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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32404-h.zip b/32404-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d23ed16 --- /dev/null +++ b/32404-h.zip diff --git a/32404-h/32404-h.htm b/32404-h/32404-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..248a454 --- /dev/null +++ b/32404-h/32404-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1109 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + Second Thoughts are Best: Or a Further Improvement of a Late Scheme to Prevent Street Robberies, by Daniel Defoe. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0em; + text-align: justify;} + /* Text Blocks ------------------------------------------ */ + blockquote {text-align: justify; font-size: 0.9em;} + .blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + pre {font-size: 0.9em;} + pre.note {font-size: 1.0em;} + .note {margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em;} + div.trans-note { + margin: 8%; + padding: 1.0em; + font-size: 0.9em; + background-color: #E6F0F0; + color: inherit; + } + p.pub {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%} + /* Headers ---------------------------------------------- */ + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both; font-weight: normal;} + h1 {letter-spacing: 0.1em;} + h3.tight, h4.tight {margin-top: 0.0em; margin-bottom: 0.0em;} + /* Horizontal Rules ------------------------------------- */ + hr {width: 65%; + margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; + margin-top: 2.0em; margin-bottom: 2.0em; + clear: both;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + hr.short {width: 20%;} + hr.tiny {width: 10%;} + hr.tight {margin-top: 1.0em; margin-bottom: 1.0em;} + /* General Formatting ---------------------------------- */ + .sc {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .spacious {letter-spacing: 0.25em;} + span.pagenum {position: absolute; + right: 1%; + color: gray; background-color: inherit; + letter-spacing:normal; + text-indent: 0em; text-align:right; + font-style: normal; + font-variant:normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 8pt;} + p.right {text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;} + p.indent {margin-left: 20%;} + p.close {margin-top: 0.0em;} + p.center {text-align: center;} + p.hang {text-indent: -.6em; padding-left: .6em;} + p.heading {text-align: center; font-weight: bold;} + p.nobreak {margin-top: 0.0em;} + p.break {margin-top: 2em;} + /* Links ------------------------------------------------ */ + a:link {color: blue; background-color: inherit; text-decoration: none} + link {color: blue; background-color: inherit; text-decoration: none} + a:visited {color: blue; background-color: inherit; text-decoration: none} + a:hover {color: red; background-color: inherit} + </style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Second Thoughts are Best: Or a Further +Improvement of a Late Scheme to Prevent Street Robberies, by Daniel Defoe + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Second Thoughts are Best: Or a Further Improvement of a Late Scheme to Prevent Street Robberies + +Author: Daniel Defoe + +Release Date: May 17, 2010 [EBook #32404] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SECOND THOUGHTS ARE BEST *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="trans-note"> +<p class="heading">Transcriber's Note</p> +<p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as +faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other +inconsistencies. Text that has been changed to correct an obvious error +is noted at the <a href="#END">end</a> of this ebook.</p> + +<p>This reprinted by D. A. Talboys, Oxford, 1841.</p> +</div> + + + +<h1>SECOND<br /> + +THOUGHTS ARE BEST:</h1> + +<h5>OR A</h5> + +<h3>FURTHER IMPROVEMENT</h3> + +<h4>Of a Late</h4> + +<h2 class="spacious"><big>SCHEME</big></h2> + +<h5>TO PREVENT</h5> + +<h3><i>STREET ROBBERIES</i>:</h3> + +<h5>BY WHICH</h5> + +<p class="hang pub">Our Streets will be strongly guarded, and so gloriously illuminated, +that any part of London will be as safe and pleasant at Midnight as at +Noonday; and Burglary totally impracticable:</p> + +<h4>With</h4> + +<p class="center pub"><i>Some Thoughts for suppressing Robberies in all the Public Roads of +England, &c.</i></p> + +<h4>Humbly</h4> + +<p class="hang pub">Offered for the Good of his Country, submitted to the Consideration of +the Parliament, and dedicated to his sacred Majesty King <span class="smcap">George II</span>.</p> + +<hr class="tight" /> +<h3 class="tight">By <span class="smcap">Andrew Moreton</span>, Esq.</h3> +<hr class="tight" /> + + +<h3 class="spacious"><i>LONDON</i>:</h3> + + +<p class="hang pub">Printed for <span class="smcap">W. Meadows</span>, at the <i>Angel</i> in <i>Cornhill</i>; and sold by <span class="smcap">J. +Roberts</span>, in <i>Warwick-Lane</i>. 1729.</p> +<p class="right close">[<i>Price Six Pence.</i></p> + + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> +<h3>TO THE</h3> + +<h2 class="spacious">KING'S</h2> + +<h3>Most Excellent</h3> + +<h2 class="spacious">MAJESTY,</h2> + +<h3>SACRED AND MOST AUGUST!</h3> + + +<p><span class="sc">Permit</span> a loyal subject, in the sincerity of his heart, to press through +the crowds of courtiers who surround your royal person, and lay his +little mite, humbly offered for the public welfare, at your majesty's +feet.</p> + +<p>Happy is it for me, as well as the whole kingdom, we have a king of such +humanity and affability; a king naturalized to us, a king who loves us, +a king in whose person as well as mind, the whole hero appears: the king +of our hearts; the king of our wishes!</p> + +<p>Those who are dissatisfied with such a monarch, deserve to be abandoned +of God, and have the devil sent to reign over them. Yet such there are, +(pity they should wear human forms, or breathe the free air of Britain!) +who are so scandalously fickle, that if God himself was to reign, they +would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span> yearn after their darling monarch the prince of darkness.</p> + +<p>These are they who fly in the face of majesty, who so abuse the liberty +of the press, that from a benefit it becomes an evil, and demands +immediate regulation.</p> + +<p>Not against your majesty only, but against many of your loyal subjects, +are arrows shot in the dark, by lurking villains who wound the +reputations of the innocent in sport. Our public newspapers, which ought +to contain nothing but what is instructive and communicative, being now +become public nuisances, vehicles of personal, private slander, and +scandalous pasquins.</p> + +<p>Let the glory be yours, most gracious sovereign! to suppress this +growing evil; and if any hints from your most faithful subject can be of +the least use, I live but to serve, to admire, and pray for your +majesty.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">Who am,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Most gracious Sovereign,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Your Majesty's</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Most loyal, most dutiful, most obedient</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 8.5em;">subject and servant,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15em;"><span class="smcap">Andrew Moreton.</span></span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr /> +<h2>THE PREFACE.</h2> + +<hr class="tiny" /> + +<p><span class="sc">Nothing</span> is more easy than to discover a thing already found out. This is +verified in me and that anonymous gentleman, whom the public prints have +lately complimented with a Discovery to Prevent Street Robberies; +though, by the by, we have only his vain <i>ipse dixit</i>, and the +ostentatious outcry of venal newswriters in his behalf.</p> + +<p>But to strip him of his borrowed plumes, these are to remind the public, +that about six months ago, in a treatise, entituled, Augusta Triumphans: +or, the Way to make London the most flourishing City in the Universe, I +laid down a plain and practicable scheme for the total suppression and +prevention of street robberies, which scheme has been approved of by +several learned and judicious persons.</p> + +<p>Oh! but say the advocates of this second-hand schemist, our project is +to be laid before the parliament. Does that make his better, or mine +worse? Have not many silly projects been laid before parliaments ere +now? Admit it be not the same (as I have but too much reason to fear it +is,)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> cannot the members of both houses read print as well as written +hand? Or does he think they are so prejudiced to dislike a thing the +worse for being offered without view of gain? I trust Andrew Moreton's +scheme, generously offered for the public good, will meet with as fair a +reception as that of this hireling projector.</p> + +<p>Mine is already published; let him generously follow my example, and no +doubt, if his scheme be preferred, the government will reward him.</p> + +<p>If my antagonist be necessitous, where is the merit? he does it for his +own sake, not for the public. If he be not necessitous, what a sordid +wretch is he to withhold his scheme for lucre? putting it up at public +sale; so that if you do not give him his price you shall not have it.</p> + +<p>Some people, indeed, are so fond of mysteries they run down everything +that is plain and intelligible; they love darkness, whispers, and +freemasonry, despising whatever comes in the shape of a pamphlet, be it +never so useful or commendable. But in spite of prejudice, truth is the +standard by which I hope all honest and impartial men will judge me.</p> + +<p>Though I must confess I am not a little piqued to be jockeyed out of my +labours, yet not to be behindhand with my gentleman in the clouds, who +would have the parliament buy his pig in a poke, and build up his +fortune at my expense, I have so amply enlarged and amended my scheme, +that it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> now scarce like the same. I have taken in everything +possible of comprehension or practice; nor have I left him room to edge +in one single hint. I have debated the objections of divers wise and +learned men, and corrected my project accordingly; so that, on +comparison, my first thoughts will appear but as a rude and imperfect +sketch, only valuable in that it gave the idea of this more laboured and +finished performance, on which I pledge my whole reputation, being ready +to stand or fall by its success.</p> + +<p>In order to which, I have presented copies of this book to the king and +queen's most excellent majesties, to several of the lords spiritual, and +divers honourable and worthy members of both houses, and time must show +whose scheme shall have the precedence.</p> + +<p>In the mean time I stand prepared for the sneers of those who despise +everything and everybody but their own dear selves, as also the +objections of the puzzle causes, who will turry-lugg a thing out of all +sense and meaning, and by the cloudiness of their explanations darken +what is most plain and obvious. My business is to go straight forward, +and let the end crown the work. If men of sense approve me, I need not +value the laughter of fools, whose very approbation is scandal; for if a +thinking man is to be laughed out of every good intention or invention, +nothing will ever be done for the public good.</p> + + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> +<h2>SECOND THOUGHTS, &c.</h2> + + +<p><span class="sc">The</span> principal encouragement and opportunity given to our street robbers +is, that our streets are so poorly watched; the watchmen, for the most +part, being decrepit, superannuated wretches, with one foot in the grave +and the other ready to follow; so feeble that a puff of breath can blow +them down. Poor crazy mortals! much fitter for an almshouse than a +watchhouse. A city watched and guarded by such animals is wretchedly +watched indeed.</p> + +<p>Nay, so little terror do they carry with them, that hardy thieves make a +mere jest of them, and oftentimes oblige even the very watchman who +should apprehend, to light them in their roguery. And what can a poor +creature do, in terror of his life, surrounded by a pack of ruffians, +and no assistance near?</p> + +<p>Add to this, that our rogues are grown more wicked than ever, and vice +in all kinds is so much winked at, that robbery is accounted a petty +crime. We take pains to puff them up in their villany, and thieves are +set out in so amiable a light in the Beggar's Opera, it has taught them +to value themselves on their profession rather than to be ashamed of it.</p> + +<p>There was some cessation of street robberies,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> from the time of Bunworth +and Blewitt's execution, until the introduction of this pious opera. Now +we find the Cartouchian villanies revived, and London, that used to be +the most safe and peaceful city in the universe, is now become a scene +of rapine and danger. If some of Cartouch's gang be not come over hither +to instruct our thieves, we have, doubtless, a Cartouch of our own, and +a gang which, if not suppressed, may be full as pernicious as was ever +Cartouch's, and London may be as dangerous as Paris, if due care be not +taken.</p> + +<p>Not content with the mischief done by the Beggar's Opera, we must have a +Quaker's Opera, forsooth, of much more evil tendency than the former; +for in this Jack Shepherd is made the hero of the drama, and runs +through such a scene of riot and success, that but too many weak minds +have been drawn away, and many unwary persons so charmed with his +appearance on the stage, dressed in that elegant manner, and his pockets +so well lined, they have forthwith commenced street-robbers or +housebreakers; so that every idle fellow, weary of honest labour, need +but fancy himself a Macheath or a Shepherd, and there is a rogue made at +once. Since, therefore, example, has such force, the stage ought to be +reformed, and nothing exhibited but what might be represented before a +bishop. They may be merry and wise: let them take the Provoked Husband +for a pattern.</p> + +<p>A good physician seeks the cause, and weighs the symptoms before he +proceeds to prescribe; and if we trace this evil from its radix, we +shall find a cause antecedent to the two operas aforesaid: namely, +accursed Geneva, the bane and ruin of our lower class of people.</p> + +<p>Those who deny an inferior class of people to be necessary in a body +politic, contradict reason and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> experience itself; since they are most +useful when industrious, and equally pernicious when lazy. By their +industry our manufactures, trade, and commerce, are carried on. The +merchant in his counting-house, and the captain in his cabin, would find +but little employment, were it not that many hands carried on the +different branches of the concerns they superintended.</p> + +<p>But now so far are our common people infatuated with Geneva, that half +the work is not done now as formerly. It debilitates and enervates them, +nor are they near so strong and healthy as formerly.</p> + +<p>So that if this abuse of Geneva be not stopped, we may go whoop for +husbandmen, labourers, &c.; trade must consequently stand still, and the +credit of the nation sink. Nor is the abatement of the excise, though +very considerable, and most worthy notice, any ways comparable to the +corruption of manners, destruction of health, and all the train of evils +we are threatened with from pernicious Geneva.</p> + +<p>We will suppose a man able to maintain himself and family by his trade, +and at the same time to be a Geneva drinker. This fellow first makes +himself incapable of working by being continually drunk; which runs him +behindhand, so that he either pawns, or neglects his work, for which +reason nobody will employ him. At last, fear of arrests, his own hunger, +the cries of a family for bread, his natural desire to support an +irregular life, and a propense hatred to labour, turn but too many an +honest tradesman into an arrant desperate rogue. And these are commonly +the means that furnish us with thieves and villains in general.</p> + +<p>Thus is a man, who might be useful in a body politic, rendered obnoxious +to the same: so that if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> this trade of wickedness goes on, they will +increase upon us so much that we shall not dare to stir out of our +habitations; nay, it will be well if they arrive not to the impudence of +plundering our houses at noonday.</p> + +<p>Where is the courage of the English nation, that a gentleman, with six +or seven servants, shall be robbed by one single highwayman? Yet we have +lately had instances of this; and for this we may thank our effeminacy, +our toupee wigs, and powdered pates, our tea, and other scandalous +fopperies; and, above all, the disuse of noble and manly sports, so +necessary to a brave people, once in vogue, but now totally lost amongst +us.</p> + +<p>Let not the reader think I run from my subject if I search the bottom of +the distemper before I propose a cure, which having done, though indeed +but slightly, for this is an argument could be carried to a much greater +length, I proceed to the purpose in manner following:—</p> + +<p>Let the watch be composed of stout able-bodied men, and of those a +sufficient number, that is to say, a watchman to every forty houses, +twenty on one side of the way, and twenty on the other; for it is +observable that a man cannot well see distinctly beyond the extent of +twenty houses in a row; if it is a single row, and no opposite houses, +the charge must be greater, or their safety less.</p> + +<p>This man should be elected and paid by the housekeepers themselves, to +prevent misapplication and abuse, so much complained of in the +distribution of the public money.</p> + +<p>He should be allowed ten shillings per annum by each housekeeper, which +at forty houses, as above specified, amounts to 20<i>l.</i> per annum, almost +treble to what is at present allowed; and yet most housekeepers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> are +charged at least 2s. 6d. a quarter to the watch, whose beat is, +generally speaking, little less than the compass of half a mile.</p> + +<p>What a shame it is that at least 100<i>l.</i> should be collected in some +beats, and the poor watchman should not have the one-tenth part of the +money? And this I leave to the consideration of any housekeeper who will +take the pains to inquire into the extent of a watchman's beat, and +after that cast up what is collected in the said beat, as they say for +the watch. But this is a small abuse in comparison of other parochial +misapplications, for a proof of which I refer my reader to a treatise of +mine, entituled, Parochial Tyranny.</p> + +<p>This salary of 20<i>l.</i> per annum is something of encouragement, and a +pretty settlement for a poor man, who with frugality may live decently +thereon, and by due rest be enabled to give due and vigilant attendance; +that is to say, from evening dusk to morning light.</p> + +<p>If a housekeeper break, or a house is empty, the poor watchman ought not +to suffer, the deficiency should be made up by the housekeepers +remaining.</p> + +<p>The watch thus stationed, strengthened, and encouraged, let every +watchman be armed with firearms and sword; and let no watchman stand +above twenty doors distant from his fellow.</p> + +<p>This has already been put in practice in the parish of St. Giles's in +the Fields, and has had so good an effect that it is hoped other +parishes will follow their example, which redounds not a little to the +credit of our project.</p> + +<p>Let each watchman be provided with a horn, to sound an alarm, or in time +of danger; and let it be made penal, if not felony, for any but a +watchman to sound a horn in and about the city,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> from the time of their +going on, to that of their going off.</p> + +<p>I know an objection will be here made on account of the postboys, to +obviate which, I had thoughts of a bell, but that would be too ponderous +and troublesome for a watchman to carry, besides his arms and lantern; +whereas a horn is portable, always ready, and most alarming.</p> + +<p>Let the postboys therefore use some other signal, since this is most +convenient to this more material purpose. They may carry a bell in a +holster with ease, and give notice by that, as well as those who collect +the letters.</p> + +<p>That the watchmen may see from one end of their walks to the other, let +a convenient number of lamps be set up, and those not of the convex +kind, which blind the eyes, and are of no manner of use; they dazzle, +but give no distinct light, and further, rather than prevent robberies. +Many persons, deceived and blinded by these <i>ignes fatui</i>, have been run +over by coaches, carts, &c., people stumbling more, even under these +very lamps, than in the dark. In short, they are most unprofitable +lights, and, in my opinion, rather abuses than benefits.</p> + +<p>Besides, I see no reason why every ten housekeepers cannot find a lamp +among themselves, which would be four lamps in a beat, and let their +watchman dress it, rather than fatten a crew of directors.</p> + +<p>But we are so fond of companies, it is a wonder we have not our shoes +blacked by one, and a set of directors made rich at the expense of our +very black-guards.</p> + +<p>The watch ought to be in view, as well as in the hearing of each other, +or they may be overpowered, and much danger may happen.</p> + +<p>The streets being thus gloriously illuminated,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> and so strongly guarded +by stout and able fellows, well armed and well paid, all within the view +of one another, proceed we to secure all by-turnings, courts, alleys, +lanes, &c., which may favour a street-robber's escape, and make our +project ineffectual.</p> + +<p>A street, court, lane, alley, or other place, where the number of houses +or poverty of the inhabitants will not afford a watchman on the terms +before mentioned, should be gated in, and the inhabitants let in and out +by the watchman of the street.</p> + +<p>Where there are even but twelve houses in a court, and the inhabitants +people of credit, they may have a separate watch to themselves, as is +practised in Boswell-court by Lincoln's-inn-fields, Angel-court in +Throckmorton-street, and many other places in London.</p> + +<p>This I think an unexceptionable way to secure the cities and suburbs of +London and Westminster. The only difficulty I can conceive is, that +persons after dark may now and then go a little way round about by +keeping the street way, but the pleasantness and safety occasioned by +the lights and watch aforesaid, make ample amends. Let those go through +byways, and in the dark, whose deeds are so; I am for providing security +for honest men, and obstacle for rogues.</p> + +<p>And now we have put a stop to their roguery, let us endeavour to +suppress the rogues themselves; in order to which I shall begin with +their harlots, who are, generally speaking, the first motives to their +villany, and egg them on to all manner of mischief.</p> + +<p>And these are generally servant wenches, who stroll from place to place, +and at last, weary of working, throw themselves on the public. To +maintain these creatures, many a man turns rogue. It behoves the +government, therefore, to oblige all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> young wenches to keep in service. +Masters and mistresses ought likewise to see that servants of both sexes +go not a rambling when sent to church, but that they keep good hours; +for many have been ruined by junketing and staying out, instead of being +at church or at home.</p> + +<p>Our common women ought to be restrained in the liberties they have +lately taken; they openly swear and talk so obscenely, it is a shame to +a Christian country.</p> + +<p>Having fully handled this topic in two treatises, viz., Everybody's +Business is Nobody's Business, and Parochial Tyranny, I shall not tire +my readers with repetition, but referring them to the treatises +themselves, return to my subject, which is,—</p> + +<p>After we have reformed the ladies, let us take their sparks in hand. And +first, let all shoe-cleaners, I mean boys and sturdy vagrants, be +suppressed, according to my scheme in Everybody's Business, &c.; as for +link-boys, alias thieves with lights, there will be no need of them when +the streets are illuminated, according to my project.</p> + +<p>That sailors as well as soldiers may not give cause of suspicion, it is +fit they should also be quartered after the same nature; and more to +enforce it, surveyors of quarters should have rounds allotted them.</p> + +<p>These surveyors should call at the quarters of every soldier or sailor +at a limited hour, to see if they are there or no, and register them at +home or absent accordingly; absence to be penal.</p> + +<p>Every soldier or sailor leaving his quarters till morning, after he has +been found at home and registered, should be punished.</p> + +<p>I must be excused if I ward every obstacle, my design being to break up +street-robbers, nest and egg.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + +<p>And that thieves may not stroll about, under pretence of being destitute +of lodging, barracks or barns should be built at convenient ends of the +town, where all vagrants should be obliged to render themselves at a +stated hour, where they should have clean straw allowed them, and be +kept orderly and out of harm's way; they may be let loose if they have +apparent means of honest livelihood, otherwise they should be sent to +the workhouse of their respective parish, or to a general workhouse, of +which there is great need; and of which more hereafter.</p> + +<p>All publichouses and gin-shops, if they should be tolerated, should be +shut up at ten.</p> + +<p>If the government should think fit to tolerate gin-shops, I see no +reason why they may not be subject to licenses, and come into the +pot-act as well as alehouses; especially considering there is as much +gin as ale consumed nowadays.</p> + +<p>Night houses and cellars, above all, should be totally suppressed; these +are the harbours and refuge of villains and strumpets; these are their +houses of call where there hellish trade is carried on; it is here they +wait for the signal of their scouts; here they cast their schemes, and +bring in advices; here they encourage and initiate young thieves; here +they barter and sell their stolen goods; these are their exchanges and +asylums after mischief.</p> + +<p>Hackney coach drivers next require our care; they are the scum of the +people, and, generally speaking, the worst of rogues.</p> + +<p>So many and such frequent robberies can never be committed without the +connivance of these villains; and it is but too much to be feared, that +at the same time they take up a fare they take up a robber, who is ready +to mark his prey, and gets up either on the box or behind; and alights +at a convenient place to perpetrate his hellish design. As for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> 'snack +of the coal' as they term it, no doubt but the coachman and he have +proper understanding and rendezvous.</p> + +<p>Many who go to the coach-office nowadays, may be mistaken in their hopes +of redress, not but the commissioners to a man treat complainants with +the utmost civility; but the penalty, which used to be on the renter, +being now on the driver, the renter or owner of that figure is clear, +and the driver has nothing to do but to be absent and laugh at the +complainant, an instance of which take in the following case:—</p> + +<p>A hackney coachman took eighteenpence of a gentleman for a twelvepenny +fare; the gentleman took his number and complained; the driver appeared, +and was fined fifteen shillings, but the renter escaped; what was the +result? The driver absconded, the gentleman sits down at his loss of +attendance and money; had robbery or assault been the complaint, the +consequence had been the same, the gentleman is but where he was. He has +since called several times at the office, but to no purpose; all the +answer he can get is, the fellow cannot be found. I write this therefore +to undeceive those persons, who think when they have taken the number of +a coach they can punish the driver for insolence or extortion.</p> + +<p>The law in this case ought to be turned into its old channel, that is to +say, the owner of the figure should be answerable; he ought to employ a +driver he can answer for, or drive himself.</p> + +<p>Every renter therefore should be obliged to register, and respond for +his driver; or commissioners, figures, and all other forms, are to +little purpose.</p> + +<p>Beggars should next be suppressed, who lounge about all day, to see +where they can steal at night.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> It is a shame we should suffer real +objects of charity to beg; and for those who are not so, it is a shame +but they should work.</p> + +<p>I shall close all with these observations:—</p> + +<p>That the extortions and cabals of tradesmen, by enhancing the prices of +provisions, is most detrimental to a state, and worthy the notice of its +legislature; for men not being able to support their families by honest +labour, and being made beggars by reason of the dearness of provisions, +ofttimes grow desperate and turn rogues. This assertion is but too true, +to prove which I appeal to the late conduct of</p> + +<p class="indent"> +The coal merchants,<br /> +The bakers,<br /> +The butchers,<br /> +And, above all, the tallow chandlers.</p> + +<p>The cabals of coal traders have for many years jockeyed us in the price +of coals; they have raised and fell them at pleasure, and made mere +stockjobbing work of it; but never so much as in his late majesty's +reign; on a great impress for seamen, they, in less than a fortnight, +raised the price of coals from twenty-three shillings to almost fifty. +What a pinch must this be on the poor, who live only from hand to mouth, +and buy their coals, poor souls! some by the half peck.</p> + +<p>The bakers are yet more flagrant and vile; they turn plenty to famine, +and push up the price of bread without rule or reason; they have already +been detected in one bite, i.e., procuring some of the fraternity to buy +a small quantity of corn much above the market price, and then, by +making oath thereof, abuse a well-intended law, and raise the price of +bread accordingly.</p> + +<p>Thus are the poor ground to dust, in order to fatten a pack of misers, +who know no mercy. But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> I hope the government will make them honest, +even against their will.</p> + +<p>The butchers are now so extravagant in their way of living, that usual +and moderate profit will not content them; they cannot drink malt +liquor, and the poor must pay for the wine, which they swill down at an +unmerciful rate.</p> + +<p>The price of meat should therefore be regulated according to the price +of cattle, but not according to the baker's rule afore mentioned.</p> + +<p>But as for the tallow-chandlers, their oppressions call aloud for +redress. To what an exorbitant pitch have they raised candles; just +double what it was some years ago: nay, they threaten to have them at +tenpence per pound. How can the poor work when candles are so dear? But +we may thank our own luxury for these impositions. I see no reason why +we should not humble these upstarts by making our own candles; aye, and +our own bread too, as our forefathers have done before us.</p> + +<p>The tallow-chandlers, to excuse themselves, lay the fault on the +melters. The melters shift it from themselves to the butchers; and so +the game goes round.</p> + +<p>Oh but, say they, the government will lose part of its revenue: to which +I answer, that rather than they shall raise candles to double their +value, on pretence of paying a penny per pound excise; in case the +parliament will take off the duty on candles for the ease of the poor, I +will present them with a project gratis, which shall bring in almost +double the money now levied by candles, and that without the least +hardship on the subject.</p> + +<p>Having, I hope, taken sufficient care of street-robbers, I proceed now +to clear the roads from highwaymen, footpads, &c.</p> + +<p>Let parties of horse be stationed at all the outgoings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> from the city of +London; so that if a coach, wagon, &c., want a convoy, two, three, or +more may be detached by the commanding officer; these shall be +registered, and answerable for their charge; and for encouragement shall +receive so much per mile, or in the whole, convoy money.</p> + +<p>This may be likewise practised from town to town all over England, so +that the roads will be as safe as the streets; and they who scruple the +trifle of convoy money above proposed, merit not safety.</p> + +<p>For those who walk on foot to the adjacent villages, parties of foot may +be stationed in like manner; so that not only the subject will be free +from danger, but the soldier employed and prevented from corrupt +measures by this additional perquisite to his pay.</p> + +<p>Nothing remains but that robbers be prosecuted at the public charge; the +trials fixed to respective days, that prosecutors may not lose so much +time, and the rewards paid in court without deduction or delay; nor +should any robber be admitted an evidence after he is taken, or pardoned +after conviction.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + +<div class="trans-note"> +<a name="END" id="END"></a> +<p class="heading">Transcriber's Notes</p> + +<p>The transcriber made this change to the text to correct an obvious error:</p> + +<pre class="note"> +1. p. 12, + a watchman to every forty houses, twenty on + it one side of the way, and twenty on the other; for + is observable that a man cannot well see distinctly + beyond the extent of twenty houses in a row; + + --> + + a watchman to every forty houses, twenty on + one side of the way, and twenty on the other; for + it is observable that a man cannot well see distinctly + beyond the extent of twenty houses in a row; +</pre> + +</div> + +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Second Thoughts are Best: Or a Further +Improvement of a Late Scheme to Prevent Street Robberies, by Daniel Defoe + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SECOND THOUGHTS ARE BEST *** + +***** This file should be named 32404-h.htm or 32404-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/4/0/32404/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Richard J. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Second Thoughts are Best: Or a Further Improvement of a Late Scheme to Prevent Street Robberies + +Author: Daniel Defoe + +Release Date: May 17, 2010 [EBook #32404] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SECOND THOUGHTS ARE BEST *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: Every effort has been made to replicate this text +as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and +other inconsistencies. Text that has been changed to correct an obvious +error is noted at the end of this ebook. + +This reprinted by D. A. Talboys, Oxford, 1841.] + + + + +SECOND + +THOUGHTS ARE BEST: + +OR A + +FURTHER IMPROVEMENT + +Of a Late + +SCHEME + +TO PREVENT + +_STREET ROBBERIES_: + +BY WHICH + +Our Streets will be strongly guarded, and so gloriously illuminated, +that any part of London will be as safe and pleasant at Midnight as at +Noonday; and Burglary totally impracticable: + +With + +_Some Thoughts for suppressing Robberies in all the Public Roads of +England, &c._ + +Humbly + +Offered for the Good of his Country, submitted to the Consideration of +the Parliament, and dedicated to his sacred Majesty King GEORGE II. + + + +By ANDREW MORETON, Esq. + + + +_LONDON._ + + +Printed for W. MEADOWS, at the _Angel_ in _Cornhill_; and sold by J. +ROBERTS, in _Warwick-Lane_. 1729. [_Price Six Pence._ + + + + +TO THE + +KING'S + +Most Excellent + +MAJESTY, + +SACRED AND MOST AUGUST! + + +Permit a loyal subject, in the sincerity of his heart, to press through +the crowds of courtiers who surround your royal person, and lay his +little mite, humbly offered for the public welfare, at your majesty's +feet. + +Happy is it for me, as well as the whole kingdom, we have a king of such +humanity and affability; a king naturalized to us, a king who loves us, +a king in whose person as well as mind, the whole hero appears: the king +of our hearts; the king of our wishes! + +Those who are dissatisfied with such a monarch, deserve to be abandoned +of God, and have the devil sent to reign over them. Yet such there are, +(pity they should wear human forms, or breathe the free air of Britain!) +who are so scandalously fickle, that if God himself was to reign, they +would yearn after their darling monarch the prince of darkness. + +These are they who fly in the face of majesty, who so abuse the liberty +of the press, that from a benefit it becomes an evil, and demands +immediate regulation. + +Not against your majesty only, but against many of your loyal subjects, +are arrows shot in the dark, by lurking villains who wound the +reputations of the innocent in sport. Our public newspapers, which ought +to contain nothing but what is instructive and communicative, being now +become public nuisances, vehicles of personal, private slander, and +scandalous pasquins. + +Let the glory be yours, most gracious sovereign! to suppress this +growing evil; and if any hints from your most faithful subject can be of +the least use, I live but to serve, to admire, and pray for your +majesty. + + Who am, + Most gracious Sovereign, + Your Majesty's + Most loyal, most dutiful, most obedient + subject and servant, + + ANDREW MORETON. + + + + +THE PREFACE. + + +Nothing is more easy than to discover a thing already found out. This is +verified in me and that anonymous gentleman, whom the public prints have +lately complimented with a Discovery to Prevent Street Robberies; +though, by the by, we have only his vain _ipse dixit_, and the +ostentatious outcry of venal newswriters in his behalf. + +But to strip him of his borrowed plumes, these are to remind the public, +that about six months ago, in a treatise, entituled, Augusta Triumphans: +or, the Way to make London the most flourishing City in the Universe, I +laid down a plain and practicable scheme for the total suppression and +prevention of street robberies, which scheme has been approved of by +several learned and judicious persons. + +Oh! but say the advocates of this second-hand schemist, our project is +to be laid before the parliament. Does that make his better, or mine +worse? Have not many silly projects been laid before parliaments ere +now? Admit it be not the same (as I have but too much reason to fear it +is,) cannot the members of both houses read print as well as written +hand? Or does he think they are so prejudiced to dislike a thing the +worse for being offered without view of gain? I trust Andrew Moreton's +scheme, generously offered for the public good, will meet with as fair a +reception as that of this hireling projector. + +Mine is already published; let him generously follow my example, and no +doubt, if his scheme be preferred, the government will reward him. + +If my antagonist be necessitous, where is the merit? he does it for his +own sake, not for the public. If he be not necessitous, what a sordid +wretch is he to withhold his scheme for lucre? putting it up at public +sale; so that if you do not give him his price you shall not have it. + +Some people, indeed, are so fond of mysteries they run down everything +that is plain and intelligible; they love darkness, whispers, and +freemasonry, despising whatever comes in the shape of a pamphlet, be it +never so useful or commendable. But in spite of prejudice, truth is the +standard by which I hope all honest and impartial men will judge me. + +Though I must confess I am not a little piqued to be jockeyed out of my +labours, yet not to be behindhand with my gentleman in the clouds, who +would have the parliament buy his pig in a poke, and build up his +fortune at my expense, I have so amply enlarged and amended my scheme, +that it is now scarce like the same. I have taken in everything +possible of comprehension or practice; nor have I left him room to edge +in one single hint. I have debated the objections of divers wise and +learned men, and corrected my project accordingly; so that, on +comparison, my first thoughts will appear but as a rude and imperfect +sketch, only valuable in that it gave the idea of this more laboured and +finished performance, on which I pledge my whole reputation, being ready +to stand or fall by its success. + +In order to which, I have presented copies of this book to the king and +queen's most excellent majesties, to several of the lords spiritual, and +divers honourable and worthy members of both houses, and time must show +whose scheme shall have the precedence. + +In the mean time I stand prepared for the sneers of those who despise +everything and everybody but their own dear selves, as also the +objections of the puzzle causes, who will turry-lugg a thing out of all +sense and meaning, and by the cloudiness of their explanations darken +what is most plain and obvious. My business is to go straight forward, +and let the end crown the work. If men of sense approve me, I need not +value the laughter of fools, whose very approbation is scandal; for if a +thinking man is to be laughed out of every good intention or invention, +nothing will ever be done for the public good. + + + + +SECOND THOUGHTS, &c. + + +The principal encouragement and opportunity given to our street robbers +is, that our streets are so poorly watched; the watchmen, for the most +part, being decrepit, superannuated wretches, with one foot in the grave +and the other ready to follow; so feeble that a puff of breath can blow +them down. Poor crazy mortals! much fitter for an almshouse than a +watchhouse. A city watched and guarded by such animals is wretchedly +watched indeed. + +Nay, so little terror do they carry with them, that hardy thieves make a +mere jest of them, and oftentimes oblige even the very watchman who +should apprehend, to light them in their roguery. And what can a poor +creature do, in terror of his life, surrounded by a pack of ruffians, +and no assistance near? + +Add to this, that our rogues are grown more wicked than ever, and vice +in all kinds is so much winked at, that robbery is accounted a petty +crime. We take pains to puff them up in their villany, and thieves are +set out in so amiable a light in the Beggar's Opera, it has taught them +to value themselves on their profession rather than to be ashamed of it. + +There was some cessation of street robberies, from the time of Bunworth +and Blewitt's execution, until the introduction of this pious opera. Now +we find the Cartouchian villanies revived, and London, that used to be +the most safe and peaceful city in the universe, is now become a scene +of rapine and danger. If some of Cartouch's gang be not come over hither +to instruct our thieves, we have, doubtless, a Cartouch of our own, and +a gang which, if not suppressed, may be full as pernicious as was ever +Cartouch's, and London may be as dangerous as Paris, if due care be not +taken. + +Not content with the mischief done by the Beggar's Opera, we must have a +Quaker's Opera, forsooth, of much more evil tendency than the former; +for in this Jack Shepherd is made the hero of the drama, and runs +through such a scene of riot and success, that but too many weak minds +have been drawn away, and many unwary persons so charmed with his +appearance on the stage, dressed in that elegant manner, and his pockets +so well lined, they have forthwith commenced street-robbers or +housebreakers; so that every idle fellow, weary of honest labour, need +but fancy himself a Macheath or a Shepherd, and there is a rogue made at +once. Since, therefore, example, has such force, the stage ought to be +reformed, and nothing exhibited but what might be represented before a +bishop. They may be merry and wise: let them take the Provoked Husband +for a pattern. + +A good physician seeks the cause, and weighs the symptoms before he +proceeds to prescribe; and if we trace this evil from its radix, we +shall find a cause antecedent to the two operas aforesaid: namely, +accursed Geneva, the bane and ruin of our lower class of people. + +Those who deny an inferior class of people to be necessary in a body +politic, contradict reason and experience itself; since they are most +useful when industrious, and equally pernicious when lazy. By their +industry our manufactures, trade, and commerce, are carried on. The +merchant in his counting-house, and the captain in his cabin, would find +but little employment, were it not that many hands carried on the +different branches of the concerns they superintended. + +But now so far are our common people infatuated with Geneva, that half +the work is not done now as formerly. It debilitates and enervates them, +nor are they near so strong and healthy as formerly. + +So that if this abuse of Geneva be not stopped, we may go whoop for +husbandmen, labourers, &c.; trade must consequently stand still, and the +credit of the nation sink. Nor is the abatement of the excise, though +very considerable, and most worthy notice, any ways comparable to the +corruption of manners, destruction of health, and all the train of evils +we are threatened with from pernicious Geneva. + +We will suppose a man able to maintain himself and family by his trade, +and at the same time to be a Geneva drinker. This fellow first makes +himself incapable of working by being continually drunk; which runs him +behindhand, so that he either pawns, or neglects his work, for which +reason nobody will employ him. At last, fear of arrests, his own hunger, +the cries of a family for bread, his natural desire to support an +irregular life, and a propense hatred to labour, turn but too many an +honest tradesman into an arrant desperate rogue. And these are commonly +the means that furnish us with thieves and villains in general. + +Thus is a man, who might be useful in a body politic, rendered obnoxious +to the same: so that if this trade of wickedness goes on, they will +increase upon us so much that we shall not dare to stir out of our +habitations; nay, it will be well if they arrive not to the impudence of +plundering our houses at noonday. + +Where is the courage of the English nation, that a gentleman, with six +or seven servants, shall be robbed by one single highwayman? Yet we have +lately had instances of this; and for this we may thank our effeminacy, +our toupee wigs, and powdered pates, our tea, and other scandalous +fopperies; and, above all, the disuse of noble and manly sports, so +necessary to a brave people, once in vogue, but now totally lost amongst +us. + +Let not the reader think I run from my subject if I search the bottom of +the distemper before I propose a cure, which having done, though indeed +but slightly, for this is an argument could be carried to a much greater +length, I proceed to the purpose in manner following:-- + +Let the watch be composed of stout able-bodied men, and of those a +sufficient number, that is to say, a watchman to every forty houses, +twenty on one side of the way, and twenty on the other; for it is +observable that a man cannot well see distinctly beyond the extent of +twenty houses in a row; if it is a single row, and no opposite houses, +the charge must be greater, or their safety less. + +This man should be elected and paid by the housekeepers themselves, to +prevent misapplication and abuse, so much complained of in the +distribution of the public money. + +He should be allowed ten shillings per annum by each housekeeper, which +at forty houses, as above specified, amounts to 20_l._ per annum, almost +treble to what is at present allowed; and yet most housekeepers are +charged at least 2s. 6d. a quarter to the watch, whose beat is, +generally speaking, little less than the compass of half a mile. + +What a shame it is that at least 100_l._ should be collected in some +beats, and the poor watchman should not have the one-tenth part of the +money? And this I leave to the consideration of any housekeeper who will +take the pains to inquire into the extent of a watchman's beat, and +after that cast up what is collected in the said beat, as they say for +the watch. But this is a small abuse in comparison of other parochial +misapplications, for a proof of which I refer my reader to a treatise of +mine, entituled, Parochial Tyranny. + +This salary of 20_l._ per annum is something of encouragement, and a +pretty settlement for a poor man, who with frugality may live decently +thereon, and by due rest be enabled to give due and vigilant attendance; +that is to say, from evening dusk to morning light. + +If a housekeeper break, or a house is empty, the poor watchman ought not +to suffer, the deficiency should be made up by the housekeepers +remaining. + +The watch thus stationed, strengthened, and encouraged, let every +watchman be armed with firearms and sword; and let no watchman stand +above twenty doors distant from his fellow. + +This has already been put in practice in the parish of St. Giles's in +the Fields, and has had so good an effect that it is hoped other +parishes will follow their example, which redounds not a little to the +credit of our project. + +Let each watchman be provided with a horn, to sound an alarm, or in time +of danger; and let it be made penal, if not felony, for any but a +watchman to sound a horn in and about the city, from the time of their +going on, to that of their going off. + +I know an objection will be here made on account of the postboys, to +obviate which, I had thoughts of a bell, but that would be too ponderous +and troublesome for a watchman to carry, besides his arms and lantern; +whereas a horn is portable, always ready, and most alarming. + +Let the postboys therefore use some other signal, since this is most +convenient to this more material purpose. They may carry a bell in a +holster with ease, and give notice by that, as well as those who collect +the letters. + +That the watchmen may see from one end of their walks to the other, let +a convenient number of lamps be set up, and those not of the convex +kind, which blind the eyes, and are of no manner of use; they dazzle, +but give no distinct light, and further, rather than prevent robberies. +Many persons, deceived and blinded by these _ignes fatui_, have been run +over by coaches, carts, &c., people stumbling more, even under these +very lamps, than in the dark. In short, they are most unprofitable +lights, and, in my opinion, rather abuses than benefits. + +Besides, I see no reason why every ten housekeepers cannot find a lamp +among themselves, which would be four lamps in a beat, and let their +watchman dress it, rather than fatten a crew of directors. + +But we are so fond of companies, it is a wonder we have not our shoes +blacked by one, and a set of directors made rich at the expense of our +very black-guards. + +The watch ought to be in view, as well as in the hearing of each other, +or they may be overpowered, and much danger may happen. + +The streets being thus gloriously illuminated, and so strongly guarded +by stout and able fellows, well armed and well paid, all within the view +of one another, proceed we to secure all by-turnings, courts, alleys, +lanes, &c., which may favour a street-robber's escape, and make our +project ineffectual. + +A street, court, lane, alley, or other place, where the number of houses +or poverty of the inhabitants will not afford a watchman on the terms +before mentioned, should be gated in, and the inhabitants let in and out +by the watchman of the street. + +Where there are even but twelve houses in a court, and the inhabitants +people of credit, they may have a separate watch to themselves, as is +practised in Boswell-court by Lincoln's-inn-fields, Angel-court in +Throckmorton-street, and many other places in London. + +This I think an unexceptionable way to secure the cities and suburbs of +London and Westminster. The only difficulty I can conceive is, that +persons after dark may now and then go a little way round about by +keeping the street way, but the pleasantness and safety occasioned by +the lights and watch aforesaid, make ample amends. Let those go through +byways, and in the dark, whose deeds are so; I am for providing security +for honest men, and obstacle for rogues. + +And now we have put a stop to their roguery, let us endeavour to +suppress the rogues themselves; in order to which I shall begin with +their harlots, who are, generally speaking, the first motives to their +villany, and egg them on to all manner of mischief. + +And these are generally servant wenches, who stroll from place to place, +and at last, weary of working, throw themselves on the public. To +maintain these creatures, many a man turns rogue. It behoves the +government, therefore, to oblige all young wenches to keep in service. +Masters and mistresses ought likewise to see that servants of both sexes +go not a rambling when sent to church, but that they keep good hours; +for many have been ruined by junketing and staying out, instead of being +at church or at home. + +Our common women ought to be restrained in the liberties they have +lately taken; they openly swear and talk so obscenely, it is a shame to +a Christian country. + +Having fully handled this topic in two treatises, viz., Everybody's +Business is Nobody's Business, and Parochial Tyranny, I shall not tire +my readers with repetition, but referring them to the treatises +themselves, return to my subject, which is,-- + +After we have reformed the ladies, let us take their sparks in hand. And +first, let all shoe-cleaners, I mean boys and sturdy vagrants, be +suppressed, according to my scheme in Everybody's Business, &c.; as for +link-boys, alias thieves with lights, there will be no need of them when +the streets are illuminated, according to my project. + +That sailors as well as soldiers may not give cause of suspicion, it is +fit they should also be quartered after the same nature; and more to +enforce it, surveyors of quarters should have rounds allotted them. + +These surveyors should call at the quarters of every soldier or sailor +at a limited hour, to see if they are there or no, and register them at +home or absent accordingly; absence to be penal. + +Every soldier or sailor leaving his quarters till morning, after he has +been found at home and registered, should be punished. + +I must be excused if I ward every obstacle, my design being to break up +street-robbers, nest and egg. + +And that thieves may not stroll about, under pretence of being destitute +of lodging, barracks or barns should be built at convenient ends of the +town, where all vagrants should be obliged to render themselves at a +stated hour, where they should have clean straw allowed them, and be +kept orderly and out of harm's way; they may be let loose if they have +apparent means of honest livelihood, otherwise they should be sent to +the workhouse of their respective parish, or to a general workhouse, of +which there is great need; and of which more hereafter. + +All publichouses and gin-shops, if they should be tolerated, should be +shut up at ten. + +If the government should think fit to tolerate gin-shops, I see no +reason why they may not be subject to licenses, and come into the +pot-act as well as alehouses; especially considering there is as much +gin as ale consumed nowadays. + +Night houses and cellars, above all, should be totally suppressed; these +are the harbours and refuge of villains and strumpets; these are their +houses of call where there hellish trade is carried on; it is here they +wait for the signal of their scouts; here they cast their schemes, and +bring in advices; here they encourage and initiate young thieves; here +they barter and sell their stolen goods; these are their exchanges and +asylums after mischief. + +Hackney coach drivers next require our care; they are the scum of the +people, and, generally speaking, the worst of rogues. + +So many and such frequent robberies can never be committed without the +connivance of these villains; and it is but too much to be feared, that +at the same time they take up a fare they take up a robber, who is ready +to mark his prey, and gets up either on the box or behind; and alights +at a convenient place to perpetrate his hellish design. As for a 'snack +of the coal' as they term it, no doubt but the coachman and he have +proper understanding and rendezvous. + +Many who go to the coach-office nowadays, may be mistaken in their hopes +of redress, not but the commissioners to a man treat complainants with +the utmost civility; but the penalty, which used to be on the renter, +being now on the driver, the renter or owner of that figure is clear, +and the driver has nothing to do but to be absent and laugh at the +complainant, an instance of which take in the following case:-- + +A hackney coachman took eighteenpence of a gentleman for a twelvepenny +fare; the gentleman took his number and complained; the driver appeared, +and was fined fifteen shillings, but the renter escaped; what was the +result? The driver absconded, the gentleman sits down at his loss of +attendance and money; had robbery or assault been the complaint, the +consequence had been the same, the gentleman is but where he was. He has +since called several times at the office, but to no purpose; all the +answer he can get is, the fellow cannot be found. I write this therefore +to undeceive those persons, who think when they have taken the number of +a coach they can punish the driver for insolence or extortion. + +The law in this case ought to be turned into its old channel, that is to +say, the owner of the figure should be answerable; he ought to employ a +driver he can answer for, or drive himself. + +Every renter therefore should be obliged to register, and respond for +his driver; or commissioners, figures, and all other forms, are to +little purpose. + +Beggars should next be suppressed, who lounge about all day, to see +where they can steal at night. It is a shame we should suffer real +objects of charity to beg; and for those who are not so, it is a shame +but they should work. + +I shall close all with these observations:-- + +That the extortions and cabals of tradesmen, by enhancing the prices of +provisions, is most detrimental to a state, and worthy the notice of its +legislature; for men not being able to support their families by honest +labour, and being made beggars by reason of the dearness of provisions, +ofttimes grow desperate and turn rogues. This assertion is but too true, +to prove which I appeal to the late conduct of + + The coal merchants, + The bakers, + The butchers, + And, above all, the tallow chandlers. + +The cabals of coal traders have for many years jockeyed us in the price +of coals; they have raised and fell them at pleasure, and made mere +stockjobbing work of it; but never so much as in his late majesty's +reign; on a great impress for seamen, they, in less than a fortnight, +raised the price of coals from twenty-three shillings to almost fifty. +What a pinch must this be on the poor, who live only from hand to mouth, +and buy their coals, poor souls! some by the half peck. + +The bakers are yet more flagrant and vile; they turn plenty to famine, +and push up the price of bread without rule or reason; they have already +been detected in one bite, i.e., procuring some of the fraternity to buy +a small quantity of corn much above the market price, and then, by +making oath thereof, abuse a well-intended law, and raise the price of +bread accordingly. + +Thus are the poor ground to dust, in order to fatten a pack of misers, +who know no mercy. But I hope the government will make them honest, +even against their will. + +The butchers are now so extravagant in their way of living, that usual +and moderate profit will not content them; they cannot drink malt +liquor, and the poor must pay for the wine, which they swill down at an +unmerciful rate. + +The price of meat should therefore be regulated according to the price +of cattle, but not according to the baker's rule afore mentioned. + +But as for the tallow-chandlers, their oppressions call aloud for +redress. To what an exorbitant pitch have they raised candles; just +double what it was some years ago: nay, they threaten to have them at +tenpence per pound. How can the poor work when candles are so dear? But +we may thank our own luxury for these impositions. I see no reason why +we should not humble these upstarts by making our own candles; aye, and +our own bread too, as our forefathers have done before us. + +The tallow-chandlers, to excuse themselves, lay the fault on the +melters. The melters shift it from themselves to the butchers; and so +the game goes round. + +Oh but, say they, the government will lose part of its revenue: to which +I answer, that rather than they shall raise candles to double their +value, on pretence of paying a penny per pound excise; in case the +parliament will take off the duty on candles for the ease of the poor, I +will present them with a project gratis, which shall bring in almost +double the money now levied by candles, and that without the least +hardship on the subject. + +Having, I hope, taken sufficient care of street-robbers, I proceed now +to clear the roads from highwaymen, footpads, &c. + +Let parties of horse be stationed at all the outgoings from the city of +London; so that if a coach, wagon, &c., want a convoy, two, three, or +more may be detached by the commanding officer; these shall be +registered, and answerable for their charge; and for encouragement shall +receive so much per mile, or in the whole, convoy money. + +This may be likewise practised from town to town all over England, so +that the roads will be as safe as the streets; and they who scruple the +trifle of convoy money above proposed, merit not safety. + +For those who walk on foot to the adjacent villages, parties of foot may +be stationed in like manner; so that not only the subject will be free +from danger, but the soldier employed and prevented from corrupt +measures by this additional perquisite to his pay. + +Nothing remains but that robbers be prosecuted at the public charge; the +trials fixed to respective days, that prosecutors may not lose so much +time, and the rewards paid in court without deduction or delay; nor +should any robber be admitted an evidence after he is taken, or pardoned +after conviction. + + * * * * * + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +The transcriber made this change to the text to correct an obvious +error: + + 1. p. 12, + a watchman to every forty houses, twenty on + it one side of the way, and twenty on the other; for + is observable that a man cannot well see distinctly + beyond the extent of twenty houses in a row; + + --> + + a watchman to every forty houses, twenty on + one side of the way, and twenty on the other; for + it is observable that a man cannot well see distinctly + beyond the extent of twenty houses in a row; + +End of Transcriber's Notes] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Second Thoughts are Best: Or a Further +Improvement of a Late Scheme to Prevent Street Robberies, by Daniel Defoe + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SECOND THOUGHTS ARE BEST *** + +***** This file should be named 32404.txt or 32404.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/4/0/32404/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Richard J. 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