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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/33710-8.txt b/33710-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10a83ab --- /dev/null +++ b/33710-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1455 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic +Distribution of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores and Carnivores, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores and Carnivores + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: September 12, 2010 [EBook #33710] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMMENTS ON THE TAXONOMY *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +Comments on +the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution +of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores +and Carnivores + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History +Volume 5, No. 25, pp. 319-341 +December 5, 1952 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1952 + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Edward H. Taylor, +Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 25, pp. 319-341 +December 5, 1952 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1952 + + + + +Transcriber's Note: Words and phrases printed in bold are marked +with ~; i.e., ~This is bold.~ + + + +Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North +American Marsupials, Insectivores and Carnivores + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON + + +In preparing maps showing the geographic distribution of North American +mammals we have found in the literature conflicting statements and +questionable identifications, which have led us to examine the +specimens concerned with results as set forth below. Our studies have +been aided by a contract (NR 161-791) between the Office of Naval +Research, Department of the Navy, and the University of Kansas. +Grateful acknowledgment is made to the persons in charge of the several +collections of mammals consulted for permission to examine and study +the specimens therein. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis californica~ Bennett + +From Cuernavaca, Morelos, Hooper (Jour. Mamm., 28:43, February 1, 1947) +lists a specimen, as he says, on purely geographic grounds, as of the +subspecies _Didelphis mesamericana tabascensis_. We have examined this +specimen, an unsexed skull-only, which falls within the range of +individual variation of _Didelphis marsupialis californica_ and refer +the specimen to that subspecies. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis etensis~ J. A. Allen + +From El Muñeco, Costa Rica, Harris (Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, no. 476:7, October 8, 1943) lists as _Didelphis richmondi_ a +specimen ([Male], No. 67550 U.M.). Our examination of the specimen +shows it to be within the range of individual variation of populations +that have been referred to _D. m. etensis_ from adjoining areas. We +identify the specimen as _Didelphis marsupialis etensis_. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis~ J. A. Allen + +From Minatitlán, Veracruz, J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +14:168, June 15) listed a specimen under the name _Didelphis +marsupialis_ [in the trinomial sense] instead of under the name +_Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_, which would be expected, on +geographic grounds, to apply. The specimen is No. 78123, U.S. Nat. +Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll. Our examination of the specimen reveals that it +is within the range of individual variation of _Didelphis marsupialis +tabascensis_ and we identify the specimen as of that subspecies. From +Yaruca, Honduras, Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39:157, July, 1903) +doubtfully listed as _Didelphis yucatanensis_ a specimen, No. 10611, +M.C.Z. Our examination of the specimen indicates that it is within the +range of variation expectable in _Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_, +known from surrounding areas, and we identify the specimen as +_Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis virginiana~ Kerr + +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:166, May 28, 1901) and A. +H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 45:20, October 28, 1921) have identified +four skulls from Sylacuga, Alabama, as _Didelphis virginiana pigra_. +The two subspecies _virginiana_ and _pigra_ are not known to differ +cranially. We have, however, examined the skulls which are Nos. +44057-44060 in the U.S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll. Because they are +from a place north of other localities (Auburn and Greensboro, Alabama) +from which the subspecies _virginiana_ has been recorded, and within +the geographic range of _virginiana_, we identify the specimens as +_Didelphis marsupialis virginiana_. + +Sycamore Creek (synonymous with Fort Worth), Texas, is a place from +which J. A. Allen (_op. cit._:173) recorded a specimen as _Didelphis +marsupialis texensis_. This specimen (No. 24359/31765 U. S. Nat. Mus., +Biol. Surv. Coll.) is in the black color-phase. There are only a few +white hairs on the hind feet, and the basal fourth of the tail is +black. The black phase occurs all through the range of the species _D. +marsupialis_ and our examination of the specimen reveals no characters +by which it can be distinguished from _D. m. virginiana_ of the +surrounding region and we accordingly identify the specimen as +_Didelphis marsupialis virginiana_. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis pigra~ Bangs + +Davis (Jour. Mamm., 25:375, December 12, 1944) was one writer who +presented evidence that _Didelphis virginiana_ (through its subspecies +_virginiana_ or _pigra_ or both) was only subspecifically distinct from +the species _Didelphis mesembrinus_ (= _D. marsupialis_) through the +subspecies _texensis_. Davis, however, did not actually employ a name +combination that would enforce his conclusion and he remarked that he +had not seen specimens which showed actual intergradation in the color +of the toes. As the remarks below will show, Davis (_loc. cit._) was +correct in his supposition that J. A. Allen had seen such specimens. + +Deming Station, Matagordo, and Velasco, Texas, are three places from +which J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:162, May 28, 1901) +listed specimens as _Didelphis virginiana_. The specimens concerned are +in the Biological Surveys Collection of the U.S. Nat. Museum and bear +catalogue numbers as follows: Deming Station, 32430/44266, 32432/44268, +32433/44269; Matagordo, 32431/44267; Velasco, 32812/44833. In each +specimen the tail is shorter than the head and body. The specimen from +Velasco is semi-black, has the basal tenth of the tail black and there +is no white on the ears or tail. The specimen from Matagordo is +grayish, has the basal fifth of the tail black, ears black, the right +hind foot black, but there is some white on the toes of the left hind +foot and on each of the forefeet. Of the three specimens from Deming +Station, all are in the gray color-phase. The first has the tail black +only as far from the base as there is hair and there is considerable +whitish on the hind toes. The second specimen has the basal fifth of +the tail black and a slight amount of whitish on the hind toes. The +third specimen has the basal third of the tail black and the toes are +all black. In the sum total of their characters the specimens mentioned +above are referable to _Didelphis marsupialis pigra_. These five +specimens, and indeed the three from Deming Station alone, show +intergradation in coloration of the feet between _Didelphis marsupialis +texensis_ and _Didelphis virginiana pigra_. Probably there is three-way +intergradation here at Deming Station in that _D. v. virginiana_ +immediately to the north is involved. The specimens mentioned above, +along with the information recorded by Davis (_loc. cit._) and other +authors (for example, J. A. Allen, _loc. cit._, and Bull. Amer. Mus. +Nat. Hist., 16:249-279, August 18, 1902), give basis for arranging the +North American _Didelphis_ as follows: + + _Didelphis marsupialis virginiana_ Kerr. + + 1792. _Didelphis virginiana_ Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 193, type + locality Virginia. + + _Didelphis marsupialis pigra_ Bangs. + + 1898. _Didelphis virginiana pigra_ Bangs, Proc. Boston Soc. + Nat. Hist., 28:172, March, type from Oak Lodge, opposite Micco, + Brevard Co., Florida. + + _Didelphis marsupialis texensis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1901. _Didelphis marsupialis texensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:172, June 15, type from Brownsville, + Cameron County, Texas. + + _Didelphis marsupialis californica_ Bennett. + + 1833. _Didelphis Californica_ Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, + p. 40, May 17, type probably from northwestern part of present + Republic of Mexico. + + 1924. _Didelphis mesamericana mesamericana_, Miller. Bull. U.S. + Nat. Mus., 128:3, April 29, 1924, and authors. Type locality, + northern Mexico. (_Did[elphys]. mesamericana_ Oken, Lehrbuch d. + naturgesch., pt. 3, vol. 2, p. 1152, 1816, along with other + names from Oken 1816, is judged to be unavailable under current + rules of zoological nomenclature.) + + _Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1901. _Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:173, June 15, type from Teapa, + Tabasco. + + _Didelphis marsupialis yucatanensis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1901. _Didelphis yucatanensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 14:178, June 15, type from Chichenitza, Yucatán. + + _Didelphis marsupialis cozumelae_ Merriam. + + 1901. _Didelphis yucatanensis cozumelae_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 14:101, July 19, type from Cozumel Island, + Yucatan. + + _Didelphis marsupialis richmondi_ J. A. Allen. + + 1901. _Didelphis richmondi_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 14:175, June 15, type from Greytown, Nicaragua. + + 1920. _D[idelphis], m[arsupialis], richmondi_, Goldman, + Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 69(5):46, April 24. + + _Didelphis marsupialis etensis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1902. _Didelphis marsupialis etensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:262, August 18, type from Eten, Piura, + Perú. + + _Didelphis marsupialis battyi_ Thomas. + + 1902. _Didelphis marsupialis battyi_ Thomas, Novitates + Zoologicae, 9:137, April 10, type from Coiba Island, Panamá. + + _Didelphis marsupialis particeps_ Goldman. + + 1917. _Didelphis marsupialis particeps_ Goldman, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 30:107, May 23, type from San Miguel Island, + Panamá. + + _Didelphis marsupialis insularis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1902. _Didelphis marsupialis insularis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:259, August 18, type from Caparo, + Trinidad. + +In listing the subspecific names given immediately above we are aware +of the possibility that a thorough study of the geographic variation in +_Didelphis marsupialis_ may contract or expand the list of recognizable +subspecies. We are aware also that Hershkovitz (Fieldiana: Zoology, 31 +(No. 47):548, July 10, 1951) has arranged several of the subspecific +names listed immediately above as synonyms of _Didelphis marsupialis +californica_ Bennett. We have not employed his arrangement because he +has not given proof that the currently recognized subspecies are +indistinguishable. + + +~Caluromys derbianus canus~ (Matschie) + +Matschie (Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu +Berlin, Jahrgang 1917, p. 284 (for April), September, 1917) applied the +name _Micoureus canus_ to a specimen on which the locality was no more +precise than Nicaragua. Comparison of Matschie's description with +specimens in the United States National Museum (including the holotype +of _Philander centralis_ Hollister and referred specimens of _Philander +laniger pallidus_ Thomas) reveals that Matschie's specimen was +intermediate in coloration between the other two kinds of woolly +opossums named above and that there is nothing distinctive, in the +specific sense, in the cranial measurements which Matschie published +(_op. cit._). _M. canus_, therefore, may be merely an intergrade +between the two previously named woolly opossums (_C. d. centralis_ and +_C. d. pallidus_), an individual variant of a previously named kind, +say, _C. d. pallidus_, or a valid subspecies. If it is a recognizable +subspecies, it probably comes from somewhere in the eastern half of +Nicaragua. As a means of handling the name, _Micoureus canus_ Matschie, +we tentatively place it as a subspecies of the species _Caluromys +derbianus_. The name may, therefore, stand as _Caluromys derbianus +canus_ (Matschie), with type locality in Guatemala. + + +~Caluromys derbianus fervidus~ (Thomas) + +Elliott (Field Columb. Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. No. 115, Zool. Ser., 8:5, +1907) lists as _Caluromys laniger pallidus_ a specimen from Honduras +that was acquired for the Field Columbian Museum (= Chicago Natural +History Museum) by purchase from Ward's Natural Science Establishment +of Rochester, New York. On August 4, 1951, in the Chicago Natural +History Museum, we found in the catalogue of the collection of Recent +mammals an entry for a male _Caluromys_ bearing catalogue number 6 and +listed as from "San Pedro Sula [Honduras]. From Wards. Mounted". In the +collection of study specimens there is no specimen from Honduras that +was purchased from Ward's, mounted or unmounted. In the sealed, +glass-fronted, exhibit cases of mammals on display there is one, and +only one, _Caluromys_. It is presumed to be specimen No. 6. This +specimen is not _C. d. pallidus_ because it is too dark. It could be +_Caluromys derbianus fervidus_ and we tentatively refer it to that +subspecies. + + +~Caluromys derbianus pallidus~ (Thomas) + +From Puntarenas, Costa Rica, Harris (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 476:7, October 8, 1943) listed as _Caluromys laniger +centralis_ a female, skull and skin, No. 62702 in the Museum of Zoology +of the University of Michigan. We have examined this specimen, the +color of which is darker than in some other specimens of _C. d. pallidus_ +but lighter than that of specimens of _C. d. centralis_ (for example, +specimens from Turrialba, Costa Rica) and on basis of color we refer No. +62702 to _Caluromys derbianus pallidus_. + + +~Scalopus aquaticus aereus~ (Bangs) + +Bangs' (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:138, December 28, 1896) name +_S. a. aereus_ was based on a single specimen that shows more than an +average amount of coppery color. Jackson (N. Amer. Fauna, 38:52, +September 30, 1915) and subsequent authors accord full specific rank to +the specimen under the name _Scalopus aereus_. Blair (Amer. Midland +Nat., 22:98, July, 1939) recorded, from the type locality of _Scalopus +aereus_, normally colored individuals of _Scalopus aquaticus pulcher_ +Jackson. Previously, Scheffer (Kansas State Agric. College, Exp. Bull., +168:4, August 1, 1910) reported that in his examination of 100 +individuals of _Scalops_ [= _Scalopus_] _aquaticus_ from Manhattan, +Kansas, there were two individuals "that were suffused all over with +rich golden brown." Because our examination of the type specimen of +_Scalops texanus aereus_ Bangs reveals no features additional to +coppery color that differentiate _aereus_ from other individuals of +_Scalopus aquaticus pulcher_ Jackson (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +27:19, February 2, 1914) we conclude that Jackson's name and Bangs' +name (_Scalops texanus aereus_) apply to the same subspecies. Bangs' +name has priority and the correct name, therefore, for the populations +of moles that in recent years have been designated as _Scalopus aereus_ +Bangs and _Scalopus aquaticus pulcher_ Jackson will be _Scalopus +aquaticus aereus_ (Bangs). This name combination was previously used by +Miller (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 79:8, December 31, 1912). + + +~Scalopus aquaticus australis~ (Chapman) + +Quay (Jour. Mamm., 30:66, February 14, 1949) recorded _Scalopus +aquaticus_ from Springhill Plantation, 10 miles south-southwest of +Thomasville, Georgia. He stated that the specimens were intermediate +between the subspecies _S. a. australis_ and _S. a. howelli_, but did +not refer the specimens to either subspecies. The locality whence the +material was obtained is approximately half way between the geographic +ranges, as previously known, of _S. a. australis_ and _S. a. howelli_ +(see Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 38, September 30, 1915). + +The specimens recorded by Quay probably are two females in the +Cleveland Museum of Natural History bearing Catalogue Nos. 18136 and +18262 and labeled as from Springhill Plantation, Thomas County, +Georgia. We have examined these specimens and find that they resemble +_S. a. howelli_ in narrowness across the upper tooth-rows, but that +they resemble _S. a. australis_ in length of tail (22, 24), in +shortness of maxillary tooth-row (9.5, 9.5), and in convex dorsal +outline of the skull. Accordingly, we refer the specimens to _Scalopus +aquaticus australis_. + + +~Sorex cinereus cinereus~ Kerr + +In his revision of the American long-tailed shrews, Jackson (N. Amer. +Fauna, 51, vi + 238, 13 pls., 24 figs., July 24, 1928) referred +specimens of _Sorex cinereus_ from Tyonek, Cook Inlet, Alaska, to the +subspecies _S. c. cinereus_ (_op. cit._: 46) and one specimen from +Chester Creek, Anchorage, Alaska, to the subspecies _S. c. hollisteri_ +(_op. cit._: 56). Thus, the geographic ranges of the two subspecies +would seem to overlap around the northern shores of Cook Inlet. In an +attempt to resolve this seemingly anomalous distribution, we have +examined pertinent materials in the Biological Surveys Collection, U.S. +National Museum. We agree with Jackson (_op. cit._) that the series of +specimens from Tyonek is readily referable to _S. c. cinereus_. To our +eye, however, the specimen, No. 232691, from Anchorage is referable to +_Sorex cinereus cinereus_, rather than to _S. c. hollisteri_. The +reference is made on the basis of the darker color, especially of the +underparts. In this specimen, other characters that distinguish the two +mentioned subspecies are not apparent, probably because it is +relatively young; the teeth show only slight wear. + + +~Sorex trowbridgii humboldtensis~ Jackson + +In his account of the long-tailed shrews, Jackson (N. Amer. Fauna, +51:98, July 24, 1928) listed under specimens examined of _Sorex +trowbridgii montereyensis_ four specimens from 7 mi. N Hardy, Mendocino +Co., California. Under his account of the subspecies _S. t. humboldtensis_, +however, he (_op. cit._:97) mentions that specimens (seemingly the same +four) from 7 mi. N Hardy "have shorter tails than typical representatives +of _humboldtensis_, but in color and cranial characters they are similar +to this [_humboltensis_] subspecies." We conclude, therefore, that the +specimens mentioned were inadvertently listed as _S. t. montereyensis_ +and are _Sorex trowbridgii humboldtensis_. This conclusion is supported +by the fact that the locality concerned, 7 mi. N Hardy, is within the +geographic range assigned to _S. t. humboldtensis_ by Jackson (_op. +cit._:97); his southern records of occurrence of _S. t. humboldtensis_ +are Sherwood and Mendocino, both in Mendocino County, California. Our +conclusion is further supported by Grinnell's (Univ. California Publ. +Zool., 40(2):80, September 26, 1933) statement of the range of _S. t. +montereyensis_ as "from southern Mendocino County south...." + + +~Blarina brevicauda churchi~ Bole and Moulthrop + +Kellogg (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 86:253, February 14, 1939) tentatively +referred specimens of the short-tailed shrew from the mountainous parts +of eastern Tennessee to the subspecies _Blarina brevicauda talpoides_, +with the remark that they were unlike specimens of that subspecies +obtained in eastern and southern West Virginia. Subsequently, Bole and +Moulthrop (Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:109, September 11, +1942) named the subspecies _Blarina brevicauda churchi_ with type +locality at Roan Mountain, North Carolina. We have examined the +specimens in the U.S. National Museum recorded by Kellogg (_loc. cit._) +from the following localities: Shady Valley, 2900 ft. (Catalogue No. +267182); Holston Mtn., 4 mi. NE Shady Valley, 3800 ft. (Nos. +267176-267178, 267180, and 267181); Holston Mtn., 3 mi. NE Shady +Valley, 3000 ft. (No. 267179); Roan Mtn., (Nos. 267469-267475); Mt. +Guyot, 6300 ft. (No. 267183); 4-1/2 mi. SE Cosby, 3300 and 3400 ft. +(Nos. 267184 and 267185); and Snake Den Mtn., 3800 ft. (No. 267186). +Among named kinds of _Blarina brevicauda_, we find these specimens to +resemble most closely _Blarina brevicauda churchi_ and so refer them. +They are readily distinguishable from specimens of _B. b. kirtlandi_, +that occurs farther north in the same mountain range, by larger size +and longer tail. Incidentally, in the specimens that we have examined, +we do not find that _B. b. churchi_ is darker colored than other +subspecies of _Blarina brevicauda_; _B. b. churchi_, to us, is +indistinguishable in color from _B. b. kirtlandi_. Bole and Moulthrop +(_op. cit._) thought that _B. b. churchi_ was notably darker than other +subspecies from adjoining areas. + + +~Blarina brevicauda carolinensis~ (Bachman) + +Blair (Amer. Midland Nat., 22(1):99, July, 1939) referred specimens of +the short-tailed shrew from the Arbuckle Mountain area of Oklahoma to +_Blarina brevicauda hulophaga_ and specimens from Mohawk Park, Tulsa +County, Oklahoma, to _B. b. carolinensis_. Later Bole and Moulthrop +(Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:108, September 11, 1942) saw +two of the specimens from Mohawk Park and assigned them to _B. b. +hulophaga_. According to the most recent published account, therefore, +_B. b. hulophaga_ would seem to have a peculiarly discontinuous +geographic range. We have examined the material seen by Blair and by +Bole and Moulthrop (Nos. 75946, 75947, 75643, Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan) in an attempt to form our own judgment as to their +subspecific identity. The teeth of No. 75946 are well worn, whereas the +teeth of the other two are scarcely worn. We are unable to distinguish +No. 75946 from topotypes of _B. b. carolinensis_ by size, color, or +cranial features. The two younger specimens are smaller and paler, but +do not agree with the description of _B. b. hulophaga_. The +nearly-complete narrow, white girdle of No. 75947 is clearly an +individual variation. We assign the animals to _Blarina brevicauda +carolinensis_ (Bachman) as did Blair (_loc. cit._). + + +~Blarina brevicauda minima~ Lowery + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 25:207, October 24, 1905) identified as +_Blarina brevicauda carolinensis_ one specimen from Joaquin and two +specimens from Big Thicket, 8 mi. NE Sour Lake, both localities in +eastern Texas. Strecker and Williams (Jour. Mamm., 10:259, August 10, +1929) later recorded the specimens again under the same name. The +subsequent naming of _B. b. plumbea_ from Aransas National Wildlife +Refuge, Aransas County, Texas (Davis, Jour. Mamm., 22(3):317, August +14, 1941) and _B. b. minima_ from Louisiana (Lowery, Occas. Papers Mus. +Zool., Louisiana St. Univ., 13:218, November 22, 1943) leaves the +identity of the specimens from eastern Texas in doubt. We have examined +the following specimens in the Biological Surveys Collection, U.S. +National Museum: No. 117372, from Joaquin; No. 136407, from 7 mi. NE +Sour Lake; and No. 136788, from 8 mi. NE Sour Lake. We judge these to +be the specimens referred to by Bailey (_loc. cit._). We find that they +are indistinguishable from specimens of _Blarina brevicauda minima_ and +they seem to differ from _B. b. plumbea_ in being chestnut rather than +plumbeous in color and in lacking the highly-arched posterior border of +the palate. They are easily distinguished from _B. b. carolinensis_ by +their chestnut, rather than slaty-black, color and small size. They are +distinguishable from _B. b. hulophaga_, to which they might conceivably +be referred on geographic grounds, by their color and small size. We +refer them to _Blarina brevicauda minima_ Lowery. + + +~Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons~ A. H. Howell + +In his "Revision of the skunks of the genus Spilogale" (N. Amer. Fauna, +26, November 24, 1906) A. H. Howell identified certain specimens in the +United States National Museum as follows: + + _Spilogale leucoparia_, [Male] sad. 55585 from Tulancingo, Hidalgo + (_op. cit._:21). + + _Spilogale gracilis_, [Male] sad. 88154 from San Sebastian in + Jalisco, [Male] ad. 79017 from Lagos in Jalisco, [Male] ad. 47177 + from Pátzcuaro in Michoacán (_op. cit._:23). + + _Spilogale ambigua_, [Male] ad. 35667/20437 from Barranca Ibarra in + Jalisco, [Male] yg. 120101 from Ocotlán in Jalisco (_op. cit._:25). + +Hall and Villa (Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 1:448, December +27, 1949) inferred that No. 47177 from Pátzcuaro was instead referable +to _Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons_. Our examination of No. 47177 +and of each of the other specimens mentioned by catalogue number +immediately above leads us to conclude that they all are of one +species, and that, among named kinds of _Spilogale_, they should be +referred to the subspecies _Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons_ +Howell. + +Our examination of all of the specimens that Howell (_op. cit_.) +identified as _Spilogale [angustifrons] angustifrons_ reveals that +none of the specimens from the type locality had attained full adult +stature; the holotype is a subadult and the other specimens from the +type locality are even younger. The small size of these specimens from +the type locality seems to have misled Howell into thinking that they +were taxonomically distinct from the larger specimens--those from +Jalisco, Michoacán and Hidalgo--that he identified as other kinds. + + +~Spilogale gracilis gracilis~ Merriam + +In the genus _Spilogale_ four specific names, concerning the status of +which we have been uncertain, are listed below in the order of their +appearance in the literature. + + 1890. _Spilogale gracilis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:83, + September 11, type from bottom of canyon, Grand Canyon, Arizona. + + 1890. _Spilogale leucoparia_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:11, + October 8, type from Mason, Mason County, Texas. + + 1891. _Spilogale phenax arizonae_ Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 3:256, June 5, type from near Fort Verde, Yavapai County, + Arizona. + + 1897. _Spilogale ambigua_ Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new + mammals ... from the Mexican boundary line, p. 3, January 12 + [reprinted in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 20:460, December 24, 1897], + type from summit of Eagle Cliff Mtn., 2 mi. S of Monument No. 5 of + Emory's Survey which, according to Miller (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., + 128:134, April 29, 1924), is "Eagle Mountain, Chihuahua, Mexico, + about four miles south of Dona Ana County, New Mexico." + +In 1906 (N. Amer. Fauna, 26:1-55, 10 pls., November 24) A. H. Howell's +"Revision of the skunks of the genus Spilogale" was published and the +four names listed above were retained by him as applying to four +species (not subspecies). His map (_op. cit._, pl. 1) showing the +geographic distribution of the four kinds looks reasonable enough at +first inspection and does not indicate any overlapping of the +geographic ranges of the species in question, but if a map be made by +plotting the localities of occurrence recorded by Howell (_op. cit._), +for specimens examined by him, a notably different geographic +distribution is shown. For one thing the geographic ranges of +_gracilis_, _leucoparia_, _arizonae_ and _ambigua_ coincide over a +considerable part of Arizona. Also, specimens collected in recent +years from Arizona and adjoining areas do not readily fit into the +"species" recognized by Howell; some specimens are structurally +intermediate between two or more of these species and other specimens +combine the diagnostic characters ascribed to two or more of the +alleged species. For these and other reasons a re-appraisal of the +application of the names mentioned above long has been indicated. + +Before re-appraising the names it is pertinent to recall that Howell's +paper in 1906 on _Spilogale_ was only the second revisionary paper +that he prepared. It was prepared by a man who at that time lacked +much taxonomic experience, and who held to a morphotype concept. +Howell worked under the guidance, in the literal sense, of Dr. C. Hart +Merriam. The concept of species and subspecies held by Merriam +fortunately was recorded by him (Jour. Mamm., 1:6-9, November 28, +1919). Merriam's reliance on degree of difference and his disregard of +intergradation were naturally (and necessarily, we think, in Howell's +work in 1906) adopted by Howell. For example, of six specimens from +Point Reyes in west-central California, a place less than ten miles +from the type locality of _Spilogale phenax phenax_, Howell (_op. +cit._:33) assigned one specimen to the subspecies _Spilogale phenax +latifrons_! _S. p. latifrons_ occurs in Oregon and in northern +California--no nearer than 200 miles to Point Reyes. Howell's +assignment of this specimen to _S. p. latifrons_ was not a _lapsus_, +as persons with the modern (geographic) concept of a subspecies would +be likely to suppose. Howell's assignment of the one specimen to _S. +p. latifrons_ and the other five specimens to _S. p. phenax_ was +intentional, as he told one of us (Hall). He explained that he relied +upon the morphological characters of the individual animal instead of +upon the morphological characters of a population of animals. To him, +therefore, there was nothing inconsistent in his procedure in 1906. +Also, variation that was the result of difference in age and variation +that was the result of individual deviation were not understood, or at +least not taken into account, by Howell in 1906, nor by Merriam in +1890. For example, Merriam selected the most extensively white +specimen available to him for the holotype of _Spilogale leucoparia_. +He, and Howell in 1906, used the extensiveness of the white areas of +that particular specimen (see fig. 3, pl. 2, N. Amer. Fauna, 26, 1906) +as a character diagnostic of the "species" _S. leucoparia_ although +each of the authors had available two other specimens of _S. +leucoparia_ from the type locality, and all of the other referred +specimens in the United States National Museum, that were less +extensively white than the holotype. The _individual specimen_ was the +primary basis for the species or subspecies and one selected specimen +alone often was used in making comparisons between a given named kind +and some other species or subspecies. Also, be it remembered, degree +of difference, and not presence or absence of intergradation, was the +basis on which subspecific _versus_ specific rank was accorded to a +named kind of animal. Howell wrote on the labels of some specimens of +_Spilogale_ "not typical" when the individuals differed from the type +specimen in features that owe their existence to individual variation, +and he wrote the same words on the labels of other specimens that had +not yet developed mastoidal crests because the animals were not yet +adult. + +Anyone who examines the specimens that Howell used will do well to +bear in mind the circumstances noted above concerning Howell's paper +of 1906; otherwise the reasons for Howell's identifications of certain +specimens can not be understood. + +We have examined and compared the holotypes, and other specimens used +by Howell. While doing so we have borne in mind the degree of +individual variation well shown by each of several series of specimens +(for example, that in six adult males, from the Animas Mountains of +New Mexico, recorded by V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 53:339, 1932) and +age variation (for example, that shown in specimens of _S. interrupta_ +from Douglas County, Kansas). The degree of each of these kinds of +variation, although considerable, is not extraordinary. That is to +say, the variations are of approximately the same degree as we +previously have ascertained to exist in _Mephitis mephitis_ and in +_Mustela frenata_, two species that are in the same family, +Mustelidae, as _Spilogale_. As a result of our comparisons, we +conclude, first that the four names mentioned at the beginning of this +account all pertain to one species, and second that the three names +_S. gracilis_, _S. p. arizonae_ and _S. ambigua_, and probably also +_S. leucoparia_, were based on individual variations in one +subspecies. _S. gracilis_ has priority and will apply; the other names +are properly to be arranged as synonyms of it, as follows: + + 1890. _Spilogale gracilis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:83, + September 11. + + 1890. _Spilogale leucoparia_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:11, + October 8. + + 1891. _Spilogale phenax arizonae_ Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 3:256, June 5. + + 1897. _Spilogale ambigua_ Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new + mammals ... from the Mexican boundary line, p. 3, January 12. + +Some information in support of the above arrangement, along with some +other observations on _Spilogale_, are as follows: The type specimen +of _Spilogale gracilis_ bears on the original skin-label in the +handwriting of Vernon Bailey, the collector, the statement that the +tail was imperfect. The recorded measurements of 400 for total length +and 142 for length of tail, therefore, are presumed to be subject to +correction. This presumption and the further circumstance that other +specimens from Arizona and New Mexico are as large as specimens of +comparable age and sex that we have examined from Nevada and Utah of +_Spilogale gracilis saxatilis_ Merriam, indicate that _S. g. +saxatilis_ differs less from the allegedly smaller _S. g. gracilis_ +than was previously thought. Nevertheless, from north to south (for +example, from northern Nevada to southern Arizona) there is an +increase in extent of white areas at the expense of black areas of the +pelage. As a result, the lateralmost white stripe in _S. g. saxatilis_ +averages narrower (and often is wanting) than in _S. g. gracilis_. The +absence, or narrowness, of the lateralmost white stripe seems to be +the principal basis for recognizing _S. g. saxatilis_, just as the +tendency to narrow rostrum in Coloradan specimens seems to be the +principal basis for recognizing _Spilogale gracilis tenuis_ A. H. +Howell. Both _S. g. saxatilis_ and _S. g. tenuis_ are "poorly" +differentiated from _S. g. gracilis_ and from each other. + +The holotype of _Spilogale ambigua_ Mearns is slightly smaller than +other adult males of comparable age, and the braincase, relative to +its width, is slightly deeper than in the average adult male. These +variations, nevertheless, are within the range of individual +variation, as also are those characterizing the holotype of _Spilogale +phenax arizonae_ Mearns. The latter specimen is an adult male, with +much inflated mastoidal bullae, nearly straight dorsal profile on the +skull, relatively shallow braincase, and only slightly worn teeth. + +The holotype of _Spilogale leucoparia_ Merriam, as pointed out above, +is an extreme example of the extensiveness of the white areas of the +pelage at the expense of the black areas. This feature occurs more +often in the southwestern desert areas of the United States than it +does farther north. In addition to the extensiveness of the white +markings, the other two characters allegedly distinctive of _S. +leucoparia_ are broad and much flattened braincase and great degree of +inflation of the mastoidal bullae. Although these three mentioned +features do distinguish _S. leucoparia_ from _S. indianola_ to the +eastward, they seem not to set _S. leucoparia_ apart from _S. +gracilis_ to the westward. For example, in Arizona some specimens are +extensively white and some others have the braincase flattened and the +mastoidal bullae much inflated. V. Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 53:339, +1932) refers to a specimen ([Male], No. 147252 USBS) from the head of +the Rio Mimbres in New Mexico in which, as our comparisons show, the +inflation of the mastoidal bullae exceeds that of any Texan specimen +of _S. leucoparia_, the holotype included. Also, at the type locality +of _S. leucoparia_, subadult male No. 188467 USNM and adult male No. +188468 USNM are narrower across the mastoidal region than is the +holotype. In summary and review, specimens from the eastern part of +the range heretofore ascribed to _S. leucoparia_ nearly all have much +inflated mastoidal bullae whereas less than half of the specimens of +_Spilogale_ from western New Mexico and Arizona have these bullae as +greatly inflated; but, in No. 147252 from the head of the Rio Mimbres +of New Mexico the inflation of the bullae is more extreme than in any +specimen that we know of that has been referred to _S. leucoparia_. + +If intergradation occurs between _Spilogale gracilis gracilis_ and +_Spilogale indianola_ and between one or both of these kinds on the +one hand and _Spilogale interrupta_ on the other hand, central Texas +would be a logical place to collect intergrades. We suppose that such +intergradation will be found to occur and that eventually _Spilogale +putorius_ will be the specific name to apply to all of the Recent +subspecies of spotted skunks. Until proof of such intergradation is +forthcoming we employ current nomenclature. + + +~Spilogale gracilis microdon~ A. H. Howell + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 26:31, November 24, 1906) listed as +_Spilogale arizonae martirensis_ one specimen ([Female] sad.-yg., +145886 USBS) from Comondú, which is the type locality of _S. +microdon_. Our examination of [Female] No. 145886 convinces us that it +is referable to _S. microdon_. + +Examination of the materials used by Howell (_op. cit._) reveals that +there is an increase in size of animal and its skull from within the +geographic range of _S. g. martirensis_ southward to Cape St. Lucas +which is the type locality of _S. lucasana_. Specimens of _S. +microdon_, which so far has been recorded only from Comondú, the type +locality, are, as would be expected, intermediate in size between _S. +g. martirensis_ and _S. lucasana_. The differential characters of +these three named kinds of _Spilogale_ are principally those of size, +and we can see no characters judged to be of more than subspecific +worth. Consequently the named kinds should stand as: + + _Spilogale gracilis martirensis_ Elliott; + + _Spilogale gracilis microdon_ A. H. Howell; + + _Spilogale gracilis lucasana_ Merriam. + + +~Spilogale gracilis microrhina~ Hall + +When Hall (Jour. Mamm., 7:53, February 15, 1926) named as new +_Spilogale phenax microrhina_, he did not mention specimens previously +recorded by A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 26:32, November 24, 1906) as +_Spilogale phenax_ from San Bernardino Peak (57026 USBS), La Puerta +(99580 USBS), Dulzura (55848, 56173, 56873, 33693/45728, 36291/48656 +and 36292/48657) in southern California. On geographic grounds these +specimens would be expected to be _S. g. microrhina_ although +geographically slightly outside the area that could be delimited by +Hall's (_op. cit._) marginal record-stations of occurrence. Our +examination of the pertinent specimens reveals that they are +_Spilogale gracilis microrhina_. The localities from which the +specimens came are, respectively, the northeasternmost, easternmost +and southernmost occurrences so far listed for the subspecies. + + +~Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi~ Merriam + +Examination of the holotypes of _Conepatus filipensis_ Merriam, +_Conepatus pediculus_ Merriam, _Conepatus sonoriensis_ Merriam, and +_Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi_ Merriam, and other specimens of the two +kinds last named, convinces us that all are the same species and that +the names should stand as follows: _Conepatus mesoleucus filipensis_ +Merriam (type locality, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca); _Conepatus +mesoleucus pediculus_ Merriam (Sierra Guadalupe, Coahuila); and +_Conepatus mesoleucus sonoriensis_ Merriam (Camoa, Río Mayo, Sonora). + +One method of designating the ages of individuals in _Conepatus_ is +to recognize four categories from younger to older, as follows: 1) +juvenile--retaining one or more deciduous teeth; 2) young--sutures +open and clearly to be seen between bones of the facial part of the +skull; 3) subadult--skull of adult form, but lacking sagittal and +lambdoidal crests and retaining faint traces of sutures between facial +bones; and 4) adult--sutures obliterated, lambdoidal ridge high and +temporal ridges (of females) or sagittal crest (of males) prominent. + +On this basis of designating age, the holotype of _C. pediculus_ is +young and nearer the juvenal than the subadult stage. Its small size +is partly the result of its youth. Other than its small size we find +no characters to distinguish it from _C. m. mearnsi_. Unfortunately no +young male of _C. m. mearnsi_ of the same age as the holotype of _C. +pediculus_ is available. Also, from the general area of the Sierra +Guadalupe, Coahuila, only the one specimen of _Conepatus mesoleucus_ +(the holotype of _C. m. pediculus_) is known. Consequently, we can not +yet prove that some young males of _C. m. mearnsi_ are as small as the +holotype of _C. pediculus_. Because of this lack of proof we +tentatively recognize the subspecies _Conepatus mesoleucus pediculus_ +instead of placing the name _Conepatus pediculus_ in the synonomy of +_Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi_. + +The holotype of _C. sonoriensis_ is a young female, older than the +holotype of _C. pediculus_, and approximately midway between the +juvenal and subadult stages. + +The holotype of _C. filipensis_ is an adult male. + +We suppose that _C. mesoleucus mesoleucus_ Lichtenstein and _C. +mesoleucus mearnsi_ Merriam on the one hand, and _Conepatus leuconotus +leuconotus_ Lichtenstein and _C. l. texensis_ Merriam on the other +hand will be found to intergrade, in which event the name _Conepatus +leuconotus_, having page priority over _Conepatus mesoleucus_, will +apply to the species. Proof of complete intergradation is not yet +available. The one difference between the two that prevents our +uniting them as subspecies of one species is the larger size of _C. l. +leuconotus_ and _C. l. texensis_. Measurements of the smallest adult +male and female available to us of _C. l. texensis_ and of the largest +adult male and female of _C. m. mearnsi_ are given below. + +Where the geographic ranges of the two species approach one another +the only taxonomically significant difference detected by us is in +size, _C. leuconotus_ being larger than _C. mesoleucus_. Other +characters that are useful in separating the two alleged species now +are known to vary geographically in a fashion that indicates only +subspecific status for the two kinds. For example, three specimens +from Laredo, Texas (previously recorded by V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, +25:205, October 24, 1905--Nos. 24839/32237, 24840/32238 and +24842/32245 USBS), bridge the gap in color pattern between _C. l. +texensis_ to the east and _C. m. mearnsi_ to the west. _C. l. +texensis_ characteristically has the white stripe terminating +anteriorly in an obtuse angle, and on the hinder back the area of +white is restricted to a narrow line or is wanting. _C. m. mearnsi_ +characteristically has the white stripe truncate anteriorly and +approximately as broad on the hinder back as on the shoulders. In the +specimens from Laredo, the young female, No. 24842, has the white +nearly truncate anteriorly (pointed in the other two specimens, adult +females). In No. 24839 the area of white on the hinder back is only +slightly restricted in width (noticeably restricted but present in the +other two specimens). + +The proof of intergradation, or the lack of it, between the two +alleged species, _Conepatus mearnsi_ and _Conepatus leuconotus_, would +seem to be profitably sought by obtaining specimens along the Rio +Grande in Texas between the Blocker Ranch ("50 miles southeast of +Eagle Pass") and Laredo. + +Measurements illustrating the size difference between the two alleged +species are as follows: + + TABLE 1. Measurements of _Conepatus_ from Texas + + Column Heading Legend: + + Col. A: [Male] ad. 186455 USNM, Mason, Texas. Type + Col. B: [Male] ad. 31970/24575 USBS, Blocker Ranch, Texas + Col. C: [Female] ad. 126241 USBS, 8 mi. S Langtry, Texas + Col. D: [Male] ad. 47122 USBS, Brownsville, Texas. Type + Col. E: [Male] ad. 45132/33129 USBS, Brownsville, Texas + Col. F: [Male] yg. 45900/33865 USBS, Brownsville, Texas + Col. G: [Female] ad. 47121/34865 USBS, Brownsville, Texas + Col. H: [Female] ad. 24839/32237 USBS, Laredo, Texas + Col. I: [Female] ad. 24840/32328 USBS, Laredo, Texas + Col. J: [Male]? sad. 16651 AMNH, Kingsville, Texas + + ============================================+========================== + C. mesoleucus mearnsi | C. leuconotus texensis + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Total | 633 | ... | 610 | 800 | 920 | 770 | 670 | 685 | 700 | ... + length | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Length | ... | ... | 269 | 360 | 410 | 300 | 250 | 220 | 260 | ... + of tail | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Length | 72[1]| 75[1]| 71 | 74 | 70 | 90 | 65 | 78 | 80 | ... + of hind | | | | | | | | | | + foot | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Condylo- | 72.0 | 72.8 | 64.5| 83.5| 78.9| 78.2| 72.0| 75.7| 74.5| ... + basal | | | | | | | | | | + length | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Zygomatic | 51.3 | 50.1 | 43.4| 55.3| 76.8| ... | 48.3| 49.0| 48.0|50.3 + breadth | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Mastoidal | 41.0 | 44.2 | 37.0| 47.3| 78.2| 43.7| 40.5| 40.5| 40.7| ... + breadth | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Length | 28.9 | 29.8 | 31.8| 28.9| 28.0| 25.8| 32.7| 55.3| 30.4|29.9 + of upper | | | | | | | | | | + tooth-rows| | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Outside | 7.3 | ... | 6.1| 8.5| 53.2| 7.5| 7.5| 6.6| 7.7| 7.6 + length | | | | | | | | | | + of P4 | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Outside | 7.8 | 7.0 | 6.7| 9.2| 52.7| 8.4| 8.3| 7.6| 9.3| 9.1 + length | | | | | | | | | | + of M1 | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Breadth | 7.6 | 7.0 | 6.5| 9.3| ... | 8.6| 8.2| 7.9| 9.4| 8.2 + of M1 | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----- + + [1] Measured dry. + + +~Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus~ Goldman + +When Goldman (Jour. Mamm., 3:40, February 10, 1921) named _C. m. +venaticus_ from Arizona he did not mention material which Merriam +(Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:163, August 6, 1902) had recorded +from Ft. Verde, Arizona, under the name _Conepatus mesoleucus +mearnsi_. This material seems to be specimens in the American Museum +of Natural History of which the two oldest specimens are as follows: +No. 2486/1921, male, adult, from Box Cañon, 20 mi. S Ft. Verde; No. +2487/1922, female, subadult, from Verde River, Arizona. Pertinent +measurements of these specimens are, respectively, as follows: +condylobasal length, 72.4, 68.8; zygomatic breadth, 50.0, 44.2; width +of braincase at constriction behind zygomata, 36.4, 33.8; mastoidal +breadth, 44.3, 38.4. Comparison of these measurements with those given +for _C. m. venaticus_ (Goldman, _loc. cit._) reveals that the +specimens concerned agree in narrowness of skull with _C. m. +venaticus_ (_C. m. mearnsi_ is relatively wider) and it is on this +basis that we refer the specimens to _Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus_. + + +~Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis~ Goodwin + +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:48, February 29, 1904) +listed two specimens of gray fox from Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, as +_Urocyon guatemalae_. Goodwin, in his "Mammals of Costa Rica" (Bull. +Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 87(5):271-474, December 31, 1946) did not +mention any material from Pozo Azul. We have examined the skull of the +adult female (No. 19208 AMNH) taken on July 17, 1902, at Pozo Zul +[sic], by M. A. Carriker and find it to be indistinguishable from +other specimens of _Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis_ to which +subspecies we therefore refer the specimen. + + +~Canis lupus griseoalbus~ Baird + +In 1823 Sabine (No. V, Zoological Appendix, p. 654, _In_ Narrative of +a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea ... xvi + 768, 30 pls., 4 +maps, 1823, London, by John Franklin) applied the name _Canis +Lupus-Griseus_ to the gray wolf in the vicinity of Cumberland House, +Saskatchewan. On the following page (p. 655) he employed the name +_Canis Lupus-Albus_ for a white wolf obtained at Fort Enterprise, +Northwest Territories. In 1937 Goldman (Jour. Mamm., 18(1):45, +February 14) did not consider the wolves of the Cumberland House +region to be sufficiently different from animals from surrounding +areas to warrant nominal separation for them and he placed the name +_Canis lupus griseus_ Sabine as a synonym of _Canis lupus +occidentalis_ Simpson. Anderson (Jour. Mamm., 24(3):386, August 17, +1943) revived Sabine's name _griseus_ and assigned to _Canis lupus +griseus_ an extensive geographic range in central Canada. Later, +Goldman (Part II, Classification of wolves, p. 395 and 424, _In_ The +Wolves of North America, American Wildlife Institute, May 29, 1944) by +implication, again arranged _griseus_ of Sabine as a synonym of _Canis +lupus occidentalis_ and pointed out (_op. cit._:395) that, in any +event, the name _griseus_ is preoccupied by _[Canis] Griseus_ +Boddaert, 1784 [= _Urocyon cinereoargenteus_ (Schreber), 1775]. Still +later, Anderson (Bull. 102, Nat. Mus. Canada, p. 54, January 27, 1947) +again recognized the subspecies formerly known as _Canis lupus +griseus_ Sabine, and, because of Boddaert's prior usage of _[Canis] +griseus_, renamed the subspecies _Canis lupus knightii_. It appears, +however, that there is an earlier name available for this subspecies. +Goldman (_op. cit._, 1943:395) points out that "apparently combining +the names _Canis (Lupus) griseus_ and _Canis (Lupus) albus_ of Sabine +... as _Canis occidentalis_ var. _griseo-albus_, Baird [Mammals, +Repts. Explor. and Surv. for R. R. to Pacific Ocean, Washington, p. +104, vol. 8, (1857) July 14, 1858] seems to have entertained a +somewhat composite concept of a widely ranging race varying in color +from 'pure white to grizzled gray.' No type was mentioned and the name +does not appear to be valid or clearly assignable to the synonomy of +any particular race." We agree with Goldman that Baird's concept was a +composite one, but Baird's name, _Canis occidentalis_ var. +_griseo-albus_, was clearly based on the primary names of Sabine +(_griseus_ and _albus_), of De Kay (_occidentalis_), of Maxmillian +(_variabilis_, a synonym of _Canis lupus nubilis_) and of Townsend +(_gigas_, a synonym of _Canis lupus fuscus_). Nevertheless, the name +_griseo-albus_ was applied to, among others, the subspecies of wolf +the type locality of which is at Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, and, +by restriction, the name _Canis lupus griseoalbus_ Baird is available +for the subspecies and, of course, antedates _Canis lupus knightii_ of +Anderson (_op. cit._, 1947:54). It might be argued that Baird did not +intend to propose a new name, but that he did so is a _fait accompli_. +_Canis lupus albus_ Sabine, 1823, is not available since it is +preoccupied by _C[anis]. Lupus albus_ Kerr (Animal Kingdom, Class I, +Mammalia, p. 137, 1792), a name applied to the wolf of the Yenisei +region of Siberia. + +The name and synonomy of the wolf of central Canada should stand as +follows: + + +~Canis lupus griseoalbus~ Baird + + 1858. _Canis occidentalis_, var. _griseo-albus_ Baird, Mammals, + Repts. Explor. and Surv. for R. R. to Pacific Ocean, Washington, + vol. 8, p. 104 (1857), July 14, 1858, based on _Canis Lupus-Griseus_ + Sabine 1823 from the vicinity of Cumberland House, Saskatchewan. + + 1823. _Canis Lupus-Griseus_ Sabine, No. V, Zool. App. p. 654, _In_ + Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea ... by John + Franklin (_nec [Canis] Griseus_ Boddaert, Elench. Anim. p. 97, + 1794, a synonym of _Urocyon cinereaorgenteus_ (Schreber), + Säugethiere, p. 92, 1775). + + 1943. _Canis lupus griseus_, Anderson, Jour. Mamm., 24(3):386, + August 17. + + 1947. _Canis lupus knightii_ Anderson, Bull. 102, Nat. Mus. + Canada, p. 54, January 24. (A renaming of _Canis Lupus-Griseus_ + Sabine, 1823.) + +The name _Canis Lupus-Albus_ Sabine, 1823 (_nec C[anis]. Lupus albus_ +Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 137, 1792) should, of course, be retained as +a synonym of _Canis lupus mackenzii_ Anderson as arranged by Anderson +(Bull. 102, Nat. Mus. Canada, p. 55, January 24, 1947). + +When Anderson (_op. cit._:54) recognized the subspecies _Canis lupus +knightii_ [= _C. l. griseoalbus_] he made no mention of a specimen of +wolf from Norway House, Manitoba, which Goldman (_op. cit._, 1944:427) +had referred to _C. l. occidentalis_, but the subspecific identity of +which was placed in doubt by Anderson's action. We have examined the +specimen, No. 115995, in the Biological Surveys Collection, U.S. +National Museum, and have compared it with specimens, including +topotypes, of _C. l. occidentalis_ and _C. l. hudsonicus_. The +specimen fits the description of _C. l. griseoalbus_ and differs from +_C. l. occidentalis_ in its long and narrow incisive foramina, larger +skull, more nearly straight frontal profile (not markedly concave), +and slightly higher coronoid processes. Other differences alleged to +obtain between these two subspecies offer no assistance in the present +case. The specimen from Norway House differs from _C. l. hudsonicus_ +in larger size of skull and stouter, blunter, postorbital processes, +the posterior borders of which turn less abruptly inward. In brief, +among currently recognized subspecies, the specimen from Norway House +seems best referred to _Canis lupus griseoalbus_ Baird. + + +~Canis niger rufus~ Audubon and Bachman + +Goldman (Part II, Classification of wolves, p. 486, _In_ The wolves of +North America, American Wildlife Institute, May 29, 1944) referred two +specimens of the red wolf from Reeds Spring, Missouri, to the +subspecies _C. n. gregoryi_. Leopold and Hall (Jour. Mamm., 26(2):143, +July 19, 1945) referred wolves from 5 mi. N Gainesville and from 3 mi. +N Thomasville, both localities in Missouri, to _C. n. rufus_. The +identification of Leopold and Hall was made on the basis of the small +size of their specimens and they did not have the advantage of +comparative material. The locations of these and other records of +occurrence in Missouri and Arkansas suggest that the specimens from +Reeds Spring might be better referred to _C. n. rufus_, the more +western subspecies. An examination and comparison of the two specimens +from Reeds Spring, Nos. 244127 and 244527, Biological Surveys +Collection, discloses that they are intergrades between _C. n. rufus_ +and _C. n. gregoryi_. They resemble _C. n. rufus_ in small size and +cranial characters, but are more nearly _C. n. gregoryi_ in the +darker, less brightly rufescent color of the pelage. Being, in this +case, more strongly influenced by the size and cranial features than +by the color, we consider the animals from Reeds Spring best referred +to _Canis niger rufus_. + + +_Transmitted July 15, 1952._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and +Geographic Distribution of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores and Carnivores, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. 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Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores and Carnivores + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: September 12, 2010 [EBook #33710] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMMENTS ON THE TAXONOMY *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1> +Comments on<br> +the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution<br> +of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores<br> +and Carnivores +</h1> + +<h4> +BY +</h4> + +<h2> +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON +</h2> + +<br><br> +<h4> +University of Kansas Publications<br> +Museum of Natural History<br> +Volume 5, No. 25, pp. 319-341<br> +December 5, 1952 +</h4> + +<br> +<h4> +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS<br> +LAWRENCE<br> +1952 +</h4> + +<hr class="med"> + +<p class="ctr"> +<span class="sc"> +University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History +</span> +</p> +<p class="ctr"> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +<br> +Robert W. Wilson +</p> +<br> +<p class="ctr"> + +Volume 11, No. 25, pp. 319-341 +<br> +Published December 5, 1952 + +</p> +<br> +<p class="ctr"> +University of Kansas +<br> +Lawrence, Kansas +</p> +<br> +<p class="ctr"> +<small>PRINTED IN +<br> +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT +<br> +TOPEKA, KANSAS +<br> +1959 </small> +</p> + +<hr class="med"> + + + +<p class="head"> +Comments on<br>the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution<br>of Some North +American Marsupials, Insectivores<br>and Carnivores +<br><br> +<small>BY</small> +<br><br> +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON +</p> + + +<p> +In preparing maps showing the geographic distribution of North American +mammals we have found in the literature conflicting statements and +questionable identifications, which have led us to examine the +specimens concerned with results as set forth below. Our studies have +been aided by a contract (NR 161-791) between the Office of Naval +Research, Department of the Navy, and the University of Kansas. +Grateful acknowledgment is made to the persons in charge of the several +collections of mammals consulted for permission to examine and study +the specimens therein. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Didelphis marsupialis californica</b> Bennett +</p> + +<p> +From Cuernavaca, Morelos, Hooper (Jour. Mamm., 28:43, February 1, 1947) +lists a specimen, as he says, on purely geographic grounds, as of the +subspecies <i>Didelphis mesamericana tabascensis</i>. We have examined +this specimen, an unsexed skull-only, which falls within the range of +individual variation of <i>Didelphis marsupialis californica</i> and +refer the specimen to that subspecies. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Didelphis marsupialis etensis</b> J. A. Allen +</p> + +<p> +From El Muñeco, Costa Rica, Harris (Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, no. 476:7, October 8, 1943) lists as <i>Didelphis +richmondi</i> a specimen (♂, No. 67550 U.M.). Our examination +of the specimen shows it to be within the range of individual variation +of populations that have been referred to <i>D. m. etensis</i> from +adjoining areas. We identify the specimen as <i>Didelphis marsupialis +etensis</i>. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis</b> J. A. Allen +</p> + +<p> +From Minatitlán, Veracruz, J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +14:168, June 15) listed a specimen under the name <i>Didelphis +marsupialis</i> [in the trinomial sense] instead of under the name +<i>Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis</i>, which would be expected, on +geographic grounds, to apply. The specimen is No. 78123, U.S. Nat. +Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll. Our examination of the specimen reveals that it +is within the range of individual variation of <i>Didelphis marsupialis +tabascensis</i> and we identify the specimen as of that subspecies. +From Yaruca, Honduras, Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39:157, July, +1903) doubtfully listed as <i>Didelphis yucatanensis</i> a specimen, +No. 10611, M.C.Z. Our examination of the specimen indicates that it +is within the range of variation expectable in <i>Didelphis marsupialis +tabascensis</i>, known from surrounding areas, and we identify the +specimen as <i>Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis</i>. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Didelphis marsupialis virginiana</b> Kerr +</p> + +<p> +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:166, May 28, 1901) and A. +H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 45:20, October 28, 1921) have identified +four skulls from Sylacuga, Alabama, as <i>Didelphis virginiana +pigra</i>. The two subspecies <i>virginiana</i> and <i>pigra</i> are +not known to differ cranially. We have, however, examined the skulls +which are Nos. 44057-44060 in the U.S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll. +Because they are from a place north of other localities (Auburn and +Greensboro, Alabama) from which the subspecies <i>virginiana</i> has +been recorded, and within the geographic range of <i>virginiana</i>, we +identify the specimens as <i>Didelphis marsupialis virginiana</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Sycamore Creek (synonymous with Fort Worth), Texas, is a place from +which J. A. Allen (<i>op. cit.</i>:173) recorded a specimen as +<i>Didelphis marsupialis texensis</i>. This specimen (No. 24359/31765 +U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.) is in the black color-phase. There +are only a few white hairs on the hind feet, and the basal fourth of +the tail is black. The black phase occurs all through the range of the +species <i>D. marsupialis</i> and our examination of the specimen +reveals no characters by which it can be distinguished from <i>D. m. +virginiana</i> of the surrounding region and we accordingly identify +the specimen as <i>Didelphis marsupialis virginiana</i>. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Didelphis marsupialis pigra</b> Bangs +</p> + +<p> +Davis (Jour. Mamm., 25:375, December 12, 1944) was one writer who +presented evidence that <i>Didelphis virginiana</i> (through its +subspecies <i>virginiana</i> or <i>pigra</i> or both) was only +subspecifically distinct from the species <i>Didelphis mesembrinus</i> +(= <i>D. marsupialis</i>) through the subspecies <i>texensis</i>. +Davis, however, did not actually employ a name combination that would +enforce his conclusion and he remarked that he had not seen specimens +which showed actual intergradation in the color of the toes. As the +remarks below will show, Davis (<i>loc. cit.</i>) was correct in his +supposition that J. A. Allen had seen such specimens. +</p> + +<p> +Deming Station, Matagordo, and Velasco, Texas, are three places from +which J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:162, May 28, 1901) +listed specimens as <i>Didelphis virginiana</i>. The specimens +concerned are in the Biological Surveys Collection of the U.S. Nat. +Museum and bear catalogue numbers as follows: Deming Station, +32430/44266, 32432/44268, 32433/44269; Matagordo, 32431/44267; Velasco, +32812/44833. In each specimen the tail is shorter than the head and +body. The specimen from Velasco is semi-black, has the basal tenth of +the tail black and there is no white on the ears or tail. The specimen +from Matagordo is grayish, has the basal fifth of the tail black, ears +black, the right hind foot black, but there is some white on the toes +of the left hind foot and on each of the forefeet. Of the three +specimens from Deming Station, all are in the gray color-phase. The +first has the tail black only as far from the base as there is hair and +there is considerable whitish on the hind toes. The second specimen has +the basal fifth of the tail black and a slight amount of whitish on the +hind toes. The third specimen has the basal third of the tail black and +the toes are all black. In the sum total of their characters the +specimens mentioned above are referable to <i>Didelphis marsupialis +pigra</i>. These five specimens, and indeed the three from Deming +Station alone, show intergradation in coloration of the feet between +<i>Didelphis marsupialis texensis</i> and <i>Didelphis virginiana +pigra</i>. Probably there is three-way intergradation here at Deming +Station in that <i>D. v. virginiana</i> immediately to the north is +involved. The specimens mentioned above, along with the information +recorded by Davis (<i>loc. cit.</i>) and other authors (for example, J. +A. Allen, <i>loc. cit.</i>, and Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +16:249-279, August 18, 1902), give basis for arranging the North +American <i>Didelphis</i> as follows: +</p> + +<table summary="Literature Cited"> +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis virginiana</i> Kerr. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1792.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis virginiana</i> Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 193, +type locality Virginia.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis pigra</i> Bangs. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1898.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis virginiana pigra</i> Bangs, Proc. Boston + Soc. Nat. Hist., 28:172, March, type from Oak Lodge, opposite + Micco, Brevard Co., Florida.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis texensis</i> J. A. Allen. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1901.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis marsupialis texensis</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:172, June 15, type from Brownsville, + Cameron County, Texas.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis californica</i> Bennett. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1833.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis Californica</i> Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. + London, p. 40, May 17, type probably from northwestern part of + present Republic of Mexico. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1924.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis mesamericana mesamericana</i>, Miller. Bull. + U.S. Nat. Mus., 128:3, April 29, 1924, and authors. Type + locality, northern Mexico. (<i>Did[elphys]. mesamericana</i> + Oken, Lehrbuch d. naturgesch., pt. 3, vol. 2, p. 1152, 1816, + along with other names from Oken 1816, is judged to be + unavailable under current rules of zoological nomenclature.)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis</i> J. A. Allen. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1901.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis</i> J. A. Allen, + Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:173, June 15, type from Teapa, + Tabasco.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis yucatanensis</i> J. A. Allen. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1901.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis yucatanensis</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:178, June 15, type from Chichenitza, + Yucatán.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis cozumelae</i> Merriam. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1901.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis yucatanensis cozumelae</i> Merriam, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 14:101, July 19, type from Cozumel + Island, Yucatan.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis richmondi</i> J. A. Allen. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1901.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis richmondi</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 14:175, June 15, type from Greytown, Nicaragua. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1920.</td> +<td><i>D[idelphis], m[arsupialis], richmondi</i>, Goldman, + Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 69(5):46, April 24.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis etensis</i> J. A. Allen. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1902.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis marsupialis etensis</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:262, August 18, type from Eten, + Piura, Perú.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis battyi</i> Thomas. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1902.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis marsupialis battyi</i> Thomas, Novitates + Zoologicae, 9:137, April 10, type from Coiba Island, Panamá.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis particeps</i> Goldman. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1917.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis marsupialis particeps</i> Goldman, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 30:107, May 23, type from San Miguel + Island, Panamá.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="name" colspan="2"><i>Didelphis marsupialis insularis</i> J. A. Allen. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="year">1902.</td> +<td><i>Didelphis marsupialis insularis</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:259, August 18, type from Caparo, + Trinidad.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p> +In listing the subspecific names given immediately above we are aware +of the possibility that a thorough study of the geographic variation in +<i>Didelphis marsupialis</i> may contract or expand the list of +recognizable subspecies. We are aware also that Hershkovitz (Fieldiana: +Zoology, 31 (No. 47):548, July 10, 1951) has arranged several of the +subspecific names listed immediately above as synonyms of <i>Didelphis +marsupialis californica</i> Bennett. We have not employed his +arrangement because he has not given proof that the currently +recognized subspecies are indistinguishable. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Caluromys derbianus canus</b> (Matschie) +</p> + +<p> +Matschie (Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu +Berlin, Jahrgang 1917, p. 284 (for April), September, 1917) applied the +name <i>Micoureus canus</i> to a specimen on which the locality was no +more precise than Nicaragua. Comparison of Matschie's description with +specimens in the United States National Museum (including the holotype +of <i>Philander centralis</i> Hollister and referred specimens of +<i>Philander laniger pallidus</i> Thomas) reveals that Matschie's +specimen was intermediate in coloration between the other two kinds of +woolly opossums named above and that there is nothing distinctive, in +the specific sense, in the cranial measurements which Matschie +published (<i>op. cit.</i>). <i>M. canus</i>, therefore, may be merely +an intergrade between the two previously named woolly opossums (<i>C. +d. centralis</i> and <i>C. d. pallidus</i>), an individual variant of a +previously named kind, say, <i>C. d. pallidus</i>, or a valid +subspecies. If it is a recognizable subspecies, it probably comes from +somewhere in the eastern half of Nicaragua. As a means of handling the +name, <i>Micoureus canus</i> Matschie, we tentatively place it as a +subspecies of the species <i>Caluromys derbianus</i>. The name may, +therefore, stand as <i>Caluromys derbianus canus</i> (Matschie), with +type locality in Guatemala. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Caluromys derbianus fervidus</b> (Thomas) +</p> + +<p> +Elliott (Field Columb. Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. No. 115, Zool. Ser., 8:5, +1907) lists as <i>Caluromys laniger pallidus</i> a specimen from +Honduras that was acquired for the Field Columbian Museum (= Chicago +Natural History Museum) by purchase from Ward's Natural Science +Establishment of Rochester, New York. On August 4, 1951, in the Chicago +Natural History Museum, we found in the catalogue of the collection of +Recent mammals an entry for a male <i>Caluromys</i> bearing catalogue +number 6 and listed as from "San Pedro Sula [Honduras]. From Wards. +Mounted". In the collection of study specimens there is no specimen +from Honduras that was purchased from Ward's, mounted or unmounted. In +the sealed, glass-fronted, exhibit cases of mammals on display there is +one, and only one, <i>Caluromys</i>. It is presumed to be specimen No. +6. This specimen is not <i>C. d. pallidus</i> because it is too dark. +It could be <i>Caluromys derbianus fervidus</i> and we tentatively +refer it to that subspecies. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Caluromys derbianus pallidus</b> (Thomas) +</p> + +<p> +From Puntarenas, Costa Rica, Harris (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 476:7, October 8, 1943) listed as <i>Caluromys laniger +centralis</i> a female, skull and skin, No. 62702 in the Museum of +Zoology of the University of Michigan. We have examined this specimen, +the color of which is darker than in some other specimens of <i>C. d. +pallidus</i> but lighter than that of specimens of <i>C. d. +centralis</i> (for example, specimens from Turrialba, Costa Rica) and +on basis of color we refer No. 62702 to <i>Caluromys derbianus +pallidus</i>. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Scalopus aquaticus aereus</b> (Bangs) +</p> + +<p> +Bangs' (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:138, December 28, 1896) name +<i>S. a. aereus</i> was based on a single specimen that shows more than +an average amount of coppery color. Jackson (N. Amer. Fauna, 38:52, +September 30, 1915) and subsequent authors accord full specific rank to +the specimen under the name <i>Scalopus aereus</i>. Blair (Amer. +Midland Nat., 22:98, July, 1939) recorded, from the type locality of +<i>Scalopus aereus</i>, normally colored individuals of <i>Scalopus +aquaticus pulcher</i> Jackson. Previously, Scheffer (Kansas State +Agric. College, Exp. Bull., 168:4, August 1, 1910) reported that in his +examination of 100 individuals of <i>Scalops</i> [= <i>Scalopus</i>] +<i>aquaticus</i> from Manhattan, Kansas, there were two individuals +"that were suffused all over with rich golden brown." Because our +examination of the type specimen of <i>Scalops texanus aereus</i> Bangs +reveals no features additional to coppery color that differentiate +<i>aereus</i> from other individuals of <i>Scalopus aquaticus +pulcher</i> Jackson (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:19, February 2, +1914) we conclude that Jackson's name and Bangs' name (<i>Scalops +texanus aereus</i>) apply to the same subspecies. Bangs' name has +priority and the correct name, therefore, for the populations of moles +that in recent years have been designated as <i>Scalopus aereus</i> +Bangs and <i>Scalopus aquaticus pulcher</i> Jackson will be <i>Scalopus +aquaticus aereus</i> (Bangs). This name combination was previously used +by Miller (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 79:8, December 31, 1912). +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Scalopus aquaticus australis</b> (Chapman) +</p> + +<p> +Quay (Jour. Mamm., 30:66, February 14, 1949) recorded <i>Scalopus +aquaticus</i> from Springhill Plantation, 10 miles south-southwest of +Thomasville, Georgia. He stated that the specimens were intermediate +between the subspecies <i>S. a. australis</i> and <i>S. a. howelli</i>, +but did not refer the specimens to either subspecies. The locality +whence the material was obtained is approximately half way between the +geographic ranges, as previously known, of <i>S. a. australis</i> and +<i>S. a. howelli</i> (see Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 38, September 30, +1915). +</p> + +<p> +The specimens recorded by Quay probably are two females in the +Cleveland Museum of Natural History bearing Catalogue Nos. 18136 and +18262 and labeled as from Springhill Plantation, Thomas County, +Georgia. We have examined these specimens and find that they resemble +<i>S. a. howelli</i> in narrowness across the upper tooth-rows, but +that they resemble <i>S. a. australis</i> in length of tail (22, 24), +in shortness of maxillary tooth-row (9.5, 9.5), and in convex dorsal +outline of the skull. Accordingly, we refer the specimens to +<i>Scalopus aquaticus australis</i>. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Sorex cinereus cinereus</b> Kerr +</p> + +<p> +In his revision of the American long-tailed shrews, Jackson (N. Amer. +Fauna, 51, vi + 238, 13 pls., 24 figs., July 24, 1928) referred +specimens of <i>Sorex cinereus</i> from Tyonek, Cook Inlet, Alaska, to +the subspecies <i>S. c. cinereus</i> (<i>op. cit.</i>: 46) and one +specimen from Chester Creek, Anchorage, Alaska, to the subspecies <i>S. +c. hollisteri</i> (<i>op. cit.</i>: 56). Thus, the geographic ranges of +the two subspecies would seem to overlap around the northern shores of +Cook Inlet. In an attempt to resolve this seemingly anomalous +distribution, we have examined pertinent materials in the Biological +Surveys Collection, U.S. National Museum. We agree with Jackson (<i>op. +cit.</i>) that the series of specimens from Tyonek is readily referable +to <i>S. c. cinereus</i>. To our eye, however, the specimen, No. +232691, from Anchorage is referable to <i>Sorex cinereus cinereus</i>, +rather than to <i>S. c. hollisteri</i>. The reference is made on the +basis of the darker color, especially of the underparts. In this +specimen, other characters that distinguish the two mentioned +subspecies are not apparent, probably because it is relatively young; +the teeth show only slight wear. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Sorex trowbridgii humboldtensis</b> Jackson +</p> + +<p> +In his account of the long-tailed shrews, Jackson (N. Amer. Fauna, +51:98, July 24, 1928) listed under specimens examined of <i>Sorex +trowbridgii montereyensis</i> four specimens from 7 mi. N Hardy, +Mendocino Co., California. Under his account of the subspecies <i>S. t. +humboldtensis</i>, however, he (<i>op. cit.</i>:97) mentions that +specimens (seemingly the same four) from 7 mi. N Hardy "have shorter +tails than typical representatives of <i>humboldtensis</i>, but in +color and cranial characters they are similar to this +[<i>humboltensis</i>] subspecies." We conclude, therefore, that the +specimens mentioned were inadvertently listed as <i>S. t. +montereyensis</i> and are <i>Sorex trowbridgii humboldtensis</i>. This +conclusion is supported by the fact that the locality concerned, 7 mi. +N Hardy, is within the geographic range assigned to <i>S. t. +humboldtensis</i> by Jackson (<i>op. cit.</i>:97); his southern records +of occurrence of <i>S. t. humboldtensis</i> are Sherwood and Mendocino, +both in Mendocino County, California. Our conclusion is further +supported by Grinnell's (Univ. California Publ. Zool., 40(2):80, +September 26, 1933) statement of the range of <i>S. t. +montereyensis</i> as "from southern Mendocino County south...." +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Blarina brevicauda churchi</b> Bole and Moulthrop +</p> + +<p> +Kellogg (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 86:253, February 14, 1939) tentatively +referred specimens of the short-tailed shrew from the mountainous parts +of eastern Tennessee to the subspecies <i>Blarina brevicauda +talpoides</i>, with the remark that they were unlike specimens of that +subspecies obtained in eastern and southern West Virginia. +Subsequently, Bole and Moulthrop (Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., +5:109, September 11, 1942) named the subspecies <i>Blarina brevicauda +churchi</i> with type locality at Roan Mountain, North Carolina. We +have examined the specimens in the U.S. National Museum recorded by +Kellogg (<i>loc. cit.</i>) from the following localities: Shady Valley, +2900 ft. (Catalogue No. 267182); Holston Mtn., 4 mi. NE Shady Valley, +3800 ft. (Nos. 267176-267178, 267180, and 267181); Holston Mtn., 3 mi. +NE Shady Valley, 3000 ft. (No. 267179); Roan Mtn., (Nos. +267469-267475); Mt. Guyot, 6300 ft. (No. 267183); 4½ mi. SE Cosby, +3300 and 3400 ft. (Nos. 267184 and 267185); and Snake Den Mtn., 3800 +ft. (No. 267186). Among named kinds of <i>Blarina brevicauda</i>, we +find these specimens to resemble most closely <i>Blarina brevicauda +churchi</i> and so refer them. They are readily distinguishable from +specimens of <i>B. b. kirtlandi</i>, that occurs farther north in the +same mountain range, by larger size and longer tail. Incidentally, in +the specimens that we have examined, we do not find that <i>B. b. +churchi</i> is darker colored than other subspecies of <i>Blarina +brevicauda</i>; <i>B. b. churchi</i>, to us, is indistinguishable in +color from <i>B. b. kirtlandi</i>. Bole and Moulthrop (<i>op. cit.</i>) +thought that <i>B. b. churchi</i> was notably darker than other +subspecies from adjoining areas. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Blarina brevicauda carolinensis</b> (Bachman) +</p> + +<p> +Blair (Amer. Midland Nat., 22(1):99, July, 1939) referred specimens of +the short-tailed shrew from the Arbuckle Mountain area of Oklahoma to +<i>Blarina brevicauda hulophaga</i> and specimens from Mohawk Park, +Tulsa County, Oklahoma, to <i>B. b. carolinensis</i>. Later Bole and +Moulthrop (Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:108, September 11, +1942) saw two of the specimens from Mohawk Park and assigned them to +<i>B. b. hulophaga</i>. According to the most recent published account, +therefore, <i>B. b. hulophaga</i> would seem to have a peculiarly +discontinuous geographic range. We have examined the material seen by +Blair and by Bole and Moulthrop (Nos. 75946, 75947, 75643, Mus. Zool. +Univ. Michigan) in an attempt to form our own judgment as to their +subspecific identity. The teeth of No. 75946 are well worn, whereas the +teeth of the other two are scarcely worn. We are unable to distinguish +No. 75946 from topotypes of <i>B. b. carolinensis</i> by size, color, +or cranial features. The two younger specimens are smaller and paler, +but do not agree with the description of <i>B. b. hulophaga</i>. The +nearly-complete narrow, white girdle of No. 75947 is clearly an +individual variation. We assign the animals to <i>Blarina brevicauda +carolinensis</i> (Bachman) as did Blair (<i>loc. cit.</i>). +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Blarina brevicauda minima</b> Lowery +</p> + +<p> +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 25:207, October 24, 1905) identified as +<i>Blarina brevicauda carolinensis</i> one specimen from Joaquin and +two specimens from Big Thicket, 8 mi. NE Sour Lake, both localities in +eastern Texas. Strecker and Williams (Jour. Mamm., 10:259, August 10, +1929) later recorded the specimens again under the same name. The +subsequent naming of <i>B. b. plumbea</i> from Aransas National +Wildlife Refuge, Aransas County, Texas (Davis, Jour. Mamm., 22(3):317, +August 14, 1941) and <i>B. b. minima</i> from Louisiana (Lowery, Occas. +Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana St. Univ., 13:218, November 22, 1943) +leaves the identity of the specimens from eastern Texas in doubt. We +have examined the following specimens in the Biological Surveys +Collection, U.S. National Museum: No. 117372, from Joaquin; No. +136407, from 7 mi. NE Sour Lake; and No. 136788, from 8 mi. NE Sour +Lake. We judge these to be the specimens referred to by Bailey (<i>loc. +cit.</i>). We find that they are indistinguishable from specimens of +<i>Blarina brevicauda minima</i> and they seem to differ from <i>B. b. +plumbea</i> in being chestnut rather than plumbeous in color and in +lacking the highly-arched posterior border of the palate. They are +easily distinguished from <i>B. b. carolinensis</i> by their chestnut, +rather than slaty-black, color and small size. They are distinguishable +from <i>B. b. hulophaga</i>, to which they might conceivably be +referred on geographic grounds, by their color and small size. We refer +them to <i>Blarina brevicauda minima</i> Lowery. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons</b> A. H. Howell +</p> + +<p> +In his "Revision of the skunks of the genus Spilogale" (N. Amer. Fauna, +26, November 24, 1906) A. H. Howell identified certain specimens in the +United States National Museum as follows: +</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> + <i>Spilogale leucoparia</i>, ♂ sad. 55585 from Tulancingo, + Hidalgo (<i>op. cit.</i>:21). +</p> + +<p> + <i>Spilogale gracilis</i>, ♂ sad. 88154 from San Sebastian + in Jalisco, ♂ ad. 79017 from Lagos in Jalisco, ♂ + ad. 47177 from Pátzcuaro in Michoacán (<i>op. cit.</i>:23). +</p> + +<p> + <i>Spilogale ambigua</i>, ♂ ad. 35667/20437 from Barranca + Ibarra in Jalisco, ♂ yg. 120101 from Ocotlán in Jalisco + (<i>op. cit.</i>:25). +</p> +</div> +<p> +Hall and Villa (Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 1:448, December 27, +1949) inferred that No. 47177 from Pátzcuaro was instead referable to +<i>Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons</i>. Our examination of No. +47177 and of each of the other specimens mentioned by catalogue number +immediately above leads us to conclude that they all are of one +species, and that, among named kinds of <i>Spilogale</i>, they should +be referred to the subspecies <i>Spilogale angustifrons +angustifrons</i> Howell. +</p> + +<p> +Our examination of all of the specimens that Howell (<i>op. cit</i>.) +identified as <i>Spilogale [angustifrons] angustifrons</i> reveals that +none of the specimens from the type locality had attained full adult +stature; the holotype is a subadult and the other specimens from the +type locality are even younger. The small size of these specimens from +the type locality seems to have misled Howell into thinking that they +were taxonomically distinct from the larger specimens—those from +Jalisco, Michoacán and Hidalgo—that he identified as other kinds. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Spilogale gracilis gracilis</b> Merriam +</p> + +<p> +In the genus <i>Spilogale</i> four specific names, concerning the +status of which we have been uncertain, are listed below in the order +of their appearance in the literature. +</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> + 1890. <i>Spilogale gracilis</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:83, + September 11, type from bottom of canyon, Grand Canyon, Arizona. +</p> + +<p> + 1890. <i>Spilogale leucoparia</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:11, + October 8, type from Mason, Mason County, Texas. +</p> + +<p> + 1891. <i>Spilogale phenax arizonae</i> Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 3:256, June 5, type from near Fort Verde, Yavapai + County, Arizona. +</p> + +<p> + 1897. <i>Spilogale ambigua</i> Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new + mammals ... from the Mexican boundary line, p. 3, January 12 + [reprinted in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 20:460, December 24, 1897], + type from summit of Eagle Cliff Mtn., 2 mi. S of Monument No. 5 of + Emory's Survey which, according to Miller (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., + 128:134, April 29, 1924), is "Eagle Mountain, Chihuahua, Mexico, + about four miles south of Dona Ana County, New Mexico." +</p> +</div> +<p> +In 1906 (N. Amer. Fauna, 26:1-55, 10 pls., November 24) A. H. Howell's +"Revision of the skunks of the genus Spilogale" was published and the +four names listed above were retained by him as applying to four +species (not subspecies). His map (<i>op. cit.</i>, pl. 1) showing the +geographic distribution of the four kinds looks reasonable enough at +first inspection and does not indicate any overlapping of the +geographic ranges of the species in question, but if a map be made by +plotting the localities of occurrence recorded by Howell (<i>op. +cit.</i>), for specimens examined by him, a notably different +geographic distribution is shown. For one thing the geographic ranges +of <i>gracilis</i>, <i>leucoparia</i>, <i>arizonae</i> and +<i>ambigua</i> coincide over a considerable part of Arizona. Also, +specimens collected in recent years from Arizona and adjoining areas do +not readily fit into the "species" recognized by Howell; some specimens +are structurally intermediate between two or more of these species and +other specimens combine the diagnostic characters ascribed to two or +more of the alleged species. For these and other reasons a re-appraisal +of the application of the names mentioned above long has been +indicated. +</p> + +<p> +Before re-appraising the names it is pertinent to recall that Howell's +paper in 1906 on <i>Spilogale</i> was only the second revisionary paper +that he prepared. It was prepared by a man who at that time lacked much +taxonomic experience, and who held to a morphotype concept. Howell +worked under the guidance, in the literal sense, of Dr. C. Hart +Merriam. The concept of species and subspecies held by Merriam +fortunately was recorded by him (Jour. Mamm., 1:6-9, November 28, +1919). Merriam's reliance on degree of difference and his disregard of +intergradation were naturally (and necessarily, we think, in Howell's +work in 1906) adopted by Howell. For example, of six specimens from +Point Reyes in west-central California, a place less than ten miles +from the type locality of <i>Spilogale phenax phenax</i>, Howell +(<i>op. cit.</i>:33) assigned one specimen to the subspecies +<i>Spilogale phenax latifrons</i>! <i>S. p. latifrons</i> occurs in +Oregon and in northern California—no nearer than 200 miles to Point +Reyes. Howell's assignment of this specimen to <i>S. p. latifrons</i> +was not a <i>lapsus</i>, as persons with the modern (geographic) +concept of a subspecies would be likely to suppose. Howell's assignment +of the one specimen to <i>S. p. latifrons</i> and the other five +specimens to <i>S. p. phenax</i> was intentional, as he told one of us +(Hall). He explained that he relied upon the morphological characters +of the individual animal instead of upon the morphological characters +of a population of animals. To him, therefore, there was nothing +inconsistent in his procedure in 1906. Also, variation that was the +result of difference in age and variation that was the result of +individual deviation were not understood, or at least not taken into +account, by Howell in 1906, nor by Merriam in 1890. For example, +Merriam selected the most extensively white specimen available to him +for the holotype of <i>Spilogale leucoparia</i>. He, and Howell in +1906, used the extensiveness of the white areas of that particular +specimen (see fig. 3, pl. 2, N. Amer. Fauna, 26, 1906) as a character +diagnostic of the "species" <i>S. leucoparia</i> although each of the +authors had available two other specimens of <i>S. leucoparia</i> from +the type locality, and all of the other referred specimens in the +United States National Museum, that were less extensively white than +the holotype. The <i>individual specimen</i> was the primary basis for +the species or subspecies and one selected specimen alone often was +used in making comparisons between a given named kind and some other +species or subspecies. Also, be it remembered, degree of difference, +and not presence or absence of intergradation, was the basis on which +subspecific <i>versus</i> specific rank was accorded to a named kind of +animal. Howell wrote on the labels of some specimens of +<i>Spilogale</i> "not typical" when the individuals differed from the +type specimen in features that owe their existence to individual +variation, and he wrote the same words on the labels of other specimens +that had not yet developed mastoidal crests because the animals were +not yet adult. +</p> + +<p> +Anyone who examines the specimens that Howell used will do well to bear +in mind the circumstances noted above concerning Howell's paper of +1906; otherwise the reasons for Howell's identifications of certain +specimens can not be understood. +</p> + +<p> +We have examined and compared the holotypes, and other specimens used +by Howell. While doing so we have borne in mind the degree of +individual variation well shown by each of several series of specimens +(for example, that in six adult males, from the Animas Mountains of New +Mexico, recorded by V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 53:339, 1932) and age +variation (for example, that shown in specimens of <i>S. interrupta</i> +from Douglas County, Kansas). The degree of each of these kinds of +variation, although considerable, is not extraordinary. That is to say, +the variations are of approximately the same degree as we previously +have ascertained to exist in <i>Mephitis mephitis</i> and in <i>Mustela +frenata</i>, two species that are in the same family, Mustelidae, as +<i>Spilogale</i>. As a result of our comparisons, we conclude, first +that the four names mentioned at the beginning of this account all +pertain to one species, and second that the three names <i>S. +gracilis</i>, <i>S. p. arizonae</i> and <i>S. ambigua</i>, and probably +also <i>S. leucoparia</i>, were based on individual variations in one +subspecies. <i>S. gracilis</i> has priority and will apply; the other +names are properly to be arranged as synonyms of it, as follows: +</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> + 1890. <i>Spilogale gracilis</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:83, + September 11. +</p> + +<p> + 1890. <i>Spilogale leucoparia</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:11, + October 8. +</p> + +<p> + 1891. <i>Spilogale phenax arizonae</i> Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 3:256, June 5. +</p> + +<p> + 1897. <i>Spilogale ambigua</i> Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new + mammals ... from the Mexican boundary line, p. 3, January 12. +</p> +</div> +<p> +Some information in support of the above arrangement, along with some +other observations on <i>Spilogale</i>, are as follows: The type +specimen of <i>Spilogale gracilis</i> bears on the original skin-label +in the handwriting of Vernon Bailey, the collector, the statement that +the tail was imperfect. The recorded measurements of 400 for total +length and 142 for length of tail, therefore, are presumed to be +subject to correction. This presumption and the further circumstance +that other specimens from Arizona and New Mexico are as large as +specimens of comparable age and sex that we have examined from Nevada +and Utah of <i>Spilogale gracilis saxatilis</i> Merriam, indicate that +<i>S. g. saxatilis</i> differs less from the allegedly smaller <i>S. g. +gracilis</i> than was previously thought. Nevertheless, from north to +south (for example, from northern Nevada to southern Arizona) there is +an increase in extent of white areas at the expense of black areas of +the pelage. As a result, the lateralmost white stripe in <i>S. g. +saxatilis</i> averages narrower (and often is wanting) than in <i>S. g. +gracilis</i>. The absence, or narrowness, of the lateralmost white +stripe seems to be the principal basis for recognizing <i>S. g. +saxatilis</i>, just as the tendency to narrow rostrum in Coloradan +specimens seems to be the principal basis for recognizing <i>Spilogale +gracilis tenuis</i> A. H. Howell. Both <i>S. g. saxatilis</i> and <i>S. +g. tenuis</i> are "poorly" differentiated from <i>S. g. gracilis</i> +and from each other. +</p> + +<p> +The holotype of <i>Spilogale ambigua</i> Mearns is slightly smaller +than other adult males of comparable age, and the braincase, relative +to its width, is slightly deeper than in the average adult male. These +variations, nevertheless, are within the range of individual variation, +as also are those characterizing the holotype of <i>Spilogale phenax +arizonae</i> Mearns. The latter specimen is an adult male, with much +inflated mastoidal bullae, nearly straight dorsal profile on the skull, +relatively shallow braincase, and only slightly worn teeth. +</p> + +<p> +The holotype of <i>Spilogale leucoparia</i> Merriam, as pointed out +above, is an extreme example of the extensiveness of the white areas of +the pelage at the expense of the black areas. This feature occurs more +often in the southwestern desert areas of the United States than it +does farther north. In addition to the extensiveness of the white +markings, the other two characters allegedly distinctive of <i>S. +leucoparia</i> are broad and much flattened braincase and great degree +of inflation of the mastoidal bullae. Although these three mentioned +features do distinguish <i>S. leucoparia</i> from <i>S. indianola</i> +to the eastward, they seem not to set <i>S. leucoparia</i> apart from +<i>S. gracilis</i> to the westward. For example, in Arizona some +specimens are extensively white and some others have the braincase +flattened and the mastoidal bullae much inflated. V. Bailey (N. Amer. +Fauna, 53:339, 1932) refers to a specimen (♂, No. 147252 USBS) +from the head of the Rio Mimbres in New Mexico in which, as our +comparisons show, the inflation of the mastoidal bullae exceeds that of +any Texan specimen of <i>S. leucoparia</i>, the holotype included. +Also, at the type locality of <i>S. leucoparia</i>, subadult male No. +188467 USNM and adult male No. 188468 USNM are narrower across the +mastoidal region than is the holotype. In summary and review, specimens +from the eastern part of the range heretofore ascribed to <i>S. +leucoparia</i> nearly all have much inflated mastoidal bullae whereas +less than half of the specimens of <i>Spilogale</i> from western New +Mexico and Arizona have these bullae as greatly inflated; but, in No. +147252 from the head of the Rio Mimbres of New Mexico the inflation of +the bullae is more extreme than in any specimen that we know of that +has been referred to <i>S. leucoparia</i>. +</p> + +<p> +If intergradation occurs between <i>Spilogale gracilis gracilis</i> and +<i>Spilogale indianola</i> and between one or both of these kinds on +the one hand and <i>Spilogale interrupta</i> on the other hand, central +Texas would be a logical place to collect intergrades. We suppose that +such intergradation will be found to occur and that eventually +<i>Spilogale putorius</i> will be the specific name to apply to all of +the Recent subspecies of spotted skunks. Until proof of such +intergradation is forthcoming we employ current nomenclature. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Spilogale gracilis microdon</b> A. H. Howell +</p> + +<p> +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 26:31, November 24, 1906) listed as +<i>Spilogale arizonae martirensis</i> one specimen (♀ +sad.-yg., 145886 USBS) from Comondú, which is the type locality of +<i>S. microdon</i>. Our examination of ♀ No. 145886 convinces +us that it is referable to <i>S. microdon</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Examination of the materials used by Howell (<i>op. cit.</i>) reveals +that there is an increase in size of animal and its skull from within +the geographic range of <i>S. g. martirensis</i> southward to Cape St. +Lucas which is the type locality of <i>S. lucasana</i>. Specimens of +<i>S. microdon</i>, which so far has been recorded only from Comondú, +the type locality, are, as would be expected, intermediate in size +between <i>S. g. martirensis</i> and <i>S. lucasana</i>. The +differential characters of these three named kinds of <i>Spilogale</i> +are principally those of size, and we can see no characters judged to +be of more than subspecific worth. Consequently the named kinds should +stand as: +</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> + <i>Spilogale gracilis martirensis</i> Elliott; +</p> + +<p> + <i>Spilogale gracilis microdon</i> A. H. Howell; +</p> + +<p> + <i>Spilogale gracilis lucasana</i> Merriam. +</p> + +</div> +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Spilogale gracilis microrhina</b> Hall +</p> + +<p> +When Hall (Jour. Mamm., 7:53, February 15, 1926) named as new +<i>Spilogale phenax microrhina</i>, he did not mention specimens +previously recorded by A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 26:32, November +24, 1906) as <i>Spilogale phenax</i> from San Bernardino Peak (57026 +USBS), La Puerta (99580 USBS), Dulzura (55848, 56173, 56873, +33693/45728, 36291/48656 and 36292/48657) in southern California. On +geographic grounds these specimens would be expected to be <i>S. g. +microrhina</i> although geographically slightly outside the area that +could be delimited by Hall's (<i>op. cit.</i>) marginal record-stations +of occurrence. Our examination of the pertinent specimens reveals that +they are <i>Spilogale gracilis microrhina</i>. The localities from +which the specimens came are, respectively, the northeasternmost, +easternmost and southernmost occurrences so far listed for the +subspecies. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi</b> Merriam +</p> + +<p> +Examination of the holotypes of <i>Conepatus filipensis</i> Merriam, +<i>Conepatus pediculus</i> Merriam, <i>Conepatus sonoriensis</i> +Merriam, and <i>Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi</i> Merriam, and other +specimens of the two kinds last named, convinces us that all are the +same species and that the names should stand as follows: <i>Conepatus +mesoleucus filipensis</i> Merriam (type locality, Cerro San Felipe, +Oaxaca); <i>Conepatus mesoleucus pediculus</i> Merriam (Sierra +Guadalupe, Coahuila); and <i>Conepatus mesoleucus sonoriensis</i> +Merriam (Camoa, Río Mayo, Sonora). +</p> + +<p> +One method of designating the ages of individuals in <i>Conepatus</i> +is to recognize four categories from younger to older, as follows: 1) +juvenile—retaining one or more deciduous teeth; 2) young—sutures open +and clearly to be seen between bones of the facial part of the skull; +3) subadult—skull of adult form, but lacking sagittal and lambdoidal +crests and retaining faint traces of sutures between facial bones; and +4) adult—sutures obliterated, lambdoidal ridge high and temporal +ridges (of females) or sagittal crest (of males) prominent. +</p> + +<p> +On this basis of designating age, the holotype of <i>C. pediculus</i> +is young and nearer the juvenal than the subadult stage. Its small size +is partly the result of its youth. Other than its small size we find no +characters to distinguish it from <i>C. m. mearnsi</i>. Unfortunately +no young male of <i>C. m. mearnsi</i> of the same age as the holotype +of <i>C. pediculus</i> is available. Also, from the general area of the +Sierra Guadalupe, Coahuila, only the one specimen of <i>Conepatus +mesoleucus</i> (the holotype of <i>C. m. pediculus</i>) is known. +Consequently, we can not yet prove that some young males of <i>C. m. +mearnsi</i> are as small as the holotype of <i>C. pediculus</i>. +Because of this lack of proof we tentatively recognize the subspecies +<i>Conepatus mesoleucus pediculus</i> instead of placing the name +<i>Conepatus pediculus</i> in the synonomy of <i>Conepatus mesoleucus +mearnsi</i>. +</p> + +<p> +The holotype of <i>C. sonoriensis</i> is a young female, older than the +holotype of <i>C. pediculus</i>, and approximately midway between the +juvenal and subadult stages. +</p> + +<p> +The holotype of <i>C. filipensis</i> is an adult male. +</p> + +<p> +We suppose that <i>C. mesoleucus mesoleucus</i> Lichtenstein and <i>C. +mesoleucus mearnsi</i> Merriam on the one hand, and <i>Conepatus +leuconotus leuconotus</i> Lichtenstein and <i>C. l. texensis</i> +Merriam on the other hand will be found to intergrade, in which event +the name <i>Conepatus leuconotus</i>, having page priority over +<i>Conepatus mesoleucus</i>, will apply to the species. Proof of +complete intergradation is not yet available. The one difference +between the two that prevents our uniting them as subspecies of one +species is the larger size of <i>C. l. leuconotus</i> and <i>C. l. +texensis</i>. Measurements of the smallest adult male and female +available to us of <i>C. l. texensis</i> and of the largest adult male +and female of <i>C. m. mearnsi</i> are given below. +</p> + +<p> +Where the geographic ranges of the two species approach one another the +only taxonomically significant difference detected by us is in size, +<i>C. leuconotus</i> being larger than <i>C. mesoleucus</i>. Other +characters that are useful in separating the two alleged species now +are known to vary geographically in a fashion that indicates only +subspecific status for the two kinds. For example, three specimens from +Laredo, Texas (previously recorded by V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, +25:205, October 24, 1905—Nos. 24839/32237, 24840/32238 and 24842/32245 +USBS), bridge the gap in color pattern between <i>C. l. texensis</i> to +the east and <i>C. m. mearnsi</i> to the west. <i>C. l. texensis</i> +characteristically has the white stripe terminating anteriorly in an +obtuse angle, and on the hinder back the area of white is restricted to +a narrow line or is wanting. <i>C. m. mearnsi</i> characteristically +has the white stripe truncate anteriorly and approximately as broad on +the hinder back as on the shoulders. In the specimens from Laredo, the +young female, No. 24842, has the white nearly truncate anteriorly +(pointed in the other two specimens, adult females). In No. 24839 the +area of white on the hinder back is only slightly restricted in width +(noticeably restricted but present in the other two specimens). +</p> + +<p> +The proof of intergradation, or the lack of it, between the two alleged +species, <i>Conepatus mearnsi</i> and <i>Conepatus leuconotus</i>, +would seem to be profitably sought by obtaining specimens along the Rio +Grande in Texas between the Blocker Ranch ("50 miles southeast of Eagle +Pass") and Laredo. +</p> + +<p> +Measurements illustrating the size difference between the two alleged +species are as follows: +</p> + +<p class="ctr"> +<span class="sc">Table 1.</span> Measurements of <i>Conepatus</i> from Texas +</p> +<table summary="Column headings"> + +<tr> +<td class="c" colspan="2">Column Heading Legend:</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Col. A:</td> +<td>♂ ad. 186455 USNM, Mason, Texas. Type</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Col. B:</td> +<td>♂ ad. 31970/24575 USBS, Blocker Ranch, Texas</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Col. C:</td> +<td>♀ ad. 126241 USBS, 8 mi. S Langtry, Texas</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Col. D:</td> +<td>♂ ad. 47122 USBS, Brownsville, Texas. Type</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Col. E:</td> +<td>♂ ad. 45132/33129 USBS, Brownsville, Texas</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Col. F:</td> +<td>♂ yg. 45900/33865 USBS, Brownsville, Texas</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Col. G:</td> +<td>♀ ad. 47121/34865 USBS, Brownsville, Texas</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Col. H:</td> +<td>♀ ad. 24839/32237 USBS, Laredo, Texas</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Col. I:</td> +<td>♀ ad. 24840/32328 USBS, Laredo, Texas</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Col. J:</td> +<td>♂? sad. 16651 AMNH, Kingsville, Texas</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br> +<table class="border" summary="Table 1" border="1"> +<tr> +<td class="c" colspan="4">C. mesoleucus mearnsi</td> +<td class="c" colspan="7">C. leuconotus texensis</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="c">A</td> +<td class="c">B</td> +<td class="c">C</td> +<td class="c">D</td> +<td class="c">E</td> +<td class="c">F</td> +<td class="c">G</td> +<td class="c">H</td> +<td class="c">I</td> +<td class="c">J</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Total length</td> +<td class="r">633 </td> +<td class="c">...</td> +<td class="r">610 </td> +<td class="r">800 </td> +<td class="r">920 </td> +<td class="r">770 </td> +<td class="r">670 </td> +<td class="r">685 </td> +<td class="r">700 </td> +<td class="c">...</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Length of tail</td> +<td class="c">...</td> +<td class="c">...</td> +<td class="r">269 </td> +<td class="r">360 </td> +<td class="r">410 </td> +<td class="r">300 </td> +<td class="r">250 </td> +<td class="r">220 </td> +<td class="r">260 </td> +<td class="c">...</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Length of hind foot</td> +<td class="r">72<a href="#note1" name="noteref1"> +<span class="fnlabel">[1]</span></a></td> +<td class="r">75<a href="#note2" name="noteref2"> +<span class="fnlabel">[1]</span></a></td> +<td class="r">71 </td> +<td class="r">74 </td> +<td class="r">70 </td> +<td class="r">90 </td> +<td class="r">65 </td> +<td class="r">78 </td> +<td class="r">80 </td> +<td class="c">...</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Condylobasal length</td> +<td class="r">72.0 </td> +<td class="r">72.8 </td> +<td class="r">64.5</td> +<td class="r">83.5</td> +<td class="r">78.9</td> +<td class="r">78.2</td> +<td class="r">72.0</td> +<td class="r">75.7</td> +<td class="r">74.5</td> +<td class="c">...</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Zygomatic breadth</td> +<td class="r">51.3 </td> +<td class="r">50.1 </td> +<td class="r">43.4</td> +<td class="r">55.3</td> +<td class="r">76.8</td> +<td class="c">...</td> +<td class="r">48.3</td> +<td class="r">49.0</td> +<td class="r">48.0</td> +<td class="r">50.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mastoidal breadth</td> +<td class="r">41.0 </td> +<td class="r">44.2 </td> +<td class="r">37.0</td> +<td class="r">47.3</td> +<td class="r">78.2</td> +<td class="r">43.7</td> +<td class="r">40.5</td> +<td class="r">40.5</td> +<td class="r">40.7</td> +<td class="c">...</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Length of upper tooth-rows</td> +<td class="r">28.9 </td> +<td class="r">29.8 </td> +<td class="r">31.8</td> +<td class="r">28.9</td> +<td class="r">28.0</td> +<td class="r">25.8</td> +<td class="r">32.7</td> +<td class="r">55.3</td> +<td class="r">30.4</td> +<td class="r">29.9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Outside length of P4</td> +<td class="r">7.3 </td> +<td class="c">...</td> +<td class="r">6.1</td> +<td class="r">8.5</td> +<td class="r">53.2</td> +<td class="r">7.5</td> +<td class="r">7.5</td> +<td class="r">6.6</td> +<td class="r">7.7</td> +<td class="r">7.6</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Outside length of M1</td> +<td class="r">7.8 </td> +<td class="r">7.0 </td> +<td class="r">6.7</td> +<td class="r">9.2</td> +<td class="r">52.7</td> +<td class="r">8.4</td> +<td class="r">8.3</td> +<td class="r">7.6</td> +<td class="r">9.3</td> +<td class="r">9.1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Breadth of M1</td> +<td class="r">7.6 </td> +<td class="r">7.0 </td> +<td class="r">6.5</td> +<td class="r">9.3</td> +<td class="c">...</td> +<td class="r">8.6</td> +<td class="r">8.2</td> +<td class="r">7.9</td> +<td class="r">9.4</td> +<td class="r">8.2</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name="note1"> </a><p class="foot"> +<a name="note2"> </a> +<a href="#noteref2"> </a> +<a href="#noteref1"> +<span class="fnlabel">[1]</span></a> Measured dry. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus</b> Goldman +</p> + +<p> +When Goldman (Jour. Mamm., 3:40, February 10, 1921) named <i>C. m. +venaticus</i> from Arizona he did not mention material which Merriam +(Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:163, August 6, 1902) had recorded from +Ft. Verde, Arizona, under the name <i>Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi</i>. +This material seems to be specimens in the American Museum of Natural +History of which the two oldest specimens are as follows: No. +2486/1921, male, adult, from Box Cañon, 20 mi. S Ft. Verde; No. +2487/1922, female, subadult, from Verde River, Arizona. Pertinent +measurements of these specimens are, respectively, as follows: +condylobasal length, 72.4, 68.8; zygomatic breadth, 50.0, 44.2; width +of braincase at constriction behind zygomata, 36.4, 33.8; mastoidal +breadth, 44.3, 38.4. Comparison of these measurements with those given +for <i>C. m. venaticus</i> (Goldman, <i>loc. cit.</i>) reveals that the +specimens concerned agree in narrowness of skull with <i>C. m. +venaticus</i> (<i>C. m. mearnsi</i> is relatively wider) and it is on +this basis that we refer the specimens to <i>Conepatus mesoleucus +venaticus</i>. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis</b> Goodwin +</p> + +<p> +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:48, February 29, 1904) +listed two specimens of gray fox from Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, as +<i>Urocyon guatemalae</i>. Goodwin, in his "Mammals of Costa Rica" +(Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 87(5):271-474, December 31, 1946) did not +mention any material from Pozo Azul. We have examined the skull of the +adult female (No. 19208 AMNH) taken on July 17, 1902, at Pozo Zul +[sic], by M. A. Carriker and find it to be indistinguishable from other +specimens of <i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis</i> to which +subspecies we therefore refer the specimen. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Canis lupus griseoalbus</b> Baird +</p> + +<p> +In 1823 Sabine (No. V, Zoological Appendix, p. 654, <i>In</i> Narrative +of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea ... xvi + 768, 30 pls., 4 +maps, 1823, London, by John Franklin) applied the name <i>Canis +Lupus-Griseus</i> to the gray wolf in the vicinity of Cumberland House, +Saskatchewan. On the following page (p. 655) he employed the name +<i>Canis Lupus-Albus</i> for a white wolf obtained at Fort Enterprise, +Northwest Territories. In 1937 Goldman (Jour. Mamm., 18(1):45, February +14) did not consider the wolves of the Cumberland House region to be +sufficiently different from animals from surrounding areas to warrant +nominal separation for them and he placed the name <i>Canis lupus +griseus</i> Sabine as a synonym of <i>Canis lupus occidentalis</i> +Simpson. Anderson (Jour. Mamm., 24(3):386, August 17, 1943) revived +Sabine's name <i>griseus</i> and assigned to <i>Canis lupus griseus</i> +an extensive geographic range in central Canada. Later, Goldman (Part +II, Classification of wolves, p. 395 and 424, <i>In</i> The Wolves of +North America, American Wildlife Institute, May 29, 1944) by +implication, again arranged <i>griseus</i> of Sabine as a synonym of +<i>Canis lupus occidentalis</i> and pointed out (<i>op. cit.</i>:395) +that, in any event, the name <i>griseus</i> is preoccupied by +<i>[Canis] Griseus</i> Boddaert, 1784 [= <i>Urocyon +cinereoargenteus</i> (Schreber), 1775]. Still later, Anderson (Bull. +102, Nat. Mus. Canada, p. 54, January 27, 1947) again recognized the +subspecies formerly known as <i>Canis lupus griseus</i> Sabine, and, +because of Boddaert's prior usage of <i>[Canis] griseus</i>, renamed +the subspecies <i>Canis lupus knightii</i>. It appears, however, that +there is an earlier name available for this subspecies. Goldman (<i>op. +cit.</i>, 1943:395) points out that "apparently combining the names +<i>Canis (Lupus) griseus</i> and <i>Canis (Lupus) albus</i> of Sabine +... as <i>Canis occidentalis</i> var. <i>griseo-albus</i>, Baird +[Mammals, Repts. Explor. and Surv. for R. R. to Pacific Ocean, +Washington, p. 104, vol. 8, (1857) July 14, 1858] seems to have +entertained a somewhat composite concept of a widely ranging race +varying in color from 'pure white to grizzled gray.' No type was +mentioned and the name does not appear to be valid or clearly +assignable to the synonomy of any particular race." We agree with +Goldman that Baird's concept was a composite one, but Baird's name, +<i>Canis occidentalis</i> var. <i>griseo-albus</i>, was clearly based +on the primary names of Sabine (<i>griseus</i> and <i>albus</i>), of De +Kay (<i>occidentalis</i>), of Maxmillian (<i>variabilis</i>, a synonym +of <i>Canis lupus nubilis</i>) and of Townsend (<i>gigas</i>, a synonym +of <i>Canis lupus fuscus</i>). Nevertheless, the name +<i>griseo-albus</i> was applied to, among others, the subspecies of +wolf the type locality of which is at Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, +and, by restriction, the name <i>Canis lupus griseoalbus</i> Baird is +available for the subspecies and, of course, antedates <i>Canis lupus +knightii</i> of Anderson (<i>op. cit.</i>, 1947:54). It might be argued +that Baird did not intend to propose a new name, but that he did so is +a <i>fait accompli</i>. <i>Canis lupus albus</i> Sabine, 1823, is not +available since it is preoccupied by <i>C[anis]. Lupus albus</i> Kerr +(Animal Kingdom, Class I, Mammalia, p. 137, 1792), a name applied to +the wolf of the Yenisei region of Siberia. +</p> + +<p> +The name and synonomy of the wolf of central Canada should stand as +follows: +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Canis lupus griseoalbus</b> Baird +</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p> + 1858. <i>Canis occidentalis</i>, var. <i>griseo-albus</i> Baird, + Mammals, Repts. Explor. and Surv. for R. R. to Pacific Ocean, + Washington, vol. 8, p. 104 (1857), July 14, 1858, based on <i>Canis + Lupus-Griseus</i> Sabine 1823 from the vicinity of Cumberland + House, Saskatchewan. +</p> + +<p> + 1823. <i>Canis Lupus-Griseus</i> Sabine, No. V, Zool. App. p. 654, + <i>In</i> Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea ... + by John Franklin (<i>nec [Canis] Griseus</i> Boddaert, Elench. + Anim. p. 97, 1794, a synonym of <i>Urocyon cinereaorgenteus</i> + (Schreber), Säugethiere, p. 92, 1775). +</p> + +<p> + 1943. <i>Canis lupus griseus</i>, Anderson, Jour. Mamm., 24(3):386, + August 17. +</p> + +<p> + 1947. <i>Canis lupus knightii</i> Anderson, Bull. 102, Nat. Mus. + Canada, p. 54, January 24. (A renaming of <i>Canis + Lupus-Griseus</i> Sabine, 1823.) +</p> +</div> +<p> +The name <i>Canis Lupus-Albus</i> Sabine, 1823 (<i>nec C[anis]. Lupus +albus</i> Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 137, 1792) should, of course, be +retained as a synonym of <i>Canis lupus mackenzii</i> Anderson as +arranged by Anderson (Bull. 102, Nat. Mus. Canada, p. 55, January 24, +1947). +</p> + +<p> +When Anderson (<i>op. cit.</i>:54) recognized the subspecies <i>Canis +lupus knightii</i> [= <i>C. l. griseoalbus</i>] he made no mention of a +specimen of wolf from Norway House, Manitoba, which Goldman (<i>op. +cit.</i>, 1944:427) had referred to <i>C. l. occidentalis</i>, but the +subspecific identity of which was placed in doubt by Anderson's action. +We have examined the specimen, No. 115995, in the Biological Surveys +Collection, U.S. National Museum, and have compared it with specimens, +including topotypes, of <i>C. l. occidentalis</i> and <i>C. l. +hudsonicus</i>. The specimen fits the description of <i>C. l. +griseoalbus</i> and differs from <i>C. l. occidentalis</i> in its long +and narrow incisive foramina, larger skull, more nearly straight +frontal profile (not markedly concave), and slightly higher coronoid +processes. Other differences alleged to obtain between these two +subspecies offer no assistance in the present case. The specimen from +Norway House differs from <i>C. l. hudsonicus</i> in larger size of +skull and stouter, blunter, postorbital processes, the posterior +borders of which turn less abruptly inward. In brief, among currently +recognized subspecies, the specimen from Norway House seems best +referred to <i>Canis lupus griseoalbus</i> Baird. +</p> + + +<p class="ctr"> +<b>Canis niger rufus</b> Audubon and Bachman +</p> + +<p> +Goldman (Part II, Classification of wolves, p. 486, <i>In</i> The +wolves of North America, American Wildlife Institute, May 29, 1944) +referred two specimens of the red wolf from Reeds Spring, Missouri, to +the subspecies <i>C. n. gregoryi</i>. Leopold and Hall (Jour. Mamm., +26(2):143, July 19, 1945) referred wolves from 5 mi. N Gainesville and +from 3 mi. N Thomasville, both localities in Missouri, to <i>C. n. +rufus</i>. The identification of Leopold and Hall was made on the basis +of the small size of their specimens and they did not have the +advantage of comparative material. The locations of these and other +records of occurrence in Missouri and Arkansas suggest that the +specimens from Reeds Spring might be better referred to <i>C. n. +rufus</i>, the more western subspecies. An examination and comparison +of the two specimens from Reeds Spring, Nos. 244127 and 244527, +Biological Surveys Collection, discloses that they are intergrades +between <i>C. n. rufus</i> and <i>C. n. gregoryi</i>. They resemble +<i>C. n. rufus</i> in small size and cranial characters, but are more +nearly <i>C. n. gregoryi</i> in the darker, less brightly rufescent +color of the pelage. Being, in this case, more strongly influenced by +the size and cranial features than by the color, we consider the +animals from Reeds Spring best referred to <i>Canis niger rufus</i>. +</p> + +<br> +<p> +<i>Transmitted July 15, 1952.</i> +</p> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and +Geographic Distribution of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores and Carnivores, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores and Carnivores + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: September 12, 2010 [EBook #33710] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMMENTS ON THE TAXONOMY *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +Comments on +the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution +of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores +and Carnivores + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History +Volume 5, No. 25, pp. 319-341 +December 5, 1952 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1952 + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Edward H. Taylor, +Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 25, pp. 319-341 +December 5, 1952 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1952 + + + + +Transcriber's Note: Words and phrases printed in bold are marked +with ~; i.e., ~This is bold.~ + + + +Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North +American Marsupials, Insectivores and Carnivores + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON + + +In preparing maps showing the geographic distribution of North American +mammals we have found in the literature conflicting statements and +questionable identifications, which have led us to examine the +specimens concerned with results as set forth below. Our studies have +been aided by a contract (NR 161-791) between the Office of Naval +Research, Department of the Navy, and the University of Kansas. +Grateful acknowledgment is made to the persons in charge of the several +collections of mammals consulted for permission to examine and study +the specimens therein. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis californica~ Bennett + +From Cuernavaca, Morelos, Hooper (Jour. Mamm., 28:43, February 1, 1947) +lists a specimen, as he says, on purely geographic grounds, as of the +subspecies _Didelphis mesamericana tabascensis_. We have examined this +specimen, an unsexed skull-only, which falls within the range of +individual variation of _Didelphis marsupialis californica_ and refer +the specimen to that subspecies. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis etensis~ J. A. Allen + +From El Muneco, Costa Rica, Harris (Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, no. 476:7, October 8, 1943) lists as _Didelphis richmondi_ a +specimen ([Male], No. 67550 U.M.). Our examination of the specimen +shows it to be within the range of individual variation of populations +that have been referred to _D. m. etensis_ from adjoining areas. We +identify the specimen as _Didelphis marsupialis etensis_. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis~ J. A. Allen + +From Minatitlan, Veracruz, J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +14:168, June 15) listed a specimen under the name _Didelphis +marsupialis_ [in the trinomial sense] instead of under the name +_Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_, which would be expected, on +geographic grounds, to apply. The specimen is No. 78123, U.S. Nat. +Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll. Our examination of the specimen reveals that it +is within the range of individual variation of _Didelphis marsupialis +tabascensis_ and we identify the specimen as of that subspecies. From +Yaruca, Honduras, Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39:157, July, 1903) +doubtfully listed as _Didelphis yucatanensis_ a specimen, No. 10611, +M.C.Z. Our examination of the specimen indicates that it is within the +range of variation expectable in _Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_, +known from surrounding areas, and we identify the specimen as +_Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis virginiana~ Kerr + +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:166, May 28, 1901) and A. +H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 45:20, October 28, 1921) have identified +four skulls from Sylacuga, Alabama, as _Didelphis virginiana pigra_. +The two subspecies _virginiana_ and _pigra_ are not known to differ +cranially. We have, however, examined the skulls which are Nos. +44057-44060 in the U.S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll. Because they are +from a place north of other localities (Auburn and Greensboro, Alabama) +from which the subspecies _virginiana_ has been recorded, and within +the geographic range of _virginiana_, we identify the specimens as +_Didelphis marsupialis virginiana_. + +Sycamore Creek (synonymous with Fort Worth), Texas, is a place from +which J. A. Allen (_op. cit._:173) recorded a specimen as _Didelphis +marsupialis texensis_. This specimen (No. 24359/31765 U. S. Nat. Mus., +Biol. Surv. Coll.) is in the black color-phase. There are only a few +white hairs on the hind feet, and the basal fourth of the tail is +black. The black phase occurs all through the range of the species _D. +marsupialis_ and our examination of the specimen reveals no characters +by which it can be distinguished from _D. m. virginiana_ of the +surrounding region and we accordingly identify the specimen as +_Didelphis marsupialis virginiana_. + + +~Didelphis marsupialis pigra~ Bangs + +Davis (Jour. Mamm., 25:375, December 12, 1944) was one writer who +presented evidence that _Didelphis virginiana_ (through its subspecies +_virginiana_ or _pigra_ or both) was only subspecifically distinct from +the species _Didelphis mesembrinus_ (= _D. marsupialis_) through the +subspecies _texensis_. Davis, however, did not actually employ a name +combination that would enforce his conclusion and he remarked that he +had not seen specimens which showed actual intergradation in the color +of the toes. As the remarks below will show, Davis (_loc. cit._) was +correct in his supposition that J. A. Allen had seen such specimens. + +Deming Station, Matagordo, and Velasco, Texas, are three places from +which J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:162, May 28, 1901) +listed specimens as _Didelphis virginiana_. The specimens concerned are +in the Biological Surveys Collection of the U.S. Nat. Museum and bear +catalogue numbers as follows: Deming Station, 32430/44266, 32432/44268, +32433/44269; Matagordo, 32431/44267; Velasco, 32812/44833. In each +specimen the tail is shorter than the head and body. The specimen from +Velasco is semi-black, has the basal tenth of the tail black and there +is no white on the ears or tail. The specimen from Matagordo is +grayish, has the basal fifth of the tail black, ears black, the right +hind foot black, but there is some white on the toes of the left hind +foot and on each of the forefeet. Of the three specimens from Deming +Station, all are in the gray color-phase. The first has the tail black +only as far from the base as there is hair and there is considerable +whitish on the hind toes. The second specimen has the basal fifth of +the tail black and a slight amount of whitish on the hind toes. The +third specimen has the basal third of the tail black and the toes are +all black. In the sum total of their characters the specimens mentioned +above are referable to _Didelphis marsupialis pigra_. These five +specimens, and indeed the three from Deming Station alone, show +intergradation in coloration of the feet between _Didelphis marsupialis +texensis_ and _Didelphis virginiana pigra_. Probably there is three-way +intergradation here at Deming Station in that _D. v. virginiana_ +immediately to the north is involved. The specimens mentioned above, +along with the information recorded by Davis (_loc. cit._) and other +authors (for example, J. A. Allen, _loc. cit._, and Bull. Amer. Mus. +Nat. Hist., 16:249-279, August 18, 1902), give basis for arranging the +North American _Didelphis_ as follows: + + _Didelphis marsupialis virginiana_ Kerr. + + 1792. _Didelphis virginiana_ Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 193, type + locality Virginia. + + _Didelphis marsupialis pigra_ Bangs. + + 1898. _Didelphis virginiana pigra_ Bangs, Proc. Boston Soc. + Nat. Hist., 28:172, March, type from Oak Lodge, opposite Micco, + Brevard Co., Florida. + + _Didelphis marsupialis texensis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1901. _Didelphis marsupialis texensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:172, June 15, type from Brownsville, + Cameron County, Texas. + + _Didelphis marsupialis californica_ Bennett. + + 1833. _Didelphis Californica_ Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, + p. 40, May 17, type probably from northwestern part of present + Republic of Mexico. + + 1924. _Didelphis mesamericana mesamericana_, Miller. Bull. U.S. + Nat. Mus., 128:3, April 29, 1924, and authors. Type locality, + northern Mexico. (_Did[elphys]. mesamericana_ Oken, Lehrbuch d. + naturgesch., pt. 3, vol. 2, p. 1152, 1816, along with other + names from Oken 1816, is judged to be unavailable under current + rules of zoological nomenclature.) + + _Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1901. _Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:173, June 15, type from Teapa, + Tabasco. + + _Didelphis marsupialis yucatanensis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1901. _Didelphis yucatanensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 14:178, June 15, type from Chichenitza, Yucatan. + + _Didelphis marsupialis cozumelae_ Merriam. + + 1901. _Didelphis yucatanensis cozumelae_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 14:101, July 19, type from Cozumel Island, + Yucatan. + + _Didelphis marsupialis richmondi_ J. A. Allen. + + 1901. _Didelphis richmondi_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 14:175, June 15, type from Greytown, Nicaragua. + + 1920. _D[idelphis], m[arsupialis], richmondi_, Goldman, + Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 69(5):46, April 24. + + _Didelphis marsupialis etensis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1902. _Didelphis marsupialis etensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:262, August 18, type from Eten, Piura, + Peru. + + _Didelphis marsupialis battyi_ Thomas. + + 1902. _Didelphis marsupialis battyi_ Thomas, Novitates + Zoologicae, 9:137, April 10, type from Coiba Island, Panama. + + _Didelphis marsupialis particeps_ Goldman. + + 1917. _Didelphis marsupialis particeps_ Goldman, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 30:107, May 23, type from San Miguel Island, + Panama. + + _Didelphis marsupialis insularis_ J. A. Allen. + + 1902. _Didelphis marsupialis insularis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:259, August 18, type from Caparo, + Trinidad. + +In listing the subspecific names given immediately above we are aware +of the possibility that a thorough study of the geographic variation in +_Didelphis marsupialis_ may contract or expand the list of recognizable +subspecies. We are aware also that Hershkovitz (Fieldiana: Zoology, 31 +(No. 47):548, July 10, 1951) has arranged several of the subspecific +names listed immediately above as synonyms of _Didelphis marsupialis +californica_ Bennett. We have not employed his arrangement because he +has not given proof that the currently recognized subspecies are +indistinguishable. + + +~Caluromys derbianus canus~ (Matschie) + +Matschie (Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu +Berlin, Jahrgang 1917, p. 284 (for April), September, 1917) applied the +name _Micoureus canus_ to a specimen on which the locality was no more +precise than Nicaragua. Comparison of Matschie's description with +specimens in the United States National Museum (including the holotype +of _Philander centralis_ Hollister and referred specimens of _Philander +laniger pallidus_ Thomas) reveals that Matschie's specimen was +intermediate in coloration between the other two kinds of woolly +opossums named above and that there is nothing distinctive, in the +specific sense, in the cranial measurements which Matschie published +(_op. cit._). _M. canus_, therefore, may be merely an intergrade +between the two previously named woolly opossums (_C. d. centralis_ and +_C. d. pallidus_), an individual variant of a previously named kind, +say, _C. d. pallidus_, or a valid subspecies. If it is a recognizable +subspecies, it probably comes from somewhere in the eastern half of +Nicaragua. As a means of handling the name, _Micoureus canus_ Matschie, +we tentatively place it as a subspecies of the species _Caluromys +derbianus_. The name may, therefore, stand as _Caluromys derbianus +canus_ (Matschie), with type locality in Guatemala. + + +~Caluromys derbianus fervidus~ (Thomas) + +Elliott (Field Columb. Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. No. 115, Zool. Ser., 8:5, +1907) lists as _Caluromys laniger pallidus_ a specimen from Honduras +that was acquired for the Field Columbian Museum (= Chicago Natural +History Museum) by purchase from Ward's Natural Science Establishment +of Rochester, New York. On August 4, 1951, in the Chicago Natural +History Museum, we found in the catalogue of the collection of Recent +mammals an entry for a male _Caluromys_ bearing catalogue number 6 and +listed as from "San Pedro Sula [Honduras]. From Wards. Mounted". In the +collection of study specimens there is no specimen from Honduras that +was purchased from Ward's, mounted or unmounted. In the sealed, +glass-fronted, exhibit cases of mammals on display there is one, and +only one, _Caluromys_. It is presumed to be specimen No. 6. This +specimen is not _C. d. pallidus_ because it is too dark. It could be +_Caluromys derbianus fervidus_ and we tentatively refer it to that +subspecies. + + +~Caluromys derbianus pallidus~ (Thomas) + +From Puntarenas, Costa Rica, Harris (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 476:7, October 8, 1943) listed as _Caluromys laniger +centralis_ a female, skull and skin, No. 62702 in the Museum of Zoology +of the University of Michigan. We have examined this specimen, the +color of which is darker than in some other specimens of _C. d. pallidus_ +but lighter than that of specimens of _C. d. centralis_ (for example, +specimens from Turrialba, Costa Rica) and on basis of color we refer No. +62702 to _Caluromys derbianus pallidus_. + + +~Scalopus aquaticus aereus~ (Bangs) + +Bangs' (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:138, December 28, 1896) name +_S. a. aereus_ was based on a single specimen that shows more than an +average amount of coppery color. Jackson (N. Amer. Fauna, 38:52, +September 30, 1915) and subsequent authors accord full specific rank to +the specimen under the name _Scalopus aereus_. Blair (Amer. Midland +Nat., 22:98, July, 1939) recorded, from the type locality of _Scalopus +aereus_, normally colored individuals of _Scalopus aquaticus pulcher_ +Jackson. Previously, Scheffer (Kansas State Agric. College, Exp. Bull., +168:4, August 1, 1910) reported that in his examination of 100 +individuals of _Scalops_ [= _Scalopus_] _aquaticus_ from Manhattan, +Kansas, there were two individuals "that were suffused all over with +rich golden brown." Because our examination of the type specimen of +_Scalops texanus aereus_ Bangs reveals no features additional to +coppery color that differentiate _aereus_ from other individuals of +_Scalopus aquaticus pulcher_ Jackson (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +27:19, February 2, 1914) we conclude that Jackson's name and Bangs' +name (_Scalops texanus aereus_) apply to the same subspecies. Bangs' +name has priority and the correct name, therefore, for the populations +of moles that in recent years have been designated as _Scalopus aereus_ +Bangs and _Scalopus aquaticus pulcher_ Jackson will be _Scalopus +aquaticus aereus_ (Bangs). This name combination was previously used by +Miller (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 79:8, December 31, 1912). + + +~Scalopus aquaticus australis~ (Chapman) + +Quay (Jour. Mamm., 30:66, February 14, 1949) recorded _Scalopus +aquaticus_ from Springhill Plantation, 10 miles south-southwest of +Thomasville, Georgia. He stated that the specimens were intermediate +between the subspecies _S. a. australis_ and _S. a. howelli_, but did +not refer the specimens to either subspecies. The locality whence the +material was obtained is approximately half way between the geographic +ranges, as previously known, of _S. a. australis_ and _S. a. howelli_ +(see Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 38, September 30, 1915). + +The specimens recorded by Quay probably are two females in the +Cleveland Museum of Natural History bearing Catalogue Nos. 18136 and +18262 and labeled as from Springhill Plantation, Thomas County, +Georgia. We have examined these specimens and find that they resemble +_S. a. howelli_ in narrowness across the upper tooth-rows, but that +they resemble _S. a. australis_ in length of tail (22, 24), in +shortness of maxillary tooth-row (9.5, 9.5), and in convex dorsal +outline of the skull. Accordingly, we refer the specimens to _Scalopus +aquaticus australis_. + + +~Sorex cinereus cinereus~ Kerr + +In his revision of the American long-tailed shrews, Jackson (N. Amer. +Fauna, 51, vi + 238, 13 pls., 24 figs., July 24, 1928) referred +specimens of _Sorex cinereus_ from Tyonek, Cook Inlet, Alaska, to the +subspecies _S. c. cinereus_ (_op. cit._: 46) and one specimen from +Chester Creek, Anchorage, Alaska, to the subspecies _S. c. hollisteri_ +(_op. cit._: 56). Thus, the geographic ranges of the two subspecies +would seem to overlap around the northern shores of Cook Inlet. In an +attempt to resolve this seemingly anomalous distribution, we have +examined pertinent materials in the Biological Surveys Collection, U.S. +National Museum. We agree with Jackson (_op. cit._) that the series of +specimens from Tyonek is readily referable to _S. c. cinereus_. To our +eye, however, the specimen, No. 232691, from Anchorage is referable to +_Sorex cinereus cinereus_, rather than to _S. c. hollisteri_. The +reference is made on the basis of the darker color, especially of the +underparts. In this specimen, other characters that distinguish the two +mentioned subspecies are not apparent, probably because it is +relatively young; the teeth show only slight wear. + + +~Sorex trowbridgii humboldtensis~ Jackson + +In his account of the long-tailed shrews, Jackson (N. Amer. Fauna, +51:98, July 24, 1928) listed under specimens examined of _Sorex +trowbridgii montereyensis_ four specimens from 7 mi. N Hardy, Mendocino +Co., California. Under his account of the subspecies _S. t. humboldtensis_, +however, he (_op. cit._:97) mentions that specimens (seemingly the same +four) from 7 mi. N Hardy "have shorter tails than typical representatives +of _humboldtensis_, but in color and cranial characters they are similar +to this [_humboltensis_] subspecies." We conclude, therefore, that the +specimens mentioned were inadvertently listed as _S. t. montereyensis_ +and are _Sorex trowbridgii humboldtensis_. This conclusion is supported +by the fact that the locality concerned, 7 mi. N Hardy, is within the +geographic range assigned to _S. t. humboldtensis_ by Jackson (_op. +cit._:97); his southern records of occurrence of _S. t. humboldtensis_ +are Sherwood and Mendocino, both in Mendocino County, California. Our +conclusion is further supported by Grinnell's (Univ. California Publ. +Zool., 40(2):80, September 26, 1933) statement of the range of _S. t. +montereyensis_ as "from southern Mendocino County south...." + + +~Blarina brevicauda churchi~ Bole and Moulthrop + +Kellogg (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 86:253, February 14, 1939) tentatively +referred specimens of the short-tailed shrew from the mountainous parts +of eastern Tennessee to the subspecies _Blarina brevicauda talpoides_, +with the remark that they were unlike specimens of that subspecies +obtained in eastern and southern West Virginia. Subsequently, Bole and +Moulthrop (Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:109, September 11, +1942) named the subspecies _Blarina brevicauda churchi_ with type +locality at Roan Mountain, North Carolina. We have examined the +specimens in the U.S. National Museum recorded by Kellogg (_loc. cit._) +from the following localities: Shady Valley, 2900 ft. (Catalogue No. +267182); Holston Mtn., 4 mi. NE Shady Valley, 3800 ft. (Nos. +267176-267178, 267180, and 267181); Holston Mtn., 3 mi. NE Shady +Valley, 3000 ft. (No. 267179); Roan Mtn., (Nos. 267469-267475); Mt. +Guyot, 6300 ft. (No. 267183); 4-1/2 mi. SE Cosby, 3300 and 3400 ft. +(Nos. 267184 and 267185); and Snake Den Mtn., 3800 ft. (No. 267186). +Among named kinds of _Blarina brevicauda_, we find these specimens to +resemble most closely _Blarina brevicauda churchi_ and so refer them. +They are readily distinguishable from specimens of _B. b. kirtlandi_, +that occurs farther north in the same mountain range, by larger size +and longer tail. Incidentally, in the specimens that we have examined, +we do not find that _B. b. churchi_ is darker colored than other +subspecies of _Blarina brevicauda_; _B. b. churchi_, to us, is +indistinguishable in color from _B. b. kirtlandi_. Bole and Moulthrop +(_op. cit._) thought that _B. b. churchi_ was notably darker than other +subspecies from adjoining areas. + + +~Blarina brevicauda carolinensis~ (Bachman) + +Blair (Amer. Midland Nat., 22(1):99, July, 1939) referred specimens of +the short-tailed shrew from the Arbuckle Mountain area of Oklahoma to +_Blarina brevicauda hulophaga_ and specimens from Mohawk Park, Tulsa +County, Oklahoma, to _B. b. carolinensis_. Later Bole and Moulthrop +(Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:108, September 11, 1942) saw +two of the specimens from Mohawk Park and assigned them to _B. b. +hulophaga_. According to the most recent published account, therefore, +_B. b. hulophaga_ would seem to have a peculiarly discontinuous +geographic range. We have examined the material seen by Blair and by +Bole and Moulthrop (Nos. 75946, 75947, 75643, Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan) in an attempt to form our own judgment as to their +subspecific identity. The teeth of No. 75946 are well worn, whereas the +teeth of the other two are scarcely worn. We are unable to distinguish +No. 75946 from topotypes of _B. b. carolinensis_ by size, color, or +cranial features. The two younger specimens are smaller and paler, but +do not agree with the description of _B. b. hulophaga_. The +nearly-complete narrow, white girdle of No. 75947 is clearly an +individual variation. We assign the animals to _Blarina brevicauda +carolinensis_ (Bachman) as did Blair (_loc. cit._). + + +~Blarina brevicauda minima~ Lowery + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 25:207, October 24, 1905) identified as +_Blarina brevicauda carolinensis_ one specimen from Joaquin and two +specimens from Big Thicket, 8 mi. NE Sour Lake, both localities in +eastern Texas. Strecker and Williams (Jour. Mamm., 10:259, August 10, +1929) later recorded the specimens again under the same name. The +subsequent naming of _B. b. plumbea_ from Aransas National Wildlife +Refuge, Aransas County, Texas (Davis, Jour. Mamm., 22(3):317, August +14, 1941) and _B. b. minima_ from Louisiana (Lowery, Occas. Papers Mus. +Zool., Louisiana St. Univ., 13:218, November 22, 1943) leaves the +identity of the specimens from eastern Texas in doubt. We have examined +the following specimens in the Biological Surveys Collection, U.S. +National Museum: No. 117372, from Joaquin; No. 136407, from 7 mi. NE +Sour Lake; and No. 136788, from 8 mi. NE Sour Lake. We judge these to +be the specimens referred to by Bailey (_loc. cit._). We find that they +are indistinguishable from specimens of _Blarina brevicauda minima_ and +they seem to differ from _B. b. plumbea_ in being chestnut rather than +plumbeous in color and in lacking the highly-arched posterior border of +the palate. They are easily distinguished from _B. b. carolinensis_ by +their chestnut, rather than slaty-black, color and small size. They are +distinguishable from _B. b. hulophaga_, to which they might conceivably +be referred on geographic grounds, by their color and small size. We +refer them to _Blarina brevicauda minima_ Lowery. + + +~Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons~ A. H. Howell + +In his "Revision of the skunks of the genus Spilogale" (N. Amer. Fauna, +26, November 24, 1906) A. H. Howell identified certain specimens in the +United States National Museum as follows: + + _Spilogale leucoparia_, [Male] sad. 55585 from Tulancingo, Hidalgo + (_op. cit._:21). + + _Spilogale gracilis_, [Male] sad. 88154 from San Sebastian in + Jalisco, [Male] ad. 79017 from Lagos in Jalisco, [Male] ad. 47177 + from Patzcuaro in Michoacan (_op. cit._:23). + + _Spilogale ambigua_, [Male] ad. 35667/20437 from Barranca Ibarra in + Jalisco, [Male] yg. 120101 from Ocotlan in Jalisco (_op. cit._:25). + +Hall and Villa (Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 1:448, December +27, 1949) inferred that No. 47177 from Patzcuaro was instead referable +to _Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons_. Our examination of No. 47177 +and of each of the other specimens mentioned by catalogue number +immediately above leads us to conclude that they all are of one +species, and that, among named kinds of _Spilogale_, they should be +referred to the subspecies _Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons_ +Howell. + +Our examination of all of the specimens that Howell (_op. cit_.) +identified as _Spilogale [angustifrons] angustifrons_ reveals that +none of the specimens from the type locality had attained full adult +stature; the holotype is a subadult and the other specimens from the +type locality are even younger. The small size of these specimens from +the type locality seems to have misled Howell into thinking that they +were taxonomically distinct from the larger specimens--those from +Jalisco, Michoacan and Hidalgo--that he identified as other kinds. + + +~Spilogale gracilis gracilis~ Merriam + +In the genus _Spilogale_ four specific names, concerning the status of +which we have been uncertain, are listed below in the order of their +appearance in the literature. + + 1890. _Spilogale gracilis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:83, + September 11, type from bottom of canyon, Grand Canyon, Arizona. + + 1890. _Spilogale leucoparia_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:11, + October 8, type from Mason, Mason County, Texas. + + 1891. _Spilogale phenax arizonae_ Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 3:256, June 5, type from near Fort Verde, Yavapai County, + Arizona. + + 1897. _Spilogale ambigua_ Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new + mammals ... from the Mexican boundary line, p. 3, January 12 + [reprinted in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 20:460, December 24, 1897], + type from summit of Eagle Cliff Mtn., 2 mi. S of Monument No. 5 of + Emory's Survey which, according to Miller (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., + 128:134, April 29, 1924), is "Eagle Mountain, Chihuahua, Mexico, + about four miles south of Dona Ana County, New Mexico." + +In 1906 (N. Amer. Fauna, 26:1-55, 10 pls., November 24) A. H. Howell's +"Revision of the skunks of the genus Spilogale" was published and the +four names listed above were retained by him as applying to four +species (not subspecies). His map (_op. cit._, pl. 1) showing the +geographic distribution of the four kinds looks reasonable enough at +first inspection and does not indicate any overlapping of the +geographic ranges of the species in question, but if a map be made by +plotting the localities of occurrence recorded by Howell (_op. cit._), +for specimens examined by him, a notably different geographic +distribution is shown. For one thing the geographic ranges of +_gracilis_, _leucoparia_, _arizonae_ and _ambigua_ coincide over a +considerable part of Arizona. Also, specimens collected in recent +years from Arizona and adjoining areas do not readily fit into the +"species" recognized by Howell; some specimens are structurally +intermediate between two or more of these species and other specimens +combine the diagnostic characters ascribed to two or more of the +alleged species. For these and other reasons a re-appraisal of the +application of the names mentioned above long has been indicated. + +Before re-appraising the names it is pertinent to recall that Howell's +paper in 1906 on _Spilogale_ was only the second revisionary paper +that he prepared. It was prepared by a man who at that time lacked +much taxonomic experience, and who held to a morphotype concept. +Howell worked under the guidance, in the literal sense, of Dr. C. Hart +Merriam. The concept of species and subspecies held by Merriam +fortunately was recorded by him (Jour. Mamm., 1:6-9, November 28, +1919). Merriam's reliance on degree of difference and his disregard of +intergradation were naturally (and necessarily, we think, in Howell's +work in 1906) adopted by Howell. For example, of six specimens from +Point Reyes in west-central California, a place less than ten miles +from the type locality of _Spilogale phenax phenax_, Howell (_op. +cit._:33) assigned one specimen to the subspecies _Spilogale phenax +latifrons_! _S. p. latifrons_ occurs in Oregon and in northern +California--no nearer than 200 miles to Point Reyes. Howell's +assignment of this specimen to _S. p. latifrons_ was not a _lapsus_, +as persons with the modern (geographic) concept of a subspecies would +be likely to suppose. Howell's assignment of the one specimen to _S. +p. latifrons_ and the other five specimens to _S. p. phenax_ was +intentional, as he told one of us (Hall). He explained that he relied +upon the morphological characters of the individual animal instead of +upon the morphological characters of a population of animals. To him, +therefore, there was nothing inconsistent in his procedure in 1906. +Also, variation that was the result of difference in age and variation +that was the result of individual deviation were not understood, or at +least not taken into account, by Howell in 1906, nor by Merriam in +1890. For example, Merriam selected the most extensively white +specimen available to him for the holotype of _Spilogale leucoparia_. +He, and Howell in 1906, used the extensiveness of the white areas of +that particular specimen (see fig. 3, pl. 2, N. Amer. Fauna, 26, 1906) +as a character diagnostic of the "species" _S. leucoparia_ although +each of the authors had available two other specimens of _S. +leucoparia_ from the type locality, and all of the other referred +specimens in the United States National Museum, that were less +extensively white than the holotype. The _individual specimen_ was the +primary basis for the species or subspecies and one selected specimen +alone often was used in making comparisons between a given named kind +and some other species or subspecies. Also, be it remembered, degree +of difference, and not presence or absence of intergradation, was the +basis on which subspecific _versus_ specific rank was accorded to a +named kind of animal. Howell wrote on the labels of some specimens of +_Spilogale_ "not typical" when the individuals differed from the type +specimen in features that owe their existence to individual variation, +and he wrote the same words on the labels of other specimens that had +not yet developed mastoidal crests because the animals were not yet +adult. + +Anyone who examines the specimens that Howell used will do well to +bear in mind the circumstances noted above concerning Howell's paper +of 1906; otherwise the reasons for Howell's identifications of certain +specimens can not be understood. + +We have examined and compared the holotypes, and other specimens used +by Howell. While doing so we have borne in mind the degree of +individual variation well shown by each of several series of specimens +(for example, that in six adult males, from the Animas Mountains of +New Mexico, recorded by V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 53:339, 1932) and +age variation (for example, that shown in specimens of _S. interrupta_ +from Douglas County, Kansas). The degree of each of these kinds of +variation, although considerable, is not extraordinary. That is to +say, the variations are of approximately the same degree as we +previously have ascertained to exist in _Mephitis mephitis_ and in +_Mustela frenata_, two species that are in the same family, +Mustelidae, as _Spilogale_. As a result of our comparisons, we +conclude, first that the four names mentioned at the beginning of this +account all pertain to one species, and second that the three names +_S. gracilis_, _S. p. arizonae_ and _S. ambigua_, and probably also +_S. leucoparia_, were based on individual variations in one +subspecies. _S. gracilis_ has priority and will apply; the other names +are properly to be arranged as synonyms of it, as follows: + + 1890. _Spilogale gracilis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:83, + September 11. + + 1890. _Spilogale leucoparia_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:11, + October 8. + + 1891. _Spilogale phenax arizonae_ Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 3:256, June 5. + + 1897. _Spilogale ambigua_ Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new + mammals ... from the Mexican boundary line, p. 3, January 12. + +Some information in support of the above arrangement, along with some +other observations on _Spilogale_, are as follows: The type specimen +of _Spilogale gracilis_ bears on the original skin-label in the +handwriting of Vernon Bailey, the collector, the statement that the +tail was imperfect. The recorded measurements of 400 for total length +and 142 for length of tail, therefore, are presumed to be subject to +correction. This presumption and the further circumstance that other +specimens from Arizona and New Mexico are as large as specimens of +comparable age and sex that we have examined from Nevada and Utah of +_Spilogale gracilis saxatilis_ Merriam, indicate that _S. g. +saxatilis_ differs less from the allegedly smaller _S. g. gracilis_ +than was previously thought. Nevertheless, from north to south (for +example, from northern Nevada to southern Arizona) there is an +increase in extent of white areas at the expense of black areas of the +pelage. As a result, the lateralmost white stripe in _S. g. saxatilis_ +averages narrower (and often is wanting) than in _S. g. gracilis_. The +absence, or narrowness, of the lateralmost white stripe seems to be +the principal basis for recognizing _S. g. saxatilis_, just as the +tendency to narrow rostrum in Coloradan specimens seems to be the +principal basis for recognizing _Spilogale gracilis tenuis_ A. H. +Howell. Both _S. g. saxatilis_ and _S. g. tenuis_ are "poorly" +differentiated from _S. g. gracilis_ and from each other. + +The holotype of _Spilogale ambigua_ Mearns is slightly smaller than +other adult males of comparable age, and the braincase, relative to +its width, is slightly deeper than in the average adult male. These +variations, nevertheless, are within the range of individual +variation, as also are those characterizing the holotype of _Spilogale +phenax arizonae_ Mearns. The latter specimen is an adult male, with +much inflated mastoidal bullae, nearly straight dorsal profile on the +skull, relatively shallow braincase, and only slightly worn teeth. + +The holotype of _Spilogale leucoparia_ Merriam, as pointed out above, +is an extreme example of the extensiveness of the white areas of the +pelage at the expense of the black areas. This feature occurs more +often in the southwestern desert areas of the United States than it +does farther north. In addition to the extensiveness of the white +markings, the other two characters allegedly distinctive of _S. +leucoparia_ are broad and much flattened braincase and great degree of +inflation of the mastoidal bullae. Although these three mentioned +features do distinguish _S. leucoparia_ from _S. indianola_ to the +eastward, they seem not to set _S. leucoparia_ apart from _S. +gracilis_ to the westward. For example, in Arizona some specimens are +extensively white and some others have the braincase flattened and the +mastoidal bullae much inflated. V. Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 53:339, +1932) refers to a specimen ([Male], No. 147252 USBS) from the head of +the Rio Mimbres in New Mexico in which, as our comparisons show, the +inflation of the mastoidal bullae exceeds that of any Texan specimen +of _S. leucoparia_, the holotype included. Also, at the type locality +of _S. leucoparia_, subadult male No. 188467 USNM and adult male No. +188468 USNM are narrower across the mastoidal region than is the +holotype. In summary and review, specimens from the eastern part of +the range heretofore ascribed to _S. leucoparia_ nearly all have much +inflated mastoidal bullae whereas less than half of the specimens of +_Spilogale_ from western New Mexico and Arizona have these bullae as +greatly inflated; but, in No. 147252 from the head of the Rio Mimbres +of New Mexico the inflation of the bullae is more extreme than in any +specimen that we know of that has been referred to _S. leucoparia_. + +If intergradation occurs between _Spilogale gracilis gracilis_ and +_Spilogale indianola_ and between one or both of these kinds on the +one hand and _Spilogale interrupta_ on the other hand, central Texas +would be a logical place to collect intergrades. We suppose that such +intergradation will be found to occur and that eventually _Spilogale +putorius_ will be the specific name to apply to all of the Recent +subspecies of spotted skunks. Until proof of such intergradation is +forthcoming we employ current nomenclature. + + +~Spilogale gracilis microdon~ A. H. Howell + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 26:31, November 24, 1906) listed as +_Spilogale arizonae martirensis_ one specimen ([Female] sad.-yg., +145886 USBS) from Comondu, which is the type locality of _S. +microdon_. Our examination of [Female] No. 145886 convinces us that it +is referable to _S. microdon_. + +Examination of the materials used by Howell (_op. cit._) reveals that +there is an increase in size of animal and its skull from within the +geographic range of _S. g. martirensis_ southward to Cape St. Lucas +which is the type locality of _S. lucasana_. Specimens of _S. +microdon_, which so far has been recorded only from Comondu, the type +locality, are, as would be expected, intermediate in size between _S. +g. martirensis_ and _S. lucasana_. The differential characters of +these three named kinds of _Spilogale_ are principally those of size, +and we can see no characters judged to be of more than subspecific +worth. Consequently the named kinds should stand as: + + _Spilogale gracilis martirensis_ Elliott; + + _Spilogale gracilis microdon_ A. H. Howell; + + _Spilogale gracilis lucasana_ Merriam. + + +~Spilogale gracilis microrhina~ Hall + +When Hall (Jour. Mamm., 7:53, February 15, 1926) named as new +_Spilogale phenax microrhina_, he did not mention specimens previously +recorded by A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 26:32, November 24, 1906) as +_Spilogale phenax_ from San Bernardino Peak (57026 USBS), La Puerta +(99580 USBS), Dulzura (55848, 56173, 56873, 33693/45728, 36291/48656 +and 36292/48657) in southern California. On geographic grounds these +specimens would be expected to be _S. g. microrhina_ although +geographically slightly outside the area that could be delimited by +Hall's (_op. cit._) marginal record-stations of occurrence. Our +examination of the pertinent specimens reveals that they are +_Spilogale gracilis microrhina_. The localities from which the +specimens came are, respectively, the northeasternmost, easternmost +and southernmost occurrences so far listed for the subspecies. + + +~Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi~ Merriam + +Examination of the holotypes of _Conepatus filipensis_ Merriam, +_Conepatus pediculus_ Merriam, _Conepatus sonoriensis_ Merriam, and +_Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi_ Merriam, and other specimens of the two +kinds last named, convinces us that all are the same species and that +the names should stand as follows: _Conepatus mesoleucus filipensis_ +Merriam (type locality, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca); _Conepatus +mesoleucus pediculus_ Merriam (Sierra Guadalupe, Coahuila); and +_Conepatus mesoleucus sonoriensis_ Merriam (Camoa, Rio Mayo, Sonora). + +One method of designating the ages of individuals in _Conepatus_ is +to recognize four categories from younger to older, as follows: 1) +juvenile--retaining one or more deciduous teeth; 2) young--sutures +open and clearly to be seen between bones of the facial part of the +skull; 3) subadult--skull of adult form, but lacking sagittal and +lambdoidal crests and retaining faint traces of sutures between facial +bones; and 4) adult--sutures obliterated, lambdoidal ridge high and +temporal ridges (of females) or sagittal crest (of males) prominent. + +On this basis of designating age, the holotype of _C. pediculus_ is +young and nearer the juvenal than the subadult stage. Its small size +is partly the result of its youth. Other than its small size we find +no characters to distinguish it from _C. m. mearnsi_. Unfortunately no +young male of _C. m. mearnsi_ of the same age as the holotype of _C. +pediculus_ is available. Also, from the general area of the Sierra +Guadalupe, Coahuila, only the one specimen of _Conepatus mesoleucus_ +(the holotype of _C. m. pediculus_) is known. Consequently, we can not +yet prove that some young males of _C. m. mearnsi_ are as small as the +holotype of _C. pediculus_. Because of this lack of proof we +tentatively recognize the subspecies _Conepatus mesoleucus pediculus_ +instead of placing the name _Conepatus pediculus_ in the synonomy of +_Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi_. + +The holotype of _C. sonoriensis_ is a young female, older than the +holotype of _C. pediculus_, and approximately midway between the +juvenal and subadult stages. + +The holotype of _C. filipensis_ is an adult male. + +We suppose that _C. mesoleucus mesoleucus_ Lichtenstein and _C. +mesoleucus mearnsi_ Merriam on the one hand, and _Conepatus leuconotus +leuconotus_ Lichtenstein and _C. l. texensis_ Merriam on the other +hand will be found to intergrade, in which event the name _Conepatus +leuconotus_, having page priority over _Conepatus mesoleucus_, will +apply to the species. Proof of complete intergradation is not yet +available. The one difference between the two that prevents our +uniting them as subspecies of one species is the larger size of _C. l. +leuconotus_ and _C. l. texensis_. Measurements of the smallest adult +male and female available to us of _C. l. texensis_ and of the largest +adult male and female of _C. m. mearnsi_ are given below. + +Where the geographic ranges of the two species approach one another +the only taxonomically significant difference detected by us is in +size, _C. leuconotus_ being larger than _C. mesoleucus_. Other +characters that are useful in separating the two alleged species now +are known to vary geographically in a fashion that indicates only +subspecific status for the two kinds. For example, three specimens +from Laredo, Texas (previously recorded by V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, +25:205, October 24, 1905--Nos. 24839/32237, 24840/32238 and +24842/32245 USBS), bridge the gap in color pattern between _C. l. +texensis_ to the east and _C. m. mearnsi_ to the west. _C. l. +texensis_ characteristically has the white stripe terminating +anteriorly in an obtuse angle, and on the hinder back the area of +white is restricted to a narrow line or is wanting. _C. m. mearnsi_ +characteristically has the white stripe truncate anteriorly and +approximately as broad on the hinder back as on the shoulders. In the +specimens from Laredo, the young female, No. 24842, has the white +nearly truncate anteriorly (pointed in the other two specimens, adult +females). In No. 24839 the area of white on the hinder back is only +slightly restricted in width (noticeably restricted but present in the +other two specimens). + +The proof of intergradation, or the lack of it, between the two +alleged species, _Conepatus mearnsi_ and _Conepatus leuconotus_, would +seem to be profitably sought by obtaining specimens along the Rio +Grande in Texas between the Blocker Ranch ("50 miles southeast of +Eagle Pass") and Laredo. + +Measurements illustrating the size difference between the two alleged +species are as follows: + + TABLE 1. Measurements of _Conepatus_ from Texas + + Column Heading Legend: + + Col. A: [Male] ad. 186455 USNM, Mason, Texas. Type + Col. B: [Male] ad. 31970/24575 USBS, Blocker Ranch, Texas + Col. C: [Female] ad. 126241 USBS, 8 mi. S Langtry, Texas + Col. D: [Male] ad. 47122 USBS, Brownsville, Texas. Type + Col. E: [Male] ad. 45132/33129 USBS, Brownsville, Texas + Col. F: [Male] yg. 45900/33865 USBS, Brownsville, Texas + Col. G: [Female] ad. 47121/34865 USBS, Brownsville, Texas + Col. H: [Female] ad. 24839/32237 USBS, Laredo, Texas + Col. I: [Female] ad. 24840/32328 USBS, Laredo, Texas + Col. J: [Male]? sad. 16651 AMNH, Kingsville, Texas + + ============================================+========================== + C. mesoleucus mearnsi | C. leuconotus texensis + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Total | 633 | ... | 610 | 800 | 920 | 770 | 670 | 685 | 700 | ... + length | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Length | ... | ... | 269 | 360 | 410 | 300 | 250 | 220 | 260 | ... + of tail | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Length | 72[1]| 75[1]| 71 | 74 | 70 | 90 | 65 | 78 | 80 | ... + of hind | | | | | | | | | | + foot | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Condylo- | 72.0 | 72.8 | 64.5| 83.5| 78.9| 78.2| 72.0| 75.7| 74.5| ... + basal | | | | | | | | | | + length | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Zygomatic | 51.3 | 50.1 | 43.4| 55.3| 76.8| ... | 48.3| 49.0| 48.0|50.3 + breadth | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Mastoidal | 41.0 | 44.2 | 37.0| 47.3| 78.2| 43.7| 40.5| 40.5| 40.7| ... + breadth | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Length | 28.9 | 29.8 | 31.8| 28.9| 28.0| 25.8| 32.7| 55.3| 30.4|29.9 + of upper | | | | | | | | | | + tooth-rows| | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Outside | 7.3 | ... | 6.1| 8.5| 53.2| 7.5| 7.5| 6.6| 7.7| 7.6 + length | | | | | | | | | | + of P4 | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Outside | 7.8 | 7.0 | 6.7| 9.2| 52.7| 8.4| 8.3| 7.6| 9.3| 9.1 + length | | | | | | | | | | + of M1 | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---- + Breadth | 7.6 | 7.0 | 6.5| 9.3| ... | 8.6| 8.2| 7.9| 9.4| 8.2 + of M1 | | | | | | | | | | + ----------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----- + + [1] Measured dry. + + +~Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus~ Goldman + +When Goldman (Jour. Mamm., 3:40, February 10, 1921) named _C. m. +venaticus_ from Arizona he did not mention material which Merriam +(Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:163, August 6, 1902) had recorded +from Ft. Verde, Arizona, under the name _Conepatus mesoleucus +mearnsi_. This material seems to be specimens in the American Museum +of Natural History of which the two oldest specimens are as follows: +No. 2486/1921, male, adult, from Box Canon, 20 mi. S Ft. Verde; No. +2487/1922, female, subadult, from Verde River, Arizona. Pertinent +measurements of these specimens are, respectively, as follows: +condylobasal length, 72.4, 68.8; zygomatic breadth, 50.0, 44.2; width +of braincase at constriction behind zygomata, 36.4, 33.8; mastoidal +breadth, 44.3, 38.4. Comparison of these measurements with those given +for _C. m. venaticus_ (Goldman, _loc. cit._) reveals that the +specimens concerned agree in narrowness of skull with _C. m. +venaticus_ (_C. m. mearnsi_ is relatively wider) and it is on this +basis that we refer the specimens to _Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus_. + + +~Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis~ Goodwin + +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:48, February 29, 1904) +listed two specimens of gray fox from Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, as +_Urocyon guatemalae_. Goodwin, in his "Mammals of Costa Rica" (Bull. +Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 87(5):271-474, December 31, 1946) did not +mention any material from Pozo Azul. We have examined the skull of the +adult female (No. 19208 AMNH) taken on July 17, 1902, at Pozo Zul +[sic], by M. A. Carriker and find it to be indistinguishable from +other specimens of _Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis_ to which +subspecies we therefore refer the specimen. + + +~Canis lupus griseoalbus~ Baird + +In 1823 Sabine (No. V, Zoological Appendix, p. 654, _In_ Narrative of +a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea ... xvi + 768, 30 pls., 4 +maps, 1823, London, by John Franklin) applied the name _Canis +Lupus-Griseus_ to the gray wolf in the vicinity of Cumberland House, +Saskatchewan. On the following page (p. 655) he employed the name +_Canis Lupus-Albus_ for a white wolf obtained at Fort Enterprise, +Northwest Territories. In 1937 Goldman (Jour. Mamm., 18(1):45, +February 14) did not consider the wolves of the Cumberland House +region to be sufficiently different from animals from surrounding +areas to warrant nominal separation for them and he placed the name +_Canis lupus griseus_ Sabine as a synonym of _Canis lupus +occidentalis_ Simpson. Anderson (Jour. Mamm., 24(3):386, August 17, +1943) revived Sabine's name _griseus_ and assigned to _Canis lupus +griseus_ an extensive geographic range in central Canada. Later, +Goldman (Part II, Classification of wolves, p. 395 and 424, _In_ The +Wolves of North America, American Wildlife Institute, May 29, 1944) by +implication, again arranged _griseus_ of Sabine as a synonym of _Canis +lupus occidentalis_ and pointed out (_op. cit._:395) that, in any +event, the name _griseus_ is preoccupied by _[Canis] Griseus_ +Boddaert, 1784 [= _Urocyon cinereoargenteus_ (Schreber), 1775]. Still +later, Anderson (Bull. 102, Nat. Mus. Canada, p. 54, January 27, 1947) +again recognized the subspecies formerly known as _Canis lupus +griseus_ Sabine, and, because of Boddaert's prior usage of _[Canis] +griseus_, renamed the subspecies _Canis lupus knightii_. It appears, +however, that there is an earlier name available for this subspecies. +Goldman (_op. cit._, 1943:395) points out that "apparently combining +the names _Canis (Lupus) griseus_ and _Canis (Lupus) albus_ of Sabine +... as _Canis occidentalis_ var. _griseo-albus_, Baird [Mammals, +Repts. Explor. and Surv. for R. R. to Pacific Ocean, Washington, p. +104, vol. 8, (1857) July 14, 1858] seems to have entertained a +somewhat composite concept of a widely ranging race varying in color +from 'pure white to grizzled gray.' No type was mentioned and the name +does not appear to be valid or clearly assignable to the synonomy of +any particular race." We agree with Goldman that Baird's concept was a +composite one, but Baird's name, _Canis occidentalis_ var. +_griseo-albus_, was clearly based on the primary names of Sabine +(_griseus_ and _albus_), of De Kay (_occidentalis_), of Maxmillian +(_variabilis_, a synonym of _Canis lupus nubilis_) and of Townsend +(_gigas_, a synonym of _Canis lupus fuscus_). Nevertheless, the name +_griseo-albus_ was applied to, among others, the subspecies of wolf +the type locality of which is at Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, and, +by restriction, the name _Canis lupus griseoalbus_ Baird is available +for the subspecies and, of course, antedates _Canis lupus knightii_ of +Anderson (_op. cit._, 1947:54). It might be argued that Baird did not +intend to propose a new name, but that he did so is a _fait accompli_. +_Canis lupus albus_ Sabine, 1823, is not available since it is +preoccupied by _C[anis]. Lupus albus_ Kerr (Animal Kingdom, Class I, +Mammalia, p. 137, 1792), a name applied to the wolf of the Yenisei +region of Siberia. + +The name and synonomy of the wolf of central Canada should stand as +follows: + + +~Canis lupus griseoalbus~ Baird + + 1858. _Canis occidentalis_, var. _griseo-albus_ Baird, Mammals, + Repts. Explor. and Surv. for R. R. to Pacific Ocean, Washington, + vol. 8, p. 104 (1857), July 14, 1858, based on _Canis Lupus-Griseus_ + Sabine 1823 from the vicinity of Cumberland House, Saskatchewan. + + 1823. _Canis Lupus-Griseus_ Sabine, No. V, Zool. App. p. 654, _In_ + Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea ... by John + Franklin (_nec [Canis] Griseus_ Boddaert, Elench. Anim. p. 97, + 1794, a synonym of _Urocyon cinereaorgenteus_ (Schreber), + Saeugethiere, p. 92, 1775). + + 1943. _Canis lupus griseus_, Anderson, Jour. Mamm., 24(3):386, + August 17. + + 1947. _Canis lupus knightii_ Anderson, Bull. 102, Nat. Mus. + Canada, p. 54, January 24. (A renaming of _Canis Lupus-Griseus_ + Sabine, 1823.) + +The name _Canis Lupus-Albus_ Sabine, 1823 (_nec C[anis]. Lupus albus_ +Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 137, 1792) should, of course, be retained as +a synonym of _Canis lupus mackenzii_ Anderson as arranged by Anderson +(Bull. 102, Nat. Mus. Canada, p. 55, January 24, 1947). + +When Anderson (_op. cit._:54) recognized the subspecies _Canis lupus +knightii_ [= _C. l. griseoalbus_] he made no mention of a specimen of +wolf from Norway House, Manitoba, which Goldman (_op. cit._, 1944:427) +had referred to _C. l. occidentalis_, but the subspecific identity of +which was placed in doubt by Anderson's action. We have examined the +specimen, No. 115995, in the Biological Surveys Collection, U.S. +National Museum, and have compared it with specimens, including +topotypes, of _C. l. occidentalis_ and _C. l. hudsonicus_. The +specimen fits the description of _C. l. griseoalbus_ and differs from +_C. l. occidentalis_ in its long and narrow incisive foramina, larger +skull, more nearly straight frontal profile (not markedly concave), +and slightly higher coronoid processes. Other differences alleged to +obtain between these two subspecies offer no assistance in the present +case. The specimen from Norway House differs from _C. l. hudsonicus_ +in larger size of skull and stouter, blunter, postorbital processes, +the posterior borders of which turn less abruptly inward. In brief, +among currently recognized subspecies, the specimen from Norway House +seems best referred to _Canis lupus griseoalbus_ Baird. + + +~Canis niger rufus~ Audubon and Bachman + +Goldman (Part II, Classification of wolves, p. 486, _In_ The wolves of +North America, American Wildlife Institute, May 29, 1944) referred two +specimens of the red wolf from Reeds Spring, Missouri, to the +subspecies _C. n. gregoryi_. Leopold and Hall (Jour. Mamm., 26(2):143, +July 19, 1945) referred wolves from 5 mi. N Gainesville and from 3 mi. +N Thomasville, both localities in Missouri, to _C. n. rufus_. The +identification of Leopold and Hall was made on the basis of the small +size of their specimens and they did not have the advantage of +comparative material. The locations of these and other records of +occurrence in Missouri and Arkansas suggest that the specimens from +Reeds Spring might be better referred to _C. n. rufus_, the more +western subspecies. An examination and comparison of the two specimens +from Reeds Spring, Nos. 244127 and 244527, Biological Surveys +Collection, discloses that they are intergrades between _C. n. rufus_ +and _C. n. gregoryi_. They resemble _C. n. rufus_ in small size and +cranial characters, but are more nearly _C. n. gregoryi_ in the +darker, less brightly rufescent color of the pelage. Being, in this +case, more strongly influenced by the size and cranial features than +by the color, we consider the animals from Reeds Spring best referred +to _Canis niger rufus_. + + +_Transmitted July 15, 1952._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and +Geographic Distribution of Some North American Marsupials, Insectivores and Carnivores, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. 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