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FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.12.12.00*END* + + + + + +This etext was produced by John Mamoun <mamounjo@UMDNJ.EDU> + + + + + +Albrecht Dürer's Records [letters/memoirs] of Journeys to +Venice and the Low Countries + +(See the end of this electronic text for information about +the edition) + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + +1) BASIC BACKGROUND ABOUT ALBRECHT DÜRER AND THESE LETTERS +2) EXCERPT FROM ROGER FRY'S INTRODUCTION TO THE 1913 EDITION +3) CAST OF [SOME OF THE] CHARACTERS APPEARING IN THE LETTERS +4) DESCRIPTION OF FORMS OF MONEY REFERRED TO IN THE LETTERS +5) PART 1: LETTERS FROM VENICE TO WILIBALD PERKHEIMER +6) PART 2: DIARY OF A JOURNEY IN THE NETHERLANDS +7) INFORMATION ABOUT THIS ELECTRONIC EDITION + + + + +BASIC BACKGROUND + +Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) was probably the greatest +graphical artist of the Northern Renaissance. He is the +first to have elevated the self-portrait to a high art form, +and was known for his fascination with animals, which form +the subjects of many of his graphical works. He reveled in +portraying men of learning and/or high stature as well as +peasants, believing that portraits of the latter could be as +instructive as those of the former. His marriage to his +wife Agnes was childless and banal, apparently because Dürer +was too preoccupied with intellectual matters to be much +interested in romantic pursuits. + +In the letters below, this unusually modern thinker +demonstrates his noble, righteous utilitarian personal +philosophy, and meticulously records his personal and travel +expenses, while journeying throughout Venice and various +other European cities and divided German states. Numerous +kings and laypeople sought to meet and host him, since he +was renowned and loved as a painter while still alive. He +comments on Martin Luther, Erasmus of Rotterdam and +painting, and demonstrates his curious, inquiring nature. He +also describes his visit to Zeeland to see a beached whale, +which washed away before he got there; but during this +visit, Dürer may have caught the disease from which he may +have died several years later. Like Rembrandt, he enjoyed +collecting things, and demonstrates this in his letters. + + *********** + +BRIEF EXCERPT FROM THE INTRODUCTION TO THE 1913 EDITION, +WRITTEN BY ROGER FRY (1866-1934): + +Whatever one's final estimate of his art, Dürer's +personality is at once so imposing and so attractive, and +has been so endeared to us by familiarity, that something of +this personal attachment has been transferred to our +aesthetic judgment. The letters from Venice and the Diary +of his journey in the Netherlands, which form the contents +of this volume, are indeed the singularly fortunate means +for this pleasant intercourse with the man himself. They +reveal Dürer as one of the distinctively modern men of the +Renaissance: intensely, but not arrogantly, conscious of his +own personality; accepting with a pleasant ease the +universal admiration of his genius-a personal admiration, +too, of an altogether modern kind; careful of his fame as +one who foresaw its immortality. They show him as having, +though in a far less degree, something of Leonardo da +Vinci's scientific interest, certainly as possessing a +quick, though naive curiosity about the world and a quite +modern freedom from superstition. It is clear that his +dominating and yet kindly personality, no less than his +physical beauty and distinction, made him the center of +interest wherever he went. His easy and humorous good- +fellowship, of which the letters to Pirkheimer are eloquent, +won for him the admiring friendship of the best men of his +time. + +To all these characteristics we must add a deep and sincere +religious feeling, which led him to side with the leaders of +the Reformation, a feeling which comes out in his passionate +sense of loss when he thinks that Luther is about to be put +to death, and causes him to write a stirring letter to +Erasmus, urging him to continue the work of reform. For all +that, there is no trace in him of either Protestantism or +Puritanism. He was perhaps fortunate--certainly as an artist +he was fortunate--to live at a time when the line of +cleavage between the reformers and the Church was not yet so +marked as to compel a decisive action. + + *********** + +CAST OF [SOME OF THE] CHARACTERS: + +Agnes: Dürer's wife +Wilibald Pirkheimer: Dürer's best friend +Wolgemut: The master painter to whom Dürer began formal +training as an apprentice. Later, Dürer painted a richly +detailed self-portrait of him. +Giovanni Bellini: Famous Renaissance painter and +contemporary of Dürer. +Jan van Eyk: Famous Renaissance painter. +Imhof: Hans Imhof, the elder, at Nuremberg; the younger +Imhof was in Venice. +Schott: Kunz Schott, an enemy of the town of Nuremberg. +Weisweber: A Nuremberg general. + + ************ + +FORMS OF MONEY REFERRED TO IN THE LETTERS: + +Marcelli: A Venetian coin worth 10 soldi. +Stiver: A Netherlandish coin worth about 80 pfennigs. +Philip's: A Netherlandish coin worth rather less than a +Rhenish florin. +Crown: A Netherlandish coin worth 6.35 marks. +Noble: The Rosennobel = 8 marks, 20 pfennigs. The Flemish +noble = 9 marks, 90 pfennigs. +Blanke: A silver coin = 2 stivers. +Angel: An English coin = 2 florins, 2 stivers Netherlandish. + + ************* + +PART 1: LETTERS FROM VENICE TO WILIBALD PIRKHEIMER + +Venice, 6th January, 1506 + +To the Honourable and wise Wilibald Pirkheimer, in +Nuremberg. + +My dear Master, To you and all yours, many happy good New +Years. My willing service to you, dear Herr Pirkheimer. Know +that I am in good health; may God send you better even than +that. Now as to what you commissioned me, namely, to buy a +few pearls and precious stones, you must know that I can +find nothing good enough or worth the money: everything is +snapped up by the Germans. + +Those who go about on the Riva always expect four times the +value for anything, for they are the falsest knaves that +live there. No one expects to get an honest service of them. +For that reason some good people warned me to be on my guard +against them. They told me that they cheat both man and +beast, and that you could buy better things for less money +at Frankfort than at Venice. + +As for the books which I was to order for you, Imhof has +already seen to it, but if you are in need of anything else, +let me know, and I shall do it for you with all zeal. And +would to God that I could do you some real good service. I +should gladly accomplish it, since I know how much you do +for me. + +And I beg of you be patient with my debt, for I think +oftener of it than you do. As soon as God helps me to get +home I will pay you honourably, with many thanks; for I have +to paint a picture for the Germans, for which they are +giving me 110 Rhenish gulden, which will not cost me as much +as five. I shall have finished laying and scraping the +ground-work in eight days, then I shall at once begin to +paint, and if God will, it shall be in its place for the +altar a month after Easter. + +[Editor note: This refers to the [altarpiece called the] +"Madonna of the Rose Garlands," painted for the chapel of S. +Bartolommeo, the burial-place of the German colony. About +the year 1600 it was bought for a high price by the Emperor +Rudolf II, who is said to have had it carried [over the +Alps] by four men all the way to Prague to avoid the risk of +damage in transport. [It suffered serious water damage +during the Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648, and many parts of +it had to be repainted to replace much of the original paint +that was lost, but] it still remains one of the most +important [and lavishly colored] of all Dürer's works.] + +The money I hope, if God will, to put by; and from that I +will pay you: for I think that I need not send my mother and +wife any money at present; I left 10 florins with my mother +when I came away; she has since got 9 or 10 florins by +selling works of art. Dratzieher has paid her 12 florins, +and I have sent her 9 florins by Sebastian Imhof, of which +she has to pay Pfinzing and Gartner 7 florins for rent. I +gave my wife 12 florins and she got 13 more at Frankfort, +making all together 25 florins, so I don't think she will be +in any need, and if she does want anything, her brother will +have to help her, until I come home, when I will repay him +honourably. Herewith let me commend myself to you. + +Given at Venice on the day of the Holy Three Kings +(Epiphany), the year 1506. Greet for me Stephen Paumgartner +and my other good friends who ask after me. + +--Albrecht Dürer + + + +7th February, 1506 + +First my willing service to you, dear Master. If it is well +with you, I am as whole-heartedly glad as I should be for +myself. I wrote to you recently. I hope the letter reached +you. In the meantime my mother has written to me, chiding me +for not writing to you, and has given me to understand that +you are displeased with me because I do not write to you; +and that I must excuse myself to you fully. And she is much +worried about it, as is her wont. Now I do not know what +excuse to make, except that I am lazy about writing and that +you have not been at home. But as soon as I knew that you +were at home or were coming home, I wrote to you at once; I +also specially charged Castel (Fugger) to convey my service +to you. Therefore I most humbly beg you to forgive me, for I +have no other friend on earth but you; but I do not believe +you are angry with me, for I hold you as no other than a +father. + +How I wish you were here at Venice, there are so many good +fellows among the Italians who seek my company more and more +every day--which is very gratifying to me--men of sense, and +scholarly, good lute-players, and pipers, connoisseurs in +painting, men of much noble sentiment and honest virtue, and +they show me much honour and friendship. On the other hand, +there are also amongst them the most faithless, lying, +thievish rascals; such as I scarcely believed could exist on +earth; and yet if one did not know them, one would think +that they were the nicest men on earth. I cannot help +laughing to myself when they talk to me: they know that +their villainy is well known, but that does not bother them. + +I have many good friends among the Italians who warn me not +to eat and drink with their painters, for many of them are +my enemies and copy my work in the churches and wherever +they can find it; afterwards they criticize it and claim +that it is not done in the antique style and say it is no +good, but Giambellin (Giovanni Bellini) has praised me +highly to many gentlemen. He would willingly have something +of mine, and came himself to me and asked me to do something +for him, and said that he would pay well for it, and +everyone tells me what an upright man he is, so that I am +really friendly with him. He is very old and yet he is the +best painter of all. + +[Editor's note: The character of Bellini agrees with all we +know of him. Camerarius tells an amusing story of the two +artists, to the effect that Bellini once asked Dürer for one +of the brushes with which he painted hairs. Dürer produced +several quite ordinary brushes and offered them to Bellini. +Bellini replied that he did not mean those, but some brush +with the hairs divided which would enable him to draw a +number of fine parallel lines such as Dürer did. Dürer +assured him that he used no special kind, and proceeded to +draw a number of long wavy lines like tresses with such +absolute regularity and parallelism that Bellini declared +that nothing but seeing it done would have convinced him +that such a feat of skill was possible.] + +And the thing which pleased me so well eleven years ago +pleases me no longer, and if I had not seen it myself, I +would not have believed anyone who told me. And you must +know too that there are many better painters here than +Master Jacob (Jacopo de Barbari), though Antonio Kolb would +take an oath that there was no better painter on earth than +Jacob. Others sneer at him and say if he were any good, he +would stay here. I have only today begun the sketch of my +picture, for my hands are so scabby that I could not work, +but I have cured them. + +And now be lenient with me and do not get angry so quickly, +but be gentile like me. You will not learn from me, I do not +know why. My dear, I should like to know whether any of your +loves is dead--that one close by the water, for instance, or +the one like [drawing of a flower] or [drawing of a brush] +or [drawing of a running dog]'s girl so that you might get +another in her stead. + +Given at Venice at the ninth hour of the night on Saturday +after Candlemas in the year 1506. [Editor's note: Reckoning +from sunset, at this season [this] would be about 2:30 a.m.] +Give my service to Stephen Paumgartner and to Masters Hans +Harsdorfer and Volkamer. + +--Albrecht Dürer + + + +28th February, 1506 + +First my willing service to you, dear Herr Pirkheimer. If +things go well with you, then I am indeed glad. Know, too, +that by the grace of God I am doing well and working fast. +Still I do not expect to have finished before Whitsuntide. +I have sold all my pictures except one. For two I got 24 +ducats, and the other three I gave for these three rings, +which were valued in the exchange as worth 24 ducats, but I +have shown them to some good friends and they say they are +only worth 22, and as you wrote to me to buy you some +jewels, I thought that I would send you the rings by Franz +Imhof. Show them to people who understand them, and if you +like them, keep them for what they are worth. In case you do +not want them, send them back by the next messenger, for +here at Venice a man who helped to make the exchange will +give me 12 ducats for the emerald and 10 ducats for the ruby +and diamond, so that I need not lose more than 2 ducats. + +I wish you had occasion to come here, I know the time would +pass quickly, for there are so many nice men here, real +artists. And I have such a crowd of foreigners (Italians) +about me that I am forced sometimes to shut myself up, and +the gentlemen all wish me well, but few of the painters. + +Dear Master, Andreas Kunhofer sends you his service and +means to write to you by the next courier. Herewith let me +be commended to you, and I also commend my mother to you. I +am wondering greatly why she has not written to me for so +long, and as for my wife, I begin to think that I have lost +her, and I am surprised too that you do not write to me, but +I have read the letter which you wrote to Sebastian Imhof +about me. Please give the two enclosed letters to my mother, +and have patience, I pray, till God brings me home, when I +will honourably repay you. My greetings to Stephen +Pirkheimer and other good friends, and let me know if any of +your loves are dead. Read this according to the sense: I am +hurried. + +Given in Venice, the Sunday before Whitsunday, the year +1506. + +--Albrecht Dürer + +[p.s.] Tomorrow it is good to confess. + + + +8th March, 1506 + +First my willing service to you, dear Herr Pirkheimer. I +send you herewith a ring with a sapphire about which you +wrote so urgently. I could not send it sooner, for the past +two days I have been running around to all the German and +Italian goldsmiths that are in all Venice with a good +assistant whom I hired: and we made comparisons, but were +unable to match this one at the price, and only after much +entreaty could I get it for 18 ducats 4 marcelli from a man +who was wearing it on his own hand and who let me have it as +a favour, as I gave him to understand that I wanted it for +myself. And as soon as I had bought it a German goldsmith +wanted to give me 3 ducats more for it than I paid, so I +hope that you will like it. Everybody says that it is a good +stone, and that in Germany it would be worth about 50 +florins; however, you will know whether they tell truth or +lies. I understand nothing about it. I had first of all +bought an amethyst for 12 ducats from a man whom I thought +was a good friend, but he deceived me, for it was not worth +7; but the matter was arranged between us by some good +fellows: I will give him back the stone and make him a +present of a dish of fish. I was glad to do so and took my +money back quickly. As my good friend values the ring, the +stone is not worth much more than 10 Rhenish florins, whilst +the gold of the ring weighs about up to 5 florins, so that I +have not gone beyond the limit set me, as you wrote "from 15 +to 20 florins." But the other stone I have not yet been able +to buy, for 10 one finds them rarely in pairs; but I will do +all I can about it. They say here that such trumpery fool's +work is to be had cheaper in Germany, especially now at the +Frankfurt Fair. For the Italians take such stuff abroad, and +they laugh at me, especially about the jacinth cross, when I +speak of 2 ducats, so write quickly and tell me what I am to +do. I have heard of a good diamond ornament in a certain +place, but I do not yet know what it will cost. I shall buy +it for you until you write again, for emeralds are as dear +as anything I have seen in all my days. It is easy enough +for anyone to get a small amethyst if he thinks it worth 20 +or 25 ducats. + +It really seems to me you must have taken a mistress; only +beware you don't get a master. But you are wise enough +about your own affairs. + +Dear Pirkheimer, Andreas Kunhofer sends you his service. He +intends in the meantime to write to you, and he prays you if +necessary to explain for him to the Council why he does not +stay at Padua; he says there is nothing there for him to +learn. Don't be angry I pray you with me for not sending all +the stones on this occasion, for I could not get them all +ready. My friends tell me that you should have the stone set +with a new foil and it will look twice as good again, for +the ring is old, and the foil spoiled. And I beg you too to +tell my mother to write me soon and have good care of +herself. Herewith I commend myself to you. + +Given at Venice on the second Sunday in Lent, 1506. + +--Albrecht Dürer + +[p.s.] Greetings to your loves. + + + +2nd April, 1506 + +First my willing service to you, dear Sir. + +I received a letter from you on the Thursday before Palm +Sunday, together with the emerald ring, and went immediately +to the man from whom I got the rings. He will give me back +my money for it, although it is a thing that he does not +like to do; however, he has given me his word and he must +hold to that. Do you know that the jewelers buy emeralds +abroad and sell them here at a profit? But my friends tell +me that the other two rings are well worth 6 ducats apiece, +for they say that they are fine and clear and contain no +flaws. And they say that instead of taking them to the +valuer you should enquire for such rings as they can show +you and then compare them and see whether they are like +them; and if when I got them by exchange I had been willing +to lose 2 ducats on the three rings, Bernard Holzbeck, who +was present at the transaction, would have bought them of +me. I have since sent you a sapphire ring by Franz Imhof, I +hope it has reached you. I think I made a good bargain at +that place, for they offered to buy it of me at a profit on +the spot. But I shall find out from you, for you know that I +understand nothing about such things and am forced to trust +those who advise me. + +The painters here you must know are very unfriendly to me. +They have summoned me three times before the magistrates, +and I have had to pay 4 florins to their School. You must +know too that I might have gained much money if I had not +undertaken to make the painting for the Germans, for there +is a great deal of work in it and I cannot well finish it +before Whitsuntide; yet they only pay me 85 ducats for it. +[Editor's note: Bellini at this time received 100 ducats for +a large picture]. That, you know, will go in living +expenses, and then I have bought some things, and have sent +some money away, so that I have not much in hand now; but I +have made up my mind not to leave here until God enables me +to repay you with thanks and to have too florins over +besides. I should easily earn this if I had not got to do +the German picture, for, except the painters, everyone +wishes me well. + +Please tell my mother to speak to Wolgemut about my brother, +and to ask him whether he can give him work until I get +back, or whether he can find employment with others. +[Editor's note: Dürer's brother was Hans Dürer, who was +fifteen at this date. He became a painter of second-rate +ability, and afterwards helped Albrecht in the decoration of +the Emperor Maximilian's prayer book]. I should like to +have brought him with me to Venice, which would have been +useful both to me and to him and he would have learned the +language, but she was afraid that the sky would fall on him. +I pray you keep an eye on him: women are no use for that. +Tell the boy, as you can so well, to be studious and +independent till I come, and not to rely on his mother, for +I cannot do everything although I shall do my best. If it +were only for myself, I should not starve; but to provide +for so many is too hard for me, and nobody is throwing money +away. + +Now I commend myself to you, and tell my mother to be ready +to sell at the Crown Fair. I am expecting my wife to come +home, and have written to her too about everything. I shall +not purchase the diamond ornament until you write. I do not +think I shall be able to return home before next Autumn. +What I earn for the picture which was to have been ready by +Whitsuntide will all be gone in living expenses and +payments. But what I gain afterwards I hope to save. If you +think it right, say nothing of this and I shall keep putting +it off from day to day and writing as though I was just +coming. Indeed I am quite irresolute; I do not know myself +what I shall do. + +Write to me again soon. + +Given on Thursday before Palm Sunday in the year 1506. + +--Albrecht Dürer + +[p.s.] Your servant + + +23rd April, 1506 + +First my willing service to you, dear Sir. I wonder why you +do not write to me to say how you like the sapphire ring +which Hans Imhof has sent you by the messenger Schon from +Augsburg. I do not know whether it has reached you or not. I +have been to Hans Imhof and enquired, and he says that he +knows no reason why it should not have reached you, and +there is a letter with it which I wrote to you, and the +stone is done up in a sealed packet and has the same size as +is drawn here, for 1 drew it in my note-book. I managed to +get it only after hard bargaining. The stone is clear and +fine, and my friends say it is very good for the money I +gave for it. It weighs about 3 florins Rhenish, and I gave +for it 18 ducats and 4 marzelle, and if it should be lost I +should be half mad, for it has been valued at quite twice +what I gave for it. There were people who would have given +me more for it the moment I had bought it. So, dear Herr +Pirkheimer, tell Hans Imhof to enquire of the messenger what +he has done with the letter and packet. The messenger was +sent off by Hans Imhof the younger on the 11th March. + +Now may God keep you, and let me commend my mother to you. +Tell her to take my brother to Wolgemut that he may work and +not be idle. + +Ever your servant. + +Read by the sense. I am in a hurry, for I have seven letters +to write, part written. I am sorry for Herr Lorenz. Greet +him and Stephen Paumgartner. + +Given at Venice in the year 1506, on St. Mark's Day. + +Write me an answer soon, for I shall have no rest till I +hear. Andreas Kunhofer is deadly ill as I have just heard. + +--Albrecht Dürer + + + +28th August, 1506 + +To the first greatest man in the world; your servant and +slave, Albert Dürer, sends salutation to his magnificent +Master Wilibaldo Pirkamer. By my faith, I hear gladly and +with great pleasure of your health and great honour, and I +marvel how it is possible for a man like you to stand +against so many, tyrants, bullies, and soldiers. Not +otherwise than by the grace of God. When I read your letter +about this strange abuse it gave me great fright; I thought +it was a serious matter. But I warrant you frighten even +Schott's men, for you look wild enough, especially on holy +days with your skipping gait! But it is very improper for +such a soldier to smear himself with civet. You want to be a +regular silk tail, and you think that if only you manage to +please the girls, it is all right. If you were only as +taking a fellow as I am, I should not be so provoked. You +have so many loves that it would take you a month and more +to visit each. + +However, let me thank you for having arranged my affairs so +satisfactorily with my wife. I know there is no lack of +wisdom in you. If only you were as gentle as I am, you would +have all the virtues. Thank you, too, for everything you are +doing for me, if only you would not bother me about the +rings. If they do not please you, break off their heads and +throw them in the privy, as Peter Weisweber says. + +What do you mean by setting me to such dirty work, I have +become a gentiluomo at Venice. I have heard that you can +make lovely rhymes; you would be a find for our fiddlers +here. They play so beautifully that they weep over their own +music. Would God that our Rechenmeister girl could hear +them, she would cry too. At your command I will again lay +aside my anger and behave even better than usual. + +But I cannot get away from here in two months, for I have +not enough money yet to start myself off, as I have written +to you before; and so I pray you if my mother comes to you +for a loan, let her have 10 florins till God helps me out. +Then I will scrupulously repay you the whole. + +With this I am sending you the glass things by the +messenger. And as for the two carpets, Anthon Kolb will help +me to buy the most beautiful, the broadest, and the +cheapest. As soon as I have them I'll give them to Imhof the +younger to pack off to you. I shall also look after the +crane's feathers. I have not been able to find any as yet. +But of swan's feathers for writing with there are plenty. +How would it do if you stuck them on your hats in the +meantime? + +A book printer of whom I enquired tells me that he knows of +no Greek books that have been brought out recently, but any +that he comes across he will acquaint me with that I may +write to you about them. + +And please inform me what sort of paper you want me to buy, +for I know of no finer quality than we get at home. + +As to the Historical pieces, I see nothing extraordinary in +what the Italians make that would be especially useful for +your work. It is always the same thing. You yourself know +more than they paint. I have sent you a letter recently by +the messenger Kannengiesser. Also I should like to know how +you are managing with Kunz Imhof. + +Herewith let me commend myself to you. Give my willing +service to our prior. Tell him to pray God for me that I may +be protected, and especially from the French sickness, for +there is nothing I fear more now and nearly everyone has it. +Many men are quite eaten up and die of it. And greet Stephen +Paumgartner and Herr Lorenz and those who kindly ask after +me. + +Given at Venice on the 18th August, 1506 + +--Albrecht Dürer + +Noricus civis + +P.S. Lest I forget, Andreas is here and sends you his +service. He is not yet strong, and is in want of money. His +long illness and debts have eaten up everything he had. I +have myself lent him 8 ducats, but don't tell anyone, in +case it should come back to him. He might think I told you +in bad faith. You must know, too, that he behaves himself so +honourably that everyone wishes him well. I have a mind, if +the King comes to Italy, to go with him to Rome. + + + + +8th September, 1506 + +Most learned, approved, wise, master of many languages, keen +to detect all uttered lies, and quick to recognize real +truth, honourable, Herr Wilibald Pirkheimer, your humble +servant, Albrecht Dürer, wishes you all health, great and +worthy honour, with the devil as much of such nonsense as +you like. + +I will wager that for this you too would think me an orator +of a hundred headings. A chamber must have more than four +corners which is to contain gods of memory. I will not addle +my pate with it. I will recommend it to you, but I believe +that however many chambers there may be in the head, you +would have a little bit in each of them. The Margrave would +not grant a long enough audience. A hundred headings and to +each head say a hundred words: that takes 9 days, 7 hours, +52 minutes, not counting the sighs, which I have not yet +reckoned; but you could not get through the whole in one go: +it would draw itself out like some dotard's speech. + +I have taken every trouble about the carpets, but I cannot +find any wide ones; they are all narrow and long. However, I +still look out for them every day, and so does Anthon Kolb. + +I gave your respects to Bernhard Hirschvogel and he sent you +his service. He is full of sorrow for the death of his son, +the nicest boy that I have ever seen. I can't get any of +your fool's feathers. Oh, if you were only here, how you +would admire these fine Italian soldiers! How often I think +of you! Would God that you and Kuntz Kamerer could see them! +They have scythe-shaped lances with 218 points; if they only +touch a man with them he dies, for they are all poisoned. +Heigho! but I can do it well, I'll be an Italian soldier. +The Venetians are collecting many men; so is the Pope and +the King of France. What will come of it I don't know, for +people scoff at our King a great deal. + +Wish Stephen Paumgartner much happiness from me. I can't +wonder at his having taken a taken wife. My greeting to +Borsch, Herr Lorenz, and our fair friend, as well as to your +Rechenmeister girl, and thank your Club for its greeting; +says it's a dirty one. I sent you olive-wood from Venice to +Augsburg, where I let it stay, a full ten hundred weight. +But it says it won't wait, hence the stink. + +My picture [the self-portrait Dürer painted?], you must +know, says it would give a ducat for you to see it. It is +well painted and finely coloured. I have got much praise but +little profit by it. I could have easily earned 200 ducats +in the time, and I have had to decline big commissions in +order to come home. + +I have shut up all the painters, who used to say that I was +good at engraving, but that in painting I didn't know how to +handle my colours. Now they all say they never saw better +colouring. + +My French mantle greets you, and so does my Italian coat. It +seems to me that you smell of gallantry. I can scent it from +here; and they say here, that when you go courting, you +pretend to be no more than 25 years old. Oh, yes! Multiply +that and I`ll believe it. My friend, there `s a devil of a +lot of Italians here who are just like you. I don't know how +it is! + +The Doge and the Patriarch have seen my picture. Herewith +let me commend myself as your servant. I really must sleep, +for it's striking seven at night, and I have already written +to the Prior of the Augustines, to my father-in-law, to +Mistress Dietrich, and to my wife, and they are all sheets +cram full. So I have had to hurry over this. Read according +to the sense. You would do it better if you were writing to +princes. Many good nights to you, and days too. Given at +Venice on Our Lady's Day in September. + +You needn't lend my wife and mother anything. They have got +money enough. + +--Albert Dürer + + + +23 Sept. 1506 + +Your letter telling me of the overflowing praise that you +received from princes and nobles gave me great allegrezza. +[Editor's note: Allegrezza means "joy;" in Venetian in +original]. You must have changed completely to have become +so gentle; I must do likewise when I meet you again. Know +also that my picture is finished, likewise another quadro, +[Editor's note: quadro is Venetian for "painting"] the like +of which I never made before. And as you are so pleased with +yourself, let me tell you now that there is no better +Madonna picture in all the land, for all the painters praise +it as the nobles do you. They say that they have never seen +a nobler, more charming painting. + +The oil for which you wrote I am sending by Kannengiesser. +And burnt glass that I sent you by Farber--tell me if it +reached you safely. As for the carpets, I have not bought +any yet, for I cannot find any square ones. They are all +narrow and long. If you would like any of these, I will +willingly buy them; let me know about it. + +Know also that in four weeks at the latest I shall be +finished here, for I have to paint first some portraits that +I have promised, and in order that I may get home soon, I +have refused, since my picture was finished, orders for more +than 2,000 ducats; all my neighbours know of this. + +Now let me commend myself to you. I had much more to write, +but the messenger is ready to start: besides, I hope, if God +will, to be with you again soon and to learn new wisdom from +you. Bernhard Holzbeck told me great things of you, but I +believe that he did so because you have become his brother- +in-law. But nothing makes me more angry than to hear anyone +say that you are handsome, for then I should have to be +ugly; that would make me mad. + +The other day I found a gray hair on my head, which was +produced by sheer misery and annoyance. I think I am fated +to have evil days. My French mantle and the doublet and the +brown coat send you a hearty greeting. But I should like to +see what your drinking club can do that you hold yourself so +high. + +Given the year 1506 on Wednesday after St. Matthew's + + +--Albrecht Dürer + + + +About the 13th October, 1506 + +Once I know that you are aware of my devotion to your +service, there is no need to write about it; but so much the +more necessary is it for me to tell you of the great delight +it gives me to hear of the high honour and fame that you +have attained to by your manly wisdom and learned skill. +This is the more to be wondered at, for seldom or never can +the like be found in a young body; but it comes to you by +the special grace of God, as it does to me. How pleased we +both feel when we think well of ourselves, I with my +picture, and you con vostra [with your] learning! When +anyone praises us we hold up our head and believe him, yet +perhaps he is only some false flatterer who is making fun of +us, so don't credit anyone who praises you, for you have no +notion how unmannerly you are. + +I can readily portray you to myself standing before the +Margrave and making pretty speeches. You carry on just as +though you were making love to the Rosentaler girl, cringing +so. + +It did not escape me, when you wrote the last letter, you +were full of amorous thoughts. You ought to be ashamed of +yourself, for making yourself out so good looking when you +are so old. Your flirting is like a big shaggy dog playing +with a little kitten. If you were only as nice and sleek as +I am, I might understand it; but when I get to be a +burgomaster I will shame you with the Luginsland [Editor's +note: this was a Nuremberg prison], as you do the pious +Zamener and me. I will have you shut up there for once with +the Rechenmeister, Rosentaler, Gartner, Schlitz, and Por +girls, and many others whom for shortness I will not name. +They must deal with you. They ask after me more than after +you, however, for you yourself write that both girls and +ladies ask after me--that is a sign of my virtue! But if God +brings me home again safely, I do not know how I shall get +along with you with your great wisdom: but I `m glad on +account of your virtue and good nature; and your dogs will +be the better for it, for you will not beat them lame any +more. But if you are so highly respected at home, you will +not dare to be seen speaking with a poor painter in the +streets, it would be a great disgrace, con poltrone di +pintore. + +Oh, dear Herr Pirkheimer, this very minute, while I was +writing to you in good humour, the fire alarm sounded and +six houses over by Peter Pender's are burned, and woolen +cloth of mine, for which I paid only yesterday 8 ducats, is +burned; so I too am in trouble. There are often fire alarms +here. + +As for your plea that I should come home quickly, I will +come just as soon as I can; but I must first gain money for +my expenses. I have paid out about 100 ducats for colours +and other things, and I have ordered two carpets which I +shall pay for tomorrow; but I could not get them cheaply. I +will pack them up with my linen. + +As for your previous comment that I should come home soon or +else you would give my wife a "washing," you are not +permitted to do so, since you would ride her to death. + +Know, too, that I decided to learn dancing and went twice to +the school, for which I had to pay the master a ducat. No +one could get me to go there again. To learn dancing, I +should have had to pay away all that I have earned, and at +the end I should have known nothing about it. + +As for the glass, the messenger Farber will bring it to you. +I cannot find out anywhere that they are printing any new +Greek books. I will pack up a ream of your paper for you. I +thought Keppler had more like it; but I have not been able +to get the feathers you wanted, and so I bought white ones +instead. If I find the green ones, I will buy some and bring +them with me. + +Stephen Paumgartner has written to me to buy him fifty +Carnelian beads for a rosary. I have ordered them, but they +are dear. I could not get any larger ones, and shall send +them to him by the next messenger. + +As to your question as to when I shall come home, I tell +you, so that my lords may make their arrangements, that I +shall have finished here in ten days. After that I should +like to travel to Bologna to learn the secrets of the art of +perspective, which a man there is willing to teach me. I +should stay there about eight or ten days and then come back +to Venice; after that I should come with the next messenger. + +How I shall freeze after this sun! Here I am a gentleman, at +home a parasite. Let me know how old Dame Kormer behaves as +a bride, and that you will not grudge her to me. There are +many things about which I should like to write to you, but I +shall soon be with you. + +Given at Venice about the 14th day after Michaelmas, 1506. + +--Albrecht Dürer + +P.S. When will you let me know whether any of your children +have died? You also wrote me once that Joseph Rummel had +married ----z's daughter, and forgot to mention whose. How +should I know what you mean? If I only had my cloth back! I +am afraid my mantle has been burned too. That would drive me +crazy. I seem doomed to bad luck; not more than three weeks +ago a man ran away who owed me 8 ducats. + +PART II: DIARY OF A JOURNEY THE NETHERLANDS (July, 1520- +July, 1521) + + +Anno 1520 + +On Thursday after St. Kilian's Day, I, Albrecht Dürer, at my +own charges and costs, took myself and my wife from +Nuremberg away to the Netherlands, and the same day, after +we had passed through Eriangen, we put up for the night at +Baiersdorff, and spent there 3 crowns, less 6 pfennigs. From +thence on the next day, Friday, we came to Forchheim, and +there paid for the conveying thence on the journey to +Bamberg 22 pf., and presented to the Bishop a painted Virgin +and a "Life of the Virgin," an "Apocalypse," and a florin's +worth of engravings. He invited me to be his guest, gave me +a toll-pass and three letters of introduction, and settled +my bill at the inn, where I had spent about a florin. I paid +6 florins in gold to the boatmen who took me from Bamberg to +Frankfurt. Master Lucas Benedict and Hans the painter sent +me a present of wine. Spent 4 pf. for bread and 13 pf. as +tips. + +Then I journeyed from Bamberg to Eltman and showed my pass, +and they let me go free. And from there we passed by Zeil; +in the meantime I spent 21 pf. Next I came to Hassfurt, and +showed my pass, and they let me go without paying duty; +I paid 1 florin to the Bishop of Bamberg's chancery. Next I +came to Theres to the monastery, and I showed my pass, and +they also let me go free; then we journeyed to Lower +Euerheim. There I stayed the night and spent I pf. Thence +we went to Meinberg, and I showed my papers and was allowed +to pass. Then we came to Schweinfurt, where Dr. George +Rebart invited me, and he gave us wine in the boat: they let +me also pass free. 10 pf. for a roast fowl, 18 pf. in the +kitchen and to the boy. Then we traveled to Volkach and I +showed my pass, and we went on and came to Schwarzach, and +there we stopped the night and spent 22 pf., and on Monday +we were up early and went toward Tettelbach and came to +Kitzingen, and I showed my letter, and they let me go on, +and I spent 37 pf. After that we went past Sulzfeld to +Marktbreit, and I showed my letter and they let me through, +and we traveled by Frickenhausen to Ochsenfurth, where I +showed my pass and they let me go free: and we came to +Eibelstadt, and from that to Haidingsfeldt, and thence to +Wurzburg; there I showed my pass and they let me go free. +Thence we journeyed to Erlabrunn and stopped the night +there, and I spent 22 pf. From that we journeyed on past +Retzbath and Zellingen and came to Karlstadt; here I showed +my pass and they let me go on. Thence I traveled to Gmunden, +and there we breakfasted and spent 22 pf. I also showed my +pass, and they let me go free. We traveled thence to +Hofstetten; I showed my pass, and they let me through. We +came next to Lohr, where I showed my pass and passed on; +from there we came to Neustadt and showed our letter, and +they let us travel on; also I paid 10 pf. for wine and +crabs. From there we came to Rothenfels, and I showed my +pass, and they let me go free, and we stayed there for a +night, and spent 20 pf.; and on Wednesday early we started +and passed by St. Eucharius and came to Heidenfeld, and +thence to Triefenstein; from there we came to Homburg, where +I showed my pass and they let me through; from there we came +to Wertheim, and I showed my letter, and they let me go +free, and I spent 57 pf. From there we went to Prozelten; +here I showed my pass, and they let me through. Next we went +on past Freudenberg, where I showed my letter once more, and +they let me through; from there we came to Miltenberg and +stayed there over night, and I also showed my pass and they +let me go, and I spent 61 pf.; from there we came to +Klingenberg. I showed my pass and they let me through; and +we came to Worth and from there passed Obernburg to +Aschaffenburg; here I presented my pass and they let me +through, and I spent 52 pf.; from there we journeyed on to +Selgenstadt; from there to Steinheim, where I showed my +letter and they let me go on, and we stayed with Johannes +for the night, who showed us the town and was very friendly +to us; there I spent 16 pf., and so early on Friday morning +we traveled to Kesselstadt, where I showed my pass and they +let me go on; from there we came to Frankfurt, and I showed +my pass again, and they let me through, and I spent 6 white +pf. and one thaler and a half, and I gave the boy 2 white +pf. Herr Jacob Heller gave me some wine at the inn. I +bargained to be taken with my goods from Frankfurt to Mainz +for 1 florin and 2 white pf., and I also gave the lad 5 +Frankfurt thaler, and for the night we spent 8 white pf. On +Sunday I traveled by the early boat from Frankfurt to Mainz, +and midway there we came to Hochst, where I showed my pass +and they let me go on; I spent 8 Frankfurt pf. there. From +there we journeyed to Mainz; I have also paid I white pf. +for landing my things, besides 14 Frankfurt thaler to the +boatmen and 18 pf. for a girdle; and I took passage in the +Cologne boat for myself and my things for 3 florins, and at +Mainz also I spent 17 white pf. Peter Goldschmidt, the +warden there, gave me two bottles of wine. Veit Varnbuler +invited me, but his host would take no payment from him, +insisting on being my host himself; they showed me much +honour. + +So I started from Mainz, where the Main flows into the +Rhine, and it was the Monday after Mary Magdalen's Day, and +I paid 10 thaler for meat and bread, and for eggs and pears +9 thaler. Here, too, Leonhard Goldschmidt gave me wine and +fowls in the boat to cook on the way to Cologne. Master +Jobst's brother likewise gave me a bottle of wine, and the +painters gave me two bottles of wine in the boat. From there +we came to Elfeld, where I showed my letter and they took no +toll; from there we came to Rudesheim and I gave 2 white pf. +for loading the boat; then we came to Ehrenfels, and there I +showed my letter, but I had to give two gold florins; if, +however, I were to bring them a free pass within two months, +the customs officer would give me back the 2 gold florins. +From there we came to Bacharach, and there I had to promise +in writing that I would either bring them a free pass in two +months, or pay the toll; from there we came to Caub, and +there again I showed my pass, but it would carry me no +further, and I had to promise in writing as before; there I +spent 11 thaler. Next we came to St. Goar, and here I showed +my pass, and the customs officer asked me how they had +treated me elsewhere, so I said I would pay him nothing; I +gave 2 white pf. to the messenger. From there we came to +Boppard, and I showed my pass to the Trier customhouse +officer, and they let me go through, only I had to certify +in writing under my seal that I carried no common +merchandise, and then the man let me go willingly. + +From there we came to Lahnstein, and I showed my pass, and +the customs officer let me go through, but he asked me that +I should speak for him to my most gracious Lord of Mainz, +and he gave me a can of wine, too, for he knew my wife well +and he was glad to see me. From there we came to Engers, +which is in the Trier territory; I presented my pass and +they let me go through; I said, too, that I would mention it +to my Lord of Bamberg. From there we came to Andernach, and +I showed my pass, and they let me go through; and I spent +there 7 thaler and 4 thaler more; then on St. James's Day +early I traveled from Andernach to Linz; from there we went +to the custom house at Bonn, and there again they let me go +through; from there we came to Cologne, and in the boat I +spent 9 white pf. and I more, and 4 pf. for fruit. At +Cologne I spent 7 white pf. for unloading, to the boatmen 14 +thaler, and to Nicolas, my cousin, I made a present of my +black fur-lined coat edged with velvet, and to his wife I +gave a florin; also at Cologne Fugger gave me wine: Johann +Grosserpecker also gave me wine, and my cousin Nicolas gave +me wine. They gave us also a collation at the Barefoot +Convent, and one of the monks gave me a handkerchief; +moreover, Herr Johann Grosserpecker has given me 12 measures +of the best wine, and I paid 2 white pf. and 8 thaler to the +boy; I have spent besides at Cologne 2 florins and 14 white +pf. and 10 white pf. for packing, and 3 pf. for fruit; +further, I gave I pf. at leaving, and I white pf. to the +messenger. + +From there we journeyed on St. Pantaleon's Day from Cologne +to a village called Busdorf. We lay there over night, and +spent 3 white pf.; and early on Sunday, we traveled to +Rodingen, where we had breakfast and spent 2 white pf. and 3 +pf. more, and again 3 pf. Thence we came to Frei-Aldenhoven, +where we lay the night, and spent 3 white pf.; thence we +traveled early on Monday to Frelenberg, and passed the +little town of Gangelt, breakfasting at a village called +Stisterseel, and spent 2 white pf. 2 thaler, further 1 white +pf., and again 2 white pf. From there we journeyed to +Sittard, a pretty little town, and from there to Stocken, +which belongs to Liege; where we had a fine inn and stayed +there over night, and spent 4 white pf. And when we had +crossed over the Maas we started off early on Tuesday +morning and came to Merten Lewbehen [sic]: there we had +breakfast and spent 2 stivers and gave a white pf. for a +young fowl. From there we traveled across the heath and came +to Stosser, where we spent 2 stivers, and lay there the +night: from thence on Wednesday morning early we traveled to +West Meerbeck, where I paid 3 stivers for bread and wine; +and we went on as far as Branthoek, where we had breakfast +and spent 1 stiver; from there we traveled to Uylenberg, +where we stayed the night and spent 3 stivers; from there we +traveled on Thursday early to op ten Kouys, where we +breakfasted and spent 2 stivers; thence we came to Antwerp. + +There I sent to Jobst Planckfelt's inn, and the same evening +the Fugger's factor, by name Bernhard Stecher, invited me +and gave us a costly meal--my wife dined at the inn. I paid +the driver for bringing us three, 3 florins in gold, and 2 +stivers for carrying the goods. + +On Saturday after the Feast of St. Peter in Chains, my host +took me to see the burgomaster's house at Antwerp, which is +newly built and large beyond measure, very well arranged +with extraordinarily beautiful large rooms; a tower, +splendidly ornamented; a very large garden; in short, such a +noble house as I have never seen in all German lands. A very +long new street has been built in his honour, and with his +assistance, leading up to the house on both sides. I gave 3 +stivers to the messenger, and 2 pf. for bread and 2 pf. for +ink; and on Sunday, which was St. Oswald's Day, the Painters +invited me to their hall with my wife and maid, where +everything was of silver, and they had other costly +ornaments and very costly meats; and all their wives were +there too; and as I was being led to the table, everyone on +both sides stood up as if they were leading some great lord. +There were among them men of high position, who all showed +me the greatest respect and bowed low to me, and said they +would do everything in their power to serve and please me. +And as I sat there in honour, there came the messenger of +the Town Council of Antwerp with two servants and presented +to me four cans of wine from the Magistrates of Antwerp, who +told him to say that they wished thereby to show their +respect for me and to assure me of their good-will; +wherefore I returned them my humble thanks and offered my +humble services. Thereupon came Master Peter, the town +carpenter, and gave me two cans of wine with offer of his +willing service; so when we had spent a long time together +merrily, till late into the night, they accompanied us home +with lanterns in great honour. They begged me to be assured +of their good-will, and promised that in whatever I did they +would help me in every way; so I thanked them, and laid down +to sleep. + +Also I have been in Master Quentin's house, and I have been +in all the three great shooting places. [Editor's note: +Quentin Matsys, the painter]. I had a very splendid dinner +at Staiber's. Another time at the Portuguese factor's, whose +portrait I have drawn in charcoal; I have made a portrait of +my host as well; Jobst Plankfelt gave me a branch of white +coral; paid 2 stivers for butter and 2 stivers to the joiner +at the Painters' armoury. + +Also my host took me to the Painters' workshop in the +armoury at Antwerp, where they are making the triumphal +arches through which King Charles is to make his entry. It +is 400 bows in length and each arch is 40 feet wide: they +are to be set up on both sides of the streets, beautifully +arranged and two stories high, and on them they are to act +the plays; and this costs to make, 4,000 florins for the +joiners and painters, and the whole work is very +magnificently done. + +I have dined again with the Portuguese factor, and once with +Alexander Imhof. Sebald Fischer bought of me at Antwerp +sixteen "Small Passions" for 4 florins, thirty-two of the +large books for 8 florins, also six engraved "Passions" for +3 florins, also twenty half-sheets of all kinds taken +together at 1 florin to the value of 3 florins, and again 5 +1/4 florins' worth of quarter-sheets,--forty-five of all +kinds at 1 florin, and eight miscellaneous leaves at 1 +florin; it is paid. + +To my host I have sold a "Madonna" picture, painted on small +canvas, for 2 florins Rhenish. I took once more the portrait +of Felix the lute player. 1 stiver for pears and bread; 2 +stivers to the surgeon-barber: besides I have given 14 +stivers for three small panels, besides 4 stivers for laying +in the white and preparing them. I have dined once with +Alexander the goldsmith, and once with Felix Hungersberg; +once Master Joachim has eaten with me, and his partner also +once. + +I have made a drawing in half colours for the Painters. I +have taken 1 florin for expenses. I made Peter Wolffgang a +present of four new little pieces. Master Joachim's partner +has again dined with me. I gave Master Joachim 1 florin's +worth of prints for lending me his apprentice and colours, +and I gave his apprentice 3 crowns' worth of prints. I have +sent the four new pieces to Alexander, the goldsmith. I made +charcoal portraits of these Genoese by name: Tomasin +Florianus Romanus, native of Lucca, and his two brothers, +named Vincentius and Gerhard, all three Bombelli. + +I have dined with Tomasin so often: IIIIIIIIIIII. The +treasurer also gave me a "Child's Head" on linen and a +weapon from Calicut, and one of the light wood reeds. +Tomasin Imhof has also given me a plaited hat of elder pith. + +I dined once more with the Portuguese; I also gave one of +Tomasin's brothers 3 florins' worth of engravings. Herr +Erasmus has given me a small Spanish mantilla and three +portraits of men. Tomasin's brother gave me a pair of gloves +for 3 florins' worth of engravings. I have once more made +the portrait of Tomasin's brother Vincentius; and I gave +Master Augustus Lombard two of the Imagines. Moreover, I +made a portrait of the crooked-nosed Italian named Opitius. +Also my wife and maid dined one day at Herr Tomasin's; that +makes four meals. + +Our Lady's Church at Antwerp is so vast that many masses may +be sung there at one time without interfering one with +another. The altars are richly endowed; the best musicians +that can be had are employed; the Church has many devout +services and much stonework, and in particular a beautiful +tower. I also visited the rich Abbey of St. Michael, where +are the finest galleries of stonework that I have ever seen, +and a rich throne in the choir. But at Antwerp they spare no +cost in such things, for they have plenty of money. + +I have made a portrait of Herr Nicolas, an astronomer who +lives with the King of England, and is very helpful and of +great service to me in many matters. He is a German, a +native of Munich. Also I have made the portrait of Tomasin's +daughter, Maid Zutta by name. Hans Pfaffroth gave me a +Philip's florin for taking his portrait in charcoal. I have +dined once more with Tomasin. My host's brother-in-law +entertained me and my wife once. I changed 2 light florins +for 24 stivers for living expenses; and I gave 1 stiver for +a tip to a man who let me see an altar-piece. + +The Sunday after the Feast of the Assumption I saw the great +procession of Our Lady's Church at Antwerp, where all the +whole town was gathered together, with all the trades and +professions, and each was dressed in his best according to +his rank; every guild and profession had its sign by which +it might be recognized. Between the companies were carried +great costly gold pole-candlesticks and their long old +Frankish silver trumpets; and there were many pipers and +drummers in the German fashion; all were loudly and noisily +blown and beaten. I saw the procession pass along the +street, spread far apart so that they took up much space +crossways, but close behind one another: goldsmiths, +painters, stonecutters, broiderers, sculptors, joiners, +carpenters, sailors, fishermen, butchers, leather workers, +cloth makers, bakers, tailors, shoemakers, and all kinds of +craftsmen and workmen who work for their livelihood. +There were likewise shopkeepers and merchants with their +assistants of all sorts. After them came the marksmen with +their guns, bows, and cross-bows; then the horsemen and foot +soldiers; then came a large company of the town guard; then +a fine troop of very gallant men, nobly and splendidly +costumed. Before them, however, went all the religious +orders and the members of some foundations, very devoutly, +in their respective groups. There was, too, in this +procession, a great troop of widows, who support themselves +by their own labour and observe special rules, all dressed +from head to foot in white linen robes made expressly for +the occasion, very sorrowful to behold. Among them I saw +some very stately persons, the Canons of Our Lady's Church +with all their clergy, scholars, and treasures. Twenty +persons bore the image of the Virgin Mary and of the Lord +Jesus, adorned in the richest manner, to the honour of the +Lord God. The procession included many delightful things +splendidly got up, for example, many wagons were drawn along +with stagings of ships and other constructions. Then there +came the company of the Prophets in their order, and scenes +from the New Testament, such as the Annunciation, the Three +Magi riding great camels, and other strange beasts, very +skillfully arranged, and also how Our Lady fled into Egypt-- +very conducive to devotion--and many other things which for +shortness I must leave out. Last of all came a great dragon, +which St. Margaret and her maidens led by a girdle; she was +extraordinarily beautiful. Behind her followed a St. George +with his squire, a very fine cuirassier. There also rode in +the procession many pretty and richly dressed boys and girls +in the costumes of many lands representing various saints. +This procession from beginning to end, where it passed our +house, lasted more than two hours; there were so many things +there that I could not write them in a book, so I let it +alone. + +I visited Fugger's house in Antwerp, which is newly built, +with a wonderful tower, broad and high, and with a beautiful +garden, and I also saw his fine stallions. Tomasin has given +my wife fourteen ells of good thick arras for a mantle and +three and a half ells of half satin to line it. I drew a +design for a lady's forehead band for the goldsmith. + +The Portuguese factor has given me a present of wine in the +inn, both Portuguese and French. Signor Rodrigo of Portugal +has given me a small cask full of all sorts of sweetmeats, +amongst them a box of sugar candy, besides two large dishes +of barley sugar, marchpane, many other kinds of sugar-work, +and some sugar-canes just as they grow; I gave his servant +in return 1 florin as a tip. I have again changed for my +expenses a light florin for 12 stivers. + +The pillars in the Convent of St. Michael of Antwerp are all +made out of single blocks of a beautiful black touchstone. +Herr Egidius, King Charles's warden, has taken for me from +Antwerp the "St. Jerome in the Cell," the "Melancholy," and +three new "Marys," the "Anthony" and the "Veronica" for the +good sculptor, Master Conrad, whose like I have not seen; he +serves Lady Margaret, the Emperor's daughter. Also I gave +Master Figidius a "Eustace" and a "Nemesis." I owe my host 7 +florins, 20 stivers, I thaler--that is, on Sunday before St. +Bartholomew: for sitting room, bedroom, and bedding I am to +pay him 11 florins a month. + +I came to a new agreement with my host on the 20th August-- +on the Monday before St, Bartholomew's, I am to eat with him +and pay 2 stivers for the meal, and extra for drink, but my +wife and the maid can cook and eat up here. + +I gave the Portuguese factor a statuette of a child: besides +that, I gave him an "Adam and Eve," a "Jerome in his Cell," +a "Hercules," a "Eustace," a "Melancholy," and a "Nemesis;" +then of the half-sheets, three new "Virgins," the +"Veronica," the "Anthony," "The Nativity," and "The +Crucifixion," also the best of the quarter-sheets, eight +pieces, and then the three books of the "Life of the +Virgin," "The Apocalypse," and the "Great Passion," also the +"Little Passion" and the "Passion" on copper, all together, +5 florins' worth. The same quantity I gave to Signor +Rodrigo, the other Portuguese. Rodrigo has given my wife a +small green parrot. + + + +VISIT TO BRUSSELS + +On the Sunday after St. Bartholomew's, I traveled with Herr +Tomasin from Antwerp to Mechlin, where we lay for the night; +there I invited Master Conrad and a painter with him to +supper, and this Master Conrad is the good carver in Lady +Margaret's service. From Mechlin we traveled through the +small town of Vilvorde and came to Brussels on Monday at +midday; I gave the messenger 3 stivers; I dined with my +lords at Brussels; also once with Herr Bannisis, and I gave +him a "Passion" on copper. I gave the Margrave Hansen of +Brussels the letter of recommendation which my lord of +Bamberg wrote for me, and I made him a present of a +"Passion," engraved on copper for a remembrance. + +I have also dined once more with my lords of Nuremberg. I +saw in the town hall at Brussels, in the golden chamber, +four paintings which the great Master Rogier did; and behind +the King's palace in Brussels, the fountains, labyrinth, +zoological garden. Anything more beautiful and pleasing to +me, more like a paradise, I have never seen. + +Erasmus is the name of the little man [Editor's note: not +Erasmus of Rotterdam, but a clerk of Bannisis] who wrote out +my supplication at Jacob Bannisis' house. At Brussels there +is a very splendid town hall, large and covered with +beautiful stonework, with a noble open tower. I have made a +portrait of Master Conrad of Brussels by candlelight; he is +my host. At the same time I drew Doctor Lamparter's son in +charcoal, and also the hostess. + +Also I have seen the things which they have brought to the +King out of the new land of gold: a sun all of gold, a whole +fathom broad, and a moon, too, of silver, of the same size, +also two rooms full of armour, and the people there with all +manner of wondrous weapons, harness, darts, wonderful +shields, extraordinary clothing, beds, and all kinds of +wonderful things for human use, much finer to look at than +prodigies. These things are all so precious that they are +valued at 100,000 gulden, and all the days of my life I have +seen nothing that reaches my heart so much as these, for +among them I have seen wonderfully artistic things and have +admired the subtle ingenuity of men in foreign lands; +indeed, I don't know how to express what I there found. + +I also saw many other beautiful things at Brussels, and +especially a great fish bone there, as vast as if it had +been built up of square stones; it was a fathom long, very +thick, weighs up to 1 cwt. (15 centner), and it has the form +as is here drawn; it stood behind on the fish's head. + +I have also been in the Lord of Nassau's house, which is so +magnificently built and so beautifully decorated. I have +again dined twice with my lords. Lady Margaret sent after me +to Brussels and promised that she would speak in my behalf +to King Charles, and has shown herself quite exceptionally +kind to me: I sent her my engraved "Passion" and such +another to her treasurer, Jan Marnix by name, and I made his +portrait in charcoal. I paid 2 stivers for a buffalo ring, +and also 2 stivers for opening St. Luke's picture. When I +was in Herr von Nassau's house I saw in the chapel the fine +painting that Master Hugo has made, and I also saw two large +beautiful halls, and all the treasures in various parts of +the house, and the large bed in which fifty men can lie. And +I also saw the great stone which the storm cast down in the +field close to Herr von Nassau. This house lies high, and +there is a most beautiful view at which one cannot but +wonder. And I think that in all German lands there is not +the like of it. + +Master Bernhard, the painter, invited me to dinner, and had +prepared a meal so costly that I do not think 10 florins +will pay for it. Three friends invited themselves to it to +give me good company, to wit, Lady Margaret's treasurer, +whose portrait I made, and the King's steward, de Metenye, +and the town treasurer, Van Busleyden; I gave him a +"Passion" engraved on copper, and he gave me in return a +black Spanish bag worth 3 florins. And I also gave a +"Passion" engraved on copper to Erasmus of Rotterdam; +likewise one to Erasmus, the secretary of Bannisis. The man +at Antwerp who gave me the "Child's Head" is called Lorenz +Sterk. I took the portrait in charcoal of Master Bernhard, +Lady Margaret's painter. I have taken Erasmus of Rotterdam's +portrait once more. I gave Lorenz Sterk a sitting "St. +Jerome" and the "Melancholy," and I made a portrait of my +hostess's godmother. Six people whose portraits I painted at +Brussels gave me nothing. I paid 3 stivers for two buffalo +horns and 1 stiver for two Eulenspiegels. + +So then on the Sunday after St. Giles', I traveled with Herr +Tomasin to Mechlin and took leave of Herr Hans Ebner, and he +would take nothing for my expenses while I was with him +seven days; I paid 1 stiver on behalf of Hans Geuder; I gave +1 stiver as a tip to the host's servant; and at Mechlin I +took supper with the Lady Nieuwekerke; and early on Monday I +traveled from Mechlin to Antwerp. + +AT ANTWERP (September 3 - October 4, 1520) + +I breakfasted with the Portuguese factor, who gave me three +porcelain dishes, and Rodrigo gave me some Calicut feathers. +I spent 1 florin and paid my messenger 2 stivers. I bought +Susanna a mantle for 2 florins, 10 stivers. My wife paid 4 +florins Rhenish for a washtub, a bellows, a basin, a pair of +slippers, wood for cooking, stockings, a cage for the +parrot, 2 jugs, and for tips; she spent, moreover, for +eating, drinking, and various necessaries, 21 stivers. + +Now on Monday after St. Giles' I am back again at Jobst +Planckfelter's, and have dined with him as many times as are +drawn here-IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. I gave Nicolas, Tomasin's +man, 1 stiver; I paid 5 stivers for the little frame, and 1 +stiver more. My host gave me an Indian cocoanut and an old +Turkish whip; then I have dined IIIIIIIIIIIII more with +Tomasin. The two lords of Rogendorf have invited me; I have +dined once with them and made a large drawing of their coat +of arms on wood, for engraving. I gave away 1 stiver; my +wife changed a florin for 24 stivers; I gave 2 stivers as a +tip. I have dined once in Focker's house with the young +Jacob Rehlinger, and I have also dined once more with him. +My wife has changed a florin for 24 stivers for expenses. I +gave to Wilhelm Hauenhut, the servant of my lord Duke +Frederick, the Platzgraf, an engraved "Jerome," and the two +new half-sheets, the "Mary" and the "Anthony." I gave Herr +Jacob Bannisis a good painting of a "Veronica" face, a +"Eustace," a "Melancholy," and a sitting "Jerome," a "St. +Anthony," the two new "Marys," and the new "Peasants." And I +have given his secretary, Erasmus, who wrote my +supplication, a sitting "Jerome," a "Melancholy," an +"Anthony," the two new "Marys," and the "Peasants," and I +have given him also two small "Marys," and all together what +I have given is worth 7 florins, and I have given Master +Marc, the goldsmith, a "Passion" on copper, and he gave me 3 +florins in payment; besides this I have received 3 florins, +20 stivers, for prints. To the glazier Honigen, I have given +four little engravings. I have dined with Herr Bannisis III. +I paid 4 stivers for carbon and black chalk; I have given 1 +florin, 8 stivers for wood, and spent 3 stivers more. I have +dined with the lords of Nuremberg IIIIIIIIII. Master +Dietrich, the glass painter, sent me the red colour which is +found in the new bricks at Antwerp. I made charcoal portrait +of Jacob von Lubeck; he gave my wife a Philip's florin. I +have again changed a Philip's florin for expenses. + +I presented to Lady Margaret a seated "Jerome" engraved on +copper. I sold a woodcut "Passion" for 12 stivers, besides +an "Adam and Eve" for 4 stivers. Felix, the captain and lute- +player, bought a whole set of copper-engravings and a +woodcut "Passion" and an engraved "Passion," two half-sheets +and two quarter-sheets, for 8 gold florins; so I gave him +another set of engravings. I have taken Herr Bannisis's +portrait in charcoal. Rodrigo gave me another parrot, and I +gave his boy 2 stivers for a tip. I gave Johann von den +Winckel, the trumpeter, a small woodcut "Passion," "St. +Jerome in his Cell," and a "Melancholy." I paid 6 stivers +for a pair of gloves. I paid 3 stivers for a bamboo rod, and +George Schlaudersbath gave me another which cost 6 stivers. + +I have dined once with Wolff Haller, who is employed by the +Fuggers, when he had invited my lords of Nuremberg. I have +received for works of art, 2 Philip's florins, and 6 +stivers. I have again dined once with my wife; I gave 1 +stiver to Hans Denes' boy for a tip. I have taken 100 +stivers for works of art. + +I made a charcoal portrait of Master Jacob, Lord Rogendorf's +painter, and I have drawn for Lord Rogendorf his arms on +wood, for which he gave me seven ells of velvet. + +I dined once more with the Portuguese; I took the portrait +of Master John Prost of Bruges, and he gave me 1 florin; it +was done in charcoal; 23 stivers for a fur coat of rabbit- +skin. I sent Hans Schwarz 2 golden florins for my picture in +a letter sent through the Antwerp Fuggers to Augsburg, I +gave 31 stivers for a red woolen shirt. I dined once more +with Rogendorf. I gave 2 stivers for the colour which is +found in the bricks; and I paid 9 stivers for an ox horn. I +made a charcoal portrait of a Spaniard. I have dined once +with my wife. I gave 2 stivers for a dozen little pipes; I +gave 3 stivers for two little maplewood bowls, two such +Felix gave my wife, and Master Jacob, the painter from +Lubeck, has given my wife another; dined once with +Rogendorf. I paid 1 stiver for the printed "Entry into +Antwerp," showing how the King was received with a splendid +triumph; the gates were beautifully decorated, and there +were plays, much rejoicing, and beautiful maidens in +tableaux vivants, whose like I have seldom seen. Changed 1 +florin for expenses. + +I have seen the bones of the great giant at Antwerp; his leg +above his knee is five and a half feet long, and beyond +measure heavy; so were his shoulder blades--a single one is +broader than a strong man's back--and his other limbs. The +man was eighteen feet high, and reigned at Antwerp and did +great wonders, as is set out in an old book which belongs to +the town magistrates. + +Raphael of Urbino's effects have been all dispersed after +his death, but one of his disciples, Tommaso of Bologna by +name, a good painter, desired to see me, so he came to me +and gave me a gold ring, an antique with a well-cut stone +worth 5 florins, but I have been already offered twice as +much for it; in return I gave him my best engravings, worth +6 florins. I bought a piece of calico for 3 stivers, I gave +the messenger 1 stiver, and spent 3 stivers in company. + +I presented to Lady Margaret, the Emperor's sister [Editor's +note: Actually, she was his aunt], a whole set of all my +works, and have drawn her two pictures on parchment with the +greatest pains and care; all this I have put at 30 florins, +and I have had to draw the design of the house for her +physician, the doctor, according to which he intends to +build one, and for drawing that I would not willingly take +less than 10 florins. I have given the servant 1 stiver, and +I paid 1 stiver for brick colour; I have given Herr Nicolas +Ziegler a "Christ lying dead," worth 3 florins. To the +Portuguese factor I gave a painting of a "Child's Head," +worth 1 florin. I have given 10 stivers for a buffalo horn; +I gave 1 gold florin for an elk's hoof. I have done Master +Adrian's portrait in charcoal. I gave 2 stivers for the +"Condemnation" and the "Dialogue," 3 stivers to the +messenger; to Master Adrian I have given 2 florins' worth of +works of art; bought a piece of red chalk for 1 stiver. I +have done Herr Wolff von Rogendorf in silverpoint. Gave away +3 stivers; did the portrait of a noble lady at Tomasin's +house. I have given to Nicolas a "Jerome in the Cell," and +two new "Marys." On Monday after St. Michael's Day, 1520, I +gave to Tommaso of Bologna a whole set of prints to send for +me to Rome to another painter, who will send me Raphael's +work in return. I dined once with my wife; gave 3 stivers +for the little tract. The Bolognese has painted my portrait, +which he will take with him back to Rome. I bought an elk's +foot for 20 stivers, besides I paid 2 gold florins, 4 +stivers, for Herr Hans Ebner's little panel; dined out; +changed a crown for expenses; dined out. Am taking 11 +florins for my expenses to Aachen; have received 2 florins, +4 stivers, from Ebner; paid 9 stivers for wood; gave Meyding +20 stivers for sending my box. + +I have taken the portrait of a lady of Bruges, who has given +me I Philip's florin. I gave away 3 stivers as a tip; paid 2 +stivers for fir cones and I for stone colour; paid 13 +stivers to the furrier, 1 stiver for leather; bought two +mussels for 2 stivers. In John Gabriel's house I have taken +the portrait of an Italian lord, who gave me 2 gold florins. +Bought a portmanteau for 2 florins, 4 stivers. + + +VISIT TO AACHEN + +On Thursday after St. Michael's Day, I journeyed from +Antwerp to Aachen, and I took 1 gulden and I noble with me; +and after passing through Maestricht we came to Gulpen, and +from there to Aix on Sunday; there I have spent up till now, +with the fare and all, 3 florins. At Aachen I saw the well- +proportioned pillars with their good capitals of green and +red porphyry and granite which Carolus [Charlemagne] had +brought from Rome and set up there. These are made truly +according to Vitruvius's writings. At Aachen I bought an ox +horn for 1 gold florin. I have taken the portraits of Herr +Hans Ebner and George Schlaudersbach, and Hans Ebner's a +second time. I paid 2 stivers for a fine whetstone, also 5 +stivers for a bath and drinking in company; changed 1 florin +for expenses. I gave the town servant who took me up into +the hall 2 white pf.; spent 5 white pf. With companions, +drinking and bathing; I have lost 7 stivers at play with +Herr Hans Ebner at the Mirror. I have made a charcoal +portrait of the young Christopher Groland, also of my host, +Peter von Enden. I spent 3 stivers in company, and gave the +messenger 1 stiver. I have taken the portraits of Paul +Topier and Martin Pfinzing in my sketch-book. + +I have seen the arm of the Emperor Henry, the shirt and +girdle of Our Lady, and other holy relics. I have sketched +the Church of Our Lady with its surroundings. I took Sturm's +portrait. Made the portrait in charcoal of Peter von Enden's +brother-in-law. Have given 10 white pf. for a large ox horn; +gave 2 white pf. for a tip, and I have changed 1 florin for +expenses. I have lost 3 white pf. at play, also 2 stivers; +gave 2 white pf. to the messenger. 1 have given Tomasin's +daughter the painted "Trinity," it is worth 4 florins; paid +1 stiver for washing. I took the portrait in charcoal of the +Kopffrngrin's sister at Aachen, and another in silverpoint. +Spent 3 white pf. for a bath; paid 8 white pf. for a buffalo +horn; 2 white pf. for a girdle: paid I Philip's florin for a +scarlet shawl; 6 pf. for paper; changed 1 florin for +expenses; paid 2 white pf. for washing. + +On the 23rd day of October King Charles was crowned at +Aachen; there I saw all manner of lordly splendour, the like +of which those who live in our parts have never seen--all, +as it has been described. + +I gave Mathes works of art worth 2 florins, and presented +Stephen, Lady Margaret's chamberlain, with 3 prints. Paid 1 +florin, 10 white pf. for a cedarwood rosary; gave 1 stiver +to little Hans in the stable, and 1 stiver to the child in +the house; lost 2% stivers at play; spent 2 stivers, gave 2 +stivers to the barber. I have again changed 1 florin; I gave +away 7 white pf. in the house on leaving. + +SECOND VISIT TO COLOGNE + +And I traveled from Aachen to Julich, and thence to...; paid +4 stivers for two eye-glasses. I played away 2 stivers in an +embossed silver medal of the king. I have given 8 white pf. +for two ox horns. On the Friday before St. Simon and St. +Jude I left Aachen and traveled to Duren, where I visited +the church where St. Anne's head is. Thence we traveled and +came on Sunday, which was St. Simon and St. Jude's Day, to +Cologne. I had lodging, food, and drink at Brussels with my +lords of Nuremberg, and they would take nothing from me for +it, and at Aachen likewise I ate with them three weeks and +they brought me to Cologne, and would take nothing for it. + +I have bought a tract of Luther's for 5 white pf. besides 1 +white pf. for the "Condemnation of Luther," the pious man, +besides 1 white pf. for a Paternoster, and 2 white pf. for a +girdle, I white pf. for one pound of candles; changed 1 +florin for expenses. I had to give Herr Leonhard Groland my +great ox horn, and to Hans Ebner I had to give my large +rosary of cedarwood. Paid 6 white pf. for a pair of shoes; I +gave 2 white pf. for a little skull; 1 white pf. I gave for +beer and bread; 1 white pf. for a "pertele" [braid]. I have +given 4 white pf. to two messengers; I have given 2 white +pf. to Nicolas's daughter for lace, also 1 white pf. to a +messenger. I gave prints worth 2 florins to Herr Ziegler +Linhard; paid the barber 2 white pf. paid 3 white pf. and +then 2 white pf. for opening the picture which Master +Stephan made at Cologne; I gave the messenger 1 white pf., +and spent 2 white pf. drinking in company. I made the +portrait of Gottschalk's sister: 1 paid I white pf. for a +little tract. + +At Cologne, on Sunday evening after All Saints' Day in the +year 1520, I saw the nobles dance and banquet in the Emperor +Charles's dancing saloon: it was splendidly arranged. I have +drawn for Staiber his coat of arms on wood. I gave a +"Melancholy" to a young count at Cologne, and a new "Mary" +to Duke Frederick. I have made Nicolas Hailer's portrait in +charcoal; paid 2 white pf. to the door porter. I have given +3 white pf. for two little tracts, also 10 white pf. for a +cow horn. At Cologne I went to St. Ursula's Church and to +her grave, and saw the holy maiden and the other great +relics. Fernberger's portrait I took in charcoal; changed 1 +florin for expenses. I gave Nicolas's wife 8 white pf. when +she invited me as a guest. I bought two prints for 1 stiver. +Herr Hans Ebner and Herr Nicolas Groland would take nothing +from me for eight days at Brussels, three weeks at Aachen, +and fourteen days at Cologne. I made the nun's portrait, and +gave 7 white pf. to the nun. I made her a present of three +half-sheet engravings on copper. + +My Confirmation from the Emperor came to my lords of +Nuremberg the Monday after St. Martin's, the year 1520, +after great trouble and labour. I gave Nicolas's daughter 7 +white pf. on departing, 1 florin to his wife, and again 1 +ort to his daughter on leaving; and I started away from +Cologne. Before that, Staiber invited me once as his guest, +and so did my cousin Nicolas once, and old Wolfgang once, +and once besides I dined as his guest. I have given +Nicolas's man a "Eustace" on leaving, and his little +daughter another ort, as they took much trouble for me. I +have given 1 florin for a little ivory skull, and I white +pf. for a turned box, also 7 white pf. for a pair of shoes, +and I gave Nicolas's man a "Nemesis" on leaving. + + +SECOND JOURNEY FROM COLOGNE TO ANTWERP + +I started off early by boat from Cologne on Wednesday after +St. Martin's, and went as far as . . . Paid 6 white pf. for +a pair of shoes. I gave 4 white pf. to the messenger. From +Cologne I traveled by the Rhine to Zons, from Zons to Neuss, +and from thence to Stain where we stayed the day, and I +spent 6 white pf. Thence we came to Dusseldorf, a little +town, where I spent 2 white pf.; from thence to +Kaiserswerth; from thence to Duisburg, another little town, +and we passed two castles, Angerort and Rurort; thence we +went to Orsoy, a little town; from thence we went to +Rheinberg, another little town, where I lay overnight, and +spent 6 white pf.; from there I traveled to the following +towns, Burg Wesel, Rees, and from there to Emmerich. We came +next to Thomas, and from there to Nymwegen; there we stayed +over the night and spent 4 white pf.; from Nymwegen I +traveled to Tiel, and from there to Herzogenbusch. At +Emmerich I stopped and spent 3 white pf. on a very good +meal. There I took the portrait of a goldsmith's apprentice, +Peter Federmacher of Antwerp, and of a woman. The reason of +our staying was that a great storm of wind overtook us. I +spent besides 5 white pf., and I changed 1 florin for +expenses; also I took the host's portrait, and we did not +get to Nymwegen until Sunday; I gave the boatmen 20 white +pf. Nymwegen is a beautiful city, and has a fine church and +a well-situated castle; from there we traveled to Tiel, +where we left the Rhine and continued on the Maas to +Heerewarden, where the two towers stand; there we lay over +night, and during this day I spent 7 stivers. From there we +started early on Tuesday for Bommel on the Maas; there a +great storm of wind overtook us and we hired some peasant +horses and rode without saddles as far as Herzogenbusch, and +I paid 1 florin for the journey by boat and horse. +Herzogenbusch is a beautiful city, and has an extremely +beautiful church and a strong fortress; there I spent 10 +stivers, although Arnold settled for the repast. The +goldsmiths came to me and showed me great honour. From there +we traveled on Our Lady's Day early and came through the +large and beautiful village of Oosterwyck. We breakfasted at +Tilborch and spent 4 white pf.; from there we came to +Baarle, lay the night there, and spent 3 stivers, and my +companions got into an argument with the innkeeper, so we +went on in the night to Hoogstraten; there we stopped two +hours and went by St. Leonhard Kirchen to Harscht. We +breakfasted there and spent 4 stivers. + + +SECOND STAY AT ANTWERP (November 22-December 3, 1520) + +From there we journeyed to Antwerp and gave the driver 15 +stivers. This was on Thursday after Our Lady's Assumption +[by error for Presentation]; and I gave an engraving of the +"Passion" to John, Jobst Schwager's man, and I made a +portrait of Nicolas Sopalis, and on the Thursday after Our +Lady's Assumption [Presentation], 1520, I was once more back +in Jobst Planckfelt's house; I have eaten with him IIII +times. My wife-II-changed 1 florin for expenses, besides a +crown; and the seven weeks that I have been away my wife and +maid have spent 7 crowns and bought another 4 florins' worth +of things. I spent 4 stivers in company. I have dined with +Tomasin IIIIII times. On St. Martin's Day my wife had her +purse cut off in Our Lady's Church at Antwerp; there were 2 +florins in it, and the purse itself, besides what was in it, +was worth another florin, and some keys were in it, too. On +the eve before St. Catherine's I paid Jobst Planckfelt, my +host, 10 gold crowns for my reckoning. I dined two times +with the Portuguese. Rodrigo gave me six Indian nuts, so I +gave his boy 2 stivers for a tip. I paid 19 stivers for +parchment; changed 2 crowns for expenses. + +I sold two "Adam and Eves," one "Sea Monster," one "Jerome," +one "Knight," one "Nemesis," one "St. Eustace," one whole +sheet, besides seventeen etched pieces, eight quarter- +sheets, and ten wood-cuts, seven of the bad woodcuts, two +books, and ten small wood "Passions," the whole for 8 +florins. Also I exchanged three large books for one ounce +[ell of?] camlet. I changed a Philip's florin for expenses +and my wife likewise changed a florin. + +At Zierikzee in Zeeland a whale has been washed ashore by a +great tide and storm; it is much more than a hundred fathoms +long; no one in Zeeland has ever seen one even one-third as +long, and the fish cannot get off the land. The people would +be glad to see it gone, for they fear the great stink, for +it is so big they say it could not be cut in pieces and the +oil got out of it in half a year. + +Stephen Capello has given me a cedarwood rosary, in return +for which I was to take and have taken his portrait. I paid +4 stivers for furnace brown and a pair of snuffers; I gave 3 +stivers for paper; made a portrait of Felix, kneeling, in +his book in pen and ink, and Felix gave me one hundred +oysters. I gave Herr Lazarus, the great man, an engraved +"Jerome" and three large books. Rodrigo sent me some wine +and oysters. I paid 7 white pf. for black chalk. I have had +to dinner Tomasin, Gerhard, Tomasin's daughter, her husband, +the glass painter Hennick, Jobst and his wife, and Felix, +which cost 2 florins. Tomasin made me a gift of four ells of +gray damask for a doublet. I have changed a Philip's florin +for expenses. + + +VISIT TO ZEELAND (December 3-14, 1520) + +On St. Barbara's Eve I traveled from Antwerp to Bergen-op- +Zoom; I paid 2 stivers for the horse, and I spent 1 florin 6 +stivers here. At Bergen I bought my wife a thin +Netherlandish head cloth, which cost 1 florin, 7 stivers, +besides 6 stivers for three pairs of shoes, 1 stiver for +eyeglasses, and 6 stivers for an ivory button; gave 2 +stivers for a tip. I have drawn the portraits in charcoal of +Jan de Has, his wife, and two daughters; and the maid and +the old woman in silverpoint, in my sketch-book. I saw the +Van Bergen house, which is a very large and beautiful +building. Bergen is a pleasant place in summer, and two +great fairs are held there yearly. + +On Our Lady's Eve I started with my companions for Zeeland, +and Sebastian Imhof lent me five florins; and the first +night we lay at anchor in the sea; it was very cold and we +had neither food nor drink. On Saturday we came to Goes, and +there I drew a girl in the costume of the place. Thence we +traveled to Arnemuiden, and I paid 15 stivers for expenses. +We went by a sunken place, where we saw the tops of the +roofs standing up above the water, and we went by the island +of Wolfersdyk, and passed the little town Kortgene on +another island lying near. Zeeland has seven islands, and +Arnemuiden, where I lay the night, is the biggest. From +there I traveled to Middelburg. There in the abbey Jan de +Mabuse has made a great picture, not so good in the drawing +as in the colouring. From there I went to the Veere, where +ships from all lands lie. It is a very fine little town. + +But at Arnemuiden, where I landed, there happened to me a +great misfortune. As we were coming to land and getting out +our rope, just as we were getting on shore, a great ship ran +into us so hard that in the crush I let everyone get out +before me, so that no one but myself, George Kotzler, two +old women, the sailor, and a little boy were left in the +ship. When now the other ship knocked against us and I with +those mentioned was on the ship and could not get out, the +strong rope broke, and at the same moment a violent storm of +wind arose which forcibly drove back our ship. So we all +called for help, but no one would risk himself, and the wind +carried us back out to sea. Then the skipper tore his hair +and cried aloud, for all his men had landed and the ship was +unmanned. It was a matter of fear and danger, for there was +a great wind and no more than six persons in the ship, so I +spoke to the skipper that he should take heart and have hope +in God, and should take thought for what was to be done. He +said that if he could pull up the small sail, he would try +if we could come again to land. So we all helped one another +and pulled it half-way up with difficulty, and went on again +towards the land. And when those on the land who had already +given us up saw how we helped ourselves, they too came to +our aid, and we got to land. + +Middelburg is a good town; it has a very beautiful town hall +with a fine tower. There is much art shown in all things +here. There are very rich and beautiful stalls in the abbey, +and a splendid gallery of stone and a beautiful parish +church. The town is excellent for sketching. Zeeland is +beautiful and wonderful to see on account of the water, for +it stands higher than the land. + +I have made a portrait of my host at Arnemuiden. Master +Hugo, Alexander Imhof, and the Hirschvogel's servant +Frederick gave me each of them an Indian nut that they had +won at play, and the host gave me a sprouting bulb. + +Early on Monday morning we went back to the ship and set out +for the Veere and for Zierikzee; I wanted to get sight of +the great fish, but the tide had carried it off again. I +paid 2 florins for fare and expenses and 2 florins for a +rug, 4 stivers for a fig-cheese and 3 stivers for carriage, +and I lost 6 stivers at play. When we came back to Bergen I +gave 10 stivers for an ivory comb. + +I have taken Schnabhan's portrait, and I have also taken the +portrait of my host's son-in-law, Klautz. Gave 2 florins +less 5 stivers for a piece of tin; also 2 florins for a bad +piece of tin. I have also taken the portrait of little +Bernard of Brussels, George Kotzler, and the Frenchman from +Kamrick; each of them gave me 1 florin at Bergen. Jan de +Has' son-in-law gave me 1 Horn florin for his portrait, and +Kerpen of Cologne also gave me a florin, and besides this I +bought two bed-covers for 4 florins less 10 stivers. I have +made the portrait of Nicolas, the jeweler. These are the +number of times that I have dined at Bergen since I came +from Zeeland: IIIIIIIII and once for 4 stivers. I paid the +driver 3 stivers and spent 8 stivers, and came back to +Antwerp, to Jobst Planckfelt's, on Friday after St. Lucy's, +1520, and I have dined this number of times with him: IIII. +It is paid, and my wife: IIII, and that is paid. + +AT ANTWERP (December, 1520 - April, 1521) + +In return for the three books which I gave him, Herr Lazarus +of Ravensburg has given me a big fish scale, five snail +shells, four silver medals, five copper ones, two little +dried fishes and a white coral, four reed arrows and another +white coral. I changed 1 florin for expenses, and like-wise +1 crown. I have dined alone so many times: IIIIIIIII. The +factor of Portugal has given me a brown velvet bag and a box +of good electuary; I gave his boy 3 stivers for wages. I +gave 1 Horn florin for two little panels, but they gave me +back 6 stivers. I bought a little monkey for 4 gulden, and +gave 14 stivers for five fish. I paid Jobst 10 stivers for +three dinners; I gave 2 stivers for two tracts; and 2 +stivers to the messenger. I gave Lazarus of Ravensburg a +portrait head on panel which cost 6 stivers, and besides +that I have given him eight sheets of the large copper +engravings, eight of the half-sheets, an engraved "Passion," +and other engravings and woodcuts, all together worth more +than 4 florins. I changed a Philip's florin for expenses, +and besides that a gold florin for expenses. I gave 6 +stivers for a panel, and did the portrait of the servant of +the Portuguese on it in charcoal, and I gave him all that +for a New Year's present and 2 stivers for a tip. Changed 1 +florin for expenses and gave Bernhard Stecher a whole set of +prints. I bought 31 stivers' worth of wood. I have made the +portraits of Gerhard Bombelli and Sebastian the procurator's +daughter. I have changed 1 florin for expenses. Have spent 3 +stivers besides 3 more for a meal. I have given Herr Wolff +of Rogendorf a "Passion" on copper and one in woodcut. +Gerhard Bombelli has given me a printed Turkish cloth, and +Herr Wolff of Rogendorf gave me seven Brabant ells of +velvet, so I gave his man 1 Philip's florin for a tip. Spent +3 stivers on a meal; gave 4 stivers for tips. I have drawn +the new factor's portrait in charcoal. Gave 6 stivers for a +panel. Have dined with the Portuguese IIIIIII times, with +the treasurer 1, with Tomasin IIIIIIIIII times. Gave 4 +stivers for tips. With Lazarus of Ravensburg 1, Wolff of +Rogendorf 1, Bernhard Stecher 1, Utz Hanolt Meyting 1, +Caspar Lewenter 1. I gave 3 stivers to the man whose +portrait I drew; gave the boy 2 stivers. I have given 4 +florins for flax. Have taken 4 florins for prints; have +changed 1 crown for expenses. Paid the furrier 4 stivers and +again 2 stivers. Lost 4 stivers at play; spent 6 stivers. I +have changed 1 noble for expenses; gave 18 stivers for +raisins and three pairs of knives. I paid 2 florins for some +meals at Jobst's. Have lost 4 stivers at play, and gave 6 +stivers to the furrier. Have given Master Jacob two engraved +"St. Jeromes." Lost 2 stivers at play: changed 1 crown for +expenses; lost 1 stiver at play. Have given to Tomasin's +three maids three pairs of knives, which cost 5 stivers. +Have taken 29 stivers for prints. Rodrigo gave me a muskball +just as it had been cut from the musk deer, also a 1/4 lb. +of persin [a dark red paint?] and a box full of quince +electuary and a big box of sugar, so I gave his boy 5 +stivers for a tip. + +Lost 2 stivers at play. I have done the portrait of Jobst's +wife in charcoal. I have got 4 florins, 5 stivers for three +small canvases. Changed 2 florins in succession for +expenses. Lost 2 stivers at play. My wife gave me 1 florin +for the child, and 4 stivers in the child's bed. I have +changed 1 crown for expenses; spent 4 stivers, lost 2 +stivers at play, and gave 4 stivers to the messenger. +Changed 1 florin for expenses. + +I gave Master Dietrich, the glass painter, an "Apocalypse" +and the six "Knots." Paid 40 stivers for flax. Lost 8 +stivers at play. I have given the little Portuguese factor, +Signor Francisco, my small canvas with the small child, that +is worth 10 florins. I have given Dr. Loffen at Antwerp the +four books and an engraved "Jerome," and the same to Jobst +Planckfelt. I have done the arms of Staiber and another. I +have made a portrait of Tomasin's son and daughter in +silverpoint; also I have painted a small panel in oil of the +Duke. Have got 3 stivers for engravings. Rodrigo, the +Portuguese secretary, has given me two Calicut cloths, one +of them is silk, and he has given me an ornamented cap and a +green jug with myrobalans, and a branch of cedar tree, worth +10 florins altogether. And I gave the boy for a tip 5 +stivers and 2 stivers for a brush. + +I have made a drawing for a mask for the Fugger's people for +masquerade, and they have given me an angel. I have changed +1 florin for expenses. Gave 8 stivers for two little powder +horns. Lost 3 stivers at play. Changed an angel for +expenses. I have drawn two sheets full of beautiful little +masks for Tomasin. I have painted a good "Veronica" face in +oils; it is worth 12 florins. I gave it to Francisco, the +Portuguese factor. Since then I have painted Santa Veronica +in oils; it is better than the former, and I gave it to +Factor Brandan of Portugal. Francisco gave the maid 1 +Philip's florin for a tip, and afterwards, because of the +"Veronica," 1 florin more, but the Factor Brandan gave her 1 +florin. I paid Peter 8 stivers for two cases. I changed an +angel for expenses. + +On Carnival Sunday early, the goldsmiths invited me to +dinner, with my wife. In their assembly were many notable +men. They prepared a very grand meal, and did me the +greatest honour. In the evening the old bailiff of the town +invited me and gave me a splendid meal, and did me great +honour. Thither came many strange maskers. + +I have drawn the portrait of Florent Nepotis, Lady +Margaret's organist, in charcoal. On Monday night Herr Lopez +invited me to the great banquet on Shrove Tuesday, which +lasted till two o'clock, and was very grand. Herr Lorenz +Sterk has given me a Spanish fur. And to the above-mentioned +feast came many very splendid masks, especially Tomasin +Bombelli. + +I have won 2 florins at play. Have changed an angel for +expenses: paid 14 stivers for a basket of raisins. I have +made the portrait in charcoal of Bernhard von Castell, from +whom I won the money. Tomasin's brother Gerhardt has given +me four Brabant ells of the best black satin, and has given +me three big boxes of candied citron, so I gave the maid 3 +stivers for a tip. Paid 13 stivers for wood, and 2 stivers +for pine kernels. I drew the procurator's daughter very +carefully in silver-point. + +Have changed 1 angel for expenses. I have drawn the portrait +in black chalk of the good marble worker, Master Johann, who +looks like Christopher Kohler; he has studied in Italy, and +comes from Metz. I have changed 1 Horn florin for expenses. +I have given 3 florins to Jan Turck for Italian works of +art; I gave him 12 ducats' worth of works of art for one +ounce of good ultramarine. I have sold a small woodcut of +the "Passion" for florins. I sold two reams and four books +of Schauflein's prints for 3 florins. Have given 3 florins +for two ivory salt-cellars from Calicut. Have taken 2 +florins for prints; have changed 1 florin for expenses. +Rudiger von Gelern gave me a snail shell, together with +coins of gold and silver, with an ort. I gave him in return +the three large books and an engraved "Knight;" have taken +11 stivers for prints. I gave 2 Philip's florins for "SS. +Peter and Paul," which I shall present to Herr Kohler's +wife. Rodrigo has given me two boxes of quince Electuary and +all kinds of sweetmeats, and I gave 5 stivers for a tip, +Paid 16 stivers for boxes. + +Lazarus of Ravensburg gave me a sugar loaf, so I gave his +boy 1 stiver. Paid 6 stivers for wood. Have eaten once with +the Frenchman; twice with the Hirschvogel's Fritz, and once +with Master Peter, the secretary, when Erasmus of Rotterdam +also dined with us. I paid 1 stiver to be allowed to go up +the tower at Antwerp, which is said to be higher than that +at Strasburg. From thence I saw the whole town on all sides, +which was very pleasant. Paid 1 stiver for a bath. Have +changed 1 angel for expenses. The Factor Brandon of Portugal +has given me two large beautiful white sugar loaves, a +dishful of sweetmeats, two green pots of preserves, and four +ells of black satin, so I gave the servant 10 stivers for a +tip. + +Paid the messenger 3 stivers. I have drawn twice in the more +in silverpoint the beautiful maiden for Gerhardt. Again +changed an angel for expenses; took 4 florins for prints; +paid 10 stivers for Rodrigo's case. Dined with the +treasurer, Herr Lorenz Sterk, who gave me an ivory whistle +and a very beautiful piece of porcelain, and I have given +him a whole set of prints. I also gave a whole set to Herr +Adrian, the Antwerp town orator. Also I changed a Philip's +florin for expenses. I presented a sitting "St. Nicolas" to +the largest and richest guild of merchants at Antwerp, for +which they have made me a present of 3 Philip's florins. I +gave Peter Egidius the old frame of the "St. Jerome" besides +4 gulden for a frame for the treasurer's likeness. Paid 11 +stivers for wood. Again changed a Philip's florin for +expenses. Gave 4 stivers for a bore. Gave 3 stivers for +three canes. I have handed over my bale to Jacob and Andreas +Hessler to take to Nuremberg, and I am to pay them 2 florins +per cwt., Nuremberg weight, and they are to take it to Herr +Hans Imhof, the elder, and I have paid 2 florins on it. +Moreover I have done it up in a packing case. This was in +the year 1521, on the Saturday before Judicz. + +Also on the Saturday before Judicz, Rodrigo gave me six +large Indian cocoanuts, a very fine piece of coral, and two +large Portuguese florins, one of which weighs 10 ducats, and +I gave the boy 15 stivers for a tip. I have bought a lode- +stone for 16 stivers. I have changed an angel for expenses. +Paid 6 stivers for packing. Sent Master Hugo at Brussels an +engraved "Passion" and some other prints for his little +porphyry stone. I have made for Tomasin a design drawn and +tinted in half-colours, from which he means to have his +house painted. I painted "Jerome" in oils with care and gave +it to Rodrigo of Portugal, who gave Susanna a ducat for a +tip. Have changed a Philip's florin for expenses and gave 10 +stivers to my Father Confessor. Gave 4 stivers for the +little tortoise. I have dined with Herr Gilbert, who gave me +a Calicut target made of a fish skin, and two gloves as they +use them for fighting. I have given Peter 2 stivers. Gave 10 +stivers for the fish fins, and 3 stivers for a tip. I have +made a very good portrait in hard chalk of Cornelius, the +secretary of Antwerp. + +I have given 3 florins, 16 stivers, for the five silk +girdles which I mean to give away, besides 20 stivers for an +edging [lace?]. These six edgings I have sent as presents to +the wives of Kasperi Nutzel, Franz Imhof, Straub, the two +Spenglers, Loffelholz, besides a good pair of gloves to +each. To Pirkheimer I have sent a large cap, a very handsome +buffalo horn inkstand, a silver [medal of the] Emperor, a +pound of pistachios, and three sugar canes. To Kasper +Ntitzel I have sent a great elk's foot, ten large fir cones +with pine kernels. To Jacob Muffel I have sent a scarlet +breast cloth of one ell; to Hans Imhof's child an +embroidered scarlet cap and pine kernels; to Kramer's wife +four ells of taffeta, worth 4 florins. To Lochinger's wife +one ell of taffeta, of 1 florin's worth; to the two +Spenglers, each a bag and three fine horns; to Herr +Hieronimus Holzschuher, a very large horn. + +Have eaten twice with the factor; dined with Master Adrian, +the secretary of the town council of Antwerp, who gave me +the small painted panel made by Master Joachim [de Patinir]: +it is of "Lot and his Daughters." Have taken 12 florins for +prints, also I have sold some of Hans Baldung Grun's works +for 1 florin. Rudiger von Gelern has given me a piece of +sandalwood; I gave his boy a stiver. I have painted the +portrait of Bernhard of Brussels in oils; he gave me 8 +florins for it, and gave my wife a crown, and Susanna a +florin worth 24 stivers. I have given 3 stivers for the +Swiss jug, and 2 stivers for the ship, also 3 stivers for +the case and 4 stivers to the Father Confessor. I have +changed an angel for expenses; have taken 4 florins, 10 +stivers for works of art: paid 3 stivers for salve; gave 12 +1/2 stivers for wood; changed 1 florin for expenses; have +given 1 florin for 14 pieces of French wood. I gave Ambrozio +Hochstutter a "Life of Our Lady," and he gave me a model of +his ship. Rodrigo gave my wife a little ring which is worth +more than 5 florins. Have changed 1 florin for expenses. + +I have done the portrait of Factor Brandon's secretary in +charcoal; I have done the portrait of his Moorish woman in +silverpoint, and I have done Rodrigo's portrait on a large +sheet of paper with the brush, in black and white. I have +given 16 florins for a piece of camlet measuring twenty-four +ells, and it cost 1 stiver to bring home. Have paid 2 +stivers for gloves. I have done Lucas of Dantzic's portrait +in charcoal. He gave me 1 florin for it, and a piece of +sandalwood. + + +VISIT TO BRUGES AND GHENT (April 6-11, 1521) + +On the Saturday after Easter, with Hans Luber and Master Jan +Prevost, a good painter born at Bruges, I set out from +Antwerp towards Bruges by way of the Scheldt and came to +Beveren, a large village. From there to Vracene, also a big +village; thence we passed through some villages and came to +a fine large village, where the rich farmers live, and there +we breakfasted. Thence we journeyed towards St. Paul's, the +rich abbey, and went through Caudenborn, a fine village; +thence through the large village of Kalve, and thence to +Ertvelde; there we lay the night and started early on Sunday +morning and came from Ertvelde to a small town. From that we +went to Ecloo, which is a mighty large village; it is +plastered, and has a square; there we breakfasted. Thence we +went to Maldegem, and then through other villages, and came +to Bruges--which is a fine noble town. I paid 21 stivers for +fare and other expenses. And arriving at Bruges, Jan Prevost +took me into his house to lodge, and the same night prepared +a costly meal, and asked much company to meet me. + +The next day Marx, the goldsmith, invited me, and gave me a +costly meal and asked many to meet me; afterwards they took +me to see the Emperor's house, which is large and splendid. +There I saw the chapel which Roger painted, and some +pictures by a great old artist. I gave the man who showed +them to us 1 stiver; afterwards I bought two ivory combs for +30 stivers. Thence they took me to St. James's and let me +see the splendid paintings of Roger and Hugo, who are both +great masters. Afterwards I saw the alabaster Madonna in Our +Lady's Church that Michelangelo of Rome made; afterwards +they took me to many churches and let me see all the fine +paintings, of which there is abundance there, and when I had +seen the Jan [Van Eyck] and all the other things, we came at +last to the Painters' Chapel, in which there are good +things. Then they prepared a banquet for me, and I went +thence with them to their guildhall; there were many +honourable men gathered together, goldsmiths, painters, and +merchants, and they made me sup with them, and they gave me +presents and sought my acquaintance and did me great honour; +and the two brothers Jacob and Peter Mostaert, the town +councilors, gave me twelve cans of wine, and the whole +assembly, more than sixty persons, accompanied me home with +many torches. I also saw in their shooting gallery the great +fish tub from which they eat, which is 19 feet long, 7 high, +and 7 broad. + +Early on Tuesday we departed, but before that, I did Jan +Prevost's portrait in silverpoint, and gave his wife 10 +stivers at parting. And so we traveled to Ursel; there we +breakfasted. On the way there are three villages. Then we +traveled towards Ghent, again through three villages, and I +paid 4 stivers for the journey, and 4 stivers for expenses; +and on my arrival at Ghent, there came to me the dean of the +painters and brought with him the first masters in painting; +they showed me great honour, received me most courteously, +and commended to me their good-will and service, and supped +with me. On Wednesday early they took me to the tower of St. +John's, whence I looked all over the great and wonderful +town, where I had just been treated as a great person. +Afterwards I saw the Jan [Van Eyck's] picture, which is a +very splendid, deeply studied painting, and especially the +"Eve," the "Mary," and "God the Father" were extremely good. + +Then I saw the lions and drew one of them in silverpoint; +also I saw on the bridge, where men are beheaded, two +pictures which were made as a sign that there a son had +beheaded his father. Ghent is beautiful and a wonderful +town; four great waters flow through it. I gave 3 stivers as +a tip to the sacristan and the lions' keeper. I saw many +other remarkable things in Ghent, and the painters with +their dean did not forget me, but ate with me morning and +evening, and paid for everything, and were very friendly. I +gave away 3 stivers at the inn on leaving. Then early on +Thursday I set out from Ghent and came through various +villages to the inn called "The Swan," where we breakfasted; +thence we passed through a beautiful village and came to +Antwerp, and I paid 8 stivers for the fare. + + +AT ANTWERP (April 11-May 17, 1521) + +I have taken 4 florins for works of art; changed one florin +for expenses. Have taken the portrait of Hans Lieber of Ulm +in charcoal; he wished to pay me 1 florin, but I would not +take it. Gave 7 stivers for wood and 1 stiver for bringing +it; changed 1 florin for expenses. In the third week after +Easter a violent fever came upon me with great weakness, +nausea, and headache; and before, when I was in Zeeland, a +strange illness overcame me such as I never heard of from +anyone, and this illness I have still. I paid 6 stivers for +a case. The monk has bound two books for me for the prints +which I gave him. I have given 10 florins, 8 stivers for a +piece of arras for two mantles for my mother-in-law and my +wife. I gave the doctor 8 stivers, and 3 stivers to the +apothecary, also changed 1 florin for expenses and spent 3 +stivers in company. Paid the doctor 10 stivers; again paid +the doctor 6 stivers. + +During my illness Rodrigo sent me many sweetmeats; I gave +the boy 4 stivers for a tip. I have drawn Master Joachim +[Patinir] in silverpoint, and made him besides another +likeness in silverpoint. Again changed a crown for expenses, +and again 1 florin for expenses. Paid the doctor 6 stivers, +and 7 stivers at the apothecary's; changed 1 florin for +expenses. For packing the third bale, which I sent from +Antwerp to Nuremberg by a carrier called Hans Staber, I paid +13 stivers, and I paid the carrier 1 florin for it, and I +agreed with him to take it from Antwerp to Nuremberg for 1 +florin, I ort, per cwt., and this bale is to be taken to +Herr Hans Imhof, the elder. I have paid the doctor, the +apothecary, and the barber 14 stivers. I gave Master Jacob, +the surgeon, 4 florins' worth of prints. I have made a +portrait in charcoal of Thomas Polonius of Rome. + +My camlet cloak came to twenty-one Brabant ells, which are +three finger-breadths longer than the Nuremberg ells. I have +also bought four black Spanish skins, which cost 3 stivers +each, and they come to 34, that makes 10 florins, 2 stivers; +I paid the skinner [furrier] 1 florin to make them up, then +there were two ells of velvet for trimming, 5 florins; also +for silk cord and thread, 34 stivers; then the tailor's +wage, 30 stivers; the camlet which is in the cloak cost 14 +1/2 florins, and the boy 5 stivers for a tip. + +Cross Sunday after Easter; from this I start a fresh +account. Again paid the doctor 6 stivers; I have gained 53 +stivers for works of art, and have taken them for expenses. +On Sunday before Holy Cross Week, Master Joachim [Patinir], +the good landscape painter, asked me to his wedding, and +showed me all honour; there I saw two beautiful plays, the +first was especially pious and devout. I again paid the +doctor 6 stivers, and have changed 1 florin for expenses. + +On Sunday after Our Lord's Ascension, Master Dietrich, the +glass painter of Antwerp, invited me and asked many other +people to meet me, and especially among them Alexander, the +goldsmith, a rich, stately man, and we had a splendid +dinner, and they did me great honour. I have done in +charcoal the portrait of Master Marx, the goldsmith, who +lives at Bruges. I bought a broad cap for 36 stivers. I paid +Paul Geiger 1 florin to take my little chest to Nuremberg, +and 4 stivers for the letter. I have taken the portrait of +Ambrosius Hochstatter in charcoal, and I dined with him: I +have dined at least six times with Tomasin. I bought some +wooden dishes and platters for 3 stivers. I have given the +apothecary 12 stivers. I have given two books of the "Life +of Our Lady," one to the foreign surgeon, the other to +Marx's house servant; I also paid the doctor 8 stivers, and +gave 4 stivers for cleaning an old cap. Lost 4 stivers at +play; have given 2 florins for a new cap. I have changed the +old cap because it was clumsy, and have given 6 stivers more +for another. + +Painted a portrait of the duke in oils: have made a very +fine and careful portrait in oils of the treasurer, Lorenz +Sterk; it was worth 25 florins. I presented it to him, and +in return he gave me 20 florins, and to Susanna 1 florin for +a tip. Likewise I painted the portrait of Jobst, my host, +very well and carefully in oils; he has now given me [the +portrait I did of him before?] and I have done his wife +again and painted her portrait in oils. + +On the Friday before Whitsuntide, 1521, tidings came to me +at Antwerp that Martin Luther had been so treacherously +taken prisoner, for he trusted the Emperor Charles's herald, +who had been granted to him with the Imperial safe conduct, +but as soon as the herald had brought him near Eisenach, to +an unfriendly place, he said that he would not need him any +more and rode away. Immediately there appeared ten knights, +who treacherously carried off the pious man, who had been +betrayed; a man enlightened by the Holy Ghost, a follower of +Christ and of the true Christian faith, and whether he lives +yet or whether they have put him to death, I know not. If he +has suffered, it is for the sake of Christian truth and +because he has fought with the un-Christlike papacy, which +strives with its heavy load of human laws against the +redemption of Christ; and if so, it is that we may be again +robbed and stripped of the fruit of our blood and sweat, +that the same may be shamelessly and scandalously squandered +while poor and sick men must therefore die of hunger. And +this is above all most grievous to me, that God perhaps will +let us remain yet under their false, blind doctrine, +invented and set forth by the men whom they call "Fathers," +through whom the Word of God is in many places falsely +expounded or not taught at all. + +[Editor's note: This form of abduction was the usual idea at +the time. But Luther was really taken by the order of +Frederick the Wise in order to protect him]. + +O God of Heaven, have pity on us, O Lord Jesus Christ, pray +for Thy people. Deliver us in due time, uphold in us the +right and true Christian Faith. Gather together Thy far +scattered sheep by Thy voice, in the Scripture called Thy +godly Word. Help us that we may know this Thy voice and may +follow no other deceiving call of human error, that we may +not, Lord Jesus Christ, fall away from Thee. Call together +again the sheep of Thy pasture, who are still in part found +in the Roman Church, and with them, too, the Indians, +Muscovites, Russians, and Greeks, who have been thus cut off +by the oppression and pride of the pope and by false +appearance of holiness. + +O God, redeem thy poor folk constrained by heavy ban and +edict which it no wise willingly obeys, whereby it is bound +continually to sin against its conscience if it disobeys +them. O God, never hast Thou so heavily burdened a people +under human laws as us poor ones beneath the Roman chair, +who daily long to be free Christians ransomed by Thy blood. + +O Highest Heavenly Father, pour into our hearts through Thy +Son Jesus Christ such a light, that we may know thereby +which messenger we are to obey, so that with good conscience +we may lay aside the burdens of others, and may serve Thee, +Eternal Heavenly Father, with free and joyful heart. + +And if we lose this man, who has written more clearly than +anyone in a hundred and forty years, and to whom Thou hast +given such an evangelic spirit, we pray Thee, O Heavenly +Father, that Thou give again Thy spirit to another, that he +may gather together anew from all parts the holy Christian +Church, that we may all live again in a pure and Christian +manner, so that from our good works all unbelievers, with +Turks, heathens, and Calicuts, may turn themselves to us and +embrace the Christian faith. + +But, Lord, Thou willest, ere Thou judgest, that as Thy Son +Jesus Christ was constrained to die by the hands of the +priests and rise from the dead and after to ascend to +heaven, that so too, in like manner, it should be with Thy +follower, Martin Luther, whose life the pope compasses, with +money, treacherously towards God, him, Thou wilt quicken +again. And as Thou, Lord, ordainedst that Jerusalem should +be destroyed, so wilt Thou also destroy this self-assumed +authority of the Roman chair. O lord, give us thereafter the +new beautified Jerusalem, which descends from heaven, +whereof the Apocalypse writes, the holy pure gospel which is +not darkened by human doctrine. + +Whoever reads Martin Luther's books may see how clear and +transparent his doctrine is, for he teaches the Holy Gospel. +Wherefore his writings are to be held in the greatest +honour, and not to be burned; unless, indeed, his opponents, +who always fight against the truth, were also cast into the +fire with all their opinions, they who would make gods out +of men, but then only if there were printed new Lutheran +books. + +"O God, if Luther be dead, who will henceforth expound the +Holy Gospel so clearly to us! Ah, God, what might he not +have written for us in the next ten or twenty years!" Oh, +all ye pious Christian men, help me to lament this God- +inspired man and pray to Him that He will send us another +enlightened man. + +Oh, Erasmus of Rotterdam, where wilt thou stay? Dost thou +see how the unjust tyranny of worldly power and the might of +darkness prevail? Hear, thou knight of Christ, ride on +beside the Lord Jesus; guard the truth, win the martyr's +crown! Thou art already only a little old man, and I have +heard thee say that thou givest thyself but two years more +in which thou mayest avail to accomplish something. Lay out +the same now well for the gospel and the true Christian +Faith and make thyself heard, so shall the gates of hell, +the Roman Chair, as Christ says, in no wise prevail against +thee: and if here, like thy Master Christ, thou were to +suffer shame at the hands of the liars of this time and +therefore were to die a little sooner, the sooner wouldst +thou come from death into life and be glorified through +Christ. For if thou drinkest out of the cup whereof He +drank, with Him thou shalt reign, and judge with justice +those who have dealt unrighteously. + +Oh, Erasmus, hold to this, that God may be thy praise, even +as it is written of David, for verily thou mayest overthrow +Goliath. For God stands by the Holy Christian Church, as He +only upholds the Romish Church according to His Godly will +[text here corrupt]. May He help us to everlasting +happiness, Who is God the Father, the Son, and the Holy +Ghost, one God, Amen. + +Oh, ye Christian men, pray God for help, for His judgment +draws near and His justice shall appear. Then shall we +behold the innocent blood which the pope, priests, bishops, +and monks have shed, judged and condemned. + +Apocalypse: "These are the slain who lie beneath the altar +of God and cry for vengeance, to whom the voice of God +answers, Await the full number of the innocent slain, then +will I judge." + +Again changed 1 florin for expenses, and gave the doctor 8 +stivers; dined twice with Rodrigo; dined with the rich +canon; changed 1 florin for expenses. I had Master Conrad, +the sculptor of Mechlin, as a guest on Whitsunday; paid 18 +stivers for Italian prints: again 6 stivers to the doctor. +For Master Joachim I have drawn four "St. Christophers" on +gray paper, heightened with white. + +On the last day of Whitsuntide I was at Antwerp at the great +yearly horsefair; there I saw a great number of beautiful +stallions ridden, and two stallions in particular were sold +for 700 florins. I have taken 1 florin, 3 ort, for prints +and used the money for expenses; 4 stivers to the doctor, 3 +stivers for two little books. I have dined thrice with +Tomasin. I have designed three dagger grips for him, and he +gave me a small alabaster bowl. I have taken the portrait in +charcoal of an English nobleman, who gave me 1 florin which +I changed for expenses. Master Gerhardt, the miniature +painter, has a daughter about eighteen years old, called +Susanna, who has illuminated a little page with a Saviour, +for which I gave her 1 florin. It is very wonderful that a +woman's picture should be so good. Have lost 6 stivers at +play. I saw the great procession at Antwerp on Holy Trinity +Day. Master Conrad has given me a beautiful pair of knives, +and so I gave his little old man a "Life of Our Lady" in +return. I have taken the portrait in charcoal of Johann, the +Brussels goldsmith, likewise his wife's. I have received 2 +florins for prints, also Master Johann, the Brussels +goldsmith, paid me 3 Philip's florins for what I did for +him, namely, the drawing for the seal and the two portraits. + +I have given the "Veronica" which I painted in oils, and the +"Adam and Eve" that Franz did to Johann, the goldsmith, in +return for a jacinth and an agate with a Lucrecia engraved +in it. Each of us valued his portion at 14 florins. Further, +I gave him a whole set of engravings for a ring and six +stones; each valued his portion at 7 florins. Gave 14 +stivers for two pairs of gloves; gave 2 stivers for two +small boxes; changed 2 Philip's florins for expenses. I drew +three "Bearing of the Cross" and two "Mount of Olives" on +five half-sheets. I have taken three portraits in black and +white on gray paper; also I drew in black and white on gray +paper, two Netherlandish costumes. For the Englishman I have +painted his arms in colours, for which he gave me 1 florin. +Besides this, one way and another, I have done many drawings +and other things to serve people, and for the greater part +of my work I have received nothing. Andreas of Cracow paid +me 1 Philip's florin for a shield and a child's head. +Changed 1 florin for expenses. Have given 2 stivers for +sweeping brushes. At Antwerp I saw the great procession on +Corpus Christi Day, which was very splendid. Gave in the 4 +stivers for a tip and 6 stivers to the doctor; changed 1 +florin for expenses; 1 stiver for a box. Have dined five +times with Tomasin; paid 10 stivers to the apothecary and to +his wife 14 stivers for the clyster, and 15 stivers to him +for the prescription. Again changed 2 Philip's florins for +expenses; 6 stivers again to the doctor, and once more 10 +stivers for a clyster to the apothecary's wife, and 4 +stivers to the apothecary. I gave the monk who confessed my +wife 8 stivers. I have given 8 florins for a whole piece of +arras, and again for fourteen ells of fine arras, 8 florins: +the apothecary 32 stivers for medicines; to the messenger I +have given 3 stivers and the tailor 4 stivers. I have dined +once with Hans Fehler, and thrice with Tomasin. Gave 10 +stivers for packing. + +On the Wednesday after Corpus Christi in the year 1521, I +gave over my great bale at Antwerp to be sent to Nuremberg, +to the carrier, by name Kunz Metz of Schlaudersdorf, and I +am to pay him for carrying it to Nuremberg 1 1/2 florins for +every cwt., and I paid him 1 gulden on account, and he is to +hand it over to Herr Hans Imhof, the elder. I have done the +portrait of young Jacob Rehlinger at Antwerp; have dined +three times with Tomasin. + +On the eighth day after Corpus Christi I went with my wife +to Mechlin to Lady Margaret; took 5 florins with me for +expenses; my wife changed 1 florin for expenses. At Mechlin +I lodged with Master Heinrich, the painter, at the sign of +the Golden Head. The painters and sculptors made me their +guest at my inn, and did me great honour in their gathering; +and I visited the Poppenreuter's, the gun-maker's house, and +found wonderful things there. And I have been to Lady +Margaret's, and I let her see my Kaiser, and would have +presented it to her, but she disliked it so much that I took +it away again. And on Friday Lady Margaret showed me all her +beautiful things, and among them I saw about forty small +pictures in oils, the like of which for cleanness and +excellence I have never seen. And there I saw other good +works by Jan [Van Eyck] and Jacopo [de' Barbari]. I asked my +lady for Jacopo's little book, but she said she had promised +it to her painter; then I saw many other costly things and a +fine library. Master Hans Poppenreuter invited me as his +guest. I have had Master Conrad twice, and his wife once, as +my guests, also the chamberlain Stephen and his wife, both +as guests. 27 stivers and 2 stivers for fare. I have taken +in charcoal the portrait of Stephen, the chamberlain, and +Master Conrad, the carver, and on Saturday I came back from +Mechlin to Antwerp. My trunk started on the Saturday after +Corpus Christi week. Changed 1 florin for expenses, gave the +messenger 3 stivers. Dined twice with the Augustines; dined +with Alexander Imhof; paid 6 stivers at the apothecary's; +dined again with the Augustines. + +I have drawn in charcoal Master Jacob, and had a little +panel made for it, which cost 6 stivers, and gave it to him. +I have done the portrait of Bernhard Stecher and his wife, +and gave him a whole set of prints, and I took his wife's +portrait again, and gave 6 stivers for making the little +panel, all of which I gave him, and he in return gave me 10 +florins. + +Master Lucas, who engraves in copper, invited me as his +guest. He is a little man, born at Leyden, in Holland, and +was at Antwerp. I have eaten with Master Bernhard Stecher. +Gave 1 1/2 stivers to the messenger; have taken 1 florin, 1 +ort, for prints. I have drawn Master Lucas von Leyden in +silverpoint. I have lost 1 florin; paid the doctor 6 stivers +and again 6 stivers. I gave the steward of the Augustines' +Convent at Antwerp a "Life of Our Lady," and 4 stivers to +his man, I have given Master Jacob a copper "Passion" and a +wood "Passion," and five other pieces, and 4 stivers to his +man; have changed 4 florins for expenses; gave 2 Philip's +florins for fourteen fish skins; made portraits in black +chalk of Art Braun and his wife. I gave the goldsmith who +valued the ring for me 1 florin's worth of prints; of the +three rings which I took in exchange for prints, the two +smaller are valued at 13 crowns, but the sapphire at 25 +crowns; that makes 54 florins, 8 stivers; and what, amongst +other things, the above Frenchman took was thirty-six large +books, which makes 9 florins. Have given 2 stivers for a +screw knife. The man with the three rings has overreached me +by a half. I understood nothing in the matter. I gave 18 +stivers for a red cap for my godchild; lost 12 stivers at +play; drank 2 stivers, bought three fine small rubies for 11 +gold florins, 1 2 stivers; changed 1 florin for expenses. +Dined again with the Augustines; dined twice with Tomasin. I +gave 6 stivers for thirteen porpoise-bristle brushes, and 3 +stivers for six bristle brushes. + +I have made a careful portrait in black chalk on a royal +sheet of the great Anthony Hainault, and I have done careful +portraits in black chalk of Braun and his wife on royal +sheets, and I have done another one of him in silverpoint; +he has given me an angel. Changed 1 florin for expenses, +paid 1 florin for a pair of shoes; gave 6 stivers for an +inkstand. I gave 12 stivers for a case for packing; 21 +stivers for one dozen ladies' gloves; 6 stivers for a bag; 3 +stivers for three bristle brushes; changed 1 florin for +expenses; gave 1 stiver for a piece of fine red leather. +Anthony Hainault, whose portrait I did, has given me 3 +Philip's florins, and Bernhard Stecher has made me a present +of a tortoise shell; I have done the portrait of his wife's +niece; dined once with her husband and he gave me 2 Philip's +florins; gave 1 stiver for a tip. I have given Anthony +Hainault two books; received 13 stivers for prints. I have +given Master Joachim the Hans Grun woodcut. I have changed 3 +Philip's florins for expenses; dined twice with Bernhard +Stecher; again twice with Tomasin. I have given Jobst's wife +four woodcuts; gave Friedrich, Jobst's man, two large books; +gave glazier Hennick's son two books. Rodrigo gave me one of +the parrots which they bring from Malacca, and I gave his +man 3 stivers for a tip. Again dined twice with Tomasin; +have given 2 stivers for a little cage, 3 stivers for one +pair of socks, and 4 stivers for eight little boards. I gave +Peter two whole sheet engravings and one sheet of woodcut. +Again dined twice with Tomasin; changed 1 florin for +expenses. I gave Master Art, the glass painter, a "Life of +Our Lady," and I gave Master Jean, the French sculptor, a +whole set of prints; he gave my wife six little glasses with +rose water; they are very finely made. + +Bought a packing-case for 7 stivers; changed 1 florin for +expenses; have given 7 stivers for a cut [leather] bag. +Cornelius, the secretary, has given me Luther's "Babylonian +Captivity:" in return I gave him my three big books. I gave +Peter Puz, the monk, one florin's worth of prints; to the +glass painter, Hennick, I gave two large books; gave 4 +stivers for a piece of glazed calico; changed 1 Philip's +florin for expenses. I gave 8 florins' worth of my prints +for a whole set of Lucas's engravings; again changed 1 +Philip's florin for expenses. I gave 8 stivers for a bag and +7 stivers for half a dozen Netherlandish cards, and 3 +stivers for a small yellow post-horn. I paid 24 stivers for +meat, 12 stivers for coarse cloth, and again 3 stivers for +coarse cloth. Have eaten twice with Tomasin. I gave 1 stiver +to Peter; gave 7 stivers for a present and 3 stivers for +sacking. Rodrigo has presented me with six ells of coarse +black cloth for a cape; it cost a crown an ell. Changed 2 +florins for expenses; gave the tailor's man 2 stivers for a +tip. I have reckoned up with Jobst and I owe him 31 florins, +which I paid him. Therein were charged and deducted two +portrait heads which I painted in oils, for which he gave me +five pounds of borax, Netherlandish weight. + +In all my doings, spendings, sales, and other dealings in +the Netherlands, in all my affairs with high and low, I have +suffered loss, and Lady Margaret in particular gave me +nothing for what I gave her and did for her. This settlement +with Jobst was made on SS. Peter and Paul's Day. I gave +Rodrigo's man 7 stivers for a tip. I have given Master +Hennick an engraved "Passion;" he gave me some burning +pastilles. I had to pay the tailor 25 stivers for making up +the cape. I have engaged a carrier to take me from Antwerp +to Cologne. I am to pay him 13 light florins, each of 24 +stivers, and am to pay besides the expenses for a man and a +boy. Jacob Rehlinger has given me 1 ducat for his charcoal +portrait. Gerhard has given me two little pots with capers +and olives, for which I gave 4 stivers as a tip. Gave +Rodrigo's man 1 stiver. I have given my portrait of the +Emperor in exchange for a white English cloth which Jacob, +Tomasin's son-in-law, gave me. + +Alexander Imhof has lent me a full hundred gold florins, on +the Eve of Our Lady's Crossing the Mountains, 1521. For this +I have given him my sealed signature, which he will have +presented to me at Nuremberg, when I will pay him back with +thanks, gave 6 stivers for a pair of shoes; paid the +apothecary 11 stivers, paid 3 stivers for cord. In Tomasin's +kitchen I gave away a Philip's florin in leaving gifts, and +I gave his maiden daughter a gold florin on leaving. I have +dined thrice with him. I gave Jobst's wife a florin and 1 +florin in the kitchen for leaving gifts, also I gave 2 +stivers to the packers. Tomasin has given me a small jar +full of the best theriac [an antidote for poison]. Changed 3 +florins for expenses; gave the house servant 10 stivers on +leaving; gave Peter 1 stiver; gave 2 stivers for a tip. I +gave 3 stivers to Master Jacob's man; 4 stivers for sacking; +gave Peter 1 stiver; gave the messenger 3 stivers. + +On Our Lady's Visitation, when I was just leaving Antwerp, +the King of Denmark sent for me to come to him at once, to +do his portrait; this I did in charcoal, and I did the +portrait, too, of his servant Anthony, and I had to dine +with the King, who showed himself very gracious to me. + +I have entrusted my bale to Leonhard Tucher and given over +to him my white cloth. The carrier with whom I bargained, +did not take me; I fell out with him. Gerhard has given me +some Italian seeds. I gave the new carrier to take home the +great turtle shell, the fish shield, the long pipe, the long +shield, the fish fins, and the two little casks of lemons +and capers, on Our Lady's Visitation Day, 1521. + +Next day we set out for Brussels on the King of Denmark's +business, and I engaged a driver, to whom I gave 2 florins. +I presented to the King of Denmark the best pieces of all my +prints, they are worth 5 florins. Changed 2 florins for +expenses; paid 1 stiver for a dish and basket. I saw, too, +how the people of Antwerp wondered very much when they saw +the King of Denmark, that he was such a manly, handsome man, +and that he had come hither with only two companions through +his enemies' country. I saw, too, how the Emperor rode forth +from Brussels to meet him and received him honourably and +with great pomp. Then I saw the noble costly banquet that +the Emperor and Lady Margaret held next day. + +Paid 2 stivers for a pair of gloves. Herr Anthony paid me 12 +Horn florins, of which I gave 2 Horn florins to the painter +for the little panel to paint the portrait on, and 2 Horn +florins for having colours rubbed for me; the other 8 Horn +florins I took for expenses. + +On the Sunday before St. Margaret's Day, the King of Denmark +gave a great banquet to the Emperor, Lady Margaret, and the +Queen of Spain [Editor's note: probably Eleanora of +Portugal, not the Spanish Queen], and invited me, and I +dined there also. Paid 12 stivers for the King's frame, and +I painted the King in oils--he has given me 30 florins. +[Editor's note: this painting no longer exists]. + +I gave 2 stivers to the young man called Bartholomew, who +rubbed the colours for me; I bought a little glass jar which +once belonged to the King for 2 stivers. Paid 2 stivers for +a tip; gave 2 stivers for the engraved goblets. I have given +Master Jan's boy four half-sheets, and to the master- +painter's boy an "Apocalypse" and four half-sheets. Thomas +of Bologna has given me one or two Italian prints; I have +also bought one for 1 stiver. Master Jobst, the tailor, +invited me and I supped with him. I have paid for the hire +of a room at Brussels for eight days, 32 stivers. I have +given an engraved "Passion" to the wife of Master Jan, the +goldsmith, with whom I dined three times. I gave another +"Life of Our Lady" to Bartholomew, the painter's apprentice; +I have dined with Herr Nicolas Ziegler, and gave 1 stiver to +Master Jan's servant. Because of being unable to get a +carriage, I have stayed on two days in Brussels; paid 1 +stiver for a pair of socks. + +On Friday morning early I started from Brussels, and I am to +pay the driver 10 florins. I paid my hostess 5 stivers more +for the single night. From there we rode through two +villages and came to Louvain; breakfasted, and spent 13 +stivers. Thence we journeyed through three villages and came +to Thienen, which is a little town, and lay the night there, +and I spent 9 stivers. From there, early on St. Margaret's +Day, we traveled through two villages and came to a town +which called St. Truyen, where they are building a large, +well-designed church tower, quite new. From thence we went +on past some poor houses and came to a little town, +Tongeren; there we had our morning meal, and spent all +together, 6 stivers. From thence we went through a village +and some poor houses and came to Maestricht, where I lay the +night, and spent 12 stivers, and 2 blanke besides, for watch +money. Thence we journeyed early on Sunday to Aachen, where +we ate and spent all together 14 stivers. Thence we traveled +to Altenburg, taking six hours, because the driver did not +know the way and went wrong; there we stayed for the night +and spent 6 stivers. On Monday early we traveled through +Julich, a town, and came to Bergheim, where we ate and +drank, and spent 3 stivers. Thence we journeyed through +three more villages and came to Cologne. + + ************* + +INFORMATION ABOUT THIS ELECTRONIC EDITION + +The original edition of this text was translated into +English by Rudolf Tombo, Ph.D., and published by The +Merrymount Press, Boston, 1913, as part of volume VI of The +Humanist's Library, edited by Lewis Einstein. It has also +been republished, unabridged, by Dover Publications, Inc., +in 1995. + +The text itself is copyright-free. This digitized version +of the text was prepared by John Mamoun in December, 2000 +and is copyright, but liberal permission is granted to +freely copy/distribute/modify it for non-commercial +purposes/contexts and/or for non-commercial academic use. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg Etext Memoirs of Journeys to Venice by Durer + diff --git a/3226.zip b/3226.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9f8e1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3226.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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