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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32028-h.zip b/32028-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4fbf69 --- /dev/null +++ b/32028-h.zip diff --git a/32028-h/32028-h.htm b/32028-h/32028-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87ed830 --- /dev/null +++ b/32028-h/32028-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,830 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Battle of Stone River, by Henry M. Kendall. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none} + + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's The Battle of Stone River, by Henry Myron Kendall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Battle of Stone River + +Author: Henry Myron Kendall + +Release Date: April 17, 2010 [EBook #32028] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF STONE RIVER *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h3>Military Order of the Loyal Legion</h3> +<h4>OF THE</h4> +<h3>United States.</h3> +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/flower.png" alt="" /></div> +<h4>COMMANDERY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</h4> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/flower.png" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p> +<h4><span class="u">WAR PAPERS.</span><br />49</h4> +<p> </p> +<h3>The Battle of Stone River.</h3> +<p> </p> +<h5><span class="smcap">prepared by Companion</span><br /> +Major HENRY M. KENDALL,<br />U. S. Army,<br /> +<br /> +AND READ AT THE STATED MEETING OF NOVEMBER 4, 1903.</h5> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2>The Battle of Stone River.</h2> + +<p>After the battle of Perryville, October 8, 1862, a rather leisurely +pursuit of Bragg’s retreating forces was made on the roads to Cumberland +Gap, but no engagement was brought on. It soon appeared that Bragg did not +intend to again give battle in Kentucky, but would withdraw into Tennessee +and join the force under Breckenridge which had been left to watch +Nashville during the invasion of Kentucky. Buell concluded that Bragg +would concentrate his entire force near Nashville and endeavor to capture +that place and somewhere in its vicinity fight a decisive battle which +would determine the fate of West Tennessee and Kentucky. Buell therefore +discontinued his pursuit and turned his forces toward Nashville, placing +them mainly at Bowling Green, Glasgow, and other points on the Louisville +and Nashville Railroad.</p> + +<p>A great deal of pressure had been brought to bear upon the Administration +to make a campaign in East Tennessee, a mountainous region whose people +were mostly loyal. General Halleck in Washington planned a campaign in +that region and called upon Buell to carry it out. But Buell declined. His +reasons were that such a campaign would place him at a long distance from +Louisville, his base, dependent upon wagon transportation alone over +almost impassable roads, in a country devoid of supplies and especially +suitable to defensive operations. Again, he would be forced to make great +detachments to guard Nashville and his lines of communications, since +these would be especially open to the attack of the enemy, who was well +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>known to be superior in cavalry.</p> + +<p>Buell considered Nashville the vital point of the theatre, and was +satisfied that it would be the main point of Bragg’s attack. He therefore +ignored Halleck’s elaborate plan and set about repairing the railway to +Nashville and moving his troops in that direction. His previous slowness +and indecision had brought him greatly into disfavor, and on the 30th of +October he was relieved by Major-General William S. Rosecrans. The +district was called thereafter the Department of the Cumberland and the +army in the field was designated as the Fourteenth Army Corps. Halleck’s +plans were urged upon Rosecrans, but he was of the same opinion as Buell, +and it had by that time become plain that Bragg was doing just what Buell +thought he would do. Rosecrans concluded to go on in the same direction as +had Buell, and the events showed clearly that Halleck’s bureau-made plans, +based upon theory alone and without an intimate knowledge of the real +conditions, were the veriest nonsense, and that Buell and Rosecrans were +quite right in ignoring them.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans organized the army into right wing, center, and left wing. The +right wing, under McCook, consisted of Johnson’s, Davis’s, and Sheridan’s +divisions. Thomas commanded the center, which consisted of five divisions +under Rousseau, Negley, Fry, Mitchell, and Reynolds. The left wing was +commanded by Crittenden, and comprised Wood’s, Palmer’s, and Van Cleve’s +divisions. The total available strength of the army formed not more than +60 per cent. of its paper strength, owing to absenteeism. Every endeavor +was made to remedy this state of affairs, a condition not peculiar to this +army alone, but affecting all the armies almost equally, and constituting +a serious evil, for the correction of which severe measures were an +absolute necessity.</p> + +<p>The army was very deficient in cavalry, and a large portion of its meagre +force was very poorly armed. In this condition the army was at a great +disadvantage opposed to Bragg, whose cavalry, under Forrest, Morgan, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>Wheeler was much greater in numbers and better mounted and equipped.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans made strenuous efforts to improve the condition of his cavalry, +and succeeded in increasing it to about 4,000 and in obtaining Stanley to +command it. But at its greatest strength it was less than half the +opposing cavalry force.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans’ future base of operations was Nashville, but he would be +dependent for supplies upon the maintenance of the railroad to Louisville. +He hastened to increase the garrison of Nashville, but could not for some +time concentrate there owing to the destruction of a railway tunnel near +Mitchellsville, which limited him to wagon transportation over bad roads +for thirty-five miles. The railway was opened November 26th, and the army +was then concentrated near Nashville, with the exception of Reynolds’ +division and all but one brigade of Fry’s, which were assigned the duty of +protecting the railway.</p> + +<p>Before advancing it was absolutely essential to place in Nashville a large +supply of rations, ammunition, etc., sufficient to support the army during +the longest probable break in the railway, as a result of the forays of +the rebel cavalry. This required an entire month, and the administration +was greatly dissatisfied at the long delay. Rosecrans went through an +experience very similar to that suffered by Thomas at the same place later +in the war. But to the threats to relieve him he made the blunt reply that +if confidence did not exist he was perfectly ready to turn over the +command and abide by the issue. Halleck then explained that it was not +intended to threaten him, but that there was great anxiety in Washington +over the slow course of events in Tennessee. He explained that this arose +from diplomatic reasons. It had been greatly desired that a decided +advantage be gained over the rebels before the opening of the British +Parliament, otherwise the advocates of intervention in favor of the +Confederacy would be able to point to the possession of Tennessee as a +proof that the South was gaining on the North. It would seem, however, +that this was only one of the long series of attempts by Halleck<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> to run +the war from an office in Washington—a course that never did and never +could result in any good.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans continued his preparations carefully, and Bragg concluded that +he was going into winter quarters at Nashville. Bragg therefore placed his +army in winter quarters at Murfreesboro’ and vicinity, and detached his +cavalry for operations in West Tennessee and against the railway in +Kentucky. This was just what Rosecrans wanted. He wanted Bragg to draw +near to Nashville so that his own line of communications might be short +and a reverse less disastrous. Rosecrans was also anxious that the rebel +cavalry should be distant when he advanced, as his army was very deficient +in cavalry.</p> + +<p>Morgan’s cavalry made a raid upon Hartsville, Tennessee, and on the 7th of +December captured a brigade of infantry placed there by Thomas to guard +the crossing of the Cumberland. The capture of this brigade was due to +neglect of the simplest precautions. No outposts or sentinels of any kind +seem to have been used, and the rebel cavalry was in line only 400 yards +away before it was discovered. The infantry turned out in great disorder +and was badly managed, so that it was forced to surrender. No word was +sent to a supporting brigade but a few miles away, and Morgan was allowed +to get away without any loss. He then started for Kentucky and on the 27th +of December captured Elizabethtown and destroyed a large section of +railway. He kept on to Muldraugh’s Hills and destroyed two trestles, each +about 500 feet long and 90 feet high. The railway communication was thus +effectually broken, and if Rosecrans had remained in Nashville the +condition of his army would have been critical. But having completed his +preparations and finding the conditions favorable, owing to the absence of +Bragg’s cavalry, Rosecrans advanced from Nashville on the 26th of +December.</p> + +<p>Mitchell’s division was left to garrison Nashville so that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> Thomas’s +command was reduced to Negley’s and Rousseau’s divisions and Walker’s +brigade of Fry’s. McCook’s and Crittenden’s wings were on the pikes south +and southeast of Nashville. The main body of Bragg’s force, consisting of +Polk’s corps and part of Breckenridge’s division of Hardee’s corps, was at +Murfreesboro’. The remainder of Hardee’s corps was near Eaglesville, about +twenty miles west of Murfreesboro’, McCown’s division of Hardee’s corps, +with a division under Stevenson, formed a separate corps under Kirby Smith +at Readyville, twelve miles east of Murfreesboro’.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans’ plan was to advance in three columns, refusing his right. +McCook’s corps was to use the Nolensville pike, Thomas the Franklin Pike, +and Crittenden the main Murfreesboro’ pike. McCook was to attack Hardee +and if the enemy held his ground and was reinforced Thomas was to support +McCook. If, however, Hardee retreated, McCook was to detach a division to +pursue or observe him and move with the remainder of his corps so as to +come in on the left rear of the main rebel force. Crittenden was to attack +supported by Thomas, whose force was to be directed against the enemy’s +left.</p> + +<p>McCook advanced and after skirmishing all day, followed by a brisk fight +towards evening, took possession of Nolensville and the heights about one +and one-half miles in front. Thomas followed on the right, closing +Negley’s division on Nolensville and leaving Rousseau’s division on the +right flank. Crittenden advanced to LaVergne, with heavy skirmishing, +through a rough country, intersected by forests and cedar brakes.</p> + +<p>On the 27th, McCook advanced on Triune, but his movements were retarded by +a dense fog, which made it impossible to tell friend from foe. Stanley, +with the greater part of the cavalry, had joined McCook, and in the fog +the cavalry was fired upon by the infantry. The march was stopped until +the fog lifted, and Triune was therefore not reached until late in the +day, although it was only seven miles from Nolensville.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>Thomas moved eastward to Crittenden’s right. Crittenden moved forward +slowly, delaying his movements until the action of McCook’s corps should +determine the real state of affairs. Thomas was now in position to support +either McCook or Crittenden, as the case might require.</p> + +<p>On the 28th, McCook made sure by a strong reconnaisance that Hardee was +retreating, and Thomas closed on Crittenden, who remained in position, +bringing up his trains and making ready for battle.</p> + +<p>On the 29th, McCook left one brigade of Johnson’s division at Triune to +cover the right and rear, and advanced to within about six miles of +Murfreesboro’. The corps was encamped in line of battle with Sheridan’s +division on the left, Davis in the center, and Johnson on the right. +Negley’s division of Thomas’s corps advanced in support of Crittenden’s +corps, the head and flank of which reached a point about two miles from +Murfreesboro’; Rousseau’s division remained at Stewartsboro’. It was now +plain that the enemy would give battle near Murfreesboro’. During the +afternoon a report reached Rosecrans from Palmer that he was in sight of +Murfreesboro’ and the enemy was running. He therefore ordered Crittenden +to occupy Murfreesboro’ with a division. Crittenden sent a brigade across +Stone’s river and surprised a regiment of Breckenridge’s division and +pushed it back on the main line. It was found that the rebels were +occupying a strong position in force, and, it being then dark, the brigade +was withdrawn across the river. Fords were prepared by the pioneer +brigade. Negley’s, Palmer’s and Wood’s divisions were in line with Van +Cleve’s division in reserve.</p> + +<p>On the 30th, Rousseau moved up and took position in reserve in rear of +Palmer’s right. Negley advanced slightly as did McCook’s corps. The line +generally faced east, but part of McCook’s right division was retired so +that it faced to the south.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans now decided to give battle on the 31st, and made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> the following +plan: McCook was to hold strong ground, refusing his right, and make +strong dispositions to resist the attack of the enemy. If, however, the +enemy did not attack, McCook was to attack sufficient to hold all the +force on his front and prevent the enemy from detaching any troops to the +right, the real point of attack. Thomas’ corps and Palmer’s division were +to open with skirmishing and engage the enemy’s center and left as far as +Stone river. Van Cleve’s division was to cross the river and advance on +Breckenridge, followed by Wood’s division by brigades on its right, and +carry everything before them into Murfreesboro’. In front of Crittenden’s +corps across the river was high ground, the occupation of which would +enable an enfilade fire to be brought on the remainder of Polk’s corps. +Palmer and Thomas were to follow the movement, advancing in its support. +After taking Murfreesboro’, Crittenden was to move westward and getting in +on the flank and rear of the enemy drive them off their line of +communications. The success of the whole plan of course depended upon +McCook’s being able to hold on without support, and Rosecrans criticised +his line, saying it was an error for it to face so much to the east. He +thought it should rather face to the south and impressed the fact on +McCook that he must be careful and make a strong disposition. McCook was +ordered also to build fires to his right prolonging the general line and +simulating the camps of a large force. It was hoped in this way to draw +off a large part of the rebel force from the real point of attack.</p> + +<p>Bragg formed an exactly similar plan of attack. Hardee with two divisions +was to advance on the left and force back the Union right. Then Polk was +to push the center. By a steady wheel to the right on the right of Polk’s +corps as a pivot the Union force was to be thrown back on Stone river, off +its line to Nashville, the objective of his campaign. The plans being +identical a good deal depended on which army began the movement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> first. +Rosecrans’ orders were for the attack to begin at seven o’clock, while +Bragg ordered the attack to begin at daylight.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans’ movement began on time and for a time was going very +successfully. But about 6.30 A. M. the enemy in force attacked McCook’s +right and found that the two brigades were weakly posted, without support, +the remaining brigade of Johnson’s division being nearly a mile and a half +to the rear at Johnson’s headquarters. The command was not in any way +ready for battle. The horses of some of the batteries were being watered +at the stream and the men of one brigade were cooking breakfast. Kirk’s +brigade, the first attacked, tried to make some resistance and called for +help upon Willich’s brigade, but Willich was absent at headquarters and +his brigade was without a commander and made no effort to support Kirk. +Both brigades were quickly rolled up. Baldwin’s brigade, in reserve, was +moved up, but was too far distant, and the rout of the other two brigades +was complete before assistance could be rendered. The weight of the attack +then fell upon Baldwin, whose brigade, with Simonson’s Fifth Indiana +Battery, succeeded in checking the assailants and inflicting heavy loss, +but was soon forced to retire to avoid being surrounded.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile a severe attack had been made all along McCook’s front, and +after the rout of Johnson’s division the flank of Davis’s division was +exposed. The enemy’s attack was repulsed, but he soon reformed, brought up +his reserves and renewed the attack. The attack was again repulsed. +Davis’s division now formed almost a right angle with Sheridan’s, and the +rebels directed the next attack on the vertex of the angle. Davis’s +division was driven out of its position, being greatly overlapped, and +Sheridan had to withdraw his right, gaining time to do so by charging with +Robert’s brigade. His new line was at right angles to his first position. +Here he held on desperately, trying to reform the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> broken division to his +right. After repulsing several attacks, his ammunition was exhausted and +he was forced to fall back, as was also Negley, whose division had been +heavily engaged in front and afterward on the right flank.</p> + +<p>Word had been sent to Rosecrans soon after seven o’clock that McCook’s +corps was heavily pressed and needed assistance. But he did not realize +the extent of the disaster, and it was not until informed by a second +messenger that the right wing was being driven that he realized the true +state of affairs. He found then that he must abandon his plan and take +every means to prevent the terrible disaster that seemed imminent. He +directed the movement on the left to be suspended and placed Rousseau’s +division in the cedar brakes to the right and rear of Sheridan. As soon as +it became plain, from the great amount of fugitives, that McCook’s wing +was routed, Van Cleve’s division was placed on the right of Rousseau’s, +and a brigade of Wood’s division to its right. Negley’s and Sheridan’s +divisions fell back upon this new line. Upon this line the rebels made +four distinct attacks, but were repulsed with very heavy losses. The +fighting was almost hand to hand, and the losses on both sides were heavy. +That of the regular brigade was especially severe, being 637 out of a +total of 1,566. The new line succeeded in holding its ground and driving +back the enemy from its front.</p> + +<p>The left had also had severe fighting, becoming gradually engaged as +Bragg’s turning movement went on. As the change of front went on the left +became more important until when the final line was formed, close to the +Nashville turnpike, the left became the vital point, since a disaster +there would have permitted the line to be enfiladed and the stragglers +would have carried any resulting disorder along the whole line. During the +afternoon Breckenridge made several heavy assaults on Palmer’s division, +but was repulsed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>Rosecrans succeeded in placing his troops in rather a strong line near the +road, and the subsequent assaults of the enemy were repelled. The army +slept in the position, spare ammunition was issued and found to be +sufficient for another battle. The left was withdrawn slightly to more +advantageous ground, and Rosecrans determined to await the attack of the +enemy in his new lines, but if Bragg did not attack to do so himself.</p> + +<p>During the morning of the 1st of January the rebels made repeated attempts +to advance on Thomas’s front, but were repulsed. During the afternoon the +enemy massed a large number of troops in front of the right but did not +attack. Bragg’s object was evidently to feel the Union lines and find out +if Rosecrans was retreating. Satisfied that he was not, he felt himself +unable to attack in view of the heavy hammering his army had received the +day before. Rosecrans passed Van Cleve’s division across the stream and +occupied some hills which threatened Polk’s lines in enfilade. Next day +Bragg tried to drive back Van Cleve’s division, which was commanded by +Colonel Beatty. The movement failed after severe fighting. During the +night Bragg massed his force on his former right and Rosecrans greatly +strengthened his left.</p> + +<p>On the 3d Bragg caused a constant picket firing to be kept up to determine +if Rosecrans was still holding on. Finding that such was the case he +concluded, after consultation with his generals, to retreat. He retreated +in good order, his cavalry holding Murfreesboro’ until the 5th. On the 5th +Thomas’s entire command, preceded by Stanley’s cavalry, marched into +Murfreesboro’. The object of the campaign had been accomplished. Up to the +31st everything had gone favorably for the Union Army; the fighting of the +morning of the 31st had been all in Bragg’s favor, and had almost resulted +in the total defeat of Rosecrans; but from that time on, everything had +again been in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> Rosecrans’ favor. His losses were on the whole greater than +those of Bragg, but the latter’s retreat gave the victory to Rosecrans.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans’ force on the battlefield was 43,400; his losses were 13,249, +more than thirty per cent. Bragg’s total force on the field was 44,750, +and his loss 12,334, about 28 per cent. Rosecrans lost 28 pieces of +artillery and a large portion of his wagon train, but Bragg lost only +three pieces of artillery.</p> + +<p>While the result of the campaign was attained the army had nevertheless +been very severely handled, and for a time was on the verge of utter ruin. +Rosecrans’ plan was not at all carried out. The reason for this was the +faulty posting and handling of McCook’s wing and the fact that Bragg +started in earlier in the execution of his attack. Rosecrans knew on the +night before the battle that McCook’s wing was not correctly placed and +ordered changes in it. These were not carried out and Rosecrans made no +apparent effort to see that they were.</p> + +<p>There has been a great deal of controversy about this matter. One of +McCook’s division commanders, Johnson, stated in his report that McCook +told him that his left was opposite the rebel center, and he expected to +be attacked in great force next day. This was, in fact, true, yet McCook +certainly did not make such dispositions as to resist any such attack even +for a short time, and was compelled to call for such assistance as to +wreck the whole plan of battle. If he had placed his corps in a strong +defensive position and entrenched it he might have resisted for such a +length of time that the main attack could make such progress as to compel +Bragg to give up his plan and conform to Rosecrans’ movements; just as, in +fact, Rosecrans was forced to comply with those of Bragg. The battle is +singular in that the opposing plans were identical. It has been called +Stone’s River by the Union forces and Murfreesboro’ by the Confederates.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>For the next six months little was done—the Union Army occupying +Murfreesboro’ and the Rebel army a position near Tullahoma.</p> + +<p>Then followed the campaign which terminated in the battle of Chickamauga.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Battle of Stone River, by Henry Myron Kendall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF STONE RIVER *** + +***** This file should be named 32028-h.htm or 32028-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/0/2/32028/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/32028-h/images/cover.jpg b/32028-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..97e5be8 --- /dev/null +++ b/32028-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/32028-h/images/flower.png b/32028-h/images/flower.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..74206bc --- /dev/null +++ b/32028-h/images/flower.png diff --git a/32028.txt b/32028.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2edeab --- /dev/null +++ b/32028.txt @@ -0,0 +1,773 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Battle of Stone River, by Henry Myron Kendall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Battle of Stone River + +Author: Henry Myron Kendall + +Release Date: April 17, 2010 [EBook #32028] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF STONE RIVER *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + Military Order of the Loyal Legion + OF THE + United States. + + + COMMANDERY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + + WAR PAPERS. + 49 + + The Battle of Stone River. + + + PREPARED BY COMPANION + Major + HENRY M. KENDALL, + U. S. Army, + + AND + READ AT THE STATED MEETING OF NOVEMBER 4, 1903. + + + + +The Battle of Stone River. + + +After the battle of Perryville, October 8, 1862, a rather leisurely +pursuit of Bragg's retreating forces was made on the roads to Cumberland +Gap, but no engagement was brought on. It soon appeared that Bragg did not +intend to again give battle in Kentucky, but would withdraw into Tennessee +and join the force under Breckenridge which had been left to watch +Nashville during the invasion of Kentucky. Buell concluded that Bragg +would concentrate his entire force near Nashville and endeavor to capture +that place and somewhere in its vicinity fight a decisive battle which +would determine the fate of West Tennessee and Kentucky. Buell therefore +discontinued his pursuit and turned his forces toward Nashville, placing +them mainly at Bowling Green, Glasgow, and other points on the Louisville +and Nashville Railroad. + +A great deal of pressure had been brought to bear upon the Administration +to make a campaign in East Tennessee, a mountainous region whose people +were mostly loyal. General Halleck in Washington planned a campaign in +that region and called upon Buell to carry it out. But Buell declined. His +reasons were that such a campaign would place him at a long distance from +Louisville, his base, dependent upon wagon transportation alone over +almost impassable roads, in a country devoid of supplies and especially +suitable to defensive operations. Again, he would be forced to make great +detachments to guard Nashville and his lines of communications, since +these would be especially open to the attack of the enemy, who was well +known to be superior in cavalry. + +Buell considered Nashville the vital point of the theatre, and was +satisfied that it would be the main point of Bragg's attack. He therefore +ignored Halleck's elaborate plan and set about repairing the railway to +Nashville and moving his troops in that direction. His previous slowness +and indecision had brought him greatly into disfavor, and on the 30th of +October he was relieved by Major-General William S. Rosecrans. The +district was called thereafter the Department of the Cumberland and the +army in the field was designated as the Fourteenth Army Corps. Halleck's +plans were urged upon Rosecrans, but he was of the same opinion as Buell, +and it had by that time become plain that Bragg was doing just what Buell +thought he would do. Rosecrans concluded to go on in the same direction as +had Buell, and the events showed clearly that Halleck's bureau-made plans, +based upon theory alone and without an intimate knowledge of the real +conditions, were the veriest nonsense, and that Buell and Rosecrans were +quite right in ignoring them. + +Rosecrans organized the army into right wing, center, and left wing. The +right wing, under McCook, consisted of Johnson's, Davis's, and Sheridan's +divisions. Thomas commanded the center, which consisted of five divisions +under Rousseau, Negley, Fry, Mitchell, and Reynolds. The left wing was +commanded by Crittenden, and comprised Wood's, Palmer's, and Van Cleve's +divisions. The total available strength of the army formed not more than +60 per cent. of its paper strength, owing to absenteeism. Every endeavor +was made to remedy this state of affairs, a condition not peculiar to this +army alone, but affecting all the armies almost equally, and constituting +a serious evil, for the correction of which severe measures were an +absolute necessity. + +The army was very deficient in cavalry, and a large portion of its meagre +force was very poorly armed. In this condition the army was at a great +disadvantage opposed to Bragg, whose cavalry, under Forrest, Morgan, and +Wheeler was much greater in numbers and better mounted and equipped. + +Rosecrans made strenuous efforts to improve the condition of his cavalry, +and succeeded in increasing it to about 4,000 and in obtaining Stanley to +command it. But at its greatest strength it was less than half the +opposing cavalry force. + +Rosecrans' future base of operations was Nashville, but he would be +dependent for supplies upon the maintenance of the railroad to Louisville. +He hastened to increase the garrison of Nashville, but could not for some +time concentrate there owing to the destruction of a railway tunnel near +Mitchellsville, which limited him to wagon transportation over bad roads +for thirty-five miles. The railway was opened November 26th, and the army +was then concentrated near Nashville, with the exception of Reynolds' +division and all but one brigade of Fry's, which were assigned the duty of +protecting the railway. + +Before advancing it was absolutely essential to place in Nashville a large +supply of rations, ammunition, etc., sufficient to support the army during +the longest probable break in the railway, as a result of the forays of +the rebel cavalry. This required an entire month, and the administration +was greatly dissatisfied at the long delay. Rosecrans went through an +experience very similar to that suffered by Thomas at the same place later +in the war. But to the threats to relieve him he made the blunt reply that +if confidence did not exist he was perfectly ready to turn over the +command and abide by the issue. Halleck then explained that it was not +intended to threaten him, but that there was great anxiety in Washington +over the slow course of events in Tennessee. He explained that this arose +from diplomatic reasons. It had been greatly desired that a decided +advantage be gained over the rebels before the opening of the British +Parliament, otherwise the advocates of intervention in favor of the +Confederacy would be able to point to the possession of Tennessee as a +proof that the South was gaining on the North. It would seem, however, +that this was only one of the long series of attempts by Halleck to run +the war from an office in Washington--a course that never did and never +could result in any good. + +Rosecrans continued his preparations carefully, and Bragg concluded that +he was going into winter quarters at Nashville. Bragg therefore placed his +army in winter quarters at Murfreesboro' and vicinity, and detached his +cavalry for operations in West Tennessee and against the railway in +Kentucky. This was just what Rosecrans wanted. He wanted Bragg to draw +near to Nashville so that his own line of communications might be short +and a reverse less disastrous. Rosecrans was also anxious that the rebel +cavalry should be distant when he advanced, as his army was very deficient +in cavalry. + +Morgan's cavalry made a raid upon Hartsville, Tennessee, and on the 7th of +December captured a brigade of infantry placed there by Thomas to guard +the crossing of the Cumberland. The capture of this brigade was due to +neglect of the simplest precautions. No outposts or sentinels of any kind +seem to have been used, and the rebel cavalry was in line only 400 yards +away before it was discovered. The infantry turned out in great disorder +and was badly managed, so that it was forced to surrender. No word was +sent to a supporting brigade but a few miles away, and Morgan was allowed +to get away without any loss. He then started for Kentucky and on the 27th +of December captured Elizabethtown and destroyed a large section of +railway. He kept on to Muldraugh's Hills and destroyed two trestles, each +about 500 feet long and 90 feet high. The railway communication was thus +effectually broken, and if Rosecrans had remained in Nashville the +condition of his army would have been critical. But having completed his +preparations and finding the conditions favorable, owing to the absence of +Bragg's cavalry, Rosecrans advanced from Nashville on the 26th of +December. + +Mitchell's division was left to garrison Nashville so that Thomas's +command was reduced to Negley's and Rousseau's divisions and Walker's +brigade of Fry's. McCook's and Crittenden's wings were on the pikes south +and southeast of Nashville. The main body of Bragg's force, consisting of +Polk's corps and part of Breckenridge's division of Hardee's corps, was at +Murfreesboro'. The remainder of Hardee's corps was near Eaglesville, about +twenty miles west of Murfreesboro', McCown's division of Hardee's corps, +with a division under Stevenson, formed a separate corps under Kirby Smith +at Readyville, twelve miles east of Murfreesboro'. + +Rosecrans' plan was to advance in three columns, refusing his right. +McCook's corps was to use the Nolensville pike, Thomas the Franklin Pike, +and Crittenden the main Murfreesboro' pike. McCook was to attack Hardee +and if the enemy held his ground and was reinforced Thomas was to support +McCook. If, however, Hardee retreated, McCook was to detach a division to +pursue or observe him and move with the remainder of his corps so as to +come in on the left rear of the main rebel force. Crittenden was to attack +supported by Thomas, whose force was to be directed against the enemy's +left. + +McCook advanced and after skirmishing all day, followed by a brisk fight +towards evening, took possession of Nolensville and the heights about one +and one-half miles in front. Thomas followed on the right, closing +Negley's division on Nolensville and leaving Rousseau's division on the +right flank. Crittenden advanced to LaVergne, with heavy skirmishing, +through a rough country, intersected by forests and cedar brakes. + +On the 27th, McCook advanced on Triune, but his movements were retarded by +a dense fog, which made it impossible to tell friend from foe. Stanley, +with the greater part of the cavalry, had joined McCook, and in the fog +the cavalry was fired upon by the infantry. The march was stopped until +the fog lifted, and Triune was therefore not reached until late in the +day, although it was only seven miles from Nolensville. + +Thomas moved eastward to Crittenden's right. Crittenden moved forward +slowly, delaying his movements until the action of McCook's corps should +determine the real state of affairs. Thomas was now in position to support +either McCook or Crittenden, as the case might require. + +On the 28th, McCook made sure by a strong reconnaisance that Hardee was +retreating, and Thomas closed on Crittenden, who remained in position, +bringing up his trains and making ready for battle. + +On the 29th, McCook left one brigade of Johnson's division at Triune to +cover the right and rear, and advanced to within about six miles of +Murfreesboro'. The corps was encamped in line of battle with Sheridan's +division on the left, Davis in the center, and Johnson on the right. +Negley's division of Thomas's corps advanced in support of Crittenden's +corps, the head and flank of which reached a point about two miles from +Murfreesboro'; Rousseau's division remained at Stewartsboro'. It was now +plain that the enemy would give battle near Murfreesboro'. During the +afternoon a report reached Rosecrans from Palmer that he was in sight of +Murfreesboro' and the enemy was running. He therefore ordered Crittenden +to occupy Murfreesboro' with a division. Crittenden sent a brigade across +Stone's river and surprised a regiment of Breckenridge's division and +pushed it back on the main line. It was found that the rebels were +occupying a strong position in force, and, it being then dark, the brigade +was withdrawn across the river. Fords were prepared by the pioneer +brigade. Negley's, Palmer's and Wood's divisions were in line with Van +Cleve's division in reserve. + +On the 30th, Rousseau moved up and took position in reserve in rear of +Palmer's right. Negley advanced slightly as did McCook's corps. The line +generally faced east, but part of McCook's right division was retired so +that it faced to the south. + +Rosecrans now decided to give battle on the 31st, and made the following +plan: McCook was to hold strong ground, refusing his right, and make +strong dispositions to resist the attack of the enemy. If, however, the +enemy did not attack, McCook was to attack sufficient to hold all the +force on his front and prevent the enemy from detaching any troops to the +right, the real point of attack. Thomas' corps and Palmer's division were +to open with skirmishing and engage the enemy's center and left as far as +Stone river. Van Cleve's division was to cross the river and advance on +Breckenridge, followed by Wood's division by brigades on its right, and +carry everything before them into Murfreesboro'. In front of Crittenden's +corps across the river was high ground, the occupation of which would +enable an enfilade fire to be brought on the remainder of Polk's corps. +Palmer and Thomas were to follow the movement, advancing in its support. +After taking Murfreesboro', Crittenden was to move westward and getting in +on the flank and rear of the enemy drive them off their line of +communications. The success of the whole plan of course depended upon +McCook's being able to hold on without support, and Rosecrans criticised +his line, saying it was an error for it to face so much to the east. He +thought it should rather face to the south and impressed the fact on +McCook that he must be careful and make a strong disposition. McCook was +ordered also to build fires to his right prolonging the general line and +simulating the camps of a large force. It was hoped in this way to draw +off a large part of the rebel force from the real point of attack. + +Bragg formed an exactly similar plan of attack. Hardee with two divisions +was to advance on the left and force back the Union right. Then Polk was +to push the center. By a steady wheel to the right on the right of Polk's +corps as a pivot the Union force was to be thrown back on Stone river, off +its line to Nashville, the objective of his campaign. The plans being +identical a good deal depended on which army began the movement first. +Rosecrans' orders were for the attack to begin at seven o'clock, while +Bragg ordered the attack to begin at daylight. + +Rosecrans' movement began on time and for a time was going very +successfully. But about 6.30 A. M. the enemy in force attacked McCook's +right and found that the two brigades were weakly posted, without support, +the remaining brigade of Johnson's division being nearly a mile and a half +to the rear at Johnson's headquarters. The command was not in any way +ready for battle. The horses of some of the batteries were being watered +at the stream and the men of one brigade were cooking breakfast. Kirk's +brigade, the first attacked, tried to make some resistance and called for +help upon Willich's brigade, but Willich was absent at headquarters and +his brigade was without a commander and made no effort to support Kirk. +Both brigades were quickly rolled up. Baldwin's brigade, in reserve, was +moved up, but was too far distant, and the rout of the other two brigades +was complete before assistance could be rendered. The weight of the attack +then fell upon Baldwin, whose brigade, with Simonson's Fifth Indiana +Battery, succeeded in checking the assailants and inflicting heavy loss, +but was soon forced to retire to avoid being surrounded. + +Meanwhile a severe attack had been made all along McCook's front, and +after the rout of Johnson's division the flank of Davis's division was +exposed. The enemy's attack was repulsed, but he soon reformed, brought up +his reserves and renewed the attack. The attack was again repulsed. +Davis's division now formed almost a right angle with Sheridan's, and the +rebels directed the next attack on the vertex of the angle. Davis's +division was driven out of its position, being greatly overlapped, and +Sheridan had to withdraw his right, gaining time to do so by charging with +Robert's brigade. His new line was at right angles to his first position. +Here he held on desperately, trying to reform the broken division to his +right. After repulsing several attacks, his ammunition was exhausted and +he was forced to fall back, as was also Negley, whose division had been +heavily engaged in front and afterward on the right flank. + +Word had been sent to Rosecrans soon after seven o'clock that McCook's +corps was heavily pressed and needed assistance. But he did not realize +the extent of the disaster, and it was not until informed by a second +messenger that the right wing was being driven that he realized the true +state of affairs. He found then that he must abandon his plan and take +every means to prevent the terrible disaster that seemed imminent. He +directed the movement on the left to be suspended and placed Rousseau's +division in the cedar brakes to the right and rear of Sheridan. As soon as +it became plain, from the great amount of fugitives, that McCook's wing +was routed, Van Cleve's division was placed on the right of Rousseau's, +and a brigade of Wood's division to its right. Negley's and Sheridan's +divisions fell back upon this new line. Upon this line the rebels made +four distinct attacks, but were repulsed with very heavy losses. The +fighting was almost hand to hand, and the losses on both sides were heavy. +That of the regular brigade was especially severe, being 637 out of a +total of 1,566. The new line succeeded in holding its ground and driving +back the enemy from its front. + +The left had also had severe fighting, becoming gradually engaged as +Bragg's turning movement went on. As the change of front went on the left +became more important until when the final line was formed, close to the +Nashville turnpike, the left became the vital point, since a disaster +there would have permitted the line to be enfiladed and the stragglers +would have carried any resulting disorder along the whole line. During the +afternoon Breckenridge made several heavy assaults on Palmer's division, +but was repulsed. + +Rosecrans succeeded in placing his troops in rather a strong line near the +road, and the subsequent assaults of the enemy were repelled. The army +slept in the position, spare ammunition was issued and found to be +sufficient for another battle. The left was withdrawn slightly to more +advantageous ground, and Rosecrans determined to await the attack of the +enemy in his new lines, but if Bragg did not attack to do so himself. + +During the morning of the 1st of January the rebels made repeated attempts +to advance on Thomas's front, but were repulsed. During the afternoon the +enemy massed a large number of troops in front of the right but did not +attack. Bragg's object was evidently to feel the Union lines and find out +if Rosecrans was retreating. Satisfied that he was not, he felt himself +unable to attack in view of the heavy hammering his army had received the +day before. Rosecrans passed Van Cleve's division across the stream and +occupied some hills which threatened Polk's lines in enfilade. Next day +Bragg tried to drive back Van Cleve's division, which was commanded by +Colonel Beatty. The movement failed after severe fighting. During the +night Bragg massed his force on his former right and Rosecrans greatly +strengthened his left. + +On the 3d Bragg caused a constant picket firing to be kept up to determine +if Rosecrans was still holding on. Finding that such was the case he +concluded, after consultation with his generals, to retreat. He retreated +in good order, his cavalry holding Murfreesboro' until the 5th. On the 5th +Thomas's entire command, preceded by Stanley's cavalry, marched into +Murfreesboro'. The object of the campaign had been accomplished. Up to the +31st everything had gone favorably for the Union Army; the fighting of the +morning of the 31st had been all in Bragg's favor, and had almost resulted +in the total defeat of Rosecrans; but from that time on, everything had +again been in Rosecrans' favor. His losses were on the whole greater than +those of Bragg, but the latter's retreat gave the victory to Rosecrans. + +Rosecrans' force on the battlefield was 43,400; his losses were 13,249, +more than thirty per cent. Bragg's total force on the field was 44,750, +and his loss 12,334, about 28 per cent. Rosecrans lost 28 pieces of +artillery and a large portion of his wagon train, but Bragg lost only +three pieces of artillery. + +While the result of the campaign was attained the army had nevertheless +been very severely handled, and for a time was on the verge of utter ruin. +Rosecrans' plan was not at all carried out. The reason for this was the +faulty posting and handling of McCook's wing and the fact that Bragg +started in earlier in the execution of his attack. Rosecrans knew on the +night before the battle that McCook's wing was not correctly placed and +ordered changes in it. These were not carried out and Rosecrans made no +apparent effort to see that they were. + +There has been a great deal of controversy about this matter. One of +McCook's division commanders, Johnson, stated in his report that McCook +told him that his left was opposite the rebel center, and he expected to +be attacked in great force next day. This was, in fact, true, yet McCook +certainly did not make such dispositions as to resist any such attack even +for a short time, and was compelled to call for such assistance as to +wreck the whole plan of battle. If he had placed his corps in a strong +defensive position and entrenched it he might have resisted for such a +length of time that the main attack could make such progress as to compel +Bragg to give up his plan and conform to Rosecrans' movements; just as, in +fact, Rosecrans was forced to comply with those of Bragg. The battle is +singular in that the opposing plans were identical. It has been called +Stone's River by the Union forces and Murfreesboro' by the Confederates. + +For the next six months little was done--the Union Army occupying +Murfreesboro' and the Rebel army a position near Tullahoma. + +Then followed the campaign which terminated in the battle of Chickamauga. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Battle of Stone River, by Henry Myron Kendall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF STONE RIVER *** + +***** This file should be named 32028.txt or 32028.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/0/2/32028/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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