, were so
+perfectly constructed that we find them in a fine state of preservation
+even to-day.
+
+Lighter and more dainty in character were the designs of Hepplewhite,
+who cultivated a freedom of line such as was adopted by his predecessor,
+but who banished the Chippendale heaviness. The Prince of Wales feather
+was a favorite design of his. Carved drapery, the belle-flower, and
+wheat were often used by him. A distinguishing mark was usually given to
+the backs of his chairs, which are either oval, heart, or shield-shaped.
+They were finished in japanned work and often inlaid in light and dark
+wood. The legs were generally much more slender than the Chippendale and
+often ended in what is known as a spade-foot.
+
+Sheraton, who succeeded him, took advantage of the ideas of his
+forerunners and revealed a still more delicate touch, although he
+retained many of Hepplewhite's ideas which he strengthened and improved.
+The shield is rarely if ever found in a chair of his make, which can be
+distinguished by its rectangular back and its slender uprights, ranging
+in number from four to seven. The legs show a great many different
+styles, the best being straight, while carved, fluted, and twisted ones
+are also found. The general trend of fancy in those days was towards
+light, elegant designs and showy decorations. Sheraton indulged his
+fancy for brilliant coloring in the most gorgeously painted decorations,
+combining them with inlay and carving. Next he introduced white and
+gold, following the French style, and still later the brass inlay so
+fashionable in Napoleon's day. Caned work was used for seats and was
+varied by coverings of needlework, morocco, striped and variegated
+horsehair, damasks, and fine printed silks. The curved piece which
+Sheraton introduced about 1800 remained the favorite chair pattern for a
+century, although it lost the brass mounts which he at first used. There
+is not much danger of confounding the three great masters, for each
+produced an entirely different style of furniture.
+
+After the French Revolution, the furniture became markedly different in
+style; Greek models were once more popular, and the tripod became a
+favorite support. Coarse woods and mahogany were freely used and were
+carved and profusely gilded.
+
+The Empire furniture which is so popular to-day was heavy and stiff in
+its early period, particularly so when of English make, but under
+American manipulation the beauty of the wood showed to the best
+advantage. Yet there is a certain appeal in its solidity and
+massiveness. When the darkened mahogany came into fashion an opportunity
+arose for the revival of brass and wood that lent charm to the court of
+the Empress Josephine. Few good examples of the Empire style are found
+in remodeled farmhouses.
+
+Old furniture is most interesting, and if you intend to furnish your
+remodeled farmhouse with it, do not fail to make a careful study of the
+subject before attempting it. It covers a wide field of makers, styles,
+and decorations, but the modern home affords ample scope for the
+employment of these old pieces, many of which have been brought down
+from the attic.
+
+When Salem was in her highest and proudest days of mercantile
+prosperity, when her wharves were bustling scenes of unlading and
+shipping, when her harbor was a gathering place of quaintly rigged
+vessels, and great East-Indiamen labored under clouds of canvas, then
+from the holds of these cumbersome ships were discharged cargoes of rich
+furniture, teakwood, and sandalwood brought from every land. The wealth
+of these incoming treasures has made the quiet city prominent even until
+to-day. Here may be found many old heirlooms, and in the homes of the
+descendants of old shipmasters we frequently find rare pieces. These
+show to advantage in various remodeled farmhouses that have been
+adopted as all-the-year-round homes by the last generation.
+
+[Illustration: THE HENRY W. WRIGHT HOUSE]
+
+Many fine old pieces are found in the home of Mr. Henry W. Wright at
+Danvers, Massachusetts. Some of them are of exceptional value and rare
+examples such as are seldom seen even in the homes of collectors. The
+farmhouse itself stands close to the road, a simple, plain,
+unostentatious building, yet showing good lines and careful treatment.
+The soft gray of the exterior and the white trim blend harmoniously with
+the green of the grass and the bright-colored flowers of the little
+garden. At the front of the house at each side stand tall elms that cast
+a grateful shade over the old farmhouse.
+
+The entrance porch has been made square, its lattice, designed for the
+support of vines, taking away the plain look of the exterior. The
+windows are well spaced, and the small panes have been retained. At the
+side of the house a porch has been thrown out which can be glassed in as
+a living-room or sun-parlor during the winter and used as an out-of-door
+veranda during the summer months. It is so situated that it commands a
+picturesque view of the rolling country which is on every side.
+
+The big chimney, that was formerly the central feature of the house, has
+given way to two smaller ones, one on either end. The sloping roof has
+been treated to new shingles, while the exterior has been left
+practically as it was when built. The addition of green blinds has done
+much to soften what would otherwise be a rather bare exterior. The house
+is of the type that shows four rooms in each story.
+
+The hallway has a castellated paper in gray and white and a winding
+staircase with box stairs and simple balusters and posts painted white
+and a mahogany rail. It is a simple little hall, small, compact, and
+truly Colonial in its type, with its Dutch armchair showing pierced
+slats of Chippendale influence. This chair was probably made about the
+time the house was built which was in the early part of the eighteenth
+century, the date not being definitely known.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+At the left of the hallway is the living-room, which is of the simple
+farmhouse type, lacking a wainscot but containing a simple mopboard and
+paneled door. The wide boards in the flooring have been retained here as
+well as in the dining-room,--plain-edged boards that, while laid close
+together, still show a crack between. This living-room was in the early
+days used as living-room and bedroom; the space at the farther end,
+which was used as a closet into which the bed folded during the daytime,
+is now utilized as a bookcase and makes an interesting feature. The
+slat-back chair beside the bookcase is the most valuable type of its
+period, being made about 1750. It shows a turned knob. In chairs of this
+kind, which were more commonly used during the first part of the
+eighteenth century, the number of slats varied, the most common having
+three, while the rarest have five.
+
+The gate-legged table is a good example, while the Chippendale chair is
+unusual, showing very graceful effect, with wonderfully delicate
+carving, and being of the best design. An equally rare example of a
+Hepplewhite chair, which is beautifully carved, is contained in the same
+room. In addition to these are banister and Sheraton chairs, as well as
+a fine example of girandole, uncommon from the fact that there is a pair
+exactly alike, and they are seen one on either side of the room.
+
+[Illustration: The Dining Room]
+
+Opposite the living-room is the dining-room, and here the same correct
+furnishing has been used. The plain wainscot is of the early type, the
+lighting has Colonial fixtures, while the chairs are painted Sheraton,
+being most unusual in that there is a whole set of the same pattern
+which are all originals. A wonderfully fine example of a mahogany
+dining-table has been utilized as a serving-table, and the silver is all
+of the Colonial pattern. Here one finds the low stud, but none of the
+exposed beams often found in old houses.
+
+At the rear of the dining-room is the kitchen which is equipped with
+modern appliances. Leading from the dining-room at the left is a small
+room which has been fitted up as a music-room and den combined. It is a
+most livable room, there being no stiffness or formality in the
+arrangement of the furniture, and each piece of furniture proves a
+fitting foil for its mate. The wall hangings are not of the Colonial
+type; they are plain gray and bring out to advantage the setting of
+furniture, pictures, and ornaments in the room.
+
+In the upper hall is found a fine old carved chest of the Jacobean
+period. This is considered one of the best examples of chests in
+existence, being wonderfully carved, of solid oak, and probably used
+originally as a dower chest. Leading off from the hallway are four
+large, square chambers, each one correctly furnished with Colonial
+pieces, many of which are family heirlooms. Here, where modern lighting
+has been introduced, the Colonial type of fixtures has been carefully
+maintained. In all the house there is no central light, all the lights
+being at the side. In the upper story as well as the lower, the wide
+flooring has been retained, as it was found in such excellent condition
+it could easily be used.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Two Noteworthy Chambers]
+
+The steeple-topped andirons in the simple fireplace, the painted mirror,
+and the old brass candlesticks of one chamber are most appropriately
+chosen. The Field bed has a canopy of white with ball fringe which is an
+exact replica of the old-time draping. Rag mats have been used for the
+floor; they are not the common braided ones but woven rugs which are
+more suitable. Alcoved recesses are shown on either side of the
+fireplace; in one of them a six-legged, high chest of drawers with china
+steps, designed about 1720, shows drop handles, and is ornamented with
+rare old family china. On the opposite side is a wing or Martha
+Washington chair of the Sheraton type. The bureau, 1815, is a fine
+example of the period, while the swell-front, Hepplewhite bureau with
+the oval, pressed-brass handles and the painted mirror above are in
+conformity with the general scheme. A banister-backed chair with a rush
+bottom stands at one side of the bed.
+
+Very unusual is the Colonial wall-paper which is found in a second
+chamber, while eighteenth-century andirons are used in the fireplace
+which is still of the original size and which shows a plain Colonial
+mantel. In this chamber, as in the other, there is a very plain wainscot
+of boards placed horizontally. An Empire bed which has wonderfully
+beautiful carving is shown in this room, and also a very unusual chair
+known as a comb-back rocker and dating about 1750. The rugs here are of
+the Arts and Crafts style, while the bureau and writing-table have
+cabriole legs and secret drawers, the central one with rising sun or fan
+carving.
+
+Every piece in this house is genuine, for they all are heirlooms or
+pieces that have been carefully chosen, since the owner is an expert in
+determining period and correct types. It is a well-known fact that
+to-day one has to be a careful student of furniture not to be deceived.
+The popularity of the Colonial period, more especially since the vogue
+of the modified Colonial house, has led many a fakir to reproduce the
+lines of the genuine antique. Skilful workmen are employed to
+manufacture these pieces, and they are able, by imitating worm-holes,
+dentation, and other distinguishing marks, to put on the market pieces
+whose genuineness even the antique dealer is puzzled to decide.
+
+All through the country the value of antiques is becoming better and
+better known, so that it is far more difficult to obtain bargains than
+it was even five years ago. To-day, so great has grown the demand,
+people who before were unaware of the worth of their heirlooms have been
+led to overestimate their value and they now ask fabulous sums for
+pieces hitherto neglected and ignored.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE
+
+
+When your house is remodeled, be careful what kind of paint you use for
+both outside and inside finish. A variation from the right tone will mar
+the whole effect. So much depends on this that one should not copy from
+houses of to-day but turn back to the style of a century ago, so that in
+this particular, at least, the house shall correspond with the old
+Colonial idea.
+
+Few, if any, care to use a weathered exterior, that is, unless the
+scientifically treated shingles that will soon turn a silver gray are
+employed. There are two reasons why your house should be painted: one is
+that it preserves the wood and if rightly treated is fireproof; the
+second is that it gives the finish a far better appearance than it would
+have without paint. Every house needs paint of some kind to improve its
+appearance, whether it be oil paint or stain.
+
+There are many different brands found to-day, and they are of every
+conceivable color, so that you have a wide range of choice. It is
+always safe to use one made by a reliable concern or one hand-mixed, if
+both white lead and linseed oil are absolutely pure. There is nothing
+more variable in quality than paint, and even experts are puzzled at
+times and it is necessary to have a chemical analysis in order to
+determine between good and bad.
+
+For exterior use the proper kind should be a mixture of pure white lead
+and linseed oil or pure zinc white and linseed oil. Manufacturers, more
+especially those of white lead paints, will insist that theirs is the
+only kind to use, and the zinc paint producers will do likewise, but a
+reliable dealer or architect will inform you correctly. One of the first
+colors to be used on any house is white,--in all probability there is
+nothing as durable as this. The reason for it is that the ingredients
+used have greater wearing qualities than any of the other pigments.
+There is a complaint that it is apt to yellow with age and become
+discolored, but in reality it remains unchanged longer than almost any
+other color. Green blinds secure the best effect, or trellises that
+relieve the monotony of the white. This the old farmers realized, and it
+is one of the reasons why it was so much used. If your house is
+shingled, there are a great many shades of gray that need a white trim,
+and there is no color that harmonizes with every other as well as this.
+
+There are a great many reliable stains for shingles; do not let the
+painter mix the stain himself, because that carefully prepared by a
+manufacturer is generally superior both in color and durability. In
+mixing these stains, both Creosote and oil are used, there being on the
+market to-day excellent brands of both kinds.
+
+The repainting of the country house is a necessary evil that recurs
+periodically. We tire of one color as we weary of an old dress, and this
+leads to a different tone of coloring each time. For instance, the white
+house is changed possibly to a Colonial yellow or a gray, and with its
+new coat it seems to take on a new lease of life. The fall of the year
+is the best time for the painting, as the dry October weather is
+especially suited for good results. During the summer months there are
+insects flying about and too much dust. By October the outside has had
+time to cool after the heat and is in good condition for treatment.
+
+The time to paint is before the house gets shabby, when the paint is
+powdery or porous. It can be tested with either a knife or the finger,
+and if the old paint chips off, soaks up water, or can be rubbed off
+like a powder with the finger, it no longer protects the wood and needs
+another coat. With this covering of paint, wood will last practically
+forever, and as lumber is expensive, it is greater economy to keep your
+house properly painted.
+
+The cost of painting is a serious problem to many house owners and is
+never alluded to by an agent when selling a house; to the novice it does
+not occur, so eager is he to secure for himself a new home. At the end
+of the second year, its freshness is dimmed through exposure to wind and
+storm, and at the end of the third season, it is shabby and needs a new
+covering. In attempting to figure the cost, it is necessary to ascertain
+the square feet on the outside. Any painter has a rule for this, making
+allowances for errors. Windows and doors are considered as plain
+surfaces that are to be treated to paint even though only the sills and
+sides are in need of it.
+
+Good exterior paint costs from three to five dollars a gallon, and a
+painter can put on one hundred square yards in a day for the first coat
+and seventy-five for the second. This gives the house owner a little
+idea of what it will cost, although it is best to make a regular bargain
+with the architect to cover this expense.
+
+For interior finish, white is always preferable. It seems to be the
+proper treatment for any Colonial home. To be sure, if you are planning
+for a den, a dark color can be used and also a stain for the kitchen
+part of the house.
+
+In searching for a farmhouse to be converted into a country home, Mr.
+Howland S. Chandler of Boston chanced upon an old house at Needham,
+Massachusetts, that seemed to meet his requirements. It was a
+square-framed house, two stories and a half in height, with a kitchen
+ell at the rear. It was not handsome but quite ordinary in appearance
+and without any unusual exterior features. It was not even a
+seventeenth-century house but was built in 1801, and it was in such good
+condition and the frame was so sound that it hardly deserved the term
+"old."
+
+[Illustration: THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE]
+
+The farmhouse fronted the southwest, so that its main rooms were dark,
+with little sunlight, while the rear was flooded with light and very
+cheerful. There were delightful views from this part of the house which
+overlooked a merry, gurgling brook, the mill-pond, and the distant
+hills. But this idea had not entered the minds of the former owners, who
+had given little consideration to the subject and with no forethought
+had inserted only two small windows, one in the kitchen and the other in
+a bedroom. Evidently their idea was to sacrifice view to arrangement,
+for to their minds, houses should be built parallel to the street and
+with the "best room" at the front.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOWLAND S. CHANDLER HOUSE--END VIEW]
+
+The grounds showed little care, but in remodeling a brick-paved terrace
+was arranged at the left just outside the original parlor. An
+old-fashioned garden was planted near the kitchen end, and a trellis
+enclosed the clothes-yard. The grounds in front of the house have been
+laid out in well-trimmed lawns, while a brick walk now leads from the
+sidewalk to the house. A feature of the house is a large, overhanging
+elm which affords shade and picturesqueness; fresh shrubbery has been
+attractively planted, and vines trained to clamber over latticed work
+and the trellised porch which is at the front of the house. Dormer
+windows have been added to the roof, and the simple little farmhouse has
+been converted into a most attractive all-the-year-round home.
+
+In the process of remodeling, the original house was left unchanged,
+and additions were depended upon for development. A good-sized porch
+with brick floor and high-backed settles at the side replaced the
+unattractive, old-time entrance, while the dormers relieved the long,
+monotonous roof-line and afforded light to the apartment constructed
+from the formerly unfinished attic space. Just outside the original
+parlor, beside the shed space, an addition has been built that runs
+midway of the shed to the line of the chimney in the parlor, and without
+a large covered veranda is added. To the kitchen ell an addition of
+about four feet was made to provide space for a vestibule within the new
+back door and also to secure extra space at one side of the room so that
+a window might be inserted.
+
+Due attention was paid to the rear, in the matter of windows, and here
+were laid out the rooms which would be most frequently used. In
+consequence of the rearrangement, the interior is practically wholly
+changed. The shed was remodeled into a charming sewing-room that opens
+at one side on to a veranda, and the new addition was combined with the
+little bedroom and a small portion from the parlor to secure space for a
+library. This made possible a doorway to the dining-room and
+sewing-room, and a broad open space to the living-room.
+
+[Illustration: The Sun-Parlor]
+
+The old-time parlor showed two deep closets beside the fireplace. One of
+these was torn out, a window was inserted in the outer wall, and a seat
+was built beneath it. The other was made into an opening into the
+library. This arrangement secured additional light and at the same time
+permitted a glimpse of the picturesque rear view.
+
+In the dining-room several alterations were made, resulting in a
+complete change in shape and size. Oblique walls replace the two rear
+corners, one containing the doorway leading to the library, and the
+other affording entrance and furnishing some space for the china closet
+which was inserted between the dining-room and the kitchen. The single
+window on the southeast was replaced by a semi-octagonal bow recess.
+This was fitted with small lights of glass and affords space for the
+grouping of many plants and incidentally adds a touch of distinct
+picturesqueness.
+
+The kitchen received its share of consideration during the process of
+remodeling, resulting in the substitution of a pleasant, convenient
+apartment in place of the conspicuous, ill-lighted, original one. There
+was added at the right of the vestibule a built-in refrigerator, and
+about the side walls of the room newly built-in cupboards were grouped.
+
+Two important changes in the body of the house consisted in the
+enlargement of the cellar, made necessary by the greater space required
+for the modern heating apparatus, and in the substitution of the
+original, small-paned type of window for the two panes which had been
+inserted to take the place of the old ones.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall]
+
+The entrance hall at the front of the house is a small apartment hung
+with landscape paper of the Colonial period; a staircase with one
+landing and a half turn in its flight, showing white balusters and
+mahogany top, leads to the second story. In the lighting, the Colonial
+idea is attained by the use of a lantern, while under the stairs is a
+closet opened by a brass door-pull.
+
+[Illustration: The Living Room]
+
+At the left is the living-room, with dull red hangings and a white
+wainscot that provides a fitting background for the wonderful old
+mahogany found in this room. There are some rare Dutch chairs sometimes
+known as Queen Anne from the opening that is found on either side of the
+central slat, designed about 1710, and the earliest of that design.
+There is a refreshing simplicity and a dignified air to this room,
+brought about in part by the simple Colonial fireplace with its
+steeple-topped andirons, and the well-spaced windows that let plenty of
+sunlight into the apartment.
+
+On the opposite side of the room is the dining-room which is finished
+with tapestry hanging in dark green, brown, and yellow, with a design of
+pine cones and needles that contrasts prettily with the white wainscot.
+A slight reduction in the height of the window casing affords an
+opportunity to carry the wall-paper and moldings across the windows and
+doors, thus avoiding the cramped effect of too high window arrangement.
+The original floor has been replaced by a new one, and a cheerful
+atmosphere has been given to the room by opening a semicircular bay up
+for a small conservatory which can be closed or opened at pleasure by
+the use of glass doors.
+
+[Illustration: The Den]
+
+The library has been finished in dark brown with low bookcases extending
+around part of the room, corresponding in color with the woodwork. The
+hangings are tan color, and the furniture is partly Colonial and partly
+modern, to meet the demands of a den. This is one of the pleasantest
+rooms in the house, having a delightful outlook; combined with the
+sewing-room and living-room opening from it, it makes a charming and
+conveniently arranged interior.
+
+[Illustration: The Kitchen]
+
+The kitchen at the rear of the house has been altered with the idea of
+saving steps. This is shown in the numberless closets at the right, for
+flour barrel and other supplies. At the left is the kitchen cupboard,
+while the china is in the built-in closet above and the groceries in the
+drawers below. The sink has a shelf underneath to hold the dishpan and
+drainer. The whole color tone, including the beamed ceiling, is a dark
+stain with lighter wall finish.
+
+This house is an interesting example of successful and artistic
+remodeling, the interior and exterior being in harmony and giving the
+result of a comfortable and attractive home which was secured at much
+less cost than if an entirely new house had been built.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The houses described in this book cover but the merest fraction of the
+homes and summer places evolved from old-fashioned farmhouses. They are
+scattered broadcast through New England, sometimes isolated on roads
+which still retain their country atmosphere, sometimes surrounded by
+the town which has outgrown its early limits, and sometimes the center
+of a large estate. Each has its individual charm, its special beauties,
+but wherever found these remodeled farmhouses testify to the stanchness
+of early American workmanship and to the appreciation of modern
+Americans for their forefathers' handiwork. Certainly many a one of the
+latter "builded better than he knew."
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Adams family, 128.
+    Hannah, 122.
+
+  Adden, W. P., 180.
+
+  Adden house, W. P., 180-186.
+    age, 181.
+    chimney, 182-183.
+    hardware, 184, 185.
+    location, 180.
+    porches, 183-184.
+    remodeling, 182-186.
+    type, 181.
+
+  Andirons, 11, 12, 68, 125, 194, 208-210, 216, 217, 219, 227, 240, 241,
+      252.
+    Hessian, 210.
+
+  Arches, 81, 119.
+
+  Attics, 6, 164, 186, 224, 225, 230.
+
+
+  Balusters, 114-115.
+
+  Barns, 2, 25, 65-70, 137, 191, 196-197.
+
+  Barnard house, George E., 169-176.
+    breakfast-room, 173.
+    color scheme, 175.
+    den, 172.
+    dining-room, 174.
+    location, 169.
+    picture effect, 170, 174.
+    remodeling, 170-174.
+
+  Bathrooms, 14, 25, 35, 47, 97, 202, 204, 218.
+
+  Beams, 7, 20, 29, 34, 36, 46, 47, 55, 58, 66, 75, 94, 102, 122, 130,
+      131, 151, 185, 197, 203, 215.
+
+  Bedrooms, 13, 24, 25, 26, 36, 47, 59, 83, 108, 121, 122, 133, 148,
+      164, 175, 195, 206, 218, 230, 239.
+
+  Billiard-room, 68.
+
+  Blinds, 79, 237.
+    inside, 80.
+    paneled, 75.
+    slat, 45, 75.
+    solid, 45, 75.
+    Venetian, 56.
+
+  Boston, Massachusetts, 18, 42, 77, 122, 151.
+
+  Boulder Farm, 76-83.
+    arch, 81.
+    history, 76-77.
+    improvements, 78-79.
+    location, 76, 78.
+    parlor, 80.
+
+  Bradford, Governor, 206.
+
+  Breakfast-rooms, 44, 47, 133, 173-174.
+
+  Brett house, Franklin, 201-207.
+    age, 201.
+    dining-room, 206.
+    floors, 202.
+    heating, 204.
+    living-room, 205.
+    location, 201.
+    paneling, 207.
+    repairs, 203.
+    type, 202.
+
+  Bricks, 126, 132.
+
+  Brown, Doctor, 7.
+
+  Brown, Davenport, 116.
+
+  Brown house, Davenport, 116-123.
+    age, 116.
+    bedroom, 122.
+    dining-room, 120.
+    furnishings, 119, 120, 121, 122.
+    grounds, 122-123.
+    living-room, 119.
+    location, 116.
+    nursery, 121.
+    porches, 116, 117, 118.
+    remodeling, 116-122.
+    type, 116.
+
+  Brown, Deacon Philip, 76, 77.
+
+  Burroughs, George, 53.
+
+
+  Cape Cod, 33, 105.
+
+  Cataumet, Massachusetts, 158.
+
+  Ceilings, beamed, 12, 21, 25, 45, 55, 96, 152, 153, 162, 205-206, 225,
+      253.
+    vaulted, 144.
+
+  Cellars, 7, 30, 98, 251.
+
+  Chambers, see BEDROOMS.
+
+  Chandler house, Howard S., 247-253.
+    age, 247.
+    dining-room, 250, 252.
+    grounds, 248.
+    kitchen, 253.
+    library, 252.
+    living-room, 251.
+    location, 247.
+    remodeling, 247-253.
+    type, 247.
+    views, 247, 249, 250.
+
+  Charles River, Massachusetts, 41.
+
+  Chimneys, 7, 9, 18, 19, 31, 43, 50, 53, 69-70, 105, 116, 125, 144,
+      182-183, 203, 217, 237, 249.
+
+  Clapboards, 7, 40-41, 106.
+
+  Closets, 10, 23, 52, 55, 95, 96, 109, 132, 142, 148, 205, 218,
+      220-222, 226, 229, 250, 251, 253.
+    chimney, 57, 218, 222, 226.
+    china, 35, 46, 57, 68, 120, 153, 172, 185, 197, 220, 221, 250.
+    corner, 23, 46, 163, 206, 220-221.
+    linen, 222.
+    nightcap, 23, 107.
+    secret, 23, 207, 221.
+    wainscot, 221, 222.
+
+  Concord, New Hampshire, 77.
+
+  Cottages, fishermen's, 28.
+    "flecked," 33, 105.
+
+  Cupboards, see CLOSETS.
+
+  Curtis, Frederick H., 42.
+
+  Curtis house, Frederick H., 42-48.
+    age, 42.
+    furnishings, 48.
+    hardware, 48.
+    heating, 48.
+    lighting, 48.
+    lines of, 43-44.
+    location, 41-42.
+    new wing, 44.
+    remodeling, 43-48.
+    stairway, 45.
+    veranda, 47.
+
+
+  Danvers, Massachusetts, 236.
+
+  Dens, 12, 46, 58, 83, 104, 121, 131, 173, 193, 216.
+
+  Dining-rooms, 10, 11, 23, 34, 46, 56-57, 68, 81-82, 95, 96, 103, 107,
+      120, 133, 142, 152, 162, 174, 185, 206, 217, 227, 238, 250, 252.
+
+  Doors, 6, 10, 32, 45, 71-73, 180.
+    batten, 72, 122.
+    French, 98, 107, 133.
+    front, 18, 54, 71, 92, 106, 150, 161, 178, 192, 202.
+    glass, 12, 34, 47, 58, 68, 225, 252.
+    panel, 72.
+    secret, 45.
+
+  Door-frames, 54, 73, 117, 157.
+
+  Door lights, bull's-eye, 72, 92.
+    fanlight, 117, 192, 225.
+    side, 73, 117.
+    top, 73.
+    transom, 72.
+
+  Dover, Massachusetts, 42, 65, 211.
+
+  Drainage, 17.
+
+  Drawing-room, 104.
+
+  Dudley, Harry, 77.
+
+  Duxbury, Massachusetts, 88, 89.
+
+
+  Ells, 8, 9, 43, 44, 51, 53, 66, 78, 83, 91, 98, 116, 134, 139, 145,
+      148, 150, 161, 181, 212, 217, 249.
+    brick, 58.
+
+  Everett, Edward, 151.
+
+
+  Farmhouses, architectural treatment, 71, 100, 138, 146.
+    axis, 50-51, 116.
+    Colonial, 49, 223.
+    construction, 49-51, 116, 147, 148.
+    cottages, 28, 29.
+    examination, 29-33.
+    frame, 7, 106.
+    Georgian, 51, 75, 76, 83, 116.
+    heating, 48, 59, 62-65, 102, 204.
+    individuality, 84-88, 146, 187.
+    lighting, 48, 102, 103, 109, 192, 196, 251.
+    lines, 2, 3, 8, 15, 28, 29, 38, 147.
+    location, 8, 16, 17, 18, 33, 41-42, 53, 62, 65, 66, 76, 78, 88-89,
+      105, 116, 127, 136, 138, 143, 149, 158, 169, 180, 190, 201, 212,
+      223, 236, 247.
+    painting, 242-247.
+    remodeling, 8, 9-14, 19-26, 34-36, 43-48, 52, 54-60, 66-70, 78-83,
+      90-99, 101-104, 105-108, 111-123, 130-134, 139-145, 147, 150-154,
+      159-164, 170-174, 182-186, 201-207, 214-219, 223-230, 236-240,
+      247-253.
+
+  Fireback, 126.
+
+  Fireplace fittings, 68, 82, 125, 126, 131, 208, 209, 210-211, 216,
+      217.
+
+  Fireplaces, 3, 11, 13, 22, 24, 31, 35, 46, 50, 55, 56, 58, 62, 67, 68,
+      80, 82, 95, 107, 120, 121, 122, 124-127, 130, 142, 143, 144, 153,
+      157, 162, 175, 185, 188, 193, 205, 218, 227, 230, 240, 250, 252.
+
+  Fences, 106, 123, 137, 140, 144, 159, 160.
+
+  Flagstones, 75, 167, 224.
+
+  Fletcher, Grace, 77.
+
+  Floors, 21, 30, 32, 35, 46, 55, 82, 114, 132, 134, 142, 144, 198-200,
+      228, 237, 240, 252.
+    brick, 44, 118.
+    tiled, 117, 212, 216.
+
+  Flower-boxes, 118, 134, 191.
+
+  French and Indian War, 23.
+
+  Frieze, 22, 24, 25, 216.
+
+  Fuller, Mrs. Genevieve, 65.
+
+  Furnaces, 65.
+
+  Furniture, 22, 56, 59, 80, 81, 83, 108, 118, 119, 120, 121, 132, 133,
+      139, 152, 163, 184, 194, 196, 205, 206, 215, 219, 231-235, 237,
+      238, 239, 240, 241, 251, 252.
+    Adams, 56.
+    Chippendale, 13, 134, 232, 238.
+    Empire, 80, 120, 164, 175, 234, 235, 241.
+    Field, 121, 196, 240.
+    Hepplewhite, 57, 134, 206, 232, 238, 240.
+    home-made, 26.
+    Jacobean, 239.
+    Mission, 227, 228.
+    old-fashioned, 26, 37, 46, 59, 68, 96, 108, 121, 131, 143, 153, 172,
+      173, 193, 195, 230, 235, 239.
+    Queen Anne, 120, 251.
+    Sheraton, 11, 47, 48, 119, 122, 134, 153, 233, 238, 239, 240.
+    white enamel, 48.
+    willow, 9, 46, 163, 171, 176.
+
+
+  Gables, 38, 40, 41, 66.
+
+  Gage, Doctor Homer, 5.
+
+  Gardens, 106, 123, 129, 166-168, 170.
+    old-fashioned, 6, 19, 98, 140, 143, 160, 184, 195, 213, 248.
+    water, 9, 19, 213.
+
+  Georgetown, Massachusetts, 18.
+
+  Girandoles, 120, 238.
+
+  Gloucester, Massachusetts, 149.
+
+  Green Meadows, 53-60.
+    age, 53.
+    alterations, 54-60.
+    dining-room, 57.
+    door, 54.
+    heating, 59.
+    living-room, 55.
+    location, 53.
+    reception-room, 56.
+    type, 53.
+    wing, 58.
+
+  Grills, 60, 64.
+
+  Grounds, 9, 18, 89, 118, 122, 123, 129, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141,
+      150, 159, 167-168, 182, 206, 213, 214, 224, 248.
+
+
+  Hall, George D., 211.
+    house, see LONE TREE FARM.
+
+  Hallways, 10, 23, 45, 50, 51, 54, 92, 96, 97, 118, 151, 163, 171, 184,
+      192, 204, 205, 215, 237, 251.
+
+  Hangings, 13, 22, 55, 56, 96, 97, 108, 109, 119, 120, 134, 163, 172,
+      173, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 205, 207, 218, 227, 239, 251, 252.
+
+  Hardware, 12, 48, 55, 177-180.
+
+  Harvey, Governor Matthew, 77.
+
+  Heating, by fireplaces, 62.
+    hot-air, 48, 59, 64.
+    hot-water, 63, 64, 204.
+    steam, 63, 64.
+    stoves, 63.
+
+  Hinges, H, 180, 184, 227.
+    H and L, 55, 177, 179, 180, 184, 185.
+    strap, 12.
+
+  Hollis, Maine, 190.
+
+  Hopkins house, Walter Scott, 223-230.
+    age, 223.
+    attic, 230.
+    closets, 226, 227, 229.
+    dining-room, 227, 228.
+    grounds, 224, 225.
+    hardware, 227, 229.
+    lighting, 227.
+    living-rooms, 224, 226, 227.
+    location, 223
+    parlor, 229.
+    remodeling, 223-230.
+    type, 223.
+
+  Hopkinton, New Hampshire, 76.
+
+  Howard, Philip B., 42.
+
+  Hunt, William H., 153.
+
+
+  Ingraham, George Hunt, 8.
+
+  Inches, Doctor Charles E., 127.
+
+  Inches house, Charles E., 127-135.
+    age, 127.
+    den, 131.
+    dining-room, 133.
+    furnishings, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135.
+    gardens, 129.
+    grounds, 129, 134, 135.
+    living-room, 132.
+    location, 127.
+    remodeling, 130-134.
+    swimming-pool, 129.
+    value, 128.
+    whipping-tree, 128.
+
+  Ipswich, Massachusetts, 169.
+
+  Iristhorpe, 6-14.
+    age, 6.
+    architectural treatment, 13.
+    guest house, 14.
+    iris motive, 9.
+    lines, 8, 14.
+    location, 6.
+    remodeling, 8-13.
+
+
+
+  Jewett house, see LIMOVODY.
+
+  Josephine, Empress, 235.
+
+  Kelly, William, 77.
+
+  Killam and Hopkins (Architects), 64.
+
+  Kimball, Mrs. William Otis, 20.
+
+  Kitchens, 10, 36, 44, 50, 95, 98, 108, 130, 148, 204, 239, 250, 253.
+
+  Kittredge, Mabel L., 33.
+
+  Kittredge house, 33-37.
+    chimney, 36, 37.
+    furnishings, 37.
+    lines, 34.
+    location, 33.
+    remodeling, 34-36.
+    size, 33.
+
+  Knockers, 178.
+
+
+  Lafayette, General, 153.
+
+  Latches, 12, 48, 55, 177, 179, 184, 185.
+
+  Lavatories, 10, 185.
+
+  Lean-to, Dutch, 18.
+
+  Libraries, 10, 12, 22, 46, 104, 252.
+
+  Lighting, 103.
+    candles, 48, 109.
+    electric, 48.
+    lamps, 48, 109.
+    lanterns, 192, 196, 251.
+
+  Limovady, 18-27.
+    age, 18.
+    bedrooms, 25, 26.
+    lines, 20.
+    location, 18.
+    lounge room, 25.
+    Missionary room, 24.
+    "priest hole," 23.
+    remodeling, 19-26.
+    studio, 24.
+
+  Lincoln, Roland C., 149.
+    Mrs. Roland C., 152.
+
+  Little Orchard, 149-154.
+    age, 150.
+    china, 152.
+    fireplace, 153.
+    furnishings, 152, 153.
+    location, 149.
+    name, 152.
+    remodeling, 150-154.
+    staircase, 151.
+
+  Living-rooms, 10, 11, 21, 22, 34, 45, 55, 58, 67, 81, 94, 95, 103,
+      107, 119, 132, 153, 184, 194, 203, 204, 205, 214, 215, 226, 237,
+      251.
+    outdoor, 8, 9, 12, 21, 44, 68, 79, 118, 139, 142, 144, 151, 171,
+      224.
+
+  Loeffler, Charles Martin, 137, 138, 142, 144.
+
+  Loeffler house, 136-146.
+    atmosphere, 141, 145.
+    grounds, 140, 141.
+    location, 136, 138, 143.
+    music room, 144.
+    remodeling, 139-144.
+
+  Loggia, 213.
+
+  Londonderry, New Hampshire, 76, 77.
+
+  Lone Tree Farm, 211-219.
+    age, 211.
+    dining-room, 217.
+    furnishings, 215-219.
+    grounds, 214.
+    living-room, 215.
+    location, 212.
+    sitting-room, 218.
+    smoke-house, 214, 215.
+    remodeling, 214-219.
+    vistas, 216, 217.
+    wing, 212.
+
+
+  Magnolia, Massachusetts, 149.
+
+  Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, 149.
+
+  Mantels, 157, 216, 217, 241.
+
+  Medfield, Massachusetts, 116, 127.
+
+  Morning-rooms, 10, 12, 44, 175, 204, 205.
+
+  Music-rooms, 144, 196, 239.
+
+
+  Nawn Farm, 65-70.
+    alterations, 66-70.
+    chimney, 70.
+    dining-room, 68.
+    living-room, 67.
+    location, 65, 66.
+    windows, 66, 70.
+
+  Needham, Massachusetts, 247.
+
+  Newburyport, Massachusetts, 21.
+
+  New York City, 105.
+
+  North Duxbury, Massachusetts, 201.
+
+  Nurseries, 121, 186.
+
+
+  Office, 230.
+
+  Out-buildings, 7, 91, 99, 138.
+
+  Ovens, brick, 11, 12, 82, 127, 131, 181, 217, 229.
+    Dutch, 24.
+
+  Overmantel, 22.
+
+
+  Paint, 9, 21, 42, 45, 134, 140, 161, 191, 202, 203, 214, 224, 243-247.
+
+  Paneling, 12, 23, 55, 58, 94, 95, 120, 130, 154, 162, 207, 217, 219,
+      221, 222, 226.
+    Japanese, 13.
+
+  Parlors, 50, 80, 105, 163, 229, 250.
+    sun, 216, 236.
+
+  Partitions, 148.
+    removal of, 20, 34, 46, 52, 54, 82, 102, 103, 203, 204.
+
+  Pergolas, 123, 140, 203, 207.
+
+  Pewter, 46, 57, 131.
+
+  Piazza, see PORCHES.
+
+  Plate-rail, 107.
+
+  Porch columns, 44, 73, 78, 79, 92, 111, 112, 114, 117, 224.
+
+  Porches, 3, 34, 40, 42, 47, 79, 93, 103, 106, 111-116, 117, 138, 139,
+      150, 161, 170, 183, 184, 192, 202, 212, 213, 224, 236, 249.
+    Colonial, 8, 44, 92, 204, 214.
+    Georgian, 73, 78, 111, 112.
+    sleeping, 40, 44, 47, 59, 67, 79, 110, 115, 117, 140, 213, 214.
+    types of, 112.
+
+  Porch railings, 114.
+
+  Portico, 117.
+
+  Putnam, John Pickering, 122.
+
+
+  Quillcote, 190-197.
+    barn, 196, 197.
+    china, 195, 196.
+    furnishings, 193, 194, 196.
+    location, 190.
+    type, 190.
+    wall-papers, 193, 194.
+
+  Quincy, Massachusetts, 128.
+
+
+  Radiators, 64.
+
+  Reading, Massachusetts, 180, 223.
+
+  Reception-rooms, 56, 104, 153, 173, 174.
+
+  Registers, 59.
+
+  Revolution, American, 6, 29, 50, 156.
+    French, 234.
+
+  Roofs, 19, 29, 31, 34, 38-40, 43, 44, 66, 91, 113, 148, 190, 224, 226.
+    flat, 44.
+    gambrel, 38, 149, 181.
+    hipped, 39.
+    overhang, 41, 75.
+    pitched (gable), 6, 38, 44, 91, 105, 139, 202, 237.
+
+  Rugs, Arts and Crafts, 24.
+    fur, 194.
+    modern, 217.
+    Oriental, 55, 200, 201, 205, 227.
+    rag, 46, 48, 59, 108, 134, 162, 192, 200, 201, 205, 240.
+
+
+  Salem, Massachusetts, 150, 235.
+
+  Saugus, Massachusetts, 126.
+
+  Screen, Japanese, 13.
+
+  Servants' rooms, 11, 43, 47, 83, 108, 134, 225.
+
+  Service departments, 10, 11, 43, 59, 69, 78, 103, 116, 121, 171, 175,
+      191, 206.
+
+  Serving-room, 249.
+
+  Shaw, Mrs. Josephine Hartwell, 89, 98.
+
+  Shingles, 41, 91, 106, 149, 243, 245.
+
+  Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, 6, 134, 149.
+
+  Shrubbery, 167, 168, 213, 224, 248.
+
+  Shutters, see BLINDS.
+
+  Sill, 30.
+
+  Sitting-room, 218.
+
+  Sleeping-porches, see PORCHES.
+
+  Smith, Nora, 195.
+
+  South Dennis, Massachusetts, 105.
+
+  South Yarmouth, Massachusetts, 33, 105.
+
+  Spencer, Robert, 105.
+
+  Spencer house, 105-109.
+    fence, 106.
+    furniture, 108, 109.
+    lighting, 109.
+    location, 105.
+    new wing, 105, 106.
+    windows, 106.
+
+  Staircases, 4, 10, 23, 45, 50, 51, 68, 80, 93, 107, 118, 132, 136,
+      142, 151, 153, 184, 192, 214, 251.
+
+  Stoves, 63.
+
+  Stud, 30, 66, 106, 117.
+    low, 13, 44, 52, 56, 102, 152, 154, 205, 239.
+
+
+  Three Acres, 88-99.
+    living-room, 95.
+    location, 88, 89.
+    restoration, 90-99.
+    studio, 98.
+    type, 91.
+    vistas, 96.
+    windows, 92, 97.
+
+  Tiles, 125.
+
+  "Tired of Work" (picture), 153.
+
+  Trees, 4, 15, 18, 19, 42, 78, 88, 91, 105, 123, 127, 128, 129, 134,
+      140, 141, 144, 150, 167, 212, 213, 236, 248.
+
+
+  Verandas, see PORCHES.
+
+
+  Wainscot, 22, 35, 46, 55, 57, 80, 81, 118, 120, 130, 143, 155-157,
+      163, 173, 192, 221, 226, 238, 241, 251, 252.
+
+  Wakefield, F. M., 42.
+
+  Walls, 29, 41, 46, 47, 67, 69, 83, 96, 130, 133, 148, 155-157, 173,
+      215.
+    burlap, 23, 45.
+    exterior, 40, 41.
+    grass-cloth, 47, 67, 143.
+    painted, 21, 24, 25, 35, 68.
+    papered, 23, 45, 48, 55, 56,
+  57, 59, 69, 81, 83, 119,
+  122, 163, 227, 228.
+    plastered, 36, 107, 156.
+    sheathed, 144, 155.
+    stone, 128, 140, 149, 182, 212, 224.
+    tapestry, 252.
+
+  Wall-papers, 3, 20, 23, 48, 80, 97, 132, 188-190.
+    castellated, 237.
+    Colonial, 46, 82, 172, 184, 188, 196, 241.
+    foliage, 81.
+    Georgian, 55.
+    Japanese, 97.
+    landscape, 21, 57, 59, 119, 164, 175, 193, 194, 251.
+    Morris, 151, 152.
+
+  Wall-papers, Mother Goose, 121.
+
+  Walpole, Massachusetts, 127.
+
+  Water supply, 17, 204.
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 77.
+
+  White house (Salem), 150.
+
+  Wiggin, Kate Douglas, 190, 197.
+
+  Willowdale, 158-165.
+    additions, 161.
+    age, 158.
+    dining-room, 162.
+    garden, 160.
+    lines, 159.
+    location, 158.
+    parlor, 163.
+    tree, 162.
+    woodwork, 165.
+
+  Window casings, 74.
+    muntins, 73, 74.
+
+  Windows, 6, 9, 34, 35, 52, 58, 66, 73, 78, 102, 119, 141, 148, 154,
+      218, 226.
+    bay, 92, 224, 250, 252.
+    casement, 74, 93, 94, 97, 193.
+    dormer, 8, 34, 36, 40, 54, 92, 97, 106, 115, 154, 161, 171, 213,
+      224, 248.
+    eyebrow, 212.
+    French, 102, 143, 145, 163, 172, 174, 206.
+    gable, 104.
+    oval, 44, 112.
+    small-paned, 24, 34, 74, 132, 228, 236, 251.
+    triple, 45, 69, 82, 107.
+
+  Window-seats, 36, 58, 67, 119, 153, 194, 216, 218, 250.
+
+  Wings, see ELLS.
+
+  Wood, cypress, 41.
+    gum, 67.
+    hemlock, 98.
+    oak, 155, 199, 200.
+      fumed, 68.
+      swamp, 21, 125.
+    pine, hard, 200.
+      North Carolina, 68, 199.
+      pumpkin, 4, 158.
+      swamp, 23.
+      white, 2, 7, 41, 156.
+
+  Woodwork, 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13,
+  22, 23, 24, 25, 35, 45, 46,
+  48, 55, 56, 58, 59, 68, 80,
+  82, 95, 107, 120, 121, 122,
+  131, 142, 155-158, 165, 184,
+  192, 215, 219, 226, 227, 228.
+
+  Worcester, Massachusetts, 5.
+
+  Wren, Sir Christopher, 146.
+
+  Wright, Henry W., 236.
+
+  Wright house, 236-241.
+    furniture, 237-241.
+    lighting, 238, 240.
+    location, 236.
+    remodeling, 236-240.
+    type, 236, 237.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Remodeled Farmhouses, by Mary H. Northend
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