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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32258-h.zip b/32258-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb3cb95 --- /dev/null +++ b/32258-h.zip diff --git a/32258-h/32258-h.htm b/32258-h/32258-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb4257f --- /dev/null +++ b/32258-h/32258-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1365 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Joseph K. F. Mansfield, Brigadier General of the U. S. Army, by John Mead Gould. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} + + .blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcaplc {text-transform: lowercase; font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none} + + ins.correction {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin solid gray;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Joseph K. F. Mansfield, Brigadier General +of the U.S. Army, by John Mead Gould + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Joseph K. F. Mansfield, Brigadier General of the U.S. Army + A Narrative of Events Connected with His Mortal Wounding + at Antietam, Sharpsburg, Maryland, September 17, 1862 + +Author: John Mead Gould + +Release Date: May 5, 2010 [EBook #32258] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOSEPH K. F. MANSFIELD *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1>Joseph K. F. Mansfield,</h1> +<h4>BRIGADIER GENERAL OF THE U. S. ARMY.</h4> +<p> </p> +<h3>A NARRATIVE OF EVENTS CONNECTED<br /> +WITH HIS MORTAL WOUNDING AT<br /> +ANTIETAM,<br /> +Sharpsburg, Maryland,<br /> +September 17, 1862.</h3> +<p> </p> +<h4>BY</h4> +<h3>JOHN MEAD GOULD,</h3> +<h4><span class="smcap">Late Acting Adjutant 10th Maine Volunteers,<br /> +and Major 29th Maine Veteran Vols.</span></h4> +<p> </p> +<h5>PORTLAND:<br />STEPHEN BERRY, PRINTER.<br />1895.</h5> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>Joseph King Fenno Mansfield was born in New Haven, Conn., December 22, +1803. His early education was obtained in the common schools of his state. +At the age of fourteen he entered the military academy at West Point, +being the youngest of a class of forty. During the five years of his +course, he was a careful and earnest student, especially distinguishing +himself in the sciences, and graduating in 1822, second in his class.</p> + +<p>He was immediately promoted to the Corps of Engineers, in which department +he served throughout the Mexican war. In 1832 he was made 1st Lieutenant; +three years later Captain.</p> + +<p>His gallantry and efficiency during the Mexican war were rewarded by +successive brevets of Major, Lt.-Colonel and Colonel of Engineers.</p> + +<p>In 1853 Mansfield was appointed Inspector General of the army, and in the +prosecution of his duties visited all parts of the country.</p> + +<p>At the outbreak of the War of the Rebellion he was in the Northwest, but +in April, 1861, was summoned to Washington to take command of the forces +there. On May 17, 1861, Mansfield was promoted to the rank of Brigadier +General in the regular army.</p> + +<p>He rendered valuable service at Fortress Monroe, Newport News, Suffolk, +and finally at Antietam, where he was mortally wounded, September 17, +1862.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2>NARRATIVE.</h2> + +<p>It was bad enough and sad enough that Gen. Mansfield should be mortally +wounded once, but to be wounded six, seven or eight times in as many +localities is too much of a story to let stand unchallenged.</p> + +<p>These pages will tell what the members of the 10th Maine Regiment know of +the event, but first we will state what others have claimed.</p> + +<p>The following places have been pointed out as the spot where Mansfield was +wounded and all sorts of particulars have been given. Besides these a man +with a magic-lantern is traveling through the country showing Burnside’s +bridge, and remarking, “Here Mansfield fell.”</p> + +<p>The spot marked <b>A</b> on the map is said to have been vouched for by a “New +York officer of Mansfield’s staff.”</p> + +<p><b>B</b> is where the late David R. Miller understood the General was wounded by +a sharpshooter stationed in Miller’s barn, west of the pike.</p> + +<p><b>C</b> is where Capt. Gardiner and Lieut. Dunegan, of Co. K, 125th Penn. Vols., +assured me<small><a name="f1.1" id="f1.1" href="#f1">[1]</a></small> that the General fell from his horse in front of their +company.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span><b>D</b> is where, in November, 1894, I found a marker, that had been placed +there the October previous, by some one unknown to me. These are the four +principal places which have been pointed out to visitors. Still another +spot was shown to our party when the 1-10-29th Maine Regiment Association +made its first visit to the field, Oct. 4, 1889; it is south of <b>A</b>, but I +did not note exactly where.</p> + +<p><b>E</b>. There has also been published in the National Tribune, which has an +immense circulation among the soldiers, the statement<small><a name="f2.1" id="f2.1" href="#f2">[2]</a></small> of Col. John H. +Keatley, now Commandant of the Soldier’s Home, Marshall-town, Iowa, who +locates the place near the Dunker Church.</p> + +<p>Col. Keatley’s letters show that he has been on the field several times +since the war, which makes it harder to believe what would seem very plain +otherwise, that his memory of locations has failed him. He appears to have +got the recollection of the two woods mixed. Keatley was Sergeant of Co. +A, the extreme left of the 125th Penn.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>Mr. Alexander Davis, who resided and worked on the field before and after +the battle, points out a place several rods northeast of the present +residence of Millard F. Nicodemus (built since the war and not shown on +the map). Some Indiana troops were the supposed original authority for +this place, which is not far from <b>B</b>. It is only fair to Mr. Davis to add +that he claims no personal knowledge.</p> + +<p>There are several other places that have been described to me in private +letters, but these need no mention here.</p> + +<p> </p> +<h4>WHY SO MANY ERRORS?</h4> + +<p>Why has there been so much difficulty in identifying the right locality?</p> + +<p>There has been no difficulty, none whatever, among those who knew the +facts. The errors have all come from the ignorant, the imaginative, and +those who have poor memories.</p> + +<p>It will be easy, especially for one standing on the ground while reading +these pages, to see that very few except the 10th Maine would witness the +event, as we were so nearly isolated and almost hidden. We made very +little account at the time, of what is now considered an important event +in the history of the battle. It then appeared to us as only one of the +many tragedies in the great slaughter. Nothing was done at the time to +mark the spot, and hardly a note of the event was recorded.</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> +<h4>REGIMENTAL EXCURSION.</h4> + +<p>In 1889, the 1-10-29th Maine Regiment<small><a name="f3.1" id="f3.1" href="#f3">[3]</a></small> Association made an excursion to +the various battle fields in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia where the +regiment had fought. Friday, October 4th, was the day of the visit to +Antietam. Not one of the company had been there for twenty-five years, yet +on arriving in East Woods we readily and surely identified the fighting +position of the regiment, which was known as the “Tenth Maine,” at the +time of the battle. We found that the west face of the woods had been +considerably cut away, and that many of the trees inside the woods had +been felled, but there was no serious change in the neighborhood where we +fought, excepting that a road had been laid out exactly along the line of +battle where we fired our first volley. We have since learned that in +1872, the County bought a fifteen feet strip of land, 961 feet long, +bordering that part of the northeast edge of the woods, which lies between +Samuel Poffenberger’s lane and the Smoketown road, and moved the “worm +fence” fifteen feet into the field.<small><a name="f4.1" id="f4.1" href="#f4">[4]</a></small> Excepting as these changes +affected<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> the view, all agreed that everything in our vicinity had a +“natural look.” The chief features were “the bushes,” directly in rear of +our right companies; the Croasdale Knoll, further to the right and rear; +the Smoketown Road, which enters East Woods between the bushes and the +Knoll, and runs past our front through the woods; the low land in our +right front; the “open,” easily discernable through the woods; the rising +land with its ledges, big and little, in the front; the denser woods in +the left front; the worm fence before noted, and the long ledge behind it, +against which our left companies sheltered themselves by Captain Jordan’s +thoughtful guidance; and the gully beginning in the rear of our position +and leading down to the great stone barn and stone mansion,<small><a name="f5.1" id="f5.1" href="#f5">[5]</a></small> with its +immense spring of water.</p> + +<p>The large oak in rear of our right, to which Col. Beal crawled after he +was wounded, was still standing a few paces up (northeast) the Smoketown +road, and another good sized tree nearer the front was recognized by Capt. +(then Sergt.) Goss as the one from which he first opened fire. Lt.-Col. +Emerson (Capt. of H, the right Co.) stood where he stood in 1862 and +pointed out to our guests place after place which he recognized.</p> + +<p>Many of “the bushes” of 1862 had grown into sizable trees; they, with +Beal’s and Goss’s trees and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> Smoketown road fence, had been a serious +obstacle to the advance of our right companies.</p> + +<p>The scar, or depression in the ground, where we had buried a few of our +dead (northeast of Beal’s tree), was still visible, but repeated plowing +since 1889 has entirely effaced it.</p> + +<p>Our excursion was entirely for pleasure; we had no thought of controversy, +nor even of the enlightenment of the Sharpsburg people, who knew nothing +of the true locality where Mansfield was wounded, but were showing two or +three erroneous places to visitors. We defended the truth, photographed +the position, but found it difficult for several reasons to decide by +several feet upon the <i>exact</i> spot of the wounding.</p> + +<p>It is necessary now to go back to 1862 and tell the story of the battle as +seen by the 10th Maine; and as since the war a generation has grown up +that knows nothing of the way soldiers are arranged for marching and +fighting, it is best to give a great many explanations that may seem +unnecessary to an old soldier.</p> + +<p> </p> +<h4>THE PART TAKEN BY THE 10TH MAINE.</h4> + +<p>The 12th Army Corps, Mansfield commanding, marched on the Boonsboro pike, +late at night of Sept. 16th, from “the center” through Keedysville to the +farm of George Line (G. Lyons on the old maps) and there rested till +daybreak. Gen. Mansfield slept on the west side of a fence which ran south +from Line’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> garden to woods. His bed was the grass and his roof a +blanket. The 10th Maine was on the east side of the fence (see <a href="#map">map</a>), and +some of our boys who indulged in loud talk were ordered by the General to +lower their tones to a whisper. The other regiments of our brigade were +near us, while the other brigades of the corps appeared to be behind ours +(or east). Our brigade<small><a name="f6.1" id="f6.1" href="#f6">[6]</a></small> was the advance of the corps, and marched a +little before 5 o’clock on the morning of the battle, first to the west +across the Smoketown road, and nearly to John Poffenberger’s, and then +south to nearly abreast of Joseph Poffenberger’s (marked 6.20 on the map), +and there halted for almost an hour, during all of which time, that is +from before 5 <span class="smcaplc">A. M.</span>, Hooker’s corps was fighting in and around “the great +cornfield,” the enemy being south and west of it.</p> + +<p>As well as could be judged, all of the 12th corps followed our movements, +and halted to the right or left of the rear of our brigade.</p> + +<p>The 124th and 125th Penn. were detached from the brigade at some early +hour, but at 7.20 by my watch, which may have been five to ten minutes +fast, the other four regiments were started for the fight.</p> + +<p>The 10th Maine was guided by Gen. Mansfield in person. We had all seen him +for some time previous sitting on his horse at the northwest corner of the +East Wood, marked W on the map. He hurried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> us, first to the front, down +hill through a field where several piles of stone lay, the Smoketown road +still being on our left. We barely entered the “ten acre cornfield” when +Mansfield beckoned us to move to our left. We then marched a few steps by +what the tactics call “Left oblique,” but did not gain ground to the left +sufficiently to suit the General, so Col. Beal commanded “Left flank,” +whereupon each man faced east, and we presently knocked over the two +fences of the Smoketown road and marched into Sam Poffenberger’s field. +While going across the Smoketown road Gen. Hooker rode from the woods (M) +and told Col. Beal “The enemy are breaking through my lines; you must hold +these woods,” (meaning East Woods.)</p> + +<p>After crossing the road, bullets from the enemy began to whiz over and +around us. When well into Sam Poffenberger’s field the Colonel commanded +“Right flank,” then each man again faced south (or west of south to be +more exact) and we all marched straight for the enemy, whom some of us +could see in the woods, close to where our Mansfield marker is now +standing, marked M on the map.</p> + +<p>The 10th Maine was in “double column at half distance” (or “double column +in mass,” as some remember.)</p> + +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i010.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>Each line in the diagram represents about 15 men all facing “front.” In +this order we had bivouacked and marched to Sam Poffenberger’s field, only +that while in the ten acre corn field every man turned on his left heel +and marched toward what had been the “left,” until arriving in Sam +Poffenberger’s field, where a turn of each man to his right, or the +technical “front,” brought us to our original position.</p> + +<p>Apparently fifty to a hundred Confederates were strung along the fence (M) +firing at us. They had the immense advantage that they could rest their +rifles on the fence and fire into us, massed ten ranks deep, while we +could only march and “take it.”</p> + +<p>It was high time to deploy,<small><a name="f7.1" id="f7.1" href="#f7">[7]</a></small> and Col. Beal proposed to do so, but Gen. +Mansfield said “No,” and remarked that a regiment can be easier handled +“in mass” than “in line”; which is very true in the abstract. Gen. +Mansfield then rode away, and Col. Beal, hardly waiting for him to get out +of sight, ordered the regiment to deploy in double quick time. Everybody +felt the need of haste.</p> + +<p>In the execution of this order Companies I and G, with the color guard, +continued marching straight ahead at the ordinary step, just as if no +order had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> been given. The men of Co’s F, C, D and B turned to their left +and ran east—toward Sam Poffenberger’s Co’s H, A, K and E turned to the +right and ran west—toward the Smoketown road. As fast as the respective +companies “uncovered,” they came to “Front” and advanced to the front, +still running. In other words, after Co. B had run east and Co. E west, +the length of their company, each man turned to the front (or the woods) +and the company ran till B was left of G, and E was right of I, which +being done B and E quit running and took up the ordinary step. It will be +seen that D had twice as far to run to the east, and K twice as far to the +west, and that C and A ran three times, and F and H four times as far as B +and E had done.</p> + +<p>I have been so circumstantial in describing all this for two reasons. +First, because standing to-day on the battle line of the 10th Maine (which +is the position the enemy occupied at the time the 10th was deploying), +and looking over the fence northeast into Sam Poffenberger’s field, as the +Confederates did, one will see how it was that when the 10th Me., with +about 300<small><a name="f8.1" id="f8.1" href="#f8">[8]</a></small> men, came to deploy and to advance afterward, the Smoketown +fence, and the trees of Beal and Goss, with “the bushes,” were an obstacle +to the right companies, and the ledge would have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> been somewhat so to the +left companies if Capt. Jordan had not halted his division<small><a name="f9.1" id="f9.1" href="#f9">[9]</a></small> behind it. +He did this for shelter as the first reason, and because, perceiving there +was no Union force on our left, he knew it was better to have our left +“refused” and hence not so easily “flanked” by the enemy. (See <a href="#map">map</a>.)</p> + +<p>Second, and more particularly, I wish to state that on Nov. 9, 1894, Major +Wm. N. Robbins, 4th Alabama, Law’s brigade, Hood’s division of the +Confederate army, met me by appointment on the field and compared +experiences. We had previously had a long correspondence, in which he +persistently referred to seeing a “hesitating” Union regiment which he +ordered his troops to fire into. The result of this fire was the +dispersion of the Union regiment, whereupon he himself went over towards +his left and attended to affairs nearer the great cornfield. After a great +deal of correspondence with every Union and Confederate regiment that +fought in the vicinity, I could not learn of any Union regiment that was +dispersed, either in Sam Poffenberger’s field, or in the “field of stone +piles,” nor could the Major determine, by consulting the map alone, +whether it was the Smoketown road or Joe Poffenberger’s bypath that was on +his left when the Union regiment dispersed.</p> + +<p>In November, ’94, when we met on the ground, he was sure that the +Smoketown road was on his left. Hence it was plain that it could be only +the 10th Maine that “dispersed.”</p> + +<p>Yet we certainly did not!!</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>For a little while it was a very dark problem; then it dawned upon me that +from where the Major stood he did not see (because of the slight rise of +land between us) the movement of our center and right as we deployed, +while the running to the east of Co’s F, C, D and G appeared to him +precisely like a dispersion. I do not know a better illustration of how +difficult it is to see things in battle as they really are happening.</p> + +<p>With this vexed question settled, it becomes easier to understand the +movements of other regiments, but these do not concern us now, further +than that there was no other regiment at the time and place for Maj. +Robbins to “disperse.”</p> + +<p>The result of this extensive correspondence assures me that Gen. Mansfield +was wounded by Maj. Robbins’ command, to which I will refer presently.</p> + +<p>The reader will readily see how easily we can remember these prominent +features of the field, and how surely we can identify our old position +after the lapse of years. We are not confronted with the difficult task +which those have who fought in the open field with no striking landmarks +near; and where the position of the fences have been changed.</p> + +<p>To resume the narrative: The enemy fell back as we approached. On arriving +at the fence, we opened fire, and then rushed into the woods for such +cover as the trees, &c., offered. The enemy also was well scattered +through the woods, behind numerous ledges, logs, trees and piles of cord +wood, a few men only being east of the Smoketown road, which at that time +was not fenced.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>The fire of the enemy was exceedingly well aimed; and as the distance +between us was only about one hundred yards we had a bloody time of it.</p> + +<p>We had fired only a few rounds, before some of us noticed Gens. Mansfield +and Crawford, and other mounted officers, over on the Croasdale Knoll, +which, with the intervening ground, was open woods. Mansfield at once came +galloping down the hill and passed through the scattered men of the right +companies, shouting “Cease firing, you are firing into our own men!” He +rode very rapidly and fearlessly till he reached the place where our line +bent to the rear (behind the fence). Captain Jordan now ran forward as far +as the fence, along the top of the ledge behind which his division was +sheltered, and insisted that Gen. Mansfield should “Look and see.” He and +Sergt. Burnham pointed out particular men of the enemy, who were not 50 +yards away, that were then aiming their rifles at us and at him. Doubtless +the General was wounded while talking with Jordan; at all events he was +convinced, and remarked, “Yes, you are right.” He then turned his horse +and passed along to the lower land where the fence was down, and attempted +to go through, but the horse, which also appeared to be wounded, refused +to step into the trap-like mass of rails and rubbish, or to jump over. The +General thereupon promptly dismounted and led the horse into Sam +Poffenberger’s field. I had noticed the General when he was with Crawford +on the Croasdale Knoll, and had followed him with my eye in all his ride. +Col. Beal was having a great deal of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> trouble with his horse, which was +wounded and appeared to be trying to throw the Colonel, and I was slow in +starting from the Colonel to see what Mansfield’s gestures meant. I met +him at the gap in the fence. As he dismounted his coat blew open, and I +saw that blood was streaming down the right side of his vest.</p> + +<p>The General was very quick in all his motions and attempted to mount as +soon as the horse had got through the fence; but his strength was +evidently failing, and he yielded to the suggestion that we should take +him to a surgeon. What became of the orderly and the horse none of us +noticed. Sergt. Joe Merrill, of Co. F, helped carry the General off; a +young black man, who had just come up the ravine from the direction of Sam +Poffenberger’s, was pressed into service. He was very unwilling to come +with us, as he was hunting for Capt. Somebody’s<small><a name="f10.1" id="f10.1" href="#f10">[10]</a></small> frying-pan, the loss +of which disturbed him more than the National calamity. Joe Merrill was so +incensed at the Contraband’s sauciness, his indifference to the danger, +and his slovenly way of handling the General, that he begged me to put +down the General and “fix things.” It turned out that Joe’s intention was +to “fix” the darkey, whom he cuffed and kicked most unmercifully. We then +got a blanket and other men, and I started off ahead of the re-formed +squad<small><a name="f11.1" id="f11.1" href="#f11">[11]</a></small> to find a Surgeon.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>The road had appeared to be full of ambulances a half hour before, but all +were gone now and we carried the General clear to Sam Poffenberger’s +woods. Here I saw Gen. Geo. H. Gordon, commanding the 3<sup>d</sup> brigade of our +division, told him the story and asked him to send an orderly or aide for +a surgeon, but he said he could not as he had neither with him. He was +moving the 107th N. Y., a new, large regiment; an ambulance was found and +two medical officers, just inside the woods, a few steps north of where +Sam Poffenberger’s gate now hangs, marked K on the map. The younger doctor +put a flask to the General’s mouth. The whiskey, or whatever it was, +choked the General and added greatly to his distress. We put the General +into the ambulance and that was the last I saw of him. Lieut. Edw. R. +Witman, 46th Penn., an aide to Gen. Crawford, had been sent back by Gen. +Crawford, who evidently saw Mansfield in his fatal ride. I turned over +ambulance<small><a name="f12.1" id="f12.1" href="#f12">[12]</a></small> and all to him and returned to the regiment; but when I +arrived I found that Tyndale’s and Stainrook’s brigades of Greene’s +division had swept the woods a little while after I had gone, carrying a +dozen or two of the 10th with them, and that Gen. Gordon had followed +later with the 107th New York. Only twenty or thirty men of the 10th Maine +were left on the ground; the colors and the others had gone out and taken +position somewhere back of the Croasdale Knoll.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>We buried some of the dead of our regiment in the north edge of “the +bushes,” near to the Smoketown road fence. During the remainder of the day +a very large number of the officers and men of the regiment were detailed +by various medical officers to bring off wounded men from “the cornfield” +and woods, for the ambulance department was not organized at that time as +it was later in the war, and was not equal to the task.</p> + +<p>We also buried the Confederate dead that fell in our immediate front, but +somehow the cracker-box head boards were marked (20 GEO), and this little +error made trouble enough for me as Historian of the regimental +association.</p> + +<p>At night we bivouacked north of Sam Poffenberger’s woods, and on the 18th +marched into East Woods, just beyond where we fought, halted, stacked +arms, and during the truce dispersed to look at all the sights in our +neighborhood.</p> + +<p>On the 19th we were moved into the woods again and took a more extended +view of the field.</p> + +<p>In June, 1863, the 10th Maine Battalion, in its march to Gettysburg, +passed near the field, and four or five of those who had been in the +battle turned aside to see the old grounds. The graves near “the bushes” +and those of the “20th Georgia” were just as we left them.</p> + +<p>Lt.-Col. Fillebrown also visited the field some time during the war, and a +party was sent out to bring home the remains of Capt. Furbish, which had +been buried near Sam Poffenberger’s.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>It will therefore be seen that almost every one of the 10th Maine, who +came out of the battle unharmed, had a chance to view the field and to +impress its topographical features in his mind. Therefore, when a dozen or +more of us who had fought in the battle, visited the field in 1889, we had +no difficulty whatever in finding our locality, and our testimony is +sufficient; but more can be cited.</p> + +<p>Mr. Sam Poffenberger, by whom I have been most hospitably entertained in +two of my trips (1891 and 1894), assures me that the 10th Maine graves +remained near “the bushes” until removed to the National Cemetery. He also +says the graves of the 111th Penn. Vols., during all that time, were under +the ledge where the left of our regiment (Co. F) rested. The 111th Penn. +Vols. relieved us.</p> + +<p>The course of the march of the 107th N. Y. has been identified by members +of that regiment who have visited the field; and letters from several of +them confirm the statements made on page 17.</p> + +<p>The line of march of the 3d Maryland and 102d N. Y., who were on the left +of the 111th Penn. Vols., has been fully identified and exactly joins our +identification.</p> + +<p>For substantial evidence of the truth of our narrative we will say that +Maj. Jordan still has the cord which fell from the General’s hat as he +waved it at our left companies in trying to make them cease firing.</p> + +<p>The hat itself, which fell off inside the fence when the General gave +himself into the care of Joe Merrill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> and the others of us, got into the +hands of Gen. Nye (Capt. of Co. K) and he forwarded it to the family, and +has the acknowledgment of receipt of the same.</p> + +<p>Geo. W. Knowlton, Esq., Boston, Mass., has a pair of blood-stained gloves +sent home by his father, Maj. Wm. Knowlton, (Capt. Co. F, but not present +at Antietam) who wrote and afterward explained to Mrs. Knowlton that one +of his men picked them up and gave them to him.</p> + +<p>It will now be seen that though the regimental excursion of 1889 was +positive of the position of the regiment, we could not decide <i>exactly</i> +where Mansfield fell, for it so happened that the main witnesses of the +wounding were not then present. On <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'return-turning'">returning</ins> home, I made a special study +of the facts, and found that Maj. Jordan was sure he could find “the +boulder” which he mounted to attract the attention of Gen. Mansfield. Maj. +Redlon, who was in command of Co. D, a man of remarkable memory and +faculty of observation, also assured me that Maj. Jordan was there. Jordan +is a short man, and naturally mounted the ledge to “get even” with the +General. Sergeant Burnham, of Co. C, while living, frequently spoke of +this to me.</p> + +<p>On September 17, 1891, Maj. Jordan, Surgeon Howard and myself accepted the +invitation of the 125th Penn. to visit the field with them. Major Jordan +readily found the ledge without my assistance, on the afternoon of the +16th, but “the boulder<small><a name="f13.1" id="f13.1" href="#f13">[13]</a></small>” was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> not visible. During the evening Mr. Sam. +Poffenberger told of the change of fence and the building of the new road.</p> + +<p>Early in the morning we went again, and there under the fence, with a +small red cedar growing over it, was “the boulder.” We easily changed the +fence and obliterated the road in our mind’s eyes, and thereupon +everything came out clearly. We know precisely where the General sat on +his horse when he talked with Jordan, and there it is, as we understand +it, he was wounded. We borrowed tools from our host and set up our marker +forthwith for the edification of our 125th Penn. comrades, who soon came +trooping down on us. Maj. Jordan staid by his marker all day, defending +the truth most vigorously. I went with Capt. Gardner and Lieut. Dunegan to +the place where they say Mansfield fell from his saddle and was borne off +by two of their men. The place is about 600 yards from where Mansfield was +shot. From others of the 125th it was evident that Gen. Mansfield’s +riderless horse did bring up at about the place pointed out, but we know +the fatal shot came to the General himself while he halted in front of +Captain Jordan.</p> + +<p>The thoroughly good feeling shown to us by all of these good fellows of +the old 125th has not been forgotten, and never can be; and in telling the +true story I am not a little embarrassed with the fact that I seem to make +reflections upon some of them.</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> +<h4>THE CONFEDERATES.</h4> + +<p>It has been stated that the 10th Maine was the extreme left of Hooker’s +command (1st and 12th corps) during the 40 minutes, more or less, the +regiment was engaged. The Confederate troops opposed to us and to our +neighbors<small><a name="f14.1" id="f14.1" href="#f14">[14]</a></small> on the right were from Hood’s division.<small><a name="f15.1" id="f15.1" href="#f15">[15]</a></small></p> + +<p>The 4th Alabama was the right regiment of all, and they came up the +Smoketown road from the West Woods in a hurry. On reaching East Woods they +deployed and advanced “in line.” On nearing the woods Maj. Robbins met +what he understood at the time was a half regiment of Georgia troops, who +told him they had already been in the fight and would go in again. He +ordered them to form on his right and advance in line with him. All was +done in great haste, and in consequence of this and the broken character +of the woods and the rush for shelter, the two commands were mixed all +together, the Georgians, however, being naturally in preponderance on the +Confederate right. Some time after they had been engaged the 5th Texas, +under Capt. Turner, was sent in by Gen. Hood, and they mixed in with the +others wherever a chance offered. All this I have learned by +correspondence with many members from each of Hood’s regiments.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>After a long and intensely exciting hunt for the Georgia regiment that +this battalion belonged to—Major Robbins remembering only that their +number was “in the twenties”—I have learned that it was the skirmisher +battalion of Gen. Colquitt’s brigade of D. H. Hill’s division, composed of +one company each (Co. A generally) from the five regiments of his brigade, +viz: 6th, 23d, 27th and 28th Georgia and 13th Alabama, under Capt. Wm. M. +Arnold, of the 6th Georgia. We therefore made a mistake in the number only +when we marked those head boards “20 Georgia.” This battalion got into the +fight an hour or more before their brigade and fought independently of it. +The troops under Robbins, Turner and Arnold are the only Confederates, so +far as I can learn, that did heavy fighting in East Woods.<small><a name="f16.1" id="f16.1" href="#f16">[16]</a></small> There were +no better troops in the Confederate army; they suffered a loss in killed +and wounded of nearly one-half, and probably inflicted a still larger +numerical loss upon the Union troops.</p> + +<p> </p> +<h4>OFFICIAL REPORTS.</h4> + +<p>We will next look at the Official Reports bearing on the subject. (See +Vol. XIX, Part I, Official Record, War of the Rebellion, U. S. Gov’t +printing office.)</p> + +<p>I. In Lt.-Col. Fillebrown’s<small><a name="f17.1" id="f17.1" href="#f17">[17]</a></small> report (10th Maine)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> there is no mention +of the event, nor is there anything else that has the merit of being both +true and worth recording. (See page 489.)</p> + +<p>Ordinarily he was one of the most genial and accommodating of men; but +when sick and vexed, as plainly he was when he made that report, he could +dash off just such a jumble, and send it in to head quarters before the +ink was dry.</p> + +<p>It is due to him to say that he was run over and kicked in the bowels by +Col. Beal’s horse just at the moment Col. Beal himself was wounded; and +when, but for the untimely kick, “Jim” might have led us on to victory and +covered himself with glory.</p> + +<p>II. In Col. Jacob Higgins’ (125th Penn.) report we have—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Previous to this Gen. Mansfield fell, some of my men carrying him +off the field on their muskets until a blanket was procured.” (Page +492, Vol. XIX.)</p></div> + +<p>It cannot be determined from the report, exactly when or where “this” was; +but it was plainly early in the morning and before the 125th entered West +Wood, where (and not in East Wood) they fought.</p> + +<p>This report annoyed me much when I first saw it in 1887, but Col. Higgins +has written to me that he knows nothing personally of the event but +reported it because officers whom he trusted assured him it was so.</p> + +<p>III. Col. Knipe, (46 Penn.) who made the brigade report, simply mentions +that Mansfield was wounded.</p> + +<p>IV. In Gen. Crawford’s report we read:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>“Gen. Mansfield, the corps commander, had been mortally wounded, and +was borne past my position to the rear.” (Page 485, Vol. XIX, Part +I.)</p></div> + +<p>This “position” is not defined further than to state that it was +“Miller’s” woods, or “East woods,” as we now call them.</p> + +<p>V. Gen. Williams, commanding 1st division and succeeding Mansfield in +command of the corps, says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“While the deployment [of the 12th corps] was going on and before the +leading regiments were fairly engaged, it was reported to me that the +veteran and distinguished commander of the corps was mortally +wounded.” (Page 475, Vol. XIX.)</p></div> + +<p>VI. Gen. Geo. H. Gordon, commanding 3d brigade, 1st division, says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Gen. Mansfield had been mortally wounded at the commencement of the +action, while making a bold reconnoissance of the woods through which +we had just dashed.” (Page 495, Vol. XIX.)</p></div> + +<p>VII. We find the following in the report of Gen. Edwin V. Sumner, +“commanding 2d and 12th corps.” He also commanded the 1st corps upon his +arrival in our part of the field, about 9 A. M.:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“General Mansfield, a worthy and gallant veteran, was unfortunately +mortally wounded while leading his corps into action.” (Page 275, +Vol. XIX.)</p></div> + +<p>VIII. Gen. Hooker, commanding 1st corps and having the 12th under his +orders, makes no mention of the wounding.</p> + +<p>IX. Gen. McClellan, commanding the Union army, thus refers to the +deployment of the 12th corps:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>“During the deployment, that gallant veteran, Gen. Mansfield, fell +mortally wounded while examining the ground in front of his troops.” +(Page 56, Vol. XIX.)</p></div> + +<p>It should be stated that Vol. XIX was not published until October, +1887—twenty-five years after the battle.</p> + +<p>Besides these unsatisfactory official reports, we have the following +authentic accounts, that have been made public from time to time, and +should have furnished the world with the truth. I noticed that the +newspapers of the day had little to say about the event; accordingly, a +few weeks after the battle I wrote an account and forwarded it to my +father, who sent it to the Hon. Benjamin Douglas, a prominent citizen of +Middletown, Conn.—Mansfield’s home. Mr. Douglas acknowledged the receipt, +and showed his appreciation when we were publishing our regimental +history,<small><a name="f18.1" id="f18.1" href="#f18">[18]</a></small> by furnishing gratis the portraits of the general. This +letter was published in the Portland, Me., papers.</p> + +<p>The regimental history, published in 1871, has a very minute account of +the event. About 700 copies of it were sold.</p> + +<p>The report for 1862 of the Adjutant General of Maine also has a narrative +of the battle, embraced in the report of Col. Beal, who returned to duty +before the end of the year. (Page 74, main report.)</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> +<h4>GENERALS AND STAFF DID NOT WITNESS.</h4> + +<p>A singular phase in this case is the fact that none of Gen. Mansfield’s +subordinate commanders excepting Gen. Crawford, and none of Mansfield’s +staff, witnessed the wounding. In the three days he was our commander none +of us saw a staff officer with him. It was only a vague memory of a lost +and forgotten general order, and the reference to “Captain Dyer” in the +General’s memorial volume,<small><a name="f19.1" id="f19.1" href="#f19">[19]</a></small> that suggested the possibility there was a +staff. In 1890 to ’94 I made a special and persistent effort to learn who +his staff were; also who was the orderly and who the colored servant that +we saw with him. The orderly and servant we have not found. After much +writing I learned that Samuel M. Mansfield,<small><a name="f20.1" id="f20.1" href="#f20">[20]</a></small> a son of the General, had +been appointed an Aide but had not been able to join his father. Maj. +Clarence H. Dyer, at that time Captain and A. A. G., had accompanied the +General from Washington and was on duty with him till his death.</p> + +<p>Furthermore, Gen. James W. Forsyth, then a Captain, (familiarly known as +“Toney”) was temporarily assigned as aide-de-camp to Mansfield by Gen. +McClellan, at whose head quarters Forsyth was then serving. These two were +“present”; but Gen. Mansfield kept them flying so constantly that none of +us recognized them as his staff.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>There are also shadowy hints from various sources that a Lieutenant of +cavalry, name and regiment not stated, lost his opportunity for a day of +glory by too frequent sips of what was known as “commissary.”</p> + +<p>Gen. Forsyth writes (1891) that he was sent by Mansfield to “bring up the +divisions of the corps” and that he “was not with Gen. Mansfield when he +received his death wound.”</p> + +<p>Maj. Dyer writes (1891):</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“At the time the General was mortally wounded, I was not near him, as +he had given me an order to bring the command of Gen. Crawford to the +front. It was halted somewhat to the rear and our left. When I +returned I found that the General was being removed to the rear, but +by the men of what regiment I do not know. I remained with him until +he died, which must have been about 1 o’clock <span class="smcaplc">P. M.</span>, 17th. * * Where +the General fell was a little to our left of the woods—a cornfield +was directly in front. I am very sure that the General was not killed +by the men of the [Confederate] command in front of the 10th Maine. I +am positive as to this.”</p></div> + +<p>Here is another instance how impossible it is to see everything as it is +in battle. Apparently Maj. Dyer did not see the General hurrying the 10th +Maine across the brigade front.</p> + +<p> </p> +<h4>GEN. MANSFIELD’S MISTAKE.</h4> + +<p>The next question that arises is, why did Gen. Mansfield suppose the 10th +Maine was firing into Union troops?</p> + +<p>While the corps was waiting in the vicinity of Joe Poffenberger’s, (marked +6:20 on the map) from about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> 6:20 to 7:20 <span class="smcaplc">A. M.</span>, Gen. Mansfield was seen +frequently by almost every soldier of the corps. In hundreds of letters, +from the various regiments and batteries, there is a common agreement that +the General was moving around the field continually. He seemed to be +everywhere. Although he appeared like a calm and dignified old gentleman +when he took command of the corps two days before, on this fatal morning +he was the personification of vigor, dash and enthusiasm. As before +stated, he remained some minutes at the northwest corner of East Woods (W +on the map), observing the battle. One gets a fine view of the field from +there and he must have got a good insight into the way Hooker’s corps was +fighting. Presumably the tide was turning against Hooker, and as likely +Mansfield had been called upon by him for reinforcements, but when +Mansfield left the northwest corner to set his corps in motion, the East +Woods, if I have rightly interpreted the reports and correspondence, was +still in possession of Union troops. Probably, almost at the same time +that Mansfield quitted his lookout, the Confederate brigade of Law (Hood’s +division) came charging out of West Woods, the 4th Alabama on the right +running up the Smoketown road, as before stated, and entering the woods at +the south-west corner where the Georgia battalion joined on its right. The +movements of all of Hood’s troops were exceedingly rapid.</p> + +<p>How much time elapsed from Mansfield’s leaving his lookout to his being +wounded, I can only roughly estimate at from fifteen to twenty minutes, +but it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> was time enough to change the condition of affairs very +materially, and I cannot help thinking the time passed very quickly to +him, and that he did not realize the fact that the remnants of Rickett’s +division had been driven out of the woods and cornfield, nor even did he +suppose it was possible. Wise or unwise, it was entirely in keeping with +everything else the General did during the three days he was with us, for +him to come himself and see what we were doing; and like everything else, +he did it with the utmost promptness. It was this habit of personal +attention to details, and his other characteristic of rapid flying here +and there, that make it so difficult for many of the soldiers of the 12th +corps to believe he was wounded when and where he was.</p> + +<p> </p> +<h4>A WORD IN CLOSING.</h4> + +<p>In this narrative it has been impossible to avoid frequent reference to +myself and to my regiment, but there is nothing in the Mansfield incident +of special credit to any of us. We were there and saw it; we live and can +prove it; this is the whole story in a nut shell.</p> + +<p>I have always regretted that I left the regiment even on so important a +mission. At the time, I supposed it was only to be for a moment, and that +with three field officers on duty I could be spared. As for the regiment, +we succeeded so very much better later in the war, that we have not been +in the habit of making great claims for the part we took in Antietam.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +Many other Union regiments fought longer, struggled harder, did more +effective service and lost more men than we.</p> + +<p>The Confederates opposed to us appeared to be equal to us in numbers and +they were superior in experience and all that experience gives. On all +other fields, from the beginning to the end of our long service, we never +had to face their equals. Everybody knows that troops fighting under the +eye of Stonewall Jackson, and directed by Hood, were a terrible foe. Our +particular opponents were all good marksmen, and the constant call of +their officers, “Aim low,” appeared to us entirely unnecessary.</p> + +<p>It was an awful morning; our comrades went down one after another with a +most disheartening frequency, pierced with bullets from men who were half +concealed, or who dodged quickly back to a safe cover the moment they +fired. We think it was enough for us to “hold our own” till Greene’s men +swept in with their “terrible and overwhelming attack.”<small><a name="f21.1" id="f21.1" href="#f21">[21]</a></small></p> + +<p>From all this story, I hope the reader will see why the wounding of Gen. +Mansfield, which is the all important part in this narrative, is only a +secondary matter to the men of the Tenth Maine Regiment, and why +misrepresentations and errors have gone undisputed so many years. We never +considered it our business to set history aright, until we saw that <i>our</i> +testimony was discredited and found our statement of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> fact treated as only +one of the many stories of the wagon-drivers of Sharpsburg.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EXPLANATION OF THE MAP.</h2> + +<p>The following map is based upon one issued November, 1894, by the +“Antietam Board.” This in turn was based upon the so-called “Michler” map +from the office of the U. S. Engineers, which, while correct in the main, +has many errors of detail, and it is not likely that all of them have yet +been discovered by the Board. Indeed, one object of the Board in issuing +the map, was to invite criticism and corrections from the soldiers and +others.</p> + +<p>The positions of the troops cannot be shown with anything like accuracy +and clearness on so small a map, and are omitted excepting a few needed to +illustrate the narrative, but it may be said in a general way, that just +before Gen. Mansfield was wounded, the Union forces, under Hooker, were +pushed out of “the great cornfield” and the East Woods. The 12th Corps, +(Mansfield’s), with some help from the remnants of the 1st Corps +(Hooker’s), stopped the advance of the Confederates under Hood, and in +turn drove them back to West Woods.</p> + +<p>At the time Mansfield was wounded, Major Robbins’ command in East Woods +was the extreme right of the troops of the Confederate left wing +(Jackson’s) <i>actually engaged</i>. Their line ran, with many turns and +several intervals, from the woods through the great cornfield to the +northern part of West Woods. Not many men in either army were firing their +muskets at the moment Mansfield was shot, but the two or three thousand on +each side, who were engaged, were very fiercely contending for their +positions.</p> + +<p> </p><p><a name="map" id="map"></a> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i033tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /> +<a href="images/i033.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><b>Footnotes:</b></p> + +<p><a name="f1" id="f1" href="#f1.1">[1]</a> Sept. 17, 1891.</p> + +<p><a name="f2" id="f2" href="#f2.1">[2]</a> The brigade [Crawford’s] had reached a point close to the Hagerstown +pike, with the left almost touching the Dunker Church. The brigade was +within 50 yards of the turnpike, ready to cross over and into the woods +lining the road on the opposite side. These woods were filled with +Stonewall Jackson’s troops; and their sharpshooters in the foliage were +picking off officers. * * Notwithstanding the hazard, Gen. Mansfield, +instead of sending a staff officer to direct the movement of the troops +toward the point intended by him, rode forward himself and gave personal +directions, wholly in a matter of detail (the alignment of a single +regiment that was making an effort to dress on its colors), and when +engaged in that unimportant duty of detail for a corps commander, was shot +from the woods and almost instantly killed.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[National Tribune, Washington, D. C., Nov. 16, 1893.</span></p> + +<p><a name="f3" id="f3" href="#f3.1">[3]</a> These three organizations were virtually one. The 1st Regiment, after +serving three months in 1861, re-organized as the 10th, to serve till May, +1863, when it was again recruited and re-organized as the 29th, to serve +three years more. The 10th Battalion was that portion of the 10th Regiment +which was not discharged in 1863. Excepting eight weeks in the fall of +1861, the regiment or battalion was in “the field” during the entire war, +and for more than a year afterward.</p> + +<p><a name="f4" id="f4" href="#f4.1">[4]</a> The map does not show this new or “Keedysville road.” It now runs +directly past Michael Miller’s gate to Sam Poffenberger’s, thence up Sam’s +old lane to the woods, there turning west enters the Smoketown road, where +the right of the 10th Maine fought—near <b>M</b> on the map. The lane from M. +Miller’s to Morrison’s has been closed, and also that part of Sam’s lane +which was in East Woods.</p> + +<p><a name="f5" id="f5" href="#f5.1">[5]</a> Samuel Poffenberger’s. Erroneously marked Dunbar’s Mills on the old +maps.</p> + +<p><a name="f6" id="f6" href="#f6.1">[6]</a> Crawford’s brigade, 46th Penn., Col. Knipe; 10th Maine, Col. Beal; +28th N. Y., fragment, Capt. Mapes; 124th Penn., Col. Hawley; 125th Penn., +Col. Higgins; 128th Penn., Col. Samuel Croasdale (killed.)</p> + +<p><a name="f7" id="f7" href="#f7.1">[7]</a> That is, to bring the men “into line”—the position they should be in +for fighting; since while in mass, only Companies I and G could fire their +muskets, while a fairly well aimed bullet from the enemy would be almost +sure to hit one or more of us.</p> + +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i011.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="f8" id="f8" href="#f8.1">[8]</a> The 10th Maine went into battle with 21 officers, and 276 men with +muskets.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Loss. 3 officers and 28 men killed and mortally wounded.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.25em;">5 officers and 35 men wounded.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.25em;">0 prisoners.</span></p> + +<p>Total killed and wounded 71, or 24 per cent. of number engaged.</p> + +<p><a name="f9" id="f9" href="#f9.1">[9]</a> A regimental division is two companies; C and F in the present case.</p> + +<p><a name="f10" id="f10" href="#f10.1">[10]</a> He named an officer and regiment of Hooker’s Corps, both of which I +forgot before the day was ended.</p> + +<p><a name="f11" id="f11" href="#f11.1">[11]</a> Sergt. Joe Merrill, Co. F; Private Storer S. Knight, Co. B; Private +James Sheridan, Co. C.</p> + +<p><a name="f12" id="f12" href="#f12.1">[12]</a> Doctor Francis B. Davidson, of the 125th Penn., met the ambulance +near Line’s house and turned it in there, and there the General was +treated and died, as everybody knows.</p> + +<p><a name="f13" id="f13" href="#f13.1">[13]</a> An out-cropping spur of limestone ledge, common all over the field.</p> + +<p><a name="f14" id="f14" href="#f14.1">[14]</a> These were, as we understand, the 128th Penn., a new, large regiment, +and the fragments of the 28th N. Y. and 46th Penn. I have not definitely +learned <i>exactly</i> where the last two were while the 10th Maine was +fighting, but we saw very plainly the 128th Penn. upon the Croasdale +Knoll.</p> + +<p><a name="f15" id="f15" href="#f15.1">[15]</a> Law’s brigade and Wofford’s or “The Texas” brigade.</p> + +<p><a name="f16" id="f16" href="#f16.1">[16]</a> Garland’s brigade was in the woods a short time, and a few men from +some Confederate command were in the extreme northern edge when Tyndale +approached it.</p> + +<p><a name="f17" id="f17" href="#f17.1">[17]</a> Dear old “Jim” has long since “passed over to the other side,” and I +cannot tell why he made such a strange report, nor why he didn’t let me, +his Adjutant, know about it and have a copy to file away.</p> + +<p><a name="f18" id="f18" href="#f18.1">[18]</a> History 1st-10th-29th Maine regiment, May 3, 1861, to June 21, 1866. +Stephen Berry, Publisher, Portland, Me.</p> + +<p><a name="f19" id="f19" href="#f19.1">[19]</a> Memorial of Gen. Mansfield, United States Army, Boston, T. R. Marvin +& Son, 1862.</p> + +<p><a name="f20" id="f20" href="#f20.1">[20]</a> Now Lt.-Col. of Engineers, U. S. A.</p> + +<p><a name="f21" id="f21" href="#f21.1">[21]</a> Quotation from Major Robbins.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Joseph K. F. Mansfield, Brigadier +General of the U.S. Army, by John Mead Gould + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOSEPH K. F. 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F. Mansfield, Brigadier General +of the U.S. Army, by John Mead Gould + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Joseph K. F. Mansfield, Brigadier General of the U.S. Army + A Narrative of Events Connected with His Mortal Wounding + at Antietam, Sharpsburg, Maryland, September 17, 1862 + +Author: John Mead Gould + +Release Date: May 5, 2010 [EBook #32258] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOSEPH K. F. MANSFIELD *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + Joseph K. F. Mansfield, + BRIGADIER GENERAL OF THE U. S. ARMY. + + + A NARRATIVE OF EVENTS CONNECTED + WITH HIS MORTAL WOUNDING + AT + ANTIETAM, + Sharpsburg, Maryland, + September 17, 1862. + + + BY + JOHN MEAD GOULD, + LATE ACTING ADJUTANT 10TH MAINE VOLUNTEERS, + AND MAJOR 29TH MAINE VETERAN VOLS. + + + PORTLAND: + STEPHEN BERRY, PRINTER. + 1895. + + + + +Joseph King Fenno Mansfield was born in New Haven, Conn., December 22, +1803. His early education was obtained in the common schools of his state. +At the age of fourteen he entered the military academy at West Point, +being the youngest of a class of forty. During the five years of his +course, he was a careful and earnest student, especially distinguishing +himself in the sciences, and graduating in 1822, second in his class. + +He was immediately promoted to the Corps of Engineers, in which department +he served throughout the Mexican war. In 1832 he was made 1st Lieutenant; +three years later Captain. + +His gallantry and efficiency during the Mexican war were rewarded by +successive brevets of Major, Lt.-Colonel and Colonel of Engineers. + +In 1853 Mansfield was appointed Inspector General of the army, and in the +prosecution of his duties visited all parts of the country. + +At the outbreak of the War of the Rebellion he was in the Northwest, but +in April, 1861, was summoned to Washington to take command of the forces +there. On May 17, 1861, Mansfield was promoted to the rank of Brigadier +General in the regular army. + +He rendered valuable service at Fortress Monroe, Newport News, Suffolk, +and finally at Antietam, where he was mortally wounded, September 17, +1862. + + + + +NARRATIVE. + + +It was bad enough and sad enough that Gen. Mansfield should be mortally +wounded once, but to be wounded six, seven or eight times in as many +localities is too much of a story to let stand unchallenged. + +These pages will tell what the members of the 10th Maine Regiment know of +the event, but first we will state what others have claimed. + +The following places have been pointed out as the spot where Mansfield was +wounded and all sorts of particulars have been given. Besides these a man +with a magic-lantern is traveling through the country showing Burnside's +bridge, and remarking, "Here Mansfield fell." + +The spot marked =A= on the map is said to have been vouched for by a "New +York officer of Mansfield's staff." + +=B= is where the late David R. Miller understood the General was wounded +by a sharpshooter stationed in Miller's barn, west of the pike. + +=C= is where Capt. Gardiner and Lieut. Dunegan, of Co. K, 125th Penn. +Vols., assured me[1] that the General fell from his horse in front of +their company. + +=D= is where, in November, 1894, I found a marker, that had been placed +there the October previous, by some one unknown to me. These are the four +principal places which have been pointed out to visitors. Still another +spot was shown to our party when the 1-10-29th Maine Regiment Association +made its first visit to the field, Oct. 4, 1889; it is south of =A=, but I +did not note exactly where. + +=E=. There has also been published in the National Tribune, which has an +immense circulation among the soldiers, the statement[2] of Col. John H. +Keatley, now Commandant of the Soldier's Home, Marshall-town, Iowa, who +locates the place near the Dunker Church. + +Col. Keatley's letters show that he has been on the field several times +since the war, which makes it harder to believe what would seem very plain +otherwise, that his memory of locations has failed him. He appears to have +got the recollection of the two woods mixed. Keatley was Sergeant of Co. +A, the extreme left of the 125th Penn. + +Mr. Alexander Davis, who resided and worked on the field before and after +the battle, points out a place several rods northeast of the present +residence of Millard F. Nicodemus (built since the war and not shown on +the map). Some Indiana troops were the supposed original authority for +this place, which is not far from =B=. It is only fair to Mr. Davis to add +that he claims no personal knowledge. + +There are several other places that have been described to me in private +letters, but these need no mention here. + + +WHY SO MANY ERRORS? + +Why has there been so much difficulty in identifying the right locality? + +There has been no difficulty, none whatever, among those who knew the +facts. The errors have all come from the ignorant, the imaginative, and +those who have poor memories. + +It will be easy, especially for one standing on the ground while reading +these pages, to see that very few except the 10th Maine would witness the +event, as we were so nearly isolated and almost hidden. We made very +little account at the time, of what is now considered an important event +in the history of the battle. It then appeared to us as only one of the +many tragedies in the great slaughter. Nothing was done at the time to +mark the spot, and hardly a note of the event was recorded. + + +REGIMENTAL EXCURSION. + +In 1889, the 1-10-29th Maine Regiment[3] Association made an excursion to +the various battle fields in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia where the +regiment had fought. Friday, October 4th, was the day of the visit to +Antietam. Not one of the company had been there for twenty-five years, yet +on arriving in East Woods we readily and surely identified the fighting +position of the regiment, which was known as the "Tenth Maine," at the +time of the battle. We found that the west face of the woods had been +considerably cut away, and that many of the trees inside the woods had +been felled, but there was no serious change in the neighborhood where we +fought, excepting that a road had been laid out exactly along the line of +battle where we fired our first volley. We have since learned that in +1872, the County bought a fifteen feet strip of land, 961 feet long, +bordering that part of the northeast edge of the woods, which lies between +Samuel Poffenberger's lane and the Smoketown road, and moved the "worm +fence" fifteen feet into the field.[4] Excepting as these changes +affected the view, all agreed that everything in our vicinity had a +"natural look." The chief features were "the bushes," directly in rear of +our right companies; the Croasdale Knoll, further to the right and rear; +the Smoketown Road, which enters East Woods between the bushes and the +Knoll, and runs past our front through the woods; the low land in our +right front; the "open," easily discernable through the woods; the rising +land with its ledges, big and little, in the front; the denser woods in +the left front; the worm fence before noted, and the long ledge behind it, +against which our left companies sheltered themselves by Captain Jordan's +thoughtful guidance; and the gully beginning in the rear of our position +and leading down to the great stone barn and stone mansion,[5] with its +immense spring of water. + +The large oak in rear of our right, to which Col. Beal crawled after he +was wounded, was still standing a few paces up (northeast) the Smoketown +road, and another good sized tree nearer the front was recognized by Capt. +(then Sergt.) Goss as the one from which he first opened fire. Lt.-Col. +Emerson (Capt. of H, the right Co.) stood where he stood in 1862 and +pointed out to our guests place after place which he recognized. + +Many of "the bushes" of 1862 had grown into sizable trees; they, with +Beal's and Goss's trees and the Smoketown road fence, had been a serious +obstacle to the advance of our right companies. + +The scar, or depression in the ground, where we had buried a few of our +dead (northeast of Beal's tree), was still visible, but repeated plowing +since 1889 has entirely effaced it. + +Our excursion was entirely for pleasure; we had no thought of controversy, +nor even of the enlightenment of the Sharpsburg people, who knew nothing +of the true locality where Mansfield was wounded, but were showing two or +three erroneous places to visitors. We defended the truth, photographed +the position, but found it difficult for several reasons to decide by +several feet upon the _exact_ spot of the wounding. + +It is necessary now to go back to 1862 and tell the story of the battle as +seen by the 10th Maine; and as since the war a generation has grown up +that knows nothing of the way soldiers are arranged for marching and +fighting, it is best to give a great many explanations that may seem +unnecessary to an old soldier. + + +THE PART TAKEN BY THE 10TH MAINE. + +The 12th Army Corps, Mansfield commanding, marched on the Boonsboro pike, +late at night of Sept. 16th, from "the center" through Keedysville to the +farm of George Line (G. Lyons on the old maps) and there rested till +daybreak. Gen. Mansfield slept on the west side of a fence which ran south +from Line's garden to woods. His bed was the grass and his roof a +blanket. The 10th Maine was on the east side of the fence (see map), and +some of our boys who indulged in loud talk were ordered by the General to +lower their tones to a whisper. The other regiments of our brigade were +near us, while the other brigades of the corps appeared to be behind ours +(or east). Our brigade[6] was the advance of the corps, and marched a +little before 5 o'clock on the morning of the battle, first to the west +across the Smoketown road, and nearly to John Poffenberger's, and then +south to nearly abreast of Joseph Poffenberger's (marked 6.20 on the map), +and there halted for almost an hour, during all of which time, that is +from before 5 A. M., Hooker's corps was fighting in and around "the great +cornfield," the enemy being south and west of it. + +As well as could be judged, all of the 12th corps followed our movements, +and halted to the right or left of the rear of our brigade. + +The 124th and 125th Penn. were detached from the brigade at some early +hour, but at 7.20 by my watch, which may have been five to ten minutes +fast, the other four regiments were started for the fight. + +The 10th Maine was guided by Gen. Mansfield in person. We had all seen him +for some time previous sitting on his horse at the northwest corner of the +East Wood, marked W on the map. He hurried us, first to the front, down +hill through a field where several piles of stone lay, the Smoketown road +still being on our left. We barely entered the "ten acre cornfield" when +Mansfield beckoned us to move to our left. We then marched a few steps by +what the tactics call "Left oblique," but did not gain ground to the left +sufficiently to suit the General, so Col. Beal commanded "Left flank," +whereupon each man faced east, and we presently knocked over the two +fences of the Smoketown road and marched into Sam Poffenberger's field. +While going across the Smoketown road Gen. Hooker rode from the woods (M) +and told Col. Beal "The enemy are breaking through my lines; you must hold +these woods," (meaning East Woods.) + +After crossing the road, bullets from the enemy began to whiz over and +around us. When well into Sam Poffenberger's field the Colonel commanded +"Right flank," then each man again faced south (or west of south to be +more exact) and we all marched straight for the enemy, whom some of us +could see in the woods, close to where our Mansfield marker is now +standing, marked M on the map. + +The 10th Maine was in "double column at half distance" (or "double column +in mass," as some remember.) + + +[Illustration] + + +Each line in the diagram represents about 15 men all facing "front." In +this order we had bivouacked and marched to Sam Poffenberger's field, only +that while in the ten acre corn field every man turned on his left heel +and marched toward what had been the "left," until arriving in Sam +Poffenberger's field, where a turn of each man to his right, or the +technical "front," brought us to our original position. + +Apparently fifty to a hundred Confederates were strung along the fence (M) +firing at us. They had the immense advantage that they could rest their +rifles on the fence and fire into us, massed ten ranks deep, while we +could only march and "take it." + +It was high time to deploy,[7] and Col. Beal proposed to do so, but Gen. +Mansfield said "No," and remarked that a regiment can be easier handled +"in mass" than "in line"; which is very true in the abstract. Gen. +Mansfield then rode away, and Col. Beal, hardly waiting for him to get out +of sight, ordered the regiment to deploy in double quick time. Everybody +felt the need of haste. + +In the execution of this order Companies I and G, with the color guard, +continued marching straight ahead at the ordinary step, just as if no +order had been given. The men of Co's F, C, D and B turned to their left +and ran east--toward Sam Poffenberger's Co's H, A, K and E turned to the +right and ran west--toward the Smoketown road. As fast as the respective +companies "uncovered," they came to "Front" and advanced to the front, +still running. In other words, after Co. B had run east and Co. E west, +the length of their company, each man turned to the front (or the woods) +and the company ran till B was left of G, and E was right of I, which +being done B and E quit running and took up the ordinary step. It will be +seen that D had twice as far to run to the east, and K twice as far to the +west, and that C and A ran three times, and F and H four times as far as B +and E had done. + +I have been so circumstantial in describing all this for two reasons. +First, because standing to-day on the battle line of the 10th Maine (which +is the position the enemy occupied at the time the 10th was deploying), +and looking over the fence northeast into Sam Poffenberger's field, as the +Confederates did, one will see how it was that when the 10th Me., with +about 300[8] men, came to deploy and to advance afterward, the Smoketown +fence, and the trees of Beal and Goss, with "the bushes," were an obstacle +to the right companies, and the ledge would have been somewhat so to the +left companies if Capt. Jordan had not halted his division[9] behind it. +He did this for shelter as the first reason, and because, perceiving there +was no Union force on our left, he knew it was better to have our left +"refused" and hence not so easily "flanked" by the enemy. (See map.) + +Second, and more particularly, I wish to state that on Nov. 9, 1894, Major +Wm. N. Robbins, 4th Alabama, Law's brigade, Hood's division of the +Confederate army, met me by appointment on the field and compared +experiences. We had previously had a long correspondence, in which he +persistently referred to seeing a "hesitating" Union regiment which he +ordered his troops to fire into. The result of this fire was the +dispersion of the Union regiment, whereupon he himself went over towards +his left and attended to affairs nearer the great cornfield. After a great +deal of correspondence with every Union and Confederate regiment that +fought in the vicinity, I could not learn of any Union regiment that was +dispersed, either in Sam Poffenberger's field, or in the "field of stone +piles," nor could the Major determine, by consulting the map alone, +whether it was the Smoketown road or Joe Poffenberger's bypath that was on +his left when the Union regiment dispersed. + +In November, '94, when we met on the ground, he was sure that the +Smoketown road was on his left. Hence it was plain that it could be only +the 10th Maine that "dispersed." + +Yet we certainly did not!! + +For a little while it was a very dark problem; then it dawned upon me that +from where the Major stood he did not see (because of the slight rise of +land between us) the movement of our center and right as we deployed, +while the running to the east of Co's F, C, D and G appeared to him +precisely like a dispersion. I do not know a better illustration of how +difficult it is to see things in battle as they really are happening. + +With this vexed question settled, it becomes easier to understand the +movements of other regiments, but these do not concern us now, further +than that there was no other regiment at the time and place for Maj. +Robbins to "disperse." + +The result of this extensive correspondence assures me that Gen. Mansfield +was wounded by Maj. Robbins' command, to which I will refer presently. + +The reader will readily see how easily we can remember these prominent +features of the field, and how surely we can identify our old position +after the lapse of years. We are not confronted with the difficult task +which those have who fought in the open field with no striking landmarks +near; and where the position of the fences have been changed. + +To resume the narrative: The enemy fell back as we approached. On arriving +at the fence, we opened fire, and then rushed into the woods for such +cover as the trees, &c., offered. The enemy also was well scattered +through the woods, behind numerous ledges, logs, trees and piles of cord +wood, a few men only being east of the Smoketown road, which at that time +was not fenced. + +The fire of the enemy was exceedingly well aimed; and as the distance +between us was only about one hundred yards we had a bloody time of it. + +We had fired only a few rounds, before some of us noticed Gens. Mansfield +and Crawford, and other mounted officers, over on the Croasdale Knoll, +which, with the intervening ground, was open woods. Mansfield at once came +galloping down the hill and passed through the scattered men of the right +companies, shouting "Cease firing, you are firing into our own men!" He +rode very rapidly and fearlessly till he reached the place where our line +bent to the rear (behind the fence). Captain Jordan now ran forward as far +as the fence, along the top of the ledge behind which his division was +sheltered, and insisted that Gen. Mansfield should "Look and see." He and +Sergt. Burnham pointed out particular men of the enemy, who were not 50 +yards away, that were then aiming their rifles at us and at him. Doubtless +the General was wounded while talking with Jordan; at all events he was +convinced, and remarked, "Yes, you are right." He then turned his horse +and passed along to the lower land where the fence was down, and attempted +to go through, but the horse, which also appeared to be wounded, refused +to step into the trap-like mass of rails and rubbish, or to jump over. The +General thereupon promptly dismounted and led the horse into Sam +Poffenberger's field. I had noticed the General when he was with Crawford +on the Croasdale Knoll, and had followed him with my eye in all his ride. +Col. Beal was having a great deal of trouble with his horse, which was +wounded and appeared to be trying to throw the Colonel, and I was slow in +starting from the Colonel to see what Mansfield's gestures meant. I met +him at the gap in the fence. As he dismounted his coat blew open, and I +saw that blood was streaming down the right side of his vest. + +The General was very quick in all his motions and attempted to mount as +soon as the horse had got through the fence; but his strength was +evidently failing, and he yielded to the suggestion that we should take +him to a surgeon. What became of the orderly and the horse none of us +noticed. Sergt. Joe Merrill, of Co. F, helped carry the General off; a +young black man, who had just come up the ravine from the direction of Sam +Poffenberger's, was pressed into service. He was very unwilling to come +with us, as he was hunting for Capt. Somebody's[10] frying-pan, the loss +of which disturbed him more than the National calamity. Joe Merrill was so +incensed at the Contraband's sauciness, his indifference to the danger, +and his slovenly way of handling the General, that he begged me to put +down the General and "fix things." It turned out that Joe's intention was +to "fix" the darkey, whom he cuffed and kicked most unmercifully. We then +got a blanket and other men, and I started off ahead of the re-formed +squad[11] to find a Surgeon. + +The road had appeared to be full of ambulances a half hour before, but all +were gone now and we carried the General clear to Sam Poffenberger's +woods. Here I saw Gen. Geo. H. Gordon, commanding the 3d brigade of our +division, told him the story and asked him to send an orderly or aide for +a surgeon, but he said he could not as he had neither with him. He was +moving the 107th N. Y., a new, large regiment; an ambulance was found and +two medical officers, just inside the woods, a few steps north of where +Sam Poffenberger's gate now hangs, marked K on the map. The younger doctor +put a flask to the General's mouth. The whiskey, or whatever it was, +choked the General and added greatly to his distress. We put the General +into the ambulance and that was the last I saw of him. Lieut. Edw. R. +Witman, 46th Penn., an aide to Gen. Crawford, had been sent back by Gen. +Crawford, who evidently saw Mansfield in his fatal ride. I turned over +ambulance[12] and all to him and returned to the regiment; but when I +arrived I found that Tyndale's and Stainrook's brigades of Greene's +division had swept the woods a little while after I had gone, carrying a +dozen or two of the 10th with them, and that Gen. Gordon had followed +later with the 107th New York. Only twenty or thirty men of the 10th Maine +were left on the ground; the colors and the others had gone out and taken +position somewhere back of the Croasdale Knoll. + +We buried some of the dead of our regiment in the north edge of "the +bushes," near to the Smoketown road fence. During the remainder of the day +a very large number of the officers and men of the regiment were detailed +by various medical officers to bring off wounded men from "the cornfield" +and woods, for the ambulance department was not organized at that time as +it was later in the war, and was not equal to the task. + +We also buried the Confederate dead that fell in our immediate front, but +somehow the cracker-box head boards were marked (20 GEO), and this little +error made trouble enough for me as Historian of the regimental +association. + +At night we bivouacked north of Sam Poffenberger's woods, and on the 18th +marched into East Woods, just beyond where we fought, halted, stacked +arms, and during the truce dispersed to look at all the sights in our +neighborhood. + +On the 19th we were moved into the woods again and took a more extended +view of the field. + +In June, 1863, the 10th Maine Battalion, in its march to Gettysburg, +passed near the field, and four or five of those who had been in the +battle turned aside to see the old grounds. The graves near "the bushes" +and those of the "20th Georgia" were just as we left them. + +Lt.-Col. Fillebrown also visited the field some time during the war, and a +party was sent out to bring home the remains of Capt. Furbish, which had +been buried near Sam Poffenberger's. + +It will therefore be seen that almost every one of the 10th Maine, who +came out of the battle unharmed, had a chance to view the field and to +impress its topographical features in his mind. Therefore, when a dozen or +more of us who had fought in the battle, visited the field in 1889, we had +no difficulty whatever in finding our locality, and our testimony is +sufficient; but more can be cited. + +Mr. Sam Poffenberger, by whom I have been most hospitably entertained in +two of my trips (1891 and 1894), assures me that the 10th Maine graves +remained near "the bushes" until removed to the National Cemetery. He also +says the graves of the 111th Penn. Vols., during all that time, were under +the ledge where the left of our regiment (Co. F) rested. The 111th Penn. +Vols. relieved us. + +The course of the march of the 107th N. Y. has been identified by members +of that regiment who have visited the field; and letters from several of +them confirm the statements made on page 17. + +The line of march of the 3d Maryland and 102d N. Y., who were on the left +of the 111th Penn. Vols., has been fully identified and exactly joins our +identification. + +For substantial evidence of the truth of our narrative we will say that +Maj. Jordan still has the cord which fell from the General's hat as he +waved it at our left companies in trying to make them cease firing. + +The hat itself, which fell off inside the fence when the General gave +himself into the care of Joe Merrill and the others of us, got into the +hands of Gen. Nye (Capt. of Co. K) and he forwarded it to the family, and +has the acknowledgment of receipt of the same. + +Geo. W. Knowlton, Esq., Boston, Mass., has a pair of blood-stained gloves +sent home by his father, Maj. Wm. Knowlton, (Capt. Co. F, but not present +at Antietam) who wrote and afterward explained to Mrs. Knowlton that one +of his men picked them up and gave them to him. + +It will now be seen that though the regimental excursion of 1889 was +positive of the position of the regiment, we could not decide _exactly_ +where Mansfield fell, for it so happened that the main witnesses of the +wounding were not then present. On returning home, I made a special study +of the facts, and found that Maj. Jordan was sure he could find "the +boulder" which he mounted to attract the attention of Gen. Mansfield. Maj. +Redlon, who was in command of Co. D, a man of remarkable memory and +faculty of observation, also assured me that Maj. Jordan was there. Jordan +is a short man, and naturally mounted the ledge to "get even" with the +General. Sergeant Burnham, of Co. C, while living, frequently spoke of +this to me. + +On September 17, 1891, Maj. Jordan, Surgeon Howard and myself accepted the +invitation of the 125th Penn. to visit the field with them. Major Jordan +readily found the ledge without my assistance, on the afternoon of the +16th, but "the boulder[13]" was not visible. During the evening Mr. Sam. +Poffenberger told of the change of fence and the building of the new road. + +Early in the morning we went again, and there under the fence, with a +small red cedar growing over it, was "the boulder." We easily changed the +fence and obliterated the road in our mind's eyes, and thereupon +everything came out clearly. We know precisely where the General sat on +his horse when he talked with Jordan, and there it is, as we understand +it, he was wounded. We borrowed tools from our host and set up our marker +forthwith for the edification of our 125th Penn. comrades, who soon came +trooping down on us. Maj. Jordan staid by his marker all day, defending +the truth most vigorously. I went with Capt. Gardner and Lieut. Dunegan to +the place where they say Mansfield fell from his saddle and was borne off +by two of their men. The place is about 600 yards from where Mansfield was +shot. From others of the 125th it was evident that Gen. Mansfield's +riderless horse did bring up at about the place pointed out, but we know +the fatal shot came to the General himself while he halted in front of +Captain Jordan. + +The thoroughly good feeling shown to us by all of these good fellows of +the old 125th has not been forgotten, and never can be; and in telling the +true story I am not a little embarrassed with the fact that I seem to make +reflections upon some of them. + + +THE CONFEDERATES. + +It has been stated that the 10th Maine was the extreme left of Hooker's +command (1st and 12th corps) during the 40 minutes, more or less, the +regiment was engaged. The Confederate troops opposed to us and to our +neighbors[14] on the right were from Hood's division.[15] + +The 4th Alabama was the right regiment of all, and they came up the +Smoketown road from the West Woods in a hurry. On reaching East Woods they +deployed and advanced "in line." On nearing the woods Maj. Robbins met +what he understood at the time was a half regiment of Georgia troops, who +told him they had already been in the fight and would go in again. He +ordered them to form on his right and advance in line with him. All was +done in great haste, and in consequence of this and the broken character +of the woods and the rush for shelter, the two commands were mixed all +together, the Georgians, however, being naturally in preponderance on the +Confederate right. Some time after they had been engaged the 5th Texas, +under Capt. Turner, was sent in by Gen. Hood, and they mixed in with the +others wherever a chance offered. All this I have learned by +correspondence with many members from each of Hood's regiments. + +After a long and intensely exciting hunt for the Georgia regiment that +this battalion belonged to--Major Robbins remembering only that their +number was "in the twenties"--I have learned that it was the skirmisher +battalion of Gen. Colquitt's brigade of D. H. Hill's division, composed of +one company each (Co. A generally) from the five regiments of his brigade, +viz: 6th, 23d, 27th and 28th Georgia and 13th Alabama, under Capt. Wm. M. +Arnold, of the 6th Georgia. We therefore made a mistake in the number only +when we marked those head boards "20 Georgia." This battalion got into the +fight an hour or more before their brigade and fought independently of it. +The troops under Robbins, Turner and Arnold are the only Confederates, so +far as I can learn, that did heavy fighting in East Woods.[16] There were +no better troops in the Confederate army; they suffered a loss in killed +and wounded of nearly one-half, and probably inflicted a still larger +numerical loss upon the Union troops. + + +OFFICIAL REPORTS. + +We will next look at the Official Reports bearing on the subject. (See +Vol. XIX, Part I, Official Record, War of the Rebellion, U. S. Gov't +printing office.) + +I. In Lt.-Col. Fillebrown's[17] report (10th Maine) there is no mention +of the event, nor is there anything else that has the merit of being both +true and worth recording. (See page 489.) + +Ordinarily he was one of the most genial and accommodating of men; but +when sick and vexed, as plainly he was when he made that report, he could +dash off just such a jumble, and send it in to head quarters before the +ink was dry. + +It is due to him to say that he was run over and kicked in the bowels by +Col. Beal's horse just at the moment Col. Beal himself was wounded; and +when, but for the untimely kick, "Jim" might have led us on to victory and +covered himself with glory. + +II. In Col. Jacob Higgins' (125th Penn.) report we have-- + + "Previous to this Gen. Mansfield fell, some of my men carrying him + off the field on their muskets until a blanket was procured." (Page + 492, Vol. XIX.) + +It cannot be determined from the report, exactly when or where "this" was; +but it was plainly early in the morning and before the 125th entered West +Wood, where (and not in East Wood) they fought. + +This report annoyed me much when I first saw it in 1887, but Col. Higgins +has written to me that he knows nothing personally of the event but +reported it because officers whom he trusted assured him it was so. + +III. Col. Knipe, (46 Penn.) who made the brigade report, simply mentions +that Mansfield was wounded. + +IV. In Gen. Crawford's report we read: + + "Gen. Mansfield, the corps commander, had been mortally wounded, and + was borne past my position to the rear." (Page 485, Vol. XIX, Part + I.) + +This "position" is not defined further than to state that it was +"Miller's" woods, or "East woods," as we now call them. + +V. Gen. Williams, commanding 1st division and succeeding Mansfield in +command of the corps, says: + + "While the deployment [of the 12th corps] was going on and before the + leading regiments were fairly engaged, it was reported to me that the + veteran and distinguished commander of the corps was mortally + wounded." (Page 475, Vol. XIX.) + +VI. Gen. Geo. H. Gordon, commanding 3d brigade, 1st division, says: + + "Gen. Mansfield had been mortally wounded at the commencement of the + action, while making a bold reconnoissance of the woods through which + we had just dashed." (Page 495, Vol. XIX.) + +VII. We find the following in the report of Gen. Edwin V. Sumner, +"commanding 2d and 12th corps." He also commanded the 1st corps upon his +arrival in our part of the field, about 9 A. M.: + + "General Mansfield, a worthy and gallant veteran, was unfortunately + mortally wounded while leading his corps into action." (Page 275, + Vol. XIX.) + +VIII. Gen. Hooker, commanding 1st corps and having the 12th under his +orders, makes no mention of the wounding. + +IX. Gen. McClellan, commanding the Union army, thus refers to the +deployment of the 12th corps: + + "During the deployment, that gallant veteran, Gen. Mansfield, fell + mortally wounded while examining the ground in front of his troops." + (Page 56, Vol. XIX.) + +It should be stated that Vol. XIX was not published until October, +1887--twenty-five years after the battle. + +Besides these unsatisfactory official reports, we have the following +authentic accounts, that have been made public from time to time, and +should have furnished the world with the truth. I noticed that the +newspapers of the day had little to say about the event; accordingly, a +few weeks after the battle I wrote an account and forwarded it to my +father, who sent it to the Hon. Benjamin Douglas, a prominent citizen of +Middletown, Conn.--Mansfield's home. Mr. Douglas acknowledged the receipt, +and showed his appreciation when we were publishing our regimental +history,[18] by furnishing gratis the portraits of the general. This +letter was published in the Portland, Me., papers. + +The regimental history, published in 1871, has a very minute account of +the event. About 700 copies of it were sold. + +The report for 1862 of the Adjutant General of Maine also has a narrative +of the battle, embraced in the report of Col. Beal, who returned to duty +before the end of the year. (Page 74, main report.) + + +GENERALS AND STAFF DID NOT WITNESS. + +A singular phase in this case is the fact that none of Gen. Mansfield's +subordinate commanders excepting Gen. Crawford, and none of Mansfield's +staff, witnessed the wounding. In the three days he was our commander none +of us saw a staff officer with him. It was only a vague memory of a lost +and forgotten general order, and the reference to "Captain Dyer" in the +General's memorial volume,[19] that suggested the possibility there was a +staff. In 1890 to '94 I made a special and persistent effort to learn who +his staff were; also who was the orderly and who the colored servant that +we saw with him. The orderly and servant we have not found. After much +writing I learned that Samuel M. Mansfield,[20] a son of the General, had +been appointed an Aide but had not been able to join his father. Maj. +Clarence H. Dyer, at that time Captain and A. A. G., had accompanied the +General from Washington and was on duty with him till his death. + +Furthermore, Gen. James W. Forsyth, then a Captain, (familiarly known as +"Toney") was temporarily assigned as aide-de-camp to Mansfield by Gen. +McClellan, at whose head quarters Forsyth was then serving. These two were +"present"; but Gen. Mansfield kept them flying so constantly that none of +us recognized them as his staff. + +There are also shadowy hints from various sources that a Lieutenant of +cavalry, name and regiment not stated, lost his opportunity for a day of +glory by too frequent sips of what was known as "commissary." + +Gen. Forsyth writes (1891) that he was sent by Mansfield to "bring up the +divisions of the corps" and that he "was not with Gen. Mansfield when he +received his death wound." + +Maj. Dyer writes (1891): + + "At the time the General was mortally wounded, I was not near him, as + he had given me an order to bring the command of Gen. Crawford to the + front. It was halted somewhat to the rear and our left. When I + returned I found that the General was being removed to the rear, but + by the men of what regiment I do not know. I remained with him until + he died, which must have been about 1 o'clock P. M., 17th. * * Where + the General fell was a little to our left of the woods--a cornfield + was directly in front. I am very sure that the General was not killed + by the men of the [Confederate] command in front of the 10th Maine. I + am positive as to this." + +Here is another instance how impossible it is to see everything as it is +in battle. Apparently Maj. Dyer did not see the General hurrying the 10th +Maine across the brigade front. + + +GEN. MANSFIELD'S MISTAKE. + +The next question that arises is, why did Gen. Mansfield suppose the 10th +Maine was firing into Union troops? + +While the corps was waiting in the vicinity of Joe Poffenberger's, (marked +6:20 on the map) from about 6:20 to 7:20 A. M., Gen. Mansfield was seen +frequently by almost every soldier of the corps. In hundreds of letters, +from the various regiments and batteries, there is a common agreement that +the General was moving around the field continually. He seemed to be +everywhere. Although he appeared like a calm and dignified old gentleman +when he took command of the corps two days before, on this fatal morning +he was the personification of vigor, dash and enthusiasm. As before +stated, he remained some minutes at the northwest corner of East Woods (W +on the map), observing the battle. One gets a fine view of the field from +there and he must have got a good insight into the way Hooker's corps was +fighting. Presumably the tide was turning against Hooker, and as likely +Mansfield had been called upon by him for reinforcements, but when +Mansfield left the northwest corner to set his corps in motion, the East +Woods, if I have rightly interpreted the reports and correspondence, was +still in possession of Union troops. Probably, almost at the same time +that Mansfield quitted his lookout, the Confederate brigade of Law (Hood's +division) came charging out of West Woods, the 4th Alabama on the right +running up the Smoketown road, as before stated, and entering the woods at +the south-west corner where the Georgia battalion joined on its right. The +movements of all of Hood's troops were exceedingly rapid. + +How much time elapsed from Mansfield's leaving his lookout to his being +wounded, I can only roughly estimate at from fifteen to twenty minutes, +but it was time enough to change the condition of affairs very +materially, and I cannot help thinking the time passed very quickly to +him, and that he did not realize the fact that the remnants of Rickett's +division had been driven out of the woods and cornfield, nor even did he +suppose it was possible. Wise or unwise, it was entirely in keeping with +everything else the General did during the three days he was with us, for +him to come himself and see what we were doing; and like everything else, +he did it with the utmost promptness. It was this habit of personal +attention to details, and his other characteristic of rapid flying here +and there, that make it so difficult for many of the soldiers of the 12th +corps to believe he was wounded when and where he was. + + +A WORD IN CLOSING. + +In this narrative it has been impossible to avoid frequent reference to +myself and to my regiment, but there is nothing in the Mansfield incident +of special credit to any of us. We were there and saw it; we live and can +prove it; this is the whole story in a nut shell. + +I have always regretted that I left the regiment even on so important a +mission. At the time, I supposed it was only to be for a moment, and that +with three field officers on duty I could be spared. As for the regiment, +we succeeded so very much better later in the war, that we have not been +in the habit of making great claims for the part we took in Antietam. +Many other Union regiments fought longer, struggled harder, did more +effective service and lost more men than we. + +The Confederates opposed to us appeared to be equal to us in numbers and +they were superior in experience and all that experience gives. On all +other fields, from the beginning to the end of our long service, we never +had to face their equals. Everybody knows that troops fighting under the +eye of Stonewall Jackson, and directed by Hood, were a terrible foe. Our +particular opponents were all good marksmen, and the constant call of +their officers, "Aim low," appeared to us entirely unnecessary. + +It was an awful morning; our comrades went down one after another with a +most disheartening frequency, pierced with bullets from men who were half +concealed, or who dodged quickly back to a safe cover the moment they +fired. We think it was enough for us to "hold our own" till Greene's men +swept in with their "terrible and overwhelming attack."[21] + +From all this story, I hope the reader will see why the wounding of Gen. +Mansfield, which is the all important part in this narrative, is only a +secondary matter to the men of the Tenth Maine Regiment, and why +misrepresentations and errors have gone undisputed so many years. We never +considered it our business to set history aright, until we saw that _our_ +testimony was discredited and found our statement of fact treated as only +one of the many stories of the wagon-drivers of Sharpsburg. + + + + +EXPLANATION OF THE MAP. + + +The following map is based upon one issued November, 1894, by the +"Antietam Board." This in turn was based upon the so-called "Michler" map +from the office of the U. S. Engineers, which, while correct in the main, +has many errors of detail, and it is not likely that all of them have yet +been discovered by the Board. Indeed, one object of the Board in issuing +the map, was to invite criticism and corrections from the soldiers and +others. + +The positions of the troops cannot be shown with anything like accuracy +and clearness on so small a map, and are omitted excepting a few needed to +illustrate the narrative, but it may be said in a general way, that just +before Gen. Mansfield was wounded, the Union forces, under Hooker, were +pushed out of "the great cornfield" and the East Woods. The 12th Corps, +(Mansfield's), with some help from the remnants of the 1st Corps +(Hooker's), stopped the advance of the Confederates under Hood, and in +turn drove them back to West Woods. + +At the time Mansfield was wounded, Major Robbins' command in East Woods +was the extreme right of the troops of the Confederate left wing +(Jackson's) _actually engaged_. Their line ran, with many turns and +several intervals, from the woods through the great cornfield to the +northern part of West Woods. Not many men in either army were firing their +muskets at the moment Mansfield was shot, but the two or three thousand on +each side, who were engaged, were very fiercely contending for their +positions. + + +[Illustration: Battlefield of Antietam] + + + + +Footnotes: + +[1] Sept. 17, 1891. + +[2] The brigade [Crawford's] had reached a point close to the Hagerstown +pike, with the left almost touching the Dunker Church. The brigade was +within 50 yards of the turnpike, ready to cross over and into the woods +lining the road on the opposite side. These woods were filled with +Stonewall Jackson's troops; and their sharpshooters in the foliage were +picking off officers. * * Notwithstanding the hazard, Gen. Mansfield, +instead of sending a staff officer to direct the movement of the troops +toward the point intended by him, rode forward himself and gave personal +directions, wholly in a matter of detail (the alignment of a single +regiment that was making an effort to dress on its colors), and when +engaged in that unimportant duty of detail for a corps commander, was shot +from the woods and almost instantly killed. + +[National Tribune, Washington, D. C., Nov. 16, 1893. + +[3] These three organizations were virtually one. The 1st Regiment, after +serving three months in 1861, re-organized as the 10th, to serve till May, +1863, when it was again recruited and re-organized as the 29th, to serve +three years more. The 10th Battalion was that portion of the 10th Regiment +which was not discharged in 1863. Excepting eight weeks in the fall of +1861, the regiment or battalion was in "the field" during the entire war, +and for more than a year afterward. + +[4] The map does not show this new or "Keedysville road." It now runs +directly past Michael Miller's gate to Sam Poffenberger's, thence up Sam's +old lane to the woods, there turning west enters the Smoketown road, where +the right of the 10th Maine fought--near =M= on the map. The lane from M. +Miller's to Morrison's has been closed, and also that part of Sam's lane +which was in East Woods. + +[5] Samuel Poffenberger's. Erroneously marked Dunbar's Mills on the old +maps. + +[6] Crawford's brigade, 46th Penn., Col. Knipe; 10th Maine, Col. Beal; +28th N. Y., fragment, Capt. Mapes; 124th Penn., Col. Hawley; 125th Penn., +Col. Higgins; 128th Penn., Col. Samuel Croasdale (killed.) + +[7] That is, to bring the men "into line"--the position they should be in +for fighting; since while in mass, only Companies I and G could fire their +muskets, while a fairly well aimed bullet from the enemy would be almost +sure to hit one or more of us. + +[Illustration] + +[8] The 10th Maine went into battle with 21 officers, and 276 men with +muskets. + + Loss. 3 officers and 28 men killed and mortally wounded. + 5 officers and 35 men wounded. + 0 prisoners. + +Total killed and wounded 71, or 24 per cent. of number engaged. + +[9] A regimental division is two companies; C and F in the present case. + +[10] He named an officer and regiment of Hooker's Corps, both of which I +forgot before the day was ended. + +[11] Sergt. Joe Merrill, Co. F; Private Storer S. Knight, Co. B; Private +James Sheridan, Co. C. + +[12] Doctor Francis B. Davidson, of the 125th Penn., met the ambulance +near Line's house and turned it in there, and there the General was +treated and died, as everybody knows. + +[13] An out-cropping spur of limestone ledge, common all over the field. + +[14] These were, as we understand, the 128th Penn., a new, large regiment, +and the fragments of the 28th N. Y. and 46th Penn. I have not definitely +learned _exactly_ where the last two were while the 10th Maine was +fighting, but we saw very plainly the 128th Penn. upon the Croasdale +Knoll. + +[15] Law's brigade and Wofford's or "The Texas" brigade. + +[16] Garland's brigade was in the woods a short time, and a few men from +some Confederate command were in the extreme northern edge when Tyndale +approached it. + +[17] Dear old "Jim" has long since "passed over to the other side," and I +cannot tell why he made such a strange report, nor why he didn't let me, +his Adjutant, know about it and have a copy to file away. + +[18] History 1st-10th-29th Maine regiment, May 3, 1861, to June 21, 1866. +Stephen Berry, Publisher, Portland, Me. + +[19] Memorial of Gen. Mansfield, United States Army, Boston, T. R. Marvin +& Son, 1862. + +[20] Now Lt.-Col. of Engineers, U. S. A. + +[21] Quotation from Major Robbins. + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_. + +Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=. + +The misprint "return-turning" has been corrected to "returning" (page 20). + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Joseph K. F. Mansfield, Brigadier +General of the U.S. Army, by John Mead Gould + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOSEPH K. F. 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