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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Stable Management in India and the
+Colonies, by Joshua A. Nunn
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes on Stable Management in India and the Colonies
+
+Author: Joshua A. Nunn
+
+Release Date: May 15, 2010 [EBook #32376]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT.
+
+
+
+
+  NOTES ON
+  STABLE MANAGEMENT
+  IN INDIA AND THE COLONIES.
+
+
+  BY
+  VETY.-CAPT. J. A. NUNN, F.R.C.V.S., C.I.E., D.S.O.,
+
+  ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,
+  LATE PRINCIPAL LAHORE VETERINARY COLLEGE.
+
+
+  SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED,
+  WITH A GLOSSARY.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  W. THACKER & CO., 2, CREED LANE.
+  CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK & CO.
+  1897.
+
+  [_All rights reserved._]
+
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+  STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The first edition of these notes, which was written in India, having been
+sold out in a much shorter space of time than I ever anticipated when I
+wrote it, I am induced to offer this to the public. The scope of the
+original pamphlet has been adhered to, and all that is aimed at is to give
+the new arrival in the East some idea as to the management of his horses,
+especially those who are setting up a stable for the first time. The first
+edition was written in India for Anglo-Indians, who are familiar with
+native terms; but to this, being published in England, I have added a
+glossary of the more ordinary Hindustani words likely to be of use. The
+spelling of these will be probably found fault with by the Oriental
+scholar; but I have endeavoured to bring it as near the sound as possible,
+as it is only intended for persons in absolute ignorance of the
+vernacular. There appearing to be a demand for the book in the colonies,
+at the suggestion of the publishers I have added a few remarks on
+Australia and South Africa. The entire work has been rewritten, and the
+matter contained is the result of my own personal observations during
+eighteen years' service in India and the colonies at both military and
+civil duties.
+
+JOSHUA A. NUNN.
+
+  LONDON,
+    _March_, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
+
+
+The following notes on Stable Management were originally delivered in a
+lecture to the Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Troopers of the
+Punjab Light Horse, and as they were considered by the members of the
+corps to be useful, at their request I have put them on paper. There is no
+attempt at anything beyond the most elementary rudiments of horse-keeping
+in India, and all they are intended for is to give volunteers of mounted
+corps, who have not previously owned horses, some slight idea as to what
+should be done for the care of their chargers, and not leave them entirely
+in the hands of native syces and horse-keepers.
+
+JOSHUA A. NUNN.
+
+  LAHORE,
+    _December_, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                        PAGE
+
+FOOD.
+
+  Gram                                                     1
+  Barley                                                   6
+  Bran                                                     7
+  Bran Mash                                                9
+  Oats                                                     9
+  Maize                                                   11
+  Wheat                                                   13
+  Rice                                                    14
+  Millet                                                  15
+  Pulses                                                  15
+  Linseed                                                 16
+  Linseed Cake                                            17
+  Black Gram                                              18
+  Preparation of Food                                     18
+  Horses refusing Food                                    19
+  Times of Feeding                                        20
+  Bolting Food                                            21
+  Spilling Food on Ground                                 22
+  Grass                                                   22
+  Churrie                                                 25
+  Bhoosa                                                  25
+  Bamboo Leaves                                           27
+  Oat Hay Forage                                          28
+  Hay                                                     29
+  Green Food                                              32
+  Green Gram                                              33
+  Carrots                                                 34
+  Lucerne                                                 34
+  Guinea Grass                                            38
+  Sugar Cane                                              38
+  Turnips                                                 39
+  Salt                                                    39
+  Tonics                                                  40
+  Horses not Feeding                                      41
+  Damaged Food                                            42
+  Irregular Teeth                                         42
+  Young Horses Cutting Teeth                              44
+  Quidding                                                44
+  Indigestion                                             45
+  Lampas                                                  45
+  Nose-bags                                               46
+  Mangers                                                 47
+  Worms                                                   48
+  Rubbing the Tail                                        49
+  Scouring                                                49
+
+
+WATER.
+
+  Water                                                   51
+  Times of Watering                                       52
+  Watering Troughs                                        53
+  Watering on a Journey                                   53
+  Watering after a Journey                                54
+  Watering Bridles                                        54
+  Leeches                                                 55
+  Wells                                                   56
+
+
+AIR AND VENTILATION.
+
+  Stables                                                 58
+  Chicks                                                  60
+  Stable Floors                                           61
+  Charcoal                                                62
+  Picketing                                               62
+  Bedding                                                 63
+  Sawdust                                                 64
+  Shavings                                                65
+  Sand                                                    65
+  Horses eating Bedding                                   65
+  Exercise                                                66
+
+
+GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC.
+
+  Heel Ropes                                              69
+  Head Ropes                                              72
+  Fetlock Picketing                                       73
+  Picketing Posts                                         73
+  Ringing                                                 74
+  Rheims                                                  75
+  Knee-haltering                                          75
+  Shackles                                                75
+  Picketing-pegs                                          76
+  Leading-ropes                                           77
+  Brushes and Gear                                        78
+  Curry-combs                                             78
+  Buckets                                                 79
+  Dusters                                                 79
+  Hoof-picker                                             80
+  Clothing                                                80
+  Hoods                                                   81
+  Body-rollers                                            82
+  Bandages                                                83
+  Summer Clothing                                         84
+  Eye Fringes                                             84
+  Fly Whisks                                              85
+  Cleaning Horse Clothing, and Storing it in the Summer   85
+  Numdahs                                                 86
+  Grooming                                                87
+  Wisps and Grooming Pads                                 89
+  Hand-rubbing                                            90
+  Washing                                                 91
+  Uneven Manes                                            91
+  Hogged Manes                                            92
+  Ragged Legs                                             93
+  Trimming Tails                                          94
+  Clipping                                                94
+  Cleaning the Sheath                                     95
+  Lights in Stable                                        96
+  Fires in Verandahs                                      96
+
+
+SADDLERY, HARNESS, CARRIAGES AND SERVANTS.
+
+  Saddles and Harness                                     97
+  Saddle Covers                                           98
+  Bridles                                                 99
+  Harness                                                 99
+  Carriages                                              100
+  Servants                                               101
+
+
+SHOEING                                                  106
+
+
+
+
+STABLE MANAGEMENT.
+
+
+
+
+FOOD.
+
+
+Gram (_chunnah_).
+
+In the north of India the chief food on which horses are fed is gram, the
+seed of one of the pea tribe of plants. It is a crop that ripens in the
+beginning of the summer, when it is harvested, and the grain thrashed out
+by driving cattle over it in a circle. The dry stalks, that are broken up
+into small pieces, are used for feeding cattle on, and are known as "missa
+bhoosa," in contradistinction to the stalks of the wheat when submitted to
+the same process, and which is known as "suffaid," or white bhoosa. The
+price of gram varies very greatly, according to the locality and season,
+and is a subject of much speculation and gambling amongst the native
+community. I have known it as high as 7 seers (14 lbs. weight), and as low
+as a maund (80 lbs. weight), per rupee. It also varies greatly in
+quality, depending on the locality in which it is grown and the conditions
+under which it has been harvested, and is by native grain-sellers known as
+first and second class gram. Good gram, when a small quantity is taken up
+and examined in the palm of the hand, should be free from sand, dirt,
+small pieces of stick, straws, or other sorts of seeds; in fact, it
+should, what is known in the trade, "run clean." Each individual grain
+should be round and plump, as if the husk was well filled. It should not
+be shrivelled up and wrinkled, and be free from worm or weevil marks,
+which can be told by there being a small round hole in it, and the grain,
+when cracked, being found hollowed out and eaten away. Generally the
+weevil (kirim) will be found in the cavity, but if not, it will be full of
+a fine powder. Weevil-eaten gram cannot be mistaken, and denotes that the
+grain is old, and has been badly stored. In most samples of gram, unless
+quite new, a small proportion of worm-eaten grains will be found, and this
+is not of any consequence; but if there are a large number, there will be
+a larger proportion of husk (which has no nourishing properties) than
+grain, and a larger quantity will have to be given. When a grain of gram
+is crushed between the teeth it should impart the taste of a dry pea in
+the mouth, and be devoid of all mustiness, which is present if it has got
+wet or mouldy, as it is very apt to do. In new gram the husk at the point
+is of a slightly greenish shade, that disappears with keeping. It is
+generally supposed that new gram is not so good as when it is a few months
+old; but myself, I have never seen any ill effects from its use. The only
+thing to be careful about is that it is perfectly ripe, for natives have a
+great trick of cutting and plucking every grain, fruit, and vegetable
+before they have arrived at full maturity. Gram should be crushed or
+bruised, not _ground_, so as to break the outer husk and allow the juices
+of the stomach to act on the kernel. It should be crushed or bruised only,
+as if ground into a fine powder a good deal goes to waste. It is
+sufficient if each seed is so crushed that it is split in two. Gram,
+wheat, and all other grains in the East are ground by the women of the
+family between two stones, one of which revolves on the top of the other
+by means of a wooden handle fixed in it. To crush gram the stones require
+to be sharper set than if they are to grind any other grain into flour.
+Gram can be got ready crushed from the corn-dealer (baniah) at a small
+increased charge per maund (80 lbs.), or what I generally do is to pay my
+head groom (syce) the regular bazaar rate (nirrick), and get the women of
+his family to crush it, they providing their own mill (chuckie). The only
+disadvantage of this plan is that it is necessary to weigh the grain a
+second time after it has been crushed, otherwise it will be short, as
+natives eat it themselves. But I found in the long run the syces would not
+steal it; natives are sharp enough to see when any profit can be made, and
+it was not to their advantage to give back short weight. Excellent
+gram-crushing machines, working with fluted rollers, are sold by several
+firms in India, and are adjustable so as to take any grain. They are made
+to fit into a box for travelling, which, when in use, forms a stand for
+the crusher to work on. They are, however, somewhat expensive, and
+although admirable for a large stud of horses, are hardly required for a
+private stable. If, however, expense is no object, they are certainly
+preferable to the native mill, as they are cleaner, bits of grit not
+coming off the stone, and each individual grain being crushed, which even
+the best native mills will not do. Crushed grain is much quicker digested
+than whole, particularly by old horses whose teeth are not in good order,
+and who cannot masticate their food properly. It is a common mistake to
+give too much gram or other grain, there being a prevailing idea that the
+more that is given the more work the horse will do. There is no greater
+error; it is like putting more coal into the furnace of an engine that can
+only consume a certain amount; the extra quantity only goes to waste, and
+upsets the digestive functions of the stomach. What is required is a
+judicious admixture of food given at a proper time; not a large quantity
+improperly given of an improper quality. Gram should be given in the
+proportion of one part of bran to two of gram; or what is better, one part
+each of bran (choker), gram, and parched barley (adarwah), or oats (jai),
+by weight. These can be purchased separately from the corn-dealer and
+mixed together, and thus cannot be eaten by any of the servants, like pure
+gram can be. If the horse is not digesting his food properly, whole grains
+will be found in his droppings that have passed through the bowels
+unaltered. There will be always a few of these found, especially if the
+horse is getting parched barley or oats, as the husks of both these grains
+are very indigestible. If the horse begins to get thin, and fall away in
+condition as well, it is then time to take some measures to remedy
+matters, otherwise no notice need be taken.
+
+
+Barley (_jow_).
+
+In many parts of Northern India, especially on the Afghan frontier, whole,
+uncrushed barley is used. It does not seem to hurt country-breds, but with
+old animals that are not used to it, and particularly Australians, the
+practice is dangerous. During the Afghan War, on one occasion there being
+no other grain available, whole barley was supplied to the horses of the
+battery of artillery to which I then belonged. A number of them were
+attacked with colic, and several died from the irritation caused by the
+pointed awns or ends of the beards to the bowels. No doubt horses, and
+particularly young ones, will get used to feeding on most grains if the
+change is brought about gradually, but a sudden change from any one to
+another is dangerous. At the best, whole barley is not an economical food.
+The husk resists the digestive action of the stomach and intestines, and a
+quantity is always passed out of the body whole. Barley ought certainly
+always to be crushed, or, better still, parched, and turned into
+"adarwah." This is done by professional grain parchers in the bazaar; but
+sometimes, though rarely, some of the women of the servants' families can
+do it. It consists of half filling a wide shallow iron pan with sand, and
+placing it over a fire till nearly red hot. A couple of handfuls of the
+grain is then thrown into the sand with a peculiar turn of the wrist which
+scatters it over the hot surface, about which it is stirred for a few
+seconds with an iron spoon or small shovel pierced with holes like a
+fish-ladle. The grain is partially baked, swells up and becomes brittle,
+the husk cracking, when it is scraped up and lifted out with the ladle,
+the sand being riddled through back into the pan. A good parcher will turn
+out a "maund" (80 lbs.) in a wonderfully short space of time, the whole
+process being gone through with a dexterity only acquired by long
+practice. In India barley usually runs very light, there being a great
+deal of husk. Boiled barley is a most useful diet for a sick horse. It
+requires well boiling for at least half an hour, and the water then
+drained off. I have known horses drink this barley-water when they won't
+look at anything else.
+
+
+Bran (_choker_).
+
+In most of the large stations in India there are flour-mills in which
+wheat is ground with the latest machinery, and when obtained from them,
+bran differs but little from what is seen in England; but in smaller
+places wheat is ground by native mills, and then the bran is not so clean.
+When native-made bran is run over the hand, it will be seen that there is
+a large amount of flour in it, which adheres to the skin like a white
+powder, and which makes it much more nourishing than the cleaner prepared
+article. The scales also of native-made bran are much more irregular in
+size than the European manufactured article. Bran should have a clean,
+fresh smell about it, and the newer it is the better; if kept long it is
+likely to get mouldy. This is particularly the case during the rainy
+season, when the atmosphere being saturated with moisture, a good deal is
+absorbed by the bran, and if kept in this state for any time will get
+mouldy. On this account, if it is necessary to store bran during the rainy
+season, it should be kept in tin boxes. The inside lining of old packing
+cases, in which perishable goods are brought out from England, do well for
+this purpose, and plenty can be got for a small sum in the bazaar shops;
+or, if not, any native tinsmith will make a box out of old kerosine oil
+tins for a small sum.
+
+
+Bran Mash.
+
+It is a good plan, particularly in warm weather, in any country to give
+horses a bran mash once a week, and if one particular evening is fixed
+upon, syces get into the habit of giving it regularly without special
+orders. I generally used to give a standing order to give it on Saturday
+night, for, as a rule, the horses are not required on Sunday. Bran has a
+slightly relaxing effect, that in warm climates is particularly
+beneficial. Bran mash is made by simply putting the necessary quantity of
+bran into a bucket, pouring boiling water gradually on to it, at the same
+time stirring it round with a stick until the whole is moist and mixed
+together. The bran should only be damped sufficiently to make it stick
+together, and should not be sloppy and wet. Some horses at first will not
+eat bran, but they can be tempted to by mixing a handful of whatever grain
+they have been used to with it.
+
+
+Oats (_jai_).
+
+Oats are now largely grown over the Punjab, Northern India, and in
+Tirhoot, and are sold at nearly the same price as barley. In the seaport
+towns Australian oats can usually be obtained; and as good oats are grown
+in the colonies as any part of the world. They are more expensive than
+the native article, and are generally only used for training race-horses
+on. The Indian oat, compared with the English, Australian, or South
+African, is a poor article, running very light, with a great amount of
+husk; but if properly crushed, and mixed with gram and bran in proportions
+of one part of each, they are greatly superior to barley. The oat in India
+is a winter crop, and is harvested in the spring. Both colonial and Indian
+oats are always white. I have never seen the black or tawny variety which
+is so common in Ireland. A demand having arisen for them by Europeans, it
+is sometimes possible in Northern India to buy them in the bazaar; but
+generally it is necessary to make a special arrangement with the grower,
+as natives do not use them as a feeding grain for their own animals. They
+grow the crop round the wells, and cut it green in the straw as forage for
+the well and plough bullocks in the spring, when they are working hard.
+Arrangements can generally be made with the cultivator to purchase so much
+from him by weight, thrashed and delivered at your own stable, or else to
+purchase so many acres of the standing crop as it is growing; but the
+former plan is the most satisfactory, as it is astonishing the heavy crop
+that will be produced; and, on the contrary, you will be equally
+astonished to find with the other plan how light it is. The negotiations
+for the supply of oats should be entered into in good time in the
+spring--say about the beginning of March--as it is astonishing how slow
+such matters progress in the East, and they had better be left in the
+hands of your head syce. No doubt you will be cheated out of a small
+amount, but you must make up your mind for this before arriving in the
+East; but you will have the satisfaction of knowing that if you tried to
+carry on negotiations yourself you would be cheated out of more. I have
+tried both plans, and found that the syce could drive a better bargain for
+both of us than when I attempted to deal direct with the cultivator.
+
+
+Maize (_makkai_).
+
+Although grown all over India, maize is not much used for feeding horses;
+but in South Africa, where it is known as "mealies," it is the staple food
+grain for both man and beast. In India it is said to make horses fat and
+soft, but no animal in the world does harder work than a South African
+post-cart horse. In all probability the reason they do well on maize is
+that in the oat-hay forage they get there is a considerable quantity of
+grain; and although I have never seen it used, the experiment of feeding
+on oats and maize would be worth while trying in India. In South Africa
+maize is usually given whole, but in any of the towns it can be obtained
+crushed, and it is better to give it in this state. During the Afghan War
+maize was plentiful in some parts of the country, and I gave it to some of
+the horses that I had charge of. I had it parched on hot sand, in the same
+way as barley (adarwah) is parched, making it into American pop-corn. With
+certain somewhat thin and debilitated animals it had a marked effect in
+getting flesh on them, and all horses eat it greedily. In India maize is a
+summer crop, ripening in the autumn, when the ears or cobs are picked off
+the stalks. It is stored in the cob, and the individual grains knocked off
+as required by rapping them against a stick; but they must be turned over
+in the heap occasionally, as rats and mice are likely to cause damage,
+particularly the musk rat, that taints everything it comes into contact
+with. Horses have frequently been brought to me, said to be off their
+feed, and on inquiry I have found this only to be caused by the grain
+being tainted by musk rats, and that when a clean feed is offered to them
+they devour it ravenously. There are in South Africa and America a number
+of varieties of maize, but in India I only know of two sorts, in one of
+which the seeds are white and the other yellow, or a deep red colour. I
+don't think that there is much difference in them as far as horse food
+goes, but each individual grain should be plump, and fill out the husk
+well; they should be free from weevils, worms, or the marks of attacks
+from rats and mice. The husk should be well filled out, and have a
+shining, pearl-like, glistening appearance, and when let fall on a stone
+or other hard substance give off a metallic sound. When broken open, the
+grain inside should be of a pure white colour, and of a pleasant, mealy
+smell, like fresh flour. If it is discoloured, it denotes that it has been
+wet and fermented. Maize can be crushed by most grain-crushing machines,
+also in the native mill (chuckie) if the stones are properly set; but both
+in South Africa and India the natives pound it in a large wooden mortar
+made out of the trunk of a tree.
+
+
+Wheat (_ghehun_).
+
+Although it is not to be recommended as a food, still I have seen wheat
+used when no other grain could be obtained, and it was a choice of it or
+nothing at all; and in parts of Australia, and, I believe, America, it is
+regularly used as a horse food. It is commonly supposed that wheat is
+almost a rank poison to horses, and will cause fever in the feet; and no
+doubt with stabled animals in England it will do so, especially as the
+majority of cases of this nature are from accidents--horses getting loose
+and gorging themselves with wheat during the night, or when unobserved.
+With animals standing out in the open and working hard, as they do in
+India and the colonies, it is not so dangerous. I should not suddenly
+change a horse's feed from oats or gram to a full ration of wheat; but
+when nothing else can be got, it can be given in a small quantity without
+much fear of danger; but as soon as any other grain could be obtained, it
+should be used.
+
+
+Rice (_dhan_).
+
+In Eastern Bengal and Assam horses are fed on unhusked rice and will do
+well on it. During the expedition into the Lushai Hills in 1879-80, in
+many places nothing else could be got to feed the transport mules on. Gram
+is not grown in that part of the country, and what little there is has to
+be imported, and is at a prohibitive price. I found that animals did well
+enough on an equal mixture of gram and rice, although at first some of
+them refused it. In Japan rice is the only grain horses get, and the pack
+ponies of that country are hardy beasts, and appear to work well on it. If
+the rice can be crushed, it is all the better; and in Bengal and Assam
+there is no difficulty in getting this done, as it is the food of the
+people, and they grind it for their own use.
+
+
+Millet (_bajara_).
+
+The various millets, known in South Africa as "Kaffir-corn," are not often
+used in India as horse food, but in the Cape it sometimes is. In India the
+millet is a summer crop harvested in the autumn. The seeds are small, and
+of a dark or greyish colour. It requires to be crushed before use, as the
+husk is very hard.
+
+
+Pulses (_dhal_).
+
+The various species of pulse grains enter largely into the food of the
+natives of India. Two, known as "mung" and "mote," or "moat," are
+excellent for getting flesh on thin, debilitated animals. They are both
+small oblong seeds of an olive green colour, with a very hard husk, and
+can be obtained in any bazaar. I prefer the mote to the mung. They both
+require to be well boiled to the consistency of a jelly before use, and
+then being well mixed in with the food, about a pound in weight of the raw
+seed being enough for each feed, so that the horse gets three pounds
+daily, a corresponding quantity of the other grain being withdrawn. I have
+seen most excellent results in weak animals recovering from a debilitating
+illness from its use, but great care must be taken that it is boiled
+properly.
+
+
+Linseed (_ulsie_).
+
+Linseed can be obtained all over India. In fact, a good deal of what is on
+the English market comes from the East. Under certain conditions it is
+useful in putting on flesh, and as a diet for convalescents; but care must
+be exercised in its use, as it contains a great deal of oil, and in cases
+of sickness with liver complications, which are common in a hot climate,
+especially in English and Australian horses, it is to be avoided. It has
+to be boiled to a jelly before use, or, better still, soak it in cold
+water for some hours until soft, and then boil it. In the hot weather,
+however, I prefer to use either the "mote" or "mung" to linseed.
+
+
+Linseed Cake (_rhal_ or _khal_).
+
+Linseed cake can be obtained in nearly every large town, and is the
+residue left after the oil is expressed; but as this process is
+imperfectly performed, a good deal of oil is left--much more than in the
+steam-pressed English cake. It is sold by the "seer" (2 lbs. weight), but
+in irregular lumps, not moulded into cakes as in Europe. Care must be
+taken in buying it, as it is very likely to be musty, and adulterated with
+mustard or rape seed. Both these can be easily detected by the taste or
+smell, leaving a pungent odour and a sharp burning taste behind. The best
+plan is to crush a small quantity of the cake and drop it into some
+boiling water, when the sharp smell and taste characteristic of the
+mustard and rape oil will be given off. A small quantity of linseed cake
+in the food will fatten horses tremendously, but makes them soft in
+condition. It is one of the articles used by native dealers to fatten
+horses for sale, and at this they are most expert. When crushed it can be
+mixed with the food, or boiled to make linseed tea for sick horses; and
+for this latter purpose I prefer it to linseed, as there is less oil in
+it, the smell of which sometimes nauseates an animal and causes him to
+refuse it.
+
+
+Black Gram (_cooltee_).
+
+In the Madras Presidency and Southern India black gram is used, the Bengal
+white gram not being grown there. This has to be boiled before use.
+Military horses are fed on it, but it is said that it makes them soft. I
+have, however, no personal experience of black gram.
+
+
+Preparation of Food.
+
+In India it is the custom to damp the food before it is given. It should
+not be saturated so as to turn it into a sloppy paste, but just damped
+sufficiently to make the particles stick together. Grooms (syces)
+generally deal out each feed into a bucket dry from the corn-bin, and then
+damp it; but a better plan is to weigh out the whole of the amount
+required for all the horses, and put it into a wide-mouthed earthen bowl
+called a "naund," that can be purchased for a few pence, or a box, such as
+an old wine case, and damp the whole amount together, then portioning it
+out for each animal. The reason of this is that, if the grain is damped in
+the buckets, they are at once taken away, and, the probabilities are,
+never cleaned; but if they have to be brought forward for each feed to be
+put into them, and the owner takes the trouble now and again to inspect
+them, "syces," who are creatures of habit, get into the way of cleaning
+them before they bring them forward. The box, or naund, in which the grain
+is damped being stationary, can be looked at any time. It is necessary to
+be very careful about this, as the particles of food left very quickly
+ferment in a hot climate, and get sour, and quickly taint all the rest. As
+a rule, about ten minutes is long enough to damp grain; and this should be
+done as soon before feeding as possible, otherwise, if left long standing,
+it will get sour. If a horse refuses his feed, it should be at once thrown
+away, and on no account be kept till the next meal, by which time it is
+pretty certain to have fermented.
+
+
+Horses refusing Food.
+
+Some horses are delicate feeders naturally, and take a long time in
+eating, or refuse their food altogether. In the case of a delicate or slow
+feeder, the food should be given in small quantities and often, rather
+than in the usual somewhat rather large feeds three times a day; and the
+horse should be fed by himself. This is easily done in India, as nearly
+all stables are loose boxes; but if the animal is picketed out with others
+that are likely to teaze him, he should be taken away and fed out of a
+bucket in the "compound" (garden or enclosure round the house). "Syces,"
+like all natives of India, have no idea of the value of time; and if he
+has his "hooka" (pipe), and a friend to talk to about the price of
+food-stuffs, rates of wages, and other such-like interesting bazaar
+topics, he is perfectly content to sit holding the bucket before the horse
+all day long, if necessary. If the animal refuses his food altogether,
+then it should be taken away, for if left standing in front of him he
+breathes on it, and if it remains any considerable time it becomes sour
+and fermented, and he gets disgusted with it; whereas, if taken away and
+nothing more given till next feeding-time, the appetite often returns, and
+the food is consumed with a relish; especially in the warm weather, if he
+is first led out and exercised, or picketed out under a tree. On no
+account should the feed that has been refused be kept over till the next
+feeding-time; a fresh one should be prepared, as in a hot climate wet
+grain ferments and turns sour in a very short space of time.
+
+
+Times of Feeding.
+
+The stomach of the horse is very small in proportion to the size of his
+body, and he requires to be fed often, and in small quantities. In
+England hunters are fed four, or even five, times a day. In India it is
+the usual custom to feed three times, and perhaps it is often enough. In
+all military stations a gun is fired at noon, and the midday feed is given
+at that hour; but the morning and evening one varies with the season of
+the year. I usually give only half a feed in the evening about five
+o'clock, and the remainder the last thing at night, about eight or nine,
+according to the season of the year; but, unless carefully watched,
+"syces" will not do this, as it is the custom only to feed three times
+daily, and "dastour" (custom) is a thing it is impossible to make a native
+break through.
+
+
+Bolting Food.
+
+Some horses have a trick of bolting their food without masticating it
+properly, especially if another is being fed in their company. It is a
+good plan to feed such horses apart from any others, which can easily be
+done in an Indian stable, as they are all loose boxes, or, if picketed out
+in the open, by moving him a short distance away from the others. A small
+quantity of chaff, grass, straw, or what is known as "bhoosa," which is
+wheat straw that is crushed and broken into small pieces in the process
+of treading out the grain by bullocks, mixed in with the feed, will
+usually make them masticate it properly.
+
+
+Spilling Food on Ground.
+
+Horses have also a trick sometimes of throwing their food out of the
+bucket or manger, and spilling a quantity on the ground. Not only is a
+large amount wasted, but when the animal has finished what is left, and
+tries at his leisure to gather up what is on the ground, he eats a large
+amount of earth and dirt with it, which is injurious. The best way I know
+to prevent this is to feed the horse on a cloth on the ground; any bit of
+old sacking about four feet square will answer for the purpose.
+
+
+Grass.
+
+In India hay is not often seen, and horses are fed on grass; even
+race-horses are trained on it. This may at first sound strange, but Indian
+grass is very different to English meadow grass, and chiefly consists of
+the roots and runners, the actual blade of grass not being more than about
+an inch long. The best grass is what is known as "dhoob." It is a short
+grass, with long roots and suckers, which is dug up out of the ground with
+a short iron hoe or trowel, called a "kurpa," which is used with a
+scraping motion of the hand, the process being called "cheeling." A
+considerable quantity of earth is taken up with it, which ought to be
+knocked off against the hoe; but as the grass is sold by weight, and the
+usual quantity a private "grass-cutter" is supposed to bring in daily is
+20 seers (40 lbs. weight), it is not to his advantage to clean it. If
+horses eat dirty grass for any length of time, the sand and dirt, besides
+damaging the teeth, is likely to accumulate in the intestines and give
+rise to what is known as sand colic. When the "grass-cutter" brings in his
+bundle of grass that he has collected, which he generally does at midday,
+it should be spread out and cleaned; sticks and thorns should be picked
+out, as they are likely to lodge in the horse's throat and choke him, and
+it should be well beaten with a stick to get rid of the sand and dirt. A
+good plan is to fasten a net between the wooden framework of a "charpoy,"
+or native bedstead, lay the grass on it, and beat it there with a stick,
+and it is surprising what a quantity of rubbish will fall through. An old
+lawn tennis net, if the meshes are not too big, answers well for this
+purpose. Grass-cutters are fond of wetting the grass to make it weigh. If
+it is brought in fresh, and damped with clean water beyond the actual
+loss in weight, I do not know that it does much harm; but it is
+exceedingly likely that the water has been obtained from some stagnant
+dirty puddle, and the bundle has been left standing for some time so that
+fermentation has set in, giving it an unpleasant smell. It is therefore
+best to have the bundles at once opened out and spread in the sun to dry
+as soon as they are brought in, and not allow the "grass-cutters" to take
+them away to their own houses. In parts of the foot hills of the Himalayas
+("hurriarie," or "hurrialie") grass is obtained. It is not found in the
+plains, or in the very high mountains where it is cold. It is a long
+grass, running to about three feet high, and is cut with a curved sickle.
+When young and green it is a capital fodder grass; but when the seed is
+shed, and it gets dry, it is unfit for any other purpose than bedding, as
+the stalks get very hard and brittle, and so dry that there is little or
+no nourishment in it. It should not then be allowed into the stable for
+any other purpose than bedding; but being much easier to collect than
+"dhoob" grass, the "grass-cutters" will bring it as long as they are
+allowed to, even when it resembles nothing more than a bundle of sticks. I
+have frequently heard owners of horses in the hills complain of their
+animals getting thin and out of condition, the cause of which on inquiry
+was simply due to the bad dry hurrialie grass that was brought for them to
+eat.
+
+
+Churrie.
+
+This is the dried stalk of one of the shorgum tribe of plants, which is
+also known as the Chinese sugar-cane. It is a summer crop cut in the
+autumn. It grows to five or six feet high, and is cut and stored by the
+natives as a fodder for the cattle. It would to the new-comer appear to be
+a most unsuitable article of food, but is full of saccharine matter,
+tasting quite sweet when chewed in the mouth, so much so that in parts a
+rough sugar is extracted from it, but to look at is like a bundle of dried
+reeds. Animals of all sorts are very fond of it, and I have frequently fed
+my horses on it for days together in out-of-the-way places where no grass
+was to be obtained. It is not used as a regular horse fodder, but it does
+well for it on a pinch.
+
+
+Bhoosa.
+
+In the East all grain is threshed out by the primitive process of putting
+it in a circle and driving bullocks round on it, and in this process the
+grain is trodden out of the ear, the straw being split and broken up by
+the animals' feet into small fragments from one-eighth to two or three
+inches in length, which is called "bhoosa." This is the staple food of the
+working cattle, and is also used for horses. It is a most important item
+of the crop, and in the rural economy of an Indian village almost as much
+is thought of it as the grain itself. Wheat and barley straw makes what is
+called "white bhoosa," and gram and the various pulses "missa bhoosa."
+Both these can be used as horse food; in fact, on the Afghan frontier they
+get nothing else, and many natives feed their animals entirely on it,
+never giving them grass; but although they will eat it, and for a time
+keep condition, it is not to be recommended. If it has to be used, and it
+is possible to obtain any grass, they should be mixed together. A small
+quantity of "bhoosa" mixed in the feed will make a greedy feeder masticate
+it. "White bhoosa" looks like badly chopped straw-chaff. "Missa bhoosa" is
+of a dark colour, the particles not being straight-like sticks, but bent
+about, and frequently there are a quantity of the leaves of the plant
+mixed with it. Care should be taken that both sorts are not mouldy, which
+is very apt to be the case, as the native farmers store it in large
+quantities during the winter, and when the new crop comes on, if there is
+any of last year's left, it is what they try and sell. Being stacked in
+the open, it is exceedingly likely to get damaged by the rain. "Bhoosa"
+should have a clean, fresh smell like sweet straw, not be discoloured or
+have any patches of mould about it, and be free from impurities such as
+sticks, thorns, or pieces of mud or stones.
+
+
+Bamboo Leaves (_bāns_).
+
+In Eastern Bengal, Assam, and parts of Burma, the green leaves and young
+shoots of the bamboo are used for forage. During the Chin-Lushai
+Expedition in 1889-90, the animals with the force got nothing else for
+nearly eight months. I had three ponies of my own that were worked
+moderately hard the whole time, and they remained in good condition. The
+transport mules, which were worked very hard indeed in a very trying
+climate, did not fall away nearly as much as I expected. The young shoots
+and leaves are cut with a sort of a billhook, called a "dah," and care
+must be taken that only the young green leaves and soft tender shoots are
+given, the old leaves and the edges of the dry stumps of the bamboo
+cutting like a razor. I have seen some bad wounds on the lips, tongue, and
+angles of the mouth from this cause. It is best to make the "syces" and
+"grass-cutters" pluck the leaves off the branches altogether, and not
+leave them about the stable, for fear of wounding the horses. This they
+will readily do, as they use the _débris_ for fuel. I have seen some bad
+cuts and injuries in both men and animals from the edges of the split
+bamboo, which are very sharp--so much so that the savage tribes on the
+eastern frontier use a properly split piece of bamboo for a knife in
+skinning animals; and the sap of the green bamboo appears to have a
+peculiarly irritating or poisonous action, a wound caused by it festering
+and suppurating in both man and beast, whereas one inflicted with a dry
+bamboo will heal up healthy. Horses require a larger amount of bamboo
+leaves than grass. If an animal is getting 20 lbs. of green "dhoob" grass
+daily, he will require 30 lbs. of bamboo leaves to keep him in condition.
+Although at first horses may refuse them, they take to them kindly after a
+little while.
+
+
+Oat Hay Forage.
+
+In the South African colonies grass hay is almost unknown. The oat is cut
+when about half ripe, dried, and given in the straw, in which condition it
+is known as forage, and is excellent feeding. It is usually sold in
+bundles, wholesale at so much per hundred, and retail at hotels and
+livery stables at so many bundles for a shilling. Some years ago, when I
+was travelling in the Dutch part of South Africa, in the more
+out-of-the-way parts of which there are no hotels, it was the custom to
+ask the owner of the farmhouse where you arrived permission to
+"off-saddle" if you were riding, or "out-span" if driving, for the night
+or a couple of hours, as the case might be. This was a roundabout way of
+asking if he could put you and your animals up for the night. When leaving
+in the morning, it would have been a great breach of good manners to ask
+for your bill, but you inquired what you were indebted to his head-boy for
+the forage your horses had consumed--a polite way of asking for your
+account; the number of bundles per shilling varying according to the time
+you remained, and the accommodation you had received; but, notwithstanding
+this fiction, I did not, as a rule, find the total any less than in a
+regular hotel where you get your bill.
+
+
+Hay.
+
+Hay, as is known in Europe and Australia, is never seen in India. In some
+parts, what is called hay can be obtained; but, compared to English meadow
+hay, it is at the best but poor stuff. No doubt hay of a very tolerable
+quality can be made in India; in fact, I have done so, but usually the
+grass is cut after the plant has flowered, the seed ripened and shed, when
+it is what is known as "the sap being down," and then it is dry and with
+little nourishment in it. It is generally also allowed to lie out too long
+after it has been cut in a hot, powerful sun, which utterly bakes it up.
+The grass should be cut when the seed is green and the sap well up in it,
+and should not be allowed to remain too long drying. I have generally
+found that from eight to ten hours of the Indian sun was enough, so that
+grass cut in the morning should be stacked at night; it will then not be
+utterly dried up, and in the stack will undergo the process of
+fermentation that gives the characteristic smell to English hay. There is
+a certain amount of difficulty in doing this. The grass flowers and seeds
+at the end of the hot weather, about September, when the monsoon rains are
+on, and these sometimes last for days together. It is, therefore,
+sometimes difficult to get a fine day to cut and save the hay in before
+the seed is shed; and before the dry weather again sets in the sap has
+gone down, and there is but little nutriment left in the grass. It is not
+a bad plan to sprinkle some salt over each layer of hay as the stack is
+made up; horses eat this cured hay with great relish. In making up the
+stack, a bundle or two of straw, put on end from the bottom upwards,
+should be built into the centre of it as it is being raised up, to act as
+a chimney or ventilator to carry off the heat while the stack is
+fermenting. If this is not done, there is danger of its catching fire; and
+even if it should not heat to such a degree, part is likely to get
+discoloured--what is termed "mow-burned." This chimney can be made with
+bundles of sticks, boards, or even stones; but sick horses will often eat
+the straw from the centre of a haystack when they won't look at anything
+else, and it sometimes comes in useful, and in any event, is not wasted.
+The stack should be built on a foundation of brambles, stones, or a mud
+platform--the latter being the best--to raise it and protect it from
+damage by the rains, which at times come in a regular flood, and also to
+keep out rats, mice, and other vermin. When the stack gets down to the
+bottom, care should be exercised in handling it, as it is a great refuge
+for snakes, and I have seen one fatal accident from snake bite from this
+cause. It, then, is a good plan to make the men remove the hay in small
+quantities at a time with a hay-fork, which is easily made by fastening a
+couple of short sticks converging from each other on to a long bamboo;
+but natives are such fatalists that, no matter how much warned of the
+danger they are incurring, they will not take the commonest precautions as
+to their safety if it gives them a little extra trouble. A somewhat larger
+quantity of dry grass is required than green "dhoob" by weight, the
+proportion being about 15 to 20 lbs. respectively.
+
+
+Green Food (_khawid_, or _khasil_).
+
+In the spring of the year in India it is common to give horses green
+wheat, oats, or barley. This is cut in the straw from the time it is about
+a foot high until the grain begins to ripen, a period that lasts about a
+month or six weeks in the Punjab--from the middle of February till the end
+of March. This green food is called by the natives "khawid," or "khasil."
+It has an excellent effect on the system, and is what is used by the
+native dealers to get their horses into condition for sale. Too large a
+quantity should not be given at first, as it is likely to cause
+diarrhœa; about 4 lbs. daily being sufficient at first, but it may be
+increased up to double this amount if it agrees with the animal. Care
+should be taken that the green food is only given when young and the straw
+tender, for when it gets ripe, and the straw woody and hard, it is very
+indigestible, and a common cause of intestinal obstruction and colic. In
+some parts green barley is given in the same manner, and when it is young
+it is as good as wheat or oats; but when it begins to ripen it should be
+stopped, as the awns or beards begin to get hard, and not only are they
+likely to choke the horse, but to cause dangerous intestinal obstruction.
+Oats can be given much longer than barley or wheat; in fact, as I have
+said, ripe oats are cut in the straw, and used as hay in many parts of the
+world. The green crop must be purchased standing from a cultivator, and
+this is best arranged through your head "syce." It is sold by measurement,
+a patch in the field being marked out; or else the grass-cutters go and
+cut as much as is required daily, the whole amount used being afterwards
+measured up and paid for at the fixed bazaar rate, or, as it is termed,
+the "nirrick."
+
+
+Green Gram.
+
+Natives are very fond of giving horses green gram, but it is a most
+dangerous custom. It is most indigestible, the stalk when green being full
+of a strong tough fibre. The sap and leaves have a peculiar irritating or
+almost corrosive property, and in the spring of the year many fatal cases
+of intestinal disease are caused by it.
+
+
+Carrots (_gajar_).
+
+Carrots are plentiful all over Northern India. They come on in the spring,
+and are an excellent green food. They can be bought very cheaply, and if
+kept in a cool, dry place, can be stored for a considerable time; but they
+require to be turned almost daily, or they will get rotten. When used they
+should either be washed to remove the earth, or, as in the East this is
+quite dry, knocked with a stick to remove it. They should be given whole,
+or else cut into long slices, not across into lumps. This latter practice
+is dangerous, as horses are thus inclined to bolt them whole, and the
+short round lump is likely to stick in the throat and cause choking.
+
+
+Lucerne.
+
+Lucerne grows well all over Northern India, and although not cultivated by
+the natives for their own use, they know perfectly well what it is, and
+call it by the English name. In most of the towns where there are any
+Europeans collected together, it is usual to grow it in the Government or
+station garden, from where it can be purchased retail. Some native corps,
+who remain some time in the one place, also grow it for the benefit of the
+regiment, and sometimes it is possible to obtain some from them; but as a
+rule they only have enough for their own use. Round the large military
+cantonments in some places, the neighbouring farmers, finding that there
+is a demand for it, have taken to growing it for sale, and it can be
+bought in the bazaar; but as the supply is not certain, it is better to
+enter into a contract with one of the growers to supply the quantity by
+weight daily required. In making this bargain it is best to use the agency
+of the head "syce," as if it falls short, or is not forthcoming, he can be
+made responsible; and natives being erratic creatures, it is quite
+possible that some morning you may be told that there is no more, or that
+the grower has sold his crop to some one else, perhaps at even a smaller
+price than you are giving. Whenever there is a well in the compound, and I
+have been long enough in one place, I have always grown as much as I could
+for myself. It is easily done, and there is no more useful crop in
+connection with an Indian stable. In the dry, hot weather the difference
+in the condition of horses that are getting a fairly liberal supply of
+green food, and those that are only getting the burned-up grass that is
+then procurable, is most marked. The only difficulty about growing lucerne
+is that at first a large supply of water is necessary until the roots
+strike. If you have a garden, then, of course, you have to keep a pair of
+bullocks to raise water from the well for irrigation purposes; but if you
+do not run to this luxury, then a pair of bullocks can be hired for two or
+three days in the week. The landlord of the house has to keep the well and
+the Persian wheel, by which the water is raised, in order, and find the
+first pair of ropes for it. The tenant has to find the earthen pots, or
+"chatties," that are fastened on to it, by which the water is raised up.
+These "chatties" are cheap things enough, but they are easily broken. I
+always found that the best plan was to provide the first lot myself, and
+then give a small sum monthly to the gardener to keep them going; and it
+saved money in the end, as I found that not nearly so many were smashed
+under this system as when I paid for what were required. If a gardener is
+regularly employed, it is, of course, part of his business to look after
+the lucerne bed; but for an ordinary stable of, say, four or five animals,
+an acre of lucerne will be ample, and a man exclusively for this is not
+necessary. A gardener can be got for about Rs. 10 a month, but a man can
+be got to come two or three times a week and look after it for half this.
+I found, however, that if I gave it to one of the syces, that the women
+and children of his family would attend to it, as, when once started, it
+only requires weeding, and that the work was better done than by a
+professional gardener, unless one was regularly employed. The best seed is
+the acclimatized English, or the Cabul brought down from Afghanistan. The
+English seed can be obtained from any seedsman, or the Government
+Horticultural Gardens at Lahore or Saharunpore, at about a rupee a pound,
+and this is enough to sow about an acre with, which should be done at the
+end of the cold weather. If only a small quantity is grown, it is best to
+sow it on ridges, as it then, no doubt, can be kept free from weeds, and
+the cost of weeding, on an acre or two, is but trifling; but it is an
+error to suppose that lucerne cannot be sown broadcast. At the cattle farm
+at Hissar, in the Punjab, several hundred acres were grown in this way, as
+the cost of making ridges on such a large quantity of land would have been
+prohibitive. Of course, this lucerne was not so clean as if it had been
+grown on ridges, but the cattle picked it out from the weeds when it was
+put before them. Fresh seed will have to be sown about every three years,
+and the crop may be cut about five or six times during the season. About 4
+lbs. is enough for a horse, but it is best to begin with half this
+quantity and gradually increase it, as if too large an amount is given at
+once it is likely to cause colic.
+
+
+Guinea Grass.
+
+Some years ago this was a very favourite grass forage to grow for horses,
+but lately lucerne has supplanted it, and, I think, rightly. The advantage
+of guinea grass is that it lasts through the hottest months of the year,
+which lucerne does not, but it requires a great deal of water. It grows in
+separate tufts, and they should be planted some distance apart, or
+otherwise they will crowd each other out.
+
+
+Sugar Cane (_gunna_).
+
+Sugar cane is not often used as an actual food, but horses are very fond
+of it, and on my visits to the stable I usually had some pieces carried
+after me in a basket when it was in season. It ripens at the end of the
+summer, and lasts into the winter. It is sold in long sticks, and should
+be chopped up into pieces; but the servants will steal it, as they eat it
+themselves as a sweetmeat.
+
+
+Turnips (_shalgham_).
+
+The ordinary white turnip grows all over the Punjab in the winter, and
+when carrots are not to be procured, I have used them in their place,
+preparing them in the same manner. Horses soon learn to eat and relish
+them.
+
+
+Salt (_nimmuk_).
+
+Salt is required by all animals in a certain quantity in their food to
+keep them in health. There are three different varieties sold in the
+native shops. Rock salt ("putter ke nimmuk"); ordinary salt, which is
+merely the rock salt crushed and powdered; and black salt ("kali nimmuk").
+On the coast sea salt can also be obtained, but it is not to be found far
+inland. The common custom in India is to give powdered salt in the food,
+the usual daily allowance being about an ounce. I prefer to leave a lump
+of rock salt in the manger for the horse to lick when he likes. Some
+owners have a lump of it hung by a string to the wall, but I do not think
+this is advisable, as I have known more than one horse turn a wind-sucker
+from getting into the habit of licking and playing with it.
+
+
+Tonics.
+
+It is a common supposition, deeply rooted in the minds of horsemen, that,
+when a horse loses condition, he at once requires a tonic; and an immense
+number of these and "condition powders" are advertised. There is no better
+paying speculation in the world than the sale of these articles, as the
+majority of them consist of a few cheap and simple ingredients, that are
+retailed to the public at a hundred per cent. their original cost; and the
+best that can be said about these nostrums is that some of them are
+innocent and do no harm, while they serve to amuse the owner. The action
+of a tonic is to stimulate the appetite, and if the horse is feeding well
+they are certainly useless, if not actually harmful. If the horse feeds,
+and continues to fall off in condition, the chances are that there is
+something wrong in the stable management, which should be carefully
+inquired into. If this only occurs once with one animal, the inference is
+that medical advice is required, but if several are in the same state, or
+it is a matter of constant occurrence, then in most cases a change of
+"syce" is required, and it will be usually found better and cheaper than
+having recourse to any of these various advertised "cure-alls."
+
+
+Horses not Feeding.
+
+Horses refuse their food from a variety of causes. It is usually the first
+symptom noticed in the majority of attacks of illness, and I cannot too
+strongly urge that in such cases the sooner professional advice is
+obtained the better, there being nothing in which the old proverb, "a
+stitch in time saves nine," more applies to. On the other hand, horse
+owners are inclined to get very anxious without cause about horses not
+feeding, and to imagine that because he refuses to feed, or does not
+finish it up with a good appetite, that the animal is in a dangerous
+state. Horses are much like ourselves, and we all know that we sometimes
+do not feel inclined to do justice to a "square" meal, and that if we dine
+off a plate of soup we feel ready for a good breakfast in the morning. If
+the horse refuses his feed, or only plays about with it, have it at once
+removed; at the next only give him a little hay or grass, and the
+probabilities are that at the next he will eat up his grain with a hearty
+appetite. If he does not, then the sooner professional advice is called in
+the better, as you may be certain that something is wrong.
+
+
+Damaged Food.
+
+Damaged, mouldy, or sour food, the horse, of course, will not eat unless
+he is very hungry, and then only sufficient to stay his appetite. Damaged
+grain there is no excuse for, and can only be given through carelessness
+or indifference on the part of the owner or his servants. Sour food, or
+food that has fermented, is, with the best intentions, likely to be placed
+before the animal, as it is surprising how soon fermentation will set up
+in damp grain in a hot climate. The food should not be damped more than
+twenty minutes or half an hour at the most before it is given, and a dirty
+bucket will easily contaminate it. In the hot weather in India,
+particularly during the rains, when both man and beast are down below par,
+very little will put both off their feed. If the food, however, is at all
+sour it ought to be at once detected, as the smell is unmistakable.
+
+
+Irregular Teeth.
+
+In old horses the back teeth get irregular and worn in such a fashion that
+the food cannot be masticated and crushed, and is not then properly
+digested. The upper jaw of the horse is wider than the lower one, so that
+the upper teeth overlap the lower ones at the outside, and the lower ones
+the upper at the inside. By continually wearing, the upper back teeth get
+worn down more on the inside than the outside, and the lower ones more on
+the outside than the inside, or, in other words, the grinding surface of
+the teeth, instead of being horizontal, is at an angle or slope. The horse
+masticates his food with a sideways motion of the jaws, crushing the food
+between the back teeth like mill-stones, so that if the grinding surfaces
+of the teeth are not level, but sloped at an angle, they become locked,
+and prevent sufficient sideways play of the jaws. If this is suspected,
+the back teeth can be easily inspected by turning the horse with his tail
+to the sun, grasping the tongue with the left hand and opening the mouth,
+while the light is reflected into it by a small looking-glass held in the
+right. They can also be felt by putting one's hand on the outside of the
+cheek, where the outer edge of the upper teeth can be easily felt, and
+pushing the finger inwards and upwards, so as to get on the grinding
+surface when the horse opens his mouth, and the angle they are at can be
+at once detected through the cheek. This is, of course, only a rough
+method of examination, but it gives one a fair idea of the state the
+molars are in. If a tooth is broken or deficient, the corresponding one
+in the other jaw from not being worn down will become over-grown and fill
+up the vacant space, even growing so long as to damage the gum or bone in
+the jaw above or below it, as the case may be, and preventing the horse
+feeding. If it is one of the front molars, it is possible that the growth
+may be detected from outside, but the probabilities are that a more
+careful examination will be necessary, and, at all events, professional
+skill required to set matters right. Horses also suffer from decayed
+teeth; and, in fact, the whole matter of equine dentistry is much more
+important than is usually supposed, many animals remaining poor and thin
+simply because their teeth are not properly attended to.
+
+
+Young Horses Cutting Teeth.
+
+Young horses sometimes have great trouble when cutting their teeth, and if
+they go off their feed they should be attended to; but this requires
+professional skill.
+
+
+Quidding.
+
+When young horses begin to what is called "quid" their food, it is almost
+a certain indication that there is something wrong with the mouth.
+"Quidding" is gathering up a mouthful of hay or grass, rolling it about
+in the mouth, and half masticating it till it gets into a lump or ball,
+and then spitting it out without swallowing it. Sometimes a dozen or more
+of these "quids" will be found in the manger or on the stable floor.
+
+
+Indigestion (_bud hazmie_).
+
+Indigestion, or dyspepsia, which horses suffer from more commonly than the
+public imagine, will put them off their feed; but this is a matter for
+professional advice and treatment, and it is exceedingly dangerous for the
+owner to go trying domestic remedies. I have had many fatal cases of bowel
+diseases brought to me that have arisen solely from this cause.
+
+
+Lampas.
+
+This is a disorder that is firmly fixed in every groom's mind, both
+European and native, and is supposed to consist of a swelling or
+inflammation of the palate, or "barbs," just behind the upper incisor
+teeth. I do not deny for a moment the existence of such a thing, but what
+I do maintain is that in 75 per cent. of the cases brought to one, it
+exists only in the imagination of the attendant. The popular remedy some
+years ago was to cauterize the part with a hot iron, and I have no
+hesitation in saying that any one doing this should be indicted for
+cruelty to animals. Lately, the popular treatment has been more merciful
+in having the part scarified with a lancet, but even this is useless.
+Where lampas does exist, there is more or less enlargement and swelling of
+the membrane of the entire alimentary canal, but the "barbs" of the mouth
+being the only part visible, it is popularly supposed to be a local
+affection. Under these conditions, it will be readily understood how
+utterly useless lancing or scarifying one small part of the affected canal
+will be. A small dose of aperient medicine, or even putting the horse on a
+laxative diet of bran mash for a few days, will do all that is required,
+without having recourse to heroic measures.
+
+
+Nose-bags (_tobra_).
+
+Nose-bags are sadly neglected by "syces," and unless looked after by the
+owner, they never dream of cleaning them, so that, particularly with
+leather ones, they get into a very filthy condition, and frequently horses
+refuse to eat out of such dirty things. Both mangers and nose-bags should
+frequently be washed and scrubbed out with soap, or sand and water.
+Nose-bags are, at the best, a necessary evil, and if they have to be used
+at all, canvas ones are better than leather, being more easily cleaned. I
+only allowed nose-bags to be used when on the march, or out in camp; when
+in the stable the horses were fed out of an ordinary bucket, or else a
+manger, and even then they were not fastened on the head, but held on the
+ground.
+
+
+Mangers (_kurlie_).
+
+In the stable a manger should be used. In an Indian stable one is easily
+made out of a shallow, wide-mouthed earthen vessel ("gumalo"), built up
+with mud, about three feet high, in the corner. The "syces" can do this
+themselves, and the gumalo only costs a few pence in the bazaar. I always
+had two built in opposite corners, one for food and the other for water.
+If for any reason the manger cannot be built, or there is not one in the
+stable, then the horse should be fed out of a tin or zinc bucket, or else
+off a feeding-sheet. An old gunney-bag, spread out opened at the seams,
+answers admirably. The "syce" should hold the bucket or sheet while he is
+feeding, or the horse is very likely to knock the first over, or tear the
+sheet, by pawing at it with his fore feet.
+
+
+Worms (_kirim_).
+
+Parasites, or worms, in the intestines cause horses to lose condition very
+quickly. The most common are long white ones, like ordinary earthworms,
+about five to eight inches long; and small, very thin thread-like ones,
+about three inches long. They cause the horse to become very unthrifty and
+thin, the coat being dull, without the natural gloss that is seen in
+health, or as it is termed, "hide-bound." The horse is also apt to back up
+against any projection, or into a corner, and rub his tail against the
+wall, breaking off the hair, and giving it an unsightly appearance. If
+worms are suspected, the "syce" should be instructed to look for them in
+the horse's droppings in the morning, where the long ones are most likely
+to be found; also to examine under his dock, where the small ones will
+leave a yellowish incrustation under the root of the tail. An enema of
+common salt and water, made by dissolving about a table-spoonful of salt
+in a quart of luke-warm water, generally suffices to get rid of the small
+ones. The large ones, however, require medical treatment, which should be
+left in professional hands. If there are any worms passed, the litter,
+droppings, etc., should be carefully burned, and the floor of the stable
+scraped and the _débris_ burned, and a new floor laid down.
+
+
+Rubbing the Tail.
+
+Although commonly due to parasites in the intestines, "particularly the
+small thread-worms," with some horses it is a trick; neglect also, and the
+irritation caused by dirt, will often cause it. In India it is more often
+seen in coarse-bred horses, such as many Australians are, than in
+country-breds and Arabs. If it is from dirt, washing the tail well with
+soap and water will stop it; if it is a trick, keeping the tail in a
+tail-case, which is merely a piece of leather, with buckles and straps to
+fasten it on with; or an ordinary roller bandage put round from the tip to
+the root will generally stop it.
+
+
+Scouring (_dāst_).
+
+Scouring, or diarrhœa, is usually seen in nervous horses when they get
+excited, and, as a rule, disappears when they get quiet again. It is more
+commonly seen in light-coloured, or what the horseman calls "washey,"
+chestnuts and blacks, than any other colour. Some horses will always scour
+after a draught of cold water, and with such the chill should be taken off
+either by adding a little warm water, or standing the bucket out in the
+sun for a couple of hours before it is used. If the scouring persists,
+after returning to the stable, let the next feed consist of dry bran, not
+"bran mash," and this generally stops it. If a horse that is not in the
+habit of doing so suddenly begins scouring, it is a mistake to try and
+stop it too suddenly, as frequently it is an effort of nature to throw off
+something deleterious to the system. If, however, the diarrhœa should
+continue persistent, then professional advice should be obtained.
+
+
+
+
+WATER.
+
+
+Water (_pani_).
+
+Horses prefer soft to hard water, and are particularly partial to
+rain-water. Many horses refuse to drink at all from a running stream,
+unless very thirsty, and even then will not take as much as is necessary.
+Mules, which in other respects are hardy animals, are very dainty and
+particular about their water. Such horses should be watered either out of
+a bucket or a still pool. In mountain and quick running streams there is
+often a large quantity of sand and small gravel held in suspension, that
+sinks to the bottom in places where the current runs slow. I have seen
+more than one death caused by constantly watering horses in such streams,
+by the animal swallowing a quantity of such sand; it accumulates in large
+masses in the intestines, and causes "sand colic." If it is necessary to
+water horses from such places for any length of time, if a suitable pool
+cannot be found where the water is still and the sand and gravel can
+settle, one should be made by building a dam.
+
+
+Times of Watering.
+
+Horses should be watered half an hour before feeding, or, if this cannot
+be managed, at least two hours should elapse after the feed before he is
+allowed to drink his fill. The reason of this is that the hard grain the
+horse eats is only partly crushed and broken by the teeth, and it is in
+the stomach where it is principally softened before passing on into the
+intestines. If, when the stomach is full of partly digested food, a large
+quantity of water is given, some of it will be washed into the intestine,
+and, being hard, and not properly softened, irritate it and set up colic.
+The best plan is to always have water in front of the horse, so that he
+can drink when he likes, and I have found that they take much less this
+way than when watered at regular times. In India this can be easily done
+by building up in mud a wide-mouthed, shallow, earthen vessel, called a
+"gumalo," in one corner of the stable, in the same way that a manger is
+made. It should be high enough for the horse to conveniently reach it, and
+be kept constantly full.
+
+
+Watering Troughs.
+
+When horses are watered at a trough or stream, as is necessarily the case
+with military animals, if they are thirsty they push their noses deep into
+it and drink greedily. They then lift their heads and look round them, and
+many persons think they have finished. This is not the case, as the horse
+is merely recovering his breath after his draught, and he should not be
+taken away until he either turns round and will drink no more, or until he
+begins to splash the water about with his nose and play with it, which
+shows he does not want any more.
+
+
+Watering on a Journey.
+
+It is commonly supposed that when on a journey horses should not be
+watered, but, in a warm climate, as long as only a steady pace is
+maintained and only a moderate quantity given, it does not do any harm,
+and, to judge from one's own experiences, certainly is refreshing. Of
+course, this must be done in moderation, like everything; and it
+undoubtedly would be dangerous to allow a horse to drink his fill and then
+give him a hard gallop directly afterwards; but, in both the South African
+and Australian colonies, I have travelled some hundreds of miles in
+post-carts and coaches, and the drivers at pretty nearly every stream they
+cross pull up and allow the horses to drink a few mouthfuls. I have never
+heard of any harm coming from this practice, and at the end of the journey
+they drink far less water than if they had been deprived of it while at
+work. In Norway, the carriole drivers water their ponies in the same way,
+and it is icy-cold coming from the glaciers.
+
+
+Watering after a Journey.
+
+When the journey is completed, it is advisable to walk the horse about for
+a short time, to allow him to get cool before watering; or, better still,
+and what every practical horseman will do, is to pull up and allow him to
+walk the last mile, so that he arrives at his stable fairly cool, and not
+reeking with perspiration. Grooming also will be greatly facilitated by
+this.
+
+
+Watering Bridles (_kazai_).
+
+Watering bridles are generally very much neglected, "syces" (grooms) never
+seeming to think that they require any care or attention. They are
+generally a mass of rust and dirt, and having one of these filthy things
+put into the mouth, is a much more common cause of horses going off their
+feed than is generally supposed. They are frequently thrown out on the
+heap of bedding, and left in the sun all day, and when put into the
+horse's mouth the iron of the bit is burning hot. I consider that this is
+one of the chief reasons of the sores that so frequently form at the
+angles of the mouth in the summer months, and which are most troublesome
+to cure. The bit of the watering bridle should be scrubbed daily with sand
+until it is polished, and the leather-work cleaned with soap (sabon) or
+dubbing (momrogan); if this is not done, it very soon perishes with the
+heat and becomes rotten, and if a horse is at all fresh and plays about,
+it breaks, the animal gets loose, and a serious accident is the result of
+the want of a little forethought.
+
+
+Leeches (_jonk_).
+
+In India leeches frequently get into the nose while the horse is drinking,
+especially out of ponds and streams, and although they are not absolutely
+dangerous, they cause troublesome bleeding, and make the animal cough and
+sneeze. They are sometimes very difficult to get rid off, and the best
+plan is to place some water in a bucket before the horse and splash it
+about. The leech is attracted by this, and comes down the nostril, when
+it can be caught if the operator is quick enough. A handkerchief is
+necessary, as the leech is too slippery to hold in the fingers. It is
+generally best to let one of the "syces" do this, promising him a small
+reward when the nuisance is got rid of, as some of them are wonderfully
+expert at it, and have untiring patience.
+
+
+Wells.
+
+In some Indian towns there is a water supply laid on to the houses by
+pipes, but in the majority it is obtained from a well (khua) in the
+compound. In these cases a water-carrier ("bheestie") has to be kept to
+draw and carry water for the household and stables, which he brings in a
+leather bag; "mussuk," the small leather bucket that he uses to fill the
+bag with, being called a "dholl." These water-bags should be renewed twice
+a year, as they get very foul inside if kept much longer, and they are
+only worth about Rs. 2 each. Very few people ever think of cleaning out
+the well, but it should be done at least once a year, as it is surprising
+the amount of rubbish, such as dead leaves and vegetation, gets into it.
+The landlord of the house should undertake this, but it is generally
+difficult to get him to do it without the tenant threatening to do it
+himself and deduct the cost out of the rent. There are professional
+well-cleaners in Northern India, who will do the work by contract. As a
+rule, it takes about three days, as the well has to be pumped dry by
+working the lifting wheel with relays of bullocks day and night, when a
+man goes down and removes the accumulation of rubbish from the bottom.
+Care should be taken to first lower down a lighted candle, or throw a
+bundle of lighted straw down before any one is allowed to descend, as
+there is frequently an accumulation of foul gas at the bottom, and I have
+known more than one accident from neglect of this precaution. Unless I had
+very good reason for knowing that the well had been lately cleaned, I
+always had this done on going into a new house. If this is neglected, the
+water during the rainy season is apt to get very foul, and I have known
+severe outbreaks of illness from this cause both in men and animals.
+
+
+
+
+AIR AND VENTILATION.
+
+
+Stables.
+
+Nothing is worse for horses than close, ill-ventilated stables, and in
+India, where they are made out of such cheap material as mud and sun-dried
+brick, there is no excuse for their being too small. In some of the newer
+houses, stables are made out of burned brick; but I prefer the older ones
+of mud or sun-dried brick, as the walls are generally thicker, and this
+makes them cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. It is also of
+importance that they should not be too low, but of the two evils I should
+prefer a small stable with a lofty roof to a larger one with a low one,
+provided there was ventilation in the top. Every stable should have a good
+deep verandah round it; it not only keeps off the sun in the summer, but
+is useful to put bedding, etc., in during the rain. If there is no
+verandah, one can be easily made with the flat straw screens used by
+natives, called "jamps," and bamboo supports. The doorways should be high
+and wide, so that there is no danger of the horse hitting his hips or head
+against it in going in and out. A fractured hip-bone is frequently caused
+by horses rushing through narrow doorways, and a troublesome disease known
+as "poll evil" is generally caused by striking the head against too low a
+one. It is also well to have the sides of the door-posts rounded off, not
+left at an angle. If there is no window at the back of the stable,
+opposite the door, one should be made above the horse's head, and another
+smaller one on a level with the floor, so as to allow the air to circulate
+freely. If possible, avoid a draught, but always remember that it is
+better to have plenty of fresh air and a draught than a stuffy stable
+without one, as the horse can always be kept warm with extra clothing,
+bandages, and bedding. Thatched roofs are much cooler in summer and warmer
+in winter than the flat earthen ones that are generally used in Northern
+India. Indian stables are almost always divided off into loose boxes, the
+partition walls being continued up to the roof. I think they should be
+only built high enough to prevent the horses teasing each other over them,
+as if continued right up they interfere with the free circulation of the
+air. If this cannot be done, on account of the partitions helping to
+support the roof, a window should be knocked through in each. In South
+Africa stables are usually simply a long shed with a manger running down
+the back wall, without any partitions between the standings, and the
+horses are simply tied up to a ring in the manger with the head rope. Cape
+horses are, however, exceedingly quiet, and will stand still all day long.
+They never seem to think of kicking or biting at each other like the
+Indian country-bred does.
+
+
+Chicks.
+
+The plague of flies in the East, particularly during the rains, cannot be
+realized in England, and if not protected against them, they will almost
+worry horses to death. For this reason the doors and windows of the stable
+should be fitted with "chicks," or mats, made out of split bamboos or
+reeds, with interspaces between them, which allow of light and air passing
+through, but which will keep the flies out. They are not very costly
+articles, and add most materially to the comfort of the horse. If
+carefully looked after, and not let flap about in the wind, they will last
+for years with a very small annual expenditure for repairs.
+
+
+Stable Floors.
+
+The stable floor should be made of wet clay beaten down, and left to
+thoroughly dry. This can be carried out by the "syces," and if thoroughly
+done, they will last a good many months. I always make it a practice to
+dig up the floors of stables in a new house, before they are occupied, a
+foot and a half deep, and thoroughly renew it, and usually it is
+astounding the amount of foul earth that has to be removed. I also have
+the whole of the floor picked up and renewed once a year--for choice, at
+the end of September or beginning of October, after the rains have
+stopped. Any moisture should be at once removed, before it has time to
+soak into the floor; or, if it has, the moist earth should be swept away
+with a broom (jaru), made out of a number of pliable twigs tied together,
+and fresh dry earth sprinkled over the top of it. A supply of dry powdered
+earth should be kept outside each stable door in a box ready for use when
+required. The ordinary earth that is in the compound will not do to make
+floors out of, although "syces" will use it if allowed, as it is less
+trouble to get than clay (kicher ke muttee), but it will not bind, and
+when trodden on breaks up and wears into dust.
+
+
+Charcoal (_khoalie_).
+
+Although it looks dirty, powdered charcoal sprinkled over the floor has a
+powerful effect as a deodorizer. The ashes of a wood fire do nearly as
+well as charcoal for this purpose, and can be obtained anywhere, as wood
+is universally used for fuel all over India. In some stables earthenware
+vessels (chatties) are buried under the floor to catch the urine. This is
+an abominable, filthy custom, and should never be permitted, as there is
+no more certain cause of disease. Diseases of the feet, such as foul
+smelling, suppurating frogs, thrush, and canker, are in the majority of
+cases caused by horses standing on wet, filthy floors.
+
+
+Picketing.
+
+In the hot season horses should, if possible, be picketed out at night as
+soon as it gets cool in the evening. It is the greatest relief to an
+animal to be brought out of a hot stable into the open air, even if the
+actual temperature is no less than indoors. If the flies or mosquitos are
+troublesome, the nets sold for the purpose will keep them off. If the net
+is not sufficient, a fire made out of the stable litter on the windward
+side will drive them away, and horses do not mind smoke. It is as well to
+have a regular standing made with mud, in the same way as the stable
+flooring, as otherwise the ground soon gets broken up and foul. The
+standing should be swept clean every morning, and mended in the same way
+as the stable floors are.
+
+
+Bedding (_bechalie_).
+
+There is nothing better than clean straw for bedding, and it is a great
+mistake to stint horses in it. If a good deep bed is given, they will lie
+down and rest themselves, whereas, if there is not enough, and the floor
+feels hard through it, they will walk about over it, and far more will be
+wasted than if the horse was lying down on it. The bedding should be taken
+up every morning, and any soiled straw removed. It should be well shaken
+up and spread out in the sun to dry and air, and at night, when again put
+down for use, a small quantity of fresh straw added to it. In wet weather
+the bedding can be aired and dried in the verandah. All soiled straw and
+droppings should be at once removed in a basket (tokrie), which should be
+provided for the purpose; and it is wonderful, if this plan is adopted,
+how little fresh straw is required to keep the horse constantly supplied
+with a good bed; and nothing is more saving to the wear and tear of the
+legs and feet than to get the animal to lie down at night. In Australia
+and South Africa wheat or oat straw can be obtained, but in India rice
+straw is generally used, or else the long elephant grass that grows on the
+banks of rivers and swampy places. Both are good enough for the purpose,
+only they are brittle, and more is required than when wheat straw is used,
+as they quickly break up.
+
+
+Sawdust (_burradah_).
+
+In the north of India the deodar, or Himalayan cedar sawdust, can always
+be obtained from any of the timber depôts on the banks of the large
+rivers, almost for the expense of carting it away. It makes a good bed if
+straw cannot be obtained, but is liable to stick to the horse and get in
+under his coat if at all long, and gives much more work grooming. It is
+also more troublesome to remove in the morning to air, and if any wind is
+blowing a good deal gets wasted. If used, it is best to have it spread out
+in one stall and leave it there, only using it at night, putting the horse
+into another during the daytime. Any sawdust that gets damp or soiled
+should be at once removed, as it very soon begins to smell badly.
+
+
+Shavings.
+
+Shavings of deodar or pine can also be obtained, but they require to be
+carefully sorted out, as there are likely to be splinters in them, and in
+lying down the horse may give himself a bad wound.
+
+
+Sand (_ret_).
+
+Sand can be obtained anywhere along the banks of the rivers; but it is
+hard, and does not form a very yielding bed, and I should not use it if
+anything else could be got. It requires to be sifted, to get rid of the
+pebbles and stones it contains. If straw is scarce and sand has to be
+used, the best plan is to put a layer of about a foot of sand over the
+floor, and a thin layer of straw over it; this will make a much softer bed
+than the sand alone.
+
+
+Horses eating Bedding.
+
+This is a trick some horses have, and from which they seldom can be cured.
+It is generally the custom to put a muzzle (chik-na) on them at night; but
+this, of course, stops their feeding at all. I prefer to bed them down
+with sand, sawdust, or shavings, and leave them free to feed at night. If
+a muzzle is used, it should be a wire one, not leather, as these get very
+foul and dirty, and interfere with the horse's breathing, which the wire
+one does not.
+
+
+Exercise.
+
+In India it is usual to exercise ordinary hacks, polo ponies, and harness
+horses, not doing any special work, twice a day--morning and evening. The
+length of time they are out, and the amount of ground they cover, is very
+variable--in most cases depending on whether the "syce" is in a mood to
+take exercise or not himself. They usually take horses out on the road to
+the bazaar, or some favourite meeting-place; and it is not an uncommon
+thing to see a couple of dozen horses, belonging to various people,
+standing about, while their respective "syces" are sitting about, smoking
+and discussing their masters and various bazaar topics of interest. Under
+these circumstances the horses do not get much exercise; and many a
+mysterious injury, that cannot be accounted for, is inflicted by their
+kicking at each other while standing about in this manner. If the compound
+is large enough, it is a good plan to make a ring with the stable litter
+and have the horses exercised round it. You can then be certain they are
+getting a fair amount of work; but a large ring is necessary, and if there
+is a garden it spoils the compound. Furthermore, horses get into a very
+careless, slovenly way of walking when led round and round in this
+monotonous fashion daily. "Syces" generally lead horses at exercise, and
+most horse-owners will not allow them to ride; but I think this is a
+mistake, and if they can ride, I always allow them to do so. If they lead
+the horse, he will go along in a listless fashion, and walk with his head
+down, stumbling at every step; whereas, if he is ridden, he will carry his
+head up and go in a much more lively and collected fashion, and it being
+much pleasanter for the "syce" to ride than walk, the full amount of
+exercise is more likely to be taken. "Syces" nearly always ride at
+exercise bare-backed; but they should be made use a folded blanket as a
+pad, kept in its place by a body-roller, as the anatomy of the native of
+India is such that, without any protection, he is likely to give the horse
+a sore back. They should also only be let use a snaffle bridle, as few
+know how to handle a double one. When at exercise knee-caps should be
+worn. These should be bought from a European saddler, and care be taken
+that the top strap is fitted with a piece of indiarubber in the middle,
+to allow of its giving with the motion of the limb. If there is not this
+indiarubber spring, when the top strap is buckled tight enough to prevent
+the cap slipping down, the motion will cause it to rub the skin at the
+back of the knee; and I have seen some bad abrasions, that caused
+temporary lameness, from this cause. If the top strap is buckled loose
+enough to avoid this chafing, then the knee-cap won't stay up in its
+proper place, if it has no spring. The country-made knee-caps sold by the
+native saddlers seldom are fitted with it; and if they are they cannot be
+relied on, as generally the indiarubber is bad and perished. The lower
+strap of the knee-cap should be buckled quite loose, it being only
+required to keep it down and prevent it flapping about; but "syces" are
+very apt to draw it tight also, and if they do, it is pretty certain to
+cut the skin.
+
+
+
+
+GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, Etc.
+
+
+Heel Ropes (_pecharie_).
+
+If possible, horses should be left loose, which generally can be done in
+India, as most of the stables are loose boxes. Sometimes it is necessary
+to fasten them up, such as when picketed out at night in the hot weather
+or on the march. There are several plans of picketing, each having its
+advantages and disadvantages; but as these generally apply to military
+animals, I will merely mention those commonly used in private stables. The
+most common plan is to fasten the horse up with head and heel ropes, to
+wooden pegs driven into the ground. Heel ropes (pecharie) consist of
+either two ropes about twelve feet long, ending in a single one, so as to
+be Y-shaped, the single one being fastened to a wooden peg (make) driven
+into the ground, and the two arms to the horse's hind fetlocks by means of
+leather straps, called "muzzumas." These straps are loops of rope covered
+with leather, to one end of which the heel rope is tied, and into which
+the hind foot is slipped, being secured by a flat leather thong wound
+round the middle of it behind the fetlock joint to prevent its slipping
+off. The strap is then of a fig. 8, or hour-glass shape, the heel rope
+being tied in one loop, the foot placed in the other, the thong forming
+the neck or constriction. These, I think, are the best form of leather
+foot strap; but in buying them care should be taken that the stitching of
+the leather is on the outside, as if it is on the inside, where natives
+often put it, it is very likely to rub the skin and cause a bad cracked
+heel. Another form of "muzzuma" is made out of stiff flat leather lined
+with felt. This has a slip loop going round it, with a buckle on one side
+and a strap on the other, that runs along the centre. The heel rope is
+tied to one end, the foot put into the other, and when the strap is
+buckled tightly, the running loop is drawn close up to the heel, so as to
+keep the whole arrangement in its place. This form of "muzzuma" is the
+usual kind sold; but it is objectionable, as the edges get stiff and hard,
+and are likely to cut the heel, which the round ones do not. Both sorts of
+leather "muzzumas" require to be kept soft and pliable with dubbing
+(momrogan), which "syces" never think necessary. I, however, prefer those
+made out of plaited hemp or tow. They are merely a band of loosely plaited
+tow, about eighteen inches long, the heel rope being fastened to one end,
+and secured by a string or tape just behind the fetlock; they are much
+softer than the leather ones, and quite as strong. The disadvantage,
+however, is that they soon wear out, but they are very cheap; in fact, the
+"syces" can make them themselves out of the raw hemp or tow (sun). They
+are used by many of the native cavalry regiments in India in preference to
+the leather ones. The heel ropes can be made out of one long rope doubled,
+a "muzzuma" fastened to each free end, and the doubled portion to a
+tent-peg. When heel ropes are used, one should be put on each hind leg; it
+is dangerous to only put on one, and I have seen more than one fractured
+thigh caused by this. If the heel ropes are on both hind legs, and the
+horse kicks, he has to do so straight into the air, as there is equal
+restraint on both; but if there is only one, the unequal check of the
+single rope is likely to cause a fracture. If allowed, "syces" will always
+pull the heel ropes so tight as to stretch the horse out; they should be
+loose enough to allow him to stand in a natural position.
+
+
+Head Ropes (_aghari_).
+
+Head ropes should be fastened to the ring on the head collar (nukta) under
+the chin. There should either be two separate ropes, one end of each
+fastened to the ring, or one long one doubled in the middle, the central
+portion fastened to the ring, and the two ends to two wooden pegs driven
+into the ground about three or four feet on each side of the horse's head.
+If only a single rope is used, it must, naturally, be fastened to a peg
+straight in front, and, to allow the horse to move his head up and down,
+must be loose. When fastened in this way he is exceedingly likely to get
+his fore leg over the rope and get hung up in it, a nasty wound in the
+heel or at the back of the knee being the result, if nothing worse;
+whereas, if the ropes are pegged out on each side, he can move about
+freely, and it would be difficult for him to get his leg over them. Both
+head and heel ropes should be made of hemp; the cotton rope used in India
+for most purposes is not strong enough, and soon breaks and wears out. In
+Peshawur and along the north-west frontier, a rope is made of goat hair
+that is very strong, and is excellent for this purpose. It is somewhat
+more expensive than ordinary rope, but with care will last a long time,
+and will amply repay itself. Both head and heel ropes should be tied to
+the pegs in a slipknot, so that with a single pull horses can be set free
+when necessary. "Syces" will usually tie them in a jam-knot, and horses
+struggling to get loose when frightened very often badly injure themselves
+before they can be set free.
+
+
+Fetlock Picketing.
+
+A method of picketing horses was introduced into the Indian army some
+years ago, by dispensing with head ropes and using a short chain shackle
+about three feet long, buckled round one of the fore fetlocks, and
+fastened to a peg driven into the ground. This was chiefly done with the
+object of reducing the weight carried, and with animals used for military
+purposes, doubtless fulfilled the purpose, but in a private stable I fail
+to see its advantages over the other plan.
+
+
+Picketing Posts.
+
+When horses are picketed outside the stable, and there is space enough,
+picketing posts are the most preferable method, as they allow greater
+freedom than any other. A stout smooth post, about five or six inches in
+diameter, is driven several feet into the ground, so that it is five or
+six feet above the surface, a strong iron ring is slipped over it, and to
+this the head rope is made fast; no heel ropes are used, and the horse can
+move round it as he pleases. The post must be smooth, so that there is
+nothing for the ring to catch in, and when put into the ground the point
+should be put into the fire and charred, or covered with kerosene oil, to
+keep off the white ants. It will also have to be examined occasionally to
+see that it is not damaged or rotten. The only drawback to this plan is
+that, if there are several horses, a considerable space is necessary, as
+they must be far enough apart to prevent their kicking at each other.
+
+
+Ringing.
+
+In South Africa and the colonies horses are picketed by the method known
+as "ringing," the head rope of one being fastened to the head collar of
+the next, and so on, till the head rope of the last is in its turn
+fastened to the head collar of the first, their heads forming a ring
+looking inwards. Colonial horses will stand like this for hours together;
+but they are very quiet, and behave in a different way to the Indian
+country-bred. I have seen the same plan used in a cavalry regiment of the
+Italian army on the march near Milan.
+
+
+Rheims.
+
+In South Africa head ropes are made of prepared raw hide called "rheims."
+They are prepared by the Kaffir women out of raw ox hide, and are very
+strong and supple, and are excellent for the purpose.
+
+
+Knee-haltering.
+
+Knee-haltering is also a South African plan of securing horses when turned
+out to graze. The fore leg is lifted up, so that the forearm from the
+elbow to the knee is parallel to the ground. The head rope, or "rheim," is
+then fastened above the knee, the head being pulled a little downwards.
+The horse is then turned out to graze on the veldt, and when his head is
+down feeding he can use his limbs and walk about as he likes, but as soon
+as he puts up his head to trot or gallop the fore leg is pulled up, and he
+has only three to go on, and can easily be caught.
+
+
+Shackles (_bheri_).
+
+The natives of India use iron shackles, much like handcuffs, to fasten
+with a key round both fore fetlocks of horses when turned out loose; but
+they are not a desirable invention, and in young animals are very likely
+to cause ringbones. But this, I think, is on account of their clumsy shape
+and being constantly worn, as I believe shackles made out of round iron
+that shut with a spring were used by the Canadian mounted police at one
+time when turning their horses out, and they found they did not chafe and
+rub so much as leather ones did. It was found that even moving through the
+wet grass the steel hobbles were polished, kept bright, and required no
+attention, whereas the leather ones perished and became hard, and gave
+constant trouble unless carefully looked after. I have never tried this
+plan myself, for I have found the Cape system of knee-haltering when
+turning animals out to graze the best I have yet come across.
+
+
+Picketing-pegs (_make_).
+
+Picketing-pegs should be made out of hard wood about eighteen inches to
+two feet long; iron ones are dangerous. They should be driven into the
+ground in a slanting direction, the point towards and the head away from
+the animal, to resist the strain on it. If there are no tent-pegs, or the
+ground is so soft that there is no holding for them, a hole a couple of
+feet deep can be dug, and a bundle of straw or a couple of tent-pegs tied
+crossways buried in it, the earth trodden down, and the rope brought out
+at the surface. This will give ample holding, and may be practically
+tested, for although a vertical pull will easily bring it up, the
+strongest man will fail to move it if the strain is horizontal.
+
+
+Leading-ropes (_bagh durie_).
+
+Leading-ropes are things that ruin half the horses' mouths in India, and I
+never let such a thing into the stable. If they are used as they were
+originally intended to be, that is, buckled into the ring of the snaffle
+or watering bridle to lead the horse with, they do no harm; but it is
+impossible to prevent "syces" from passing them over the head and then
+back through both rings, so as to form a gag, and this they hang on to. I
+always make them use a leading-chain, which is a leather strap with about
+a foot of chain and a snap-hook at the end of it. The hook fastens into
+the ring of the snaffle, and they cannot well pass the strap over the head
+to turn it into a gag. It seems impossible to teach a "syce" how to lead a
+horse in a watering bridle, and I find these chains the best compromise.
+
+
+Brushes and Gear.
+
+The grooming utensils required in an Indian stable are very simple: a
+horse-brush, curry-comb, bucket, some dusters, and a hoof-picker, being
+the sum total; but only one of these last is required among five or six
+horses. It is best to get English bristle brushes, they last out two of
+the native fibre ones, and are very little more expensive. Good
+horse-brushes are made by several firms in Cawnpore, and, of course, when
+a large number are used, the saving is considerable if the country-made
+article is bought, but where only a small number are required, this is a
+false economy.
+
+
+Curry-combs.
+
+These an Indian "syce" cannot get on without, and although he only uses it
+to wear out the brush, still, after all, it does not do so very much harm;
+but a bad, lazy man, if he is not prevented, will use it to scrape the
+dirt off the horse with. Country-breds are generally very thin-skinned,
+and feel the comb very much if scarified with it, as the "syce" is very
+fond of doing; and I am positive that this practice in many cases has to
+account for much of the proverbial bad temper of these animals. The
+curry-comb should never be put on the horse's body at all, and in reality
+it is useless. If it can be managed, it is best not to give the "syces"
+such things, the only use of them being to clean the brush with, and this
+can be done just as well with the palm of the left hand, and the brush
+does not wear out so quickly; but it is the custom to use the comb, and it
+is hard to prevent it.
+
+
+Buckets (_balti_).
+
+Buckets can be bought anywhere. Zinc ones are better than tin, although
+perhaps a little more expensive; one should be provided for each horse.
+
+
+Dusters (_jharans_).
+
+Dusters are things that native servants of every sort seem to consume in
+enormous quantities, and unless some check is put on it, the number used
+at the end of the month will be astonishing. Either the old one should be
+produced before another is given, or else some contract be given to them
+to provide them for themselves; but the former plan is the best; if the
+contract system is adopted, filthy rags will be used. They are luckily
+exceedingly cheap, and are made nearly everywhere.
+
+
+Hoof-picker (_sum khodna_).
+
+A hoof-picker can be made out of almost any piece of rod-iron, and one
+should be hung up in every stable. One for every four or five horses is
+enough.
+
+
+Clothing (_gurdaine_).
+
+In Northern India, if horses are not clipped they require in the winter at
+least two thick rugs, and if they are clipped an extra one, as the climate
+from November to the end of February is bitterly cold. The ordinary
+country clothing, made out of "mundah," and sold in the bazaars, called
+"jhools," keeps horses warm and answers its purpose, and is cheap--a rug
+of this material costing about Rs. 3; but I think myself that it is false
+economy to get it, and that the horse-clothing made at the Muir or Elgin
+mills at Cawnpore, or the Egerton mills at Dhariwal, in the Punjab,
+although perhaps at first somewhat more expensive, will in the end be
+found the cheapest, as with care one suit of this will last many years,
+whereas the country clothing is seldom much good after a second winter's
+wear. This clothing is made in all sorts of colours, and turned out in
+suits, and is every bit as good as English manufactured. Country blankets
+(kumbal) can also be got; and the condemned soldiers' blankets, that are
+periodically sold by the military authorities, make excellent horse-rugs.
+I always think it best to get regular horse-clothing shaped and pieced out
+at the neck to buckle across the chest, or, at all events, to have one rug
+like this, even if the rest are ordinary square blankets, as the shaped
+clothing protects the front of the chest, which the square blanket will
+not do. The blanket can be used in the daytime, and the rug on the top at
+night, buckling across the chest, as leaving this part of the body exposed
+is a fruitful source of coughs and colds. Aprons, breast-pieces, and
+quarter-cords are seldom seen in India, except on race horses, and then
+only as a fancy matter.
+
+
+Hoods (_khansilla_).
+
+Hoods with hacks, harness horses, and polo ponies are not often required;
+but if horses are sensitive to cold, particularly if they are standing out
+at night, they are no doubt a great protection. They are made up of the
+same material as the country "jhool," and they also can be got to match
+the clothing made at any of the woollen mills. In any case it is a good
+thing to have a spare hood in the stable, even if it is not habitually
+used, as when a horse begins to cough if at once put on a severe cold is
+often averted.
+
+
+Body-rollers (_paities_, or _farakis_).
+
+Body-rollers are sold in the bazaar shops of native manufacture, but are
+most flimsy, and I strongly advise that either English ones, or else those
+made by any of the manufacturers of leather goods at Cawnpore, which are
+nearly as good as English ones, be used, although they may at first be a
+little more expensive. The common country rollers are always breaking, and
+never being properly stuffed, the webbing in the centre of the two pads
+presses on the ridge of the spine when the roller is buckled up. There is
+no more fruitful cause of sore backs than this, especially if horses are
+at all thin and standing out in the open. "Syces" have a trick of pulling
+up the straps of the roller as tight as possible, and if it gets wet with
+the dew or rain it shrinks up, and the tight webbing cuts and pinches the
+skin over the backbone, causing a sore back. With a properly made roller
+the pressure is taken on the sides of the back by the two pads, and the
+webbing does not come in contact with the skin at all. In any case, if the
+horses are standing out in the open at night, it is always advisable to go
+round the last thing and let the roller out a hole or two. If country
+rollers are used, direct pressure of the webbing on the spine can be taken
+off by putting a folded up duster or a handful of straw under it. If the
+back has been pinched or rubbed the roller should be left off, and the
+blankets or clothing kept in their place by a couple of tapes or pieces of
+string stitched to the edge of each and tied under the body.
+
+
+Bandages (_puttie_).
+
+Woollen bandages on the legs greatly add to the horse's comfort when
+standing out on a cold night. The ordinary ones sold in the bazaar answer
+well enough, only they are generally a little too wide and not long
+enough. The bandage should be put on commencing from below and finishing
+under the knee or hock, and not in the reverse direction, commencing
+above, as is often done. The tapes should be tied in a bow outside. What
+is known as the Newmarket bandage, made out of a semi-elastic woollen
+material, is an excellent one. It stretches somewhat when put on the leg,
+and gives it support. They, however, are somewhat expensive--about Rs. 4
+a set--but with ordinary care will outlast several pairs of country ones.
+A good bandage is made by the Muir Mills Company at Cawnpore out of the
+cotton webbing called "newar"; they are very cheap and good, but are not
+so warm as the cotton ones.
+
+
+Summer Clothing.
+
+This is rather a superfluity, and, unless with race horses, is not usually
+indulged in, for at the time it could be worn it generally is so hot that
+the less the horse has on him the better. Usually one of the blankets used
+in the winter is kept to throw over him when standing about, or when
+walking back from work. Drill summer clothing can be obtained at any of
+the woollen mills in India in a variety of patterns, or a native tailor
+(durzie) will make it up in your own verandah if you give him a pattern.
+At least two suits per horse are required, as it very soon gets dirty in
+the warm season and requires washing.
+
+
+Eye Fringes (_makieara_).
+
+Eye fringes are absolutely necessary in India, and are used in parts of
+Australia to protect the eyes from the flies. They are fastened on to the
+cheek strap of the head collar with a small tab and button-hole in place
+of a brow band, and have a fringe of either leather or cotton cords that
+hang down over the eyes halfway to the nose. I prefer the cord ones; the
+fringes are always flat and in contact with the face, whereas the leather
+ones are liable to curl up at the ends and allow the flies to get
+underneath. The cotton ones are easier mended than the leather.
+
+
+Fly Whisks (_chaurie_).
+
+I always give each "syce" a fly whisk to keep flies off the horse while at
+exercise, or when he is holding him anywhere. They are very cheap, last a
+long time, and if not provided, the "syce" will arm himself with a dirty
+duster or rag of some sort for the purpose. I may, perhaps, be too
+sensitive on this point, but to see a dirty rag flourished about an
+otherwise well-turned-out animal is to me a great eyesore.
+
+
+Cleaning Horse Clothing, and Storing it in the Summer.
+
+It never enters the head of a "syce" that clothing requires to be cleaned.
+It should be frequently hung out in the sun and well beaten with a stick,
+like a carpet is, and then well brushed on both sides with a stiff
+clothes-brush. If necessary, it should be laid out flat and scrubbed with
+a brush and soap and water, rinsed out with cold water, as hot will make
+it shrink, and then, when dry again, beaten and brushed. The straps on
+pieced rugs should have some dubbing (momrogan) now and again rubbed into
+them, to prevent their getting hard and the leather perishing. Summer
+clothing should be sent to the washerman (dhobie) to be washed. During the
+summer months woollen clothing should be first cleaned, and then folded up
+and put away, some camphor, pepper, and leaves of the "neem" tree, that
+grows in every garden in Northern India, being placed between the folds to
+keep off the moths. They should be folded away on the top of a box, board,
+or table, or somewhere raised off the ground, to be out of the way of the
+white ants, and once a week be unfolded and hung out in the sun to air for
+a few hours, folded up, and stored away again. There is no occasion to
+waste the spices that are with them; if they are carefully unfolded over
+some newspapers, the whole can be collected and used again.
+
+
+Numdahs.
+
+If used at all, felt numdahs should have a plain edge, and not be bound
+with coloured tape, as they so often are; particularly the cheaper ones,
+that are sold by native saddlers. I have frequently seen sore backs
+caused by this tape binding, as well as the hair in white horses
+discoloured by the edge. When put on, the numdah should be well pulled up
+into the arch of the saddle, particularly in front. The common practice is
+to put the numdah flat on the back, and then the saddle on the top of it,
+so that when the weight comes on it, the numdah gets tight and is
+stretched, and is a common cause of sore backs and galled withers. When
+taken off the horse's back, the numdah should be spread out in the sun to
+dry; it should then be beaten with a stick and brushed with a hard brush
+to get the dry caked perspiration out of it, and to bring the nap of the
+felt up again. If this is not done it will get as hard as a board, and
+neglected numdahs are certain to give sore backs. If the saddle is
+properly stuffed and fitted to the horse's back, a numdah is not required,
+the only use of it being to save the lining of the saddle, and for this
+purpose I prefer a leather one.
+
+
+Grooming (_malish_).
+
+Grooming is an art that native grooms excel in. They have infinite
+patience, and their long supple fingers are peculiarly adapted for the
+work. They, furthermore, are used to it, for every Oriental is an adept
+at shampooing or massage, constantly doing it to their own limbs and those
+of their friends. When the horse comes in from work the bridle should be
+taken off him, hung up on a peg, and a watering bridle put into his mouth,
+the stirrup irons run up to the top of the leathers, and the girths
+slackened. If there is a breast-plate it can be taken off, but the saddle
+should not be removed till the back gets cool. According to the season of
+the year, a light or warm rug should be thrown over the quarters, and the
+horse walked about till he gets cool. If there is much mud sticking on
+him, it can be rubbed off with a wisp of straw before the brush is used.
+Horses should not be washed, or, if they are, only under very exceptional
+circumstances, when specially ordered. It is, however, a favourite
+practice among "syces," as it saves a good deal of trouble; and it is much
+easier to wash off mud and dirt than to remove it with the brush, as ought
+to be done; they are also very apt to use the curry-comb for this purpose.
+When the horse is cool he should be gone over with the brush, to remove
+what dirt is remaining, and when this is finished the process should be
+repeated with the hands, the palm and bend of the wrist being used for
+this purpose. If it is the hot weather, the grooming had best be done
+out-of-doors; but in winter it is best to do it in the stable, as in
+Northern India there is a cold wind blowing even in the middle of the day,
+and if exposed to it horses are liable to catch cold. As soon as the
+grooming is finished, which with a clipped horse can be done in about half
+an hour, the clothing and bandages should be put on, and, if it is
+evening, the bed put down. Even if not worked, this process of grooming
+should take place twice a day--before the morning and evening feed.
+
+
+Wisps and Grooming Pads.
+
+Straw wisps or leather pads are particularly useful in developing the
+muscle of a thin animal, or bringing the skin into order when it has been
+neglected. The wisps are made by twisting some of the bedding straw
+together into a rope about three feet long. This is then doubled in the
+middle and again twisted, so as to form a flat pad. Two of these wisps are
+used, one in each hand, and they are alternately brought down with a
+slight slap and drawing motion in the direction of the hair, the whole
+body being massaged with them. It is sometimes a good plan, if there is
+much dirt in the coat, to cover the pad with a damp duster; the dirt
+seems to stick to it. This is particularly useful when horses are changing
+their coats; the hair sticks to the damp cloth, and the old coat is
+brought out quicker than it otherwise would be. The grooming pads are used
+in the same way. They are two circles of leather about four or five inches
+in diameter, joined together with a strip of chamois leather about three
+inches wide, so as to form a pad or cushion, that is stuffed with tow. On
+one side a piece of leather or webbing is stitched at each end,
+sufficiently loose to allow the hand to be slipped under it in the same
+way as the horse brush. Two of these pads are used, and the skin beaten or
+massaged by each hand alternately. Although, perhaps, at first horses are
+fidgety, when they get used to it they appear to enjoy it; and it has the
+advantage of letting the owner know, if he is not in sight, that the
+"syce" is working by the noise he makes.
+
+
+Hand-rubbing.
+
+If horses are inclined to get filled on swollen legs, the tendons should
+be well hand-rubbed for five minutes at each grooming hour. This
+hand-rubbing should commence from the lower portion of the limb and be
+continued upwards, not in the reverse direction, which is the usual
+practice. The limb should be lifted up, and the fingers worked with a
+kneading motion behind the tendons.
+
+
+Washing.
+
+The feet, mane and tail are the only parts that should ever be washed,
+unless specially ordered, and then as seldom as possible. When the feet
+are washed, great care should be taken that they are carefully dried
+afterwards, and bandages put on, as leaving the legs wet is one of the
+chief causes of cracked heels, more especially in the winter months, if
+there is a dry cold wind blowing. If soap is used, it should be soft-soap;
+or, better still, the soap nut, or "reita." This is a berry, the shell or
+outer covering of which, when soaked in water, swells up into a sticky
+mass, that lathers like soap, and by natives of India is used for washing
+purposes.
+
+
+Uneven Manes.
+
+When the mane gets ragged and uneven, it should be carefully brushed down
+four or five times a day with a damp water brush, to make it lie flat. The
+long hairs on the under side next the neck should be pulled out, so that
+the mane is thinned, and the lower part lies in a perfect curve along the
+neck. Some horses object, and are a little troublesome during this
+process; but, if it is done gradually, it can be easily accomplished. The
+long hairs in the mane should never be cut, unless it is intended to clip
+it off altogether, and make it into a "hogged" mane. If the mane will not
+lie down flat with an even sweep, it can be covered with a cake of mud for
+four or five days, when it should be removed, and renewed if necessary.
+Being dry, it will crack, and the pieces can be easily knocked off, and
+the dust brushed out. The mud cake generally has the desired effect after
+having been applied four or five times.
+
+
+Hogged Manes.
+
+The manes of polo ponies and cobs it is the fashion to "hog," or cut off
+close to the neck. It is best to leave the forelock, as it gives a certain
+protection against the flies and glare of the sun; also, to leave a lock
+of hair on the wither, to grasp with the hand when mounting. The best
+implement to hog a mane with is a pair of ordinary horse-clippers, but
+don't use a new pair, or they will get spoiled; old ones that are no use
+for the rest of the body, do well enough. It is best to sit on the
+animal's back when the mane is being hogged, and to cut forwards; the
+hair will be cut much smoother, and a neater job made of it than when
+standing on the ground at the side.
+
+
+Ragged Legs.
+
+If the horse is not clipped, the long hairs at the back of the legs look
+very unsightly. They should be pulled out, not cut off. If a little
+powdered resin is rubbed on the finger and thumb, the hair will stick to
+it, and come out much more easily, and the legs will have a smooth, even
+appearance, which can never be attained if they are cut off with scissors,
+no matter how carefully this is done; there will always be jagged ridges
+left. The long hairs under the jowl can be singed off by passing a lighted
+candle under the jaw once or twice. If the horse is at all frightened at
+the candle, he can be blindfolded; but the operation is so quick, that
+generally it is all over before he is aware of what is being done. The
+long hairs on the muzzle and chin can be clipped off with a pair of
+ordinary scissors. If the horse is not clipped all over, attention to
+these one or two little details make all the difference in his appearance,
+and in his being turned out smart, or the reverse.
+
+
+Trimming Tails.
+
+The tail should be grasped close to the root with one hand, which is run
+down so that the hairs are all gathered together, and a string or tape
+tied round below the fleshy part at the tip. The tail should then be drawn
+out straight, and the hair cut off with a single sweep of a sharp knife
+just below where the string is tied. The blade of the knife must be long
+enough to give a drawing sweep, which an ordinary pocket-knife will not
+do. There is nothing better for this than a sharp native sword, or
+"tulwar," as it is long enough to cut through all the hair at one stroke;
+or, failing a sword, a sharp carving-knife will do, the longer in the
+blade the better. Any uneven ends of hair that remain can afterwards be
+trimmed off with a pair of scissors; or, better still, by a pair of sheep
+shears. Tail-cutting machines are sold with an arrangement to fix the hair
+of the tail with a clamp, on which there is a sliding cutting-blade. These
+cut the hair off very smoothly and evenly; the only drawback is that they
+are somewhat expensive, costing about Rs. 16 in Calcutta or Bombay.
+
+
+Clipping.
+
+Arabs and many country-breds carry such fine coats that they do not
+require clipping, but most Australians and colonials do; and if the coat
+is at all inclined to get long and thick, it certainly should be taken
+off, for horse-clothing is so cheap that an extra rug can always be got.
+Horses should not be clipped till the coat has "set," _i.e._ till the long
+winter coat has grown, and no more hairs will come off when the hand is
+rubbed over the skin. This is generally about the beginning of October in
+Northern India. They will generally require clipping twice or three times
+during the winter, or up to the middle of March. There are generally some
+professional clippers in every station, who bring their own
+clipping-machines, and charge about two or three rupees for a pony, and an
+extra rupee for a horse each time; or, if there is not such an individual
+about, permission can generally be obtained to have it done by any of the
+cavalry regiments in the station. It should be remembered that horses
+having just lost their coats will require an extra rug that night.
+
+
+Cleaning the Sheath.
+
+The owner must himself occasionally see that the horse's sheath is washed
+out. "Syces" never think this necessary, and the part gets into a filthy,
+dirty state, that in the summer months is likely to give rise to a
+troublesome sore, called a "bursattee" ulcer. Some horses are very
+troublesome to do this with, and it may be necessary to put on a twitch
+("kinch mhal"); but this should always be done in the owner's presence.
+
+
+Light in Stables.
+
+With a new-comer, "syces" usually ask for oil to burn in a native
+earthenware lamp (charragh) at night, but it is a thing I never allow. In
+the first place, even if the lamp was kept burning, it is not required;
+horses rest better in the dark. In the second, it is dangerous with so
+much inflammable material about. In the third, the lamp will not be used
+in the stable, but the "syce's" own house. If a light is ever required,
+which is only on rare occasions, it is better to bring a lantern out of
+the house; and in India there is always a hurricane-lantern to be found in
+every house.
+
+
+Fires in Verandahs.
+
+"Syces" are very fond of lighting fires and making cooking places in the
+verandah of the stable, but this I never allow, as it litters the place up
+with cooking pots, and makes a great mess; also, it is dangerous. I always
+make them carry on their cooking operations in the verandahs of their own
+houses.
+
+
+
+
+SADDLERY, HARNESS, CARRIAGES, AND SERVANTS.
+
+
+Saddles (_zin_) and Harness (_saz_).
+
+Saddles, harness, and all leatherwork requires a good deal more care and
+attention in India than in England, especially during the hot season, when
+the fierce dry heat will dry up and perish all sorts of leather; and in
+the rains, especially in Southern India, where the atmosphere is so loaded
+with moisture that leather, put on one side and neglected for a very few
+days, soon becomes covered with mildew. There are no saddle rooms in
+Indian stables, and it is usual to keep them in a corner of a room in the
+house on a wooden saddle-stand, called by natives a "ghorra" horse. In the
+rains, a pan or brazier of burning charcoal should be kept in the room for
+a few hours daily, if there is not a fire-place. Saddles are cleaned in
+the same way as in England, and excellent saddle soap and dubbing is made
+by the North-west Province Soap Works at Meerut, and can be obtained
+almost anywhere. If this is not used, the "syces" can always make up
+dubbing of their own, called "momrogan." Some people give their head
+"syce" a monthly allowance to provide dubbing, soap, bathbrick, oil, etc.;
+but as they frequently put lime and bleaching materials with it, I prefer
+to buy it myself, and let them get the other articles. They require a
+chamoise leather and a burnisher for steel-work, but one of each will do
+for a stable of half a dozen horses, and very good country-made leathers
+(sabur) can be got for from one to one and a half rupees. The soap is put
+on to and rubbed into leather-work with the hands; but the great fault
+they have is that they will put on too much, and won't work it in enough,
+and one's breeches and hands will get into a great mess.
+
+
+Saddle Covers (_buk bund_).
+
+A sheet, made out of a description of coarse country cloth (karwah), is
+necessary for each saddle or set of harness, to wrap it up in, and keep
+the dust and dirt off. It should be sufficiently large to wrap the saddle
+up in completely, and in the summer the "syce" can bring it with him to
+act as a horse-cloth to throw over the quarters when standing about.
+These saddle-sheets can be made by any tailor in a few hours.
+
+
+Bridles.
+
+Bridles, double (dahna), snaffle (kazai), can be hung up on the walls, but
+a piece of cloth or a few sheets of paper should be fastened up behind
+them; and they should be frequently taken down if not in daily use, as the
+white ants are most destructive. It is best to have one or two extra
+saddle-stands made with pegs on them, and to hang the bridles on them in
+the middle of the room, away from the walls. This may be a little more
+expensive, but a saddle-stand can be brought for Rs. 5 that will hold a
+couple of dozen bridles, worth Rs. 20 apiece. At one time plated bits were
+used in India, but I think steel ones are the best. "Syces" never can tell
+the difference, and I have more than once found a plated bit being
+industriously scrubbed and polished with sand.
+
+
+Harness.
+
+Unless particularly desired, brown harness with brass mounts is the
+best--for India, at all events--for pony-harness, and it is this class of
+animal that is generally used in an up-country station. Not one "syce" in
+a hundred knows how to clean black harness properly, and if this is not
+done nothing looks worse, whereas almost any native can clean brown
+leather after a fashion, and even if it does not stand close inspection,
+it will pass muster at a little distance. Fairly good brown harness is
+made out of country leather, and it does well enough for rough work, but
+it never has the finish of English. Country leather reins and country bits
+should never be used; they are not reliable, and are most dangerous; these
+should always be English.
+
+
+Carriages.
+
+The ordinary two-wheeled pony-trap or dogcart, used in an up-country
+Indian station, is best varnished, not painted. The hot weather ruins
+paint, and, unless in some of the very large towns, it is nearly
+impossible to get them properly repainted again. Any native workman can,
+however, varnish a trap with white or copal varnish. Before allowing new
+varnish to be put on, the trap should be produced for inspection with the
+old scraped off, as it is a favourite trick to daub new varnish over the
+old, when it cannot properly set, and the first hot sun cracks and
+blisters it. In the hot weather a large earthen basin, called a "naund,"
+should be kept full of water under the carriage in the coach-house; the
+evaporation of the water will keep the woodwork moist, and prevent its
+cracking with the heat. A matting made of the fibres of the "khus khus,"
+or lemon grass, should also be put round the nave of the wheel, and kept
+wet, for the same purpose, as it is exceedingly likely to crack with the
+heat. The shafts of the trap should not be left resting on the ground, as
+they will warp and bend; they should be supported either by a wooden
+trestle, or else by a couple of ropes from the beams of the roof. The
+whip, when not in use, should be hung by a string at the upper part to a
+nail in the wall, and a weight, such as a brick, tied to the butt end to
+keep it straight; otherwise, in a very short time, it will get crooked.
+
+
+Servants.
+
+Indian "syces" are different to English grooms, as the new arrival will
+soon find. They have peculiar customs of their own, which, like all
+Orientals, they cling to tenaciously, and will not give up. If they are
+understood they are easily managed, and work well; but if not, the
+horse-owner's life is a burden to him, for no European can overcome the
+passive resistance of the Oriental. In the first place, I never let any
+of the house servants interfere with the stable. Many persons,
+particularly those new to the country, do everything through their head
+servant, or "bearer"; but I make him stick to his own work, which is the
+control of the house and the house servants. I pick out one of the best
+and sharpest of the "syces," changing him till I get a good man, making
+him the head or "jemedar syce," and paying him a rupee a month more wages
+than the rest; and he is responsible for everything connected with the
+horses, and any small bills I pay to him, and him alone. The wages I pay
+myself to each man regularly on the seventh of the month, for the month
+previously. I never lift my hand to a servant, or fine him under any
+pretext, as the fine will only be made up out of the horse's grain, but,
+if fault has to be found, I do so in the presence of the head man; on the
+second occasion a warning is given, and on the third the offender is
+dismissed on the spot. I always keep a "syce" and a "grass-cutter" for
+each horse. It is possible to get a "syce" and two "grass-cutters" to look
+after two horses, by paying the "syce" a rupee a month more; but the
+arrangement is not satisfactory, although many do it. If the "syce" gets
+ill, which they often do, there is no one to do his work, whereas, if
+there is a man to each horse, they will arrange the extra work among
+themselves. In Northern India "syces" and "grass-cutters" should be
+provided with warm woollen clothes in the winter. An excellent cloth for
+the purpose is made by the various woollen mills, and at most of them
+servant's clothes can be bought ready made up; but it is best to give the
+men the materials and let them get them made up themselves, otherwise
+there is certain to be something wrong with them. A "syce's" coat costs
+about Rs. 4, and a "grass-cutter's," which is made out of a coarse
+blanketing, Rs. 3; and these coats should last for two winters' wear. In
+addition, I used to give each man a "coolie" blanket that cost Rs. 3, and
+which would last three winters; and, if they had to go out much into camp,
+such as taking horses out to meet me on shooting or pig-sticking
+expeditions, a pair of woollen leg-bandages, or "putties." It is a mistake
+not to give servants warm clothes, and a false economy, as, if they are
+not properly protected against the cold, which is very severe in Northern
+India, they are everlastingly getting fever; and I know no greater
+nuisance than having your head man laid up for two or three days at a
+stretch. In the second place, if they have not warm clothes themselves,
+you can never tell if in the night they will not take the clothing off the
+horses to wrap themselves up in. A constant source of squabbling amongst
+Indian servants is the allotment of their huts or houses. In the older
+Indian bungalows there is usually enough of both these and stabling, but
+in the newer ones there is not. It is best, however, not to listen to any
+such complaints, and somehow the disputants settle the knotty point
+themselves. Every now and again it is advisable to see who is living in
+your compound, as a most enormous number of relations will turn up, who
+are known as brothers (bhai); and if you don't look out, you will find you
+are giving shelter on your premises to several hundred individuals. Indian
+servants are always asking leave to attend weddings, funerals, and
+religious ceremonies; and I always allow them to go, provided some
+arrangement is made to carry on their work. They are clannish in the
+extreme, and a substitute was always forthcoming. In the hills
+"grass-cutters" are not required, as grass can be bought in the bazaars.
+The country people look on the sale of this as a vested right, and
+naturally resent any outsider cutting it or interfering with them; and, if
+they do, there is pretty certain to be a disturbance and unpleasantness.
+If "grass-cutters" are preferred to purchasing the daily supply, local
+hillmen should be employed, who will arrange the matter with their
+neighbours, and not men brought up from the plains of India. In most hill
+stations passes or licences have to be obtained to cut grass. In every
+Indian station there is an official price-list of country produce
+published, and should any dispute arise as to the rates charged, it is as
+well to obtain it from the native magistrate (tehsildar), whose decision
+in such matters is usually accepted as final, and which generally saves an
+immense amount of trouble.
+
+
+
+
+SHOEING.
+
+
+Shoeing (_nāl bundie_).
+
+Shoeing is a subject on which a volume might be written of itself, far
+beyond the scope of this little work, and for further information on the
+art I would refer the reader to the treatises by Dr. Flemming and W.
+Hunting, Esq.; but as both these deal with European practice, I will only
+mention a few differences in the art as performed by the native smith, or
+"nāl bund." In most large military stations where there are European
+troops, permission can generally be obtained to have horses shod at the
+regimental forge, but in out-of-the-way places the native artist has to be
+employed. All horses require shoeing at least once a month, and some
+oftener, as with some the horn grows quicker than others, and the hoof
+requires to be shortened oftener. In these cases, if the shoe is not worn
+out at the toe, it can be replaced after the foot is shortened; this is
+what the English smith calls "a remove," the native "khol bundi." It is
+advisable after work to lift up the foot and look if the shoes (nāl)
+have shifted or not, also to examine the clench or point of the nail
+(preg) where it has been turned over, as it sometimes gets turned up and
+sticks out. If this happens on the inside of the hoof it is likely to cut
+the opposite fetlock (mawah lagna), and make a bad wound that may leave a
+permanent scar or blemish. Some horses, from bad formation, move their
+limbs so closely together that they always rub the fetlock joints when
+they move. This sometimes can be corrected by what is known as a brushing
+shoe; but some badly-shaped animals will always do it, no matter what sort
+of shoe is put on. Various forms of pads or brushing boots are sold to
+prevent this and protect the part; but, in my opinion, what is known as
+the Irish boot is the best. It consists of a thick piece of blanket, or
+"mundah," about six inches wide and the length of the circumference of the
+leg. This is fastened round the fetlock with a tape or string so that the
+ends are in the middle line of the leg behind, the upper half being
+doubled over the string so that there are two thicknesses to protect the
+fetlock joint. I have found this far better than the more elaborate
+contrivances sold; it is cheap--any one can make one in a few minutes--it
+does not collect mud and dirt like the others do, and it does not become
+hard like those boots made out of leather, which, unless carefully looked
+to and kept soft with soap (sabon) or dubbing (momrogan), are liable to
+cut horses badly. The only care required in putting on the Irish boot is
+not to tie it too tight, or the tapes may cut the skin. Some pieces of
+horn hanging loose, that are being cast off from the sole and frog in the
+natural process of growth, are often seen. These are very likely to
+collect dirt and moisture, and if they do they should be removed, but
+otherwise be left alone. They can generally be pulled off with the
+fingers, a piece of stick, or the hoof-picker. As a rule, in the plains of
+India the majority of horses do not require shoes on their hind feet,
+unless the roads are mended with stone, or the climate is very damp and
+the horn gets soft. In the rainy season, if much work is being done, they
+perhaps then require shoeing behind, but in the dry season the majority go
+just as well without. In the hills, where the paths are rocky and stony,
+horses, of course, require shoeing behind. Unlike the European, the native
+smith shoes what is called "cold," that is, he has a number of shoes in
+sizes from which he selects one as near a fit as possible, which he
+hammers into shape on a small anvil without heating it. Native shoes are
+generally perfectly plain, _i.e._ flat on both sides, and, unless
+specially made, are never "seated," _i.e._ sloped on the foot surface, or
+"bevelled," _i.e._ sloped on the ground surface. As a rule, the nail-holes
+are what the smith calls too fine, _i.e._ they are too near the outer rim
+of the iron, and to get a hold the shoe has to be brought back so that the
+horn projects over the iron. To obviate this the smith removes the toe
+with the rasp, thus weakening the horn at the very place where it is
+required to be strong. The shoes are generally somewhat too small also,
+and to get the nail to take hold they have to be set back in the same way
+as when the nail-holes are too fine. A native smith, unless he has been
+shown how, never knows how to turn down the point of the nail after it has
+been driven through the hoof to form the clench; he never cuts off the
+superfluous part, but turns it round in a curl with the pincers, and,
+needless to say, this is exceedingly likely to cause brushing. Another
+great fault is his fondness of pairing and slicing away the frog and sole,
+which he will have to be stopped in doing. I have seldom seen a horse
+pricked in shoeing by a native, but if left to themselves they never get
+the bearing true, and as a result corns are of common occurrence. Of
+course, such light shoes as those of native manufacture have not a great
+lot of wear in them, and in heavy, holding ground would pull off, but on
+the hard level plains of India they last well enough, and the native
+smith, if his faults are known and corrected, is not a bad workman after
+his own lights.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY OF HINDUSTANI WORDS.
+
+
+ADARWAH, _parched barley_.
+
+AGHARI, _a head rope_.
+
+AKH-TA, _a gelding_.
+
+
+BAD HAZMIE, _indigestion_, _dyspepsia_.
+
+BAGH, _rein_.
+
+BAGH DORIE, _leading-rope_.
+
+BAJARA, _millet seed_.
+
+BALTI, _bucket_.
+
+BANIAH, _corn-dealer_.
+
+BĀNS, _bamboo_.
+
+BHAI, _brother_, _relative_.
+
+BHERIE, _iron shackles for horse's legs_.
+
+BHESTIE, _water carrier_.
+
+BICHALIE, _bedding straw_.
+
+BUK BUND, _saddle sheet_.
+
+BURRADAH, _sawdust_.
+
+
+CHARPOY, _native bedstead_.
+
+CHARRAGH, _native oil lamp_.
+
+CHATTIE, _earthen pot_.
+
+CHAURIE, _fly-whisk_.
+
+CHEIL, _to dig up grass_.
+
+CHICK, _split bamboo window blind_.
+
+CHICK-NA, _muzzle_.
+
+CHOKER, _bran_.
+
+CHUCKIE, _hand-mill_.
+
+CHUNNA, _gram_.
+
+CHURRIE, _dried shorgum stalk used for cattle fodder_.
+
+COMPOUND, _enclosure round an Indian house_.
+
+CULTEE, _the black gram used as horse food in Madras_.
+
+
+DAH, _a bill-hook_.
+
+DAH-NA, _a double bridle_.
+
+DAST, _diarrhœa_.
+
+DASTOUR, _custom_, _percentage_, _perquisites_.
+
+DHAN, _unhusked rice_.
+
+DHA NAH, _grain_.
+
+DHOOB, _an Indian grass on which horses are fed_.
+
+DHOOL, _a small leather bucket used for drawing water_.
+
+DURZIE, _a tailor_.
+
+
+FARAKIE, _body-roller_.
+
+
+GAJAR, _carrots_.
+
+GEHUN, _wheat_.
+
+GHORRA, _horse_.
+
+GHORRIE, _mare_.
+
+GUDDA, _donkey_.
+
+GUMALO, _earthen vessel shaped like a milk pan, holding about a gallon_.
+
+GUNNA, _sugar-cane_.
+
+GURDAINE, _horse-rug_.
+
+
+HAWAH, _air_.
+
+HOOKHA, _a pipe_.
+
+HURRIALIE, _a species of grass_.
+
+
+JAI, _oats_.
+
+JAMP, _a straw screen_.
+
+JARU, _a broom_.
+
+JHARAN, _duster_.
+
+JHOOL, _country horse clothing made out of felt_.
+
+JONK, _leech_.
+
+JOW, _barley_.
+
+
+KALI NIMUK, _black salt_.
+
+KAR WAH, _a sort of cotton cloth_.
+
+KAZAI, _watering or snaffle bridle_.
+
+KHAL, _linseed cake_.
+
+KHANSILLA, _hood_.
+
+KHASIL, _green food_.
+
+KHAWID, _green food_.
+
+KHOALIE, _charcoal_.
+
+KHOL BUNDIE, _a remove in horse shoeing_.
+
+KHUA, _a well_.
+
+KHUS KHUS, _lemon grass_.
+
+KICHER KE MUTTEE, _clay_.
+
+KINCH MHAL, _twitch_.
+
+KIRIM, _worm_, _weevil_.
+
+KUMBAL, _blanket_.
+
+KURLIE, _manger_.
+
+KURPA, _a short iron hoe, used to dig grass with_.
+
+KUTCHER, _mule_.
+
+
+MALISH, _grooming_.
+
+MAKE, _a wooden tent-peg_.
+
+MAKIE-ARA, _eye-fringe to keep off flies_.
+
+MAUND, _80 lbs. weight_.
+
+MAWAH LAGNA, _brushing of the fetlocks_.
+
+MISSA BHOOSA, _grain stalks crushed in thrashing_.
+
+MOAT, _pulse grain_.
+
+MOMROGAN, _dubbing_.
+
+MOTE, _pulse grain_.
+
+MUNG, _pulse grain_.
+
+MUSSUK, _leather water-bag_.
+
+MUTTIE, _earth_.
+
+MUZZUMA, _leather heel-strap_.
+
+
+NĀL, _a horseshoe_.
+
+NĀL BUND, _a shoeing-smith_.
+
+NAUND, _a large wide-mouthed earthen vessel holding several gallons_.
+
+NEWAR, _cotton webbing_.
+
+NIMMUK, _salt_.
+
+NIRRICK, _the official price list_.
+
+NUKTA, _head stall_.
+
+NUMDAH, _felt pad for putting under a saddle_.
+
+
+PAITE, _body-roller_.
+
+PANI, _water_.
+
+PECHARIE, _heel ropes_.
+
+PREG, _nail_.
+
+PUTTER KE NIMMUK, _rock salt_.
+
+PUTTIE, _a roller bandage_.
+
+
+RET, _sand_.
+
+REITA, _soap nuts_.
+
+RHAL, _linseed cake_.
+
+ROLL KERNA, _to exercise_.
+
+
+SABON, _soap_.
+
+SABUR, _chamois leather_.
+
+SAN, _a stallion_.
+
+SAZ, _harness_.
+
+SEER, _a two-pound weight_.
+
+SHALGHAM, _turnip_.
+
+SUFFAID BHOOSA, _wheat straw that has been crushed and broken in
+thrashing_.
+
+SUM KHODNA, _hoof-picker_.
+
+SUN, _tow or hemp_.
+
+SYCE, _a groom_.
+
+
+TOBRA, _a nose-bag_.
+
+TOKAR, _to trip or stumble_.
+
+TOKRIE, _a basket_.
+
+TULWAR, _a curved native sword_.
+
+
+ULSIE, _linseed_.
+
+
+ZIN, _a saddle_.
+
+
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+
+STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+  No. 78.
+
+  Telegrams: "MOFUSSIL, LONDON."
+
+  Established 1819.
+
+
+  A SELECTION FROM THE PUBLICATIONS OF
+
+  W. THACKER & CO.,
+  2, CREED LANE, LONDON, E.C.
+
+  AND
+
+  THACKER, SPINK & CO.,
+  CALCUTTA.
+
+  1897.
+
+
+SHAW, VERO.
+
+How to Choose a Dog, and How to Select a Puppy. With Notes on the
+Peculiarities and Characteristics of each Breed. By VERO SHAW, Author of
+"The Illustrated Book of the Dog," late Kennel Editor of the "Field."
+Crown 8vo., sewed, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+_The Stock Keeper._--"The price is within everybody's means, and needless
+to say the work is not of a pretentious nature. On the other hand, the
+text keeps the promise of the title, and the advice that is given is good.
+Each breed of dog has a chapter to itself, which opens with a few
+introductory remarks of a general nature: then follow the points briefly
+and plainly; next come average of the pup from six weeks old until he
+attains maturity. A couple of pages at the end of the work are devoted to
+the relation, and a few useful hints on buying, feeding, and breeding.
+Needless to add that like all Mr. Vero Shaw's writings on canine subjects
+the information is founded on practical experience and imparted in easy
+excellent English."
+
+
+NUNN, VETY. CAPT. J. A.
+
+Notes on Stable Management in India and the Colonies. Second Edition,
+revised and enlarged, with a Glossary. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+CONTENTS.--Food, Water, Air, and Ventilation. Grooming, Gear, etc.
+
+
+THOMAS, HENRY SULLIVAN, F.L.S.
+
+The Rod in India: being Hints how to obtain Sport, with remarks on the
+Natural History of Fish and their Culture. By HENRY SULLIVAN THOMAS,
+F.L.S. (Madras Civil Service, retired), Author of "Tank Angling in India."
+Third Edition. Demy 8vo., cloth. [_In the Press._
+
+
+_Land and Water._--"A book to read for pleasure at home, as well as to use
+as a handbook of exceeding value to the angler who may be already there,
+or intending to visit India."
+
+
+
+
+Capt. M. H. HAYES' BOOKS ON HORSES.
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners. An Illustrated Manual of Horse Medicine
+and Surgery, written in simple language. Fifth Edition. This Edition is
+revised throughout, considerably enlarged, and incorporates the substance
+of the Author's "Soundness and Age of Horses." Thick crown 8vo., buckram,
+15_s._
+
+_Saturday Review._--"Captain Hayes' work is a valuable addition to our
+stable literature; and the illustrations, tolerably numerous, are
+excellent beyond the reach of criticism."
+
+_Times._--"A necessary guide for horse-owners, especially those who are
+far removed from immediate professional assistance."
+
+_Field._--"Of the many popular veterinary books which have come under our
+notice, this is certainly one of the most scientific and reliable. If some
+painstaking student would give us works of equal merit to this on the
+diseases of the other domestic animals, we should possess a very complete
+veterinary library in a very small compass."
+
+_Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News._--"Simplicity is one of the most
+commendable features in the book. What Captain Hayes has to say he says in
+plain terms, and the book is a very useful one for everybody who is
+concerned with horses."
+
+_Lancet._--"The usefulness of the manual is testified to by its
+popularity, and each edition has given evidence of increasing care on the
+part of the author to render it more complete and trustworthy as a book of
+reference for amateurs."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Indian Racing Reminiscences. Profusely Illustrated. Impl. 16mo., 3_s._
+6_d._
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Points of the Horse. A familiar Treatise on Equine Conformation. Second
+Edition. Revised and enlarged. This edition has been thoroughly revised
+and contains numerous additions, including specially written Chapters on
+the Breeds of English and Foreign Horses. Illustrated by 200 reproductions
+of Photographs of Typical "Points" and Horses, and 205 Drawings by J. H.
+OSWALD BROWN. Super-royal 8vo., cloth, gilt top, 34_s._
+
+Also a _LARGE PAPER EDITION_, strictly limited to One Hundred and Fifty
+Copies for England and the Colonies, numbered and signed by the Author.
+Demy 4to., art cloth, top edges gilt, uncut, 63s. net. [_Nearly all sold._
+
+
+Press Opinions on the Second Edition.
+
+_Times, Feb., 1897._--"The intrinsic value of the book, and high
+professional reputation of its author, should ensure this new edition a
+cordial welcome from Sportsmen and all lovers of the horse."
+
+_Field._--"A year or two ago we had to speak in terms of praise of the
+first edition of this book, and we welcome the second and more complete
+issue. The first edition was out of print in six months, but, instead of
+reprinting it, Capt. Hayes thought it better to wait until he had enough
+material in hand to enable him to make to the second edition those
+additions and improvements he had proposed to himself to add. The result
+is in every way satisfactory, and in this handsome book the searcher after
+sound information on the make and shape of the horse will find what will
+be of the utmost use to him. Those who have been, or who contemplate being
+at no distant date, in the position of judges at horse shows, will derive
+great benefit from a careful perusal of Capt. Hayes's pages."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Illustrated Horsebreaking. Second Edition. This Edition has been entirely
+re-written; the amount of the letterpress more than doubled, and 75
+reproductions of Photographs have been added. Impl. 16mo., buckram, 21_s._
+
+_Field._--"It is a characteristic of all Captain Hayes' books on horses
+that they are eminently practical, and the present one is no exception to
+the rule. A work which is entitled to high praise as being far and away
+the best reasoned-out one on breaking under a new system we have seen."
+
+_Veterinary Journal._--"The work is eminently practical and readable."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Riding: on the Flat and Across Country. A Guide to Practical Horsemanship.
+Impl. 16mo., cloth gilt., 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+_Times._--"Captain Hayes' hints and instructions are useful aids, even to
+experienced riders, while for those less accustomed to the saddle, his
+instructions are simply invaluable."
+
+_Standard._--"Captain Hayes is not only a master of his subject, but he
+knows how to aid others in gaming such a mastery as may be obtained by the
+study of a book."
+
+_Field._--"We are not in the least surprised that a third edition of this
+useful and eminently practical book should be called for. On former
+occasions we were able to speak of it in terms of commendation, and this
+edition is worthy of equal praise."
+
+_Baily's Magazine._--"An eminently practical teacher, whose theories are
+the outcome of experience, learned not in the study, but on the road, in
+the hunting field, and on the racecourse."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Training and Horse Management in India. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth,
+7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_Saturday Review._--"A useful guide in regard to horses anywhere. Concise,
+practical, and portable."
+
+_Veterinary Journal._--"We entertain a very high opinion of Captain Hayes'
+book on 'Horse Training and Management in India,' and are of opinion that
+no better guide could be placed in the hands of either amateur horseman or
+veterinary surgeon newly arrived in that important division of our
+empire."
+
+_Field._--"We have always been able to commend Captain Hayes' books as
+being essentially practical and written in understandable language. As
+trainer, owner, and rider of horses on the flat and over country, the
+author has had a wide experience, and when to this is added competent
+veterinary knowledge, it is clear that Captain Hayes is entitled to
+attention when he speaks."
+
+
+HAYES, Mrs. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES.
+
+The Horsewoman. A Practical Guide to Side-Saddle Riding. With 4 Collotypes
+from Instantaneous Photographs, and 48 Drawings after Photographs, by J.
+H. OSWALD BROWN. Square 8vo., cloth gilt, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+_Times._--"A large amount of sound, practical instruction, very
+judiciously and pleasantly imparted."
+
+_Field._--"This is the first occasion on which a practical horseman and a
+practical horsewoman have collaborated in bringing out a book on riding
+for ladies. The result is in every way satisfactory, and, no matter how
+well a lady may ride, she will gain much valuable information from a
+perusal of 'The Horsewoman.' The book is happily free from self-laudatory
+passages."
+
+_The Queen._--"A most useful and practical book on side-saddle riding,
+which may be read with real interest by all lady riders."
+
+
+MILLER, E. D. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES.
+
+Modern Polo. A Practical Guide to the Science of the Game, Training of
+Ponies, Rules, etc. By Mr. E. D. MILLER, late 17th Lancers. Edited by M.
+H. HAYES, F.R.C.V.S. With Sixty-four Illustrations from Photographs. Impl.
+16mo., cloth extra, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+A practical and exhaustive description of the Science of the game, duties
+of players, selection, breaking, training, and management of ponies,
+various breeds of ponies in all parts of the world. Polo in India;
+Hurlingham, Indian, and American Rules, etc. Beautifully illustrated with
+sixty-four reproductions of Photographs showing the various "points" of
+the game, famous ponies, players, etc.
+
+CONTENTS.--Chapter I. First Steps at Polo.--Chapter II. Theory and
+Practice of Polo.--Chapter III. Polo Appliances.--Chapter IV. Choosing a
+Polo Pony.--Chapter V. Training the Polo Pony.--Chapter VI. Polo Pony
+Gear.--Chapter VII. Polo Pony Management.--Chapter VIII. Various Breeds of
+Polo Ponies.--Chapter IX. Polo in India.--Chapter X. Polo Pony
+Breeding.--Chapter XI. Veterinary Advice to Polo Players.--Appendix.
+Tournaments, Laws and Bye-Laws, etc.
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Friedberger and Frœhner's Veterinary Pathology. Translated from the
+original German of the recently published Fourth Edition, and Annotated.
+[_In the press._
+
+
+
+
+FORTHCOMING WORKS.
+
+Dairy Cows. A Practical Guide in the Choice and Management of Dairy
+Cattle, etc. By HAROLD LEENEY, M.R.C.V.S.
+
+The Best Breeds of British Stock. Edited by JOHN WATSON, F.L.S.
+
+Thacker's Veterinary Year Book.
+
+CONTENTS.--Events of the Year--List of Officers--President and
+Council--New Members Qualified during the Year--Privileges of
+Members--Students who have passed A and B Classes--The Number of
+Rejections in England and Scotland--A Review of all the Veterinary Medical
+Societies--Digest of Papers Read, with Names of Speakers and
+Extracts--Horse Fairs and Markets--Auction Sales and Laws--New
+Instruments--New Drugs--New Shoes--Posological Tables--Original Articles
+by well-known Authors, etc.
+
+It has long been felt that a Veterinary Year Book was needed for use by
+the large and increasing profession of Veterinary Surgeons, and it is
+hoped that this work will meet the necessary requirements.
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. H.
+
+Friedberger and Frœhner's Veterinary Pathology. Translated from the
+original German of the recently published Fourth Edition, and Annotated by
+Capt. M. H. HAYES, F.R.C.V.S., Author of "Points of the Horse," etc. Royal
+8vo., cloth.
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. H.
+
+Stable Management in England.
+
+
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON and BECCLES.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Stable Management in India
+and the Colonies, by Joshua A. Nunn
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT ***
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diff --git a/32376-0.zip b/32376-0.zip
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Stable Management in India and the
+Colonies, by Joshua A. Nunn
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes on Stable Management in India and the Colonies
+
+Author: Joshua A. Nunn
+
+Release Date: May 15, 2010 [EBook #32376]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT.
+
+
+
+
+  NOTES ON
+  STABLE MANAGEMENT
+  IN INDIA AND THE COLONIES.
+
+
+  BY
+  VETY.-CAPT. J. A. NUNN, F.R.C.V.S., C.I.E., D.S.O.,
+
+  ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,
+  LATE PRINCIPAL LAHORE VETERINARY COLLEGE.
+
+
+  SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED,
+  WITH A GLOSSARY.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  W. THACKER & CO., 2, CREED LANE.
+  CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK & CO.
+  1897.
+
+  [_All rights reserved._]
+
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+  STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The first edition of these notes, which was written in India, having been
+sold out in a much shorter space of time than I ever anticipated when I
+wrote it, I am induced to offer this to the public. The scope of the
+original pamphlet has been adhered to, and all that is aimed at is to give
+the new arrival in the East some idea as to the management of his horses,
+especially those who are setting up a stable for the first time. The first
+edition was written in India for Anglo-Indians, who are familiar with
+native terms; but to this, being published in England, I have added a
+glossary of the more ordinary Hindustani words likely to be of use. The
+spelling of these will be probably found fault with by the Oriental
+scholar; but I have endeavoured to bring it as near the sound as possible,
+as it is only intended for persons in absolute ignorance of the
+vernacular. There appearing to be a demand for the book in the colonies,
+at the suggestion of the publishers I have added a few remarks on
+Australia and South Africa. The entire work has been rewritten, and the
+matter contained is the result of my own personal observations during
+eighteen years' service in India and the colonies at both military and
+civil duties.
+
+JOSHUA A. NUNN.
+
+  LONDON,
+    _March_, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
+
+
+The following notes on Stable Management were originally delivered in a
+lecture to the Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Troopers of the
+Punjab Light Horse, and as they were considered by the members of the
+corps to be useful, at their request I have put them on paper. There is no
+attempt at anything beyond the most elementary rudiments of horse-keeping
+in India, and all they are intended for is to give volunteers of mounted
+corps, who have not previously owned horses, some slight idea as to what
+should be done for the care of their chargers, and not leave them entirely
+in the hands of native syces and horse-keepers.
+
+JOSHUA A. NUNN.
+
+  LAHORE,
+    _December_, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                        PAGE
+
+FOOD.
+
+  Gram                                                     1
+  Barley                                                   6
+  Bran                                                     7
+  Bran Mash                                                9
+  Oats                                                     9
+  Maize                                                   11
+  Wheat                                                   13
+  Rice                                                    14
+  Millet                                                  15
+  Pulses                                                  15
+  Linseed                                                 16
+  Linseed Cake                                            17
+  Black Gram                                              18
+  Preparation of Food                                     18
+  Horses refusing Food                                    19
+  Times of Feeding                                        20
+  Bolting Food                                            21
+  Spilling Food on Ground                                 22
+  Grass                                                   22
+  Churrie                                                 25
+  Bhoosa                                                  25
+  Bamboo Leaves                                           27
+  Oat Hay Forage                                          28
+  Hay                                                     29
+  Green Food                                              32
+  Green Gram                                              33
+  Carrots                                                 34
+  Lucerne                                                 34
+  Guinea Grass                                            38
+  Sugar Cane                                              38
+  Turnips                                                 39
+  Salt                                                    39
+  Tonics                                                  40
+  Horses not Feeding                                      41
+  Damaged Food                                            42
+  Irregular Teeth                                         42
+  Young Horses Cutting Teeth                              44
+  Quidding                                                44
+  Indigestion                                             45
+  Lampas                                                  45
+  Nose-bags                                               46
+  Mangers                                                 47
+  Worms                                                   48
+  Rubbing the Tail                                        49
+  Scouring                                                49
+
+
+WATER.
+
+  Water                                                   51
+  Times of Watering                                       52
+  Watering Troughs                                        53
+  Watering on a Journey                                   53
+  Watering after a Journey                                54
+  Watering Bridles                                        54
+  Leeches                                                 55
+  Wells                                                   56
+
+
+AIR AND VENTILATION.
+
+  Stables                                                 58
+  Chicks                                                  60
+  Stable Floors                                           61
+  Charcoal                                                62
+  Picketing                                               62
+  Bedding                                                 63
+  Sawdust                                                 64
+  Shavings                                                65
+  Sand                                                    65
+  Horses eating Bedding                                   65
+  Exercise                                                66
+
+
+GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC.
+
+  Heel Ropes                                              69
+  Head Ropes                                              72
+  Fetlock Picketing                                       73
+  Picketing Posts                                         73
+  Ringing                                                 74
+  Rheims                                                  75
+  Knee-haltering                                          75
+  Shackles                                                75
+  Picketing-pegs                                          76
+  Leading-ropes                                           77
+  Brushes and Gear                                        78
+  Curry-combs                                             78
+  Buckets                                                 79
+  Dusters                                                 79
+  Hoof-picker                                             80
+  Clothing                                                80
+  Hoods                                                   81
+  Body-rollers                                            82
+  Bandages                                                83
+  Summer Clothing                                         84
+  Eye Fringes                                             84
+  Fly Whisks                                              85
+  Cleaning Horse Clothing, and Storing it in the Summer   85
+  Numdahs                                                 86
+  Grooming                                                87
+  Wisps and Grooming Pads                                 89
+  Hand-rubbing                                            90
+  Washing                                                 91
+  Uneven Manes                                            91
+  Hogged Manes                                            92
+  Ragged Legs                                             93
+  Trimming Tails                                          94
+  Clipping                                                94
+  Cleaning the Sheath                                     95
+  Lights in Stable                                        96
+  Fires in Verandahs                                      96
+
+
+SADDLERY, HARNESS, CARRIAGES AND SERVANTS.
+
+  Saddles and Harness                                     97
+  Saddle Covers                                           98
+  Bridles                                                 99
+  Harness                                                 99
+  Carriages                                              100
+  Servants                                               101
+
+
+SHOEING                                                  106
+
+
+
+
+STABLE MANAGEMENT.
+
+
+
+
+FOOD.
+
+
+Gram (_chunnah_).
+
+In the north of India the chief food on which horses are fed is gram, the
+seed of one of the pea tribe of plants. It is a crop that ripens in the
+beginning of the summer, when it is harvested, and the grain thrashed out
+by driving cattle over it in a circle. The dry stalks, that are broken up
+into small pieces, are used for feeding cattle on, and are known as "missa
+bhoosa," in contradistinction to the stalks of the wheat when submitted to
+the same process, and which is known as "suffaid," or white bhoosa. The
+price of gram varies very greatly, according to the locality and season,
+and is a subject of much speculation and gambling amongst the native
+community. I have known it as high as 7 seers (14 lbs. weight), and as low
+as a maund (80 lbs. weight), per rupee. It also varies greatly in
+quality, depending on the locality in which it is grown and the conditions
+under which it has been harvested, and is by native grain-sellers known as
+first and second class gram. Good gram, when a small quantity is taken up
+and examined in the palm of the hand, should be free from sand, dirt,
+small pieces of stick, straws, or other sorts of seeds; in fact, it
+should, what is known in the trade, "run clean." Each individual grain
+should be round and plump, as if the husk was well filled. It should not
+be shrivelled up and wrinkled, and be free from worm or weevil marks,
+which can be told by there being a small round hole in it, and the grain,
+when cracked, being found hollowed out and eaten away. Generally the
+weevil (kirim) will be found in the cavity, but if not, it will be full of
+a fine powder. Weevil-eaten gram cannot be mistaken, and denotes that the
+grain is old, and has been badly stored. In most samples of gram, unless
+quite new, a small proportion of worm-eaten grains will be found, and this
+is not of any consequence; but if there are a large number, there will be
+a larger proportion of husk (which has no nourishing properties) than
+grain, and a larger quantity will have to be given. When a grain of gram
+is crushed between the teeth it should impart the taste of a dry pea in
+the mouth, and be devoid of all mustiness, which is present if it has got
+wet or mouldy, as it is very apt to do. In new gram the husk at the point
+is of a slightly greenish shade, that disappears with keeping. It is
+generally supposed that new gram is not so good as when it is a few months
+old; but myself, I have never seen any ill effects from its use. The only
+thing to be careful about is that it is perfectly ripe, for natives have a
+great trick of cutting and plucking every grain, fruit, and vegetable
+before they have arrived at full maturity. Gram should be crushed or
+bruised, not _ground_, so as to break the outer husk and allow the juices
+of the stomach to act on the kernel. It should be crushed or bruised only,
+as if ground into a fine powder a good deal goes to waste. It is
+sufficient if each seed is so crushed that it is split in two. Gram,
+wheat, and all other grains in the East are ground by the women of the
+family between two stones, one of which revolves on the top of the other
+by means of a wooden handle fixed in it. To crush gram the stones require
+to be sharper set than if they are to grind any other grain into flour.
+Gram can be got ready crushed from the corn-dealer (baniah) at a small
+increased charge per maund (80 lbs.), or what I generally do is to pay my
+head groom (syce) the regular bazaar rate (nirrick), and get the women of
+his family to crush it, they providing their own mill (chuckie). The only
+disadvantage of this plan is that it is necessary to weigh the grain a
+second time after it has been crushed, otherwise it will be short, as
+natives eat it themselves. But I found in the long run the syces would not
+steal it; natives are sharp enough to see when any profit can be made, and
+it was not to their advantage to give back short weight. Excellent
+gram-crushing machines, working with fluted rollers, are sold by several
+firms in India, and are adjustable so as to take any grain. They are made
+to fit into a box for travelling, which, when in use, forms a stand for
+the crusher to work on. They are, however, somewhat expensive, and
+although admirable for a large stud of horses, are hardly required for a
+private stable. If, however, expense is no object, they are certainly
+preferable to the native mill, as they are cleaner, bits of grit not
+coming off the stone, and each individual grain being crushed, which even
+the best native mills will not do. Crushed grain is much quicker digested
+than whole, particularly by old horses whose teeth are not in good order,
+and who cannot masticate their food properly. It is a common mistake to
+give too much gram or other grain, there being a prevailing idea that the
+more that is given the more work the horse will do. There is no greater
+error; it is like putting more coal into the furnace of an engine that can
+only consume a certain amount; the extra quantity only goes to waste, and
+upsets the digestive functions of the stomach. What is required is a
+judicious admixture of food given at a proper time; not a large quantity
+improperly given of an improper quality. Gram should be given in the
+proportion of one part of bran to two of gram; or what is better, one part
+each of bran (choker), gram, and parched barley (adarwah), or oats (jai),
+by weight. These can be purchased separately from the corn-dealer and
+mixed together, and thus cannot be eaten by any of the servants, like pure
+gram can be. If the horse is not digesting his food properly, whole grains
+will be found in his droppings that have passed through the bowels
+unaltered. There will be always a few of these found, especially if the
+horse is getting parched barley or oats, as the husks of both these grains
+are very indigestible. If the horse begins to get thin, and fall away in
+condition as well, it is then time to take some measures to remedy
+matters, otherwise no notice need be taken.
+
+
+Barley (_jow_).
+
+In many parts of Northern India, especially on the Afghan frontier, whole,
+uncrushed barley is used. It does not seem to hurt country-breds, but with
+old animals that are not used to it, and particularly Australians, the
+practice is dangerous. During the Afghan War, on one occasion there being
+no other grain available, whole barley was supplied to the horses of the
+battery of artillery to which I then belonged. A number of them were
+attacked with colic, and several died from the irritation caused by the
+pointed awns or ends of the beards to the bowels. No doubt horses, and
+particularly young ones, will get used to feeding on most grains if the
+change is brought about gradually, but a sudden change from any one to
+another is dangerous. At the best, whole barley is not an economical food.
+The husk resists the digestive action of the stomach and intestines, and a
+quantity is always passed out of the body whole. Barley ought certainly
+always to be crushed, or, better still, parched, and turned into
+"adarwah." This is done by professional grain parchers in the bazaar; but
+sometimes, though rarely, some of the women of the servants' families can
+do it. It consists of half filling a wide shallow iron pan with sand, and
+placing it over a fire till nearly red hot. A couple of handfuls of the
+grain is then thrown into the sand with a peculiar turn of the wrist which
+scatters it over the hot surface, about which it is stirred for a few
+seconds with an iron spoon or small shovel pierced with holes like a
+fish-ladle. The grain is partially baked, swells up and becomes brittle,
+the husk cracking, when it is scraped up and lifted out with the ladle,
+the sand being riddled through back into the pan. A good parcher will turn
+out a "maund" (80 lbs.) in a wonderfully short space of time, the whole
+process being gone through with a dexterity only acquired by long
+practice. In India barley usually runs very light, there being a great
+deal of husk. Boiled barley is a most useful diet for a sick horse. It
+requires well boiling for at least half an hour, and the water then
+drained off. I have known horses drink this barley-water when they won't
+look at anything else.
+
+
+Bran (_choker_).
+
+In most of the large stations in India there are flour-mills in which
+wheat is ground with the latest machinery, and when obtained from them,
+bran differs but little from what is seen in England; but in smaller
+places wheat is ground by native mills, and then the bran is not so clean.
+When native-made bran is run over the hand, it will be seen that there is
+a large amount of flour in it, which adheres to the skin like a white
+powder, and which makes it much more nourishing than the cleaner prepared
+article. The scales also of native-made bran are much more irregular in
+size than the European manufactured article. Bran should have a clean,
+fresh smell about it, and the newer it is the better; if kept long it is
+likely to get mouldy. This is particularly the case during the rainy
+season, when the atmosphere being saturated with moisture, a good deal is
+absorbed by the bran, and if kept in this state for any time will get
+mouldy. On this account, if it is necessary to store bran during the rainy
+season, it should be kept in tin boxes. The inside lining of old packing
+cases, in which perishable goods are brought out from England, do well for
+this purpose, and plenty can be got for a small sum in the bazaar shops;
+or, if not, any native tinsmith will make a box out of old kerosine oil
+tins for a small sum.
+
+
+Bran Mash.
+
+It is a good plan, particularly in warm weather, in any country to give
+horses a bran mash once a week, and if one particular evening is fixed
+upon, syces get into the habit of giving it regularly without special
+orders. I generally used to give a standing order to give it on Saturday
+night, for, as a rule, the horses are not required on Sunday. Bran has a
+slightly relaxing effect, that in warm climates is particularly
+beneficial. Bran mash is made by simply putting the necessary quantity of
+bran into a bucket, pouring boiling water gradually on to it, at the same
+time stirring it round with a stick until the whole is moist and mixed
+together. The bran should only be damped sufficiently to make it stick
+together, and should not be sloppy and wet. Some horses at first will not
+eat bran, but they can be tempted to by mixing a handful of whatever grain
+they have been used to with it.
+
+
+Oats (_jai_).
+
+Oats are now largely grown over the Punjab, Northern India, and in
+Tirhoot, and are sold at nearly the same price as barley. In the seaport
+towns Australian oats can usually be obtained; and as good oats are grown
+in the colonies as any part of the world. They are more expensive than
+the native article, and are generally only used for training race-horses
+on. The Indian oat, compared with the English, Australian, or South
+African, is a poor article, running very light, with a great amount of
+husk; but if properly crushed, and mixed with gram and bran in proportions
+of one part of each, they are greatly superior to barley. The oat in India
+is a winter crop, and is harvested in the spring. Both colonial and Indian
+oats are always white. I have never seen the black or tawny variety which
+is so common in Ireland. A demand having arisen for them by Europeans, it
+is sometimes possible in Northern India to buy them in the bazaar; but
+generally it is necessary to make a special arrangement with the grower,
+as natives do not use them as a feeding grain for their own animals. They
+grow the crop round the wells, and cut it green in the straw as forage for
+the well and plough bullocks in the spring, when they are working hard.
+Arrangements can generally be made with the cultivator to purchase so much
+from him by weight, thrashed and delivered at your own stable, or else to
+purchase so many acres of the standing crop as it is growing; but the
+former plan is the most satisfactory, as it is astonishing the heavy crop
+that will be produced; and, on the contrary, you will be equally
+astonished to find with the other plan how light it is. The negotiations
+for the supply of oats should be entered into in good time in the
+spring--say about the beginning of March--as it is astonishing how slow
+such matters progress in the East, and they had better be left in the
+hands of your head syce. No doubt you will be cheated out of a small
+amount, but you must make up your mind for this before arriving in the
+East; but you will have the satisfaction of knowing that if you tried to
+carry on negotiations yourself you would be cheated out of more. I have
+tried both plans, and found that the syce could drive a better bargain for
+both of us than when I attempted to deal direct with the cultivator.
+
+
+Maize (_makkai_).
+
+Although grown all over India, maize is not much used for feeding horses;
+but in South Africa, where it is known as "mealies," it is the staple food
+grain for both man and beast. In India it is said to make horses fat and
+soft, but no animal in the world does harder work than a South African
+post-cart horse. In all probability the reason they do well on maize is
+that in the oat-hay forage they get there is a considerable quantity of
+grain; and although I have never seen it used, the experiment of feeding
+on oats and maize would be worth while trying in India. In South Africa
+maize is usually given whole, but in any of the towns it can be obtained
+crushed, and it is better to give it in this state. During the Afghan War
+maize was plentiful in some parts of the country, and I gave it to some of
+the horses that I had charge of. I had it parched on hot sand, in the same
+way as barley (adarwah) is parched, making it into American pop-corn. With
+certain somewhat thin and debilitated animals it had a marked effect in
+getting flesh on them, and all horses eat it greedily. In India maize is a
+summer crop, ripening in the autumn, when the ears or cobs are picked off
+the stalks. It is stored in the cob, and the individual grains knocked off
+as required by rapping them against a stick; but they must be turned over
+in the heap occasionally, as rats and mice are likely to cause damage,
+particularly the musk rat, that taints everything it comes into contact
+with. Horses have frequently been brought to me, said to be off their
+feed, and on inquiry I have found this only to be caused by the grain
+being tainted by musk rats, and that when a clean feed is offered to them
+they devour it ravenously. There are in South Africa and America a number
+of varieties of maize, but in India I only know of two sorts, in one of
+which the seeds are white and the other yellow, or a deep red colour. I
+don't think that there is much difference in them as far as horse food
+goes, but each individual grain should be plump, and fill out the husk
+well; they should be free from weevils, worms, or the marks of attacks
+from rats and mice. The husk should be well filled out, and have a
+shining, pearl-like, glistening appearance, and when let fall on a stone
+or other hard substance give off a metallic sound. When broken open, the
+grain inside should be of a pure white colour, and of a pleasant, mealy
+smell, like fresh flour. If it is discoloured, it denotes that it has been
+wet and fermented. Maize can be crushed by most grain-crushing machines,
+also in the native mill (chuckie) if the stones are properly set; but both
+in South Africa and India the natives pound it in a large wooden mortar
+made out of the trunk of a tree.
+
+
+Wheat (_ghehun_).
+
+Although it is not to be recommended as a food, still I have seen wheat
+used when no other grain could be obtained, and it was a choice of it or
+nothing at all; and in parts of Australia, and, I believe, America, it is
+regularly used as a horse food. It is commonly supposed that wheat is
+almost a rank poison to horses, and will cause fever in the feet; and no
+doubt with stabled animals in England it will do so, especially as the
+majority of cases of this nature are from accidents--horses getting loose
+and gorging themselves with wheat during the night, or when unobserved.
+With animals standing out in the open and working hard, as they do in
+India and the colonies, it is not so dangerous. I should not suddenly
+change a horse's feed from oats or gram to a full ration of wheat; but
+when nothing else can be got, it can be given in a small quantity without
+much fear of danger; but as soon as any other grain could be obtained, it
+should be used.
+
+
+Rice (_dhan_).
+
+In Eastern Bengal and Assam horses are fed on unhusked rice and will do
+well on it. During the expedition into the Lushai Hills in 1879-80, in
+many places nothing else could be got to feed the transport mules on. Gram
+is not grown in that part of the country, and what little there is has to
+be imported, and is at a prohibitive price. I found that animals did well
+enough on an equal mixture of gram and rice, although at first some of
+them refused it. In Japan rice is the only grain horses get, and the pack
+ponies of that country are hardy beasts, and appear to work well on it. If
+the rice can be crushed, it is all the better; and in Bengal and Assam
+there is no difficulty in getting this done, as it is the food of the
+people, and they grind it for their own use.
+
+
+Millet (_bajara_).
+
+The various millets, known in South Africa as "Kaffir-corn," are not often
+used in India as horse food, but in the Cape it sometimes is. In India the
+millet is a summer crop harvested in the autumn. The seeds are small, and
+of a dark or greyish colour. It requires to be crushed before use, as the
+husk is very hard.
+
+
+Pulses (_dhal_).
+
+The various species of pulse grains enter largely into the food of the
+natives of India. Two, known as "mung" and "mote," or "moat," are
+excellent for getting flesh on thin, debilitated animals. They are both
+small oblong seeds of an olive green colour, with a very hard husk, and
+can be obtained in any bazaar. I prefer the mote to the mung. They both
+require to be well boiled to the consistency of a jelly before use, and
+then being well mixed in with the food, about a pound in weight of the raw
+seed being enough for each feed, so that the horse gets three pounds
+daily, a corresponding quantity of the other grain being withdrawn. I have
+seen most excellent results in weak animals recovering from a debilitating
+illness from its use, but great care must be taken that it is boiled
+properly.
+
+
+Linseed (_ulsie_).
+
+Linseed can be obtained all over India. In fact, a good deal of what is on
+the English market comes from the East. Under certain conditions it is
+useful in putting on flesh, and as a diet for convalescents; but care must
+be exercised in its use, as it contains a great deal of oil, and in cases
+of sickness with liver complications, which are common in a hot climate,
+especially in English and Australian horses, it is to be avoided. It has
+to be boiled to a jelly before use, or, better still, soak it in cold
+water for some hours until soft, and then boil it. In the hot weather,
+however, I prefer to use either the "mote" or "mung" to linseed.
+
+
+Linseed Cake (_rhal_ or _khal_).
+
+Linseed cake can be obtained in nearly every large town, and is the
+residue left after the oil is expressed; but as this process is
+imperfectly performed, a good deal of oil is left--much more than in the
+steam-pressed English cake. It is sold by the "seer" (2 lbs. weight), but
+in irregular lumps, not moulded into cakes as in Europe. Care must be
+taken in buying it, as it is very likely to be musty, and adulterated with
+mustard or rape seed. Both these can be easily detected by the taste or
+smell, leaving a pungent odour and a sharp burning taste behind. The best
+plan is to crush a small quantity of the cake and drop it into some
+boiling water, when the sharp smell and taste characteristic of the
+mustard and rape oil will be given off. A small quantity of linseed cake
+in the food will fatten horses tremendously, but makes them soft in
+condition. It is one of the articles used by native dealers to fatten
+horses for sale, and at this they are most expert. When crushed it can be
+mixed with the food, or boiled to make linseed tea for sick horses; and
+for this latter purpose I prefer it to linseed, as there is less oil in
+it, the smell of which sometimes nauseates an animal and causes him to
+refuse it.
+
+
+Black Gram (_cooltee_).
+
+In the Madras Presidency and Southern India black gram is used, the Bengal
+white gram not being grown there. This has to be boiled before use.
+Military horses are fed on it, but it is said that it makes them soft. I
+have, however, no personal experience of black gram.
+
+
+Preparation of Food.
+
+In India it is the custom to damp the food before it is given. It should
+not be saturated so as to turn it into a sloppy paste, but just damped
+sufficiently to make the particles stick together. Grooms (syces)
+generally deal out each feed into a bucket dry from the corn-bin, and then
+damp it; but a better plan is to weigh out the whole of the amount
+required for all the horses, and put it into a wide-mouthed earthen bowl
+called a "naund," that can be purchased for a few pence, or a box, such as
+an old wine case, and damp the whole amount together, then portioning it
+out for each animal. The reason of this is that, if the grain is damped in
+the buckets, they are at once taken away, and, the probabilities are,
+never cleaned; but if they have to be brought forward for each feed to be
+put into them, and the owner takes the trouble now and again to inspect
+them, "syces," who are creatures of habit, get into the way of cleaning
+them before they bring them forward. The box, or naund, in which the grain
+is damped being stationary, can be looked at any time. It is necessary to
+be very careful about this, as the particles of food left very quickly
+ferment in a hot climate, and get sour, and quickly taint all the rest. As
+a rule, about ten minutes is long enough to damp grain; and this should be
+done as soon before feeding as possible, otherwise, if left long standing,
+it will get sour. If a horse refuses his feed, it should be at once thrown
+away, and on no account be kept till the next meal, by which time it is
+pretty certain to have fermented.
+
+
+Horses refusing Food.
+
+Some horses are delicate feeders naturally, and take a long time in
+eating, or refuse their food altogether. In the case of a delicate or slow
+feeder, the food should be given in small quantities and often, rather
+than in the usual somewhat rather large feeds three times a day; and the
+horse should be fed by himself. This is easily done in India, as nearly
+all stables are loose boxes; but if the animal is picketed out with others
+that are likely to teaze him, he should be taken away and fed out of a
+bucket in the "compound" (garden or enclosure round the house). "Syces,"
+like all natives of India, have no idea of the value of time; and if he
+has his "hooka" (pipe), and a friend to talk to about the price of
+food-stuffs, rates of wages, and other such-like interesting bazaar
+topics, he is perfectly content to sit holding the bucket before the horse
+all day long, if necessary. If the animal refuses his food altogether,
+then it should be taken away, for if left standing in front of him he
+breathes on it, and if it remains any considerable time it becomes sour
+and fermented, and he gets disgusted with it; whereas, if taken away and
+nothing more given till next feeding-time, the appetite often returns, and
+the food is consumed with a relish; especially in the warm weather, if he
+is first led out and exercised, or picketed out under a tree. On no
+account should the feed that has been refused be kept over till the next
+feeding-time; a fresh one should be prepared, as in a hot climate wet
+grain ferments and turns sour in a very short space of time.
+
+
+Times of Feeding.
+
+The stomach of the horse is very small in proportion to the size of his
+body, and he requires to be fed often, and in small quantities. In
+England hunters are fed four, or even five, times a day. In India it is
+the usual custom to feed three times, and perhaps it is often enough. In
+all military stations a gun is fired at noon, and the midday feed is given
+at that hour; but the morning and evening one varies with the season of
+the year. I usually give only half a feed in the evening about five
+o'clock, and the remainder the last thing at night, about eight or nine,
+according to the season of the year; but, unless carefully watched,
+"syces" will not do this, as it is the custom only to feed three times
+daily, and "dastour" (custom) is a thing it is impossible to make a native
+break through.
+
+
+Bolting Food.
+
+Some horses have a trick of bolting their food without masticating it
+properly, especially if another is being fed in their company. It is a
+good plan to feed such horses apart from any others, which can easily be
+done in an Indian stable, as they are all loose boxes, or, if picketed out
+in the open, by moving him a short distance away from the others. A small
+quantity of chaff, grass, straw, or what is known as "bhoosa," which is
+wheat straw that is crushed and broken into small pieces in the process
+of treading out the grain by bullocks, mixed in with the feed, will
+usually make them masticate it properly.
+
+
+Spilling Food on Ground.
+
+Horses have also a trick sometimes of throwing their food out of the
+bucket or manger, and spilling a quantity on the ground. Not only is a
+large amount wasted, but when the animal has finished what is left, and
+tries at his leisure to gather up what is on the ground, he eats a large
+amount of earth and dirt with it, which is injurious. The best way I know
+to prevent this is to feed the horse on a cloth on the ground; any bit of
+old sacking about four feet square will answer for the purpose.
+
+
+Grass.
+
+In India hay is not often seen, and horses are fed on grass; even
+race-horses are trained on it. This may at first sound strange, but Indian
+grass is very different to English meadow grass, and chiefly consists of
+the roots and runners, the actual blade of grass not being more than about
+an inch long. The best grass is what is known as "dhoob." It is a short
+grass, with long roots and suckers, which is dug up out of the ground with
+a short iron hoe or trowel, called a "kurpa," which is used with a
+scraping motion of the hand, the process being called "cheeling." A
+considerable quantity of earth is taken up with it, which ought to be
+knocked off against the hoe; but as the grass is sold by weight, and the
+usual quantity a private "grass-cutter" is supposed to bring in daily is
+20 seers (40 lbs. weight), it is not to his advantage to clean it. If
+horses eat dirty grass for any length of time, the sand and dirt, besides
+damaging the teeth, is likely to accumulate in the intestines and give
+rise to what is known as sand colic. When the "grass-cutter" brings in his
+bundle of grass that he has collected, which he generally does at midday,
+it should be spread out and cleaned; sticks and thorns should be picked
+out, as they are likely to lodge in the horse's throat and choke him, and
+it should be well beaten with a stick to get rid of the sand and dirt. A
+good plan is to fasten a net between the wooden framework of a "charpoy,"
+or native bedstead, lay the grass on it, and beat it there with a stick,
+and it is surprising what a quantity of rubbish will fall through. An old
+lawn tennis net, if the meshes are not too big, answers well for this
+purpose. Grass-cutters are fond of wetting the grass to make it weigh. If
+it is brought in fresh, and damped with clean water beyond the actual
+loss in weight, I do not know that it does much harm; but it is
+exceedingly likely that the water has been obtained from some stagnant
+dirty puddle, and the bundle has been left standing for some time so that
+fermentation has set in, giving it an unpleasant smell. It is therefore
+best to have the bundles at once opened out and spread in the sun to dry
+as soon as they are brought in, and not allow the "grass-cutters" to take
+them away to their own houses. In parts of the foot hills of the Himalayas
+("hurriarie," or "hurrialie") grass is obtained. It is not found in the
+plains, or in the very high mountains where it is cold. It is a long
+grass, running to about three feet high, and is cut with a curved sickle.
+When young and green it is a capital fodder grass; but when the seed is
+shed, and it gets dry, it is unfit for any other purpose than bedding, as
+the stalks get very hard and brittle, and so dry that there is little or
+no nourishment in it. It should not then be allowed into the stable for
+any other purpose than bedding; but being much easier to collect than
+"dhoob" grass, the "grass-cutters" will bring it as long as they are
+allowed to, even when it resembles nothing more than a bundle of sticks. I
+have frequently heard owners of horses in the hills complain of their
+animals getting thin and out of condition, the cause of which on inquiry
+was simply due to the bad dry hurrialie grass that was brought for them to
+eat.
+
+
+Churrie.
+
+This is the dried stalk of one of the shorgum tribe of plants, which is
+also known as the Chinese sugar-cane. It is a summer crop cut in the
+autumn. It grows to five or six feet high, and is cut and stored by the
+natives as a fodder for the cattle. It would to the new-comer appear to be
+a most unsuitable article of food, but is full of saccharine matter,
+tasting quite sweet when chewed in the mouth, so much so that in parts a
+rough sugar is extracted from it, but to look at is like a bundle of dried
+reeds. Animals of all sorts are very fond of it, and I have frequently fed
+my horses on it for days together in out-of-the-way places where no grass
+was to be obtained. It is not used as a regular horse fodder, but it does
+well for it on a pinch.
+
+
+Bhoosa.
+
+In the East all grain is threshed out by the primitive process of putting
+it in a circle and driving bullocks round on it, and in this process the
+grain is trodden out of the ear, the straw being split and broken up by
+the animals' feet into small fragments from one-eighth to two or three
+inches in length, which is called "bhoosa." This is the staple food of the
+working cattle, and is also used for horses. It is a most important item
+of the crop, and in the rural economy of an Indian village almost as much
+is thought of it as the grain itself. Wheat and barley straw makes what is
+called "white bhoosa," and gram and the various pulses "missa bhoosa."
+Both these can be used as horse food; in fact, on the Afghan frontier they
+get nothing else, and many natives feed their animals entirely on it,
+never giving them grass; but although they will eat it, and for a time
+keep condition, it is not to be recommended. If it has to be used, and it
+is possible to obtain any grass, they should be mixed together. A small
+quantity of "bhoosa" mixed in the feed will make a greedy feeder masticate
+it. "White bhoosa" looks like badly chopped straw-chaff. "Missa bhoosa" is
+of a dark colour, the particles not being straight-like sticks, but bent
+about, and frequently there are a quantity of the leaves of the plant
+mixed with it. Care should be taken that both sorts are not mouldy, which
+is very apt to be the case, as the native farmers store it in large
+quantities during the winter, and when the new crop comes on, if there is
+any of last year's left, it is what they try and sell. Being stacked in
+the open, it is exceedingly likely to get damaged by the rain. "Bhoosa"
+should have a clean, fresh smell like sweet straw, not be discoloured or
+have any patches of mould about it, and be free from impurities such as
+sticks, thorns, or pieces of mud or stones.
+
+
+Bamboo Leaves (_bans_).
+
+In Eastern Bengal, Assam, and parts of Burma, the green leaves and young
+shoots of the bamboo are used for forage. During the Chin-Lushai
+Expedition in 1889-90, the animals with the force got nothing else for
+nearly eight months. I had three ponies of my own that were worked
+moderately hard the whole time, and they remained in good condition. The
+transport mules, which were worked very hard indeed in a very trying
+climate, did not fall away nearly as much as I expected. The young shoots
+and leaves are cut with a sort of a billhook, called a "dah," and care
+must be taken that only the young green leaves and soft tender shoots are
+given, the old leaves and the edges of the dry stumps of the bamboo
+cutting like a razor. I have seen some bad wounds on the lips, tongue, and
+angles of the mouth from this cause. It is best to make the "syces" and
+"grass-cutters" pluck the leaves off the branches altogether, and not
+leave them about the stable, for fear of wounding the horses. This they
+will readily do, as they use the _d�bris_ for fuel. I have seen some bad
+cuts and injuries in both men and animals from the edges of the split
+bamboo, which are very sharp--so much so that the savage tribes on the
+eastern frontier use a properly split piece of bamboo for a knife in
+skinning animals; and the sap of the green bamboo appears to have a
+peculiarly irritating or poisonous action, a wound caused by it festering
+and suppurating in both man and beast, whereas one inflicted with a dry
+bamboo will heal up healthy. Horses require a larger amount of bamboo
+leaves than grass. If an animal is getting 20 lbs. of green "dhoob" grass
+daily, he will require 30 lbs. of bamboo leaves to keep him in condition.
+Although at first horses may refuse them, they take to them kindly after a
+little while.
+
+
+Oat Hay Forage.
+
+In the South African colonies grass hay is almost unknown. The oat is cut
+when about half ripe, dried, and given in the straw, in which condition it
+is known as forage, and is excellent feeding. It is usually sold in
+bundles, wholesale at so much per hundred, and retail at hotels and
+livery stables at so many bundles for a shilling. Some years ago, when I
+was travelling in the Dutch part of South Africa, in the more
+out-of-the-way parts of which there are no hotels, it was the custom to
+ask the owner of the farmhouse where you arrived permission to
+"off-saddle" if you were riding, or "out-span" if driving, for the night
+or a couple of hours, as the case might be. This was a roundabout way of
+asking if he could put you and your animals up for the night. When leaving
+in the morning, it would have been a great breach of good manners to ask
+for your bill, but you inquired what you were indebted to his head-boy for
+the forage your horses had consumed--a polite way of asking for your
+account; the number of bundles per shilling varying according to the time
+you remained, and the accommodation you had received; but, notwithstanding
+this fiction, I did not, as a rule, find the total any less than in a
+regular hotel where you get your bill.
+
+
+Hay.
+
+Hay, as is known in Europe and Australia, is never seen in India. In some
+parts, what is called hay can be obtained; but, compared to English meadow
+hay, it is at the best but poor stuff. No doubt hay of a very tolerable
+quality can be made in India; in fact, I have done so, but usually the
+grass is cut after the plant has flowered, the seed ripened and shed, when
+it is what is known as "the sap being down," and then it is dry and with
+little nourishment in it. It is generally also allowed to lie out too long
+after it has been cut in a hot, powerful sun, which utterly bakes it up.
+The grass should be cut when the seed is green and the sap well up in it,
+and should not be allowed to remain too long drying. I have generally
+found that from eight to ten hours of the Indian sun was enough, so that
+grass cut in the morning should be stacked at night; it will then not be
+utterly dried up, and in the stack will undergo the process of
+fermentation that gives the characteristic smell to English hay. There is
+a certain amount of difficulty in doing this. The grass flowers and seeds
+at the end of the hot weather, about September, when the monsoon rains are
+on, and these sometimes last for days together. It is, therefore,
+sometimes difficult to get a fine day to cut and save the hay in before
+the seed is shed; and before the dry weather again sets in the sap has
+gone down, and there is but little nutriment left in the grass. It is not
+a bad plan to sprinkle some salt over each layer of hay as the stack is
+made up; horses eat this cured hay with great relish. In making up the
+stack, a bundle or two of straw, put on end from the bottom upwards,
+should be built into the centre of it as it is being raised up, to act as
+a chimney or ventilator to carry off the heat while the stack is
+fermenting. If this is not done, there is danger of its catching fire; and
+even if it should not heat to such a degree, part is likely to get
+discoloured--what is termed "mow-burned." This chimney can be made with
+bundles of sticks, boards, or even stones; but sick horses will often eat
+the straw from the centre of a haystack when they won't look at anything
+else, and it sometimes comes in useful, and in any event, is not wasted.
+The stack should be built on a foundation of brambles, stones, or a mud
+platform--the latter being the best--to raise it and protect it from
+damage by the rains, which at times come in a regular flood, and also to
+keep out rats, mice, and other vermin. When the stack gets down to the
+bottom, care should be exercised in handling it, as it is a great refuge
+for snakes, and I have seen one fatal accident from snake bite from this
+cause. It, then, is a good plan to make the men remove the hay in small
+quantities at a time with a hay-fork, which is easily made by fastening a
+couple of short sticks converging from each other on to a long bamboo;
+but natives are such fatalists that, no matter how much warned of the
+danger they are incurring, they will not take the commonest precautions as
+to their safety if it gives them a little extra trouble. A somewhat larger
+quantity of dry grass is required than green "dhoob" by weight, the
+proportion being about 15 to 20 lbs. respectively.
+
+
+Green Food (_khawid_, or _khasil_).
+
+In the spring of the year in India it is common to give horses green
+wheat, oats, or barley. This is cut in the straw from the time it is about
+a foot high until the grain begins to ripen, a period that lasts about a
+month or six weeks in the Punjab--from the middle of February till the end
+of March. This green food is called by the natives "khawid," or "khasil."
+It has an excellent effect on the system, and is what is used by the
+native dealers to get their horses into condition for sale. Too large a
+quantity should not be given at first, as it is likely to cause
+diarrhoea; about 4 lbs. daily being sufficient at first, but it may be
+increased up to double this amount if it agrees with the animal. Care
+should be taken that the green food is only given when young and the straw
+tender, for when it gets ripe, and the straw woody and hard, it is very
+indigestible, and a common cause of intestinal obstruction and colic. In
+some parts green barley is given in the same manner, and when it is young
+it is as good as wheat or oats; but when it begins to ripen it should be
+stopped, as the awns or beards begin to get hard, and not only are they
+likely to choke the horse, but to cause dangerous intestinal obstruction.
+Oats can be given much longer than barley or wheat; in fact, as I have
+said, ripe oats are cut in the straw, and used as hay in many parts of the
+world. The green crop must be purchased standing from a cultivator, and
+this is best arranged through your head "syce." It is sold by measurement,
+a patch in the field being marked out; or else the grass-cutters go and
+cut as much as is required daily, the whole amount used being afterwards
+measured up and paid for at the fixed bazaar rate, or, as it is termed,
+the "nirrick."
+
+
+Green Gram.
+
+Natives are very fond of giving horses green gram, but it is a most
+dangerous custom. It is most indigestible, the stalk when green being full
+of a strong tough fibre. The sap and leaves have a peculiar irritating or
+almost corrosive property, and in the spring of the year many fatal cases
+of intestinal disease are caused by it.
+
+
+Carrots (_gajar_).
+
+Carrots are plentiful all over Northern India. They come on in the spring,
+and are an excellent green food. They can be bought very cheaply, and if
+kept in a cool, dry place, can be stored for a considerable time; but they
+require to be turned almost daily, or they will get rotten. When used they
+should either be washed to remove the earth, or, as in the East this is
+quite dry, knocked with a stick to remove it. They should be given whole,
+or else cut into long slices, not across into lumps. This latter practice
+is dangerous, as horses are thus inclined to bolt them whole, and the
+short round lump is likely to stick in the throat and cause choking.
+
+
+Lucerne.
+
+Lucerne grows well all over Northern India, and although not cultivated by
+the natives for their own use, they know perfectly well what it is, and
+call it by the English name. In most of the towns where there are any
+Europeans collected together, it is usual to grow it in the Government or
+station garden, from where it can be purchased retail. Some native corps,
+who remain some time in the one place, also grow it for the benefit of the
+regiment, and sometimes it is possible to obtain some from them; but as a
+rule they only have enough for their own use. Round the large military
+cantonments in some places, the neighbouring farmers, finding that there
+is a demand for it, have taken to growing it for sale, and it can be
+bought in the bazaar; but as the supply is not certain, it is better to
+enter into a contract with one of the growers to supply the quantity by
+weight daily required. In making this bargain it is best to use the agency
+of the head "syce," as if it falls short, or is not forthcoming, he can be
+made responsible; and natives being erratic creatures, it is quite
+possible that some morning you may be told that there is no more, or that
+the grower has sold his crop to some one else, perhaps at even a smaller
+price than you are giving. Whenever there is a well in the compound, and I
+have been long enough in one place, I have always grown as much as I could
+for myself. It is easily done, and there is no more useful crop in
+connection with an Indian stable. In the dry, hot weather the difference
+in the condition of horses that are getting a fairly liberal supply of
+green food, and those that are only getting the burned-up grass that is
+then procurable, is most marked. The only difficulty about growing lucerne
+is that at first a large supply of water is necessary until the roots
+strike. If you have a garden, then, of course, you have to keep a pair of
+bullocks to raise water from the well for irrigation purposes; but if you
+do not run to this luxury, then a pair of bullocks can be hired for two or
+three days in the week. The landlord of the house has to keep the well and
+the Persian wheel, by which the water is raised, in order, and find the
+first pair of ropes for it. The tenant has to find the earthen pots, or
+"chatties," that are fastened on to it, by which the water is raised up.
+These "chatties" are cheap things enough, but they are easily broken. I
+always found that the best plan was to provide the first lot myself, and
+then give a small sum monthly to the gardener to keep them going; and it
+saved money in the end, as I found that not nearly so many were smashed
+under this system as when I paid for what were required. If a gardener is
+regularly employed, it is, of course, part of his business to look after
+the lucerne bed; but for an ordinary stable of, say, four or five animals,
+an acre of lucerne will be ample, and a man exclusively for this is not
+necessary. A gardener can be got for about Rs. 10 a month, but a man can
+be got to come two or three times a week and look after it for half this.
+I found, however, that if I gave it to one of the syces, that the women
+and children of his family would attend to it, as, when once started, it
+only requires weeding, and that the work was better done than by a
+professional gardener, unless one was regularly employed. The best seed is
+the acclimatized English, or the Cabul brought down from Afghanistan. The
+English seed can be obtained from any seedsman, or the Government
+Horticultural Gardens at Lahore or Saharunpore, at about a rupee a pound,
+and this is enough to sow about an acre with, which should be done at the
+end of the cold weather. If only a small quantity is grown, it is best to
+sow it on ridges, as it then, no doubt, can be kept free from weeds, and
+the cost of weeding, on an acre or two, is but trifling; but it is an
+error to suppose that lucerne cannot be sown broadcast. At the cattle farm
+at Hissar, in the Punjab, several hundred acres were grown in this way, as
+the cost of making ridges on such a large quantity of land would have been
+prohibitive. Of course, this lucerne was not so clean as if it had been
+grown on ridges, but the cattle picked it out from the weeds when it was
+put before them. Fresh seed will have to be sown about every three years,
+and the crop may be cut about five or six times during the season. About 4
+lbs. is enough for a horse, but it is best to begin with half this
+quantity and gradually increase it, as if too large an amount is given at
+once it is likely to cause colic.
+
+
+Guinea Grass.
+
+Some years ago this was a very favourite grass forage to grow for horses,
+but lately lucerne has supplanted it, and, I think, rightly. The advantage
+of guinea grass is that it lasts through the hottest months of the year,
+which lucerne does not, but it requires a great deal of water. It grows in
+separate tufts, and they should be planted some distance apart, or
+otherwise they will crowd each other out.
+
+
+Sugar Cane (_gunna_).
+
+Sugar cane is not often used as an actual food, but horses are very fond
+of it, and on my visits to the stable I usually had some pieces carried
+after me in a basket when it was in season. It ripens at the end of the
+summer, and lasts into the winter. It is sold in long sticks, and should
+be chopped up into pieces; but the servants will steal it, as they eat it
+themselves as a sweetmeat.
+
+
+Turnips (_shalgham_).
+
+The ordinary white turnip grows all over the Punjab in the winter, and
+when carrots are not to be procured, I have used them in their place,
+preparing them in the same manner. Horses soon learn to eat and relish
+them.
+
+
+Salt (_nimmuk_).
+
+Salt is required by all animals in a certain quantity in their food to
+keep them in health. There are three different varieties sold in the
+native shops. Rock salt ("putter ke nimmuk"); ordinary salt, which is
+merely the rock salt crushed and powdered; and black salt ("kali nimmuk").
+On the coast sea salt can also be obtained, but it is not to be found far
+inland. The common custom in India is to give powdered salt in the food,
+the usual daily allowance being about an ounce. I prefer to leave a lump
+of rock salt in the manger for the horse to lick when he likes. Some
+owners have a lump of it hung by a string to the wall, but I do not think
+this is advisable, as I have known more than one horse turn a wind-sucker
+from getting into the habit of licking and playing with it.
+
+
+Tonics.
+
+It is a common supposition, deeply rooted in the minds of horsemen, that,
+when a horse loses condition, he at once requires a tonic; and an immense
+number of these and "condition powders" are advertised. There is no better
+paying speculation in the world than the sale of these articles, as the
+majority of them consist of a few cheap and simple ingredients, that are
+retailed to the public at a hundred per cent. their original cost; and the
+best that can be said about these nostrums is that some of them are
+innocent and do no harm, while they serve to amuse the owner. The action
+of a tonic is to stimulate the appetite, and if the horse is feeding well
+they are certainly useless, if not actually harmful. If the horse feeds,
+and continues to fall off in condition, the chances are that there is
+something wrong in the stable management, which should be carefully
+inquired into. If this only occurs once with one animal, the inference is
+that medical advice is required, but if several are in the same state, or
+it is a matter of constant occurrence, then in most cases a change of
+"syce" is required, and it will be usually found better and cheaper than
+having recourse to any of these various advertised "cure-alls."
+
+
+Horses not Feeding.
+
+Horses refuse their food from a variety of causes. It is usually the first
+symptom noticed in the majority of attacks of illness, and I cannot too
+strongly urge that in such cases the sooner professional advice is
+obtained the better, there being nothing in which the old proverb, "a
+stitch in time saves nine," more applies to. On the other hand, horse
+owners are inclined to get very anxious without cause about horses not
+feeding, and to imagine that because he refuses to feed, or does not
+finish it up with a good appetite, that the animal is in a dangerous
+state. Horses are much like ourselves, and we all know that we sometimes
+do not feel inclined to do justice to a "square" meal, and that if we dine
+off a plate of soup we feel ready for a good breakfast in the morning. If
+the horse refuses his feed, or only plays about with it, have it at once
+removed; at the next only give him a little hay or grass, and the
+probabilities are that at the next he will eat up his grain with a hearty
+appetite. If he does not, then the sooner professional advice is called in
+the better, as you may be certain that something is wrong.
+
+
+Damaged Food.
+
+Damaged, mouldy, or sour food, the horse, of course, will not eat unless
+he is very hungry, and then only sufficient to stay his appetite. Damaged
+grain there is no excuse for, and can only be given through carelessness
+or indifference on the part of the owner or his servants. Sour food, or
+food that has fermented, is, with the best intentions, likely to be placed
+before the animal, as it is surprising how soon fermentation will set up
+in damp grain in a hot climate. The food should not be damped more than
+twenty minutes or half an hour at the most before it is given, and a dirty
+bucket will easily contaminate it. In the hot weather in India,
+particularly during the rains, when both man and beast are down below par,
+very little will put both off their feed. If the food, however, is at all
+sour it ought to be at once detected, as the smell is unmistakable.
+
+
+Irregular Teeth.
+
+In old horses the back teeth get irregular and worn in such a fashion that
+the food cannot be masticated and crushed, and is not then properly
+digested. The upper jaw of the horse is wider than the lower one, so that
+the upper teeth overlap the lower ones at the outside, and the lower ones
+the upper at the inside. By continually wearing, the upper back teeth get
+worn down more on the inside than the outside, and the lower ones more on
+the outside than the inside, or, in other words, the grinding surface of
+the teeth, instead of being horizontal, is at an angle or slope. The horse
+masticates his food with a sideways motion of the jaws, crushing the food
+between the back teeth like mill-stones, so that if the grinding surfaces
+of the teeth are not level, but sloped at an angle, they become locked,
+and prevent sufficient sideways play of the jaws. If this is suspected,
+the back teeth can be easily inspected by turning the horse with his tail
+to the sun, grasping the tongue with the left hand and opening the mouth,
+while the light is reflected into it by a small looking-glass held in the
+right. They can also be felt by putting one's hand on the outside of the
+cheek, where the outer edge of the upper teeth can be easily felt, and
+pushing the finger inwards and upwards, so as to get on the grinding
+surface when the horse opens his mouth, and the angle they are at can be
+at once detected through the cheek. This is, of course, only a rough
+method of examination, but it gives one a fair idea of the state the
+molars are in. If a tooth is broken or deficient, the corresponding one
+in the other jaw from not being worn down will become over-grown and fill
+up the vacant space, even growing so long as to damage the gum or bone in
+the jaw above or below it, as the case may be, and preventing the horse
+feeding. If it is one of the front molars, it is possible that the growth
+may be detected from outside, but the probabilities are that a more
+careful examination will be necessary, and, at all events, professional
+skill required to set matters right. Horses also suffer from decayed
+teeth; and, in fact, the whole matter of equine dentistry is much more
+important than is usually supposed, many animals remaining poor and thin
+simply because their teeth are not properly attended to.
+
+
+Young Horses Cutting Teeth.
+
+Young horses sometimes have great trouble when cutting their teeth, and if
+they go off their feed they should be attended to; but this requires
+professional skill.
+
+
+Quidding.
+
+When young horses begin to what is called "quid" their food, it is almost
+a certain indication that there is something wrong with the mouth.
+"Quidding" is gathering up a mouthful of hay or grass, rolling it about
+in the mouth, and half masticating it till it gets into a lump or ball,
+and then spitting it out without swallowing it. Sometimes a dozen or more
+of these "quids" will be found in the manger or on the stable floor.
+
+
+Indigestion (_bud hazmie_).
+
+Indigestion, or dyspepsia, which horses suffer from more commonly than the
+public imagine, will put them off their feed; but this is a matter for
+professional advice and treatment, and it is exceedingly dangerous for the
+owner to go trying domestic remedies. I have had many fatal cases of bowel
+diseases brought to me that have arisen solely from this cause.
+
+
+Lampas.
+
+This is a disorder that is firmly fixed in every groom's mind, both
+European and native, and is supposed to consist of a swelling or
+inflammation of the palate, or "barbs," just behind the upper incisor
+teeth. I do not deny for a moment the existence of such a thing, but what
+I do maintain is that in 75 per cent. of the cases brought to one, it
+exists only in the imagination of the attendant. The popular remedy some
+years ago was to cauterize the part with a hot iron, and I have no
+hesitation in saying that any one doing this should be indicted for
+cruelty to animals. Lately, the popular treatment has been more merciful
+in having the part scarified with a lancet, but even this is useless.
+Where lampas does exist, there is more or less enlargement and swelling of
+the membrane of the entire alimentary canal, but the "barbs" of the mouth
+being the only part visible, it is popularly supposed to be a local
+affection. Under these conditions, it will be readily understood how
+utterly useless lancing or scarifying one small part of the affected canal
+will be. A small dose of aperient medicine, or even putting the horse on a
+laxative diet of bran mash for a few days, will do all that is required,
+without having recourse to heroic measures.
+
+
+Nose-bags (_tobra_).
+
+Nose-bags are sadly neglected by "syces," and unless looked after by the
+owner, they never dream of cleaning them, so that, particularly with
+leather ones, they get into a very filthy condition, and frequently horses
+refuse to eat out of such dirty things. Both mangers and nose-bags should
+frequently be washed and scrubbed out with soap, or sand and water.
+Nose-bags are, at the best, a necessary evil, and if they have to be used
+at all, canvas ones are better than leather, being more easily cleaned. I
+only allowed nose-bags to be used when on the march, or out in camp; when
+in the stable the horses were fed out of an ordinary bucket, or else a
+manger, and even then they were not fastened on the head, but held on the
+ground.
+
+
+Mangers (_kurlie_).
+
+In the stable a manger should be used. In an Indian stable one is easily
+made out of a shallow, wide-mouthed earthen vessel ("gumalo"), built up
+with mud, about three feet high, in the corner. The "syces" can do this
+themselves, and the gumalo only costs a few pence in the bazaar. I always
+had two built in opposite corners, one for food and the other for water.
+If for any reason the manger cannot be built, or there is not one in the
+stable, then the horse should be fed out of a tin or zinc bucket, or else
+off a feeding-sheet. An old gunney-bag, spread out opened at the seams,
+answers admirably. The "syce" should hold the bucket or sheet while he is
+feeding, or the horse is very likely to knock the first over, or tear the
+sheet, by pawing at it with his fore feet.
+
+
+Worms (_kirim_).
+
+Parasites, or worms, in the intestines cause horses to lose condition very
+quickly. The most common are long white ones, like ordinary earthworms,
+about five to eight inches long; and small, very thin thread-like ones,
+about three inches long. They cause the horse to become very unthrifty and
+thin, the coat being dull, without the natural gloss that is seen in
+health, or as it is termed, "hide-bound." The horse is also apt to back up
+against any projection, or into a corner, and rub his tail against the
+wall, breaking off the hair, and giving it an unsightly appearance. If
+worms are suspected, the "syce" should be instructed to look for them in
+the horse's droppings in the morning, where the long ones are most likely
+to be found; also to examine under his dock, where the small ones will
+leave a yellowish incrustation under the root of the tail. An enema of
+common salt and water, made by dissolving about a table-spoonful of salt
+in a quart of luke-warm water, generally suffices to get rid of the small
+ones. The large ones, however, require medical treatment, which should be
+left in professional hands. If there are any worms passed, the litter,
+droppings, etc., should be carefully burned, and the floor of the stable
+scraped and the _d�bris_ burned, and a new floor laid down.
+
+
+Rubbing the Tail.
+
+Although commonly due to parasites in the intestines, "particularly the
+small thread-worms," with some horses it is a trick; neglect also, and the
+irritation caused by dirt, will often cause it. In India it is more often
+seen in coarse-bred horses, such as many Australians are, than in
+country-breds and Arabs. If it is from dirt, washing the tail well with
+soap and water will stop it; if it is a trick, keeping the tail in a
+tail-case, which is merely a piece of leather, with buckles and straps to
+fasten it on with; or an ordinary roller bandage put round from the tip to
+the root will generally stop it.
+
+
+Scouring (_dast_).
+
+Scouring, or diarrhoea, is usually seen in nervous horses when they get
+excited, and, as a rule, disappears when they get quiet again. It is more
+commonly seen in light-coloured, or what the horseman calls "washey,"
+chestnuts and blacks, than any other colour. Some horses will always scour
+after a draught of cold water, and with such the chill should be taken off
+either by adding a little warm water, or standing the bucket out in the
+sun for a couple of hours before it is used. If the scouring persists,
+after returning to the stable, let the next feed consist of dry bran, not
+"bran mash," and this generally stops it. If a horse that is not in the
+habit of doing so suddenly begins scouring, it is a mistake to try and
+stop it too suddenly, as frequently it is an effort of nature to throw off
+something deleterious to the system. If, however, the diarrhoea should
+continue persistent, then professional advice should be obtained.
+
+
+
+
+WATER.
+
+
+Water (_pani_).
+
+Horses prefer soft to hard water, and are particularly partial to
+rain-water. Many horses refuse to drink at all from a running stream,
+unless very thirsty, and even then will not take as much as is necessary.
+Mules, which in other respects are hardy animals, are very dainty and
+particular about their water. Such horses should be watered either out of
+a bucket or a still pool. In mountain and quick running streams there is
+often a large quantity of sand and small gravel held in suspension, that
+sinks to the bottom in places where the current runs slow. I have seen
+more than one death caused by constantly watering horses in such streams,
+by the animal swallowing a quantity of such sand; it accumulates in large
+masses in the intestines, and causes "sand colic." If it is necessary to
+water horses from such places for any length of time, if a suitable pool
+cannot be found where the water is still and the sand and gravel can
+settle, one should be made by building a dam.
+
+
+Times of Watering.
+
+Horses should be watered half an hour before feeding, or, if this cannot
+be managed, at least two hours should elapse after the feed before he is
+allowed to drink his fill. The reason of this is that the hard grain the
+horse eats is only partly crushed and broken by the teeth, and it is in
+the stomach where it is principally softened before passing on into the
+intestines. If, when the stomach is full of partly digested food, a large
+quantity of water is given, some of it will be washed into the intestine,
+and, being hard, and not properly softened, irritate it and set up colic.
+The best plan is to always have water in front of the horse, so that he
+can drink when he likes, and I have found that they take much less this
+way than when watered at regular times. In India this can be easily done
+by building up in mud a wide-mouthed, shallow, earthen vessel, called a
+"gumalo," in one corner of the stable, in the same way that a manger is
+made. It should be high enough for the horse to conveniently reach it, and
+be kept constantly full.
+
+
+Watering Troughs.
+
+When horses are watered at a trough or stream, as is necessarily the case
+with military animals, if they are thirsty they push their noses deep into
+it and drink greedily. They then lift their heads and look round them, and
+many persons think they have finished. This is not the case, as the horse
+is merely recovering his breath after his draught, and he should not be
+taken away until he either turns round and will drink no more, or until he
+begins to splash the water about with his nose and play with it, which
+shows he does not want any more.
+
+
+Watering on a Journey.
+
+It is commonly supposed that when on a journey horses should not be
+watered, but, in a warm climate, as long as only a steady pace is
+maintained and only a moderate quantity given, it does not do any harm,
+and, to judge from one's own experiences, certainly is refreshing. Of
+course, this must be done in moderation, like everything; and it
+undoubtedly would be dangerous to allow a horse to drink his fill and then
+give him a hard gallop directly afterwards; but, in both the South African
+and Australian colonies, I have travelled some hundreds of miles in
+post-carts and coaches, and the drivers at pretty nearly every stream they
+cross pull up and allow the horses to drink a few mouthfuls. I have never
+heard of any harm coming from this practice, and at the end of the journey
+they drink far less water than if they had been deprived of it while at
+work. In Norway, the carriole drivers water their ponies in the same way,
+and it is icy-cold coming from the glaciers.
+
+
+Watering after a Journey.
+
+When the journey is completed, it is advisable to walk the horse about for
+a short time, to allow him to get cool before watering; or, better still,
+and what every practical horseman will do, is to pull up and allow him to
+walk the last mile, so that he arrives at his stable fairly cool, and not
+reeking with perspiration. Grooming also will be greatly facilitated by
+this.
+
+
+Watering Bridles (_kazai_).
+
+Watering bridles are generally very much neglected, "syces" (grooms) never
+seeming to think that they require any care or attention. They are
+generally a mass of rust and dirt, and having one of these filthy things
+put into the mouth, is a much more common cause of horses going off their
+feed than is generally supposed. They are frequently thrown out on the
+heap of bedding, and left in the sun all day, and when put into the
+horse's mouth the iron of the bit is burning hot. I consider that this is
+one of the chief reasons of the sores that so frequently form at the
+angles of the mouth in the summer months, and which are most troublesome
+to cure. The bit of the watering bridle should be scrubbed daily with sand
+until it is polished, and the leather-work cleaned with soap (sabon) or
+dubbing (momrogan); if this is not done, it very soon perishes with the
+heat and becomes rotten, and if a horse is at all fresh and plays about,
+it breaks, the animal gets loose, and a serious accident is the result of
+the want of a little forethought.
+
+
+Leeches (_jonk_).
+
+In India leeches frequently get into the nose while the horse is drinking,
+especially out of ponds and streams, and although they are not absolutely
+dangerous, they cause troublesome bleeding, and make the animal cough and
+sneeze. They are sometimes very difficult to get rid off, and the best
+plan is to place some water in a bucket before the horse and splash it
+about. The leech is attracted by this, and comes down the nostril, when
+it can be caught if the operator is quick enough. A handkerchief is
+necessary, as the leech is too slippery to hold in the fingers. It is
+generally best to let one of the "syces" do this, promising him a small
+reward when the nuisance is got rid of, as some of them are wonderfully
+expert at it, and have untiring patience.
+
+
+Wells.
+
+In some Indian towns there is a water supply laid on to the houses by
+pipes, but in the majority it is obtained from a well (khua) in the
+compound. In these cases a water-carrier ("bheestie") has to be kept to
+draw and carry water for the household and stables, which he brings in a
+leather bag; "mussuk," the small leather bucket that he uses to fill the
+bag with, being called a "dholl." These water-bags should be renewed twice
+a year, as they get very foul inside if kept much longer, and they are
+only worth about Rs. 2 each. Very few people ever think of cleaning out
+the well, but it should be done at least once a year, as it is surprising
+the amount of rubbish, such as dead leaves and vegetation, gets into it.
+The landlord of the house should undertake this, but it is generally
+difficult to get him to do it without the tenant threatening to do it
+himself and deduct the cost out of the rent. There are professional
+well-cleaners in Northern India, who will do the work by contract. As a
+rule, it takes about three days, as the well has to be pumped dry by
+working the lifting wheel with relays of bullocks day and night, when a
+man goes down and removes the accumulation of rubbish from the bottom.
+Care should be taken to first lower down a lighted candle, or throw a
+bundle of lighted straw down before any one is allowed to descend, as
+there is frequently an accumulation of foul gas at the bottom, and I have
+known more than one accident from neglect of this precaution. Unless I had
+very good reason for knowing that the well had been lately cleaned, I
+always had this done on going into a new house. If this is neglected, the
+water during the rainy season is apt to get very foul, and I have known
+severe outbreaks of illness from this cause both in men and animals.
+
+
+
+
+AIR AND VENTILATION.
+
+
+Stables.
+
+Nothing is worse for horses than close, ill-ventilated stables, and in
+India, where they are made out of such cheap material as mud and sun-dried
+brick, there is no excuse for their being too small. In some of the newer
+houses, stables are made out of burned brick; but I prefer the older ones
+of mud or sun-dried brick, as the walls are generally thicker, and this
+makes them cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. It is also of
+importance that they should not be too low, but of the two evils I should
+prefer a small stable with a lofty roof to a larger one with a low one,
+provided there was ventilation in the top. Every stable should have a good
+deep verandah round it; it not only keeps off the sun in the summer, but
+is useful to put bedding, etc., in during the rain. If there is no
+verandah, one can be easily made with the flat straw screens used by
+natives, called "jamps," and bamboo supports. The doorways should be high
+and wide, so that there is no danger of the horse hitting his hips or head
+against it in going in and out. A fractured hip-bone is frequently caused
+by horses rushing through narrow doorways, and a troublesome disease known
+as "poll evil" is generally caused by striking the head against too low a
+one. It is also well to have the sides of the door-posts rounded off, not
+left at an angle. If there is no window at the back of the stable,
+opposite the door, one should be made above the horse's head, and another
+smaller one on a level with the floor, so as to allow the air to circulate
+freely. If possible, avoid a draught, but always remember that it is
+better to have plenty of fresh air and a draught than a stuffy stable
+without one, as the horse can always be kept warm with extra clothing,
+bandages, and bedding. Thatched roofs are much cooler in summer and warmer
+in winter than the flat earthen ones that are generally used in Northern
+India. Indian stables are almost always divided off into loose boxes, the
+partition walls being continued up to the roof. I think they should be
+only built high enough to prevent the horses teasing each other over them,
+as if continued right up they interfere with the free circulation of the
+air. If this cannot be done, on account of the partitions helping to
+support the roof, a window should be knocked through in each. In South
+Africa stables are usually simply a long shed with a manger running down
+the back wall, without any partitions between the standings, and the
+horses are simply tied up to a ring in the manger with the head rope. Cape
+horses are, however, exceedingly quiet, and will stand still all day long.
+They never seem to think of kicking or biting at each other like the
+Indian country-bred does.
+
+
+Chicks.
+
+The plague of flies in the East, particularly during the rains, cannot be
+realized in England, and if not protected against them, they will almost
+worry horses to death. For this reason the doors and windows of the stable
+should be fitted with "chicks," or mats, made out of split bamboos or
+reeds, with interspaces between them, which allow of light and air passing
+through, but which will keep the flies out. They are not very costly
+articles, and add most materially to the comfort of the horse. If
+carefully looked after, and not let flap about in the wind, they will last
+for years with a very small annual expenditure for repairs.
+
+
+Stable Floors.
+
+The stable floor should be made of wet clay beaten down, and left to
+thoroughly dry. This can be carried out by the "syces," and if thoroughly
+done, they will last a good many months. I always make it a practice to
+dig up the floors of stables in a new house, before they are occupied, a
+foot and a half deep, and thoroughly renew it, and usually it is
+astounding the amount of foul earth that has to be removed. I also have
+the whole of the floor picked up and renewed once a year--for choice, at
+the end of September or beginning of October, after the rains have
+stopped. Any moisture should be at once removed, before it has time to
+soak into the floor; or, if it has, the moist earth should be swept away
+with a broom (jaru), made out of a number of pliable twigs tied together,
+and fresh dry earth sprinkled over the top of it. A supply of dry powdered
+earth should be kept outside each stable door in a box ready for use when
+required. The ordinary earth that is in the compound will not do to make
+floors out of, although "syces" will use it if allowed, as it is less
+trouble to get than clay (kicher ke muttee), but it will not bind, and
+when trodden on breaks up and wears into dust.
+
+
+Charcoal (_khoalie_).
+
+Although it looks dirty, powdered charcoal sprinkled over the floor has a
+powerful effect as a deodorizer. The ashes of a wood fire do nearly as
+well as charcoal for this purpose, and can be obtained anywhere, as wood
+is universally used for fuel all over India. In some stables earthenware
+vessels (chatties) are buried under the floor to catch the urine. This is
+an abominable, filthy custom, and should never be permitted, as there is
+no more certain cause of disease. Diseases of the feet, such as foul
+smelling, suppurating frogs, thrush, and canker, are in the majority of
+cases caused by horses standing on wet, filthy floors.
+
+
+Picketing.
+
+In the hot season horses should, if possible, be picketed out at night as
+soon as it gets cool in the evening. It is the greatest relief to an
+animal to be brought out of a hot stable into the open air, even if the
+actual temperature is no less than indoors. If the flies or mosquitos are
+troublesome, the nets sold for the purpose will keep them off. If the net
+is not sufficient, a fire made out of the stable litter on the windward
+side will drive them away, and horses do not mind smoke. It is as well to
+have a regular standing made with mud, in the same way as the stable
+flooring, as otherwise the ground soon gets broken up and foul. The
+standing should be swept clean every morning, and mended in the same way
+as the stable floors are.
+
+
+Bedding (_bechalie_).
+
+There is nothing better than clean straw for bedding, and it is a great
+mistake to stint horses in it. If a good deep bed is given, they will lie
+down and rest themselves, whereas, if there is not enough, and the floor
+feels hard through it, they will walk about over it, and far more will be
+wasted than if the horse was lying down on it. The bedding should be taken
+up every morning, and any soiled straw removed. It should be well shaken
+up and spread out in the sun to dry and air, and at night, when again put
+down for use, a small quantity of fresh straw added to it. In wet weather
+the bedding can be aired and dried in the verandah. All soiled straw and
+droppings should be at once removed in a basket (tokrie), which should be
+provided for the purpose; and it is wonderful, if this plan is adopted,
+how little fresh straw is required to keep the horse constantly supplied
+with a good bed; and nothing is more saving to the wear and tear of the
+legs and feet than to get the animal to lie down at night. In Australia
+and South Africa wheat or oat straw can be obtained, but in India rice
+straw is generally used, or else the long elephant grass that grows on the
+banks of rivers and swampy places. Both are good enough for the purpose,
+only they are brittle, and more is required than when wheat straw is used,
+as they quickly break up.
+
+
+Sawdust (_burradah_).
+
+In the north of India the deodar, or Himalayan cedar sawdust, can always
+be obtained from any of the timber dep�ts on the banks of the large
+rivers, almost for the expense of carting it away. It makes a good bed if
+straw cannot be obtained, but is liable to stick to the horse and get in
+under his coat if at all long, and gives much more work grooming. It is
+also more troublesome to remove in the morning to air, and if any wind is
+blowing a good deal gets wasted. If used, it is best to have it spread out
+in one stall and leave it there, only using it at night, putting the horse
+into another during the daytime. Any sawdust that gets damp or soiled
+should be at once removed, as it very soon begins to smell badly.
+
+
+Shavings.
+
+Shavings of deodar or pine can also be obtained, but they require to be
+carefully sorted out, as there are likely to be splinters in them, and in
+lying down the horse may give himself a bad wound.
+
+
+Sand (_ret_).
+
+Sand can be obtained anywhere along the banks of the rivers; but it is
+hard, and does not form a very yielding bed, and I should not use it if
+anything else could be got. It requires to be sifted, to get rid of the
+pebbles and stones it contains. If straw is scarce and sand has to be
+used, the best plan is to put a layer of about a foot of sand over the
+floor, and a thin layer of straw over it; this will make a much softer bed
+than the sand alone.
+
+
+Horses eating Bedding.
+
+This is a trick some horses have, and from which they seldom can be cured.
+It is generally the custom to put a muzzle (chik-na) on them at night; but
+this, of course, stops their feeding at all. I prefer to bed them down
+with sand, sawdust, or shavings, and leave them free to feed at night. If
+a muzzle is used, it should be a wire one, not leather, as these get very
+foul and dirty, and interfere with the horse's breathing, which the wire
+one does not.
+
+
+Exercise.
+
+In India it is usual to exercise ordinary hacks, polo ponies, and harness
+horses, not doing any special work, twice a day--morning and evening. The
+length of time they are out, and the amount of ground they cover, is very
+variable--in most cases depending on whether the "syce" is in a mood to
+take exercise or not himself. They usually take horses out on the road to
+the bazaar, or some favourite meeting-place; and it is not an uncommon
+thing to see a couple of dozen horses, belonging to various people,
+standing about, while their respective "syces" are sitting about, smoking
+and discussing their masters and various bazaar topics of interest. Under
+these circumstances the horses do not get much exercise; and many a
+mysterious injury, that cannot be accounted for, is inflicted by their
+kicking at each other while standing about in this manner. If the compound
+is large enough, it is a good plan to make a ring with the stable litter
+and have the horses exercised round it. You can then be certain they are
+getting a fair amount of work; but a large ring is necessary, and if there
+is a garden it spoils the compound. Furthermore, horses get into a very
+careless, slovenly way of walking when led round and round in this
+monotonous fashion daily. "Syces" generally lead horses at exercise, and
+most horse-owners will not allow them to ride; but I think this is a
+mistake, and if they can ride, I always allow them to do so. If they lead
+the horse, he will go along in a listless fashion, and walk with his head
+down, stumbling at every step; whereas, if he is ridden, he will carry his
+head up and go in a much more lively and collected fashion, and it being
+much pleasanter for the "syce" to ride than walk, the full amount of
+exercise is more likely to be taken. "Syces" nearly always ride at
+exercise bare-backed; but they should be made use a folded blanket as a
+pad, kept in its place by a body-roller, as the anatomy of the native of
+India is such that, without any protection, he is likely to give the horse
+a sore back. They should also only be let use a snaffle bridle, as few
+know how to handle a double one. When at exercise knee-caps should be
+worn. These should be bought from a European saddler, and care be taken
+that the top strap is fitted with a piece of indiarubber in the middle,
+to allow of its giving with the motion of the limb. If there is not this
+indiarubber spring, when the top strap is buckled tight enough to prevent
+the cap slipping down, the motion will cause it to rub the skin at the
+back of the knee; and I have seen some bad abrasions, that caused
+temporary lameness, from this cause. If the top strap is buckled loose
+enough to avoid this chafing, then the knee-cap won't stay up in its
+proper place, if it has no spring. The country-made knee-caps sold by the
+native saddlers seldom are fitted with it; and if they are they cannot be
+relied on, as generally the indiarubber is bad and perished. The lower
+strap of the knee-cap should be buckled quite loose, it being only
+required to keep it down and prevent it flapping about; but "syces" are
+very apt to draw it tight also, and if they do, it is pretty certain to
+cut the skin.
+
+
+
+
+GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, Etc.
+
+
+Heel Ropes (_pecharie_).
+
+If possible, horses should be left loose, which generally can be done in
+India, as most of the stables are loose boxes. Sometimes it is necessary
+to fasten them up, such as when picketed out at night in the hot weather
+or on the march. There are several plans of picketing, each having its
+advantages and disadvantages; but as these generally apply to military
+animals, I will merely mention those commonly used in private stables. The
+most common plan is to fasten the horse up with head and heel ropes, to
+wooden pegs driven into the ground. Heel ropes (pecharie) consist of
+either two ropes about twelve feet long, ending in a single one, so as to
+be Y-shaped, the single one being fastened to a wooden peg (make) driven
+into the ground, and the two arms to the horse's hind fetlocks by means of
+leather straps, called "muzzumas." These straps are loops of rope covered
+with leather, to one end of which the heel rope is tied, and into which
+the hind foot is slipped, being secured by a flat leather thong wound
+round the middle of it behind the fetlock joint to prevent its slipping
+off. The strap is then of a fig. 8, or hour-glass shape, the heel rope
+being tied in one loop, the foot placed in the other, the thong forming
+the neck or constriction. These, I think, are the best form of leather
+foot strap; but in buying them care should be taken that the stitching of
+the leather is on the outside, as if it is on the inside, where natives
+often put it, it is very likely to rub the skin and cause a bad cracked
+heel. Another form of "muzzuma" is made out of stiff flat leather lined
+with felt. This has a slip loop going round it, with a buckle on one side
+and a strap on the other, that runs along the centre. The heel rope is
+tied to one end, the foot put into the other, and when the strap is
+buckled tightly, the running loop is drawn close up to the heel, so as to
+keep the whole arrangement in its place. This form of "muzzuma" is the
+usual kind sold; but it is objectionable, as the edges get stiff and hard,
+and are likely to cut the heel, which the round ones do not. Both sorts of
+leather "muzzumas" require to be kept soft and pliable with dubbing
+(momrogan), which "syces" never think necessary. I, however, prefer those
+made out of plaited hemp or tow. They are merely a band of loosely plaited
+tow, about eighteen inches long, the heel rope being fastened to one end,
+and secured by a string or tape just behind the fetlock; they are much
+softer than the leather ones, and quite as strong. The disadvantage,
+however, is that they soon wear out, but they are very cheap; in fact, the
+"syces" can make them themselves out of the raw hemp or tow (sun). They
+are used by many of the native cavalry regiments in India in preference to
+the leather ones. The heel ropes can be made out of one long rope doubled,
+a "muzzuma" fastened to each free end, and the doubled portion to a
+tent-peg. When heel ropes are used, one should be put on each hind leg; it
+is dangerous to only put on one, and I have seen more than one fractured
+thigh caused by this. If the heel ropes are on both hind legs, and the
+horse kicks, he has to do so straight into the air, as there is equal
+restraint on both; but if there is only one, the unequal check of the
+single rope is likely to cause a fracture. If allowed, "syces" will always
+pull the heel ropes so tight as to stretch the horse out; they should be
+loose enough to allow him to stand in a natural position.
+
+
+Head Ropes (_aghari_).
+
+Head ropes should be fastened to the ring on the head collar (nukta) under
+the chin. There should either be two separate ropes, one end of each
+fastened to the ring, or one long one doubled in the middle, the central
+portion fastened to the ring, and the two ends to two wooden pegs driven
+into the ground about three or four feet on each side of the horse's head.
+If only a single rope is used, it must, naturally, be fastened to a peg
+straight in front, and, to allow the horse to move his head up and down,
+must be loose. When fastened in this way he is exceedingly likely to get
+his fore leg over the rope and get hung up in it, a nasty wound in the
+heel or at the back of the knee being the result, if nothing worse;
+whereas, if the ropes are pegged out on each side, he can move about
+freely, and it would be difficult for him to get his leg over them. Both
+head and heel ropes should be made of hemp; the cotton rope used in India
+for most purposes is not strong enough, and soon breaks and wears out. In
+Peshawur and along the north-west frontier, a rope is made of goat hair
+that is very strong, and is excellent for this purpose. It is somewhat
+more expensive than ordinary rope, but with care will last a long time,
+and will amply repay itself. Both head and heel ropes should be tied to
+the pegs in a slipknot, so that with a single pull horses can be set free
+when necessary. "Syces" will usually tie them in a jam-knot, and horses
+struggling to get loose when frightened very often badly injure themselves
+before they can be set free.
+
+
+Fetlock Picketing.
+
+A method of picketing horses was introduced into the Indian army some
+years ago, by dispensing with head ropes and using a short chain shackle
+about three feet long, buckled round one of the fore fetlocks, and
+fastened to a peg driven into the ground. This was chiefly done with the
+object of reducing the weight carried, and with animals used for military
+purposes, doubtless fulfilled the purpose, but in a private stable I fail
+to see its advantages over the other plan.
+
+
+Picketing Posts.
+
+When horses are picketed outside the stable, and there is space enough,
+picketing posts are the most preferable method, as they allow greater
+freedom than any other. A stout smooth post, about five or six inches in
+diameter, is driven several feet into the ground, so that it is five or
+six feet above the surface, a strong iron ring is slipped over it, and to
+this the head rope is made fast; no heel ropes are used, and the horse can
+move round it as he pleases. The post must be smooth, so that there is
+nothing for the ring to catch in, and when put into the ground the point
+should be put into the fire and charred, or covered with kerosene oil, to
+keep off the white ants. It will also have to be examined occasionally to
+see that it is not damaged or rotten. The only drawback to this plan is
+that, if there are several horses, a considerable space is necessary, as
+they must be far enough apart to prevent their kicking at each other.
+
+
+Ringing.
+
+In South Africa and the colonies horses are picketed by the method known
+as "ringing," the head rope of one being fastened to the head collar of
+the next, and so on, till the head rope of the last is in its turn
+fastened to the head collar of the first, their heads forming a ring
+looking inwards. Colonial horses will stand like this for hours together;
+but they are very quiet, and behave in a different way to the Indian
+country-bred. I have seen the same plan used in a cavalry regiment of the
+Italian army on the march near Milan.
+
+
+Rheims.
+
+In South Africa head ropes are made of prepared raw hide called "rheims."
+They are prepared by the Kaffir women out of raw ox hide, and are very
+strong and supple, and are excellent for the purpose.
+
+
+Knee-haltering.
+
+Knee-haltering is also a South African plan of securing horses when turned
+out to graze. The fore leg is lifted up, so that the forearm from the
+elbow to the knee is parallel to the ground. The head rope, or "rheim," is
+then fastened above the knee, the head being pulled a little downwards.
+The horse is then turned out to graze on the veldt, and when his head is
+down feeding he can use his limbs and walk about as he likes, but as soon
+as he puts up his head to trot or gallop the fore leg is pulled up, and he
+has only three to go on, and can easily be caught.
+
+
+Shackles (_bheri_).
+
+The natives of India use iron shackles, much like handcuffs, to fasten
+with a key round both fore fetlocks of horses when turned out loose; but
+they are not a desirable invention, and in young animals are very likely
+to cause ringbones. But this, I think, is on account of their clumsy shape
+and being constantly worn, as I believe shackles made out of round iron
+that shut with a spring were used by the Canadian mounted police at one
+time when turning their horses out, and they found they did not chafe and
+rub so much as leather ones did. It was found that even moving through the
+wet grass the steel hobbles were polished, kept bright, and required no
+attention, whereas the leather ones perished and became hard, and gave
+constant trouble unless carefully looked after. I have never tried this
+plan myself, for I have found the Cape system of knee-haltering when
+turning animals out to graze the best I have yet come across.
+
+
+Picketing-pegs (_make_).
+
+Picketing-pegs should be made out of hard wood about eighteen inches to
+two feet long; iron ones are dangerous. They should be driven into the
+ground in a slanting direction, the point towards and the head away from
+the animal, to resist the strain on it. If there are no tent-pegs, or the
+ground is so soft that there is no holding for them, a hole a couple of
+feet deep can be dug, and a bundle of straw or a couple of tent-pegs tied
+crossways buried in it, the earth trodden down, and the rope brought out
+at the surface. This will give ample holding, and may be practically
+tested, for although a vertical pull will easily bring it up, the
+strongest man will fail to move it if the strain is horizontal.
+
+
+Leading-ropes (_bagh durie_).
+
+Leading-ropes are things that ruin half the horses' mouths in India, and I
+never let such a thing into the stable. If they are used as they were
+originally intended to be, that is, buckled into the ring of the snaffle
+or watering bridle to lead the horse with, they do no harm; but it is
+impossible to prevent "syces" from passing them over the head and then
+back through both rings, so as to form a gag, and this they hang on to. I
+always make them use a leading-chain, which is a leather strap with about
+a foot of chain and a snap-hook at the end of it. The hook fastens into
+the ring of the snaffle, and they cannot well pass the strap over the head
+to turn it into a gag. It seems impossible to teach a "syce" how to lead a
+horse in a watering bridle, and I find these chains the best compromise.
+
+
+Brushes and Gear.
+
+The grooming utensils required in an Indian stable are very simple: a
+horse-brush, curry-comb, bucket, some dusters, and a hoof-picker, being
+the sum total; but only one of these last is required among five or six
+horses. It is best to get English bristle brushes, they last out two of
+the native fibre ones, and are very little more expensive. Good
+horse-brushes are made by several firms in Cawnpore, and, of course, when
+a large number are used, the saving is considerable if the country-made
+article is bought, but where only a small number are required, this is a
+false economy.
+
+
+Curry-combs.
+
+These an Indian "syce" cannot get on without, and although he only uses it
+to wear out the brush, still, after all, it does not do so very much harm;
+but a bad, lazy man, if he is not prevented, will use it to scrape the
+dirt off the horse with. Country-breds are generally very thin-skinned,
+and feel the comb very much if scarified with it, as the "syce" is very
+fond of doing; and I am positive that this practice in many cases has to
+account for much of the proverbial bad temper of these animals. The
+curry-comb should never be put on the horse's body at all, and in reality
+it is useless. If it can be managed, it is best not to give the "syces"
+such things, the only use of them being to clean the brush with, and this
+can be done just as well with the palm of the left hand, and the brush
+does not wear out so quickly; but it is the custom to use the comb, and it
+is hard to prevent it.
+
+
+Buckets (_balti_).
+
+Buckets can be bought anywhere. Zinc ones are better than tin, although
+perhaps a little more expensive; one should be provided for each horse.
+
+
+Dusters (_jharans_).
+
+Dusters are things that native servants of every sort seem to consume in
+enormous quantities, and unless some check is put on it, the number used
+at the end of the month will be astonishing. Either the old one should be
+produced before another is given, or else some contract be given to them
+to provide them for themselves; but the former plan is the best; if the
+contract system is adopted, filthy rags will be used. They are luckily
+exceedingly cheap, and are made nearly everywhere.
+
+
+Hoof-picker (_sum khodna_).
+
+A hoof-picker can be made out of almost any piece of rod-iron, and one
+should be hung up in every stable. One for every four or five horses is
+enough.
+
+
+Clothing (_gurdaine_).
+
+In Northern India, if horses are not clipped they require in the winter at
+least two thick rugs, and if they are clipped an extra one, as the climate
+from November to the end of February is bitterly cold. The ordinary
+country clothing, made out of "mundah," and sold in the bazaars, called
+"jhools," keeps horses warm and answers its purpose, and is cheap--a rug
+of this material costing about Rs. 3; but I think myself that it is false
+economy to get it, and that the horse-clothing made at the Muir or Elgin
+mills at Cawnpore, or the Egerton mills at Dhariwal, in the Punjab,
+although perhaps at first somewhat more expensive, will in the end be
+found the cheapest, as with care one suit of this will last many years,
+whereas the country clothing is seldom much good after a second winter's
+wear. This clothing is made in all sorts of colours, and turned out in
+suits, and is every bit as good as English manufactured. Country blankets
+(kumbal) can also be got; and the condemned soldiers' blankets, that are
+periodically sold by the military authorities, make excellent horse-rugs.
+I always think it best to get regular horse-clothing shaped and pieced out
+at the neck to buckle across the chest, or, at all events, to have one rug
+like this, even if the rest are ordinary square blankets, as the shaped
+clothing protects the front of the chest, which the square blanket will
+not do. The blanket can be used in the daytime, and the rug on the top at
+night, buckling across the chest, as leaving this part of the body exposed
+is a fruitful source of coughs and colds. Aprons, breast-pieces, and
+quarter-cords are seldom seen in India, except on race horses, and then
+only as a fancy matter.
+
+
+Hoods (_khansilla_).
+
+Hoods with hacks, harness horses, and polo ponies are not often required;
+but if horses are sensitive to cold, particularly if they are standing out
+at night, they are no doubt a great protection. They are made up of the
+same material as the country "jhool," and they also can be got to match
+the clothing made at any of the woollen mills. In any case it is a good
+thing to have a spare hood in the stable, even if it is not habitually
+used, as when a horse begins to cough if at once put on a severe cold is
+often averted.
+
+
+Body-rollers (_paities_, or _farakis_).
+
+Body-rollers are sold in the bazaar shops of native manufacture, but are
+most flimsy, and I strongly advise that either English ones, or else those
+made by any of the manufacturers of leather goods at Cawnpore, which are
+nearly as good as English ones, be used, although they may at first be a
+little more expensive. The common country rollers are always breaking, and
+never being properly stuffed, the webbing in the centre of the two pads
+presses on the ridge of the spine when the roller is buckled up. There is
+no more fruitful cause of sore backs than this, especially if horses are
+at all thin and standing out in the open. "Syces" have a trick of pulling
+up the straps of the roller as tight as possible, and if it gets wet with
+the dew or rain it shrinks up, and the tight webbing cuts and pinches the
+skin over the backbone, causing a sore back. With a properly made roller
+the pressure is taken on the sides of the back by the two pads, and the
+webbing does not come in contact with the skin at all. In any case, if the
+horses are standing out in the open at night, it is always advisable to go
+round the last thing and let the roller out a hole or two. If country
+rollers are used, direct pressure of the webbing on the spine can be taken
+off by putting a folded up duster or a handful of straw under it. If the
+back has been pinched or rubbed the roller should be left off, and the
+blankets or clothing kept in their place by a couple of tapes or pieces of
+string stitched to the edge of each and tied under the body.
+
+
+Bandages (_puttie_).
+
+Woollen bandages on the legs greatly add to the horse's comfort when
+standing out on a cold night. The ordinary ones sold in the bazaar answer
+well enough, only they are generally a little too wide and not long
+enough. The bandage should be put on commencing from below and finishing
+under the knee or hock, and not in the reverse direction, commencing
+above, as is often done. The tapes should be tied in a bow outside. What
+is known as the Newmarket bandage, made out of a semi-elastic woollen
+material, is an excellent one. It stretches somewhat when put on the leg,
+and gives it support. They, however, are somewhat expensive--about Rs. 4
+a set--but with ordinary care will outlast several pairs of country ones.
+A good bandage is made by the Muir Mills Company at Cawnpore out of the
+cotton webbing called "newar"; they are very cheap and good, but are not
+so warm as the cotton ones.
+
+
+Summer Clothing.
+
+This is rather a superfluity, and, unless with race horses, is not usually
+indulged in, for at the time it could be worn it generally is so hot that
+the less the horse has on him the better. Usually one of the blankets used
+in the winter is kept to throw over him when standing about, or when
+walking back from work. Drill summer clothing can be obtained at any of
+the woollen mills in India in a variety of patterns, or a native tailor
+(durzie) will make it up in your own verandah if you give him a pattern.
+At least two suits per horse are required, as it very soon gets dirty in
+the warm season and requires washing.
+
+
+Eye Fringes (_makieara_).
+
+Eye fringes are absolutely necessary in India, and are used in parts of
+Australia to protect the eyes from the flies. They are fastened on to the
+cheek strap of the head collar with a small tab and button-hole in place
+of a brow band, and have a fringe of either leather or cotton cords that
+hang down over the eyes halfway to the nose. I prefer the cord ones; the
+fringes are always flat and in contact with the face, whereas the leather
+ones are liable to curl up at the ends and allow the flies to get
+underneath. The cotton ones are easier mended than the leather.
+
+
+Fly Whisks (_chaurie_).
+
+I always give each "syce" a fly whisk to keep flies off the horse while at
+exercise, or when he is holding him anywhere. They are very cheap, last a
+long time, and if not provided, the "syce" will arm himself with a dirty
+duster or rag of some sort for the purpose. I may, perhaps, be too
+sensitive on this point, but to see a dirty rag flourished about an
+otherwise well-turned-out animal is to me a great eyesore.
+
+
+Cleaning Horse Clothing, and Storing it in the Summer.
+
+It never enters the head of a "syce" that clothing requires to be cleaned.
+It should be frequently hung out in the sun and well beaten with a stick,
+like a carpet is, and then well brushed on both sides with a stiff
+clothes-brush. If necessary, it should be laid out flat and scrubbed with
+a brush and soap and water, rinsed out with cold water, as hot will make
+it shrink, and then, when dry again, beaten and brushed. The straps on
+pieced rugs should have some dubbing (momrogan) now and again rubbed into
+them, to prevent their getting hard and the leather perishing. Summer
+clothing should be sent to the washerman (dhobie) to be washed. During the
+summer months woollen clothing should be first cleaned, and then folded up
+and put away, some camphor, pepper, and leaves of the "neem" tree, that
+grows in every garden in Northern India, being placed between the folds to
+keep off the moths. They should be folded away on the top of a box, board,
+or table, or somewhere raised off the ground, to be out of the way of the
+white ants, and once a week be unfolded and hung out in the sun to air for
+a few hours, folded up, and stored away again. There is no occasion to
+waste the spices that are with them; if they are carefully unfolded over
+some newspapers, the whole can be collected and used again.
+
+
+Numdahs.
+
+If used at all, felt numdahs should have a plain edge, and not be bound
+with coloured tape, as they so often are; particularly the cheaper ones,
+that are sold by native saddlers. I have frequently seen sore backs
+caused by this tape binding, as well as the hair in white horses
+discoloured by the edge. When put on, the numdah should be well pulled up
+into the arch of the saddle, particularly in front. The common practice is
+to put the numdah flat on the back, and then the saddle on the top of it,
+so that when the weight comes on it, the numdah gets tight and is
+stretched, and is a common cause of sore backs and galled withers. When
+taken off the horse's back, the numdah should be spread out in the sun to
+dry; it should then be beaten with a stick and brushed with a hard brush
+to get the dry caked perspiration out of it, and to bring the nap of the
+felt up again. If this is not done it will get as hard as a board, and
+neglected numdahs are certain to give sore backs. If the saddle is
+properly stuffed and fitted to the horse's back, a numdah is not required,
+the only use of it being to save the lining of the saddle, and for this
+purpose I prefer a leather one.
+
+
+Grooming (_malish_).
+
+Grooming is an art that native grooms excel in. They have infinite
+patience, and their long supple fingers are peculiarly adapted for the
+work. They, furthermore, are used to it, for every Oriental is an adept
+at shampooing or massage, constantly doing it to their own limbs and those
+of their friends. When the horse comes in from work the bridle should be
+taken off him, hung up on a peg, and a watering bridle put into his mouth,
+the stirrup irons run up to the top of the leathers, and the girths
+slackened. If there is a breast-plate it can be taken off, but the saddle
+should not be removed till the back gets cool. According to the season of
+the year, a light or warm rug should be thrown over the quarters, and the
+horse walked about till he gets cool. If there is much mud sticking on
+him, it can be rubbed off with a wisp of straw before the brush is used.
+Horses should not be washed, or, if they are, only under very exceptional
+circumstances, when specially ordered. It is, however, a favourite
+practice among "syces," as it saves a good deal of trouble; and it is much
+easier to wash off mud and dirt than to remove it with the brush, as ought
+to be done; they are also very apt to use the curry-comb for this purpose.
+When the horse is cool he should be gone over with the brush, to remove
+what dirt is remaining, and when this is finished the process should be
+repeated with the hands, the palm and bend of the wrist being used for
+this purpose. If it is the hot weather, the grooming had best be done
+out-of-doors; but in winter it is best to do it in the stable, as in
+Northern India there is a cold wind blowing even in the middle of the day,
+and if exposed to it horses are liable to catch cold. As soon as the
+grooming is finished, which with a clipped horse can be done in about half
+an hour, the clothing and bandages should be put on, and, if it is
+evening, the bed put down. Even if not worked, this process of grooming
+should take place twice a day--before the morning and evening feed.
+
+
+Wisps and Grooming Pads.
+
+Straw wisps or leather pads are particularly useful in developing the
+muscle of a thin animal, or bringing the skin into order when it has been
+neglected. The wisps are made by twisting some of the bedding straw
+together into a rope about three feet long. This is then doubled in the
+middle and again twisted, so as to form a flat pad. Two of these wisps are
+used, one in each hand, and they are alternately brought down with a
+slight slap and drawing motion in the direction of the hair, the whole
+body being massaged with them. It is sometimes a good plan, if there is
+much dirt in the coat, to cover the pad with a damp duster; the dirt
+seems to stick to it. This is particularly useful when horses are changing
+their coats; the hair sticks to the damp cloth, and the old coat is
+brought out quicker than it otherwise would be. The grooming pads are used
+in the same way. They are two circles of leather about four or five inches
+in diameter, joined together with a strip of chamois leather about three
+inches wide, so as to form a pad or cushion, that is stuffed with tow. On
+one side a piece of leather or webbing is stitched at each end,
+sufficiently loose to allow the hand to be slipped under it in the same
+way as the horse brush. Two of these pads are used, and the skin beaten or
+massaged by each hand alternately. Although, perhaps, at first horses are
+fidgety, when they get used to it they appear to enjoy it; and it has the
+advantage of letting the owner know, if he is not in sight, that the
+"syce" is working by the noise he makes.
+
+
+Hand-rubbing.
+
+If horses are inclined to get filled on swollen legs, the tendons should
+be well hand-rubbed for five minutes at each grooming hour. This
+hand-rubbing should commence from the lower portion of the limb and be
+continued upwards, not in the reverse direction, which is the usual
+practice. The limb should be lifted up, and the fingers worked with a
+kneading motion behind the tendons.
+
+
+Washing.
+
+The feet, mane and tail are the only parts that should ever be washed,
+unless specially ordered, and then as seldom as possible. When the feet
+are washed, great care should be taken that they are carefully dried
+afterwards, and bandages put on, as leaving the legs wet is one of the
+chief causes of cracked heels, more especially in the winter months, if
+there is a dry cold wind blowing. If soap is used, it should be soft-soap;
+or, better still, the soap nut, or "reita." This is a berry, the shell or
+outer covering of which, when soaked in water, swells up into a sticky
+mass, that lathers like soap, and by natives of India is used for washing
+purposes.
+
+
+Uneven Manes.
+
+When the mane gets ragged and uneven, it should be carefully brushed down
+four or five times a day with a damp water brush, to make it lie flat. The
+long hairs on the under side next the neck should be pulled out, so that
+the mane is thinned, and the lower part lies in a perfect curve along the
+neck. Some horses object, and are a little troublesome during this
+process; but, if it is done gradually, it can be easily accomplished. The
+long hairs in the mane should never be cut, unless it is intended to clip
+it off altogether, and make it into a "hogged" mane. If the mane will not
+lie down flat with an even sweep, it can be covered with a cake of mud for
+four or five days, when it should be removed, and renewed if necessary.
+Being dry, it will crack, and the pieces can be easily knocked off, and
+the dust brushed out. The mud cake generally has the desired effect after
+having been applied four or five times.
+
+
+Hogged Manes.
+
+The manes of polo ponies and cobs it is the fashion to "hog," or cut off
+close to the neck. It is best to leave the forelock, as it gives a certain
+protection against the flies and glare of the sun; also, to leave a lock
+of hair on the wither, to grasp with the hand when mounting. The best
+implement to hog a mane with is a pair of ordinary horse-clippers, but
+don't use a new pair, or they will get spoiled; old ones that are no use
+for the rest of the body, do well enough. It is best to sit on the
+animal's back when the mane is being hogged, and to cut forwards; the
+hair will be cut much smoother, and a neater job made of it than when
+standing on the ground at the side.
+
+
+Ragged Legs.
+
+If the horse is not clipped, the long hairs at the back of the legs look
+very unsightly. They should be pulled out, not cut off. If a little
+powdered resin is rubbed on the finger and thumb, the hair will stick to
+it, and come out much more easily, and the legs will have a smooth, even
+appearance, which can never be attained if they are cut off with scissors,
+no matter how carefully this is done; there will always be jagged ridges
+left. The long hairs under the jowl can be singed off by passing a lighted
+candle under the jaw once or twice. If the horse is at all frightened at
+the candle, he can be blindfolded; but the operation is so quick, that
+generally it is all over before he is aware of what is being done. The
+long hairs on the muzzle and chin can be clipped off with a pair of
+ordinary scissors. If the horse is not clipped all over, attention to
+these one or two little details make all the difference in his appearance,
+and in his being turned out smart, or the reverse.
+
+
+Trimming Tails.
+
+The tail should be grasped close to the root with one hand, which is run
+down so that the hairs are all gathered together, and a string or tape
+tied round below the fleshy part at the tip. The tail should then be drawn
+out straight, and the hair cut off with a single sweep of a sharp knife
+just below where the string is tied. The blade of the knife must be long
+enough to give a drawing sweep, which an ordinary pocket-knife will not
+do. There is nothing better for this than a sharp native sword, or
+"tulwar," as it is long enough to cut through all the hair at one stroke;
+or, failing a sword, a sharp carving-knife will do, the longer in the
+blade the better. Any uneven ends of hair that remain can afterwards be
+trimmed off with a pair of scissors; or, better still, by a pair of sheep
+shears. Tail-cutting machines are sold with an arrangement to fix the hair
+of the tail with a clamp, on which there is a sliding cutting-blade. These
+cut the hair off very smoothly and evenly; the only drawback is that they
+are somewhat expensive, costing about Rs. 16 in Calcutta or Bombay.
+
+
+Clipping.
+
+Arabs and many country-breds carry such fine coats that they do not
+require clipping, but most Australians and colonials do; and if the coat
+is at all inclined to get long and thick, it certainly should be taken
+off, for horse-clothing is so cheap that an extra rug can always be got.
+Horses should not be clipped till the coat has "set," _i.e._ till the long
+winter coat has grown, and no more hairs will come off when the hand is
+rubbed over the skin. This is generally about the beginning of October in
+Northern India. They will generally require clipping twice or three times
+during the winter, or up to the middle of March. There are generally some
+professional clippers in every station, who bring their own
+clipping-machines, and charge about two or three rupees for a pony, and an
+extra rupee for a horse each time; or, if there is not such an individual
+about, permission can generally be obtained to have it done by any of the
+cavalry regiments in the station. It should be remembered that horses
+having just lost their coats will require an extra rug that night.
+
+
+Cleaning the Sheath.
+
+The owner must himself occasionally see that the horse's sheath is washed
+out. "Syces" never think this necessary, and the part gets into a filthy,
+dirty state, that in the summer months is likely to give rise to a
+troublesome sore, called a "bursattee" ulcer. Some horses are very
+troublesome to do this with, and it may be necessary to put on a twitch
+("kinch mhal"); but this should always be done in the owner's presence.
+
+
+Light in Stables.
+
+With a new-comer, "syces" usually ask for oil to burn in a native
+earthenware lamp (charragh) at night, but it is a thing I never allow. In
+the first place, even if the lamp was kept burning, it is not required;
+horses rest better in the dark. In the second, it is dangerous with so
+much inflammable material about. In the third, the lamp will not be used
+in the stable, but the "syce's" own house. If a light is ever required,
+which is only on rare occasions, it is better to bring a lantern out of
+the house; and in India there is always a hurricane-lantern to be found in
+every house.
+
+
+Fires in Verandahs.
+
+"Syces" are very fond of lighting fires and making cooking places in the
+verandah of the stable, but this I never allow, as it litters the place up
+with cooking pots, and makes a great mess; also, it is dangerous. I always
+make them carry on their cooking operations in the verandahs of their own
+houses.
+
+
+
+
+SADDLERY, HARNESS, CARRIAGES, AND SERVANTS.
+
+
+Saddles (_zin_) and Harness (_saz_).
+
+Saddles, harness, and all leatherwork requires a good deal more care and
+attention in India than in England, especially during the hot season, when
+the fierce dry heat will dry up and perish all sorts of leather; and in
+the rains, especially in Southern India, where the atmosphere is so loaded
+with moisture that leather, put on one side and neglected for a very few
+days, soon becomes covered with mildew. There are no saddle rooms in
+Indian stables, and it is usual to keep them in a corner of a room in the
+house on a wooden saddle-stand, called by natives a "ghorra" horse. In the
+rains, a pan or brazier of burning charcoal should be kept in the room for
+a few hours daily, if there is not a fire-place. Saddles are cleaned in
+the same way as in England, and excellent saddle soap and dubbing is made
+by the North-west Province Soap Works at Meerut, and can be obtained
+almost anywhere. If this is not used, the "syces" can always make up
+dubbing of their own, called "momrogan." Some people give their head
+"syce" a monthly allowance to provide dubbing, soap, bathbrick, oil, etc.;
+but as they frequently put lime and bleaching materials with it, I prefer
+to buy it myself, and let them get the other articles. They require a
+chamoise leather and a burnisher for steel-work, but one of each will do
+for a stable of half a dozen horses, and very good country-made leathers
+(sabur) can be got for from one to one and a half rupees. The soap is put
+on to and rubbed into leather-work with the hands; but the great fault
+they have is that they will put on too much, and won't work it in enough,
+and one's breeches and hands will get into a great mess.
+
+
+Saddle Covers (_buk bund_).
+
+A sheet, made out of a description of coarse country cloth (karwah), is
+necessary for each saddle or set of harness, to wrap it up in, and keep
+the dust and dirt off. It should be sufficiently large to wrap the saddle
+up in completely, and in the summer the "syce" can bring it with him to
+act as a horse-cloth to throw over the quarters when standing about.
+These saddle-sheets can be made by any tailor in a few hours.
+
+
+Bridles.
+
+Bridles, double (dahna), snaffle (kazai), can be hung up on the walls, but
+a piece of cloth or a few sheets of paper should be fastened up behind
+them; and they should be frequently taken down if not in daily use, as the
+white ants are most destructive. It is best to have one or two extra
+saddle-stands made with pegs on them, and to hang the bridles on them in
+the middle of the room, away from the walls. This may be a little more
+expensive, but a saddle-stand can be brought for Rs. 5 that will hold a
+couple of dozen bridles, worth Rs. 20 apiece. At one time plated bits were
+used in India, but I think steel ones are the best. "Syces" never can tell
+the difference, and I have more than once found a plated bit being
+industriously scrubbed and polished with sand.
+
+
+Harness.
+
+Unless particularly desired, brown harness with brass mounts is the
+best--for India, at all events--for pony-harness, and it is this class of
+animal that is generally used in an up-country station. Not one "syce" in
+a hundred knows how to clean black harness properly, and if this is not
+done nothing looks worse, whereas almost any native can clean brown
+leather after a fashion, and even if it does not stand close inspection,
+it will pass muster at a little distance. Fairly good brown harness is
+made out of country leather, and it does well enough for rough work, but
+it never has the finish of English. Country leather reins and country bits
+should never be used; they are not reliable, and are most dangerous; these
+should always be English.
+
+
+Carriages.
+
+The ordinary two-wheeled pony-trap or dogcart, used in an up-country
+Indian station, is best varnished, not painted. The hot weather ruins
+paint, and, unless in some of the very large towns, it is nearly
+impossible to get them properly repainted again. Any native workman can,
+however, varnish a trap with white or copal varnish. Before allowing new
+varnish to be put on, the trap should be produced for inspection with the
+old scraped off, as it is a favourite trick to daub new varnish over the
+old, when it cannot properly set, and the first hot sun cracks and
+blisters it. In the hot weather a large earthen basin, called a "naund,"
+should be kept full of water under the carriage in the coach-house; the
+evaporation of the water will keep the woodwork moist, and prevent its
+cracking with the heat. A matting made of the fibres of the "khus khus,"
+or lemon grass, should also be put round the nave of the wheel, and kept
+wet, for the same purpose, as it is exceedingly likely to crack with the
+heat. The shafts of the trap should not be left resting on the ground, as
+they will warp and bend; they should be supported either by a wooden
+trestle, or else by a couple of ropes from the beams of the roof. The
+whip, when not in use, should be hung by a string at the upper part to a
+nail in the wall, and a weight, such as a brick, tied to the butt end to
+keep it straight; otherwise, in a very short time, it will get crooked.
+
+
+Servants.
+
+Indian "syces" are different to English grooms, as the new arrival will
+soon find. They have peculiar customs of their own, which, like all
+Orientals, they cling to tenaciously, and will not give up. If they are
+understood they are easily managed, and work well; but if not, the
+horse-owner's life is a burden to him, for no European can overcome the
+passive resistance of the Oriental. In the first place, I never let any
+of the house servants interfere with the stable. Many persons,
+particularly those new to the country, do everything through their head
+servant, or "bearer"; but I make him stick to his own work, which is the
+control of the house and the house servants. I pick out one of the best
+and sharpest of the "syces," changing him till I get a good man, making
+him the head or "jemedar syce," and paying him a rupee a month more wages
+than the rest; and he is responsible for everything connected with the
+horses, and any small bills I pay to him, and him alone. The wages I pay
+myself to each man regularly on the seventh of the month, for the month
+previously. I never lift my hand to a servant, or fine him under any
+pretext, as the fine will only be made up out of the horse's grain, but,
+if fault has to be found, I do so in the presence of the head man; on the
+second occasion a warning is given, and on the third the offender is
+dismissed on the spot. I always keep a "syce" and a "grass-cutter" for
+each horse. It is possible to get a "syce" and two "grass-cutters" to look
+after two horses, by paying the "syce" a rupee a month more; but the
+arrangement is not satisfactory, although many do it. If the "syce" gets
+ill, which they often do, there is no one to do his work, whereas, if
+there is a man to each horse, they will arrange the extra work among
+themselves. In Northern India "syces" and "grass-cutters" should be
+provided with warm woollen clothes in the winter. An excellent cloth for
+the purpose is made by the various woollen mills, and at most of them
+servant's clothes can be bought ready made up; but it is best to give the
+men the materials and let them get them made up themselves, otherwise
+there is certain to be something wrong with them. A "syce's" coat costs
+about Rs. 4, and a "grass-cutter's," which is made out of a coarse
+blanketing, Rs. 3; and these coats should last for two winters' wear. In
+addition, I used to give each man a "coolie" blanket that cost Rs. 3, and
+which would last three winters; and, if they had to go out much into camp,
+such as taking horses out to meet me on shooting or pig-sticking
+expeditions, a pair of woollen leg-bandages, or "putties." It is a mistake
+not to give servants warm clothes, and a false economy, as, if they are
+not properly protected against the cold, which is very severe in Northern
+India, they are everlastingly getting fever; and I know no greater
+nuisance than having your head man laid up for two or three days at a
+stretch. In the second place, if they have not warm clothes themselves,
+you can never tell if in the night they will not take the clothing off the
+horses to wrap themselves up in. A constant source of squabbling amongst
+Indian servants is the allotment of their huts or houses. In the older
+Indian bungalows there is usually enough of both these and stabling, but
+in the newer ones there is not. It is best, however, not to listen to any
+such complaints, and somehow the disputants settle the knotty point
+themselves. Every now and again it is advisable to see who is living in
+your compound, as a most enormous number of relations will turn up, who
+are known as brothers (bhai); and if you don't look out, you will find you
+are giving shelter on your premises to several hundred individuals. Indian
+servants are always asking leave to attend weddings, funerals, and
+religious ceremonies; and I always allow them to go, provided some
+arrangement is made to carry on their work. They are clannish in the
+extreme, and a substitute was always forthcoming. In the hills
+"grass-cutters" are not required, as grass can be bought in the bazaars.
+The country people look on the sale of this as a vested right, and
+naturally resent any outsider cutting it or interfering with them; and, if
+they do, there is pretty certain to be a disturbance and unpleasantness.
+If "grass-cutters" are preferred to purchasing the daily supply, local
+hillmen should be employed, who will arrange the matter with their
+neighbours, and not men brought up from the plains of India. In most hill
+stations passes or licences have to be obtained to cut grass. In every
+Indian station there is an official price-list of country produce
+published, and should any dispute arise as to the rates charged, it is as
+well to obtain it from the native magistrate (tehsildar), whose decision
+in such matters is usually accepted as final, and which generally saves an
+immense amount of trouble.
+
+
+
+
+SHOEING.
+
+
+Shoeing (_nal bundie_).
+
+Shoeing is a subject on which a volume might be written of itself, far
+beyond the scope of this little work, and for further information on the
+art I would refer the reader to the treatises by Dr. Flemming and W.
+Hunting, Esq.; but as both these deal with European practice, I will only
+mention a few differences in the art as performed by the native smith, or
+"nal bund." In most large military stations where there are European
+troops, permission can generally be obtained to have horses shod at the
+regimental forge, but in out-of-the-way places the native artist has to be
+employed. All horses require shoeing at least once a month, and some
+oftener, as with some the horn grows quicker than others, and the hoof
+requires to be shortened oftener. In these cases, if the shoe is not worn
+out at the toe, it can be replaced after the foot is shortened; this is
+what the English smith calls "a remove," the native "khol bundi." It is
+advisable after work to lift up the foot and look if the shoes (nal)
+have shifted or not, also to examine the clench or point of the nail
+(preg) where it has been turned over, as it sometimes gets turned up and
+sticks out. If this happens on the inside of the hoof it is likely to cut
+the opposite fetlock (mawah lagna), and make a bad wound that may leave a
+permanent scar or blemish. Some horses, from bad formation, move their
+limbs so closely together that they always rub the fetlock joints when
+they move. This sometimes can be corrected by what is known as a brushing
+shoe; but some badly-shaped animals will always do it, no matter what sort
+of shoe is put on. Various forms of pads or brushing boots are sold to
+prevent this and protect the part; but, in my opinion, what is known as
+the Irish boot is the best. It consists of a thick piece of blanket, or
+"mundah," about six inches wide and the length of the circumference of the
+leg. This is fastened round the fetlock with a tape or string so that the
+ends are in the middle line of the leg behind, the upper half being
+doubled over the string so that there are two thicknesses to protect the
+fetlock joint. I have found this far better than the more elaborate
+contrivances sold; it is cheap--any one can make one in a few minutes--it
+does not collect mud and dirt like the others do, and it does not become
+hard like those boots made out of leather, which, unless carefully looked
+to and kept soft with soap (sabon) or dubbing (momrogan), are liable to
+cut horses badly. The only care required in putting on the Irish boot is
+not to tie it too tight, or the tapes may cut the skin. Some pieces of
+horn hanging loose, that are being cast off from the sole and frog in the
+natural process of growth, are often seen. These are very likely to
+collect dirt and moisture, and if they do they should be removed, but
+otherwise be left alone. They can generally be pulled off with the
+fingers, a piece of stick, or the hoof-picker. As a rule, in the plains of
+India the majority of horses do not require shoes on their hind feet,
+unless the roads are mended with stone, or the climate is very damp and
+the horn gets soft. In the rainy season, if much work is being done, they
+perhaps then require shoeing behind, but in the dry season the majority go
+just as well without. In the hills, where the paths are rocky and stony,
+horses, of course, require shoeing behind. Unlike the European, the native
+smith shoes what is called "cold," that is, he has a number of shoes in
+sizes from which he selects one as near a fit as possible, which he
+hammers into shape on a small anvil without heating it. Native shoes are
+generally perfectly plain, _i.e._ flat on both sides, and, unless
+specially made, are never "seated," _i.e._ sloped on the foot surface, or
+"bevelled," _i.e._ sloped on the ground surface. As a rule, the nail-holes
+are what the smith calls too fine, _i.e._ they are too near the outer rim
+of the iron, and to get a hold the shoe has to be brought back so that the
+horn projects over the iron. To obviate this the smith removes the toe
+with the rasp, thus weakening the horn at the very place where it is
+required to be strong. The shoes are generally somewhat too small also,
+and to get the nail to take hold they have to be set back in the same way
+as when the nail-holes are too fine. A native smith, unless he has been
+shown how, never knows how to turn down the point of the nail after it has
+been driven through the hoof to form the clench; he never cuts off the
+superfluous part, but turns it round in a curl with the pincers, and,
+needless to say, this is exceedingly likely to cause brushing. Another
+great fault is his fondness of pairing and slicing away the frog and sole,
+which he will have to be stopped in doing. I have seldom seen a horse
+pricked in shoeing by a native, but if left to themselves they never get
+the bearing true, and as a result corns are of common occurrence. Of
+course, such light shoes as those of native manufacture have not a great
+lot of wear in them, and in heavy, holding ground would pull off, but on
+the hard level plains of India they last well enough, and the native
+smith, if his faults are known and corrected, is not a bad workman after
+his own lights.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY OF HINDUSTANI WORDS.
+
+
+ADARWAH, _parched barley_.
+
+AGHARI, _a head rope_.
+
+AKH-TA, _a gelding_.
+
+
+BAD HAZMIE, _indigestion_, _dyspepsia_.
+
+BAGH, _rein_.
+
+BAGH DORIE, _leading-rope_.
+
+BAJARA, _millet seed_.
+
+BALTI, _bucket_.
+
+BANIAH, _corn-dealer_.
+
+BANS, _bamboo_.
+
+BHAI, _brother_, _relative_.
+
+BHERIE, _iron shackles for horse's legs_.
+
+BHESTIE, _water carrier_.
+
+BICHALIE, _bedding straw_.
+
+BUK BUND, _saddle sheet_.
+
+BURRADAH, _sawdust_.
+
+
+CHARPOY, _native bedstead_.
+
+CHARRAGH, _native oil lamp_.
+
+CHATTIE, _earthen pot_.
+
+CHAURIE, _fly-whisk_.
+
+CHEIL, _to dig up grass_.
+
+CHICK, _split bamboo window blind_.
+
+CHICK-NA, _muzzle_.
+
+CHOKER, _bran_.
+
+CHUCKIE, _hand-mill_.
+
+CHUNNA, _gram_.
+
+CHURRIE, _dried shorgum stalk used for cattle fodder_.
+
+COMPOUND, _enclosure round an Indian house_.
+
+CULTEE, _the black gram used as horse food in Madras_.
+
+
+DAH, _a bill-hook_.
+
+DAH-NA, _a double bridle_.
+
+DAST, _diarrhoea_.
+
+DASTOUR, _custom_, _percentage_, _perquisites_.
+
+DHAN, _unhusked rice_.
+
+DHA NAH, _grain_.
+
+DHOOB, _an Indian grass on which horses are fed_.
+
+DHOOL, _a small leather bucket used for drawing water_.
+
+DURZIE, _a tailor_.
+
+
+FARAKIE, _body-roller_.
+
+
+GAJAR, _carrots_.
+
+GEHUN, _wheat_.
+
+GHORRA, _horse_.
+
+GHORRIE, _mare_.
+
+GUDDA, _donkey_.
+
+GUMALO, _earthen vessel shaped like a milk pan, holding about a gallon_.
+
+GUNNA, _sugar-cane_.
+
+GURDAINE, _horse-rug_.
+
+
+HAWAH, _air_.
+
+HOOKHA, _a pipe_.
+
+HURRIALIE, _a species of grass_.
+
+
+JAI, _oats_.
+
+JAMP, _a straw screen_.
+
+JARU, _a broom_.
+
+JHARAN, _duster_.
+
+JHOOL, _country horse clothing made out of felt_.
+
+JONK, _leech_.
+
+JOW, _barley_.
+
+
+KALI NIMUK, _black salt_.
+
+KAR WAH, _a sort of cotton cloth_.
+
+KAZAI, _watering or snaffle bridle_.
+
+KHAL, _linseed cake_.
+
+KHANSILLA, _hood_.
+
+KHASIL, _green food_.
+
+KHAWID, _green food_.
+
+KHOALIE, _charcoal_.
+
+KHOL BUNDIE, _a remove in horse shoeing_.
+
+KHUA, _a well_.
+
+KHUS KHUS, _lemon grass_.
+
+KICHER KE MUTTEE, _clay_.
+
+KINCH MHAL, _twitch_.
+
+KIRIM, _worm_, _weevil_.
+
+KUMBAL, _blanket_.
+
+KURLIE, _manger_.
+
+KURPA, _a short iron hoe, used to dig grass with_.
+
+KUTCHER, _mule_.
+
+
+MALISH, _grooming_.
+
+MAKE, _a wooden tent-peg_.
+
+MAKIE-ARA, _eye-fringe to keep off flies_.
+
+MAUND, _80 lbs. weight_.
+
+MAWAH LAGNA, _brushing of the fetlocks_.
+
+MISSA BHOOSA, _grain stalks crushed in thrashing_.
+
+MOAT, _pulse grain_.
+
+MOMROGAN, _dubbing_.
+
+MOTE, _pulse grain_.
+
+MUNG, _pulse grain_.
+
+MUSSUK, _leather water-bag_.
+
+MUTTIE, _earth_.
+
+MUZZUMA, _leather heel-strap_.
+
+
+NAL, _a horseshoe_.
+
+NAL BUND, _a shoeing-smith_.
+
+NAUND, _a large wide-mouthed earthen vessel holding several gallons_.
+
+NEWAR, _cotton webbing_.
+
+NIMMUK, _salt_.
+
+NIRRICK, _the official price list_.
+
+NUKTA, _head stall_.
+
+NUMDAH, _felt pad for putting under a saddle_.
+
+
+PAITE, _body-roller_.
+
+PANI, _water_.
+
+PECHARIE, _heel ropes_.
+
+PREG, _nail_.
+
+PUTTER KE NIMMUK, _rock salt_.
+
+PUTTIE, _a roller bandage_.
+
+
+RET, _sand_.
+
+REITA, _soap nuts_.
+
+RHAL, _linseed cake_.
+
+ROLL KERNA, _to exercise_.
+
+
+SABON, _soap_.
+
+SABUR, _chamois leather_.
+
+SAN, _a stallion_.
+
+SAZ, _harness_.
+
+SEER, _a two-pound weight_.
+
+SHALGHAM, _turnip_.
+
+SUFFAID BHOOSA, _wheat straw that has been crushed and broken in
+thrashing_.
+
+SUM KHODNA, _hoof-picker_.
+
+SUN, _tow or hemp_.
+
+SYCE, _a groom_.
+
+
+TOBRA, _a nose-bag_.
+
+TOKAR, _to trip or stumble_.
+
+TOKRIE, _a basket_.
+
+TULWAR, _a curved native sword_.
+
+
+ULSIE, _linseed_.
+
+
+ZIN, _a saddle_.
+
+
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+
+STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+  No. 78.
+
+  Telegrams: "MOFUSSIL, LONDON."
+
+  Established 1819.
+
+
+  A SELECTION FROM THE PUBLICATIONS OF
+
+  W. THACKER & CO.,
+  2, CREED LANE, LONDON, E.C.
+
+  AND
+
+  THACKER, SPINK & CO.,
+  CALCUTTA.
+
+  1897.
+
+
+SHAW, VERO.
+
+How to Choose a Dog, and How to Select a Puppy. With Notes on the
+Peculiarities and Characteristics of each Breed. By VERO SHAW, Author of
+"The Illustrated Book of the Dog," late Kennel Editor of the "Field."
+Crown 8vo., sewed, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+_The Stock Keeper._--"The price is within everybody's means, and needless
+to say the work is not of a pretentious nature. On the other hand, the
+text keeps the promise of the title, and the advice that is given is good.
+Each breed of dog has a chapter to itself, which opens with a few
+introductory remarks of a general nature: then follow the points briefly
+and plainly; next come average of the pup from six weeks old until he
+attains maturity. A couple of pages at the end of the work are devoted to
+the relation, and a few useful hints on buying, feeding, and breeding.
+Needless to add that like all Mr. Vero Shaw's writings on canine subjects
+the information is founded on practical experience and imparted in easy
+excellent English."
+
+
+NUNN, VETY. CAPT. J. A.
+
+Notes on Stable Management in India and the Colonies. Second Edition,
+revised and enlarged, with a Glossary. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+CONTENTS.--Food, Water, Air, and Ventilation. Grooming, Gear, etc.
+
+
+THOMAS, HENRY SULLIVAN, F.L.S.
+
+The Rod in India: being Hints how to obtain Sport, with remarks on the
+Natural History of Fish and their Culture. By HENRY SULLIVAN THOMAS,
+F.L.S. (Madras Civil Service, retired), Author of "Tank Angling in India."
+Third Edition. Demy 8vo., cloth. [_In the Press._
+
+
+_Land and Water._--"A book to read for pleasure at home, as well as to use
+as a handbook of exceeding value to the angler who may be already there,
+or intending to visit India."
+
+
+
+
+Capt. M. H. HAYES' BOOKS ON HORSES.
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners. An Illustrated Manual of Horse Medicine
+and Surgery, written in simple language. Fifth Edition. This Edition is
+revised throughout, considerably enlarged, and incorporates the substance
+of the Author's "Soundness and Age of Horses." Thick crown 8vo., buckram,
+15_s._
+
+_Saturday Review._--"Captain Hayes' work is a valuable addition to our
+stable literature; and the illustrations, tolerably numerous, are
+excellent beyond the reach of criticism."
+
+_Times._--"A necessary guide for horse-owners, especially those who are
+far removed from immediate professional assistance."
+
+_Field._--"Of the many popular veterinary books which have come under our
+notice, this is certainly one of the most scientific and reliable. If some
+painstaking student would give us works of equal merit to this on the
+diseases of the other domestic animals, we should possess a very complete
+veterinary library in a very small compass."
+
+_Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News._--"Simplicity is one of the most
+commendable features in the book. What Captain Hayes has to say he says in
+plain terms, and the book is a very useful one for everybody who is
+concerned with horses."
+
+_Lancet._--"The usefulness of the manual is testified to by its
+popularity, and each edition has given evidence of increasing care on the
+part of the author to render it more complete and trustworthy as a book of
+reference for amateurs."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Indian Racing Reminiscences. Profusely Illustrated. Impl. 16mo., 3_s._
+6_d._
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Points of the Horse. A familiar Treatise on Equine Conformation. Second
+Edition. Revised and enlarged. This edition has been thoroughly revised
+and contains numerous additions, including specially written Chapters on
+the Breeds of English and Foreign Horses. Illustrated by 200 reproductions
+of Photographs of Typical "Points" and Horses, and 205 Drawings by J. H.
+OSWALD BROWN. Super-royal 8vo., cloth, gilt top, 34_s._
+
+Also a _LARGE PAPER EDITION_, strictly limited to One Hundred and Fifty
+Copies for England and the Colonies, numbered and signed by the Author.
+Demy 4to., art cloth, top edges gilt, uncut, 63s. net. [_Nearly all sold._
+
+
+Press Opinions on the Second Edition.
+
+_Times, Feb., 1897._--"The intrinsic value of the book, and high
+professional reputation of its author, should ensure this new edition a
+cordial welcome from Sportsmen and all lovers of the horse."
+
+_Field._--"A year or two ago we had to speak in terms of praise of the
+first edition of this book, and we welcome the second and more complete
+issue. The first edition was out of print in six months, but, instead of
+reprinting it, Capt. Hayes thought it better to wait until he had enough
+material in hand to enable him to make to the second edition those
+additions and improvements he had proposed to himself to add. The result
+is in every way satisfactory, and in this handsome book the searcher after
+sound information on the make and shape of the horse will find what will
+be of the utmost use to him. Those who have been, or who contemplate being
+at no distant date, in the position of judges at horse shows, will derive
+great benefit from a careful perusal of Capt. Hayes's pages."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Illustrated Horsebreaking. Second Edition. This Edition has been entirely
+re-written; the amount of the letterpress more than doubled, and 75
+reproductions of Photographs have been added. Impl. 16mo., buckram, 21_s._
+
+_Field._--"It is a characteristic of all Captain Hayes' books on horses
+that they are eminently practical, and the present one is no exception to
+the rule. A work which is entitled to high praise as being far and away
+the best reasoned-out one on breaking under a new system we have seen."
+
+_Veterinary Journal._--"The work is eminently practical and readable."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Riding: on the Flat and Across Country. A Guide to Practical Horsemanship.
+Impl. 16mo., cloth gilt., 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+_Times._--"Captain Hayes' hints and instructions are useful aids, even to
+experienced riders, while for those less accustomed to the saddle, his
+instructions are simply invaluable."
+
+_Standard._--"Captain Hayes is not only a master of his subject, but he
+knows how to aid others in gaming such a mastery as may be obtained by the
+study of a book."
+
+_Field._--"We are not in the least surprised that a third edition of this
+useful and eminently practical book should be called for. On former
+occasions we were able to speak of it in terms of commendation, and this
+edition is worthy of equal praise."
+
+_Baily's Magazine._--"An eminently practical teacher, whose theories are
+the outcome of experience, learned not in the study, but on the road, in
+the hunting field, and on the racecourse."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Training and Horse Management in India. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth,
+7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_Saturday Review._--"A useful guide in regard to horses anywhere. Concise,
+practical, and portable."
+
+_Veterinary Journal._--"We entertain a very high opinion of Captain Hayes'
+book on 'Horse Training and Management in India,' and are of opinion that
+no better guide could be placed in the hands of either amateur horseman or
+veterinary surgeon newly arrived in that important division of our
+empire."
+
+_Field._--"We have always been able to commend Captain Hayes' books as
+being essentially practical and written in understandable language. As
+trainer, owner, and rider of horses on the flat and over country, the
+author has had a wide experience, and when to this is added competent
+veterinary knowledge, it is clear that Captain Hayes is entitled to
+attention when he speaks."
+
+
+HAYES, Mrs. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES.
+
+The Horsewoman. A Practical Guide to Side-Saddle Riding. With 4 Collotypes
+from Instantaneous Photographs, and 48 Drawings after Photographs, by J.
+H. OSWALD BROWN. Square 8vo., cloth gilt, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+_Times._--"A large amount of sound, practical instruction, very
+judiciously and pleasantly imparted."
+
+_Field._--"This is the first occasion on which a practical horseman and a
+practical horsewoman have collaborated in bringing out a book on riding
+for ladies. The result is in every way satisfactory, and, no matter how
+well a lady may ride, she will gain much valuable information from a
+perusal of 'The Horsewoman.' The book is happily free from self-laudatory
+passages."
+
+_The Queen._--"A most useful and practical book on side-saddle riding,
+which may be read with real interest by all lady riders."
+
+
+MILLER, E. D. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES.
+
+Modern Polo. A Practical Guide to the Science of the Game, Training of
+Ponies, Rules, etc. By Mr. E. D. MILLER, late 17th Lancers. Edited by M.
+H. HAYES, F.R.C.V.S. With Sixty-four Illustrations from Photographs. Impl.
+16mo., cloth extra, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+A practical and exhaustive description of the Science of the game, duties
+of players, selection, breaking, training, and management of ponies,
+various breeds of ponies in all parts of the world. Polo in India;
+Hurlingham, Indian, and American Rules, etc. Beautifully illustrated with
+sixty-four reproductions of Photographs showing the various "points" of
+the game, famous ponies, players, etc.
+
+CONTENTS.--Chapter I. First Steps at Polo.--Chapter II. Theory and
+Practice of Polo.--Chapter III. Polo Appliances.--Chapter IV. Choosing a
+Polo Pony.--Chapter V. Training the Polo Pony.--Chapter VI. Polo Pony
+Gear.--Chapter VII. Polo Pony Management.--Chapter VIII. Various Breeds of
+Polo Ponies.--Chapter IX. Polo in India.--Chapter X. Polo Pony
+Breeding.--Chapter XI. Veterinary Advice to Polo Players.--Appendix.
+Tournaments, Laws and Bye-Laws, etc.
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Friedberger and Froehner's Veterinary Pathology. Translated from the
+original German of the recently published Fourth Edition, and Annotated.
+[_In the press._
+
+
+
+
+FORTHCOMING WORKS.
+
+Dairy Cows. A Practical Guide in the Choice and Management of Dairy
+Cattle, etc. By HAROLD LEENEY, M.R.C.V.S.
+
+The Best Breeds of British Stock. Edited by JOHN WATSON, F.L.S.
+
+Thacker's Veterinary Year Book.
+
+CONTENTS.--Events of the Year--List of Officers--President and
+Council--New Members Qualified during the Year--Privileges of
+Members--Students who have passed A and B Classes--The Number of
+Rejections in England and Scotland--A Review of all the Veterinary Medical
+Societies--Digest of Papers Read, with Names of Speakers and
+Extracts--Horse Fairs and Markets--Auction Sales and Laws--New
+Instruments--New Drugs--New Shoes--Posological Tables--Original Articles
+by well-known Authors, etc.
+
+It has long been felt that a Veterinary Year Book was needed for use by
+the large and increasing profession of Veterinary Surgeons, and it is
+hoped that this work will meet the necessary requirements.
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. H.
+
+Friedberger and Froehner's Veterinary Pathology. Translated from the
+original German of the recently published Fourth Edition, and Annotated by
+Capt. M. H. HAYES, F.R.C.V.S., Author of "Points of the Horse," etc. Royal
+8vo., cloth.
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. H.
+
+Stable Management in England.
+
+
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON and BECCLES.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Stable Management in India
+and the Colonies, by Joshua A. Nunn
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes On Stable Management, by J. A. Nunn.
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Stable Management in India and the
+Colonies, by Joshua A. Nunn
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes on Stable Management in India and the Colonies
+
+Author: Joshua A. Nunn
+
+Release Date: May 15, 2010 [EBook #32376]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
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+
+<h1><span class="smcap">Notes on Stable Management.</span></h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>NOTES ON<br />
+STABLE MANAGEMENT<br />
+IN INDIA AND THE COLONIES.</h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>BY</h4>
+<h3><span class="smcap">Vety.-Capt.</span> J. A. NUNN, F.R.C.V.S., C.I.E., D.S.O.,</h3>
+<h4>ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,<br />LATE PRINCIPAL LAHORE VETERINARY COLLEGE.</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED,</h4>
+<h4>WITH A GLOSSARY.</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h5>LONDON:<br />
+W. THACKER &amp; CO., 2, CREED LANE.<br />
+CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK &amp; CO.<br />
+1897.<br />
+<br />
+[<i>All rights reserved.</i>]</h5>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h5>LONDON:<br />
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,<br />
+STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.</h5>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>The first edition of these notes, which was written in India, having been
+sold out in a much shorter space of time than I ever anticipated when I
+wrote it, I am induced to offer this to the public. The scope of the
+original pamphlet has been adhered to, and all that is aimed at is to give
+the new arrival in the East some idea as to the management of his horses,
+especially those who are setting up a stable for the first time. The first
+edition was written in India for Anglo-Indians, who are familiar with
+native terms; but to this, being published in England, I have added a
+glossary of the more ordinary Hindustani words likely to be of use. The
+spelling of these will be probably found fault with by the Oriental
+scholar; but I have endeavoured to bring it as near the sound as possible,
+as it is only intended for persons in absolute ignorance of the
+vernacular. There appearing to be a demand for the book in the colonies,
+at the suggestion of the publishers I have added a few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> remarks on
+Australia and South Africa. The entire work has been rewritten, and the
+matter contained is the result of my own personal observations during
+eighteen years&#8217; service in India and the colonies at both military and
+civil duties.</p>
+
+<p class="right">JOSHUA A. NUNN.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">London</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>March</i>, 1897.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.</h2>
+
+<p>The following notes on Stable Management were originally delivered in a
+lecture to the Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Troopers of the
+Punjab Light Horse, and as they were considered by the members of the
+corps to be useful, at their request I have put them on paper. There is no
+attempt at anything beyond the most elementary rudiments of horse-keeping
+in India, and all they are intended for is to give volunteers of mounted
+corps, who have not previously owned horses, some slight idea as to what
+should be done for the care of their chargers, and not leave them entirely
+in the hands of native syces and horse-keepers.</p>
+
+<p class="right">JOSHUA A. NUNN.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lahore</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>December</i>, 1895.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="contents">
+<tr><td colspan="7" align="center"><a href="#FOOD"><span class="smcap">Food.</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">page</span></td><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">page</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gram</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+<td>Hay</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Barley</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Green Food</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bran</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Green Gram</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bran Mash</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Carrots</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oats</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Lucerne</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Maize</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Guinea Grass</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wheat</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Sugar Cane</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rice</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Turnips</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Millet</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Salt</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pulses</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Tonics</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Linseed</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Horses not Feeding</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Linseed Cake</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Damaged Food</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Black Gram</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Irregular Teeth</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Preparation of Food</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Young Horses Cutting Teeth</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Horses refusing Food</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Quidding</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Times of Feeding</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Indigestion</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bolting Food</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Lampas</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Spilling Food on Ground</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Nose-bags</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Grass</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Mangers</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Churrie</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Worms</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bhoosa</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Rubbing the Tail</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bamboo Leaves</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Scouring</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oat Hay Forage</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="7" align="center"><a href="#WATER"><span class="smcap">Water.</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Water</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Watering after a Journey</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Times of Watering</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Watering Bridles</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Watering Troughs</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Leeches</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Watering on a Journey</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Wells</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="7" align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span><a href="#VENTILATION"><span class="smcap">Air and Ventilation.</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stables</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Sawdust</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chicks</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Shavings</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stable Floors</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Sand</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Charcoal</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Horses eating Bedding</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Picketing</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Exercise</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bedding</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="7" align="center"><a href="#GROOMING"><span class="smcap">Grooming, Stable Gear, etc.</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Heel Ropes</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Summer Clothing</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Head Ropes</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Eye Fringes</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fetlock Picketing</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Fly Whisks</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Picketing Posts</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td rowspan="2">Cleaning Horse Clothing, and<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Storing it in the Summer</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td rowspan="2" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ringing</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rheims</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Numdahs</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Knee-haltering</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Grooming</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Shackles</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Wisps and Grooming Pads</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Picketing-pegs</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Hand-rubbing</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Leading-ropes</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Washing</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brushes and Gear</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Uneven Manes</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Curry-combs</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Hogged Manes</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Buckets</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Ragged Legs</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dusters</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Trimming Tails</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hoof-picker</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Clipping</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Clothing</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Cleaning the Sheath</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hoods</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Lights in Stable</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Body-rollers</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Fires in Verandahs</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bandages</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="7" align="center"><a href="#SADDLERY"><span class="smcap">Saddlery, Harness, Carriages and Servants.</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saddles and Harness</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Harness</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saddle Covers</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Carriages</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bridles</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Servants</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#SHOEING"><span class="smcap">Shoeing</span></a></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h1><span class="smcap">Stable Management.</span></h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2><a name="FOOD" id="FOOD"></a>FOOD.</h2>
+
+<p><strong>Gram</strong> (<i>chunnah</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In the north of India the chief food on which horses are fed is gram, the
+seed of one of the pea tribe of plants. It is a crop that ripens in the
+beginning of the summer, when it is harvested, and the grain thrashed out
+by driving cattle over it in a circle. The dry stalks, that are broken up
+into small pieces, are used for feeding cattle on, and are known as &#8220;missa
+bhoosa,&#8221; in contradistinction to the stalks of the wheat when submitted to
+the same process, and which is known as &#8220;suffaid,&#8221; or white bhoosa. The
+price of gram varies very greatly, according to the locality and season,
+and is a subject of much speculation and gambling amongst the native
+community. I have known it as high as 7 seers (14 lbs. weight), and as low
+as a maund (80 lbs. weight), per rupee. It also varies greatly in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+quality, depending on the locality in which it is grown and the conditions
+under which it has been harvested, and is by native grain-sellers known as
+first and second class gram. Good gram, when a small quantity is taken up
+and examined in the palm of the hand, should be free from sand, dirt,
+small pieces of stick, straws, or other sorts of seeds; in fact, it
+should, what is known in the trade, &#8220;run clean.&#8221; Each individual grain
+should be round and plump, as if the husk was well filled. It should not
+be shrivelled up and wrinkled, and be free from worm or weevil marks,
+which can be told by there being a small round hole in it, and the grain,
+when cracked, being found hollowed out and eaten away. Generally the
+weevil (kirim) will be found in the cavity, but if not, it will be full of
+a fine powder. Weevil-eaten gram cannot be mistaken, and denotes that the
+grain is old, and has been badly stored. In most samples of gram, unless
+quite new, a small proportion of worm-eaten grains will be found, and this
+is not of any consequence; but if there are a large number, there will be
+a larger proportion of husk (which has no nourishing properties) than
+grain, and a larger quantity will have to be given. When a grain of gram
+is crushed between the teeth it should impart<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> the taste of a dry pea in
+the mouth, and be devoid of all mustiness, which is present if it has got
+wet or mouldy, as it is very apt to do. In new gram the husk at the point
+is of a slightly greenish shade, that disappears with keeping. It is
+generally supposed that new gram is not so good as when it is a few months
+old; but myself, I have never seen any ill effects from its use. The only
+thing to be careful about is that it is perfectly ripe, for natives have a
+great trick of cutting and plucking every grain, fruit, and vegetable
+before they have arrived at full maturity. Gram should be crushed or
+bruised, not <i>ground</i>, so as to break the outer husk and allow the juices
+of the stomach to act on the kernel. It should be crushed or bruised only,
+as if ground into a fine powder a good deal goes to waste. It is
+sufficient if each seed is so crushed that it is split in two. Gram,
+wheat, and all other grains in the East are ground by the women of the
+family between two stones, one of which revolves on the top of the other
+by means of a wooden handle fixed in it. To crush gram the stones require
+to be sharper set than if they are to grind any other grain into flour.
+Gram can be got ready crushed from the corn-dealer (baniah) at a small
+increased charge per maund (80 lbs.),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> or what I generally do is to pay my
+head groom (syce) the regular bazaar rate (nirrick), and get the women of
+his family to crush it, they providing their own mill (chuckie). The only
+disadvantage of this plan is that it is necessary to weigh the grain a
+second time after it has been crushed, otherwise it will be short, as
+natives eat it themselves. But I found in the long run the syces would not
+steal it; natives are sharp enough to see when any profit can be made, and
+it was not to their advantage to give back short weight. Excellent
+gram-crushing machines, working with fluted rollers, are sold by several
+firms in India, and are adjustable so as to take any grain. They are made
+to fit into a box for travelling, which, when in use, forms a stand for
+the crusher to work on. They are, however, somewhat expensive, and
+although admirable for a large stud of horses, are hardly required for a
+private stable. If, however, expense is no object, they are certainly
+preferable to the native mill, as they are cleaner, bits of grit not
+coming off the stone, and each individual grain being crushed, which even
+the best native mills will not do. Crushed grain is much quicker digested
+than whole, particularly by old horses whose teeth are not in good order,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> who cannot masticate their food properly. It is a common mistake to
+give too much gram or other grain, there being a prevailing idea that the
+more that is given the more work the horse will do. There is no greater
+error; it is like putting more coal into the furnace of an engine that can
+only consume a certain amount; the extra quantity only goes to waste, and
+upsets the digestive functions of the stomach. What is required is a
+judicious admixture of food given at a proper time; not a large quantity
+improperly given of an improper quality. Gram should be given in the
+proportion of one part of bran to two of gram; or what is better, one part
+each of bran (choker), gram, and parched barley (adarwah), or oats (jai),
+by weight. These can be purchased separately from the corn-dealer and
+mixed together, and thus cannot be eaten by any of the servants, like pure
+gram can be. If the horse is not digesting his food properly, whole grains
+will be found in his droppings that have passed through the bowels
+unaltered. There will be always a few of these found, especially if the
+horse is getting parched barley or oats, as the husks of both these grains
+are very indigestible. If the horse begins to get thin, and fall away in
+condition as well, it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> then time to take some measures to remedy
+matters, otherwise no notice need be taken.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Barley</strong> (<i>jow</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In many parts of Northern India, especially on the Afghan frontier, whole,
+uncrushed barley is used. It does not seem to hurt country-breds, but with
+old animals that are not used to it, and particularly Australians, the
+practice is dangerous. During the Afghan War, on one occasion there being
+no other grain available, whole barley was supplied to the horses of the
+battery of artillery to which I then belonged. A number of them were
+attacked with colic, and several died from the irritation caused by the
+pointed awns or ends of the beards to the bowels. No doubt horses, and
+particularly young ones, will get used to feeding on most grains if the
+change is brought about gradually, but a sudden change from any one to
+another is dangerous. At the best, whole barley is not an economical food.
+The husk resists the digestive action of the stomach and intestines, and a
+quantity is always passed out of the body whole. Barley ought certainly
+always to be crushed, or, better still, parched, and turned into
+&#8220;adarwah.&#8221; This is done by professional grain parchers in the bazaar; but
+sometimes, though rarely, some of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> women of the servants&#8217; families can
+do it. It consists of half filling a wide shallow iron pan with sand, and
+placing it over a fire till nearly red hot. A couple of handfuls of the
+grain is then thrown into the sand with a peculiar turn of the wrist which
+scatters it over the hot surface, about which it is stirred for a few
+seconds with an iron spoon or small shovel pierced with holes like a
+fish-ladle. The grain is partially baked, swells up and becomes brittle,
+the husk cracking, when it is scraped up and lifted out with the ladle,
+the sand being riddled through back into the pan. A good parcher will turn
+out a &#8220;maund&#8221; (80 lbs.) in a wonderfully short space of time, the whole
+process being gone through with a dexterity only acquired by long
+practice. In India barley usually runs very light, there being a great
+deal of husk. Boiled barley is a most useful diet for a sick horse. It
+requires well boiling for at least half an hour, and the water then
+drained off. I have known horses drink this barley-water when they won&#8217;t
+look at anything else.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Bran</strong> (<i>choker</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In most of the large stations in India there are flour-mills in which
+wheat is ground with the latest machinery, and when obtained from them,
+bran<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> differs but little from what is seen in England; but in smaller
+places wheat is ground by native mills, and then the bran is not so clean.
+When native-made bran is run over the hand, it will be seen that there is
+a large amount of flour in it, which adheres to the skin like a white
+powder, and which makes it much more nourishing than the cleaner prepared
+article. The scales also of native-made bran are much more irregular in
+size than the European manufactured article. Bran should have a clean,
+fresh smell about it, and the newer it is the better; if kept long it is
+likely to get mouldy. This is particularly the case during the rainy
+season, when the atmosphere being saturated with moisture, a good deal is
+absorbed by the bran, and if kept in this state for any time will get
+mouldy. On this account, if it is necessary to store bran during the rainy
+season, it should be kept in tin boxes. The inside lining of old packing
+cases, in which perishable goods are brought out from England, do well for
+this purpose, and plenty can be got for a small sum in the bazaar shops;
+or, if not, any native tinsmith will make a box out of old kerosine oil
+tins for a small sum.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Bran Mash.</strong></p>
+
+<p>It is a good plan, particularly in warm weather, in any country to give
+horses a bran mash once a week, and if one particular evening is fixed
+upon, syces get into the habit of giving it regularly without special
+orders. I generally used to give a standing order to give it on Saturday
+night, for, as a rule, the horses are not required on Sunday. Bran has a
+slightly relaxing effect, that in warm climates is particularly
+beneficial. Bran mash is made by simply putting the necessary quantity of
+bran into a bucket, pouring boiling water gradually on to it, at the same
+time stirring it round with a stick until the whole is moist and mixed
+together. The bran should only be damped sufficiently to make it stick
+together, and should not be sloppy and wet. Some horses at first will not
+eat bran, but they can be tempted to by mixing a handful of whatever grain
+they have been used to with it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Oats</strong> (<i>jai</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Oats are now largely grown over the Punjab, Northern India, and in
+Tirhoot, and are sold at nearly the same price as barley. In the seaport
+towns Australian oats can usually be obtained; and as good oats are grown
+in the colonies as any part<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> of the world. They are more expensive than
+the native article, and are generally only used for training race-horses
+on. The Indian oat, compared with the English, Australian, or South
+African, is a poor article, running very light, with a great amount of
+husk; but if properly crushed, and mixed with gram and bran in proportions
+of one part of each, they are greatly superior to barley. The oat in India
+is a winter crop, and is harvested in the spring. Both colonial and Indian
+oats are always white. I have never seen the black or tawny variety which
+is so common in Ireland. A demand having arisen for them by Europeans, it
+is sometimes possible in Northern India to buy them in the bazaar; but
+generally it is necessary to make a special arrangement with the grower,
+as natives do not use them as a feeding grain for their own animals. They
+grow the crop round the wells, and cut it green in the straw as forage for
+the well and plough bullocks in the spring, when they are working hard.
+Arrangements can generally be made with the cultivator to purchase so much
+from him by weight, thrashed and delivered at your own stable, or else to
+purchase so many acres of the standing crop as it is growing; but the
+former plan is the most satisfactory, as it is astonishing the heavy crop
+that will be produced;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> and, on the contrary, you will be equally
+astonished to find with the other plan how light it is. The negotiations
+for the supply of oats should be entered into in good time in the
+spring&mdash;say about the beginning of March&mdash;as it is astonishing how slow
+such matters progress in the East, and they had better be left in the
+hands of your head syce. No doubt you will be cheated out of a small
+amount, but you must make up your mind for this before arriving in the
+East; but you will have the satisfaction of knowing that if you tried to
+carry on negotiations yourself you would be cheated out of more. I have
+tried both plans, and found that the syce could drive a better bargain for
+both of us than when I attempted to deal direct with the cultivator.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Maize</strong> (<i>makkai</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Although grown all over India, maize is not much used for feeding horses;
+but in South Africa, where it is known as &#8220;mealies,&#8221; it is the staple food
+grain for both man and beast. In India it is said to make horses fat and
+soft, but no animal in the world does harder work than a South African
+post-cart horse. In all probability the reason they do well on maize is
+that in the oat-hay<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> forage they get there is a considerable quantity of
+grain; and although I have never seen it used, the experiment of feeding
+on oats and maize would be worth while trying in India. In South Africa
+maize is usually given whole, but in any of the towns it can be obtained
+crushed, and it is better to give it in this state. During the Afghan War
+maize was plentiful in some parts of the country, and I gave it to some of
+the horses that I had charge of. I had it parched on hot sand, in the same
+way as barley (adarwah) is parched, making it into American pop-corn. With
+certain somewhat thin and debilitated animals it had a marked effect in
+getting flesh on them, and all horses eat it greedily. In India maize is a
+summer crop, ripening in the autumn, when the ears or cobs are picked off
+the stalks. It is stored in the cob, and the individual grains knocked off
+as required by rapping them against a stick; but they must be turned over
+in the heap occasionally, as rats and mice are likely to cause damage,
+particularly the musk rat, that taints everything it comes into contact
+with. Horses have frequently been brought to me, said to be off their
+feed, and on inquiry I have found this only to be caused by the grain
+being tainted by musk rats, and that when a clean feed is offered to them
+they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> devour it ravenously. There are in South Africa and America a number
+of varieties of maize, but in India I only know of two sorts, in one of
+which the seeds are white and the other yellow, or a deep red colour. I
+don&#8217;t think that there is much difference in them as far as horse food
+goes, but each individual grain should be plump, and fill out the husk
+well; they should be free from weevils, worms, or the marks of attacks
+from rats and mice. The husk should be well filled out, and have a
+shining, pearl-like, glistening appearance, and when let fall on a stone
+or other hard substance give off a metallic sound. When broken open, the
+grain inside should be of a pure white colour, and of a pleasant, mealy
+smell, like fresh flour. If it is discoloured, it denotes that it has been
+wet and fermented. Maize can be crushed by most grain-crushing machines,
+also in the native mill (chuckie) if the stones are properly set; but both
+in South Africa and India the natives pound it in a large wooden mortar
+made out of the trunk of a tree.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Wheat</strong> (<i>ghehun</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Although it is not to be recommended as a food, still I have seen wheat
+used when no other grain could be obtained, and it was a choice of it or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+nothing at all; and in parts of Australia, and, I believe, America, it is
+regularly used as a horse food. It is commonly supposed that wheat is
+almost a rank poison to horses, and will cause fever in the feet; and no
+doubt with stabled animals in England it will do so, especially as the
+majority of cases of this nature are from accidents&mdash;horses getting loose
+and gorging themselves with wheat during the night, or when unobserved.
+With animals standing out in the open and working hard, as they do in
+India and the colonies, it is not so dangerous. I should not suddenly
+change a horse&#8217;s feed from oats or gram to a full ration of wheat; but
+when nothing else can be got, it can be given in a small quantity without
+much fear of danger; but as soon as any other grain could be obtained, it
+should be used.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Rice</strong> (<i>dhan</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In Eastern Bengal and Assam horses are fed on unhusked rice and will do
+well on it. During the expedition into the Lushai Hills in 1879-80, in
+many places nothing else could be got to feed the transport mules on. Gram
+is not grown in that part of the country, and what little there is has to
+be imported, and is at a prohibitive price. I found that animals did well
+enough on an equal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> mixture of gram and rice, although at first some of
+them refused it. In Japan rice is the only grain horses get, and the pack
+ponies of that country are hardy beasts, and appear to work well on it. If
+the rice can be crushed, it is all the better; and in Bengal and Assam
+there is no difficulty in getting this done, as it is the food of the
+people, and they grind it for their own use.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Millet</strong> (<i>bajara</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The various millets, known in South Africa as &#8220;Kaffir-corn,&#8221; are not often
+used in India as horse food, but in the Cape it sometimes is. In India the
+millet is a summer crop harvested in the autumn. The seeds are small, and
+of a dark or greyish colour. It requires to be crushed before use, as the
+husk is very hard.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Pulses</strong> (<i>dhal</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The various species of pulse grains enter largely into the food of the
+natives of India. Two, known as &#8220;mung&#8221; and &#8220;mote,&#8221; or &#8220;moat,&#8221; are
+excellent for getting flesh on thin, debilitated animals. They are both
+small oblong seeds of an olive green colour, with a very hard husk, and
+can be obtained in any bazaar. I prefer the mote to the mung.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> They both
+require to be well boiled to the consistency of a jelly before use, and
+then being well mixed in with the food, about a pound in weight of the raw
+seed being enough for each feed, so that the horse gets three pounds
+daily, a corresponding quantity of the other grain being withdrawn. I have
+seen most excellent results in weak animals recovering from a debilitating
+illness from its use, but great care must be taken that it is boiled
+properly.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Linseed</strong> (<i>ulsie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Linseed can be obtained all over India. In fact, a good deal of what is on
+the English market comes from the East. Under certain conditions it is
+useful in putting on flesh, and as a diet for convalescents; but care must
+be exercised in its use, as it contains a great deal of oil, and in cases
+of sickness with liver complications, which are common in a hot climate,
+especially in English and Australian horses, it is to be avoided. It has
+to be boiled to a jelly before use, or, better still, soak it in cold
+water for some hours until soft, and then boil it. In the hot weather,
+however, I prefer to use either the &#8220;mote&#8221; or &#8220;mung&#8221; to linseed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Linseed Cake</strong> (<i>rhal</i> or <i>khal</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Linseed cake can be obtained in nearly every large town, and is the
+residue left after the oil is expressed; but as this process is
+imperfectly performed, a good deal of oil is left&mdash;much more than in the
+steam-pressed English cake. It is sold by the &#8220;seer&#8221; (2 lbs. weight), but
+in irregular lumps, not moulded into cakes as in Europe. Care must be
+taken in buying it, as it is very likely to be musty, and adulterated with
+mustard or rape seed. Both these can be easily detected by the taste or
+smell, leaving a pungent odour and a sharp burning taste behind. The best
+plan is to crush a small quantity of the cake and drop it into some
+boiling water, when the sharp smell and taste characteristic of the
+mustard and rape oil will be given off. A small quantity of linseed cake
+in the food will fatten horses tremendously, but makes them soft in
+condition. It is one of the articles used by native dealers to fatten
+horses for sale, and at this they are most expert. When crushed it can be
+mixed with the food, or boiled to make linseed tea for sick horses; and
+for this latter purpose I prefer it to linseed, as there is less oil in
+it, the smell of which sometimes nauseates an animal and causes him to
+refuse it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Black Gram</strong> (<i>cooltee</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In the Madras Presidency and Southern India black gram is used, the Bengal
+white gram not being grown there. This has to be boiled before use.
+Military horses are fed on it, but it is said that it makes them soft. I
+have, however, no personal experience of black gram.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Preparation of Food.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In India it is the custom to damp the food before it is given. It should
+not be saturated so as to turn it into a sloppy paste, but just damped
+sufficiently to make the particles stick together. Grooms (syces)
+generally deal out each feed into a bucket dry from the corn-bin, and then
+damp it; but a better plan is to weigh out the whole of the amount
+required for all the horses, and put it into a wide-mouthed earthen bowl
+called a &#8220;naund,&#8221; that can be purchased for a few pence, or a box, such as
+an old wine case, and damp the whole amount together, then portioning it
+out for each animal. The reason of this is that, if the grain is damped in
+the buckets, they are at once taken away, and, the probabilities are,
+never cleaned; but if they have to be brought forward for each feed to be
+put into them, and the owner takes the trouble now and again to inspect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+them, &#8220;syces,&#8221; who are creatures of habit, get into the way of cleaning
+them before they bring them forward. The box, or naund, in which the grain
+is damped being stationary, can be looked at any time. It is necessary to
+be very careful about this, as the particles of food left very quickly
+ferment in a hot climate, and get sour, and quickly taint all the rest. As
+a rule, about ten minutes is long enough to damp grain; and this should be
+done as soon before feeding as possible, otherwise, if left long standing,
+it will get sour. If a horse refuses his feed, it should be at once thrown
+away, and on no account be kept till the next meal, by which time it is
+pretty certain to have fermented.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Horses refusing Food.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Some horses are delicate feeders naturally, and take a long time in
+eating, or refuse their food altogether. In the case of a delicate or slow
+feeder, the food should be given in small quantities and often, rather
+than in the usual somewhat rather large feeds three times a day; and the
+horse should be fed by himself. This is easily done in India, as nearly
+all stables are loose boxes; but if the animal is picketed out with others
+that are likely to teaze him, he should be taken away and fed out of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+bucket in the &#8220;compound&#8221; (garden or enclosure round the house). &#8220;Syces,&#8221;
+like all natives of India, have no idea of the value of time; and if he
+has his &#8220;hooka&#8221; (pipe), and a friend to talk to about the price of
+food-stuffs, rates of wages, and other such-like interesting bazaar
+topics, he is perfectly content to sit holding the bucket before the horse
+all day long, if necessary. If the animal refuses his food altogether,
+then it should be taken away, for if left standing in front of him he
+breathes on it, and if it remains any considerable time it becomes sour
+and fermented, and he gets disgusted with it; whereas, if taken away and
+nothing more given till next feeding-time, the appetite often returns, and
+the food is consumed with a relish; especially in the warm weather, if he
+is first led out and exercised, or picketed out under a tree. On no
+account should the feed that has been refused be kept over till the next
+feeding-time; a fresh one should be prepared, as in a hot climate wet
+grain ferments and turns sour in a very short space of time.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Times of Feeding.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The stomach of the horse is very small in proportion to the size of his
+body, and he requires to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> be fed often, and in small quantities. In
+England hunters are fed four, or even five, times a day. In India it is
+the usual custom to feed three times, and perhaps it is often enough. In
+all military stations a gun is fired at noon, and the midday feed is given
+at that hour; but the morning and evening one varies with the season of
+the year. I usually give only half a feed in the evening about five
+o&#8217;clock, and the remainder the last thing at night, about eight or nine,
+according to the season of the year; but, unless carefully watched,
+&#8220;syces&#8221; will not do this, as it is the custom only to feed three times
+daily, and &#8220;dastour&#8221; (custom) is a thing it is impossible to make a native
+break through.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Bolting Food.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Some horses have a trick of bolting their food without masticating it
+properly, especially if another is being fed in their company. It is a
+good plan to feed such horses apart from any others, which can easily be
+done in an Indian stable, as they are all loose boxes, or, if picketed out
+in the open, by moving him a short distance away from the others. A small
+quantity of chaff, grass, straw, or what is known as &#8220;bhoosa,&#8221; which is
+wheat straw that is crushed and broken into small pieces in the process<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+of treading out the grain by bullocks, mixed in with the feed, will
+usually make them masticate it properly.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Spilling Food on Ground.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Horses have also a trick sometimes of throwing their food out of the
+bucket or manger, and spilling a quantity on the ground. Not only is a
+large amount wasted, but when the animal has finished what is left, and
+tries at his leisure to gather up what is on the ground, he eats a large
+amount of earth and dirt with it, which is injurious. The best way I know
+to prevent this is to feed the horse on a cloth on the ground; any bit of
+old sacking about four feet square will answer for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Grass.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In India hay is not often seen, and horses are fed on grass; even
+race-horses are trained on it. This may at first sound strange, but Indian
+grass is very different to English meadow grass, and chiefly consists of
+the roots and runners, the actual blade of grass not being more than about
+an inch long. The best grass is what is known as &#8220;dhoob.&#8221; It is a short
+grass, with long roots and suckers, which is dug up out of the ground with
+a short iron hoe or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> trowel, called a &#8220;kurpa,&#8221; which is used with a
+scraping motion of the hand, the process being called &#8220;cheeling.&#8221; A
+considerable quantity of earth is taken up with it, which ought to be
+knocked off against the hoe; but as the grass is sold by weight, and the
+usual quantity a private &#8220;grass-cutter&#8221; is supposed to bring in daily is
+20 seers (40 lbs. weight), it is not to his advantage to clean it. If
+horses eat dirty grass for any length of time, the sand and dirt, besides
+damaging the teeth, is likely to accumulate in the intestines and give
+rise to what is known as sand colic. When the &#8220;grass-cutter&#8221; brings in his
+bundle of grass that he has collected, which he generally does at midday,
+it should be spread out and cleaned; sticks and thorns should be picked
+out, as they are likely to lodge in the horse&#8217;s throat and choke him, and
+it should be well beaten with a stick to get rid of the sand and dirt. A
+good plan is to fasten a net between the wooden framework of a &#8220;charpoy,&#8221;
+or native bedstead, lay the grass on it, and beat it there with a stick,
+and it is surprising what a quantity of rubbish will fall through. An old
+lawn tennis net, if the meshes are not too big, answers well for this
+purpose. Grass-cutters are fond of wetting the grass to make it weigh. If
+it is brought in fresh, and damped with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> clean water beyond the actual
+loss in weight, I do not know that it does much harm; but it is
+exceedingly likely that the water has been obtained from some stagnant
+dirty puddle, and the bundle has been left standing for some time so that
+fermentation has set in, giving it an unpleasant smell. It is therefore
+best to have the bundles at once opened out and spread in the sun to dry
+as soon as they are brought in, and not allow the &#8220;grass-cutters&#8221; to take
+them away to their own houses. In parts of the foot hills of the Himalayas
+(&#8220;hurriarie,&#8221; or &#8220;hurrialie&#8221;) grass is obtained. It is not found in the
+plains, or in the very high mountains where it is cold. It is a long
+grass, running to about three feet high, and is cut with a curved sickle.
+When young and green it is a capital fodder grass; but when the seed is
+shed, and it gets dry, it is unfit for any other purpose than bedding, as
+the stalks get very hard and brittle, and so dry that there is little or
+no nourishment in it. It should not then be allowed into the stable for
+any other purpose than bedding; but being much easier to collect than
+&#8220;dhoob&#8221; grass, the &#8220;grass-cutters&#8221; will bring it as long as they are
+allowed to, even when it resembles nothing more than a bundle of sticks. I
+have frequently heard owners of horses in the hills complain of their
+animals getting thin and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> out of condition, the cause of which on inquiry
+was simply due to the bad dry hurrialie grass that was brought for them to
+eat.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Churrie.</strong></p>
+
+<p>This is the dried stalk of one of the shorgum tribe of plants, which is
+also known as the Chinese sugar-cane. It is a summer crop cut in the
+autumn. It grows to five or six feet high, and is cut and stored by the
+natives as a fodder for the cattle. It would to the new-comer appear to be
+a most unsuitable article of food, but is full of saccharine matter,
+tasting quite sweet when chewed in the mouth, so much so that in parts a
+rough sugar is extracted from it, but to look at is like a bundle of dried
+reeds. Animals of all sorts are very fond of it, and I have frequently fed
+my horses on it for days together in out-of-the-way places where no grass
+was to be obtained. It is not used as a regular horse fodder, but it does
+well for it on a pinch.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Bhoosa.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In the East all grain is threshed out by the primitive process of putting
+it in a circle and driving bullocks round on it, and in this process the
+grain is trodden out of the ear, the straw being split<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> and broken up by
+the animals&#8217; feet into small fragments from one-eighth to two or three
+inches in length, which is called &#8220;bhoosa.&#8221; This is the staple food of the
+working cattle, and is also used for horses. It is a most important item
+of the crop, and in the rural economy of an Indian village almost as much
+is thought of it as the grain itself. Wheat and barley straw makes what is
+called &#8220;white bhoosa,&#8221; and gram and the various pulses &#8220;missa bhoosa.&#8221;
+Both these can be used as horse food; in fact, on the Afghan frontier they
+get nothing else, and many natives feed their animals entirely on it,
+never giving them grass; but although they will eat it, and for a time
+keep condition, it is not to be recommended. If it has to be used, and it
+is possible to obtain any grass, they should be mixed together. A small
+quantity of &#8220;bhoosa&#8221; mixed in the feed will make a greedy feeder masticate
+it. &#8220;White bhoosa&#8221; looks like badly chopped straw-chaff. &#8220;Missa bhoosa&#8221; is
+of a dark colour, the particles not being straight-like sticks, but bent
+about, and frequently there are a quantity of the leaves of the plant
+mixed with it. Care should be taken that both sorts are not mouldy, which
+is very apt to be the case, as the native farmers store it in large
+quantities during the winter, and when the new crop comes on, if there is
+any of last<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> year&#8217;s left, it is what they try and sell. Being stacked in
+the open, it is exceedingly likely to get damaged by the rain. &#8220;Bhoosa&#8221;
+should have a clean, fresh smell like sweet straw, not be discoloured or
+have any patches of mould about it, and be free from impurities such as
+sticks, thorns, or pieces of mud or stones.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Bamboo Leaves</strong> (<i>b&#257;ns</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In Eastern Bengal, Assam, and parts of Burma, the green leaves and young
+shoots of the bamboo are used for forage. During the Chin-Lushai
+Expedition in 1889-90, the animals with the force got nothing else for
+nearly eight months. I had three ponies of my own that were worked
+moderately hard the whole time, and they remained in good condition. The
+transport mules, which were worked very hard indeed in a very trying
+climate, did not fall away nearly as much as I expected. The young shoots
+and leaves are cut with a sort of a billhook, called a &#8220;dah,&#8221; and care
+must be taken that only the young green leaves and soft tender shoots are
+given, the old leaves and the edges of the dry stumps of the bamboo
+cutting like a razor. I have seen some bad wounds on the lips, tongue, and
+angles of the mouth from this cause. It is best<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> to make the &#8220;syces&#8221; and
+&#8220;grass-cutters&#8221; pluck the leaves off the branches altogether, and not
+leave them about the stable, for fear of wounding the horses. This they
+will readily do, as they use the <i>d&eacute;bris</i> for fuel. I have seen some bad
+cuts and injuries in both men and animals from the edges of the split
+bamboo, which are very sharp&mdash;so much so that the savage tribes on the
+eastern frontier use a properly split piece of bamboo for a knife in
+skinning animals; and the sap of the green bamboo appears to have a
+peculiarly irritating or poisonous action, a wound caused by it festering
+and suppurating in both man and beast, whereas one inflicted with a dry
+bamboo will heal up healthy. Horses require a larger amount of bamboo
+leaves than grass. If an animal is getting 20 lbs. of green &#8220;dhoob&#8221; grass
+daily, he will require 30 lbs. of bamboo leaves to keep him in condition.
+Although at first horses may refuse them, they take to them kindly after a
+little while.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Oat Hay Forage.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In the South African colonies grass hay is almost unknown. The oat is cut
+when about half ripe, dried, and given in the straw, in which condition it
+is known as forage, and is excellent feeding. It is usually sold in
+bundles, wholesale at so much per<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> hundred, and retail at hotels and
+livery stables at so many bundles for a shilling. Some years ago, when I
+was travelling in the Dutch part of South Africa, in the more
+out-of-the-way parts of which there are no hotels, it was the custom to
+ask the owner of the farmhouse where you arrived permission to
+&#8220;off-saddle&#8221; if you were riding, or &#8220;out-span&#8221; if driving, for the night
+or a couple of hours, as the case might be. This was a roundabout way of
+asking if he could put you and your animals up for the night. When leaving
+in the morning, it would have been a great breach of good manners to ask
+for your bill, but you inquired what you were indebted to his head-boy for
+the forage your horses had consumed&mdash;a polite way of asking for your
+account; the number of bundles per shilling varying according to the time
+you remained, and the accommodation you had received; but, notwithstanding
+this fiction, I did not, as a rule, find the total any less than in a
+regular hotel where you get your bill.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Hay.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Hay, as is known in Europe and Australia, is never seen in India. In some
+parts, what is called hay can be obtained; but, compared to English meadow
+hay, it is at the best but poor stuff. No<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> doubt hay of a very tolerable
+quality can be made in India; in fact, I have done so, but usually the
+grass is cut after the plant has flowered, the seed ripened and shed, when
+it is what is known as &#8220;the sap being down,&#8221; and then it is dry and with
+little nourishment in it. It is generally also allowed to lie out too long
+after it has been cut in a hot, powerful sun, which utterly bakes it up.
+The grass should be cut when the seed is green and the sap well up in it,
+and should not be allowed to remain too long drying. I have generally
+found that from eight to ten hours of the Indian sun was enough, so that
+grass cut in the morning should be stacked at night; it will then not be
+utterly dried up, and in the stack will undergo the process of
+fermentation that gives the characteristic smell to English hay. There is
+a certain amount of difficulty in doing this. The grass flowers and seeds
+at the end of the hot weather, about September, when the monsoon rains are
+on, and these sometimes last for days together. It is, therefore,
+sometimes difficult to get a fine day to cut and save the hay in before
+the seed is shed; and before the dry weather again sets in the sap has
+gone down, and there is but little nutriment left in the grass. It is not
+a bad plan to sprinkle some salt over each layer of hay as the stack is
+made up;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> horses eat this cured hay with great relish. In making up the
+stack, a bundle or two of straw, put on end from the bottom upwards,
+should be built into the centre of it as it is being raised up, to act as
+a chimney or ventilator to carry off the heat while the stack is
+fermenting. If this is not done, there is danger of its catching fire; and
+even if it should not heat to such a degree, part is likely to get
+discoloured&mdash;what is termed &#8220;mow-burned.&#8221; This chimney can be made with
+bundles of sticks, boards, or even stones; but sick horses will often eat
+the straw from the centre of a haystack when they won&#8217;t look at anything
+else, and it sometimes comes in useful, and in any event, is not wasted.
+The stack should be built on a foundation of brambles, stones, or a mud
+platform&mdash;the latter being the best&mdash;to raise it and protect it from
+damage by the rains, which at times come in a regular flood, and also to
+keep out rats, mice, and other vermin. When the stack gets down to the
+bottom, care should be exercised in handling it, as it is a great refuge
+for snakes, and I have seen one fatal accident from snake bite from this
+cause. It, then, is a good plan to make the men remove the hay in small
+quantities at a time with a hay-fork, which is easily made by fastening a
+couple of short sticks converging from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> each other on to a long bamboo;
+but natives are such fatalists that, no matter how much warned of the
+danger they are incurring, they will not take the commonest precautions as
+to their safety if it gives them a little extra trouble. A somewhat larger
+quantity of dry grass is required than green &#8220;dhoob&#8221; by weight, the
+proportion being about 15 to 20 lbs. respectively.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Green Food</strong> (<i>khawid</i>, or <i>khasil</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of the year in India it is common to give horses green
+wheat, oats, or barley. This is cut in the straw from the time it is about
+a foot high until the grain begins to ripen, a period that lasts about a
+month or six weeks in the Punjab&mdash;from the middle of February till the end
+of March. This green food is called by the natives &#8220;khawid,&#8221; or &#8220;khasil.&#8221;
+It has an excellent effect on the system, and is what is used by the
+native dealers to get their horses into condition for sale. Too large a
+quantity should not be given at first, as it is likely to cause
+diarrh&oelig;a; about 4 lbs. daily being sufficient at first, but it may be
+increased up to double this amount if it agrees with the animal. Care
+should be taken that the green food is only given when young and the straw
+tender, for when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> it gets ripe, and the straw woody and hard, it is very
+indigestible, and a common cause of intestinal obstruction and colic. In
+some parts green barley is given in the same manner, and when it is young
+it is as good as wheat or oats; but when it begins to ripen it should be
+stopped, as the awns or beards begin to get hard, and not only are they
+likely to choke the horse, but to cause dangerous intestinal obstruction.
+Oats can be given much longer than barley or wheat; in fact, as I have
+said, ripe oats are cut in the straw, and used as hay in many parts of the
+world. The green crop must be purchased standing from a cultivator, and
+this is best arranged through your head &#8220;syce.&#8221; It is sold by measurement,
+a patch in the field being marked out; or else the grass-cutters go and
+cut as much as is required daily, the whole amount used being afterwards
+measured up and paid for at the fixed bazaar rate, or, as it is termed,
+the &#8220;nirrick.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Green Gram.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Natives are very fond of giving horses green gram, but it is a most
+dangerous custom. It is most indigestible, the stalk when green being full
+of a strong tough fibre. The sap and leaves have a peculiar irritating or
+almost corrosive property, and in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> spring of the year many fatal cases
+of intestinal disease are caused by it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Carrots</strong> (<i>gajar</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Carrots are plentiful all over Northern India. They come on in the spring,
+and are an excellent green food. They can be bought very cheaply, and if
+kept in a cool, dry place, can be stored for a considerable time; but they
+require to be turned almost daily, or they will get rotten. When used they
+should either be washed to remove the earth, or, as in the East this is
+quite dry, knocked with a stick to remove it. They should be given whole,
+or else cut into long slices, not across into lumps. This latter practice
+is dangerous, as horses are thus inclined to bolt them whole, and the
+short round lump is likely to stick in the throat and cause choking.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Lucerne.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Lucerne grows well all over Northern India, and although not cultivated by
+the natives for their own use, they know perfectly well what it is, and
+call it by the English name. In most of the towns where there are any
+Europeans collected together, it is usual to grow it in the Government or
+station<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> garden, from where it can be purchased retail. Some native corps,
+who remain some time in the one place, also grow it for the benefit of the
+regiment, and sometimes it is possible to obtain some from them; but as a
+rule they only have enough for their own use. Round the large military
+cantonments in some places, the neighbouring farmers, finding that there
+is a demand for it, have taken to growing it for sale, and it can be
+bought in the bazaar; but as the supply is not certain, it is better to
+enter into a contract with one of the growers to supply the quantity by
+weight daily required. In making this bargain it is best to use the agency
+of the head &#8220;syce,&#8221; as if it falls short, or is not forthcoming, he can be
+made responsible; and natives being erratic creatures, it is quite
+possible that some morning you may be told that there is no more, or that
+the grower has sold his crop to some one else, perhaps at even a smaller
+price than you are giving. Whenever there is a well in the compound, and I
+have been long enough in one place, I have always grown as much as I could
+for myself. It is easily done, and there is no more useful crop in
+connection with an Indian stable. In the dry, hot weather the difference
+in the condition of horses that are getting a fairly liberal supply of
+green food, and those that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> are only getting the burned-up grass that is
+then procurable, is most marked. The only difficulty about growing lucerne
+is that at first a large supply of water is necessary until the roots
+strike. If you have a garden, then, of course, you have to keep a pair of
+bullocks to raise water from the well for irrigation purposes; but if you
+do not run to this luxury, then a pair of bullocks can be hired for two or
+three days in the week. The landlord of the house has to keep the well and
+the Persian wheel, by which the water is raised, in order, and find the
+first pair of ropes for it. The tenant has to find the earthen pots, or
+&#8220;chatties,&#8221; that are fastened on to it, by which the water is raised up.
+These &#8220;chatties&#8221; are cheap things enough, but they are easily broken. I
+always found that the best plan was to provide the first lot myself, and
+then give a small sum monthly to the gardener to keep them going; and it
+saved money in the end, as I found that not nearly so many were smashed
+under this system as when I paid for what were required. If a gardener is
+regularly employed, it is, of course, part of his business to look after
+the lucerne bed; but for an ordinary stable of, say, four or five animals,
+an acre of lucerne will be ample, and a man exclusively for this is not
+necessary. A gardener can be got for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> about Rs. 10 a month, but a man can
+be got to come two or three times a week and look after it for half this.
+I found, however, that if I gave it to one of the syces, that the women
+and children of his family would attend to it, as, when once started, it
+only requires weeding, and that the work was better done than by a
+professional gardener, unless one was regularly employed. The best seed is
+the acclimatized English, or the Cabul brought down from Afghanistan. The
+English seed can be obtained from any seedsman, or the Government
+Horticultural Gardens at Lahore or Saharunpore, at about a rupee a pound,
+and this is enough to sow about an acre with, which should be done at the
+end of the cold weather. If only a small quantity is grown, it is best to
+sow it on ridges, as it then, no doubt, can be kept free from weeds, and
+the cost of weeding, on an acre or two, is but trifling; but it is an
+error to suppose that lucerne cannot be sown broadcast. At the cattle farm
+at Hissar, in the Punjab, several hundred acres were grown in this way, as
+the cost of making ridges on such a large quantity of land would have been
+prohibitive. Of course, this lucerne was not so clean as if it had been
+grown on ridges, but the cattle picked it out from the weeds when it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+put before them. Fresh seed will have to be sown about every three years,
+and the crop may be cut about five or six times during the season. About 4
+lbs. is enough for a horse, but it is best to begin with half this
+quantity and gradually increase it, as if too large an amount is given at
+once it is likely to cause colic.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Guinea Grass.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Some years ago this was a very favourite grass forage to grow for horses,
+but lately lucerne has supplanted it, and, I think, rightly. The advantage
+of guinea grass is that it lasts through the hottest months of the year,
+which lucerne does not, but it requires a great deal of water. It grows in
+separate tufts, and they should be planted some distance apart, or
+otherwise they will crowd each other out.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Sugar Cane</strong> (<i>gunna</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Sugar cane is not often used as an actual food, but horses are very fond
+of it, and on my visits to the stable I usually had some pieces carried
+after me in a basket when it was in season. It ripens at the end of the
+summer, and lasts into the winter. It is sold in long sticks, and should
+be chopped up into pieces; but the servants will steal it, as they eat it
+themselves as a sweetmeat.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Turnips</strong> (<i>shalgham</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The ordinary white turnip grows all over the Punjab in the winter, and
+when carrots are not to be procured, I have used them in their place,
+preparing them in the same manner. Horses soon learn to eat and relish
+them.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Salt</strong> (<i>nimmuk</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Salt is required by all animals in a certain quantity in their food to
+keep them in health. There are three different varieties sold in the
+native shops. Rock salt (&#8220;putter ke nimmuk&#8221;); ordinary salt, which is
+merely the rock salt crushed and powdered; and black salt (&#8220;kali nimmuk&#8221;).
+On the coast sea salt can also be obtained, but it is not to be found far
+inland. The common custom in India is to give powdered salt in the food,
+the usual daily allowance being about an ounce. I prefer to leave a lump
+of rock salt in the manger for the horse to lick when he likes. Some
+owners have a lump of it hung by a string to the wall, but I do not think
+this is advisable, as I have known more than one horse turn a wind-sucker
+from getting into the habit of licking and playing with it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Tonics.</strong></p>
+
+<p>It is a common supposition, deeply rooted in the minds of horsemen, that,
+when a horse loses condition, he at once requires a tonic; and an immense
+number of these and &#8220;condition powders&#8221; are advertised. There is no better
+paying speculation in the world than the sale of these articles, as the
+majority of them consist of a few cheap and simple ingredients, that are
+retailed to the public at a hundred per cent. their original cost; and the
+best that can be said about these nostrums is that some of them are
+innocent and do no harm, while they serve to amuse the owner. The action
+of a tonic is to stimulate the appetite, and if the horse is feeding well
+they are certainly useless, if not actually harmful. If the horse feeds,
+and continues to fall off in condition, the chances are that there is
+something wrong in the stable management, which should be carefully
+inquired into. If this only occurs once with one animal, the inference is
+that medical advice is required, but if several are in the same state, or
+it is a matter of constant occurrence, then in most cases a change of
+&#8220;syce&#8221; is required, and it will be usually found better and cheaper than
+having recourse to any of these various advertised &#8220;cure-alls.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Horses not Feeding.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Horses refuse their food from a variety of causes. It is usually the first
+symptom noticed in the majority of attacks of illness, and I cannot too
+strongly urge that in such cases the sooner professional advice is
+obtained the better, there being nothing in which the old proverb, &#8220;a
+stitch in time saves nine,&#8221; more applies to. On the other hand, horse
+owners are inclined to get very anxious without cause about horses not
+feeding, and to imagine that because he refuses to feed, or does not
+finish it up with a good appetite, that the animal is in a dangerous
+state. Horses are much like ourselves, and we all know that we sometimes
+do not feel inclined to do justice to a &#8220;square&#8221; meal, and that if we dine
+off a plate of soup we feel ready for a good breakfast in the morning. If
+the horse refuses his feed, or only plays about with it, have it at once
+removed; at the next only give him a little hay or grass, and the
+probabilities are that at the next he will eat up his grain with a hearty
+appetite. If he does not, then the sooner professional advice is called in
+the better, as you may be certain that something is wrong.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Damaged Food.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Damaged, mouldy, or sour food, the horse, of course, will not eat unless
+he is very hungry, and then only sufficient to stay his appetite. Damaged
+grain there is no excuse for, and can only be given through carelessness
+or indifference on the part of the owner or his servants. Sour food, or
+food that has fermented, is, with the best intentions, likely to be placed
+before the animal, as it is surprising how soon fermentation will set up
+in damp grain in a hot climate. The food should not be damped more than
+twenty minutes or half an hour at the most before it is given, and a dirty
+bucket will easily contaminate it. In the hot weather in India,
+particularly during the rains, when both man and beast are down below par,
+very little will put both off their feed. If the food, however, is at all
+sour it ought to be at once detected, as the smell is unmistakable.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Irregular Teeth.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In old horses the back teeth get irregular and worn in such a fashion that
+the food cannot be masticated and crushed, and is not then properly
+digested. The upper jaw of the horse is wider than the lower one, so that
+the upper teeth overlap the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> lower ones at the outside, and the lower ones
+the upper at the inside. By continually wearing, the upper back teeth get
+worn down more on the inside than the outside, and the lower ones more on
+the outside than the inside, or, in other words, the grinding surface of
+the teeth, instead of being horizontal, is at an angle or slope. The horse
+masticates his food with a sideways motion of the jaws, crushing the food
+between the back teeth like mill-stones, so that if the grinding surfaces
+of the teeth are not level, but sloped at an angle, they become locked,
+and prevent sufficient sideways play of the jaws. If this is suspected,
+the back teeth can be easily inspected by turning the horse with his tail
+to the sun, grasping the tongue with the left hand and opening the mouth,
+while the light is reflected into it by a small looking-glass held in the
+right. They can also be felt by putting one&#8217;s hand on the outside of the
+cheek, where the outer edge of the upper teeth can be easily felt, and
+pushing the finger inwards and upwards, so as to get on the grinding
+surface when the horse opens his mouth, and the angle they are at can be
+at once detected through the cheek. This is, of course, only a rough
+method of examination, but it gives one a fair idea of the state the
+molars are in. If a tooth is broken or deficient, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> corresponding one
+in the other jaw from not being worn down will become over-grown and fill
+up the vacant space, even growing so long as to damage the gum or bone in
+the jaw above or below it, as the case may be, and preventing the horse
+feeding. If it is one of the front molars, it is possible that the growth
+may be detected from outside, but the probabilities are that a more
+careful examination will be necessary, and, at all events, professional
+skill required to set matters right. Horses also suffer from decayed
+teeth; and, in fact, the whole matter of equine dentistry is much more
+important than is usually supposed, many animals remaining poor and thin
+simply because their teeth are not properly attended to.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Young Horses Cutting Teeth.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Young horses sometimes have great trouble when cutting their teeth, and if
+they go off their feed they should be attended to; but this requires
+professional skill.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Quidding.</strong></p>
+
+<p>When young horses begin to what is called &#8220;quid&#8221; their food, it is almost
+a certain indication that there is something wrong with the mouth.
+&#8220;Quidding&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> is gathering up a mouthful of hay or grass, rolling it about
+in the mouth, and half masticating it till it gets into a lump or ball,
+and then spitting it out without swallowing it. Sometimes a dozen or more
+of these &#8220;quids&#8221; will be found in the manger or on the stable floor.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Indigestion</strong> (<i>bud hazmie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Indigestion, or dyspepsia, which horses suffer from more commonly than the
+public imagine, will put them off their feed; but this is a matter for
+professional advice and treatment, and it is exceedingly dangerous for the
+owner to go trying domestic remedies. I have had many fatal cases of bowel
+diseases brought to me that have arisen solely from this cause.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Lampas.</strong></p>
+
+<p>This is a disorder that is firmly fixed in every groom&#8217;s mind, both
+European and native, and is supposed to consist of a swelling or
+inflammation of the palate, or &#8220;barbs,&#8221; just behind the upper incisor
+teeth. I do not deny for a moment the existence of such a thing, but what
+I do maintain is that in 75 per cent. of the cases brought to one,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> it
+exists only in the imagination of the attendant. The popular remedy some
+years ago was to cauterize the part with a hot iron, and I have no
+hesitation in saying that any one doing this should be indicted for
+cruelty to animals. Lately, the popular treatment has been more merciful
+in having the part scarified with a lancet, but even this is useless.
+Where lampas does exist, there is more or less enlargement and swelling of
+the membrane of the entire alimentary canal, but the &#8220;barbs&#8221; of the mouth
+being the only part visible, it is popularly supposed to be a local
+affection. Under these conditions, it will be readily understood how
+utterly useless lancing or scarifying one small part of the affected canal
+will be. A small dose of aperient medicine, or even putting the horse on a
+laxative diet of bran mash for a few days, will do all that is required,
+without having recourse to heroic measures.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Nose-bags</strong> (<i>tobra</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Nose-bags are sadly neglected by &#8220;syces,&#8221; and unless looked after by the
+owner, they never dream of cleaning them, so that, particularly with
+leather ones, they get into a very filthy condition, and frequently horses
+refuse to eat out of such dirty things. Both mangers and nose-bags should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+frequently be washed and scrubbed out with soap, or sand and water.
+Nose-bags are, at the best, a necessary evil, and if they have to be used
+at all, canvas ones are better than leather, being more easily cleaned. I
+only allowed nose-bags to be used when on the march, or out in camp; when
+in the stable the horses were fed out of an ordinary bucket, or else a
+manger, and even then they were not fastened on the head, but held on the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Mangers</strong> (<i>kurlie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In the stable a manger should be used. In an Indian stable one is easily
+made out of a shallow, wide-mouthed earthen vessel (&#8220;gumalo&#8221;), built up
+with mud, about three feet high, in the corner. The &#8220;syces&#8221; can do this
+themselves, and the gumalo only costs a few pence in the bazaar. I always
+had two built in opposite corners, one for food and the other for water.
+If for any reason the manger cannot be built, or there is not one in the
+stable, then the horse should be fed out of a tin or zinc bucket, or else
+off a feeding-sheet. An old gunney-bag, spread out opened at the seams,
+answers admirably. The &#8220;syce&#8221; should hold the bucket or sheet while he is
+feeding, or the horse is very likely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> to knock the first over, or tear the
+sheet, by pawing at it with his fore feet.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Worms</strong> (<i>kirim</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Parasites, or worms, in the intestines cause horses to lose condition very
+quickly. The most common are long white ones, like ordinary earthworms,
+about five to eight inches long; and small, very thin thread-like ones,
+about three inches long. They cause the horse to become very unthrifty and
+thin, the coat being dull, without the natural gloss that is seen in
+health, or as it is termed, &#8220;hide-bound.&#8221; The horse is also apt to back up
+against any projection, or into a corner, and rub his tail against the
+wall, breaking off the hair, and giving it an unsightly appearance. If
+worms are suspected, the &#8220;syce&#8221; should be instructed to look for them in
+the horse&#8217;s droppings in the morning, where the long ones are most likely
+to be found; also to examine under his dock, where the small ones will
+leave a yellowish incrustation under the root of the tail. An enema of
+common salt and water, made by dissolving about a table-spoonful of salt
+in a quart of luke-warm water, generally suffices to get rid of the small
+ones. The large ones, however, require medical treatment,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> which should be
+left in professional hands. If there are any worms passed, the litter,
+droppings, etc., should be carefully burned, and the floor of the stable
+scraped and the <i>d&eacute;bris</i> burned, and a new floor laid down.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Rubbing the Tail.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Although commonly due to parasites in the intestines, &#8220;particularly the
+small thread-worms,&#8221; with some horses it is a trick; neglect also, and the
+irritation caused by dirt, will often cause it. In India it is more often
+seen in coarse-bred horses, such as many Australians are, than in
+country-breds and Arabs. If it is from dirt, washing the tail well with
+soap and water will stop it; if it is a trick, keeping the tail in a
+tail-case, which is merely a piece of leather, with buckles and straps to
+fasten it on with; or an ordinary roller bandage put round from the tip to
+the root will generally stop it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Scouring</strong> (<i>d&#257;st</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Scouring, or diarrh&oelig;a, is usually seen in nervous horses when they get
+excited, and, as a rule, disappears when they get quiet again. It is more
+commonly seen in light-coloured, or what the horseman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> calls &#8220;washey,&#8221;
+chestnuts and blacks, than any other colour. Some horses will always scour
+after a draught of cold water, and with such the chill should be taken off
+either by adding a little warm water, or standing the bucket out in the
+sun for a couple of hours before it is used. If the scouring persists,
+after returning to the stable, let the next feed consist of dry bran, not
+&#8220;bran mash,&#8221; and this generally stops it. If a horse that is not in the
+habit of doing so suddenly begins scouring, it is a mistake to try and
+stop it too suddenly, as frequently it is an effort of nature to throw off
+something deleterious to the system. If, however, the diarrh&oelig;a should
+continue persistent, then professional advice should be obtained.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="WATER" id="WATER"></a>WATER.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Water</strong> (<i>pani</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Horses prefer soft to hard water, and are particularly partial to
+rain-water. Many horses refuse to drink at all from a running stream,
+unless very thirsty, and even then will not take as much as is necessary.
+Mules, which in other respects are hardy animals, are very dainty and
+particular about their water. Such horses should be watered either out of
+a bucket or a still pool. In mountain and quick running streams there is
+often a large quantity of sand and small gravel held in suspension, that
+sinks to the bottom in places where the current runs slow. I have seen
+more than one death caused by constantly watering horses in such streams,
+by the animal swallowing a quantity of such sand; it accumulates in large
+masses in the intestines, and causes &#8220;sand colic.&#8221; If it is necessary to
+water horses from such places for any length of time, if a suitable pool
+cannot be found where the water is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> still and the sand and gravel can
+settle, one should be made by building a dam.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Times of Watering.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Horses should be watered half an hour before feeding, or, if this cannot
+be managed, at least two hours should elapse after the feed before he is
+allowed to drink his fill. The reason of this is that the hard grain the
+horse eats is only partly crushed and broken by the teeth, and it is in
+the stomach where it is principally softened before passing on into the
+intestines. If, when the stomach is full of partly digested food, a large
+quantity of water is given, some of it will be washed into the intestine,
+and, being hard, and not properly softened, irritate it and set up colic.
+The best plan is to always have water in front of the horse, so that he
+can drink when he likes, and I have found that they take much less this
+way than when watered at regular times. In India this can be easily done
+by building up in mud a wide-mouthed, shallow, earthen vessel, called a
+&#8220;gumalo,&#8221; in one corner of the stable, in the same way that a manger is
+made. It should be high enough for the horse to conveniently reach it, and
+be kept constantly full.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Watering Troughs.</strong></p>
+
+<p>When horses are watered at a trough or stream, as is necessarily the case
+with military animals, if they are thirsty they push their noses deep into
+it and drink greedily. They then lift their heads and look round them, and
+many persons think they have finished. This is not the case, as the horse
+is merely recovering his breath after his draught, and he should not be
+taken away until he either turns round and will drink no more, or until he
+begins to splash the water about with his nose and play with it, which
+shows he does not want any more.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Watering on a Journey.</strong></p>
+
+<p>It is commonly supposed that when on a journey horses should not be
+watered, but, in a warm climate, as long as only a steady pace is
+maintained and only a moderate quantity given, it does not do any harm,
+and, to judge from one&#8217;s own experiences, certainly is refreshing. Of
+course, this must be done in moderation, like everything; and it
+undoubtedly would be dangerous to allow a horse to drink his fill and then
+give him a hard gallop directly afterwards; but, in both the South African
+and Australian colonies, I have travelled some hundreds of miles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> in
+post-carts and coaches, and the drivers at pretty nearly every stream they
+cross pull up and allow the horses to drink a few mouthfuls. I have never
+heard of any harm coming from this practice, and at the end of the journey
+they drink far less water than if they had been deprived of it while at
+work. In Norway, the carriole drivers water their ponies in the same way,
+and it is icy-cold coming from the glaciers.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Watering after a Journey.</strong></p>
+
+<p>When the journey is completed, it is advisable to walk the horse about for
+a short time, to allow him to get cool before watering; or, better still,
+and what every practical horseman will do, is to pull up and allow him to
+walk the last mile, so that he arrives at his stable fairly cool, and not
+reeking with perspiration. Grooming also will be greatly facilitated by
+this.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Watering Bridles</strong> (<i>kazai</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Watering bridles are generally very much neglected, &#8220;syces&#8221; (grooms) never
+seeming to think that they require any care or attention. They are
+generally a mass of rust and dirt, and having one of these filthy things
+put into the mouth, is a much more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> common cause of horses going off their
+feed than is generally supposed. They are frequently thrown out on the
+heap of bedding, and left in the sun all day, and when put into the
+horse&#8217;s mouth the iron of the bit is burning hot. I consider that this is
+one of the chief reasons of the sores that so frequently form at the
+angles of the mouth in the summer months, and which are most troublesome
+to cure. The bit of the watering bridle should be scrubbed daily with sand
+until it is polished, and the leather-work cleaned with soap (sabon) or
+dubbing (momrogan); if this is not done, it very soon perishes with the
+heat and becomes rotten, and if a horse is at all fresh and plays about,
+it breaks, the animal gets loose, and a serious accident is the result of
+the want of a little forethought.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Leeches</strong> (<i>jonk</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In India leeches frequently get into the nose while the horse is drinking,
+especially out of ponds and streams, and although they are not absolutely
+dangerous, they cause troublesome bleeding, and make the animal cough and
+sneeze. They are sometimes very difficult to get rid off, and the best
+plan is to place some water in a bucket before the horse and splash it
+about. The leech is attracted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> by this, and comes down the nostril, when
+it can be caught if the operator is quick enough. A handkerchief is
+necessary, as the leech is too slippery to hold in the fingers. It is
+generally best to let one of the &#8220;syces&#8221; do this, promising him a small
+reward when the nuisance is got rid of, as some of them are wonderfully
+expert at it, and have untiring patience.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Wells.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In some Indian towns there is a water supply laid on to the houses by
+pipes, but in the majority it is obtained from a well (khua) in the
+compound. In these cases a water-carrier (&#8220;bheestie&#8221;) has to be kept to
+draw and carry water for the household and stables, which he brings in a
+leather bag; &#8220;mussuk,&#8221; the small leather bucket that he uses to fill the
+bag with, being called a &#8220;dholl.&#8221; These water-bags should be renewed twice
+a year, as they get very foul inside if kept much longer, and they are
+only worth about Rs. 2 each. Very few people ever think of cleaning out
+the well, but it should be done at least once a year, as it is surprising
+the amount of rubbish, such as dead leaves and vegetation, gets into it.
+The landlord of the house should undertake this, but it is generally
+difficult to get him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> to do it without the tenant threatening to do it
+himself and deduct the cost out of the rent. There are professional
+well-cleaners in Northern India, who will do the work by contract. As a
+rule, it takes about three days, as the well has to be pumped dry by
+working the lifting wheel with relays of bullocks day and night, when a
+man goes down and removes the accumulation of rubbish from the bottom.
+Care should be taken to first lower down a lighted candle, or throw a
+bundle of lighted straw down before any one is allowed to descend, as
+there is frequently an accumulation of foul gas at the bottom, and I have
+known more than one accident from neglect of this precaution. Unless I had
+very good reason for knowing that the well had been lately cleaned, I
+always had this done on going into a new house. If this is neglected, the
+water during the rainy season is apt to get very foul, and I have known
+severe outbreaks of illness from this cause both in men and animals.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VENTILATION" id="VENTILATION"></a>AIR AND VENTILATION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Stables.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Nothing is worse for horses than close, ill-ventilated stables, and in
+India, where they are made out of such cheap material as mud and sun-dried
+brick, there is no excuse for their being too small. In some of the newer
+houses, stables are made out of burned brick; but I prefer the older ones
+of mud or sun-dried brick, as the walls are generally thicker, and this
+makes them cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. It is also of
+importance that they should not be too low, but of the two evils I should
+prefer a small stable with a lofty roof to a larger one with a low one,
+provided there was ventilation in the top. Every stable should have a good
+deep verandah round it; it not only keeps off the sun in the summer, but
+is useful to put bedding, etc., in during the rain. If there is no
+verandah, one can be easily made with the flat straw screens used by
+natives, called &#8220;jamps,&#8221; and bamboo<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> supports. The doorways should be high
+and wide, so that there is no danger of the horse hitting his hips or head
+against it in going in and out. A fractured hip-bone is frequently caused
+by horses rushing through narrow doorways, and a troublesome disease known
+as &#8220;poll evil&#8221; is generally caused by striking the head against too low a
+one. It is also well to have the sides of the door-posts rounded off, not
+left at an angle. If there is no window at the back of the stable,
+opposite the door, one should be made above the horse&#8217;s head, and another
+smaller one on a level with the floor, so as to allow the air to circulate
+freely. If possible, avoid a draught, but always remember that it is
+better to have plenty of fresh air and a draught than a stuffy stable
+without one, as the horse can always be kept warm with extra clothing,
+bandages, and bedding. Thatched roofs are much cooler in summer and warmer
+in winter than the flat earthen ones that are generally used in Northern
+India. Indian stables are almost always divided off into loose boxes, the
+partition walls being continued up to the roof. I think they should be
+only built high enough to prevent the horses teasing each other over them,
+as if continued right up they interfere with the free circulation of the
+air. If this cannot be done, on account of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> the partitions helping to
+support the roof, a window should be knocked through in each. In South
+Africa stables are usually simply a long shed with a manger running down
+the back wall, without any partitions between the standings, and the
+horses are simply tied up to a ring in the manger with the head rope. Cape
+horses are, however, exceedingly quiet, and will stand still all day long.
+They never seem to think of kicking or biting at each other like the
+Indian country-bred does.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Chicks.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The plague of flies in the East, particularly during the rains, cannot be
+realized in England, and if not protected against them, they will almost
+worry horses to death. For this reason the doors and windows of the stable
+should be fitted with &#8220;chicks,&#8221; or mats, made out of split bamboos or
+reeds, with interspaces between them, which allow of light and air passing
+through, but which will keep the flies out. They are not very costly
+articles, and add most materially to the comfort of the horse. If
+carefully looked after, and not let flap about in the wind, they will last
+for years with a very small annual expenditure for repairs.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Stable Floors.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The stable floor should be made of wet clay beaten down, and left to
+thoroughly dry. This can be carried out by the &#8220;syces,&#8221; and if thoroughly
+done, they will last a good many months. I always make it a practice to
+dig up the floors of stables in a new house, before they are occupied, a
+foot and a half deep, and thoroughly renew it, and usually it is
+astounding the amount of foul earth that has to be removed. I also have
+the whole of the floor picked up and renewed once a year&mdash;for choice, at
+the end of September or beginning of October, after the rains have
+stopped. Any moisture should be at once removed, before it has time to
+soak into the floor; or, if it has, the moist earth should be swept away
+with a broom (jaru), made out of a number of pliable twigs tied together,
+and fresh dry earth sprinkled over the top of it. A supply of dry powdered
+earth should be kept outside each stable door in a box ready for use when
+required. The ordinary earth that is in the compound will not do to make
+floors out of, although &#8220;syces&#8221; will use it if allowed, as it is less
+trouble to get than clay (kicher ke muttee), but it will not bind, and
+when trodden on breaks up and wears into dust.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Charcoal</strong> (<i>khoalie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Although it looks dirty, powdered charcoal sprinkled over the floor has a
+powerful effect as a deodorizer. The ashes of a wood fire do nearly as
+well as charcoal for this purpose, and can be obtained anywhere, as wood
+is universally used for fuel all over India. In some stables earthenware
+vessels (chatties) are buried under the floor to catch the urine. This is
+an abominable, filthy custom, and should never be permitted, as there is
+no more certain cause of disease. Diseases of the feet, such as foul
+smelling, suppurating frogs, thrush, and canker, are in the majority of
+cases caused by horses standing on wet, filthy floors.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Picketing.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In the hot season horses should, if possible, be picketed out at night as
+soon as it gets cool in the evening. It is the greatest relief to an
+animal to be brought out of a hot stable into the open air, even if the
+actual temperature is no less than indoors. If the flies or mosquitos are
+troublesome, the nets sold for the purpose will keep them off. If the net
+is not sufficient, a fire made out of the stable litter on the windward
+side will drive them away, and horses do not mind smoke. It is as well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> to
+have a regular standing made with mud, in the same way as the stable
+flooring, as otherwise the ground soon gets broken up and foul. The
+standing should be swept clean every morning, and mended in the same way
+as the stable floors are.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Bedding</strong> (<i>bechalie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing better than clean straw for bedding, and it is a great
+mistake to stint horses in it. If a good deep bed is given, they will lie
+down and rest themselves, whereas, if there is not enough, and the floor
+feels hard through it, they will walk about over it, and far more will be
+wasted than if the horse was lying down on it. The bedding should be taken
+up every morning, and any soiled straw removed. It should be well shaken
+up and spread out in the sun to dry and air, and at night, when again put
+down for use, a small quantity of fresh straw added to it. In wet weather
+the bedding can be aired and dried in the verandah. All soiled straw and
+droppings should be at once removed in a basket (tokrie), which should be
+provided for the purpose; and it is wonderful, if this plan is adopted,
+how little fresh straw is required to keep the horse constantly supplied
+with a good bed; and nothing is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> more saving to the wear and tear of the
+legs and feet than to get the animal to lie down at night. In Australia
+and South Africa wheat or oat straw can be obtained, but in India rice
+straw is generally used, or else the long elephant grass that grows on the
+banks of rivers and swampy places. Both are good enough for the purpose,
+only they are brittle, and more is required than when wheat straw is used,
+as they quickly break up.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Sawdust</strong> (<i>burradah</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In the north of India the deodar, or Himalayan cedar sawdust, can always
+be obtained from any of the timber dep&ocirc;ts on the banks of the large
+rivers, almost for the expense of carting it away. It makes a good bed if
+straw cannot be obtained, but is liable to stick to the horse and get in
+under his coat if at all long, and gives much more work grooming. It is
+also more troublesome to remove in the morning to air, and if any wind is
+blowing a good deal gets wasted. If used, it is best to have it spread out
+in one stall and leave it there, only using it at night, putting the horse
+into another during the daytime. Any sawdust that gets damp or soiled
+should be at once removed, as it very soon begins to smell badly.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Shavings.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Shavings of deodar or pine can also be obtained, but they require to be
+carefully sorted out, as there are likely to be splinters in them, and in
+lying down the horse may give himself a bad wound.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Sand</strong> (<i>ret</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Sand can be obtained anywhere along the banks of the rivers; but it is
+hard, and does not form a very yielding bed, and I should not use it if
+anything else could be got. It requires to be sifted, to get rid of the
+pebbles and stones it contains. If straw is scarce and sand has to be
+used, the best plan is to put a layer of about a foot of sand over the
+floor, and a thin layer of straw over it; this will make a much softer bed
+than the sand alone.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Horses eating Bedding.</strong></p>
+
+<p>This is a trick some horses have, and from which they seldom can be cured.
+It is generally the custom to put a muzzle (chik-na) on them at night; but
+this, of course, stops their feeding at all. I prefer to bed them down
+with sand, sawdust, or shavings, and leave them free to feed at night.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> If
+a muzzle is used, it should be a wire one, not leather, as these get very
+foul and dirty, and interfere with the horse&#8217;s breathing, which the wire
+one does not.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Exercise.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In India it is usual to exercise ordinary hacks, polo ponies, and harness
+horses, not doing any special work, twice a day&mdash;morning and evening. The
+length of time they are out, and the amount of ground they cover, is very
+variable&mdash;in most cases depending on whether the &#8220;syce&#8221; is in a mood to
+take exercise or not himself. They usually take horses out on the road to
+the bazaar, or some favourite meeting-place; and it is not an uncommon
+thing to see a couple of dozen horses, belonging to various people,
+standing about, while their respective &#8220;syces&#8221; are sitting about, smoking
+and discussing their masters and various bazaar topics of interest. Under
+these circumstances the horses do not get much exercise; and many a
+mysterious injury, that cannot be accounted for, is inflicted by their
+kicking at each other while standing about in this manner. If the compound
+is large enough, it is a good plan to make a ring with the stable litter
+and have the horses exercised round it. You can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> then be certain they are
+getting a fair amount of work; but a large ring is necessary, and if there
+is a garden it spoils the compound. Furthermore, horses get into a very
+careless, slovenly way of walking when led round and round in this
+monotonous fashion daily. &#8220;Syces&#8221; generally lead horses at exercise, and
+most horse-owners will not allow them to ride; but I think this is a
+mistake, and if they can ride, I always allow them to do so. If they lead
+the horse, he will go along in a listless fashion, and walk with his head
+down, stumbling at every step; whereas, if he is ridden, he will carry his
+head up and go in a much more lively and collected fashion, and it being
+much pleasanter for the &#8220;syce&#8221; to ride than walk, the full amount of
+exercise is more likely to be taken. &#8220;Syces&#8221; nearly always ride at
+exercise bare-backed; but they should be made use a folded blanket as a
+pad, kept in its place by a body-roller, as the anatomy of the native of
+India is such that, without any protection, he is likely to give the horse
+a sore back. They should also only be let use a snaffle bridle, as few
+know how to handle a double one. When at exercise knee-caps should be
+worn. These should be bought from a European saddler, and care be taken
+that the top strap is fitted with a piece of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> indiarubber in the middle,
+to allow of its giving with the motion of the limb. If there is not this
+indiarubber spring, when the top strap is buckled tight enough to prevent
+the cap slipping down, the motion will cause it to rub the skin at the
+back of the knee; and I have seen some bad abrasions, that caused
+temporary lameness, from this cause. If the top strap is buckled loose
+enough to avoid this chafing, then the knee-cap won&#8217;t stay up in its
+proper place, if it has no spring. The country-made knee-caps sold by the
+native saddlers seldom are fitted with it; and if they are they cannot be
+relied on, as generally the indiarubber is bad and perished. The lower
+strap of the knee-cap should be buckled quite loose, it being only
+required to keep it down and prevent it flapping about; but &#8220;syces&#8221; are
+very apt to draw it tight also, and if they do, it is pretty certain to
+cut the skin.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="GROOMING" id="GROOMING"></a>GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, Etc.</h2>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Heel Ropes</strong> (<i>pecharie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>If possible, horses should be left loose, which generally can be done in
+India, as most of the stables are loose boxes. Sometimes it is necessary
+to fasten them up, such as when picketed out at night in the hot weather
+or on the march. There are several plans of picketing, each having its
+advantages and disadvantages; but as these generally apply to military
+animals, I will merely mention those commonly used in private stables. The
+most common plan is to fasten the horse up with head and heel ropes, to
+wooden pegs driven into the ground. Heel ropes (pecharie) consist of
+either two ropes about twelve feet long, ending in a single one, so as to
+be Y-shaped, the single one being fastened to a wooden peg (make) driven
+into the ground, and the two arms to the horse&#8217;s hind fetlocks by means of
+leather straps, called &#8220;muzzumas.&#8221; These straps are loops of rope covered
+with leather, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> one end of which the heel rope is tied, and into which
+the hind foot is slipped, being secured by a flat leather thong wound
+round the middle of it behind the fetlock joint to prevent its slipping
+off. The strap is then of a fig. 8, or hour-glass shape, the heel rope
+being tied in one loop, the foot placed in the other, the thong forming
+the neck or constriction. These, I think, are the best form of leather
+foot strap; but in buying them care should be taken that the stitching of
+the leather is on the outside, as if it is on the inside, where natives
+often put it, it is very likely to rub the skin and cause a bad cracked
+heel. Another form of &#8220;muzzuma&#8221; is made out of stiff flat leather lined
+with felt. This has a slip loop going round it, with a buckle on one side
+and a strap on the other, that runs along the centre. The heel rope is
+tied to one end, the foot put into the other, and when the strap is
+buckled tightly, the running loop is drawn close up to the heel, so as to
+keep the whole arrangement in its place. This form of &#8220;muzzuma&#8221; is the
+usual kind sold; but it is objectionable, as the edges get stiff and hard,
+and are likely to cut the heel, which the round ones do not. Both sorts of
+leather &#8220;muzzumas&#8221; require to be kept soft and pliable with dubbing
+(momrogan), which &#8220;syces&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> never think necessary. I, however, prefer those
+made out of plaited hemp or tow. They are merely a band of loosely plaited
+tow, about eighteen inches long, the heel rope being fastened to one end,
+and secured by a string or tape just behind the fetlock; they are much
+softer than the leather ones, and quite as strong. The disadvantage,
+however, is that they soon wear out, but they are very cheap; in fact, the
+&#8220;syces&#8221; can make them themselves out of the raw hemp or tow (sun). They
+are used by many of the native cavalry regiments in India in preference to
+the leather ones. The heel ropes can be made out of one long rope doubled,
+a &#8220;muzzuma&#8221; fastened to each free end, and the doubled portion to a
+tent-peg. When heel ropes are used, one should be put on each hind leg; it
+is dangerous to only put on one, and I have seen more than one fractured
+thigh caused by this. If the heel ropes are on both hind legs, and the
+horse kicks, he has to do so straight into the air, as there is equal
+restraint on both; but if there is only one, the unequal check of the
+single rope is likely to cause a fracture. If allowed, &#8220;syces&#8221; will always
+pull the heel ropes so tight as to stretch the horse out; they should be
+loose enough to allow him to stand in a natural position.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Head Ropes</strong> (<i>aghari</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Head ropes should be fastened to the ring on the head collar (nukta) under
+the chin. There should either be two separate ropes, one end of each
+fastened to the ring, or one long one doubled in the middle, the central
+portion fastened to the ring, and the two ends to two wooden pegs driven
+into the ground about three or four feet on each side of the horse&#8217;s head.
+If only a single rope is used, it must, naturally, be fastened to a peg
+straight in front, and, to allow the horse to move his head up and down,
+must be loose. When fastened in this way he is exceedingly likely to get
+his fore leg over the rope and get hung up in it, a nasty wound in the
+heel or at the back of the knee being the result, if nothing worse;
+whereas, if the ropes are pegged out on each side, he can move about
+freely, and it would be difficult for him to get his leg over them. Both
+head and heel ropes should be made of hemp; the cotton rope used in India
+for most purposes is not strong enough, and soon breaks and wears out. In
+Peshawur and along the north-west frontier, a rope is made of goat hair
+that is very strong, and is excellent for this purpose. It is somewhat
+more expensive than ordinary rope, but with care will last<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> a long time,
+and will amply repay itself. Both head and heel ropes should be tied to
+the pegs in a slipknot, so that with a single pull horses can be set free
+when necessary. &#8220;Syces&#8221; will usually tie them in a jam-knot, and horses
+struggling to get loose when frightened very often badly injure themselves
+before they can be set free.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Fetlock Picketing.</strong></p>
+
+<p>A method of picketing horses was introduced into the Indian army some
+years ago, by dispensing with head ropes and using a short chain shackle
+about three feet long, buckled round one of the fore fetlocks, and
+fastened to a peg driven into the ground. This was chiefly done with the
+object of reducing the weight carried, and with animals used for military
+purposes, doubtless fulfilled the purpose, but in a private stable I fail
+to see its advantages over the other plan.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Picketing Posts.</strong></p>
+
+<p>When horses are picketed outside the stable, and there is space enough,
+picketing posts are the most preferable method, as they allow greater
+freedom than any other. A stout smooth post, about five or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> six inches in
+diameter, is driven several feet into the ground, so that it is five or
+six feet above the surface, a strong iron ring is slipped over it, and to
+this the head rope is made fast; no heel ropes are used, and the horse can
+move round it as he pleases. The post must be smooth, so that there is
+nothing for the ring to catch in, and when put into the ground the point
+should be put into the fire and charred, or covered with kerosene oil, to
+keep off the white ants. It will also have to be examined occasionally to
+see that it is not damaged or rotten. The only drawback to this plan is
+that, if there are several horses, a considerable space is necessary, as
+they must be far enough apart to prevent their kicking at each other.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Ringing.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In South Africa and the colonies horses are picketed by the method known
+as &#8220;ringing,&#8221; the head rope of one being fastened to the head collar of
+the next, and so on, till the head rope of the last is in its turn
+fastened to the head collar of the first, their heads forming a ring
+looking inwards. Colonial horses will stand like this for hours together;
+but they are very quiet, and behave in a different way to the Indian
+country-bred. I have seen the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> plan used in a cavalry regiment of the
+Italian army on the march near Milan.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Rheims.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In South Africa head ropes are made of prepared raw hide called &#8220;rheims.&#8221;
+They are prepared by the Kaffir women out of raw ox hide, and are very
+strong and supple, and are excellent for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Knee-haltering.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Knee-haltering is also a South African plan of securing horses when turned
+out to graze. The fore leg is lifted up, so that the forearm from the
+elbow to the knee is parallel to the ground. The head rope, or &#8220;rheim,&#8221; is
+then fastened above the knee, the head being pulled a little downwards.
+The horse is then turned out to graze on the veldt, and when his head is
+down feeding he can use his limbs and walk about as he likes, but as soon
+as he puts up his head to trot or gallop the fore leg is pulled up, and he
+has only three to go on, and can easily be caught.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Shackles</strong> (<i>bheri</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The natives of India use iron shackles, much like handcuffs, to fasten
+with a key round both fore fetlocks of horses when turned out loose; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+they are not a desirable invention, and in young animals are very likely
+to cause ringbones. But this, I think, is on account of their clumsy shape
+and being constantly worn, as I believe shackles made out of round iron
+that shut with a spring were used by the Canadian mounted police at one
+time when turning their horses out, and they found they did not chafe and
+rub so much as leather ones did. It was found that even moving through the
+wet grass the steel hobbles were polished, kept bright, and required no
+attention, whereas the leather ones perished and became hard, and gave
+constant trouble unless carefully looked after. I have never tried this
+plan myself, for I have found the Cape system of knee-haltering when
+turning animals out to graze the best I have yet come across.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Picketing-pegs</strong> (<i>make</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Picketing-pegs should be made out of hard wood about eighteen inches to
+two feet long; iron ones are dangerous. They should be driven into the
+ground in a slanting direction, the point towards and the head away from
+the animal, to resist the strain on it. If there are no tent-pegs, or the
+ground is so soft that there is no holding for them, a hole a couple of
+feet deep can be dug, and a bundle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> of straw or a couple of tent-pegs tied
+crossways buried in it, the earth trodden down, and the rope brought out
+at the surface. This will give ample holding, and may be practically
+tested, for although a vertical pull will easily bring it up, the
+strongest man will fail to move it if the strain is horizontal.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Leading-ropes</strong> (<i>bagh durie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Leading-ropes are things that ruin half the horses&#8217; mouths in India, and I
+never let such a thing into the stable. If they are used as they were
+originally intended to be, that is, buckled into the ring of the snaffle
+or watering bridle to lead the horse with, they do no harm; but it is
+impossible to prevent &#8220;syces&#8221; from passing them over the head and then
+back through both rings, so as to form a gag, and this they hang on to. I
+always make them use a leading-chain, which is a leather strap with about
+a foot of chain and a snap-hook at the end of it. The hook fastens into
+the ring of the snaffle, and they cannot well pass the strap over the head
+to turn it into a gag. It seems impossible to teach a &#8220;syce&#8221; how to lead a
+horse in a watering bridle, and I find these chains the best compromise.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Brushes and Gear.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The grooming utensils required in an Indian stable are very simple: a
+horse-brush, curry-comb, bucket, some dusters, and a hoof-picker, being
+the sum total; but only one of these last is required among five or six
+horses. It is best to get English bristle brushes, they last out two of
+the native fibre ones, and are very little more expensive. Good
+horse-brushes are made by several firms in Cawnpore, and, of course, when
+a large number are used, the saving is considerable if the country-made
+article is bought, but where only a small number are required, this is a
+false economy.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Curry-combs.</strong></p>
+
+<p>These an Indian &#8220;syce&#8221; cannot get on without, and although he only uses it
+to wear out the brush, still, after all, it does not do so very much harm;
+but a bad, lazy man, if he is not prevented, will use it to scrape the
+dirt off the horse with. Country-breds are generally very thin-skinned,
+and feel the comb very much if scarified with it, as the &#8220;syce&#8221; is very
+fond of doing; and I am positive that this practice in many cases has to
+account for much of the proverbial bad temper of these animals. The
+curry-comb should never be put on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> the horse&#8217;s body at all, and in reality
+it is useless. If it can be managed, it is best not to give the &#8220;syces&#8221;
+such things, the only use of them being to clean the brush with, and this
+can be done just as well with the palm of the left hand, and the brush
+does not wear out so quickly; but it is the custom to use the comb, and it
+is hard to prevent it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Buckets</strong> (<i>balti</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Buckets can be bought anywhere. Zinc ones are better than tin, although
+perhaps a little more expensive; one should be provided for each horse.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Dusters</strong> (<i>jharans</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Dusters are things that native servants of every sort seem to consume in
+enormous quantities, and unless some check is put on it, the number used
+at the end of the month will be astonishing. Either the old one should be
+produced before another is given, or else some contract be given to them
+to provide them for themselves; but the former plan is the best; if the
+contract system is adopted, filthy rags will be used. They are luckily
+exceedingly cheap, and are made nearly everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+<p><strong>Hoof-picker</strong> (<i>sum khodna</i>).</p>
+
+<p>A hoof-picker can be made out of almost any piece of rod-iron, and one
+should be hung up in every stable. One for every four or five horses is
+enough.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Clothing</strong> (<i>gurdaine</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In Northern India, if horses are not clipped they require in the winter at
+least two thick rugs, and if they are clipped an extra one, as the climate
+from November to the end of February is bitterly cold. The ordinary
+country clothing, made out of &#8220;mundah,&#8221; and sold in the bazaars, called
+&#8220;jhools,&#8221; keeps horses warm and answers its purpose, and is cheap&mdash;a rug
+of this material costing about Rs. 3; but I think myself that it is false
+economy to get it, and that the horse-clothing made at the Muir or Elgin
+mills at Cawnpore, or the Egerton mills at Dhariwal, in the Punjab,
+although perhaps at first somewhat more expensive, will in the end be
+found the cheapest, as with care one suit of this will last many years,
+whereas the country clothing is seldom much good after a second winter&#8217;s
+wear. This clothing is made in all sorts of colours, and turned out in
+suits, and is every bit as good as English manufactured.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> Country blankets
+(kumbal) can also be got; and the condemned soldiers&#8217; blankets, that are
+periodically sold by the military authorities, make excellent horse-rugs.
+I always think it best to get regular horse-clothing shaped and pieced out
+at the neck to buckle across the chest, or, at all events, to have one rug
+like this, even if the rest are ordinary square blankets, as the shaped
+clothing protects the front of the chest, which the square blanket will
+not do. The blanket can be used in the daytime, and the rug on the top at
+night, buckling across the chest, as leaving this part of the body exposed
+is a fruitful source of coughs and colds. Aprons, breast-pieces, and
+quarter-cords are seldom seen in India, except on race horses, and then
+only as a fancy matter.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Hoods</strong> (<i>khansilla</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Hoods with hacks, harness horses, and polo ponies are not often required;
+but if horses are sensitive to cold, particularly if they are standing out
+at night, they are no doubt a great protection. They are made up of the
+same material as the country &#8220;jhool,&#8221; and they also can be got to match
+the clothing made at any of the woollen mills. In any case it is a good
+thing to have a spare hood in the stable, even if it is not habitually
+used, as when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> a horse begins to cough if at once put on a severe cold is
+often averted.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Body-rollers</strong> (<i>paities</i>, or <i>farakis</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Body-rollers are sold in the bazaar shops of native manufacture, but are
+most flimsy, and I strongly advise that either English ones, or else those
+made by any of the manufacturers of leather goods at Cawnpore, which are
+nearly as good as English ones, be used, although they may at first be a
+little more expensive. The common country rollers are always breaking, and
+never being properly stuffed, the webbing in the centre of the two pads
+presses on the ridge of the spine when the roller is buckled up. There is
+no more fruitful cause of sore backs than this, especially if horses are
+at all thin and standing out in the open. &#8220;Syces&#8221; have a trick of pulling
+up the straps of the roller as tight as possible, and if it gets wet with
+the dew or rain it shrinks up, and the tight webbing cuts and pinches the
+skin over the backbone, causing a sore back. With a properly made roller
+the pressure is taken on the sides of the back by the two pads, and the
+webbing does not come in contact with the skin at all. In any case, if the
+horses are standing out in the open at night, it is always advisable to go
+round<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> the last thing and let the roller out a hole or two. If country
+rollers are used, direct pressure of the webbing on the spine can be taken
+off by putting a folded up duster or a handful of straw under it. If the
+back has been pinched or rubbed the roller should be left off, and the
+blankets or clothing kept in their place by a couple of tapes or pieces of
+string stitched to the edge of each and tied under the body.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Bandages</strong> (<i>puttie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Woollen bandages on the legs greatly add to the horse&#8217;s comfort when
+standing out on a cold night. The ordinary ones sold in the bazaar answer
+well enough, only they are generally a little too wide and not long
+enough. The bandage should be put on commencing from below and finishing
+under the knee or hock, and not in the reverse direction, commencing
+above, as is often done. The tapes should be tied in a bow outside. What
+is known as the Newmarket bandage, made out of a semi-elastic woollen
+material, is an excellent one. It stretches somewhat when put on the leg,
+and gives it support. They, however, are somewhat expensive&mdash;about Rs. 4
+a set&mdash;but with ordinary care will outlast several pairs of country ones.
+A good bandage is made by the Muir Mills Company at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> Cawnpore out of the
+cotton webbing called &#8220;newar&#8221;; they are very cheap and good, but are not
+so warm as the cotton ones.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Summer Clothing.</strong></p>
+
+<p>This is rather a superfluity, and, unless with race horses, is not usually
+indulged in, for at the time it could be worn it generally is so hot that
+the less the horse has on him the better. Usually one of the blankets used
+in the winter is kept to throw over him when standing about, or when
+walking back from work. Drill summer clothing can be obtained at any of
+the woollen mills in India in a variety of patterns, or a native tailor
+(durzie) will make it up in your own verandah if you give him a pattern.
+At least two suits per horse are required, as it very soon gets dirty in
+the warm season and requires washing.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Eye Fringes</strong> (<i>makieara</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Eye fringes are absolutely necessary in India, and are used in parts of
+Australia to protect the eyes from the flies. They are fastened on to the
+cheek strap of the head collar with a small tab and button-hole in place
+of a brow band, and have a fringe of either leather or cotton cords that
+hang<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> down over the eyes halfway to the nose. I prefer the cord ones; the
+fringes are always flat and in contact with the face, whereas the leather
+ones are liable to curl up at the ends and allow the flies to get
+underneath. The cotton ones are easier mended than the leather.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Fly Whisks</strong> (<i>chaurie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>I always give each &#8220;syce&#8221; a fly whisk to keep flies off the horse while at
+exercise, or when he is holding him anywhere. They are very cheap, last a
+long time, and if not provided, the &#8220;syce&#8221; will arm himself with a dirty
+duster or rag of some sort for the purpose. I may, perhaps, be too
+sensitive on this point, but to see a dirty rag flourished about an
+otherwise well-turned-out animal is to me a great eyesore.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Cleaning Horse Clothing, and Storing it in the Summer.</strong></p>
+
+<p>It never enters the head of a &#8220;syce&#8221; that clothing requires to be cleaned.
+It should be frequently hung out in the sun and well beaten with a stick,
+like a carpet is, and then well brushed on both sides with a stiff
+clothes-brush. If necessary, it should be laid out flat and scrubbed with
+a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> brush and soap and water, rinsed out with cold water, as hot will make
+it shrink, and then, when dry again, beaten and brushed. The straps on
+pieced rugs should have some dubbing (momrogan) now and again rubbed into
+them, to prevent their getting hard and the leather perishing. Summer
+clothing should be sent to the washerman (dhobie) to be washed. During the
+summer months woollen clothing should be first cleaned, and then folded up
+and put away, some camphor, pepper, and leaves of the &#8220;neem&#8221; tree, that
+grows in every garden in Northern India, being placed between the folds to
+keep off the moths. They should be folded away on the top of a box, board,
+or table, or somewhere raised off the ground, to be out of the way of the
+white ants, and once a week be unfolded and hung out in the sun to air for
+a few hours, folded up, and stored away again. There is no occasion to
+waste the spices that are with them; if they are carefully unfolded over
+some newspapers, the whole can be collected and used again.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Numdahs.</strong></p>
+
+<p>If used at all, felt numdahs should have a plain edge, and not be bound
+with coloured tape, as they so often are; particularly the cheaper ones,
+that are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> sold by native saddlers. I have frequently seen sore backs
+caused by this tape binding, as well as the hair in white horses
+discoloured by the edge. When put on, the numdah should be well pulled up
+into the arch of the saddle, particularly in front. The common practice is
+to put the numdah flat on the back, and then the saddle on the top of it,
+so that when the weight comes on it, the numdah gets tight and is
+stretched, and is a common cause of sore backs and galled withers. When
+taken off the horse&#8217;s back, the numdah should be spread out in the sun to
+dry; it should then be beaten with a stick and brushed with a hard brush
+to get the dry caked perspiration out of it, and to bring the nap of the
+felt up again. If this is not done it will get as hard as a board, and
+neglected numdahs are certain to give sore backs. If the saddle is
+properly stuffed and fitted to the horse&#8217;s back, a numdah is not required,
+the only use of it being to save the lining of the saddle, and for this
+purpose I prefer a leather one.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Grooming</strong> (<i>malish</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Grooming is an art that native grooms excel in. They have infinite
+patience, and their long supple fingers are peculiarly adapted for the
+work. They,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> furthermore, are used to it, for every Oriental is an adept
+at shampooing or massage, constantly doing it to their own limbs and those
+of their friends. When the horse comes in from work the bridle should be
+taken off him, hung up on a peg, and a watering bridle put into his mouth,
+the stirrup irons run up to the top of the leathers, and the girths
+slackened. If there is a breast-plate it can be taken off, but the saddle
+should not be removed till the back gets cool. According to the season of
+the year, a light or warm rug should be thrown over the quarters, and the
+horse walked about till he gets cool. If there is much mud sticking on
+him, it can be rubbed off with a wisp of straw before the brush is used.
+Horses should not be washed, or, if they are, only under very exceptional
+circumstances, when specially ordered. It is, however, a favourite
+practice among &#8220;syces,&#8221; as it saves a good deal of trouble; and it is much
+easier to wash off mud and dirt than to remove it with the brush, as ought
+to be done; they are also very apt to use the curry-comb for this purpose.
+When the horse is cool he should be gone over with the brush, to remove
+what dirt is remaining, and when this is finished the process should be
+repeated with the hands, the palm and bend of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> the wrist being used for
+this purpose. If it is the hot weather, the grooming had best be done
+out-of-doors; but in winter it is best to do it in the stable, as in
+Northern India there is a cold wind blowing even in the middle of the day,
+and if exposed to it horses are liable to catch cold. As soon as the
+grooming is finished, which with a clipped horse can be done in about half
+an hour, the clothing and bandages should be put on, and, if it is
+evening, the bed put down. Even if not worked, this process of grooming
+should take place twice a day&mdash;before the morning and evening feed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Wisps and Grooming Pads.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Straw wisps or leather pads are particularly useful in developing the
+muscle of a thin animal, or bringing the skin into order when it has been
+neglected. The wisps are made by twisting some of the bedding straw
+together into a rope about three feet long. This is then doubled in the
+middle and again twisted, so as to form a flat pad. Two of these wisps are
+used, one in each hand, and they are alternately brought down with a
+slight slap and drawing motion in the direction of the hair, the whole
+body being massaged with them. It is sometimes a good plan, if there is
+much dirt in the coat,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> to cover the pad with a damp duster; the dirt
+seems to stick to it. This is particularly useful when horses are changing
+their coats; the hair sticks to the damp cloth, and the old coat is
+brought out quicker than it otherwise would be. The grooming pads are used
+in the same way. They are two circles of leather about four or five inches
+in diameter, joined together with a strip of chamois leather about three
+inches wide, so as to form a pad or cushion, that is stuffed with tow. On
+one side a piece of leather or webbing is stitched at each end,
+sufficiently loose to allow the hand to be slipped under it in the same
+way as the horse brush. Two of these pads are used, and the skin beaten or
+massaged by each hand alternately. Although, perhaps, at first horses are
+fidgety, when they get used to it they appear to enjoy it; and it has the
+advantage of letting the owner know, if he is not in sight, that the
+&#8220;syce&#8221; is working by the noise he makes.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Hand-rubbing.</strong></p>
+
+<p>If horses are inclined to get filled on swollen legs, the tendons should
+be well hand-rubbed for five minutes at each grooming hour. This
+hand-rubbing should commence from the lower portion of the limb<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> and be
+continued upwards, not in the reverse direction, which is the usual
+practice. The limb should be lifted up, and the fingers worked with a
+kneading motion behind the tendons.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Washing.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The feet, mane and tail are the only parts that should ever be washed,
+unless specially ordered, and then as seldom as possible. When the feet
+are washed, great care should be taken that they are carefully dried
+afterwards, and bandages put on, as leaving the legs wet is one of the
+chief causes of cracked heels, more especially in the winter months, if
+there is a dry cold wind blowing. If soap is used, it should be soft-soap;
+or, better still, the soap nut, or &#8220;reita.&#8221; This is a berry, the shell or
+outer covering of which, when soaked in water, swells up into a sticky
+mass, that lathers like soap, and by natives of India is used for washing
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Uneven Manes.</strong></p>
+
+<p>When the mane gets ragged and uneven, it should be carefully brushed down
+four or five times a day with a damp water brush, to make it lie flat. The
+long hairs on the under side next the neck should be pulled out, so that
+the mane is thinned, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> lower part lies in a perfect curve along the
+neck. Some horses object, and are a little troublesome during this
+process; but, if it is done gradually, it can be easily accomplished. The
+long hairs in the mane should never be cut, unless it is intended to clip
+it off altogether, and make it into a &#8220;hogged&#8221; mane. If the mane will not
+lie down flat with an even sweep, it can be covered with a cake of mud for
+four or five days, when it should be removed, and renewed if necessary.
+Being dry, it will crack, and the pieces can be easily knocked off, and
+the dust brushed out. The mud cake generally has the desired effect after
+having been applied four or five times.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Hogged Manes.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The manes of polo ponies and cobs it is the fashion to &#8220;hog,&#8221; or cut off
+close to the neck. It is best to leave the forelock, as it gives a certain
+protection against the flies and glare of the sun; also, to leave a lock
+of hair on the wither, to grasp with the hand when mounting. The best
+implement to hog a mane with is a pair of ordinary horse-clippers, but
+don&#8217;t use a new pair, or they will get spoiled; old ones that are no use
+for the rest of the body, do well enough. It is best to sit on the
+animal&#8217;s back when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> the mane is being hogged, and to cut forwards; the
+hair will be cut much smoother, and a neater job made of it than when
+standing on the ground at the side.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Ragged Legs.</strong></p>
+
+<p>If the horse is not clipped, the long hairs at the back of the legs look
+very unsightly. They should be pulled out, not cut off. If a little
+powdered resin is rubbed on the finger and thumb, the hair will stick to
+it, and come out much more easily, and the legs will have a smooth, even
+appearance, which can never be attained if they are cut off with scissors,
+no matter how carefully this is done; there will always be jagged ridges
+left. The long hairs under the jowl can be singed off by passing a lighted
+candle under the jaw once or twice. If the horse is at all frightened at
+the candle, he can be blindfolded; but the operation is so quick, that
+generally it is all over before he is aware of what is being done. The
+long hairs on the muzzle and chin can be clipped off with a pair of
+ordinary scissors. If the horse is not clipped all over, attention to
+these one or two little details make all the difference in his appearance,
+and in his being turned out smart, or the reverse.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p><p><strong>Trimming Tails.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The tail should be grasped close to the root with one hand, which is run
+down so that the hairs are all gathered together, and a string or tape
+tied round below the fleshy part at the tip. The tail should then be drawn
+out straight, and the hair cut off with a single sweep of a sharp knife
+just below where the string is tied. The blade of the knife must be long
+enough to give a drawing sweep, which an ordinary pocket-knife will not
+do. There is nothing better for this than a sharp native sword, or
+&#8220;tulwar,&#8221; as it is long enough to cut through all the hair at one stroke;
+or, failing a sword, a sharp carving-knife will do, the longer in the
+blade the better. Any uneven ends of hair that remain can afterwards be
+trimmed off with a pair of scissors; or, better still, by a pair of sheep
+shears. Tail-cutting machines are sold with an arrangement to fix the hair
+of the tail with a clamp, on which there is a sliding cutting-blade. These
+cut the hair off very smoothly and evenly; the only drawback is that they
+are somewhat expensive, costing about Rs. 16 in Calcutta or Bombay.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Clipping.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Arabs and many country-breds carry such fine coats that they do not
+require clipping, but most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> Australians and colonials do; and if the coat
+is at all inclined to get long and thick, it certainly should be taken
+off, for horse-clothing is so cheap that an extra rug can always be got.
+Horses should not be clipped till the coat has &#8220;set,&#8221; <i>i.e.</i> till the long
+winter coat has grown, and no more hairs will come off when the hand is
+rubbed over the skin. This is generally about the beginning of October in
+Northern India. They will generally require clipping twice or three times
+during the winter, or up to the middle of March. There are generally some
+professional clippers in every station, who bring their own
+clipping-machines, and charge about two or three rupees for a pony, and an
+extra rupee for a horse each time; or, if there is not such an individual
+about, permission can generally be obtained to have it done by any of the
+cavalry regiments in the station. It should be remembered that horses
+having just lost their coats will require an extra rug that night.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Cleaning the Sheath.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The owner must himself occasionally see that the horse&#8217;s sheath is washed
+out. &#8220;Syces&#8221; never think this necessary, and the part gets into a filthy,
+dirty state, that in the summer months is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> likely to give rise to a
+troublesome sore, called a &#8220;bursattee&#8221; ulcer. Some horses are very
+troublesome to do this with, and it may be necessary to put on a twitch
+(&#8220;kinch mhal&#8221;); but this should always be done in the owner&#8217;s presence.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Light in Stables.</strong></p>
+
+<p>With a new-comer, &#8220;syces&#8221; usually ask for oil to burn in a native
+earthenware lamp (charragh) at night, but it is a thing I never allow. In
+the first place, even if the lamp was kept burning, it is not required;
+horses rest better in the dark. In the second, it is dangerous with so
+much inflammable material about. In the third, the lamp will not be used
+in the stable, but the &#8220;syce&#8217;s&#8221; own house. If a light is ever required,
+which is only on rare occasions, it is better to bring a lantern out of
+the house; and in India there is always a hurricane-lantern to be found in
+every house.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Fires in Verandahs.</strong></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Syces&#8221; are very fond of lighting fires and making cooking places in the
+verandah of the stable, but this I never allow, as it litters the place up
+with cooking pots, and makes a great mess; also, it is dangerous. I always
+make them carry on their cooking operations in the verandahs of their own
+houses.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SADDLERY" id="SADDLERY"></a>SADDLERY, HARNESS, CARRIAGES, AND SERVANTS.</h2>
+
+<p><strong>Saddles</strong> (<i>zin</i>) <strong>and Harness</strong> (<i>saz</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Saddles, harness, and all leatherwork requires a good deal more care and
+attention in India than in England, especially during the hot season, when
+the fierce dry heat will dry up and perish all sorts of leather; and in
+the rains, especially in Southern India, where the atmosphere is so loaded
+with moisture that leather, put on one side and neglected for a very few
+days, soon becomes covered with mildew. There are no saddle rooms in
+Indian stables, and it is usual to keep them in a corner of a room in the
+house on a wooden saddle-stand, called by natives a &#8220;ghorra&#8221; horse. In the
+rains, a pan or brazier of burning charcoal should be kept in the room for
+a few hours daily, if there is not a fire-place. Saddles are cleaned in
+the same way as in England, and excellent saddle soap and dubbing is made
+by the North-west Province Soap Works<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> at Meerut, and can be obtained
+almost anywhere. If this is not used, the &#8220;syces&#8221; can always make up
+dubbing of their own, called &#8220;momrogan.&#8221; Some people give their head
+&#8220;syce&#8221; a monthly allowance to provide dubbing, soap, bathbrick, oil, etc.;
+but as they frequently put lime and bleaching materials with it, I prefer
+to buy it myself, and let them get the other articles. They require a
+chamoise leather and a burnisher for steel-work, but one of each will do
+for a stable of half a dozen horses, and very good country-made leathers
+(sabur) can be got for from one to one and a half rupees. The soap is put
+on to and rubbed into leather-work with the hands; but the great fault
+they have is that they will put on too much, and won&#8217;t work it in enough,
+and one&#8217;s breeches and hands will get into a great mess.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Saddle Covers</strong> (<i>buk bund</i>).</p>
+
+<p>A sheet, made out of a description of coarse country cloth (karwah), is
+necessary for each saddle or set of harness, to wrap it up in, and keep
+the dust and dirt off. It should be sufficiently large to wrap the saddle
+up in completely, and in the summer the &#8220;syce&#8221; can bring it with him to
+act as a horse-cloth to throw over the quarters when standing about.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+These saddle-sheets can be made by any tailor in a few hours.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Bridles.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Bridles, double (dahna), snaffle (kazai), can be hung up on the walls, but
+a piece of cloth or a few sheets of paper should be fastened up behind
+them; and they should be frequently taken down if not in daily use, as the
+white ants are most destructive. It is best to have one or two extra
+saddle-stands made with pegs on them, and to hang the bridles on them in
+the middle of the room, away from the walls. This may be a little more
+expensive, but a saddle-stand can be brought for Rs. 5 that will hold a
+couple of dozen bridles, worth Rs. 20 apiece. At one time plated bits were
+used in India, but I think steel ones are the best. &#8220;Syces&#8221; never can tell
+the difference, and I have more than once found a plated bit being
+industriously scrubbed and polished with sand.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Harness.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Unless particularly desired, brown harness with brass mounts is the
+best&mdash;for India, at all events&mdash;for pony-harness, and it is this class of
+animal that is generally used in an up-country station. Not one &#8220;syce&#8221; in
+a hundred knows how to clean<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> black harness properly, and if this is not
+done nothing looks worse, whereas almost any native can clean brown
+leather after a fashion, and even if it does not stand close inspection,
+it will pass muster at a little distance. Fairly good brown harness is
+made out of country leather, and it does well enough for rough work, but
+it never has the finish of English. Country leather reins and country bits
+should never be used; they are not reliable, and are most dangerous; these
+should always be English.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Carriages.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The ordinary two-wheeled pony-trap or dogcart, used in an up-country
+Indian station, is best varnished, not painted. The hot weather ruins
+paint, and, unless in some of the very large towns, it is nearly
+impossible to get them properly repainted again. Any native workman can,
+however, varnish a trap with white or copal varnish. Before allowing new
+varnish to be put on, the trap should be produced for inspection with the
+old scraped off, as it is a favourite trick to daub new varnish over the
+old, when it cannot properly set, and the first hot sun cracks and
+blisters it. In the hot weather a large earthen basin, called a &#8220;naund,&#8221;
+should be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> kept full of water under the carriage in the coach-house; the
+evaporation of the water will keep the woodwork moist, and prevent its
+cracking with the heat. A matting made of the fibres of the &#8220;khus khus,&#8221;
+or lemon grass, should also be put round the nave of the wheel, and kept
+wet, for the same purpose, as it is exceedingly likely to crack with the
+heat. The shafts of the trap should not be left resting on the ground, as
+they will warp and bend; they should be supported either by a wooden
+trestle, or else by a couple of ropes from the beams of the roof. The
+whip, when not in use, should be hung by a string at the upper part to a
+nail in the wall, and a weight, such as a brick, tied to the butt end to
+keep it straight; otherwise, in a very short time, it will get crooked.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Servants.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Indian &#8220;syces&#8221; are different to English grooms, as the new arrival will
+soon find. They have peculiar customs of their own, which, like all
+Orientals, they cling to tenaciously, and will not give up. If they are
+understood they are easily managed, and work well; but if not, the
+horse-owner&#8217;s life is a burden to him, for no European can overcome the
+passive resistance of the Oriental.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> In the first place, I never let any
+of the house servants interfere with the stable. Many persons,
+particularly those new to the country, do everything through their head
+servant, or &#8220;bearer&#8221;; but I make him stick to his own work, which is the
+control of the house and the house servants. I pick out one of the best
+and sharpest of the &#8220;syces,&#8221; changing him till I get a good man, making
+him the head or &#8220;jemedar syce,&#8221; and paying him a rupee a month more wages
+than the rest; and he is responsible for everything connected with the
+horses, and any small bills I pay to him, and him alone. The wages I pay
+myself to each man regularly on the seventh of the month, for the month
+previously. I never lift my hand to a servant, or fine him under any
+pretext, as the fine will only be made up out of the horse&#8217;s grain, but,
+if fault has to be found, I do so in the presence of the head man; on the
+second occasion a warning is given, and on the third the offender is
+dismissed on the spot. I always keep a &#8220;syce&#8221; and a &#8220;grass-cutter&#8221; for
+each horse. It is possible to get a &#8220;syce&#8221; and two &#8220;grass-cutters&#8221; to look
+after two horses, by paying the &#8220;syce&#8221; a rupee a month more; but the
+arrangement is not satisfactory, although many do it. If the &#8220;syce&#8221; gets
+ill, which they often do, there is no one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> to do his work, whereas, if
+there is a man to each horse, they will arrange the extra work among
+themselves. In Northern India &#8220;syces&#8221; and &#8220;grass-cutters&#8221; should be
+provided with warm woollen clothes in the winter. An excellent cloth for
+the purpose is made by the various woollen mills, and at most of them
+servant&#8217;s clothes can be bought ready made up; but it is best to give the
+men the materials and let them get them made up themselves, otherwise
+there is certain to be something wrong with them. A &#8220;syce&#8217;s&#8221; coat costs
+about Rs. 4, and a &#8220;grass-cutter&#8217;s,&#8221; which is made out of a coarse
+blanketing, Rs. 3; and these coats should last for two winters&#8217; wear. In
+addition, I used to give each man a &#8220;coolie&#8221; blanket that cost Rs. 3, and
+which would last three winters; and, if they had to go out much into camp,
+such as taking horses out to meet me on shooting or pig-sticking
+expeditions, a pair of woollen leg-bandages, or &#8220;putties.&#8221; It is a mistake
+not to give servants warm clothes, and a false economy, as, if they are
+not properly protected against the cold, which is very severe in Northern
+India, they are everlastingly getting fever; and I know no greater
+nuisance than having your head man laid up for two or three days at a
+stretch. In the second place, if they have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> not warm clothes themselves,
+you can never tell if in the night they will not take the clothing off the
+horses to wrap themselves up in. A constant source of squabbling amongst
+Indian servants is the allotment of their huts or houses. In the older
+Indian bungalows there is usually enough of both these and stabling, but
+in the newer ones there is not. It is best, however, not to listen to any
+such complaints, and somehow the disputants settle the knotty point
+themselves. Every now and again it is advisable to see who is living in
+your compound, as a most enormous number of relations will turn up, who
+are known as brothers (bhai); and if you don&#8217;t look out, you will find you
+are giving shelter on your premises to several hundred individuals. Indian
+servants are always asking leave to attend weddings, funerals, and
+religious ceremonies; and I always allow them to go, provided some
+arrangement is made to carry on their work. They are clannish in the
+extreme, and a substitute was always forthcoming. In the hills
+&#8220;grass-cutters&#8221; are not required, as grass can be bought in the bazaars.
+The country people look on the sale of this as a vested right, and
+naturally resent any outsider cutting it or interfering with them; and, if
+they do, there is pretty certain to be a disturbance and unpleasantness.
+If<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> &#8220;grass-cutters&#8221; are preferred to purchasing the daily supply, local
+hillmen should be employed, who will arrange the matter with their
+neighbours, and not men brought up from the plains of India. In most hill
+stations passes or licences have to be obtained to cut grass. In every
+Indian station there is an official price-list of country produce
+published, and should any dispute arise as to the rates charged, it is as
+well to obtain it from the native magistrate (tehsildar), whose decision
+in such matters is usually accepted as final, and which generally saves an
+immense amount of trouble.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SHOEING" id="SHOEING"></a>SHOEING.</h2>
+
+<p><strong>Shoeing</strong> (<i>n&#257;l bundie</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Shoeing is a subject on which a volume might be written of itself, far
+beyond the scope of this little work, and for further information on the
+art I would refer the reader to the treatises by Dr. Flemming and W.
+Hunting, Esq.; but as both these deal with European practice, I will only
+mention a few differences in the art as performed by the native smith, or
+&#8220;n&#257;l bund.&#8221; In most large military stations where there are European
+troops, permission can generally be obtained to have horses shod at the
+regimental forge, but in out-of-the-way places the native artist has to be
+employed. All horses require shoeing at least once a month, and some
+oftener, as with some the horn grows quicker than others, and the hoof
+requires to be shortened oftener. In these cases, if the shoe is not worn
+out at the toe, it can be replaced after the foot is shortened; this is
+what the English smith calls &#8220;a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> remove,&#8221; the native &#8220;khol bundi.&#8221; It is
+advisable after work to lift up the foot and look if the shoes (n&#257;l)
+have shifted or not, also to examine the clench or point of the nail
+(preg) where it has been turned over, as it sometimes gets turned up and
+sticks out. If this happens on the inside of the hoof it is likely to cut
+the opposite fetlock (mawah lagna), and make a bad wound that may leave a
+permanent scar or blemish. Some horses, from bad formation, move their
+limbs so closely together that they always rub the fetlock joints when
+they move. This sometimes can be corrected by what is known as a brushing
+shoe; but some badly-shaped animals will always do it, no matter what sort
+of shoe is put on. Various forms of pads or brushing boots are sold to
+prevent this and protect the part; but, in my opinion, what is known as
+the Irish boot is the best. It consists of a thick piece of blanket, or
+&#8220;mundah,&#8221; about six inches wide and the length of the circumference of the
+leg. This is fastened round the fetlock with a tape or string so that the
+ends are in the middle line of the leg behind, the upper half being
+doubled over the string so that there are two thicknesses to protect the
+fetlock joint. I have found this far better than the more elaborate
+contrivances sold; it is cheap&mdash;any one can make one in a few minutes&mdash;it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+does not collect mud and dirt like the others do, and it does not become
+hard like those boots made out of leather, which, unless carefully looked
+to and kept soft with soap (sabon) or dubbing (momrogan), are liable to
+cut horses badly. The only care required in putting on the Irish boot is
+not to tie it too tight, or the tapes may cut the skin. Some pieces of
+horn hanging loose, that are being cast off from the sole and frog in the
+natural process of growth, are often seen. These are very likely to
+collect dirt and moisture, and if they do they should be removed, but
+otherwise be left alone. They can generally be pulled off with the
+fingers, a piece of stick, or the hoof-picker. As a rule, in the plains of
+India the majority of horses do not require shoes on their hind feet,
+unless the roads are mended with stone, or the climate is very damp and
+the horn gets soft. In the rainy season, if much work is being done, they
+perhaps then require shoeing behind, but in the dry season the majority go
+just as well without. In the hills, where the paths are rocky and stony,
+horses, of course, require shoeing behind. Unlike the European, the native
+smith shoes what is called &#8220;cold,&#8221; that is, he has a number of shoes in
+sizes from which he selects one as near a fit as possible, which he
+hammers into shape on a small anvil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> without heating it. Native shoes are
+generally perfectly plain, <i>i.e.</i> flat on both sides, and, unless
+specially made, are never &#8220;seated,&#8221; <i>i.e.</i> sloped on the foot surface, or
+&#8220;bevelled,&#8221; <i>i.e.</i> sloped on the ground surface. As a rule, the nail-holes
+are what the smith calls too fine, <i>i.e.</i> they are too near the outer rim
+of the iron, and to get a hold the shoe has to be brought back so that the
+horn projects over the iron. To obviate this the smith removes the toe
+with the rasp, thus weakening the horn at the very place where it is
+required to be strong. The shoes are generally somewhat too small also,
+and to get the nail to take hold they have to be set back in the same way
+as when the nail-holes are too fine. A native smith, unless he has been
+shown how, never knows how to turn down the point of the nail after it has
+been driven through the hoof to form the clench; he never cuts off the
+superfluous part, but turns it round in a curl with the pincers, and,
+needless to say, this is exceedingly likely to cause brushing. Another
+great fault is his fondness of pairing and slicing away the frog and sole,
+which he will have to be stopped in doing. I have seldom seen a horse
+pricked in shoeing by a native, but if left to themselves they never get
+the bearing true, and as a result corns are of common occurrence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> Of
+course, such light shoes as those of native manufacture have not a great
+lot of wear in them, and in heavy, holding ground would pull off, but on
+the hard level plains of India they last well enough, and the native
+smith, if his faults are known and corrected, is not a bad workman after
+his own lights.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+<h2>GLOSSARY OF HINDUSTANI WORDS.</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Adarwah</span>, <i>parched barley</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Aghari</span>, <i>a head rope</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Akh-ta</span>, <i>a gelding</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bad hazmie</span>, <i>indigestion</i>, <i>dyspepsia</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bagh</span>, <i>rein</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bagh dorie</span>, <i>leading-rope</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bajara</span>, <i>millet seed</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Balti</span>, <i>bucket</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Baniah</span>, <i>corn-dealer</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">B&#257;ns</span>, <i>bamboo</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bhai</span>, <i>brother, relative</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bherie</span>, <i>iron shackles for horse&#8217;s legs</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bhestie</span>, <i>water carrier</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bichalie</span>, <i>bedding straw</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Buk bund</span>, <i>saddle sheet</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Burradah</span>, <i>sawdust</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Charpoy</span>, <i>native bedstead</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Charragh</span>, <i>native oil lamp</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chattie</span>, <i>earthen pot</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chaurie</span>, <i>fly-whisk</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Cheil</span>, <i>to dig up grass</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chick</span>, <i>split bamboo window blind</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chick-na</span>, <i>muzzle</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Choker</span>, <i>bran</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chuckie</span>, <i>hand-mill</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chunna</span>, <i>gram</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Churrie</span>, <i>dried shorgum stalk used for cattle fodder</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Compound</span>, <i>enclosure round an Indian house</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Cultee</span>, <i>the black gram used as horse food in Madras</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dah</span>, <i>a bill-hook</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dah-na</span>, <i>a double bridle</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dast</span>, <i>diarrh&oelig;a</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dastour</span>, <i>custom, percentage, perquisites</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dhan</span>, <i>unhusked rice</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dha nah</span>, <i>grain</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dhoob</span>, <i>an Indian grass on which horses are fed</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dhool</span>, <i>a small leather bucket used for drawing water</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Durzie</span>, <i>a tailor</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Farakie</span>, <i>body-roller</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gajar</span>, <i>carrots</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gehun</span>, <i>wheat</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ghorra</span>, <i>horse</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ghorrie</span>, <i>mare</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gudda</span>, <i>donkey</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gumalo</span>, <i>earthen vessel shaped like a milk pan, holding about a gallon</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gunna</span>, <i>sugar-cane</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gurdaine</span>, <i>horse-rug</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hawah</span>, <i>air</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hookha</span>, <i>a pipe</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hurrialie</span>, <i>a species of grass</i>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Jai</span>, <i>oats</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Jamp</span>, <i>a straw screen</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Jaru</span>, <i>a broom</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Jharan</span>, <i>duster</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Jhool</span>, <i>country horse clothing made out of felt</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Jonk</span>, <i>leech</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Jow</span>, <i>barley</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kali nimuk</span>, <i>black salt</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kar wah</span>, <i>a sort of cotton cloth</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kazai</span>, <i>watering or snaffle bridle</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Khal</span>, <i>linseed cake</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Khansilla</span>, <i>hood</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Khasil</span>, <i>green food</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Khawid</span>, <i>green food</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Khoalie</span>, <i>charcoal</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Khol bundie</span>, <i>a remove in horse shoeing</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Khua</span>, <i>a well</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Khus khus</span>, <i>lemon grass</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kicher ke muttee</span>, <i>clay</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kinch mhal</span>, <i>twitch</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kirim</span>, <i>worm, weevil</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kumbal</span>, <i>blanket</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kurlie</span>, <i>manger</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kurpa</span>, <i>a short iron hoe, used to dig grass with</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kutcher</span>, <i>mule</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Malish</span>, <i>grooming</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Make</span>, <i>a wooden tent-peg</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Makie-ara</span>, <i>eye-fringe to keep off flies</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Maund</span>, <i>80 lbs. weight</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mawah lagna</span>, <i>brushing of the fetlocks</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Missa bhoosa</span>, <i>grain stalks crushed in thrashing</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Moat</span>, <i>pulse grain</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Momrogan</span>, <i>dubbing</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mote</span>, <i>pulse grain</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mung</span>, <i>pulse grain</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mussuk</span>, <i>leather water-bag</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Muttie</span>, <i>earth</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Muzzuma</span>, <i>leather heel-strap</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">N&#257;l</span>, <i>a horseshoe</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">N&#257;l bund</span>, <i>a shoeing-smith</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Naund</span>, <i>a large wide-mouthed earthen vessel holding several gallons</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Newar</span>, <i>cotton webbing</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Nimmuk</span>, <i>salt</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Nirrick</span>, <i>the official price list</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Nukta</span>, <i>head stall</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Numdah</span>, <i>felt pad for putting under a saddle</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Paite</span>, <i>body-roller</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pani</span>, <i>water</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pecharie</span>, <i>heel ropes</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Preg</span>, <i>nail</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Putter ke nimmuk</span>, <i>rock salt</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Puttie</span>, <i>a roller bandage</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ret</span>, <i>sand</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Reita</span>, <i>soap nuts</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rhal</span>, <i>linseed cake</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Roll kerna</span>, <i>to exercise</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sabon</span>, <i>soap</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sabur</span>, <i>chamois leather</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">San</span>, <i>a stallion</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Saz</span>, <i>harness</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Seer</span>, <i>a two-pound weight</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Shalgham</span>, <i>turnip</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Suffaid bhoosa</span>, <i>wheat straw that has been crushed and broken in thrashing</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sum khodna</span>, <i>hoof-picker</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sun</span>, <i>tow or hemp</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Syce</span>, <i>a groom</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tobra</span>, <i>a nose-bag</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tokar</span>, <i>to trip or stumble</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tokrie</span>, <i>a basket</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tulwar</span>, <i>a curved native sword</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ulsie</span>, <i>linseed</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Zin</span>, <i>a saddle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,<br />
+STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="adverts">
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="telegrams">
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">No. 78.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Telegrams:</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#8220;MOFUSSIL, LONDON.&#8221;</span></td><td><span class="spacer"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </span></td><td align="right">Established 1819.</td></tr></table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>A SELECTION FROM THE PUBLICATIONS</h2>
+
+<p class="center">OF<br />
+W. THACKER &amp; CO.,<br />
+2, CREED LANE, LONDON, E.C.<br />
+<br />
+AND<br />
+<br />
+THACKER, SPINK &amp; CO.,<br />
+CALCUTTA.<br />
+<br />
+1897.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 2]</span></p>
+<p><strong>SHAW, VERO.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>How to Choose a Dog, and How to Select a Puppy.</strong> With Notes on the
+Peculiarities and Characteristics of each Breed. By <span class="smcap">Vero Shaw</span>, Author of
+&#8220;The Illustrated Book of the Dog,&#8221; late Kennel Editor of the &#8220;Field.&#8221;
+Crown 8vo., sewed, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The Stock Keeper.</i>&mdash;&#8220;The price is within everybody&#8217;s means, and needless
+to say the work is not of a pretentious nature. On the other hand, the
+text keeps the promise of the title, and the advice that is given is good.
+Each breed of dog has a chapter to itself, which opens with a few
+introductory remarks of a general nature: then follow the points briefly
+and plainly; next come average of the pup from six weeks old until he
+attains maturity. A couple of pages at the end of the work are devoted to
+the relation, and a few useful hints on buying, feeding, and breeding.
+Needless to add that like all Mr. Vero Shaw&#8217;s writings on canine subjects
+the information is founded on practical experience and imparted in easy
+excellent English.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><strong>NUNN, VETY. CAPT. J. A.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Notes on Stable Management in India and the Colonies.</strong> <span class="u">Second Edition</span>,
+revised and enlarged, with a Glossary. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>CONTENTS.&mdash;Food, Water, Air, and Ventilation. Grooming, Gear, etc.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><strong>THOMAS, HENRY SULLIVAN, F.L.S.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>The Rod in India:</strong> being Hints how to obtain Sport, with remarks on the
+Natural History of Fish and their Culture. By <span class="smcap">Henry Sullivan Thomas</span>,
+F.L.S. (Madras Civil Service, retired), Author of &#8220;Tank Angling in India.&#8221;
+<span class="u">Third Edition</span>. Demy 8vo., cloth. [<i>In the Press.</i></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Land and Water.</i>&mdash;&#8220;A book to read for pleasure at home, as well as to use
+as a handbook of exceeding value to the angler who may be already there,
+or intending to visit India.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 3]</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>Capt. M. H. HAYES&#8217; BOOKS ON HORSES.</h3>
+
+<p><strong>HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners.</strong> An Illustrated Manual of Horse Medicine
+and Surgery, written in simple language. <span class="u">Fifth Edition.</span> This Edition is
+revised throughout, considerably enlarged, and incorporates the substance
+of the Author&#8217;s &#8220;Soundness and Age of Horses.&#8221; Thick crown 8vo., buckram,
+15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday Review.</i>&mdash;&#8220;Captain Hayes&#8217; work is a valuable addition to our
+stable literature; and the illustrations, tolerably numerous, are
+excellent beyond the reach of criticism.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Times.</i>&mdash;&#8220;A necessary guide for horse-owners, especially those who are
+far removed from immediate professional assistance.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Field.</i>&mdash;&#8220;Of the many popular veterinary books which have come under our
+notice, this is certainly one of the most scientific and reliable. If some
+painstaking student would give us works of equal merit to this on the
+diseases of the other domestic animals, we should possess a very complete
+veterinary library in a very small compass.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News.</i>&mdash;&#8220;Simplicity is one of the most
+commendable features in the book. What Captain Hayes has to say he says in
+plain terms, and the book is a very useful one for everybody who is
+concerned with horses.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Lancet.</i>&mdash;&#8220;The usefulness of the manual is testified to by its
+popularity, and each edition has given evidence of increasing care on the
+part of the author to render it more complete and trustworthy as a book of
+reference for amateurs.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><strong>HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Indian Racing Reminiscences.</strong> Profusely Illustrated. Impl. 16mo., 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 4]</span></p>
+<p><strong>HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Points of the Horse.</strong> A familiar Treatise on Equine Conformation. <span class="u">Second
+Edition.</span> Revised and enlarged. This edition has been thoroughly revised
+and contains numerous additions, including specially written Chapters on
+the Breeds of English and Foreign Horses. Illustrated by 200 reproductions
+of Photographs of Typical &#8220;Points&#8221; and Horses, and 205 Drawings by <span class="smcap">J. H.
+Oswald Brown</span>. Super-royal 8vo., cloth, gilt top, 34<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>Also a <i>LARGE PAPER EDITION</i>, strictly limited to One Hundred and Fifty
+Copies for England and the Colonies, numbered and signed by the Author.
+Demy 4to., art cloth, top edges gilt, uncut, 63s. net. [<i>Nearly all sold.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Press Opinions on the Second Edition.</p>
+
+<p><i>Times, Feb., 1897.</i>&mdash;&#8220;The intrinsic value of the book, and high
+professional reputation of its author, should ensure this new edition a
+cordial welcome from Sportsmen and all lovers of the horse.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Field.</i>&mdash;&#8220;A year or two ago we had to speak in terms of praise of the
+first edition of this book, and we welcome the second and more complete
+issue. The first edition was out of print in six months, but, instead of
+reprinting it, Capt. Hayes thought it better to wait until he had enough
+material in hand to enable him to make to the second edition those
+additions and improvements he had proposed to himself to add. The result
+is in every way satisfactory, and in this handsome book the searcher after
+sound information on the make and shape of the horse will find what will
+be of the utmost use to him. Those who have been, or who contemplate being
+at no distant date, in the position of judges at horse shows, will derive
+great benefit from a careful perusal of Capt. Hayes&#8217;s pages.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 5]</span></p>
+<p><strong>HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Illustrated Horsebreaking.</strong> <span class="u">Second Edition.</span> This Edition has been entirely
+re-written; the amount of the letterpress more than doubled, and 75
+reproductions of Photographs have been added. Impl. 16mo., buckram, 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Field.</i>&mdash;&#8220;It is a characteristic of all Captain Hayes&#8217; books on horses
+that they are eminently practical, and the present one is no exception to
+the rule. A work which is entitled to high praise as being far and away
+the best reasoned-out one on breaking under a new system we have seen.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Veterinary Journal.</i>&mdash;&#8220;The work is eminently practical and readable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><strong>HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Riding: on the Flat and Across Country.</strong> A Guide to Practical
+Horsemanship. Impl. 16mo., cloth gilt., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Times.</i>&mdash;&#8220;Captain Hayes&#8217; hints and instructions are useful aids, even to
+experienced riders, while for those less accustomed to the saddle, his
+instructions are simply invaluable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Standard.</i>&mdash;&#8220;Captain Hayes is not only a master of his subject, but he
+knows how to aid others in gaming such a mastery as may be obtained by the
+study of a book.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Field.</i>&mdash;&#8220;We are not in the least surprised that a third edition of this
+useful and eminently practical book should be called for. On former
+occasions we were able to speak of it in terms of commendation, and this
+edition is worthy of equal praise.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Baily&#8217;s Magazine.</i>&mdash;&#8220;An eminently practical teacher, whose theories are
+the outcome of experience, learned not in the study, but on the road, in
+the hunting field, and on the racecourse.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 6]</span></p>
+<p><strong>HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Training and Horse Management in India.</strong> <span class="u">Fifth Edition.</span> Crown 8vo., cloth,
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday Review.</i>&mdash;&#8220;A useful guide in regard to horses anywhere. Concise,
+practical, and portable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Veterinary Journal.</i>&mdash;&#8220;We entertain a very high opinion of Captain Hayes&#8217;
+book on &#8216;Horse Training and Management in India,&#8217; and are of opinion that
+no better guide could be placed in the hands of either amateur horseman or
+veterinary surgeon newly arrived in that important division of our
+empire.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Field.</i>&mdash;&#8220;We have always been able to commend Captain Hayes&#8217; books as
+being essentially practical and written in understandable language. As
+trainer, owner, and rider of horses on the flat and over country, the
+author has had a wide experience, and when to this is added competent
+veterinary knowledge, it is clear that Captain Hayes is entitled to
+attention when he speaks.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><strong>HAYES, Mrs. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>The Horsewoman.</strong> A Practical Guide to Side-Saddle Riding. With 4 Collotypes
+from Instantaneous Photographs, and 48 Drawings after Photographs, by <span class="smcap">J.
+H. Oswald Brown</span>. Square 8vo., cloth gilt, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Times.</i>&mdash;&#8220;A large amount of sound, practical instruction, very
+judiciously and pleasantly imparted.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Field.</i>&mdash;&#8220;This is the first occasion on which a practical horseman and a
+practical horsewoman have collaborated in bringing out a book on riding
+for ladies. The result is in every way satisfactory, and, no matter how
+well a lady may ride, she will gain much valuable information from a
+perusal of &#8216;The Horsewoman.&#8217; The book is happily free from self-laudatory
+passages.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>The Queen.</i>&mdash;&#8220;A most useful and practical book on side-saddle riding,
+which may be read with real interest by all lady riders.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span></p>
+<p><strong>MILLER, E. D. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Modern Polo.</strong> A Practical Guide to the Science of the Game, Training of
+Ponies, Rules, etc. By Mr. <span class="smcap">E. D. Miller</span>, late 17th Lancers. Edited by <span class="smcap">M.
+H. Hayes</span>, F.R.C.V.S. With Sixty-four Illustrations from Photographs. Impl.
+16mo., cloth extra, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>A practical and exhaustive description of the Science of the game, duties
+of players, selection, breaking, training, and management of ponies,
+various breeds of ponies in all parts of the world. Polo in India;
+Hurlingham, Indian, and American Rules, etc. Beautifully illustrated with
+sixty-four reproductions of Photographs showing the various &#8220;points&#8221; of
+the game, famous ponies, players, etc.</p>
+
+<p>CONTENTS.&mdash;Chapter I. First Steps at Polo.&mdash;Chapter II. Theory and
+Practice of Polo.&mdash;Chapter III. Polo Appliances.&mdash;Chapter IV. Choosing a
+Polo Pony.&mdash;Chapter V. Training the Polo Pony.&mdash;Chapter VI. Polo Pony
+Gear.&mdash;Chapter VII. Polo Pony Management.&mdash;Chapter VIII. Various Breeds of
+Polo Ponies.&mdash;Chapter IX. Polo in India.&mdash;Chapter X. Polo Pony
+Breeding.&mdash;Chapter XI. Veterinary Advice to Polo Players.&mdash;Appendix.
+Tournaments, Laws and Bye-Laws, etc.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><strong>HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Friedberger and Fr&oelig;hner&#8217;s Veterinary Pathology.</strong> Translated from the
+original German of the recently published <span class="u">Fourth Edition</span>, and Annotated.
+[<i>In the press.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 8]</span></p>
+<h3>FORTHCOMING WORKS.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Dairy Cows.</strong> A Practical Guide in the Choice and Management of Dairy
+Cattle, etc. By <span class="smcap">Harold Leeney</span>, M.R.C.V.S.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>The Best Breeds of British Stock.</strong> Edited by <span class="smcap">John Watson</span>, F.L.S.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thacker&#8217;s Veterinary Year Book.</strong></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents.</span>&mdash;Events of the Year&mdash;List of Officers&mdash;President and
+Council&mdash;New Members Qualified during the Year&mdash;Privileges of
+Members&mdash;Students who have passed A and B Classes&mdash;The Number of
+Rejections in England and Scotland&mdash;A Review of all the Veterinary Medical
+Societies&mdash;Digest of Papers Read, with Names of Speakers and
+Extracts&mdash;Horse Fairs and Markets&mdash;Auction Sales and Laws&mdash;New
+Instruments&mdash;New Drugs&mdash;New Shoes&mdash;Posological Tables&mdash;Original Articles
+by well-known Authors, etc.</p>
+
+<p>It has long been felt that a Veterinary Year Book was needed for use by
+the large and increasing profession of Veterinary Surgeons, and it is
+hoped that this work will meet the necessary requirements.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><strong>HAYES, CAPT. M. H.</strong></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><strong>Friedberger and Fr&oelig;hner&#8217;s Veterinary Pathology.</strong> Translated from the
+original German of the recently published Fourth Edition, and Annotated by
+Capt. <span class="smcap">M. H. Hayes</span>, F.R.C.V.S., Author of &#8220;Points of the Horse,&#8221; etc. Royal
+8vo., cloth.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><strong>HAYES, CAPT. M. H.</strong></p>
+
+<p><strong>Stable Management in England.</strong></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON and BECCLES.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Stable Management in India
+and the Colonies, by Joshua A. Nunn
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT ***
+
+***** This file should be named 32376-h.htm or 32376-h.zip *****
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diff --git a/32376.txt b/32376.txt
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+++ b/32376.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Stable Management in India and the
+Colonies, by Joshua A. Nunn
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes on Stable Management in India and the Colonies
+
+Author: Joshua A. Nunn
+
+Release Date: May 15, 2010 [EBook #32376]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT.
+
+
+
+
+  NOTES ON
+  STABLE MANAGEMENT
+  IN INDIA AND THE COLONIES.
+
+
+  BY
+  VETY.-CAPT. J. A. NUNN, F.R.C.V.S., C.I.E., D.S.O.,
+
+  ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,
+  LATE PRINCIPAL LAHORE VETERINARY COLLEGE.
+
+
+  SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED,
+  WITH A GLOSSARY.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  W. THACKER & CO., 2, CREED LANE.
+  CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK & CO.
+  1897.
+
+  [_All rights reserved._]
+
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+  STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The first edition of these notes, which was written in India, having been
+sold out in a much shorter space of time than I ever anticipated when I
+wrote it, I am induced to offer this to the public. The scope of the
+original pamphlet has been adhered to, and all that is aimed at is to give
+the new arrival in the East some idea as to the management of his horses,
+especially those who are setting up a stable for the first time. The first
+edition was written in India for Anglo-Indians, who are familiar with
+native terms; but to this, being published in England, I have added a
+glossary of the more ordinary Hindustani words likely to be of use. The
+spelling of these will be probably found fault with by the Oriental
+scholar; but I have endeavoured to bring it as near the sound as possible,
+as it is only intended for persons in absolute ignorance of the
+vernacular. There appearing to be a demand for the book in the colonies,
+at the suggestion of the publishers I have added a few remarks on
+Australia and South Africa. The entire work has been rewritten, and the
+matter contained is the result of my own personal observations during
+eighteen years' service in India and the colonies at both military and
+civil duties.
+
+JOSHUA A. NUNN.
+
+  LONDON,
+    _March_, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
+
+
+The following notes on Stable Management were originally delivered in a
+lecture to the Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Troopers of the
+Punjab Light Horse, and as they were considered by the members of the
+corps to be useful, at their request I have put them on paper. There is no
+attempt at anything beyond the most elementary rudiments of horse-keeping
+in India, and all they are intended for is to give volunteers of mounted
+corps, who have not previously owned horses, some slight idea as to what
+should be done for the care of their chargers, and not leave them entirely
+in the hands of native syces and horse-keepers.
+
+JOSHUA A. NUNN.
+
+  LAHORE,
+    _December_, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                        PAGE
+
+FOOD.
+
+  Gram                                                     1
+  Barley                                                   6
+  Bran                                                     7
+  Bran Mash                                                9
+  Oats                                                     9
+  Maize                                                   11
+  Wheat                                                   13
+  Rice                                                    14
+  Millet                                                  15
+  Pulses                                                  15
+  Linseed                                                 16
+  Linseed Cake                                            17
+  Black Gram                                              18
+  Preparation of Food                                     18
+  Horses refusing Food                                    19
+  Times of Feeding                                        20
+  Bolting Food                                            21
+  Spilling Food on Ground                                 22
+  Grass                                                   22
+  Churrie                                                 25
+  Bhoosa                                                  25
+  Bamboo Leaves                                           27
+  Oat Hay Forage                                          28
+  Hay                                                     29
+  Green Food                                              32
+  Green Gram                                              33
+  Carrots                                                 34
+  Lucerne                                                 34
+  Guinea Grass                                            38
+  Sugar Cane                                              38
+  Turnips                                                 39
+  Salt                                                    39
+  Tonics                                                  40
+  Horses not Feeding                                      41
+  Damaged Food                                            42
+  Irregular Teeth                                         42
+  Young Horses Cutting Teeth                              44
+  Quidding                                                44
+  Indigestion                                             45
+  Lampas                                                  45
+  Nose-bags                                               46
+  Mangers                                                 47
+  Worms                                                   48
+  Rubbing the Tail                                        49
+  Scouring                                                49
+
+
+WATER.
+
+  Water                                                   51
+  Times of Watering                                       52
+  Watering Troughs                                        53
+  Watering on a Journey                                   53
+  Watering after a Journey                                54
+  Watering Bridles                                        54
+  Leeches                                                 55
+  Wells                                                   56
+
+
+AIR AND VENTILATION.
+
+  Stables                                                 58
+  Chicks                                                  60
+  Stable Floors                                           61
+  Charcoal                                                62
+  Picketing                                               62
+  Bedding                                                 63
+  Sawdust                                                 64
+  Shavings                                                65
+  Sand                                                    65
+  Horses eating Bedding                                   65
+  Exercise                                                66
+
+
+GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC.
+
+  Heel Ropes                                              69
+  Head Ropes                                              72
+  Fetlock Picketing                                       73
+  Picketing Posts                                         73
+  Ringing                                                 74
+  Rheims                                                  75
+  Knee-haltering                                          75
+  Shackles                                                75
+  Picketing-pegs                                          76
+  Leading-ropes                                           77
+  Brushes and Gear                                        78
+  Curry-combs                                             78
+  Buckets                                                 79
+  Dusters                                                 79
+  Hoof-picker                                             80
+  Clothing                                                80
+  Hoods                                                   81
+  Body-rollers                                            82
+  Bandages                                                83
+  Summer Clothing                                         84
+  Eye Fringes                                             84
+  Fly Whisks                                              85
+  Cleaning Horse Clothing, and Storing it in the Summer   85
+  Numdahs                                                 86
+  Grooming                                                87
+  Wisps and Grooming Pads                                 89
+  Hand-rubbing                                            90
+  Washing                                                 91
+  Uneven Manes                                            91
+  Hogged Manes                                            92
+  Ragged Legs                                             93
+  Trimming Tails                                          94
+  Clipping                                                94
+  Cleaning the Sheath                                     95
+  Lights in Stable                                        96
+  Fires in Verandahs                                      96
+
+
+SADDLERY, HARNESS, CARRIAGES AND SERVANTS.
+
+  Saddles and Harness                                     97
+  Saddle Covers                                           98
+  Bridles                                                 99
+  Harness                                                 99
+  Carriages                                              100
+  Servants                                               101
+
+
+SHOEING                                                  106
+
+
+
+
+STABLE MANAGEMENT.
+
+
+
+
+FOOD.
+
+
+Gram (_chunnah_).
+
+In the north of India the chief food on which horses are fed is gram, the
+seed of one of the pea tribe of plants. It is a crop that ripens in the
+beginning of the summer, when it is harvested, and the grain thrashed out
+by driving cattle over it in a circle. The dry stalks, that are broken up
+into small pieces, are used for feeding cattle on, and are known as "missa
+bhoosa," in contradistinction to the stalks of the wheat when submitted to
+the same process, and which is known as "suffaid," or white bhoosa. The
+price of gram varies very greatly, according to the locality and season,
+and is a subject of much speculation and gambling amongst the native
+community. I have known it as high as 7 seers (14 lbs. weight), and as low
+as a maund (80 lbs. weight), per rupee. It also varies greatly in
+quality, depending on the locality in which it is grown and the conditions
+under which it has been harvested, and is by native grain-sellers known as
+first and second class gram. Good gram, when a small quantity is taken up
+and examined in the palm of the hand, should be free from sand, dirt,
+small pieces of stick, straws, or other sorts of seeds; in fact, it
+should, what is known in the trade, "run clean." Each individual grain
+should be round and plump, as if the husk was well filled. It should not
+be shrivelled up and wrinkled, and be free from worm or weevil marks,
+which can be told by there being a small round hole in it, and the grain,
+when cracked, being found hollowed out and eaten away. Generally the
+weevil (kirim) will be found in the cavity, but if not, it will be full of
+a fine powder. Weevil-eaten gram cannot be mistaken, and denotes that the
+grain is old, and has been badly stored. In most samples of gram, unless
+quite new, a small proportion of worm-eaten grains will be found, and this
+is not of any consequence; but if there are a large number, there will be
+a larger proportion of husk (which has no nourishing properties) than
+grain, and a larger quantity will have to be given. When a grain of gram
+is crushed between the teeth it should impart the taste of a dry pea in
+the mouth, and be devoid of all mustiness, which is present if it has got
+wet or mouldy, as it is very apt to do. In new gram the husk at the point
+is of a slightly greenish shade, that disappears with keeping. It is
+generally supposed that new gram is not so good as when it is a few months
+old; but myself, I have never seen any ill effects from its use. The only
+thing to be careful about is that it is perfectly ripe, for natives have a
+great trick of cutting and plucking every grain, fruit, and vegetable
+before they have arrived at full maturity. Gram should be crushed or
+bruised, not _ground_, so as to break the outer husk and allow the juices
+of the stomach to act on the kernel. It should be crushed or bruised only,
+as if ground into a fine powder a good deal goes to waste. It is
+sufficient if each seed is so crushed that it is split in two. Gram,
+wheat, and all other grains in the East are ground by the women of the
+family between two stones, one of which revolves on the top of the other
+by means of a wooden handle fixed in it. To crush gram the stones require
+to be sharper set than if they are to grind any other grain into flour.
+Gram can be got ready crushed from the corn-dealer (baniah) at a small
+increased charge per maund (80 lbs.), or what I generally do is to pay my
+head groom (syce) the regular bazaar rate (nirrick), and get the women of
+his family to crush it, they providing their own mill (chuckie). The only
+disadvantage of this plan is that it is necessary to weigh the grain a
+second time after it has been crushed, otherwise it will be short, as
+natives eat it themselves. But I found in the long run the syces would not
+steal it; natives are sharp enough to see when any profit can be made, and
+it was not to their advantage to give back short weight. Excellent
+gram-crushing machines, working with fluted rollers, are sold by several
+firms in India, and are adjustable so as to take any grain. They are made
+to fit into a box for travelling, which, when in use, forms a stand for
+the crusher to work on. They are, however, somewhat expensive, and
+although admirable for a large stud of horses, are hardly required for a
+private stable. If, however, expense is no object, they are certainly
+preferable to the native mill, as they are cleaner, bits of grit not
+coming off the stone, and each individual grain being crushed, which even
+the best native mills will not do. Crushed grain is much quicker digested
+than whole, particularly by old horses whose teeth are not in good order,
+and who cannot masticate their food properly. It is a common mistake to
+give too much gram or other grain, there being a prevailing idea that the
+more that is given the more work the horse will do. There is no greater
+error; it is like putting more coal into the furnace of an engine that can
+only consume a certain amount; the extra quantity only goes to waste, and
+upsets the digestive functions of the stomach. What is required is a
+judicious admixture of food given at a proper time; not a large quantity
+improperly given of an improper quality. Gram should be given in the
+proportion of one part of bran to two of gram; or what is better, one part
+each of bran (choker), gram, and parched barley (adarwah), or oats (jai),
+by weight. These can be purchased separately from the corn-dealer and
+mixed together, and thus cannot be eaten by any of the servants, like pure
+gram can be. If the horse is not digesting his food properly, whole grains
+will be found in his droppings that have passed through the bowels
+unaltered. There will be always a few of these found, especially if the
+horse is getting parched barley or oats, as the husks of both these grains
+are very indigestible. If the horse begins to get thin, and fall away in
+condition as well, it is then time to take some measures to remedy
+matters, otherwise no notice need be taken.
+
+
+Barley (_jow_).
+
+In many parts of Northern India, especially on the Afghan frontier, whole,
+uncrushed barley is used. It does not seem to hurt country-breds, but with
+old animals that are not used to it, and particularly Australians, the
+practice is dangerous. During the Afghan War, on one occasion there being
+no other grain available, whole barley was supplied to the horses of the
+battery of artillery to which I then belonged. A number of them were
+attacked with colic, and several died from the irritation caused by the
+pointed awns or ends of the beards to the bowels. No doubt horses, and
+particularly young ones, will get used to feeding on most grains if the
+change is brought about gradually, but a sudden change from any one to
+another is dangerous. At the best, whole barley is not an economical food.
+The husk resists the digestive action of the stomach and intestines, and a
+quantity is always passed out of the body whole. Barley ought certainly
+always to be crushed, or, better still, parched, and turned into
+"adarwah." This is done by professional grain parchers in the bazaar; but
+sometimes, though rarely, some of the women of the servants' families can
+do it. It consists of half filling a wide shallow iron pan with sand, and
+placing it over a fire till nearly red hot. A couple of handfuls of the
+grain is then thrown into the sand with a peculiar turn of the wrist which
+scatters it over the hot surface, about which it is stirred for a few
+seconds with an iron spoon or small shovel pierced with holes like a
+fish-ladle. The grain is partially baked, swells up and becomes brittle,
+the husk cracking, when it is scraped up and lifted out with the ladle,
+the sand being riddled through back into the pan. A good parcher will turn
+out a "maund" (80 lbs.) in a wonderfully short space of time, the whole
+process being gone through with a dexterity only acquired by long
+practice. In India barley usually runs very light, there being a great
+deal of husk. Boiled barley is a most useful diet for a sick horse. It
+requires well boiling for at least half an hour, and the water then
+drained off. I have known horses drink this barley-water when they won't
+look at anything else.
+
+
+Bran (_choker_).
+
+In most of the large stations in India there are flour-mills in which
+wheat is ground with the latest machinery, and when obtained from them,
+bran differs but little from what is seen in England; but in smaller
+places wheat is ground by native mills, and then the bran is not so clean.
+When native-made bran is run over the hand, it will be seen that there is
+a large amount of flour in it, which adheres to the skin like a white
+powder, and which makes it much more nourishing than the cleaner prepared
+article. The scales also of native-made bran are much more irregular in
+size than the European manufactured article. Bran should have a clean,
+fresh smell about it, and the newer it is the better; if kept long it is
+likely to get mouldy. This is particularly the case during the rainy
+season, when the atmosphere being saturated with moisture, a good deal is
+absorbed by the bran, and if kept in this state for any time will get
+mouldy. On this account, if it is necessary to store bran during the rainy
+season, it should be kept in tin boxes. The inside lining of old packing
+cases, in which perishable goods are brought out from England, do well for
+this purpose, and plenty can be got for a small sum in the bazaar shops;
+or, if not, any native tinsmith will make a box out of old kerosine oil
+tins for a small sum.
+
+
+Bran Mash.
+
+It is a good plan, particularly in warm weather, in any country to give
+horses a bran mash once a week, and if one particular evening is fixed
+upon, syces get into the habit of giving it regularly without special
+orders. I generally used to give a standing order to give it on Saturday
+night, for, as a rule, the horses are not required on Sunday. Bran has a
+slightly relaxing effect, that in warm climates is particularly
+beneficial. Bran mash is made by simply putting the necessary quantity of
+bran into a bucket, pouring boiling water gradually on to it, at the same
+time stirring it round with a stick until the whole is moist and mixed
+together. The bran should only be damped sufficiently to make it stick
+together, and should not be sloppy and wet. Some horses at first will not
+eat bran, but they can be tempted to by mixing a handful of whatever grain
+they have been used to with it.
+
+
+Oats (_jai_).
+
+Oats are now largely grown over the Punjab, Northern India, and in
+Tirhoot, and are sold at nearly the same price as barley. In the seaport
+towns Australian oats can usually be obtained; and as good oats are grown
+in the colonies as any part of the world. They are more expensive than
+the native article, and are generally only used for training race-horses
+on. The Indian oat, compared with the English, Australian, or South
+African, is a poor article, running very light, with a great amount of
+husk; but if properly crushed, and mixed with gram and bran in proportions
+of one part of each, they are greatly superior to barley. The oat in India
+is a winter crop, and is harvested in the spring. Both colonial and Indian
+oats are always white. I have never seen the black or tawny variety which
+is so common in Ireland. A demand having arisen for them by Europeans, it
+is sometimes possible in Northern India to buy them in the bazaar; but
+generally it is necessary to make a special arrangement with the grower,
+as natives do not use them as a feeding grain for their own animals. They
+grow the crop round the wells, and cut it green in the straw as forage for
+the well and plough bullocks in the spring, when they are working hard.
+Arrangements can generally be made with the cultivator to purchase so much
+from him by weight, thrashed and delivered at your own stable, or else to
+purchase so many acres of the standing crop as it is growing; but the
+former plan is the most satisfactory, as it is astonishing the heavy crop
+that will be produced; and, on the contrary, you will be equally
+astonished to find with the other plan how light it is. The negotiations
+for the supply of oats should be entered into in good time in the
+spring--say about the beginning of March--as it is astonishing how slow
+such matters progress in the East, and they had better be left in the
+hands of your head syce. No doubt you will be cheated out of a small
+amount, but you must make up your mind for this before arriving in the
+East; but you will have the satisfaction of knowing that if you tried to
+carry on negotiations yourself you would be cheated out of more. I have
+tried both plans, and found that the syce could drive a better bargain for
+both of us than when I attempted to deal direct with the cultivator.
+
+
+Maize (_makkai_).
+
+Although grown all over India, maize is not much used for feeding horses;
+but in South Africa, where it is known as "mealies," it is the staple food
+grain for both man and beast. In India it is said to make horses fat and
+soft, but no animal in the world does harder work than a South African
+post-cart horse. In all probability the reason they do well on maize is
+that in the oat-hay forage they get there is a considerable quantity of
+grain; and although I have never seen it used, the experiment of feeding
+on oats and maize would be worth while trying in India. In South Africa
+maize is usually given whole, but in any of the towns it can be obtained
+crushed, and it is better to give it in this state. During the Afghan War
+maize was plentiful in some parts of the country, and I gave it to some of
+the horses that I had charge of. I had it parched on hot sand, in the same
+way as barley (adarwah) is parched, making it into American pop-corn. With
+certain somewhat thin and debilitated animals it had a marked effect in
+getting flesh on them, and all horses eat it greedily. In India maize is a
+summer crop, ripening in the autumn, when the ears or cobs are picked off
+the stalks. It is stored in the cob, and the individual grains knocked off
+as required by rapping them against a stick; but they must be turned over
+in the heap occasionally, as rats and mice are likely to cause damage,
+particularly the musk rat, that taints everything it comes into contact
+with. Horses have frequently been brought to me, said to be off their
+feed, and on inquiry I have found this only to be caused by the grain
+being tainted by musk rats, and that when a clean feed is offered to them
+they devour it ravenously. There are in South Africa and America a number
+of varieties of maize, but in India I only know of two sorts, in one of
+which the seeds are white and the other yellow, or a deep red colour. I
+don't think that there is much difference in them as far as horse food
+goes, but each individual grain should be plump, and fill out the husk
+well; they should be free from weevils, worms, or the marks of attacks
+from rats and mice. The husk should be well filled out, and have a
+shining, pearl-like, glistening appearance, and when let fall on a stone
+or other hard substance give off a metallic sound. When broken open, the
+grain inside should be of a pure white colour, and of a pleasant, mealy
+smell, like fresh flour. If it is discoloured, it denotes that it has been
+wet and fermented. Maize can be crushed by most grain-crushing machines,
+also in the native mill (chuckie) if the stones are properly set; but both
+in South Africa and India the natives pound it in a large wooden mortar
+made out of the trunk of a tree.
+
+
+Wheat (_ghehun_).
+
+Although it is not to be recommended as a food, still I have seen wheat
+used when no other grain could be obtained, and it was a choice of it or
+nothing at all; and in parts of Australia, and, I believe, America, it is
+regularly used as a horse food. It is commonly supposed that wheat is
+almost a rank poison to horses, and will cause fever in the feet; and no
+doubt with stabled animals in England it will do so, especially as the
+majority of cases of this nature are from accidents--horses getting loose
+and gorging themselves with wheat during the night, or when unobserved.
+With animals standing out in the open and working hard, as they do in
+India and the colonies, it is not so dangerous. I should not suddenly
+change a horse's feed from oats or gram to a full ration of wheat; but
+when nothing else can be got, it can be given in a small quantity without
+much fear of danger; but as soon as any other grain could be obtained, it
+should be used.
+
+
+Rice (_dhan_).
+
+In Eastern Bengal and Assam horses are fed on unhusked rice and will do
+well on it. During the expedition into the Lushai Hills in 1879-80, in
+many places nothing else could be got to feed the transport mules on. Gram
+is not grown in that part of the country, and what little there is has to
+be imported, and is at a prohibitive price. I found that animals did well
+enough on an equal mixture of gram and rice, although at first some of
+them refused it. In Japan rice is the only grain horses get, and the pack
+ponies of that country are hardy beasts, and appear to work well on it. If
+the rice can be crushed, it is all the better; and in Bengal and Assam
+there is no difficulty in getting this done, as it is the food of the
+people, and they grind it for their own use.
+
+
+Millet (_bajara_).
+
+The various millets, known in South Africa as "Kaffir-corn," are not often
+used in India as horse food, but in the Cape it sometimes is. In India the
+millet is a summer crop harvested in the autumn. The seeds are small, and
+of a dark or greyish colour. It requires to be crushed before use, as the
+husk is very hard.
+
+
+Pulses (_dhal_).
+
+The various species of pulse grains enter largely into the food of the
+natives of India. Two, known as "mung" and "mote," or "moat," are
+excellent for getting flesh on thin, debilitated animals. They are both
+small oblong seeds of an olive green colour, with a very hard husk, and
+can be obtained in any bazaar. I prefer the mote to the mung. They both
+require to be well boiled to the consistency of a jelly before use, and
+then being well mixed in with the food, about a pound in weight of the raw
+seed being enough for each feed, so that the horse gets three pounds
+daily, a corresponding quantity of the other grain being withdrawn. I have
+seen most excellent results in weak animals recovering from a debilitating
+illness from its use, but great care must be taken that it is boiled
+properly.
+
+
+Linseed (_ulsie_).
+
+Linseed can be obtained all over India. In fact, a good deal of what is on
+the English market comes from the East. Under certain conditions it is
+useful in putting on flesh, and as a diet for convalescents; but care must
+be exercised in its use, as it contains a great deal of oil, and in cases
+of sickness with liver complications, which are common in a hot climate,
+especially in English and Australian horses, it is to be avoided. It has
+to be boiled to a jelly before use, or, better still, soak it in cold
+water for some hours until soft, and then boil it. In the hot weather,
+however, I prefer to use either the "mote" or "mung" to linseed.
+
+
+Linseed Cake (_rhal_ or _khal_).
+
+Linseed cake can be obtained in nearly every large town, and is the
+residue left after the oil is expressed; but as this process is
+imperfectly performed, a good deal of oil is left--much more than in the
+steam-pressed English cake. It is sold by the "seer" (2 lbs. weight), but
+in irregular lumps, not moulded into cakes as in Europe. Care must be
+taken in buying it, as it is very likely to be musty, and adulterated with
+mustard or rape seed. Both these can be easily detected by the taste or
+smell, leaving a pungent odour and a sharp burning taste behind. The best
+plan is to crush a small quantity of the cake and drop it into some
+boiling water, when the sharp smell and taste characteristic of the
+mustard and rape oil will be given off. A small quantity of linseed cake
+in the food will fatten horses tremendously, but makes them soft in
+condition. It is one of the articles used by native dealers to fatten
+horses for sale, and at this they are most expert. When crushed it can be
+mixed with the food, or boiled to make linseed tea for sick horses; and
+for this latter purpose I prefer it to linseed, as there is less oil in
+it, the smell of which sometimes nauseates an animal and causes him to
+refuse it.
+
+
+Black Gram (_cooltee_).
+
+In the Madras Presidency and Southern India black gram is used, the Bengal
+white gram not being grown there. This has to be boiled before use.
+Military horses are fed on it, but it is said that it makes them soft. I
+have, however, no personal experience of black gram.
+
+
+Preparation of Food.
+
+In India it is the custom to damp the food before it is given. It should
+not be saturated so as to turn it into a sloppy paste, but just damped
+sufficiently to make the particles stick together. Grooms (syces)
+generally deal out each feed into a bucket dry from the corn-bin, and then
+damp it; but a better plan is to weigh out the whole of the amount
+required for all the horses, and put it into a wide-mouthed earthen bowl
+called a "naund," that can be purchased for a few pence, or a box, such as
+an old wine case, and damp the whole amount together, then portioning it
+out for each animal. The reason of this is that, if the grain is damped in
+the buckets, they are at once taken away, and, the probabilities are,
+never cleaned; but if they have to be brought forward for each feed to be
+put into them, and the owner takes the trouble now and again to inspect
+them, "syces," who are creatures of habit, get into the way of cleaning
+them before they bring them forward. The box, or naund, in which the grain
+is damped being stationary, can be looked at any time. It is necessary to
+be very careful about this, as the particles of food left very quickly
+ferment in a hot climate, and get sour, and quickly taint all the rest. As
+a rule, about ten minutes is long enough to damp grain; and this should be
+done as soon before feeding as possible, otherwise, if left long standing,
+it will get sour. If a horse refuses his feed, it should be at once thrown
+away, and on no account be kept till the next meal, by which time it is
+pretty certain to have fermented.
+
+
+Horses refusing Food.
+
+Some horses are delicate feeders naturally, and take a long time in
+eating, or refuse their food altogether. In the case of a delicate or slow
+feeder, the food should be given in small quantities and often, rather
+than in the usual somewhat rather large feeds three times a day; and the
+horse should be fed by himself. This is easily done in India, as nearly
+all stables are loose boxes; but if the animal is picketed out with others
+that are likely to teaze him, he should be taken away and fed out of a
+bucket in the "compound" (garden or enclosure round the house). "Syces,"
+like all natives of India, have no idea of the value of time; and if he
+has his "hooka" (pipe), and a friend to talk to about the price of
+food-stuffs, rates of wages, and other such-like interesting bazaar
+topics, he is perfectly content to sit holding the bucket before the horse
+all day long, if necessary. If the animal refuses his food altogether,
+then it should be taken away, for if left standing in front of him he
+breathes on it, and if it remains any considerable time it becomes sour
+and fermented, and he gets disgusted with it; whereas, if taken away and
+nothing more given till next feeding-time, the appetite often returns, and
+the food is consumed with a relish; especially in the warm weather, if he
+is first led out and exercised, or picketed out under a tree. On no
+account should the feed that has been refused be kept over till the next
+feeding-time; a fresh one should be prepared, as in a hot climate wet
+grain ferments and turns sour in a very short space of time.
+
+
+Times of Feeding.
+
+The stomach of the horse is very small in proportion to the size of his
+body, and he requires to be fed often, and in small quantities. In
+England hunters are fed four, or even five, times a day. In India it is
+the usual custom to feed three times, and perhaps it is often enough. In
+all military stations a gun is fired at noon, and the midday feed is given
+at that hour; but the morning and evening one varies with the season of
+the year. I usually give only half a feed in the evening about five
+o'clock, and the remainder the last thing at night, about eight or nine,
+according to the season of the year; but, unless carefully watched,
+"syces" will not do this, as it is the custom only to feed three times
+daily, and "dastour" (custom) is a thing it is impossible to make a native
+break through.
+
+
+Bolting Food.
+
+Some horses have a trick of bolting their food without masticating it
+properly, especially if another is being fed in their company. It is a
+good plan to feed such horses apart from any others, which can easily be
+done in an Indian stable, as they are all loose boxes, or, if picketed out
+in the open, by moving him a short distance away from the others. A small
+quantity of chaff, grass, straw, or what is known as "bhoosa," which is
+wheat straw that is crushed and broken into small pieces in the process
+of treading out the grain by bullocks, mixed in with the feed, will
+usually make them masticate it properly.
+
+
+Spilling Food on Ground.
+
+Horses have also a trick sometimes of throwing their food out of the
+bucket or manger, and spilling a quantity on the ground. Not only is a
+large amount wasted, but when the animal has finished what is left, and
+tries at his leisure to gather up what is on the ground, he eats a large
+amount of earth and dirt with it, which is injurious. The best way I know
+to prevent this is to feed the horse on a cloth on the ground; any bit of
+old sacking about four feet square will answer for the purpose.
+
+
+Grass.
+
+In India hay is not often seen, and horses are fed on grass; even
+race-horses are trained on it. This may at first sound strange, but Indian
+grass is very different to English meadow grass, and chiefly consists of
+the roots and runners, the actual blade of grass not being more than about
+an inch long. The best grass is what is known as "dhoob." It is a short
+grass, with long roots and suckers, which is dug up out of the ground with
+a short iron hoe or trowel, called a "kurpa," which is used with a
+scraping motion of the hand, the process being called "cheeling." A
+considerable quantity of earth is taken up with it, which ought to be
+knocked off against the hoe; but as the grass is sold by weight, and the
+usual quantity a private "grass-cutter" is supposed to bring in daily is
+20 seers (40 lbs. weight), it is not to his advantage to clean it. If
+horses eat dirty grass for any length of time, the sand and dirt, besides
+damaging the teeth, is likely to accumulate in the intestines and give
+rise to what is known as sand colic. When the "grass-cutter" brings in his
+bundle of grass that he has collected, which he generally does at midday,
+it should be spread out and cleaned; sticks and thorns should be picked
+out, as they are likely to lodge in the horse's throat and choke him, and
+it should be well beaten with a stick to get rid of the sand and dirt. A
+good plan is to fasten a net between the wooden framework of a "charpoy,"
+or native bedstead, lay the grass on it, and beat it there with a stick,
+and it is surprising what a quantity of rubbish will fall through. An old
+lawn tennis net, if the meshes are not too big, answers well for this
+purpose. Grass-cutters are fond of wetting the grass to make it weigh. If
+it is brought in fresh, and damped with clean water beyond the actual
+loss in weight, I do not know that it does much harm; but it is
+exceedingly likely that the water has been obtained from some stagnant
+dirty puddle, and the bundle has been left standing for some time so that
+fermentation has set in, giving it an unpleasant smell. It is therefore
+best to have the bundles at once opened out and spread in the sun to dry
+as soon as they are brought in, and not allow the "grass-cutters" to take
+them away to their own houses. In parts of the foot hills of the Himalayas
+("hurriarie," or "hurrialie") grass is obtained. It is not found in the
+plains, or in the very high mountains where it is cold. It is a long
+grass, running to about three feet high, and is cut with a curved sickle.
+When young and green it is a capital fodder grass; but when the seed is
+shed, and it gets dry, it is unfit for any other purpose than bedding, as
+the stalks get very hard and brittle, and so dry that there is little or
+no nourishment in it. It should not then be allowed into the stable for
+any other purpose than bedding; but being much easier to collect than
+"dhoob" grass, the "grass-cutters" will bring it as long as they are
+allowed to, even when it resembles nothing more than a bundle of sticks. I
+have frequently heard owners of horses in the hills complain of their
+animals getting thin and out of condition, the cause of which on inquiry
+was simply due to the bad dry hurrialie grass that was brought for them to
+eat.
+
+
+Churrie.
+
+This is the dried stalk of one of the shorgum tribe of plants, which is
+also known as the Chinese sugar-cane. It is a summer crop cut in the
+autumn. It grows to five or six feet high, and is cut and stored by the
+natives as a fodder for the cattle. It would to the new-comer appear to be
+a most unsuitable article of food, but is full of saccharine matter,
+tasting quite sweet when chewed in the mouth, so much so that in parts a
+rough sugar is extracted from it, but to look at is like a bundle of dried
+reeds. Animals of all sorts are very fond of it, and I have frequently fed
+my horses on it for days together in out-of-the-way places where no grass
+was to be obtained. It is not used as a regular horse fodder, but it does
+well for it on a pinch.
+
+
+Bhoosa.
+
+In the East all grain is threshed out by the primitive process of putting
+it in a circle and driving bullocks round on it, and in this process the
+grain is trodden out of the ear, the straw being split and broken up by
+the animals' feet into small fragments from one-eighth to two or three
+inches in length, which is called "bhoosa." This is the staple food of the
+working cattle, and is also used for horses. It is a most important item
+of the crop, and in the rural economy of an Indian village almost as much
+is thought of it as the grain itself. Wheat and barley straw makes what is
+called "white bhoosa," and gram and the various pulses "missa bhoosa."
+Both these can be used as horse food; in fact, on the Afghan frontier they
+get nothing else, and many natives feed their animals entirely on it,
+never giving them grass; but although they will eat it, and for a time
+keep condition, it is not to be recommended. If it has to be used, and it
+is possible to obtain any grass, they should be mixed together. A small
+quantity of "bhoosa" mixed in the feed will make a greedy feeder masticate
+it. "White bhoosa" looks like badly chopped straw-chaff. "Missa bhoosa" is
+of a dark colour, the particles not being straight-like sticks, but bent
+about, and frequently there are a quantity of the leaves of the plant
+mixed with it. Care should be taken that both sorts are not mouldy, which
+is very apt to be the case, as the native farmers store it in large
+quantities during the winter, and when the new crop comes on, if there is
+any of last year's left, it is what they try and sell. Being stacked in
+the open, it is exceedingly likely to get damaged by the rain. "Bhoosa"
+should have a clean, fresh smell like sweet straw, not be discoloured or
+have any patches of mould about it, and be free from impurities such as
+sticks, thorns, or pieces of mud or stones.
+
+
+Bamboo Leaves (_bans_).
+
+In Eastern Bengal, Assam, and parts of Burma, the green leaves and young
+shoots of the bamboo are used for forage. During the Chin-Lushai
+Expedition in 1889-90, the animals with the force got nothing else for
+nearly eight months. I had three ponies of my own that were worked
+moderately hard the whole time, and they remained in good condition. The
+transport mules, which were worked very hard indeed in a very trying
+climate, did not fall away nearly as much as I expected. The young shoots
+and leaves are cut with a sort of a billhook, called a "dah," and care
+must be taken that only the young green leaves and soft tender shoots are
+given, the old leaves and the edges of the dry stumps of the bamboo
+cutting like a razor. I have seen some bad wounds on the lips, tongue, and
+angles of the mouth from this cause. It is best to make the "syces" and
+"grass-cutters" pluck the leaves off the branches altogether, and not
+leave them about the stable, for fear of wounding the horses. This they
+will readily do, as they use the _debris_ for fuel. I have seen some bad
+cuts and injuries in both men and animals from the edges of the split
+bamboo, which are very sharp--so much so that the savage tribes on the
+eastern frontier use a properly split piece of bamboo for a knife in
+skinning animals; and the sap of the green bamboo appears to have a
+peculiarly irritating or poisonous action, a wound caused by it festering
+and suppurating in both man and beast, whereas one inflicted with a dry
+bamboo will heal up healthy. Horses require a larger amount of bamboo
+leaves than grass. If an animal is getting 20 lbs. of green "dhoob" grass
+daily, he will require 30 lbs. of bamboo leaves to keep him in condition.
+Although at first horses may refuse them, they take to them kindly after a
+little while.
+
+
+Oat Hay Forage.
+
+In the South African colonies grass hay is almost unknown. The oat is cut
+when about half ripe, dried, and given in the straw, in which condition it
+is known as forage, and is excellent feeding. It is usually sold in
+bundles, wholesale at so much per hundred, and retail at hotels and
+livery stables at so many bundles for a shilling. Some years ago, when I
+was travelling in the Dutch part of South Africa, in the more
+out-of-the-way parts of which there are no hotels, it was the custom to
+ask the owner of the farmhouse where you arrived permission to
+"off-saddle" if you were riding, or "out-span" if driving, for the night
+or a couple of hours, as the case might be. This was a roundabout way of
+asking if he could put you and your animals up for the night. When leaving
+in the morning, it would have been a great breach of good manners to ask
+for your bill, but you inquired what you were indebted to his head-boy for
+the forage your horses had consumed--a polite way of asking for your
+account; the number of bundles per shilling varying according to the time
+you remained, and the accommodation you had received; but, notwithstanding
+this fiction, I did not, as a rule, find the total any less than in a
+regular hotel where you get your bill.
+
+
+Hay.
+
+Hay, as is known in Europe and Australia, is never seen in India. In some
+parts, what is called hay can be obtained; but, compared to English meadow
+hay, it is at the best but poor stuff. No doubt hay of a very tolerable
+quality can be made in India; in fact, I have done so, but usually the
+grass is cut after the plant has flowered, the seed ripened and shed, when
+it is what is known as "the sap being down," and then it is dry and with
+little nourishment in it. It is generally also allowed to lie out too long
+after it has been cut in a hot, powerful sun, which utterly bakes it up.
+The grass should be cut when the seed is green and the sap well up in it,
+and should not be allowed to remain too long drying. I have generally
+found that from eight to ten hours of the Indian sun was enough, so that
+grass cut in the morning should be stacked at night; it will then not be
+utterly dried up, and in the stack will undergo the process of
+fermentation that gives the characteristic smell to English hay. There is
+a certain amount of difficulty in doing this. The grass flowers and seeds
+at the end of the hot weather, about September, when the monsoon rains are
+on, and these sometimes last for days together. It is, therefore,
+sometimes difficult to get a fine day to cut and save the hay in before
+the seed is shed; and before the dry weather again sets in the sap has
+gone down, and there is but little nutriment left in the grass. It is not
+a bad plan to sprinkle some salt over each layer of hay as the stack is
+made up; horses eat this cured hay with great relish. In making up the
+stack, a bundle or two of straw, put on end from the bottom upwards,
+should be built into the centre of it as it is being raised up, to act as
+a chimney or ventilator to carry off the heat while the stack is
+fermenting. If this is not done, there is danger of its catching fire; and
+even if it should not heat to such a degree, part is likely to get
+discoloured--what is termed "mow-burned." This chimney can be made with
+bundles of sticks, boards, or even stones; but sick horses will often eat
+the straw from the centre of a haystack when they won't look at anything
+else, and it sometimes comes in useful, and in any event, is not wasted.
+The stack should be built on a foundation of brambles, stones, or a mud
+platform--the latter being the best--to raise it and protect it from
+damage by the rains, which at times come in a regular flood, and also to
+keep out rats, mice, and other vermin. When the stack gets down to the
+bottom, care should be exercised in handling it, as it is a great refuge
+for snakes, and I have seen one fatal accident from snake bite from this
+cause. It, then, is a good plan to make the men remove the hay in small
+quantities at a time with a hay-fork, which is easily made by fastening a
+couple of short sticks converging from each other on to a long bamboo;
+but natives are such fatalists that, no matter how much warned of the
+danger they are incurring, they will not take the commonest precautions as
+to their safety if it gives them a little extra trouble. A somewhat larger
+quantity of dry grass is required than green "dhoob" by weight, the
+proportion being about 15 to 20 lbs. respectively.
+
+
+Green Food (_khawid_, or _khasil_).
+
+In the spring of the year in India it is common to give horses green
+wheat, oats, or barley. This is cut in the straw from the time it is about
+a foot high until the grain begins to ripen, a period that lasts about a
+month or six weeks in the Punjab--from the middle of February till the end
+of March. This green food is called by the natives "khawid," or "khasil."
+It has an excellent effect on the system, and is what is used by the
+native dealers to get their horses into condition for sale. Too large a
+quantity should not be given at first, as it is likely to cause
+diarrhoea; about 4 lbs. daily being sufficient at first, but it may be
+increased up to double this amount if it agrees with the animal. Care
+should be taken that the green food is only given when young and the straw
+tender, for when it gets ripe, and the straw woody and hard, it is very
+indigestible, and a common cause of intestinal obstruction and colic. In
+some parts green barley is given in the same manner, and when it is young
+it is as good as wheat or oats; but when it begins to ripen it should be
+stopped, as the awns or beards begin to get hard, and not only are they
+likely to choke the horse, but to cause dangerous intestinal obstruction.
+Oats can be given much longer than barley or wheat; in fact, as I have
+said, ripe oats are cut in the straw, and used as hay in many parts of the
+world. The green crop must be purchased standing from a cultivator, and
+this is best arranged through your head "syce." It is sold by measurement,
+a patch in the field being marked out; or else the grass-cutters go and
+cut as much as is required daily, the whole amount used being afterwards
+measured up and paid for at the fixed bazaar rate, or, as it is termed,
+the "nirrick."
+
+
+Green Gram.
+
+Natives are very fond of giving horses green gram, but it is a most
+dangerous custom. It is most indigestible, the stalk when green being full
+of a strong tough fibre. The sap and leaves have a peculiar irritating or
+almost corrosive property, and in the spring of the year many fatal cases
+of intestinal disease are caused by it.
+
+
+Carrots (_gajar_).
+
+Carrots are plentiful all over Northern India. They come on in the spring,
+and are an excellent green food. They can be bought very cheaply, and if
+kept in a cool, dry place, can be stored for a considerable time; but they
+require to be turned almost daily, or they will get rotten. When used they
+should either be washed to remove the earth, or, as in the East this is
+quite dry, knocked with a stick to remove it. They should be given whole,
+or else cut into long slices, not across into lumps. This latter practice
+is dangerous, as horses are thus inclined to bolt them whole, and the
+short round lump is likely to stick in the throat and cause choking.
+
+
+Lucerne.
+
+Lucerne grows well all over Northern India, and although not cultivated by
+the natives for their own use, they know perfectly well what it is, and
+call it by the English name. In most of the towns where there are any
+Europeans collected together, it is usual to grow it in the Government or
+station garden, from where it can be purchased retail. Some native corps,
+who remain some time in the one place, also grow it for the benefit of the
+regiment, and sometimes it is possible to obtain some from them; but as a
+rule they only have enough for their own use. Round the large military
+cantonments in some places, the neighbouring farmers, finding that there
+is a demand for it, have taken to growing it for sale, and it can be
+bought in the bazaar; but as the supply is not certain, it is better to
+enter into a contract with one of the growers to supply the quantity by
+weight daily required. In making this bargain it is best to use the agency
+of the head "syce," as if it falls short, or is not forthcoming, he can be
+made responsible; and natives being erratic creatures, it is quite
+possible that some morning you may be told that there is no more, or that
+the grower has sold his crop to some one else, perhaps at even a smaller
+price than you are giving. Whenever there is a well in the compound, and I
+have been long enough in one place, I have always grown as much as I could
+for myself. It is easily done, and there is no more useful crop in
+connection with an Indian stable. In the dry, hot weather the difference
+in the condition of horses that are getting a fairly liberal supply of
+green food, and those that are only getting the burned-up grass that is
+then procurable, is most marked. The only difficulty about growing lucerne
+is that at first a large supply of water is necessary until the roots
+strike. If you have a garden, then, of course, you have to keep a pair of
+bullocks to raise water from the well for irrigation purposes; but if you
+do not run to this luxury, then a pair of bullocks can be hired for two or
+three days in the week. The landlord of the house has to keep the well and
+the Persian wheel, by which the water is raised, in order, and find the
+first pair of ropes for it. The tenant has to find the earthen pots, or
+"chatties," that are fastened on to it, by which the water is raised up.
+These "chatties" are cheap things enough, but they are easily broken. I
+always found that the best plan was to provide the first lot myself, and
+then give a small sum monthly to the gardener to keep them going; and it
+saved money in the end, as I found that not nearly so many were smashed
+under this system as when I paid for what were required. If a gardener is
+regularly employed, it is, of course, part of his business to look after
+the lucerne bed; but for an ordinary stable of, say, four or five animals,
+an acre of lucerne will be ample, and a man exclusively for this is not
+necessary. A gardener can be got for about Rs. 10 a month, but a man can
+be got to come two or three times a week and look after it for half this.
+I found, however, that if I gave it to one of the syces, that the women
+and children of his family would attend to it, as, when once started, it
+only requires weeding, and that the work was better done than by a
+professional gardener, unless one was regularly employed. The best seed is
+the acclimatized English, or the Cabul brought down from Afghanistan. The
+English seed can be obtained from any seedsman, or the Government
+Horticultural Gardens at Lahore or Saharunpore, at about a rupee a pound,
+and this is enough to sow about an acre with, which should be done at the
+end of the cold weather. If only a small quantity is grown, it is best to
+sow it on ridges, as it then, no doubt, can be kept free from weeds, and
+the cost of weeding, on an acre or two, is but trifling; but it is an
+error to suppose that lucerne cannot be sown broadcast. At the cattle farm
+at Hissar, in the Punjab, several hundred acres were grown in this way, as
+the cost of making ridges on such a large quantity of land would have been
+prohibitive. Of course, this lucerne was not so clean as if it had been
+grown on ridges, but the cattle picked it out from the weeds when it was
+put before them. Fresh seed will have to be sown about every three years,
+and the crop may be cut about five or six times during the season. About 4
+lbs. is enough for a horse, but it is best to begin with half this
+quantity and gradually increase it, as if too large an amount is given at
+once it is likely to cause colic.
+
+
+Guinea Grass.
+
+Some years ago this was a very favourite grass forage to grow for horses,
+but lately lucerne has supplanted it, and, I think, rightly. The advantage
+of guinea grass is that it lasts through the hottest months of the year,
+which lucerne does not, but it requires a great deal of water. It grows in
+separate tufts, and they should be planted some distance apart, or
+otherwise they will crowd each other out.
+
+
+Sugar Cane (_gunna_).
+
+Sugar cane is not often used as an actual food, but horses are very fond
+of it, and on my visits to the stable I usually had some pieces carried
+after me in a basket when it was in season. It ripens at the end of the
+summer, and lasts into the winter. It is sold in long sticks, and should
+be chopped up into pieces; but the servants will steal it, as they eat it
+themselves as a sweetmeat.
+
+
+Turnips (_shalgham_).
+
+The ordinary white turnip grows all over the Punjab in the winter, and
+when carrots are not to be procured, I have used them in their place,
+preparing them in the same manner. Horses soon learn to eat and relish
+them.
+
+
+Salt (_nimmuk_).
+
+Salt is required by all animals in a certain quantity in their food to
+keep them in health. There are three different varieties sold in the
+native shops. Rock salt ("putter ke nimmuk"); ordinary salt, which is
+merely the rock salt crushed and powdered; and black salt ("kali nimmuk").
+On the coast sea salt can also be obtained, but it is not to be found far
+inland. The common custom in India is to give powdered salt in the food,
+the usual daily allowance being about an ounce. I prefer to leave a lump
+of rock salt in the manger for the horse to lick when he likes. Some
+owners have a lump of it hung by a string to the wall, but I do not think
+this is advisable, as I have known more than one horse turn a wind-sucker
+from getting into the habit of licking and playing with it.
+
+
+Tonics.
+
+It is a common supposition, deeply rooted in the minds of horsemen, that,
+when a horse loses condition, he at once requires a tonic; and an immense
+number of these and "condition powders" are advertised. There is no better
+paying speculation in the world than the sale of these articles, as the
+majority of them consist of a few cheap and simple ingredients, that are
+retailed to the public at a hundred per cent. their original cost; and the
+best that can be said about these nostrums is that some of them are
+innocent and do no harm, while they serve to amuse the owner. The action
+of a tonic is to stimulate the appetite, and if the horse is feeding well
+they are certainly useless, if not actually harmful. If the horse feeds,
+and continues to fall off in condition, the chances are that there is
+something wrong in the stable management, which should be carefully
+inquired into. If this only occurs once with one animal, the inference is
+that medical advice is required, but if several are in the same state, or
+it is a matter of constant occurrence, then in most cases a change of
+"syce" is required, and it will be usually found better and cheaper than
+having recourse to any of these various advertised "cure-alls."
+
+
+Horses not Feeding.
+
+Horses refuse their food from a variety of causes. It is usually the first
+symptom noticed in the majority of attacks of illness, and I cannot too
+strongly urge that in such cases the sooner professional advice is
+obtained the better, there being nothing in which the old proverb, "a
+stitch in time saves nine," more applies to. On the other hand, horse
+owners are inclined to get very anxious without cause about horses not
+feeding, and to imagine that because he refuses to feed, or does not
+finish it up with a good appetite, that the animal is in a dangerous
+state. Horses are much like ourselves, and we all know that we sometimes
+do not feel inclined to do justice to a "square" meal, and that if we dine
+off a plate of soup we feel ready for a good breakfast in the morning. If
+the horse refuses his feed, or only plays about with it, have it at once
+removed; at the next only give him a little hay or grass, and the
+probabilities are that at the next he will eat up his grain with a hearty
+appetite. If he does not, then the sooner professional advice is called in
+the better, as you may be certain that something is wrong.
+
+
+Damaged Food.
+
+Damaged, mouldy, or sour food, the horse, of course, will not eat unless
+he is very hungry, and then only sufficient to stay his appetite. Damaged
+grain there is no excuse for, and can only be given through carelessness
+or indifference on the part of the owner or his servants. Sour food, or
+food that has fermented, is, with the best intentions, likely to be placed
+before the animal, as it is surprising how soon fermentation will set up
+in damp grain in a hot climate. The food should not be damped more than
+twenty minutes or half an hour at the most before it is given, and a dirty
+bucket will easily contaminate it. In the hot weather in India,
+particularly during the rains, when both man and beast are down below par,
+very little will put both off their feed. If the food, however, is at all
+sour it ought to be at once detected, as the smell is unmistakable.
+
+
+Irregular Teeth.
+
+In old horses the back teeth get irregular and worn in such a fashion that
+the food cannot be masticated and crushed, and is not then properly
+digested. The upper jaw of the horse is wider than the lower one, so that
+the upper teeth overlap the lower ones at the outside, and the lower ones
+the upper at the inside. By continually wearing, the upper back teeth get
+worn down more on the inside than the outside, and the lower ones more on
+the outside than the inside, or, in other words, the grinding surface of
+the teeth, instead of being horizontal, is at an angle or slope. The horse
+masticates his food with a sideways motion of the jaws, crushing the food
+between the back teeth like mill-stones, so that if the grinding surfaces
+of the teeth are not level, but sloped at an angle, they become locked,
+and prevent sufficient sideways play of the jaws. If this is suspected,
+the back teeth can be easily inspected by turning the horse with his tail
+to the sun, grasping the tongue with the left hand and opening the mouth,
+while the light is reflected into it by a small looking-glass held in the
+right. They can also be felt by putting one's hand on the outside of the
+cheek, where the outer edge of the upper teeth can be easily felt, and
+pushing the finger inwards and upwards, so as to get on the grinding
+surface when the horse opens his mouth, and the angle they are at can be
+at once detected through the cheek. This is, of course, only a rough
+method of examination, but it gives one a fair idea of the state the
+molars are in. If a tooth is broken or deficient, the corresponding one
+in the other jaw from not being worn down will become over-grown and fill
+up the vacant space, even growing so long as to damage the gum or bone in
+the jaw above or below it, as the case may be, and preventing the horse
+feeding. If it is one of the front molars, it is possible that the growth
+may be detected from outside, but the probabilities are that a more
+careful examination will be necessary, and, at all events, professional
+skill required to set matters right. Horses also suffer from decayed
+teeth; and, in fact, the whole matter of equine dentistry is much more
+important than is usually supposed, many animals remaining poor and thin
+simply because their teeth are not properly attended to.
+
+
+Young Horses Cutting Teeth.
+
+Young horses sometimes have great trouble when cutting their teeth, and if
+they go off their feed they should be attended to; but this requires
+professional skill.
+
+
+Quidding.
+
+When young horses begin to what is called "quid" their food, it is almost
+a certain indication that there is something wrong with the mouth.
+"Quidding" is gathering up a mouthful of hay or grass, rolling it about
+in the mouth, and half masticating it till it gets into a lump or ball,
+and then spitting it out without swallowing it. Sometimes a dozen or more
+of these "quids" will be found in the manger or on the stable floor.
+
+
+Indigestion (_bud hazmie_).
+
+Indigestion, or dyspepsia, which horses suffer from more commonly than the
+public imagine, will put them off their feed; but this is a matter for
+professional advice and treatment, and it is exceedingly dangerous for the
+owner to go trying domestic remedies. I have had many fatal cases of bowel
+diseases brought to me that have arisen solely from this cause.
+
+
+Lampas.
+
+This is a disorder that is firmly fixed in every groom's mind, both
+European and native, and is supposed to consist of a swelling or
+inflammation of the palate, or "barbs," just behind the upper incisor
+teeth. I do not deny for a moment the existence of such a thing, but what
+I do maintain is that in 75 per cent. of the cases brought to one, it
+exists only in the imagination of the attendant. The popular remedy some
+years ago was to cauterize the part with a hot iron, and I have no
+hesitation in saying that any one doing this should be indicted for
+cruelty to animals. Lately, the popular treatment has been more merciful
+in having the part scarified with a lancet, but even this is useless.
+Where lampas does exist, there is more or less enlargement and swelling of
+the membrane of the entire alimentary canal, but the "barbs" of the mouth
+being the only part visible, it is popularly supposed to be a local
+affection. Under these conditions, it will be readily understood how
+utterly useless lancing or scarifying one small part of the affected canal
+will be. A small dose of aperient medicine, or even putting the horse on a
+laxative diet of bran mash for a few days, will do all that is required,
+without having recourse to heroic measures.
+
+
+Nose-bags (_tobra_).
+
+Nose-bags are sadly neglected by "syces," and unless looked after by the
+owner, they never dream of cleaning them, so that, particularly with
+leather ones, they get into a very filthy condition, and frequently horses
+refuse to eat out of such dirty things. Both mangers and nose-bags should
+frequently be washed and scrubbed out with soap, or sand and water.
+Nose-bags are, at the best, a necessary evil, and if they have to be used
+at all, canvas ones are better than leather, being more easily cleaned. I
+only allowed nose-bags to be used when on the march, or out in camp; when
+in the stable the horses were fed out of an ordinary bucket, or else a
+manger, and even then they were not fastened on the head, but held on the
+ground.
+
+
+Mangers (_kurlie_).
+
+In the stable a manger should be used. In an Indian stable one is easily
+made out of a shallow, wide-mouthed earthen vessel ("gumalo"), built up
+with mud, about three feet high, in the corner. The "syces" can do this
+themselves, and the gumalo only costs a few pence in the bazaar. I always
+had two built in opposite corners, one for food and the other for water.
+If for any reason the manger cannot be built, or there is not one in the
+stable, then the horse should be fed out of a tin or zinc bucket, or else
+off a feeding-sheet. An old gunney-bag, spread out opened at the seams,
+answers admirably. The "syce" should hold the bucket or sheet while he is
+feeding, or the horse is very likely to knock the first over, or tear the
+sheet, by pawing at it with his fore feet.
+
+
+Worms (_kirim_).
+
+Parasites, or worms, in the intestines cause horses to lose condition very
+quickly. The most common are long white ones, like ordinary earthworms,
+about five to eight inches long; and small, very thin thread-like ones,
+about three inches long. They cause the horse to become very unthrifty and
+thin, the coat being dull, without the natural gloss that is seen in
+health, or as it is termed, "hide-bound." The horse is also apt to back up
+against any projection, or into a corner, and rub his tail against the
+wall, breaking off the hair, and giving it an unsightly appearance. If
+worms are suspected, the "syce" should be instructed to look for them in
+the horse's droppings in the morning, where the long ones are most likely
+to be found; also to examine under his dock, where the small ones will
+leave a yellowish incrustation under the root of the tail. An enema of
+common salt and water, made by dissolving about a table-spoonful of salt
+in a quart of luke-warm water, generally suffices to get rid of the small
+ones. The large ones, however, require medical treatment, which should be
+left in professional hands. If there are any worms passed, the litter,
+droppings, etc., should be carefully burned, and the floor of the stable
+scraped and the _debris_ burned, and a new floor laid down.
+
+
+Rubbing the Tail.
+
+Although commonly due to parasites in the intestines, "particularly the
+small thread-worms," with some horses it is a trick; neglect also, and the
+irritation caused by dirt, will often cause it. In India it is more often
+seen in coarse-bred horses, such as many Australians are, than in
+country-breds and Arabs. If it is from dirt, washing the tail well with
+soap and water will stop it; if it is a trick, keeping the tail in a
+tail-case, which is merely a piece of leather, with buckles and straps to
+fasten it on with; or an ordinary roller bandage put round from the tip to
+the root will generally stop it.
+
+
+Scouring (_dast_).
+
+Scouring, or diarrhoea, is usually seen in nervous horses when they get
+excited, and, as a rule, disappears when they get quiet again. It is more
+commonly seen in light-coloured, or what the horseman calls "washey,"
+chestnuts and blacks, than any other colour. Some horses will always scour
+after a draught of cold water, and with such the chill should be taken off
+either by adding a little warm water, or standing the bucket out in the
+sun for a couple of hours before it is used. If the scouring persists,
+after returning to the stable, let the next feed consist of dry bran, not
+"bran mash," and this generally stops it. If a horse that is not in the
+habit of doing so suddenly begins scouring, it is a mistake to try and
+stop it too suddenly, as frequently it is an effort of nature to throw off
+something deleterious to the system. If, however, the diarrhoea should
+continue persistent, then professional advice should be obtained.
+
+
+
+
+WATER.
+
+
+Water (_pani_).
+
+Horses prefer soft to hard water, and are particularly partial to
+rain-water. Many horses refuse to drink at all from a running stream,
+unless very thirsty, and even then will not take as much as is necessary.
+Mules, which in other respects are hardy animals, are very dainty and
+particular about their water. Such horses should be watered either out of
+a bucket or a still pool. In mountain and quick running streams there is
+often a large quantity of sand and small gravel held in suspension, that
+sinks to the bottom in places where the current runs slow. I have seen
+more than one death caused by constantly watering horses in such streams,
+by the animal swallowing a quantity of such sand; it accumulates in large
+masses in the intestines, and causes "sand colic." If it is necessary to
+water horses from such places for any length of time, if a suitable pool
+cannot be found where the water is still and the sand and gravel can
+settle, one should be made by building a dam.
+
+
+Times of Watering.
+
+Horses should be watered half an hour before feeding, or, if this cannot
+be managed, at least two hours should elapse after the feed before he is
+allowed to drink his fill. The reason of this is that the hard grain the
+horse eats is only partly crushed and broken by the teeth, and it is in
+the stomach where it is principally softened before passing on into the
+intestines. If, when the stomach is full of partly digested food, a large
+quantity of water is given, some of it will be washed into the intestine,
+and, being hard, and not properly softened, irritate it and set up colic.
+The best plan is to always have water in front of the horse, so that he
+can drink when he likes, and I have found that they take much less this
+way than when watered at regular times. In India this can be easily done
+by building up in mud a wide-mouthed, shallow, earthen vessel, called a
+"gumalo," in one corner of the stable, in the same way that a manger is
+made. It should be high enough for the horse to conveniently reach it, and
+be kept constantly full.
+
+
+Watering Troughs.
+
+When horses are watered at a trough or stream, as is necessarily the case
+with military animals, if they are thirsty they push their noses deep into
+it and drink greedily. They then lift their heads and look round them, and
+many persons think they have finished. This is not the case, as the horse
+is merely recovering his breath after his draught, and he should not be
+taken away until he either turns round and will drink no more, or until he
+begins to splash the water about with his nose and play with it, which
+shows he does not want any more.
+
+
+Watering on a Journey.
+
+It is commonly supposed that when on a journey horses should not be
+watered, but, in a warm climate, as long as only a steady pace is
+maintained and only a moderate quantity given, it does not do any harm,
+and, to judge from one's own experiences, certainly is refreshing. Of
+course, this must be done in moderation, like everything; and it
+undoubtedly would be dangerous to allow a horse to drink his fill and then
+give him a hard gallop directly afterwards; but, in both the South African
+and Australian colonies, I have travelled some hundreds of miles in
+post-carts and coaches, and the drivers at pretty nearly every stream they
+cross pull up and allow the horses to drink a few mouthfuls. I have never
+heard of any harm coming from this practice, and at the end of the journey
+they drink far less water than if they had been deprived of it while at
+work. In Norway, the carriole drivers water their ponies in the same way,
+and it is icy-cold coming from the glaciers.
+
+
+Watering after a Journey.
+
+When the journey is completed, it is advisable to walk the horse about for
+a short time, to allow him to get cool before watering; or, better still,
+and what every practical horseman will do, is to pull up and allow him to
+walk the last mile, so that he arrives at his stable fairly cool, and not
+reeking with perspiration. Grooming also will be greatly facilitated by
+this.
+
+
+Watering Bridles (_kazai_).
+
+Watering bridles are generally very much neglected, "syces" (grooms) never
+seeming to think that they require any care or attention. They are
+generally a mass of rust and dirt, and having one of these filthy things
+put into the mouth, is a much more common cause of horses going off their
+feed than is generally supposed. They are frequently thrown out on the
+heap of bedding, and left in the sun all day, and when put into the
+horse's mouth the iron of the bit is burning hot. I consider that this is
+one of the chief reasons of the sores that so frequently form at the
+angles of the mouth in the summer months, and which are most troublesome
+to cure. The bit of the watering bridle should be scrubbed daily with sand
+until it is polished, and the leather-work cleaned with soap (sabon) or
+dubbing (momrogan); if this is not done, it very soon perishes with the
+heat and becomes rotten, and if a horse is at all fresh and plays about,
+it breaks, the animal gets loose, and a serious accident is the result of
+the want of a little forethought.
+
+
+Leeches (_jonk_).
+
+In India leeches frequently get into the nose while the horse is drinking,
+especially out of ponds and streams, and although they are not absolutely
+dangerous, they cause troublesome bleeding, and make the animal cough and
+sneeze. They are sometimes very difficult to get rid off, and the best
+plan is to place some water in a bucket before the horse and splash it
+about. The leech is attracted by this, and comes down the nostril, when
+it can be caught if the operator is quick enough. A handkerchief is
+necessary, as the leech is too slippery to hold in the fingers. It is
+generally best to let one of the "syces" do this, promising him a small
+reward when the nuisance is got rid of, as some of them are wonderfully
+expert at it, and have untiring patience.
+
+
+Wells.
+
+In some Indian towns there is a water supply laid on to the houses by
+pipes, but in the majority it is obtained from a well (khua) in the
+compound. In these cases a water-carrier ("bheestie") has to be kept to
+draw and carry water for the household and stables, which he brings in a
+leather bag; "mussuk," the small leather bucket that he uses to fill the
+bag with, being called a "dholl." These water-bags should be renewed twice
+a year, as they get very foul inside if kept much longer, and they are
+only worth about Rs. 2 each. Very few people ever think of cleaning out
+the well, but it should be done at least once a year, as it is surprising
+the amount of rubbish, such as dead leaves and vegetation, gets into it.
+The landlord of the house should undertake this, but it is generally
+difficult to get him to do it without the tenant threatening to do it
+himself and deduct the cost out of the rent. There are professional
+well-cleaners in Northern India, who will do the work by contract. As a
+rule, it takes about three days, as the well has to be pumped dry by
+working the lifting wheel with relays of bullocks day and night, when a
+man goes down and removes the accumulation of rubbish from the bottom.
+Care should be taken to first lower down a lighted candle, or throw a
+bundle of lighted straw down before any one is allowed to descend, as
+there is frequently an accumulation of foul gas at the bottom, and I have
+known more than one accident from neglect of this precaution. Unless I had
+very good reason for knowing that the well had been lately cleaned, I
+always had this done on going into a new house. If this is neglected, the
+water during the rainy season is apt to get very foul, and I have known
+severe outbreaks of illness from this cause both in men and animals.
+
+
+
+
+AIR AND VENTILATION.
+
+
+Stables.
+
+Nothing is worse for horses than close, ill-ventilated stables, and in
+India, where they are made out of such cheap material as mud and sun-dried
+brick, there is no excuse for their being too small. In some of the newer
+houses, stables are made out of burned brick; but I prefer the older ones
+of mud or sun-dried brick, as the walls are generally thicker, and this
+makes them cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. It is also of
+importance that they should not be too low, but of the two evils I should
+prefer a small stable with a lofty roof to a larger one with a low one,
+provided there was ventilation in the top. Every stable should have a good
+deep verandah round it; it not only keeps off the sun in the summer, but
+is useful to put bedding, etc., in during the rain. If there is no
+verandah, one can be easily made with the flat straw screens used by
+natives, called "jamps," and bamboo supports. The doorways should be high
+and wide, so that there is no danger of the horse hitting his hips or head
+against it in going in and out. A fractured hip-bone is frequently caused
+by horses rushing through narrow doorways, and a troublesome disease known
+as "poll evil" is generally caused by striking the head against too low a
+one. It is also well to have the sides of the door-posts rounded off, not
+left at an angle. If there is no window at the back of the stable,
+opposite the door, one should be made above the horse's head, and another
+smaller one on a level with the floor, so as to allow the air to circulate
+freely. If possible, avoid a draught, but always remember that it is
+better to have plenty of fresh air and a draught than a stuffy stable
+without one, as the horse can always be kept warm with extra clothing,
+bandages, and bedding. Thatched roofs are much cooler in summer and warmer
+in winter than the flat earthen ones that are generally used in Northern
+India. Indian stables are almost always divided off into loose boxes, the
+partition walls being continued up to the roof. I think they should be
+only built high enough to prevent the horses teasing each other over them,
+as if continued right up they interfere with the free circulation of the
+air. If this cannot be done, on account of the partitions helping to
+support the roof, a window should be knocked through in each. In South
+Africa stables are usually simply a long shed with a manger running down
+the back wall, without any partitions between the standings, and the
+horses are simply tied up to a ring in the manger with the head rope. Cape
+horses are, however, exceedingly quiet, and will stand still all day long.
+They never seem to think of kicking or biting at each other like the
+Indian country-bred does.
+
+
+Chicks.
+
+The plague of flies in the East, particularly during the rains, cannot be
+realized in England, and if not protected against them, they will almost
+worry horses to death. For this reason the doors and windows of the stable
+should be fitted with "chicks," or mats, made out of split bamboos or
+reeds, with interspaces between them, which allow of light and air passing
+through, but which will keep the flies out. They are not very costly
+articles, and add most materially to the comfort of the horse. If
+carefully looked after, and not let flap about in the wind, they will last
+for years with a very small annual expenditure for repairs.
+
+
+Stable Floors.
+
+The stable floor should be made of wet clay beaten down, and left to
+thoroughly dry. This can be carried out by the "syces," and if thoroughly
+done, they will last a good many months. I always make it a practice to
+dig up the floors of stables in a new house, before they are occupied, a
+foot and a half deep, and thoroughly renew it, and usually it is
+astounding the amount of foul earth that has to be removed. I also have
+the whole of the floor picked up and renewed once a year--for choice, at
+the end of September or beginning of October, after the rains have
+stopped. Any moisture should be at once removed, before it has time to
+soak into the floor; or, if it has, the moist earth should be swept away
+with a broom (jaru), made out of a number of pliable twigs tied together,
+and fresh dry earth sprinkled over the top of it. A supply of dry powdered
+earth should be kept outside each stable door in a box ready for use when
+required. The ordinary earth that is in the compound will not do to make
+floors out of, although "syces" will use it if allowed, as it is less
+trouble to get than clay (kicher ke muttee), but it will not bind, and
+when trodden on breaks up and wears into dust.
+
+
+Charcoal (_khoalie_).
+
+Although it looks dirty, powdered charcoal sprinkled over the floor has a
+powerful effect as a deodorizer. The ashes of a wood fire do nearly as
+well as charcoal for this purpose, and can be obtained anywhere, as wood
+is universally used for fuel all over India. In some stables earthenware
+vessels (chatties) are buried under the floor to catch the urine. This is
+an abominable, filthy custom, and should never be permitted, as there is
+no more certain cause of disease. Diseases of the feet, such as foul
+smelling, suppurating frogs, thrush, and canker, are in the majority of
+cases caused by horses standing on wet, filthy floors.
+
+
+Picketing.
+
+In the hot season horses should, if possible, be picketed out at night as
+soon as it gets cool in the evening. It is the greatest relief to an
+animal to be brought out of a hot stable into the open air, even if the
+actual temperature is no less than indoors. If the flies or mosquitos are
+troublesome, the nets sold for the purpose will keep them off. If the net
+is not sufficient, a fire made out of the stable litter on the windward
+side will drive them away, and horses do not mind smoke. It is as well to
+have a regular standing made with mud, in the same way as the stable
+flooring, as otherwise the ground soon gets broken up and foul. The
+standing should be swept clean every morning, and mended in the same way
+as the stable floors are.
+
+
+Bedding (_bechalie_).
+
+There is nothing better than clean straw for bedding, and it is a great
+mistake to stint horses in it. If a good deep bed is given, they will lie
+down and rest themselves, whereas, if there is not enough, and the floor
+feels hard through it, they will walk about over it, and far more will be
+wasted than if the horse was lying down on it. The bedding should be taken
+up every morning, and any soiled straw removed. It should be well shaken
+up and spread out in the sun to dry and air, and at night, when again put
+down for use, a small quantity of fresh straw added to it. In wet weather
+the bedding can be aired and dried in the verandah. All soiled straw and
+droppings should be at once removed in a basket (tokrie), which should be
+provided for the purpose; and it is wonderful, if this plan is adopted,
+how little fresh straw is required to keep the horse constantly supplied
+with a good bed; and nothing is more saving to the wear and tear of the
+legs and feet than to get the animal to lie down at night. In Australia
+and South Africa wheat or oat straw can be obtained, but in India rice
+straw is generally used, or else the long elephant grass that grows on the
+banks of rivers and swampy places. Both are good enough for the purpose,
+only they are brittle, and more is required than when wheat straw is used,
+as they quickly break up.
+
+
+Sawdust (_burradah_).
+
+In the north of India the deodar, or Himalayan cedar sawdust, can always
+be obtained from any of the timber depots on the banks of the large
+rivers, almost for the expense of carting it away. It makes a good bed if
+straw cannot be obtained, but is liable to stick to the horse and get in
+under his coat if at all long, and gives much more work grooming. It is
+also more troublesome to remove in the morning to air, and if any wind is
+blowing a good deal gets wasted. If used, it is best to have it spread out
+in one stall and leave it there, only using it at night, putting the horse
+into another during the daytime. Any sawdust that gets damp or soiled
+should be at once removed, as it very soon begins to smell badly.
+
+
+Shavings.
+
+Shavings of deodar or pine can also be obtained, but they require to be
+carefully sorted out, as there are likely to be splinters in them, and in
+lying down the horse may give himself a bad wound.
+
+
+Sand (_ret_).
+
+Sand can be obtained anywhere along the banks of the rivers; but it is
+hard, and does not form a very yielding bed, and I should not use it if
+anything else could be got. It requires to be sifted, to get rid of the
+pebbles and stones it contains. If straw is scarce and sand has to be
+used, the best plan is to put a layer of about a foot of sand over the
+floor, and a thin layer of straw over it; this will make a much softer bed
+than the sand alone.
+
+
+Horses eating Bedding.
+
+This is a trick some horses have, and from which they seldom can be cured.
+It is generally the custom to put a muzzle (chik-na) on them at night; but
+this, of course, stops their feeding at all. I prefer to bed them down
+with sand, sawdust, or shavings, and leave them free to feed at night. If
+a muzzle is used, it should be a wire one, not leather, as these get very
+foul and dirty, and interfere with the horse's breathing, which the wire
+one does not.
+
+
+Exercise.
+
+In India it is usual to exercise ordinary hacks, polo ponies, and harness
+horses, not doing any special work, twice a day--morning and evening. The
+length of time they are out, and the amount of ground they cover, is very
+variable--in most cases depending on whether the "syce" is in a mood to
+take exercise or not himself. They usually take horses out on the road to
+the bazaar, or some favourite meeting-place; and it is not an uncommon
+thing to see a couple of dozen horses, belonging to various people,
+standing about, while their respective "syces" are sitting about, smoking
+and discussing their masters and various bazaar topics of interest. Under
+these circumstances the horses do not get much exercise; and many a
+mysterious injury, that cannot be accounted for, is inflicted by their
+kicking at each other while standing about in this manner. If the compound
+is large enough, it is a good plan to make a ring with the stable litter
+and have the horses exercised round it. You can then be certain they are
+getting a fair amount of work; but a large ring is necessary, and if there
+is a garden it spoils the compound. Furthermore, horses get into a very
+careless, slovenly way of walking when led round and round in this
+monotonous fashion daily. "Syces" generally lead horses at exercise, and
+most horse-owners will not allow them to ride; but I think this is a
+mistake, and if they can ride, I always allow them to do so. If they lead
+the horse, he will go along in a listless fashion, and walk with his head
+down, stumbling at every step; whereas, if he is ridden, he will carry his
+head up and go in a much more lively and collected fashion, and it being
+much pleasanter for the "syce" to ride than walk, the full amount of
+exercise is more likely to be taken. "Syces" nearly always ride at
+exercise bare-backed; but they should be made use a folded blanket as a
+pad, kept in its place by a body-roller, as the anatomy of the native of
+India is such that, without any protection, he is likely to give the horse
+a sore back. They should also only be let use a snaffle bridle, as few
+know how to handle a double one. When at exercise knee-caps should be
+worn. These should be bought from a European saddler, and care be taken
+that the top strap is fitted with a piece of indiarubber in the middle,
+to allow of its giving with the motion of the limb. If there is not this
+indiarubber spring, when the top strap is buckled tight enough to prevent
+the cap slipping down, the motion will cause it to rub the skin at the
+back of the knee; and I have seen some bad abrasions, that caused
+temporary lameness, from this cause. If the top strap is buckled loose
+enough to avoid this chafing, then the knee-cap won't stay up in its
+proper place, if it has no spring. The country-made knee-caps sold by the
+native saddlers seldom are fitted with it; and if they are they cannot be
+relied on, as generally the indiarubber is bad and perished. The lower
+strap of the knee-cap should be buckled quite loose, it being only
+required to keep it down and prevent it flapping about; but "syces" are
+very apt to draw it tight also, and if they do, it is pretty certain to
+cut the skin.
+
+
+
+
+GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, Etc.
+
+
+Heel Ropes (_pecharie_).
+
+If possible, horses should be left loose, which generally can be done in
+India, as most of the stables are loose boxes. Sometimes it is necessary
+to fasten them up, such as when picketed out at night in the hot weather
+or on the march. There are several plans of picketing, each having its
+advantages and disadvantages; but as these generally apply to military
+animals, I will merely mention those commonly used in private stables. The
+most common plan is to fasten the horse up with head and heel ropes, to
+wooden pegs driven into the ground. Heel ropes (pecharie) consist of
+either two ropes about twelve feet long, ending in a single one, so as to
+be Y-shaped, the single one being fastened to a wooden peg (make) driven
+into the ground, and the two arms to the horse's hind fetlocks by means of
+leather straps, called "muzzumas." These straps are loops of rope covered
+with leather, to one end of which the heel rope is tied, and into which
+the hind foot is slipped, being secured by a flat leather thong wound
+round the middle of it behind the fetlock joint to prevent its slipping
+off. The strap is then of a fig. 8, or hour-glass shape, the heel rope
+being tied in one loop, the foot placed in the other, the thong forming
+the neck or constriction. These, I think, are the best form of leather
+foot strap; but in buying them care should be taken that the stitching of
+the leather is on the outside, as if it is on the inside, where natives
+often put it, it is very likely to rub the skin and cause a bad cracked
+heel. Another form of "muzzuma" is made out of stiff flat leather lined
+with felt. This has a slip loop going round it, with a buckle on one side
+and a strap on the other, that runs along the centre. The heel rope is
+tied to one end, the foot put into the other, and when the strap is
+buckled tightly, the running loop is drawn close up to the heel, so as to
+keep the whole arrangement in its place. This form of "muzzuma" is the
+usual kind sold; but it is objectionable, as the edges get stiff and hard,
+and are likely to cut the heel, which the round ones do not. Both sorts of
+leather "muzzumas" require to be kept soft and pliable with dubbing
+(momrogan), which "syces" never think necessary. I, however, prefer those
+made out of plaited hemp or tow. They are merely a band of loosely plaited
+tow, about eighteen inches long, the heel rope being fastened to one end,
+and secured by a string or tape just behind the fetlock; they are much
+softer than the leather ones, and quite as strong. The disadvantage,
+however, is that they soon wear out, but they are very cheap; in fact, the
+"syces" can make them themselves out of the raw hemp or tow (sun). They
+are used by many of the native cavalry regiments in India in preference to
+the leather ones. The heel ropes can be made out of one long rope doubled,
+a "muzzuma" fastened to each free end, and the doubled portion to a
+tent-peg. When heel ropes are used, one should be put on each hind leg; it
+is dangerous to only put on one, and I have seen more than one fractured
+thigh caused by this. If the heel ropes are on both hind legs, and the
+horse kicks, he has to do so straight into the air, as there is equal
+restraint on both; but if there is only one, the unequal check of the
+single rope is likely to cause a fracture. If allowed, "syces" will always
+pull the heel ropes so tight as to stretch the horse out; they should be
+loose enough to allow him to stand in a natural position.
+
+
+Head Ropes (_aghari_).
+
+Head ropes should be fastened to the ring on the head collar (nukta) under
+the chin. There should either be two separate ropes, one end of each
+fastened to the ring, or one long one doubled in the middle, the central
+portion fastened to the ring, and the two ends to two wooden pegs driven
+into the ground about three or four feet on each side of the horse's head.
+If only a single rope is used, it must, naturally, be fastened to a peg
+straight in front, and, to allow the horse to move his head up and down,
+must be loose. When fastened in this way he is exceedingly likely to get
+his fore leg over the rope and get hung up in it, a nasty wound in the
+heel or at the back of the knee being the result, if nothing worse;
+whereas, if the ropes are pegged out on each side, he can move about
+freely, and it would be difficult for him to get his leg over them. Both
+head and heel ropes should be made of hemp; the cotton rope used in India
+for most purposes is not strong enough, and soon breaks and wears out. In
+Peshawur and along the north-west frontier, a rope is made of goat hair
+that is very strong, and is excellent for this purpose. It is somewhat
+more expensive than ordinary rope, but with care will last a long time,
+and will amply repay itself. Both head and heel ropes should be tied to
+the pegs in a slipknot, so that with a single pull horses can be set free
+when necessary. "Syces" will usually tie them in a jam-knot, and horses
+struggling to get loose when frightened very often badly injure themselves
+before they can be set free.
+
+
+Fetlock Picketing.
+
+A method of picketing horses was introduced into the Indian army some
+years ago, by dispensing with head ropes and using a short chain shackle
+about three feet long, buckled round one of the fore fetlocks, and
+fastened to a peg driven into the ground. This was chiefly done with the
+object of reducing the weight carried, and with animals used for military
+purposes, doubtless fulfilled the purpose, but in a private stable I fail
+to see its advantages over the other plan.
+
+
+Picketing Posts.
+
+When horses are picketed outside the stable, and there is space enough,
+picketing posts are the most preferable method, as they allow greater
+freedom than any other. A stout smooth post, about five or six inches in
+diameter, is driven several feet into the ground, so that it is five or
+six feet above the surface, a strong iron ring is slipped over it, and to
+this the head rope is made fast; no heel ropes are used, and the horse can
+move round it as he pleases. The post must be smooth, so that there is
+nothing for the ring to catch in, and when put into the ground the point
+should be put into the fire and charred, or covered with kerosene oil, to
+keep off the white ants. It will also have to be examined occasionally to
+see that it is not damaged or rotten. The only drawback to this plan is
+that, if there are several horses, a considerable space is necessary, as
+they must be far enough apart to prevent their kicking at each other.
+
+
+Ringing.
+
+In South Africa and the colonies horses are picketed by the method known
+as "ringing," the head rope of one being fastened to the head collar of
+the next, and so on, till the head rope of the last is in its turn
+fastened to the head collar of the first, their heads forming a ring
+looking inwards. Colonial horses will stand like this for hours together;
+but they are very quiet, and behave in a different way to the Indian
+country-bred. I have seen the same plan used in a cavalry regiment of the
+Italian army on the march near Milan.
+
+
+Rheims.
+
+In South Africa head ropes are made of prepared raw hide called "rheims."
+They are prepared by the Kaffir women out of raw ox hide, and are very
+strong and supple, and are excellent for the purpose.
+
+
+Knee-haltering.
+
+Knee-haltering is also a South African plan of securing horses when turned
+out to graze. The fore leg is lifted up, so that the forearm from the
+elbow to the knee is parallel to the ground. The head rope, or "rheim," is
+then fastened above the knee, the head being pulled a little downwards.
+The horse is then turned out to graze on the veldt, and when his head is
+down feeding he can use his limbs and walk about as he likes, but as soon
+as he puts up his head to trot or gallop the fore leg is pulled up, and he
+has only three to go on, and can easily be caught.
+
+
+Shackles (_bheri_).
+
+The natives of India use iron shackles, much like handcuffs, to fasten
+with a key round both fore fetlocks of horses when turned out loose; but
+they are not a desirable invention, and in young animals are very likely
+to cause ringbones. But this, I think, is on account of their clumsy shape
+and being constantly worn, as I believe shackles made out of round iron
+that shut with a spring were used by the Canadian mounted police at one
+time when turning their horses out, and they found they did not chafe and
+rub so much as leather ones did. It was found that even moving through the
+wet grass the steel hobbles were polished, kept bright, and required no
+attention, whereas the leather ones perished and became hard, and gave
+constant trouble unless carefully looked after. I have never tried this
+plan myself, for I have found the Cape system of knee-haltering when
+turning animals out to graze the best I have yet come across.
+
+
+Picketing-pegs (_make_).
+
+Picketing-pegs should be made out of hard wood about eighteen inches to
+two feet long; iron ones are dangerous. They should be driven into the
+ground in a slanting direction, the point towards and the head away from
+the animal, to resist the strain on it. If there are no tent-pegs, or the
+ground is so soft that there is no holding for them, a hole a couple of
+feet deep can be dug, and a bundle of straw or a couple of tent-pegs tied
+crossways buried in it, the earth trodden down, and the rope brought out
+at the surface. This will give ample holding, and may be practically
+tested, for although a vertical pull will easily bring it up, the
+strongest man will fail to move it if the strain is horizontal.
+
+
+Leading-ropes (_bagh durie_).
+
+Leading-ropes are things that ruin half the horses' mouths in India, and I
+never let such a thing into the stable. If they are used as they were
+originally intended to be, that is, buckled into the ring of the snaffle
+or watering bridle to lead the horse with, they do no harm; but it is
+impossible to prevent "syces" from passing them over the head and then
+back through both rings, so as to form a gag, and this they hang on to. I
+always make them use a leading-chain, which is a leather strap with about
+a foot of chain and a snap-hook at the end of it. The hook fastens into
+the ring of the snaffle, and they cannot well pass the strap over the head
+to turn it into a gag. It seems impossible to teach a "syce" how to lead a
+horse in a watering bridle, and I find these chains the best compromise.
+
+
+Brushes and Gear.
+
+The grooming utensils required in an Indian stable are very simple: a
+horse-brush, curry-comb, bucket, some dusters, and a hoof-picker, being
+the sum total; but only one of these last is required among five or six
+horses. It is best to get English bristle brushes, they last out two of
+the native fibre ones, and are very little more expensive. Good
+horse-brushes are made by several firms in Cawnpore, and, of course, when
+a large number are used, the saving is considerable if the country-made
+article is bought, but where only a small number are required, this is a
+false economy.
+
+
+Curry-combs.
+
+These an Indian "syce" cannot get on without, and although he only uses it
+to wear out the brush, still, after all, it does not do so very much harm;
+but a bad, lazy man, if he is not prevented, will use it to scrape the
+dirt off the horse with. Country-breds are generally very thin-skinned,
+and feel the comb very much if scarified with it, as the "syce" is very
+fond of doing; and I am positive that this practice in many cases has to
+account for much of the proverbial bad temper of these animals. The
+curry-comb should never be put on the horse's body at all, and in reality
+it is useless. If it can be managed, it is best not to give the "syces"
+such things, the only use of them being to clean the brush with, and this
+can be done just as well with the palm of the left hand, and the brush
+does not wear out so quickly; but it is the custom to use the comb, and it
+is hard to prevent it.
+
+
+Buckets (_balti_).
+
+Buckets can be bought anywhere. Zinc ones are better than tin, although
+perhaps a little more expensive; one should be provided for each horse.
+
+
+Dusters (_jharans_).
+
+Dusters are things that native servants of every sort seem to consume in
+enormous quantities, and unless some check is put on it, the number used
+at the end of the month will be astonishing. Either the old one should be
+produced before another is given, or else some contract be given to them
+to provide them for themselves; but the former plan is the best; if the
+contract system is adopted, filthy rags will be used. They are luckily
+exceedingly cheap, and are made nearly everywhere.
+
+
+Hoof-picker (_sum khodna_).
+
+A hoof-picker can be made out of almost any piece of rod-iron, and one
+should be hung up in every stable. One for every four or five horses is
+enough.
+
+
+Clothing (_gurdaine_).
+
+In Northern India, if horses are not clipped they require in the winter at
+least two thick rugs, and if they are clipped an extra one, as the climate
+from November to the end of February is bitterly cold. The ordinary
+country clothing, made out of "mundah," and sold in the bazaars, called
+"jhools," keeps horses warm and answers its purpose, and is cheap--a rug
+of this material costing about Rs. 3; but I think myself that it is false
+economy to get it, and that the horse-clothing made at the Muir or Elgin
+mills at Cawnpore, or the Egerton mills at Dhariwal, in the Punjab,
+although perhaps at first somewhat more expensive, will in the end be
+found the cheapest, as with care one suit of this will last many years,
+whereas the country clothing is seldom much good after a second winter's
+wear. This clothing is made in all sorts of colours, and turned out in
+suits, and is every bit as good as English manufactured. Country blankets
+(kumbal) can also be got; and the condemned soldiers' blankets, that are
+periodically sold by the military authorities, make excellent horse-rugs.
+I always think it best to get regular horse-clothing shaped and pieced out
+at the neck to buckle across the chest, or, at all events, to have one rug
+like this, even if the rest are ordinary square blankets, as the shaped
+clothing protects the front of the chest, which the square blanket will
+not do. The blanket can be used in the daytime, and the rug on the top at
+night, buckling across the chest, as leaving this part of the body exposed
+is a fruitful source of coughs and colds. Aprons, breast-pieces, and
+quarter-cords are seldom seen in India, except on race horses, and then
+only as a fancy matter.
+
+
+Hoods (_khansilla_).
+
+Hoods with hacks, harness horses, and polo ponies are not often required;
+but if horses are sensitive to cold, particularly if they are standing out
+at night, they are no doubt a great protection. They are made up of the
+same material as the country "jhool," and they also can be got to match
+the clothing made at any of the woollen mills. In any case it is a good
+thing to have a spare hood in the stable, even if it is not habitually
+used, as when a horse begins to cough if at once put on a severe cold is
+often averted.
+
+
+Body-rollers (_paities_, or _farakis_).
+
+Body-rollers are sold in the bazaar shops of native manufacture, but are
+most flimsy, and I strongly advise that either English ones, or else those
+made by any of the manufacturers of leather goods at Cawnpore, which are
+nearly as good as English ones, be used, although they may at first be a
+little more expensive. The common country rollers are always breaking, and
+never being properly stuffed, the webbing in the centre of the two pads
+presses on the ridge of the spine when the roller is buckled up. There is
+no more fruitful cause of sore backs than this, especially if horses are
+at all thin and standing out in the open. "Syces" have a trick of pulling
+up the straps of the roller as tight as possible, and if it gets wet with
+the dew or rain it shrinks up, and the tight webbing cuts and pinches the
+skin over the backbone, causing a sore back. With a properly made roller
+the pressure is taken on the sides of the back by the two pads, and the
+webbing does not come in contact with the skin at all. In any case, if the
+horses are standing out in the open at night, it is always advisable to go
+round the last thing and let the roller out a hole or two. If country
+rollers are used, direct pressure of the webbing on the spine can be taken
+off by putting a folded up duster or a handful of straw under it. If the
+back has been pinched or rubbed the roller should be left off, and the
+blankets or clothing kept in their place by a couple of tapes or pieces of
+string stitched to the edge of each and tied under the body.
+
+
+Bandages (_puttie_).
+
+Woollen bandages on the legs greatly add to the horse's comfort when
+standing out on a cold night. The ordinary ones sold in the bazaar answer
+well enough, only they are generally a little too wide and not long
+enough. The bandage should be put on commencing from below and finishing
+under the knee or hock, and not in the reverse direction, commencing
+above, as is often done. The tapes should be tied in a bow outside. What
+is known as the Newmarket bandage, made out of a semi-elastic woollen
+material, is an excellent one. It stretches somewhat when put on the leg,
+and gives it support. They, however, are somewhat expensive--about Rs. 4
+a set--but with ordinary care will outlast several pairs of country ones.
+A good bandage is made by the Muir Mills Company at Cawnpore out of the
+cotton webbing called "newar"; they are very cheap and good, but are not
+so warm as the cotton ones.
+
+
+Summer Clothing.
+
+This is rather a superfluity, and, unless with race horses, is not usually
+indulged in, for at the time it could be worn it generally is so hot that
+the less the horse has on him the better. Usually one of the blankets used
+in the winter is kept to throw over him when standing about, or when
+walking back from work. Drill summer clothing can be obtained at any of
+the woollen mills in India in a variety of patterns, or a native tailor
+(durzie) will make it up in your own verandah if you give him a pattern.
+At least two suits per horse are required, as it very soon gets dirty in
+the warm season and requires washing.
+
+
+Eye Fringes (_makieara_).
+
+Eye fringes are absolutely necessary in India, and are used in parts of
+Australia to protect the eyes from the flies. They are fastened on to the
+cheek strap of the head collar with a small tab and button-hole in place
+of a brow band, and have a fringe of either leather or cotton cords that
+hang down over the eyes halfway to the nose. I prefer the cord ones; the
+fringes are always flat and in contact with the face, whereas the leather
+ones are liable to curl up at the ends and allow the flies to get
+underneath. The cotton ones are easier mended than the leather.
+
+
+Fly Whisks (_chaurie_).
+
+I always give each "syce" a fly whisk to keep flies off the horse while at
+exercise, or when he is holding him anywhere. They are very cheap, last a
+long time, and if not provided, the "syce" will arm himself with a dirty
+duster or rag of some sort for the purpose. I may, perhaps, be too
+sensitive on this point, but to see a dirty rag flourished about an
+otherwise well-turned-out animal is to me a great eyesore.
+
+
+Cleaning Horse Clothing, and Storing it in the Summer.
+
+It never enters the head of a "syce" that clothing requires to be cleaned.
+It should be frequently hung out in the sun and well beaten with a stick,
+like a carpet is, and then well brushed on both sides with a stiff
+clothes-brush. If necessary, it should be laid out flat and scrubbed with
+a brush and soap and water, rinsed out with cold water, as hot will make
+it shrink, and then, when dry again, beaten and brushed. The straps on
+pieced rugs should have some dubbing (momrogan) now and again rubbed into
+them, to prevent their getting hard and the leather perishing. Summer
+clothing should be sent to the washerman (dhobie) to be washed. During the
+summer months woollen clothing should be first cleaned, and then folded up
+and put away, some camphor, pepper, and leaves of the "neem" tree, that
+grows in every garden in Northern India, being placed between the folds to
+keep off the moths. They should be folded away on the top of a box, board,
+or table, or somewhere raised off the ground, to be out of the way of the
+white ants, and once a week be unfolded and hung out in the sun to air for
+a few hours, folded up, and stored away again. There is no occasion to
+waste the spices that are with them; if they are carefully unfolded over
+some newspapers, the whole can be collected and used again.
+
+
+Numdahs.
+
+If used at all, felt numdahs should have a plain edge, and not be bound
+with coloured tape, as they so often are; particularly the cheaper ones,
+that are sold by native saddlers. I have frequently seen sore backs
+caused by this tape binding, as well as the hair in white horses
+discoloured by the edge. When put on, the numdah should be well pulled up
+into the arch of the saddle, particularly in front. The common practice is
+to put the numdah flat on the back, and then the saddle on the top of it,
+so that when the weight comes on it, the numdah gets tight and is
+stretched, and is a common cause of sore backs and galled withers. When
+taken off the horse's back, the numdah should be spread out in the sun to
+dry; it should then be beaten with a stick and brushed with a hard brush
+to get the dry caked perspiration out of it, and to bring the nap of the
+felt up again. If this is not done it will get as hard as a board, and
+neglected numdahs are certain to give sore backs. If the saddle is
+properly stuffed and fitted to the horse's back, a numdah is not required,
+the only use of it being to save the lining of the saddle, and for this
+purpose I prefer a leather one.
+
+
+Grooming (_malish_).
+
+Grooming is an art that native grooms excel in. They have infinite
+patience, and their long supple fingers are peculiarly adapted for the
+work. They, furthermore, are used to it, for every Oriental is an adept
+at shampooing or massage, constantly doing it to their own limbs and those
+of their friends. When the horse comes in from work the bridle should be
+taken off him, hung up on a peg, and a watering bridle put into his mouth,
+the stirrup irons run up to the top of the leathers, and the girths
+slackened. If there is a breast-plate it can be taken off, but the saddle
+should not be removed till the back gets cool. According to the season of
+the year, a light or warm rug should be thrown over the quarters, and the
+horse walked about till he gets cool. If there is much mud sticking on
+him, it can be rubbed off with a wisp of straw before the brush is used.
+Horses should not be washed, or, if they are, only under very exceptional
+circumstances, when specially ordered. It is, however, a favourite
+practice among "syces," as it saves a good deal of trouble; and it is much
+easier to wash off mud and dirt than to remove it with the brush, as ought
+to be done; they are also very apt to use the curry-comb for this purpose.
+When the horse is cool he should be gone over with the brush, to remove
+what dirt is remaining, and when this is finished the process should be
+repeated with the hands, the palm and bend of the wrist being used for
+this purpose. If it is the hot weather, the grooming had best be done
+out-of-doors; but in winter it is best to do it in the stable, as in
+Northern India there is a cold wind blowing even in the middle of the day,
+and if exposed to it horses are liable to catch cold. As soon as the
+grooming is finished, which with a clipped horse can be done in about half
+an hour, the clothing and bandages should be put on, and, if it is
+evening, the bed put down. Even if not worked, this process of grooming
+should take place twice a day--before the morning and evening feed.
+
+
+Wisps and Grooming Pads.
+
+Straw wisps or leather pads are particularly useful in developing the
+muscle of a thin animal, or bringing the skin into order when it has been
+neglected. The wisps are made by twisting some of the bedding straw
+together into a rope about three feet long. This is then doubled in the
+middle and again twisted, so as to form a flat pad. Two of these wisps are
+used, one in each hand, and they are alternately brought down with a
+slight slap and drawing motion in the direction of the hair, the whole
+body being massaged with them. It is sometimes a good plan, if there is
+much dirt in the coat, to cover the pad with a damp duster; the dirt
+seems to stick to it. This is particularly useful when horses are changing
+their coats; the hair sticks to the damp cloth, and the old coat is
+brought out quicker than it otherwise would be. The grooming pads are used
+in the same way. They are two circles of leather about four or five inches
+in diameter, joined together with a strip of chamois leather about three
+inches wide, so as to form a pad or cushion, that is stuffed with tow. On
+one side a piece of leather or webbing is stitched at each end,
+sufficiently loose to allow the hand to be slipped under it in the same
+way as the horse brush. Two of these pads are used, and the skin beaten or
+massaged by each hand alternately. Although, perhaps, at first horses are
+fidgety, when they get used to it they appear to enjoy it; and it has the
+advantage of letting the owner know, if he is not in sight, that the
+"syce" is working by the noise he makes.
+
+
+Hand-rubbing.
+
+If horses are inclined to get filled on swollen legs, the tendons should
+be well hand-rubbed for five minutes at each grooming hour. This
+hand-rubbing should commence from the lower portion of the limb and be
+continued upwards, not in the reverse direction, which is the usual
+practice. The limb should be lifted up, and the fingers worked with a
+kneading motion behind the tendons.
+
+
+Washing.
+
+The feet, mane and tail are the only parts that should ever be washed,
+unless specially ordered, and then as seldom as possible. When the feet
+are washed, great care should be taken that they are carefully dried
+afterwards, and bandages put on, as leaving the legs wet is one of the
+chief causes of cracked heels, more especially in the winter months, if
+there is a dry cold wind blowing. If soap is used, it should be soft-soap;
+or, better still, the soap nut, or "reita." This is a berry, the shell or
+outer covering of which, when soaked in water, swells up into a sticky
+mass, that lathers like soap, and by natives of India is used for washing
+purposes.
+
+
+Uneven Manes.
+
+When the mane gets ragged and uneven, it should be carefully brushed down
+four or five times a day with a damp water brush, to make it lie flat. The
+long hairs on the under side next the neck should be pulled out, so that
+the mane is thinned, and the lower part lies in a perfect curve along the
+neck. Some horses object, and are a little troublesome during this
+process; but, if it is done gradually, it can be easily accomplished. The
+long hairs in the mane should never be cut, unless it is intended to clip
+it off altogether, and make it into a "hogged" mane. If the mane will not
+lie down flat with an even sweep, it can be covered with a cake of mud for
+four or five days, when it should be removed, and renewed if necessary.
+Being dry, it will crack, and the pieces can be easily knocked off, and
+the dust brushed out. The mud cake generally has the desired effect after
+having been applied four or five times.
+
+
+Hogged Manes.
+
+The manes of polo ponies and cobs it is the fashion to "hog," or cut off
+close to the neck. It is best to leave the forelock, as it gives a certain
+protection against the flies and glare of the sun; also, to leave a lock
+of hair on the wither, to grasp with the hand when mounting. The best
+implement to hog a mane with is a pair of ordinary horse-clippers, but
+don't use a new pair, or they will get spoiled; old ones that are no use
+for the rest of the body, do well enough. It is best to sit on the
+animal's back when the mane is being hogged, and to cut forwards; the
+hair will be cut much smoother, and a neater job made of it than when
+standing on the ground at the side.
+
+
+Ragged Legs.
+
+If the horse is not clipped, the long hairs at the back of the legs look
+very unsightly. They should be pulled out, not cut off. If a little
+powdered resin is rubbed on the finger and thumb, the hair will stick to
+it, and come out much more easily, and the legs will have a smooth, even
+appearance, which can never be attained if they are cut off with scissors,
+no matter how carefully this is done; there will always be jagged ridges
+left. The long hairs under the jowl can be singed off by passing a lighted
+candle under the jaw once or twice. If the horse is at all frightened at
+the candle, he can be blindfolded; but the operation is so quick, that
+generally it is all over before he is aware of what is being done. The
+long hairs on the muzzle and chin can be clipped off with a pair of
+ordinary scissors. If the horse is not clipped all over, attention to
+these one or two little details make all the difference in his appearance,
+and in his being turned out smart, or the reverse.
+
+
+Trimming Tails.
+
+The tail should be grasped close to the root with one hand, which is run
+down so that the hairs are all gathered together, and a string or tape
+tied round below the fleshy part at the tip. The tail should then be drawn
+out straight, and the hair cut off with a single sweep of a sharp knife
+just below where the string is tied. The blade of the knife must be long
+enough to give a drawing sweep, which an ordinary pocket-knife will not
+do. There is nothing better for this than a sharp native sword, or
+"tulwar," as it is long enough to cut through all the hair at one stroke;
+or, failing a sword, a sharp carving-knife will do, the longer in the
+blade the better. Any uneven ends of hair that remain can afterwards be
+trimmed off with a pair of scissors; or, better still, by a pair of sheep
+shears. Tail-cutting machines are sold with an arrangement to fix the hair
+of the tail with a clamp, on which there is a sliding cutting-blade. These
+cut the hair off very smoothly and evenly; the only drawback is that they
+are somewhat expensive, costing about Rs. 16 in Calcutta or Bombay.
+
+
+Clipping.
+
+Arabs and many country-breds carry such fine coats that they do not
+require clipping, but most Australians and colonials do; and if the coat
+is at all inclined to get long and thick, it certainly should be taken
+off, for horse-clothing is so cheap that an extra rug can always be got.
+Horses should not be clipped till the coat has "set," _i.e._ till the long
+winter coat has grown, and no more hairs will come off when the hand is
+rubbed over the skin. This is generally about the beginning of October in
+Northern India. They will generally require clipping twice or three times
+during the winter, or up to the middle of March. There are generally some
+professional clippers in every station, who bring their own
+clipping-machines, and charge about two or three rupees for a pony, and an
+extra rupee for a horse each time; or, if there is not such an individual
+about, permission can generally be obtained to have it done by any of the
+cavalry regiments in the station. It should be remembered that horses
+having just lost their coats will require an extra rug that night.
+
+
+Cleaning the Sheath.
+
+The owner must himself occasionally see that the horse's sheath is washed
+out. "Syces" never think this necessary, and the part gets into a filthy,
+dirty state, that in the summer months is likely to give rise to a
+troublesome sore, called a "bursattee" ulcer. Some horses are very
+troublesome to do this with, and it may be necessary to put on a twitch
+("kinch mhal"); but this should always be done in the owner's presence.
+
+
+Light in Stables.
+
+With a new-comer, "syces" usually ask for oil to burn in a native
+earthenware lamp (charragh) at night, but it is a thing I never allow. In
+the first place, even if the lamp was kept burning, it is not required;
+horses rest better in the dark. In the second, it is dangerous with so
+much inflammable material about. In the third, the lamp will not be used
+in the stable, but the "syce's" own house. If a light is ever required,
+which is only on rare occasions, it is better to bring a lantern out of
+the house; and in India there is always a hurricane-lantern to be found in
+every house.
+
+
+Fires in Verandahs.
+
+"Syces" are very fond of lighting fires and making cooking places in the
+verandah of the stable, but this I never allow, as it litters the place up
+with cooking pots, and makes a great mess; also, it is dangerous. I always
+make them carry on their cooking operations in the verandahs of their own
+houses.
+
+
+
+
+SADDLERY, HARNESS, CARRIAGES, AND SERVANTS.
+
+
+Saddles (_zin_) and Harness (_saz_).
+
+Saddles, harness, and all leatherwork requires a good deal more care and
+attention in India than in England, especially during the hot season, when
+the fierce dry heat will dry up and perish all sorts of leather; and in
+the rains, especially in Southern India, where the atmosphere is so loaded
+with moisture that leather, put on one side and neglected for a very few
+days, soon becomes covered with mildew. There are no saddle rooms in
+Indian stables, and it is usual to keep them in a corner of a room in the
+house on a wooden saddle-stand, called by natives a "ghorra" horse. In the
+rains, a pan or brazier of burning charcoal should be kept in the room for
+a few hours daily, if there is not a fire-place. Saddles are cleaned in
+the same way as in England, and excellent saddle soap and dubbing is made
+by the North-west Province Soap Works at Meerut, and can be obtained
+almost anywhere. If this is not used, the "syces" can always make up
+dubbing of their own, called "momrogan." Some people give their head
+"syce" a monthly allowance to provide dubbing, soap, bathbrick, oil, etc.;
+but as they frequently put lime and bleaching materials with it, I prefer
+to buy it myself, and let them get the other articles. They require a
+chamoise leather and a burnisher for steel-work, but one of each will do
+for a stable of half a dozen horses, and very good country-made leathers
+(sabur) can be got for from one to one and a half rupees. The soap is put
+on to and rubbed into leather-work with the hands; but the great fault
+they have is that they will put on too much, and won't work it in enough,
+and one's breeches and hands will get into a great mess.
+
+
+Saddle Covers (_buk bund_).
+
+A sheet, made out of a description of coarse country cloth (karwah), is
+necessary for each saddle or set of harness, to wrap it up in, and keep
+the dust and dirt off. It should be sufficiently large to wrap the saddle
+up in completely, and in the summer the "syce" can bring it with him to
+act as a horse-cloth to throw over the quarters when standing about.
+These saddle-sheets can be made by any tailor in a few hours.
+
+
+Bridles.
+
+Bridles, double (dahna), snaffle (kazai), can be hung up on the walls, but
+a piece of cloth or a few sheets of paper should be fastened up behind
+them; and they should be frequently taken down if not in daily use, as the
+white ants are most destructive. It is best to have one or two extra
+saddle-stands made with pegs on them, and to hang the bridles on them in
+the middle of the room, away from the walls. This may be a little more
+expensive, but a saddle-stand can be brought for Rs. 5 that will hold a
+couple of dozen bridles, worth Rs. 20 apiece. At one time plated bits were
+used in India, but I think steel ones are the best. "Syces" never can tell
+the difference, and I have more than once found a plated bit being
+industriously scrubbed and polished with sand.
+
+
+Harness.
+
+Unless particularly desired, brown harness with brass mounts is the
+best--for India, at all events--for pony-harness, and it is this class of
+animal that is generally used in an up-country station. Not one "syce" in
+a hundred knows how to clean black harness properly, and if this is not
+done nothing looks worse, whereas almost any native can clean brown
+leather after a fashion, and even if it does not stand close inspection,
+it will pass muster at a little distance. Fairly good brown harness is
+made out of country leather, and it does well enough for rough work, but
+it never has the finish of English. Country leather reins and country bits
+should never be used; they are not reliable, and are most dangerous; these
+should always be English.
+
+
+Carriages.
+
+The ordinary two-wheeled pony-trap or dogcart, used in an up-country
+Indian station, is best varnished, not painted. The hot weather ruins
+paint, and, unless in some of the very large towns, it is nearly
+impossible to get them properly repainted again. Any native workman can,
+however, varnish a trap with white or copal varnish. Before allowing new
+varnish to be put on, the trap should be produced for inspection with the
+old scraped off, as it is a favourite trick to daub new varnish over the
+old, when it cannot properly set, and the first hot sun cracks and
+blisters it. In the hot weather a large earthen basin, called a "naund,"
+should be kept full of water under the carriage in the coach-house; the
+evaporation of the water will keep the woodwork moist, and prevent its
+cracking with the heat. A matting made of the fibres of the "khus khus,"
+or lemon grass, should also be put round the nave of the wheel, and kept
+wet, for the same purpose, as it is exceedingly likely to crack with the
+heat. The shafts of the trap should not be left resting on the ground, as
+they will warp and bend; they should be supported either by a wooden
+trestle, or else by a couple of ropes from the beams of the roof. The
+whip, when not in use, should be hung by a string at the upper part to a
+nail in the wall, and a weight, such as a brick, tied to the butt end to
+keep it straight; otherwise, in a very short time, it will get crooked.
+
+
+Servants.
+
+Indian "syces" are different to English grooms, as the new arrival will
+soon find. They have peculiar customs of their own, which, like all
+Orientals, they cling to tenaciously, and will not give up. If they are
+understood they are easily managed, and work well; but if not, the
+horse-owner's life is a burden to him, for no European can overcome the
+passive resistance of the Oriental. In the first place, I never let any
+of the house servants interfere with the stable. Many persons,
+particularly those new to the country, do everything through their head
+servant, or "bearer"; but I make him stick to his own work, which is the
+control of the house and the house servants. I pick out one of the best
+and sharpest of the "syces," changing him till I get a good man, making
+him the head or "jemedar syce," and paying him a rupee a month more wages
+than the rest; and he is responsible for everything connected with the
+horses, and any small bills I pay to him, and him alone. The wages I pay
+myself to each man regularly on the seventh of the month, for the month
+previously. I never lift my hand to a servant, or fine him under any
+pretext, as the fine will only be made up out of the horse's grain, but,
+if fault has to be found, I do so in the presence of the head man; on the
+second occasion a warning is given, and on the third the offender is
+dismissed on the spot. I always keep a "syce" and a "grass-cutter" for
+each horse. It is possible to get a "syce" and two "grass-cutters" to look
+after two horses, by paying the "syce" a rupee a month more; but the
+arrangement is not satisfactory, although many do it. If the "syce" gets
+ill, which they often do, there is no one to do his work, whereas, if
+there is a man to each horse, they will arrange the extra work among
+themselves. In Northern India "syces" and "grass-cutters" should be
+provided with warm woollen clothes in the winter. An excellent cloth for
+the purpose is made by the various woollen mills, and at most of them
+servant's clothes can be bought ready made up; but it is best to give the
+men the materials and let them get them made up themselves, otherwise
+there is certain to be something wrong with them. A "syce's" coat costs
+about Rs. 4, and a "grass-cutter's," which is made out of a coarse
+blanketing, Rs. 3; and these coats should last for two winters' wear. In
+addition, I used to give each man a "coolie" blanket that cost Rs. 3, and
+which would last three winters; and, if they had to go out much into camp,
+such as taking horses out to meet me on shooting or pig-sticking
+expeditions, a pair of woollen leg-bandages, or "putties." It is a mistake
+not to give servants warm clothes, and a false economy, as, if they are
+not properly protected against the cold, which is very severe in Northern
+India, they are everlastingly getting fever; and I know no greater
+nuisance than having your head man laid up for two or three days at a
+stretch. In the second place, if they have not warm clothes themselves,
+you can never tell if in the night they will not take the clothing off the
+horses to wrap themselves up in. A constant source of squabbling amongst
+Indian servants is the allotment of their huts or houses. In the older
+Indian bungalows there is usually enough of both these and stabling, but
+in the newer ones there is not. It is best, however, not to listen to any
+such complaints, and somehow the disputants settle the knotty point
+themselves. Every now and again it is advisable to see who is living in
+your compound, as a most enormous number of relations will turn up, who
+are known as brothers (bhai); and if you don't look out, you will find you
+are giving shelter on your premises to several hundred individuals. Indian
+servants are always asking leave to attend weddings, funerals, and
+religious ceremonies; and I always allow them to go, provided some
+arrangement is made to carry on their work. They are clannish in the
+extreme, and a substitute was always forthcoming. In the hills
+"grass-cutters" are not required, as grass can be bought in the bazaars.
+The country people look on the sale of this as a vested right, and
+naturally resent any outsider cutting it or interfering with them; and, if
+they do, there is pretty certain to be a disturbance and unpleasantness.
+If "grass-cutters" are preferred to purchasing the daily supply, local
+hillmen should be employed, who will arrange the matter with their
+neighbours, and not men brought up from the plains of India. In most hill
+stations passes or licences have to be obtained to cut grass. In every
+Indian station there is an official price-list of country produce
+published, and should any dispute arise as to the rates charged, it is as
+well to obtain it from the native magistrate (tehsildar), whose decision
+in such matters is usually accepted as final, and which generally saves an
+immense amount of trouble.
+
+
+
+
+SHOEING.
+
+
+Shoeing (_nal bundie_).
+
+Shoeing is a subject on which a volume might be written of itself, far
+beyond the scope of this little work, and for further information on the
+art I would refer the reader to the treatises by Dr. Flemming and W.
+Hunting, Esq.; but as both these deal with European practice, I will only
+mention a few differences in the art as performed by the native smith, or
+"nal bund." In most large military stations where there are European
+troops, permission can generally be obtained to have horses shod at the
+regimental forge, but in out-of-the-way places the native artist has to be
+employed. All horses require shoeing at least once a month, and some
+oftener, as with some the horn grows quicker than others, and the hoof
+requires to be shortened oftener. In these cases, if the shoe is not worn
+out at the toe, it can be replaced after the foot is shortened; this is
+what the English smith calls "a remove," the native "khol bundi." It is
+advisable after work to lift up the foot and look if the shoes (nal)
+have shifted or not, also to examine the clench or point of the nail
+(preg) where it has been turned over, as it sometimes gets turned up and
+sticks out. If this happens on the inside of the hoof it is likely to cut
+the opposite fetlock (mawah lagna), and make a bad wound that may leave a
+permanent scar or blemish. Some horses, from bad formation, move their
+limbs so closely together that they always rub the fetlock joints when
+they move. This sometimes can be corrected by what is known as a brushing
+shoe; but some badly-shaped animals will always do it, no matter what sort
+of shoe is put on. Various forms of pads or brushing boots are sold to
+prevent this and protect the part; but, in my opinion, what is known as
+the Irish boot is the best. It consists of a thick piece of blanket, or
+"mundah," about six inches wide and the length of the circumference of the
+leg. This is fastened round the fetlock with a tape or string so that the
+ends are in the middle line of the leg behind, the upper half being
+doubled over the string so that there are two thicknesses to protect the
+fetlock joint. I have found this far better than the more elaborate
+contrivances sold; it is cheap--any one can make one in a few minutes--it
+does not collect mud and dirt like the others do, and it does not become
+hard like those boots made out of leather, which, unless carefully looked
+to and kept soft with soap (sabon) or dubbing (momrogan), are liable to
+cut horses badly. The only care required in putting on the Irish boot is
+not to tie it too tight, or the tapes may cut the skin. Some pieces of
+horn hanging loose, that are being cast off from the sole and frog in the
+natural process of growth, are often seen. These are very likely to
+collect dirt and moisture, and if they do they should be removed, but
+otherwise be left alone. They can generally be pulled off with the
+fingers, a piece of stick, or the hoof-picker. As a rule, in the plains of
+India the majority of horses do not require shoes on their hind feet,
+unless the roads are mended with stone, or the climate is very damp and
+the horn gets soft. In the rainy season, if much work is being done, they
+perhaps then require shoeing behind, but in the dry season the majority go
+just as well without. In the hills, where the paths are rocky and stony,
+horses, of course, require shoeing behind. Unlike the European, the native
+smith shoes what is called "cold," that is, he has a number of shoes in
+sizes from which he selects one as near a fit as possible, which he
+hammers into shape on a small anvil without heating it. Native shoes are
+generally perfectly plain, _i.e._ flat on both sides, and, unless
+specially made, are never "seated," _i.e._ sloped on the foot surface, or
+"bevelled," _i.e._ sloped on the ground surface. As a rule, the nail-holes
+are what the smith calls too fine, _i.e._ they are too near the outer rim
+of the iron, and to get a hold the shoe has to be brought back so that the
+horn projects over the iron. To obviate this the smith removes the toe
+with the rasp, thus weakening the horn at the very place where it is
+required to be strong. The shoes are generally somewhat too small also,
+and to get the nail to take hold they have to be set back in the same way
+as when the nail-holes are too fine. A native smith, unless he has been
+shown how, never knows how to turn down the point of the nail after it has
+been driven through the hoof to form the clench; he never cuts off the
+superfluous part, but turns it round in a curl with the pincers, and,
+needless to say, this is exceedingly likely to cause brushing. Another
+great fault is his fondness of pairing and slicing away the frog and sole,
+which he will have to be stopped in doing. I have seldom seen a horse
+pricked in shoeing by a native, but if left to themselves they never get
+the bearing true, and as a result corns are of common occurrence. Of
+course, such light shoes as those of native manufacture have not a great
+lot of wear in them, and in heavy, holding ground would pull off, but on
+the hard level plains of India they last well enough, and the native
+smith, if his faults are known and corrected, is not a bad workman after
+his own lights.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY OF HINDUSTANI WORDS.
+
+
+ADARWAH, _parched barley_.
+
+AGHARI, _a head rope_.
+
+AKH-TA, _a gelding_.
+
+
+BAD HAZMIE, _indigestion_, _dyspepsia_.
+
+BAGH, _rein_.
+
+BAGH DORIE, _leading-rope_.
+
+BAJARA, _millet seed_.
+
+BALTI, _bucket_.
+
+BANIAH, _corn-dealer_.
+
+BANS, _bamboo_.
+
+BHAI, _brother, relative_.
+
+BHERIE, _iron shackles for horse's legs_.
+
+BHESTIE, _water carrier_.
+
+BICHALIE, _bedding straw_.
+
+BUK BUND, _saddle sheet_.
+
+BURRADAH, _sawdust_.
+
+
+CHARPOY, _native bedstead_.
+
+CHARRAGH, _native oil lamp_.
+
+CHATTIE, _earthen pot_.
+
+CHAURIE, _fly-whisk_.
+
+CHEIL, _to dig up grass_.
+
+CHICK, _split bamboo window blind_.
+
+CHICK-NA, _muzzle_.
+
+CHOKER, _bran_.
+
+CHUCKIE, _hand-mill_.
+
+CHUNNA, _gram_.
+
+CHURRIE, _dried shorgum stalk used for cattle fodder_.
+
+COMPOUND, _enclosure round an Indian house_.
+
+CULTEE, _the black gram used as horse food in Madras_.
+
+
+DAH, _a bill-hook_.
+
+DAH-NA, _a double bridle_.
+
+DAST, _diarrhoea_.
+
+DASTOUR, _custom, percentage, perquisites_.
+
+DHAN, _unhusked rice_.
+
+DHA NAH, _grain_.
+
+DHOOB, _an Indian grass on which horses are fed_.
+
+DHOOL, _a small leather bucket used for drawing water_.
+
+DURZIE, _a tailor_.
+
+
+FARAKIE, _body-roller_.
+
+
+GAJAR, _carrots_.
+
+GEHUN, _wheat_.
+
+GHORRA, _horse_.
+
+GHORRIE, _mare_.
+
+GUDDA, _donkey_.
+
+GUMALO, _earthen vessel shaped like a milk pan, holding about a gallon_.
+
+GUNNA, _sugar-cane_.
+
+GURDAINE, _horse-rug_.
+
+
+HAWAH, _air_.
+
+HOOKHA, _a pipe_.
+
+HURRIALIE, _a species of grass_.
+
+
+JAI, _oats_.
+
+JAMP, _a straw screen_.
+
+JARU, _a broom_.
+
+JHARAN, _duster_.
+
+JHOOL, _country horse clothing made out of felt_.
+
+JONK, _leech_.
+
+JOW, _barley_.
+
+
+KALI NIMUK, _black salt_.
+
+KAR WAH, _a sort of cotton cloth_.
+
+KAZAI, _watering or snaffle bridle_.
+
+KHAL, _linseed cake_.
+
+KHANSILLA, _hood_.
+
+KHASIL, _green food_.
+
+KHAWID, _green food_.
+
+KHOALIE, _charcoal_.
+
+KHOL BUNDIE, _a remove in horse shoeing_.
+
+KHUA, _a well_.
+
+KHUS KHUS, _lemon grass_.
+
+KICHER KE MUTTEE, _clay_.
+
+KINCH MHAL, _twitch_.
+
+KIRIM, _worm, weevil_.
+
+KUMBAL, _blanket_.
+
+KURLIE, _manger_.
+
+KURPA, _a short iron hoe, used to dig grass with_.
+
+KUTCHER, _mule_.
+
+
+MALISH, _grooming_.
+
+MAKE, _a wooden tent-peg_.
+
+MAKIE-ARA, _eye-fringe to keep off flies_.
+
+MAUND, _80 lbs. weight_.
+
+MAWAH LAGNA, _brushing of the fetlocks_.
+
+MISSA BHOOSA, _grain stalks crushed in thrashing_.
+
+MOAT, _pulse grain_.
+
+MOMROGAN, _dubbing_.
+
+MOTE, _pulse grain_.
+
+MUNG, _pulse grain_.
+
+MUSSUK, _leather water-bag_.
+
+MUTTIE, _earth_.
+
+MUZZUMA, _leather heel-strap_.
+
+
+NAL, _a horseshoe_.
+
+NAL BUND, _a shoeing-smith_.
+
+NAUND, _a large wide-mouthed earthen vessel holding several gallons_.
+
+NEWAR, _cotton webbing_.
+
+NIMMUK, _salt_.
+
+NIRRICK, _the official price list_.
+
+NUKTA, _head stall_.
+
+NUMDAH, _felt pad for putting under a saddle_.
+
+
+PAITE, _body-roller_.
+
+PANI, _water_.
+
+PECHARIE, _heel ropes_.
+
+PREG, _nail_.
+
+PUTTER KE NIMMUK, _rock salt_.
+
+PUTTIE, _a roller bandage_.
+
+
+RET, _sand_.
+
+REITA, _soap nuts_.
+
+RHAL, _linseed cake_.
+
+ROLL KERNA, _to exercise_.
+
+
+SABON, _soap_.
+
+SABUR, _chamois leather_.
+
+SAN, _a stallion_.
+
+SAZ, _harness_.
+
+SEER, _a two-pound weight_.
+
+SHALGHAM, _turnip_.
+
+SUFFAID BHOOSA, _wheat straw that has been crushed and broken in
+thrashing_.
+
+SUM KHODNA, _hoof-picker_.
+
+SUN, _tow or hemp_.
+
+SYCE, _a groom_.
+
+
+TOBRA, _a nose-bag_.
+
+TOKAR, _to trip or stumble_.
+
+TOKRIE, _a basket_.
+
+TULWAR, _a curved native sword_.
+
+
+ULSIE, _linseed_.
+
+
+ZIN, _a saddle_.
+
+
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+
+STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+  No. 78.
+
+  Telegrams: "MOFUSSIL, LONDON."
+
+  Established 1819.
+
+
+  A SELECTION FROM THE PUBLICATIONS OF
+
+  W. THACKER & CO.,
+  2, CREED LANE, LONDON, E.C.
+
+  AND
+
+  THACKER, SPINK & CO.,
+  CALCUTTA.
+
+  1897.
+
+
+SHAW, VERO.
+
+How to Choose a Dog, and How to Select a Puppy. With Notes on the
+Peculiarities and Characteristics of each Breed. By VERO SHAW, Author of
+"The Illustrated Book of the Dog," late Kennel Editor of the "Field."
+Crown 8vo., sewed, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+_The Stock Keeper._--"The price is within everybody's means, and needless
+to say the work is not of a pretentious nature. On the other hand, the
+text keeps the promise of the title, and the advice that is given is good.
+Each breed of dog has a chapter to itself, which opens with a few
+introductory remarks of a general nature: then follow the points briefly
+and plainly; next come average of the pup from six weeks old until he
+attains maturity. A couple of pages at the end of the work are devoted to
+the relation, and a few useful hints on buying, feeding, and breeding.
+Needless to add that like all Mr. Vero Shaw's writings on canine subjects
+the information is founded on practical experience and imparted in easy
+excellent English."
+
+
+NUNN, VETY. CAPT. J. A.
+
+Notes on Stable Management in India and the Colonies. Second Edition,
+revised and enlarged, with a Glossary. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+CONTENTS.--Food, Water, Air, and Ventilation. Grooming, Gear, etc.
+
+
+THOMAS, HENRY SULLIVAN, F.L.S.
+
+The Rod in India: being Hints how to obtain Sport, with remarks on the
+Natural History of Fish and their Culture. By HENRY SULLIVAN THOMAS,
+F.L.S. (Madras Civil Service, retired), Author of "Tank Angling in India."
+Third Edition. Demy 8vo., cloth. [_In the Press._
+
+
+_Land and Water._--"A book to read for pleasure at home, as well as to use
+as a handbook of exceeding value to the angler who may be already there,
+or intending to visit India."
+
+
+
+
+Capt. M. H. HAYES' BOOKS ON HORSES.
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners. An Illustrated Manual of Horse Medicine
+and Surgery, written in simple language. Fifth Edition. This Edition is
+revised throughout, considerably enlarged, and incorporates the substance
+of the Author's "Soundness and Age of Horses." Thick crown 8vo., buckram,
+15_s._
+
+_Saturday Review._--"Captain Hayes' work is a valuable addition to our
+stable literature; and the illustrations, tolerably numerous, are
+excellent beyond the reach of criticism."
+
+_Times._--"A necessary guide for horse-owners, especially those who are
+far removed from immediate professional assistance."
+
+_Field._--"Of the many popular veterinary books which have come under our
+notice, this is certainly one of the most scientific and reliable. If some
+painstaking student would give us works of equal merit to this on the
+diseases of the other domestic animals, we should possess a very complete
+veterinary library in a very small compass."
+
+_Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News._--"Simplicity is one of the most
+commendable features in the book. What Captain Hayes has to say he says in
+plain terms, and the book is a very useful one for everybody who is
+concerned with horses."
+
+_Lancet._--"The usefulness of the manual is testified to by its
+popularity, and each edition has given evidence of increasing care on the
+part of the author to render it more complete and trustworthy as a book of
+reference for amateurs."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Indian Racing Reminiscences. Profusely Illustrated. Impl. 16mo., 3_s._
+6_d._
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Points of the Horse. A familiar Treatise on Equine Conformation. Second
+Edition. Revised and enlarged. This edition has been thoroughly revised
+and contains numerous additions, including specially written Chapters on
+the Breeds of English and Foreign Horses. Illustrated by 200 reproductions
+of Photographs of Typical "Points" and Horses, and 205 Drawings by J. H.
+OSWALD BROWN. Super-royal 8vo., cloth, gilt top, 34_s._
+
+Also a _LARGE PAPER EDITION_, strictly limited to One Hundred and Fifty
+Copies for England and the Colonies, numbered and signed by the Author.
+Demy 4to., art cloth, top edges gilt, uncut, 63s. net. [_Nearly all sold._
+
+
+Press Opinions on the Second Edition.
+
+_Times, Feb., 1897._--"The intrinsic value of the book, and high
+professional reputation of its author, should ensure this new edition a
+cordial welcome from Sportsmen and all lovers of the horse."
+
+_Field._--"A year or two ago we had to speak in terms of praise of the
+first edition of this book, and we welcome the second and more complete
+issue. The first edition was out of print in six months, but, instead of
+reprinting it, Capt. Hayes thought it better to wait until he had enough
+material in hand to enable him to make to the second edition those
+additions and improvements he had proposed to himself to add. The result
+is in every way satisfactory, and in this handsome book the searcher after
+sound information on the make and shape of the horse will find what will
+be of the utmost use to him. Those who have been, or who contemplate being
+at no distant date, in the position of judges at horse shows, will derive
+great benefit from a careful perusal of Capt. Hayes's pages."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Illustrated Horsebreaking. Second Edition. This Edition has been entirely
+re-written; the amount of the letterpress more than doubled, and 75
+reproductions of Photographs have been added. Impl. 16mo., buckram, 21_s._
+
+_Field._--"It is a characteristic of all Captain Hayes' books on horses
+that they are eminently practical, and the present one is no exception to
+the rule. A work which is entitled to high praise as being far and away
+the best reasoned-out one on breaking under a new system we have seen."
+
+_Veterinary Journal._--"The work is eminently practical and readable."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Riding: on the Flat and Across Country. A Guide to Practical Horsemanship.
+Impl. 16mo., cloth gilt., 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+_Times._--"Captain Hayes' hints and instructions are useful aids, even to
+experienced riders, while for those less accustomed to the saddle, his
+instructions are simply invaluable."
+
+_Standard._--"Captain Hayes is not only a master of his subject, but he
+knows how to aid others in gaming such a mastery as may be obtained by the
+study of a book."
+
+_Field._--"We are not in the least surprised that a third edition of this
+useful and eminently practical book should be called for. On former
+occasions we were able to speak of it in terms of commendation, and this
+edition is worthy of equal praise."
+
+_Baily's Magazine._--"An eminently practical teacher, whose theories are
+the outcome of experience, learned not in the study, but on the road, in
+the hunting field, and on the racecourse."
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Training and Horse Management in India. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth,
+7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_Saturday Review._--"A useful guide in regard to horses anywhere. Concise,
+practical, and portable."
+
+_Veterinary Journal._--"We entertain a very high opinion of Captain Hayes'
+book on 'Horse Training and Management in India,' and are of opinion that
+no better guide could be placed in the hands of either amateur horseman or
+veterinary surgeon newly arrived in that important division of our
+empire."
+
+_Field._--"We have always been able to commend Captain Hayes' books as
+being essentially practical and written in understandable language. As
+trainer, owner, and rider of horses on the flat and over country, the
+author has had a wide experience, and when to this is added competent
+veterinary knowledge, it is clear that Captain Hayes is entitled to
+attention when he speaks."
+
+
+HAYES, Mrs. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES.
+
+The Horsewoman. A Practical Guide to Side-Saddle Riding. With 4 Collotypes
+from Instantaneous Photographs, and 48 Drawings after Photographs, by J.
+H. OSWALD BROWN. Square 8vo., cloth gilt, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+_Times._--"A large amount of sound, practical instruction, very
+judiciously and pleasantly imparted."
+
+_Field._--"This is the first occasion on which a practical horseman and a
+practical horsewoman have collaborated in bringing out a book on riding
+for ladies. The result is in every way satisfactory, and, no matter how
+well a lady may ride, she will gain much valuable information from a
+perusal of 'The Horsewoman.' The book is happily free from self-laudatory
+passages."
+
+_The Queen._--"A most useful and practical book on side-saddle riding,
+which may be read with real interest by all lady riders."
+
+
+MILLER, E. D. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES.
+
+Modern Polo. A Practical Guide to the Science of the Game, Training of
+Ponies, Rules, etc. By Mr. E. D. MILLER, late 17th Lancers. Edited by M.
+H. HAYES, F.R.C.V.S. With Sixty-four Illustrations from Photographs. Impl.
+16mo., cloth extra, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+A practical and exhaustive description of the Science of the game, duties
+of players, selection, breaking, training, and management of ponies,
+various breeds of ponies in all parts of the world. Polo in India;
+Hurlingham, Indian, and American Rules, etc. Beautifully illustrated with
+sixty-four reproductions of Photographs showing the various "points" of
+the game, famous ponies, players, etc.
+
+CONTENTS.--Chapter I. First Steps at Polo.--Chapter II. Theory and
+Practice of Polo.--Chapter III. Polo Appliances.--Chapter IV. Choosing a
+Polo Pony.--Chapter V. Training the Polo Pony.--Chapter VI. Polo Pony
+Gear.--Chapter VII. Polo Pony Management.--Chapter VIII. Various Breeds of
+Polo Ponies.--Chapter IX. Polo in India.--Chapter X. Polo Pony
+Breeding.--Chapter XI. Veterinary Advice to Polo Players.--Appendix.
+Tournaments, Laws and Bye-Laws, etc.
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. HORACE, F.R.C.V.S.
+
+Friedberger and Froehner's Veterinary Pathology. Translated from the
+original German of the recently published Fourth Edition, and Annotated.
+[_In the press._
+
+
+
+
+FORTHCOMING WORKS.
+
+Dairy Cows. A Practical Guide in the Choice and Management of Dairy
+Cattle, etc. By HAROLD LEENEY, M.R.C.V.S.
+
+The Best Breeds of British Stock. Edited by JOHN WATSON, F.L.S.
+
+Thacker's Veterinary Year Book.
+
+CONTENTS.--Events of the Year--List of Officers--President and
+Council--New Members Qualified during the Year--Privileges of
+Members--Students who have passed A and B Classes--The Number of
+Rejections in England and Scotland--A Review of all the Veterinary Medical
+Societies--Digest of Papers Read, with Names of Speakers and
+Extracts--Horse Fairs and Markets--Auction Sales and Laws--New
+Instruments--New Drugs--New Shoes--Posological Tables--Original Articles
+by well-known Authors, etc.
+
+It has long been felt that a Veterinary Year Book was needed for use by
+the large and increasing profession of Veterinary Surgeons, and it is
+hoped that this work will meet the necessary requirements.
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. H.
+
+Friedberger and Froehner's Veterinary Pathology. Translated from the
+original German of the recently published Fourth Edition, and Annotated by
+Capt. M. H. HAYES, F.R.C.V.S., Author of "Points of the Horse," etc. Royal
+8vo., cloth.
+
+
+HAYES, CAPT. M. H.
+
+Stable Management in England.
+
+
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON and BECCLES.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Stable Management in India
+and the Colonies, by Joshua A. Nunn
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