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diff --git a/31622-h/31622-h.htm b/31622-h/31622-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..acf9654 --- /dev/null +++ b/31622-h/31622-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2163 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Optimism, by Helen Keller + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + text-indent: 1em; + } + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + + h1 {font-weight: normal;} + + h2 {font-family: "Old English Text MT", cursive, sans-serif; + font-weight: normal; + padding-top: 1em; + padding-bottom: 1em; + font-size: 180%;} + + h2.ct {padding-bottom: 0em; + line-height: 150%;} + + table {margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + border-collapse: collapse; + margin-bottom: 4em; + } + + th {font-family: "Old English Text MT", cursive, sans-serif; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 160%; + border-top: solid black 1px; + border-bottom: solid black 1px; + line-height: 300%;} + + td.part {font-family: "Old English Text MT", cursive, sans-serif; + padding-top: 1em;} + + td.lal {text-align: left; + padding-right: 6em;} + + td.ral {text-align: right;} + + div.tp {font-family: "Old English Text MT", cursive, sans-serif;} + + div.initial { + float: left; + clear: both; + padding-top: 0.4em; + padding-right: 0.5em; + } + + p.dropcapsection { + padding-top: 0px; + text-indent: -.4em; + clear: none; + } + + body{margin-left: 15%; + margin-right: 15%; + } + + p.publisher {margin-top: 2em; + text-align: center; + font-size: 110%; + margin-bottom: 3em; + text-indent: 0em; + } + + p.copyright {text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + line-height: 200%; + padding-bottom: 2em; + font-size: 90%} + + p.dedication {font-family: "Old English Text MT", cursive, sans-serif; + text-indent: 0em; + font-size: 120%; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 4em;} + + img {border-style: none; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + right: 1%; + font-size: x-small; + text-align: right; + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; + letter-spacing: 0ex; + text-indent: 0em; + } + + a:link {text-decoration: none; + color: #104E8B; + background-color: inherit; + } + + a:visited {text-decoration: none; + color: #8B0000; + background-color: inherit; + } + + a:hover {text-decoration: underline;} + + a:active {text-decoration: underline;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + } + + div.footnote p {text-indent: 0em;} + + .footnotes {border: dotted 1px; + padding-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 2em; + } + + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: smaller; + } + + .footnote .label {position: absolute; + right: 80%; + text-align: right; + } + + .fnanchor { vertical-align: baseline; + font-size: 80%; + position: relative; + top: -.4em; + } + + .poem {margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; + font-size: 90%; + } + + .poem br {display: none;} + + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + + .poem span.i0 {display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; + } + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Optimism, by Helen Keller + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Optimism + An Essay + +Author: Helen Keller + +Release Date: March 13, 2010 [EBook #31622] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OPTIMISM *** + + + + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, Irma Spehar and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="tp"> +<h1>Optimism</h1> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 354px;"> +<img src="images/illus-002.jpg" width="354" height="500" alt="Helen Keller" title="Helen Keller" /> +</div> + +<h1><span style="font-size: 170%; color: #CD2626; background-color: inherit">Optimism</span><br /> +<span style="font-size: 80%">An Essay</span><br /> +<span style="color: #CD2626; background-color: inherit">By Helen Keller</span><br /> +<span style="font-size: 80%">Author of</span><br /> +<span style="font-size: 80%">“The Story of My Life”</span></h1> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 160px; border: solid #CD2626 2px; margin-top: 2em"> +<img src="images/illus-003.jpg" width="150" height="295" alt="Ornament" title="Ornament" /> +</div> + +<p class="publisher">New York<br /> +<span style="color: #CD2626; background-color: inherit">T. Y. Crowell and Company</span><br /> +Mdcccciii</p> +</div> + +<p class="copyright">Copyright, 1903, by Helen Keller<br /> + +Published November, 1903<br /> + +D. B. Updike, The Merrymount Press, Boston</p> + + + +<p class="dedication">To My Teacher</p> + + +<table summary="table of contents"> +<tr><th colspan="2">Contents</th></tr> + +<tr><td class="part">Part i</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="lal">Optimism Within</td><td class="ral"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="part">Part ii</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="lal">Optimism Without</td><td class="ral"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="part">Part iii</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="lal" style="border-bottom: solid black 1px; padding-bottom: 2em">The Practice of Optimism</td><td class="ral" style="border-bottom: solid black 1px; padding-bottom: 2em"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Part i. Optimism Within</h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px; border-top: solid black 2px; border-bottom: solid black 2px; padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em"> +<img src="images/illus-011.jpg" width="150" height="123" alt="Ornament" title="Ornament" /> +</div> + + + +<h2 class="ct"><a name="Part_i" id="Part_i"></a>Part i<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span><br /> + +Optimism Within</h2> + + +<div class="initial" style="clear: both"> +<img src="images/dropcap-011.jpg" alt="C" title="C" /></div> +<p class="dropcapsection">ould we choose our environment, +and were desire in +human undertakings synonymous +with endowment, all men +would, I suppose, be optimists. Certainly +most of us regard happiness +as the proper end of all earthly enterprise. +The will to be happy animates +alike the philosopher, the +prince and the chimney-sweep. No +matter how dull, or how mean, or +how wise a man is, he feels that happiness +is his indisputable right.</p> + +<p>It is curious to observe what different<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +ideals of happiness people cherish, +and in what singular places they +look for this well-spring of their life. +Many look for it in the hoarding of +riches, some in the pride of power, +and others in the achievements of +art and literature; a few seek it in +the exploration of their own minds, +or in the search for knowledge.</p> + +<p>Most people measure their happiness +in terms of physical pleasure +and material possession. Could they +win some visible goal which they +have set on the horizon, how happy +they would be! Lacking this gift or +that circumstance, they would be +miserable. If happiness is to be so +measured, I who cannot hear or see +have every reason to sit in a corner +with folded hands and weep. If I am +happy in spite of my deprivations, if +my happiness is so deep that it is a +faith, so thoughtful that it becomes +a philosophy of life,—if, in short, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +am an optimist, my testimony to the +creed of optimism is worth hearing. +As sinners stand up in meeting and +testify to the goodness of God, so one +who is called afflicted may rise up in +gladness of conviction and testify to +the goodness of life.</p> + +<p>Once I knew the depth where no +hope was, and darkness lay on the +face of all things. Then love came +and set my soul free. Once I knew +only darkness and stillness. Now I +know hope and joy. Once I fretted +and beat myself against the wall that +shut me in. Now I rejoice in the consciousness +that I can think, act and +attain heaven. My life was without +past or future; death, the pessimist +would say, “a consummation devoutly +to be wished.” But a little +word from the fingers of another fell +into my hand that clutched at emptiness, +and my heart leaped to the rapture +of living. Night fled before the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +day of thought, and love and joy and +hope came up in a passion of obedience +to knowledge. Can anyone who +has escaped such captivity, who has +felt the thrill and glory of freedom, +be a pessimist?</p> + +<p>My early experience was thus a +leap from bad to good. If I tried, I +could not check the momentum of +my first leap out of the dark; to move +breast forward is a habit learned suddenly +at that first moment of release +and rush into the light. With the first +word I used intelligently, I learned +to live, to think, to hope. Darkness +cannot shut me in again. I have had +a glimpse of the shore, and can now +live by the hope of reaching it.</p> + +<p>So my optimism is no mild and unreasoning +satisfaction. A poet once +said I must be happy because I did +not see the bare, cold present, but +lived in a beautiful dream. I do live +in a beautiful dream; but that dream<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +is the actual, the present,—not cold, +but warm; not bare, but furnished +with a thousand blessings. The very +evil which the poet supposed would +be a cruel disillusionment is necessary +to the fullest knowledge of joy. +Only by contact with evil could I +have learned to feel by contrast the +beauty of truth and love and goodness.</p> + +<p>It is a mistake always to contemplate +the good and ignore the evil, +because by making people neglectful +it lets in disaster. There is a dangerous +optimism of ignorance and +indifference. It is not enough to say +that the twentieth century is the +best age in the history of mankind, +and to take refuge from the evils of +the world in skyey dreams of good. +How many good men, prosperous +and contented, looked around and +saw naught but good, while millions +of their fellowmen were bartered and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +sold like cattle! No doubt, there were +comfortable optimists who thought +Wilberforce a meddlesome fanatic +when he was working with might +and main to free the slaves. I distrust +the rash optimism in this country +that cries, “Hurrah, we’re all +right! This is the greatest nation on +earth,” when there are grievances +that call loudly for redress. That is +false optimism. Optimism that does +not count the cost is like a house +builded on sand. A man must understand +evil and be acquainted with +sorrow before he can write himself +an optimist and expect others to believe +that he has reason for the faith +that is in him.</p> + +<p>I know what evil is. Once or twice +I have wrestled with it, and for a time +felt its chilling touch on my life; so +I speak with knowledge when I say +that evil is of no consequence, except +as a sort of mental gymnastic.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +For the very reason that I have come +in contact with it, I am more truly an +optimist. I can say with conviction +that the struggle which evil necessitates +is one of the greatest blessings. +It makes us strong, patient, +helpful men and women. It lets us +into the soul of things and teaches +us that although the world is full of +suffering, it is full also of the overcoming +of it. My optimism, then, does +not rest on the absence of evil, but +on a glad belief in the preponderance +of good and a willing effort always +to coöperate with the good, that it +may prevail. I try to increase the +power God has given me to see the +best in everything and every one, +and make that Best a part of my life. +The world is sown with good; but +unless I turn my glad thoughts into +practical living and till my own field, +I cannot reap a kernel of the good.</p> + +<p>Thus my optimism is grounded in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +two worlds, myself and what is about +me. I demand that the world be good, +and lo, it obeys. I proclaim the world +good, and facts range themselves to +prove my proclamation overwhelmingly +true. To what is good I open +the doors of my being, and jealously +shut them against what is bad. Such +is the force of this beautiful and wilful +conviction, it carries itself in the +face of all opposition. I am never discouraged +by absence of good. I never +can be argued into hopelessness. +Doubt and mistrust are the mere +panic of timid imagination, which +the steadfast heart will conquer, and +the large mind transcend.</p> + +<p>As my college days draw to a close, +I find myself looking forward with +beating heart and bright anticipations +to what the future holds of activity +for me. My share in the work +of the world may be limited; but the +fact that it is work makes it precious.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +Nay, the desire and will to work is +optimism itself.</p> + +<p>Two generations ago Carlyle flung +forth his gospel of work. To the +dreamers of the Revolution, who +built cloud-castles of happiness, and, +when the inevitable winds rent the +castles asunder, turned pessimists—to +those ineffectual Endymions, +Alastors and Werthers, this Scots +peasant, man of dreams in the hard, +practical world, cried aloud his creed +of labor. “Be no longer a Chaos, but +a World. Produce! produce! Were it +but the pitifullest infinitesimal fraction +of a product, produce it, in God’s +name! ’Tis the utmost thou hast in +thee; out with it, then. Up, up! whatsoever +thy hand findeth to do, do it +with thy whole might. Work while +it is called To-day; for the Night cometh +wherein no man may work.”</p> + +<p>Some have said Carlyle was taking +refuge from a hard world by bidding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +men grind and toil, eyes to the +earth, and so forget their misery. +This is not Carlyle’s thought. “Fool!” +he cries, “the Ideal is in thyself; the +Impediment is also in thyself. Work +out the Ideal in the poor, miserable +Actual; live, think, believe, and be +free!” It is plain what he says, that +work, production, brings life out of +chaos, makes the individual a world, +an order; and order is optimism.</p> + +<p>I, too, can work, and because I love +to labor with my head and my hands, +I am an optimist in spite of all. I used +to think I should be thwarted in my +desire to do something useful. But +I have found out that though the +ways in which I can make myself +useful are few, yet the work open to +me is endless. The gladdest laborer +in the vineyard may be a cripple. +Even should the others outstrip him, +yet the vineyard ripens in the sun +each year, and the full clusters weigh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +into his hand. Darwin could work +only half an hour at a time; yet in +many diligent half-hours he laid +anew the foundations of philosophy. +I long to accomplish a great and noble +task; but it is my chief duty and +joy to accomplish humble tasks as +though they were great and noble. +It is my service to think how I can +best fulfil the demands that each day +makes upon me, and to rejoice that +others can do what I cannot. Green, +the historian,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> tells us that the world +is moved along, not only by the +mighty shoves of its heroes, but also +by the aggregate of the tiny pushes +of each honest worker; and that +thought alone suffices to guide me in +this dark world and wide. I love the +good that others do; for their activity +is an assurance that whether I can +help or not, the true and the good +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>will stand sure.</p> + +<p>I trust, and nothing that happens +disturbs my trust. I recognize the +beneficence of the power which we +all worship as supreme—Order, Fate, +the Great Spirit, Nature, God. I recognize +this power in the sun that +makes all things grow and keeps life +afoot. I make a friend of this indefinable +force, and straightway I feel +glad, brave and ready for any lot +Heaven may decree for me. This is +my religion of optimism.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2>Part ii. Optimism Without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px; border-top: solid black 2px; border-bottom: solid black 2px; padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em"> +<img src="images/illus-025.jpg" width="150" height="149" alt="Ornament" title="Ornament" /> +</div> + + + +<h2 class="ct"><a name="Part_ii" id="Part_ii"></a>Part ii<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span><br /> + +Optimism Without</h2> + + +<div class="initial" style="clear: both"> +<img src="images/dropcap-025.jpg" alt="O" title="O" /></div> +<p class="dropcapsection">ptimism, then, is a fact +within my own heart. But as +I look out upon life, my heart +meets no contradiction. The outward +world justifies my inward universe +of good. All through the years +I have spent in college, my reading +has been a continuous discovery of +good. In literature, philosophy, religion +and history I find the mighty +witnesses to my faith.</p> + +<p>Philosophy is the history of a deaf-blind +person writ large. From the +talks of Socrates up through Plato,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +Berkeley and Kant, philosophy records +the efforts of human intelligence +to be free of the clogging +material world and fly forth into a +universe of pure idea. A deaf-blind +person ought to find special meaning +in Plato’s Ideal World. These +things which you see and hear and +touch are not the reality of realities, +but imperfect manifestations of the +Idea, the Principle, the Spiritual; the +Idea is the truth, the rest is delusion.</p> + +<p>If this be so, my brethren who +enjoy the fullest use of the senses +are not aware of any reality which +may not equally well be in reach of +my mind. Philosophy gives to the +mind the prerogative of seeing truth, +and bears us into a realm where I, +who am blind, am not different from +you who see. When I learned from +Berkeley that your eyes receive an +inverted image of things which your +brain unconsciously corrects, I began<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +to suspect that the eye is not a +very reliable instrument after all, and +I felt as one who had been restored +to equality with others, glad, not because +the senses avail them so little, +but because in God’s eternal world, +mind and spirit avail so much. It +seemed to me that philosophy had +been written for my special consolation, +whereby I get even with some +modern philosophers who apparently +think that I was intended as +an experimental case for their special +instruction! But in a little measure +my small voice of individual experience +does join in the declaration +of philosophy that the good is the +only world, and that world is a world +of spirit. It is also a universe where +order is All, where an unbroken logic +holds the parts together, where disorder +defines itself as non-existence, +where evil, as St. Augustine held, is +delusion, and therefore is not.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p> + +<p>The meaning of philosophy to me +is not only in its principles, but also +in the happy isolation of its great +expounders. They were seldom of +the world, even when like Plato and +Leibnitz they moved in its courts +and drawing-rooms. To the tumult +of life they were deaf, and they were +blind to its distraction and perplexing +diversities. Sitting alone, but not +in darkness, they learned to find +everything in themselves, and failing +to find it even there, they still +trusted in meeting the truth face to +face when they should leave the earth +behind and become partakers in the +wisdom of God. The great mystics +lived alone, deaf and blind, but dwelling +with God.</p> + +<p>I understand how it was possible +for Spinoza to find deep and sustained +happiness when he was excommunicated, +poor, despised and +suspected alike by Jew and Christian;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +not that the kind world of men +ever treated me so, but that his isolation +from the universe of sensuous +joys is somewhat analogous to mine. +He loved the good for its own sake. +Like many great spirits he accepted +his place in the world, and confided +himself childlike to a higher power, +believing that it worked through his +hands and predominated in his being. +He trusted implicitly, and that +is what I do. Deep, solemn optimism, +it seems to me, should spring from +this firm belief in the presence of +God in the individual; not a remote, +unapproachable governor of the universe, +but a God who is very near +every one of us, who is present not +only in earth, sea and sky, but also in +every pure and noble impulse of our +hearts, “the source and centre of all +minds, their only point of rest.”</p> + +<p>Thus from philosophy I learn that +we see only shadows and know only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +in part, and that all things change; +but the mind, the unconquerable +mind, compasses all truth, embraces +the universe as it is, converts the +shadows to realities and makes tumultuous +changes seem but moments +in an eternal silence, or short +lines in the infinite theme of perfection, +and the evil but “a halt on the +way to good.” Though with my hand +I grasp only a small part of the universe, +with my spirit I see the whole, +and in my thought I can compass +the beneficent laws by which it is +governed. The confidence and trust +which these conceptions inspire +teach me to rest safe in my life as in +a fate, and protect me from spectral +doubts and fears. Verily, blessed are +ye that have not seen, and yet have +believed.</p> + +<p>All the world’s great philosophers +have been lovers of God and believers +in man’s inner goodness. To know<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +the history of philosophy is to know +that the highest thinkers of the ages, +the seers of the tribes and the nations, +have been optimists.</p> + +<p>The growth of philosophy is the +story of man’s spiritual life. Outside +lies that great mass of events which +we call History. As I look on this +mass, I see it take form and shape +itself in the ways of God. The history +of man is an epic of progress. In the +world within and the world without +I see a wonderful correspondence, +a glorious symbolism which reveals +the human and the divine communing +together, the lesson of philosophy +repeated in fact. In all the parts +that compose the history of mankind +hides the spirit of good, and gives +meaning to the whole.</p> + +<p>Far back in the twilight of history +I see the savage fleeing from +the forces of nature which he has +not learned to control, and seeking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +to propitiate supernatural beings +which are but the creation of his +superstitious fear. With a shift of +imagination I see the savage emancipated, +civilized. He no longer worships +the grim deities of ignorance. +Through suffering he has learned to +build a roof over his head, to defend +his life and his home, and over his +state he has erected a temple in +which he worships the joyous gods +of light and song. From suffering he +has learned justice; from the struggle +with his fellows he has learned +the distinction between right and +wrong which makes him a moral being. +He is gifted with the genius of +Greece.</p> + +<p>But Greece was not perfect. Her +poetical and religious ideals were +far above her practice; therefore she +died, that her ideals might survive +to ennoble coming ages.</p> + +<p>Rome, too, left the world a rich inheritance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +Through the vicissitudes +of history her laws and ordered government +have stood a majestic object-lesson +for the ages. But when +the stern, frugal character of her people +ceased to be the bone and sinew +of her civilization, Rome fell.</p> + +<p>Then came the new nations of the +North and founded a more permanent +society. The base of Greek and Roman +society was the slave, crushed +into the condition of the wretches +who “labored, foredone, in the field +and at the workshop, like haltered +horses, if blind, so much the quieter.” +The base of the new society was the +freeman who fought, tilled, judged +and grew from more to more. He +wrought a state out of tribal kinship +and fostered an independence and +self-reliance which no oppression +could destroy. The story of man’s +slow ascent from savagery through +barbarism and self-mastery to civilization<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +is the embodiment of the +spirit of optimism. From the first +hour of the new nations each century +has seen a better Europe, until +the development of the world demanded +America.</p> + +<p>Tolstoi said the other day that +America, once the hope of the world, +was in bondage to Mammon. Tolstoi +and other Europeans have still much +to learn about this great, free country +of ours before they understand +the unique civic struggle which +America is undergoing. She is confronted +with the mighty task of assimilating +all the foreigners that are +drawn together from every country, +and welding them into one people +with one national spirit. We have +the right to demand the forbearance +of critics until the United States has +demonstrated whether she can make +one people out of all the nations of +the earth. London economists are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +alarmed at less than five hundred +thousand foreign-born in a population +of six million, and discuss earnestly +the danger of too many aliens. +But what is their problem in comparison +with that of New York, which +counts nearly one million five hundred +thousand foreigners among its +three and a half million citizens? +Think of it! Every third person in +our American metropolis is an alien. +By these figures alone America’s +greatness can be measured.</p> + +<p>It is true, America has devoted herself +largely to the solution of material +problems—breaking the fields, +opening mines, irrigating deserts, +spanning the continent with railroads; +but she is doing these things +in a new way, by educating her people, +by placing at the service of every +man’s need every resource of human +skill. She is transmuting her industrial +wealth into the education of her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +workmen, so that unskilled people +shall have no place in American life, +so that all men shall bring mind and +soul to the control of matter. Her +children are not drudges and slaves. +The Constitution has declared it, and +the spirit of our institutions has confirmed +it. The best the land can teach +them they shall know. They shall +learn that there is no upper class +in their country, and no lower, and +they shall understand how it is that +God and His world are for everybody.</p> + +<p>America might do all this, and still +be selfish, still be a worshipper of +Mammon. But America is the home of +charity as well as of commerce. In the +midst of roaring traffic, side by side +with noisy factory and sky-reaching +warehouse, one sees the school, +the library, the hospital, the park-works +of public benevolence which +represent wealth wrought into ideas +that shall endure forever. Behold<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +what America has already done to +alleviate suffering and restore the +afflicted to society—given sight to +the fingers of the blind, language to +the dumb lip, and mind to the idiot +clay, and tell me if indeed she worships +Mammon only. Who shall measure +the sympathy, skill and intelligence +with which she ministers to +all who come to her, and lessens the +ever-swelling tide of poverty, misery +and degradation which every year +rolls against her gates from all the +nations?</p> + +<p>When I reflect on all these facts, +I cannot but think that, Tolstoi and +other theorists to the contrary, it is +a splendid thing to be an American. +In America the optimist finds abundant +reason for confidence in the +present and hope for the future, and +this hope, this confidence, may well +extend over all the great nations of +the earth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> + +<p>If we compare our own time with +the past, we find in modern statistics +a solid foundation for a confident and +buoyant world-optimism. Beneath +the doubt, the unrest, the materialism, +which surround us still glows +and burns at the world’s best life a +steadfast faith. To hear the pessimist, +one would think civilization +had bivouacked in the Middle Ages, +and had not had marching orders +since. He does not realize that the +progress of evolution is not an uninterrupted +march.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Now touching goal, now backward hurl’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Toils the indomitable world.”<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>I have recently read an address by +one whose knowledge it would be +presumptuous to challenge.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> In it I +find abundant evidence of progress.</p> + +<p>During the past fifty years crime +has decreased. True, the records of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>to-day contain a longer list of crime. +But our statistics are more complete +and accurate than the statistics of +times past. Besides, there are many +offences on the list which half a +century ago would not have been +thought of as crimes. This shows +that the public conscience is more +sensitive than it ever was.</p> + +<p>Our definition of crime has grown +stricter, our punishment of it more +lenient and intelligent. The old feeling +of revenge has largely disappeared. +It is no longer an eye for an +eye, a tooth for a tooth. The criminal +is treated as one who is diseased. He +is confined not merely for punishment, +but because he is a menace to +society. While he is under restraint, +he is treated with humane care and +disciplined so that his mind shall be +cured of its disease, and he shall be +restored to society able to do his part +of its work.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p> + +<p>Another sign of awakened and enlightened +public conscience is the +effort to provide the working-class +with better houses. Did it occur to +any one a hundred years ago to think +whether the dwellings of the poor +were sanitary, convenient or sunny? +Do not forget that in the “good old +times” cholera and typhus devastated +whole counties, and that pestilence +walked abroad in the capitals +of Europe.</p> + +<p>Not only have our laboring-classes +better houses and better places to +work in; but employers recognize +the right of the employed to seek +more than the bare wage of existence. +In the darkness and turmoil +of our modern industrial strifes we +discern but dimly the principles that +underlie the struggle. The recognition +of the right of all men to life, +liberty and the pursuit of happiness, +a spirit of conciliation such as Burke<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +dreamed of, the willingness on the +part of the strong to make concessions +to the weak, the realization +that the rights of the employer are +bound up in the rights of the employed—in +these the optimist beholds +the signs of our times.</p> + +<p>Another right which the State +has recognized as belonging to each +man is the right to an education. In +the enlightened parts of Europe and +in America every city, every town, +every village, has its school; and it +is no longer a class who have access +to knowledge, for to the children of +the poorest laborer the school-door +stands open. From the civilized nations +universal education is driving +the dull host of illiteracy.</p> + +<p>Education broadens to include all +men, and deepens to reach all truths. +Scholars are no longer confined to +Greek, Latin and mathematics, but +they also study science; and science<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +converts the dreams of the poet, the +theory of the mathematician and the +fiction of the economist into ships, +hospitals and instruments that enable +one skilled hand to perform the +work of a thousand. The student of +to-day is not asked if he has learned +his grammar. Is he a mere grammar-machine, +a dry catalogue of scientific +facts, or has he acquired the qualities +of manliness? His supreme lesson +is to grapple with great public +questions, to keep his mind hospitable +to new ideas and new views of +truth, to restore the finer ideals that +are lost sight of in the struggle for +wealth and to promote justice between +man and man. He learns that +there may be substitutes for human +labor—horse-power and machinery +and books; but “there are no substitutes +for common sense, patience, +integrity, courage.”</p> + +<p>Who can doubt the vastness of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +achievements of education when one +considers how different the condition +of the blind and the deaf is from +what it was a century ago? They +were then objects of superstitious +pity, and shared the lowest beggar’s +lot. Everybody looked upon +their case as hopeless, and this view +plunged them deeper in despair. The +blind themselves laughed in the face +of Haüy when he offered to teach +them to read. How pitiable is the +cramped sense of imprisonment in +circumstances which teaches men to +expect no good and to treat any attempt +to relieve them as the vagary +of a disordered mind! But now, behold +the transformation; see how institutions +and industrial establishments +for the blind have sprung up +as if by magic; see how many of the +deaf have learned not only to read +and write, but to speak; and remember +that the faith and patience of Dr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +Howe have borne fruit in the efforts +that are being made everywhere to +educate the deaf-blind and equip +them for the struggle. Do you wonder +that I am full of hope and lifted +up?</p> + +<p>The highest result of education is +tolerance. Long ago men fought and +died for their faith; but it took ages +to teach them the other kind of courage,—the +courage to recognize the +faiths of their brethren and their +rights of conscience. Tolerance is +the first principle of community; it +is the spirit which conserves the best +that all men think. No loss by flood +and lightning, no destruction of cities +and temples by the hostile forces +of nature, has deprived man of so +many noble lives and impulses as +those which his intolerance has destroyed.</p> + +<p>With wonder and sorrow I go back +in thought to the ages of intolerance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +and bigotry. I see Jesus received with +scorn and nailed on the cross. I see +his followers hounded and tortured +and burned. I am present where the +finer spirits that revolt from the superstition +of the Middle Ages are accused +of impiety and stricken down. +I behold the children of Israel reviled +and persecuted unto death by +those who pretend Christianity with +the tongue; I see them driven from +land to land, hunted from refuge +to refuge, summoned to the felon’s +place, exposed to the whip, mocked +as they utter amid the pain of martyrdom +a confession of the faith +which they have kept with such +splendid constancy. The same bigotry +that oppresses the Jews falls +tiger-like upon Christian nonconformists +of purest lives and wipes +out the Albigenses and the peaceful +Vaudois, “whose bones lie on the +mountains cold.” I see the clouds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +part slowly, and I hear a cry of protest +against the bigot. The restraining +hand of tolerance is laid upon the +inquisitor, and the humanist utters a +message of peace to the persecuted. +Instead of the cry, “Burn the heretic!” +men study the human soul with +sympathy, and there enters into their +hearts a new reverence for that +which is unseen.</p> + +<p>The idea of brotherhood redawns +upon the world with a broader significance +than the narrow association +of members in a sect or creed; +and thinkers of great soul like Lessing +challenge the world to say +which is more godlike, the hatred +and tooth-and-nail grapple of conflicting +religions, or sweet accord +and mutual helpfulness. Ancient prejudice +of man against his brother-man +wavers and retreats before the +radiance of a more generous sentiment, +which will not sacrifice men to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +forms, or rob them of the comfort and +strength they find in their own beliefs. +The heresy of one age becomes +the orthodoxy of the next. Mere tolerance +has given place to a sentiment +of brotherhood between sincere +men of all denominations. The +optimist rejoices in the affectionate +sympathy between Catholic heart +and Protestant heart which finds a +gratifying expression in the universal +respect and warm admiration for +Leo XIII on the part of good men +the world over. The centenary celebrations +of the births of Emerson +and Channing are beautiful examples +of the tribute which men of all +creeds pay to the memory of a pure +soul.</p> + +<p>Thus in my outlook upon our times +I find that I am glad to be a citizen +of the world, and as I regard my +country, I find that to be an American +is to be an optimist. I know the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +unhappy and unrighteous story of +what has been done in the Philippines +beneath our flag; but I believe +that in the accidents of statecraft the +best intelligence of the people sometimes +fails to express itself. I read in +the history of Julius Cæsar that during +the civil wars there were millions +of peaceful herdsmen and laborers +who worked as long as they +could, and fled before the advance +of the armies that were led by the +few, then waited until the danger +was past, and returned to repair +damages with patient hands. So the +people are patient and honest, while +their rulers stumble. I rejoice to see +in the world and in this country a +new and better patriotism than that +which seeks the life of an enemy. It +is a patriotism higher than that of +the battle-field. It moves thousands +to lay down their lives in social service, +and every life so laid down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +brings us a step nearer the time +when corn-fields shall no more be +fields of battle. So when I heard of +the cruel fighting in the Philippines,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +I did not despair, because I knew +that the hearts of our people were +not in that fight, and that sometime +the hand of the destroyer must be +stayed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2>Part iii. The Practice of Optimism<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px; border-top: solid black 2px; border-bottom: solid black 2px; padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em"> +<img src="images/illus-053.jpg" width="150" height="120" alt="Ornament" title="Ornament" /> +</div> + + + +<h2 class="ct"><a name="Part_iii" id="Part_iii"></a>Part iii<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span><br /> + +The Practice of Optimism</h2> + +<div class="initial" style="clear: both"> +<img src="images/dropcap-053.jpg" alt="T" title="T" /></div> +<p class="dropcapsection">he test of all beliefs is their +practical effect in life. If it be +true that optimism compels +the world forward, and pessimism +retards it, then it is dangerous to +propagate a pessimistic philosophy. +One who believes that the pain in +the world outweighs the joy, and +expresses that unhappy conviction, +only adds to the pain. Schopenhauer +is an enemy to the race. Even if he +earnestly believed that this is the +most wretched of possible worlds, +he should not promulgate a doctrine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +which robs men of the incentive to +fight with circumstance. If Life gave +him ashes for bread, it was his fault. +Life is a fair field, and the right will +prosper if we stand by our guns.</p> + +<p>Let pessimism once take hold of +the mind, and life is all topsy-turvy, all +vanity and vexation of spirit. There +is no cure for individual or social disorder, +except in forgetfulness and +annihilation. “Let us eat, drink and +be merry,” says the pessimist, “for +to-morrow we die.” If I regarded my +life from the point of view of the pessimist, +I should be undone. I should +seek in vain for the light that does +not visit my eyes and the music that +does not ring in my ears. I should beg +night and day and never be satisfied. +I should sit apart in awful solitude, a +prey to fear and despair. But since I +consider it a duty to myself and to +others to be happy, I escape a misery +worse than any physical deprivation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + +<p>Who shall dare let his incapacity +for hope or goodness cast a shadow +upon the courage of those who bear +their burdens as if they were privileges? +The optimist cannot fall back, +cannot falter; for he knows his neighbor +will be hindered by his failure to +keep in line. He will therefore hold +his place fearlessly and remember +the duty of silence. Sufficient unto +each heart is its own sorrow. He +will take the iron claws of circumstance +in his hand and use them as +tools to break away the obstacles +that block his path. He will work as +if upon him alone depended the establishment +of heaven on earth.</p> + +<p>We have seen that the world’s philosophers—the +Sayers of the Word—were +optimists; so also are the +men of action and achievement—the +Doers of the Word. Dr. Howe found +his way to Laura Bridgman’s soul +because he began with the belief<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +that he could reach it. English jurists +had said that the deaf-blind were +idiots in the eyes of the law. Behold +what the optimist does. He controverts +a hard legal axiom; he looks +behind the dull impassive clay and +sees a human soul in bondage, and +quietly, resolutely sets about its deliverance. +His efforts are victorious. +He creates intelligence out of idiocy +and proves to the law that the deaf-blind +man is a responsible being.</p> + +<p>When Haüy offered to teach the +blind to read, he was met by pessimism +that laughed at his folly. Had +he not believed that the soul of man +is mightier than the ignorance that +fetters it, had he not been an optimist, +he would not have turned the +fingers of the blind into new instruments. +No pessimist ever discovered +the secrets of the stars, or sailed to +an uncharted land, or opened a new +heaven to the human spirit. St. Bernard<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +was so deeply an optimist that +he believed two hundred and fifty enlightened +men could illuminate the +darkness which overwhelmed the +period of the Crusades; and the light +of his faith broke like a new day upon +western Europe. John Bosco, the +benefactor of the poor and the friendless +of Italian cities, was another +optimist, another prophet who, perceiving +a Divine Idea while it was +yet afar, proclaimed it to his countrymen. +Although they laughed at +his vision and called him a madman, +yet he worked on patiently, and with +the labor of his hands he maintained +a home for little street waifs. In the +fervor of enthusiasm he predicted the +wonderful movement which should +result from his work. Even in the +days before he had money or patronage, +he drew glowing pictures of the +splendid system of schools and hospitals +which should spread from one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +end of Italy to the other, and he lived +to see the organization of the San +Salvador Society, which was the +embodiment of his prophetic optimism. +When Dr. Seguin declared his +opinion that the feeble-minded could +be taught, again people laughed, +and in their complacent wisdom said +he was no better than an idiot himself. +But the noble optimist persevered, +and by and by the reluctant +pessimists saw that he whom they +ridiculed had become one of the +world’s philanthropists. Thus the optimist +believes, attempts, achieves. +He stands always in the sunlight. +Some day the wonderful, the inexpressible, +arrives and shines upon +him, and he is there to welcome it. +His soul meets his own and beats a +glad march to every new discovery, +every fresh victory over difficulties, +every addition to human knowledge +and happiness.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> + +<p>We have found that our great philosophers +and our great men of action +are optimists. So, too, our most +potent men of letters have been optimists +in their books and in their +lives. No pessimist ever won an audience +commensurately wide with +his genius, and many optimistic writers +have been read and admired out +of all measure to their talents, simply +because they wrote of the sunlit +side of life. Dickens, Lamb, Goldsmith, +Irving, all the well-beloved +and gentle humorists, were optimists. +Swift, the pessimist, has never +had as many readers as his towering +genius should command, and indeed, +when he comes down into our +century and meets Thackeray, that +generous optimist can hardly do him +justice. In spite of the latter-day notoriety +of the “Rubáiyát” of Omar +Khayyám, we may set it down as a +rule that he who would be heard<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +must be a believer, must have a fundamental +optimism in his philosophy. +He may bluster and disagree +and lament as Carlyle and Ruskin +do sometimes; but a basic confidence +in the good destiny of life and +of the world must underlie his work.</p> + +<p>Shakespeare is the prince of optimists. +His tragedies are a revelation +of moral order. In “Lear” and “Hamlet” +there is a looking forward to +something better, some one is left at +the end of the play to right wrong, +restore society and build the state +anew. The later plays, “The Tempest” +and “Cymbeline,” show a beautiful, +placid optimism which delights +in reconciliations and reunions and +which plans for the triumph of external +as well as internal good.</p> + +<p>If Browning were less difficult to +read, he would surely be the dominant +poet in this century. I feel the +ecstasy with which he exclaims,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +“Oh, good gigantic smile o’ the +brown old earth this autumn morning!” +And how he sets my brain going +when he says, because there is +imperfection, there must be perfection; +completeness must come of incompleteness; +failure is an evidence +of triumph for the fulness of the days. +Yes, discord is, that harmony may +be; pain destroys, that health may +renew; perhaps I am deaf and blind +that others likewise afflicted may +see and hear with a more perfect +sense! From Browning I learn that +there is no lost good, and that makes +it easier for me to go at life, right or +wrong, do the best I know, and fear +not. My heart responds proudly to +his exhortation to pay gladly life’s +debt of pain, darkness and cold. Lift +up your burden, it is God’s gift, bear +it nobly.</p> + +<p>The man of letters whose voice is +to prevail must be an optimist, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +his voice often learns its message +from his life. Stevenson’s life has become +a tradition only ten years after +his death; he has taken his place +among the heroes, the bravest man +of letters since Johnson and Lamb. +I remember an hour when I was discouraged +and ready to falter. For +days I had been pegging away at a +task which refused to get itself accomplished. +In the midst of my perplexity +I read an essay of Stevenson +which made me feel as if I had been +“outing” in the sunshine, instead of +losing heart over a difficult task. I +tried again with new courage and +succeeded almost before I knew it. +I have failed many times since; but I +have never felt so disheartened as I +did before that sturdy preacher gave +me my lesson in the “fashion of the +smiling face.”</p> + +<p>Read Schopenhauer and Omar, +and you will grow to find the world as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +hollow as they find it. Read Green’s +history of England, and the world is +peopled with heroes. I never knew +why Green’s history thrilled me with +the vigor of romance until I read his +biography. Then I learned how his +quick imagination transfigured the +hard, bare facts of life into new and +living dreams. When he and his wife +were too poor to have a fire, he would +sit before the unlit hearth and pretend +that it was ablaze. “Drill your +thoughts,” he said; “shut out the +gloomy and call in the bright. There +is more wisdom in shutting one’s +eyes than your copybook philosophers +will allow.”</p> + +<p>Every optimist moves along with +progress and hastens it, while every +pessimist would keep the world at +a standstill. The consequence of +pessimism in the life of a nation is +the same as in the life of the individual. +Pessimism kills the instinct<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +that urges men to struggle against +poverty, ignorance and crime, and +dries up all the fountains of joy in +the world. In imagination I leave +the country which lifts up the manhood +of the poor and I visit India, +the underworld of fatalism—where +three hundred million human beings, +scarcely men, submerged in ignorance +and misery, precipitate themselves +still deeper into the pit. Why +are they thus? Because they have for +thousands of years been the victims +of their philosophy, which teaches +them that men are as grass, and +the grass fadeth, and there is no +more greenness upon the earth. They +sit in the shadow and let the circumstances +they should master grip +them, until they cease to be Men, and +are made to dance and salaam like +puppets in a play. After a little hour +death comes and hurries them off to +the grave, and other puppets with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +other “pasteboard passions and desires” +take their place, and the show +goes on for centuries.</p> + +<p>Go to India and see what sort +of civilization is developed when a +nation lacks faith in progress and +bows to the gods of darkness. Under +the influence of Brahminism genius +and ambition have been suppressed. +There is no one to befriend the poor +or to protect the fatherless and the +widow. The sick lie untended. The +blind know not how to see, nor the +deaf to hear, and they are left by the +roadside to die. In India it is a sin to +teach the blind and the deaf because +their affliction is regarded as a punishment +for offences in a previous +state of existence. If I had been born +in the midst of these fatalistic doctrines, +I should still be in darkness, +my life a desert-land where no caravan +of thought might pass between +my spirit and the world beyond.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Hindoos believe in endurance, +but not in resistance; therefore they +have been subdued by strangers. +Their history is a repetition of that +of Babylon. A nation from afar came +with speed swiftly, and none stumbled, +or slept, or slumbered, but they +brought desolation upon the land, +and took the stay and the staff from +the people, the whole stay of bread, +and the whole stay of water, the +mighty man, and the man of war, +the judge, and the prophet, and the +prudent, and the ancient, and none +delivered them. Woe, indeed, is the +heritage of those who walk sad-thoughted +and downcast through +this radiant, soul-delighting earth, +blind to its beauty and deaf to its +music, and of those who call evil +good, and good evil, and put darkness +for light, and light for darkness.</p> + +<p>What care the weather-bronzed +sons of the West, feeding the world<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +from the plains of Dakota, for the +Omars and the Brahmins? They +would say to the Hindoos, “Blot out +your philosophy, dead for a thousand +years, look with fresh eyes at Reality +and Life, put away your Brahmins +and your crooked gods, and +seek diligently for Vishnu the Preserver.”</p> + +<p>Optimism is the faith that leads to +achievement; nothing can be done +without hope. When our forefathers +laid the foundation of the American +commonwealths, what nerved them +to their task but a vision of a free +community? Against the cold, inhospitable +sky, across the wilderness +white with snow, where lurked the +hidden savage, gleamed the bow of +promise, toward which they set their +faces with the faith that levels mountains, +fills up valleys, bridges rivers +and carries civilization to the uttermost +parts of the earth. Although<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +the pioneers could not build according +to the Hebraic ideal they saw, +yet they gave the pattern of all that +is most enduring in our country to-day. +They brought to the wilderness +the thinking mind, the printed book, +the deep-rooted desire for self-government +and the English common +law that judges alike the king and +the subject, the law on which rests +the whole structure of our society.</p> + +<p>It is significant that the foundation +of that law is optimistic. In +Latin countries the court proceeds +with a pessimistic bias. The prisoner +is held guilty until he is proved innocent. +In England and the United +States there is an optimistic presumption +that the accused is innocent +until it is no longer possible to +deny his guilt. Under our system, it +is said, many criminals are acquitted; +but it is surely better so than that +many innocent persons should suffer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +The pessimist cries, “There is no +enduring good in man! The tendency +of all things is through perpetual loss +to chaos in the end. If there was ever +an idea of good in things evil, it was +impotent, and the world rushes on +to ruin.” But behold, the law of the +two most sober-minded, practical +and law-abiding nations on earth +assumes the good in man and demands +a proof of the bad.</p> + +<p>Optimism is the faith that leads +to achievement. The prophets of the +world have been of good heart, or +their standards would have stood +naked in the field without a defender. +Tolstoi’s strictures lose power because +they are pessimistic. If he had +seen clearly the faults of America, +and still believed in her capacity to +overcome them, our people might +have felt the stimulation of his censure. +But the world turns its back +on a hopeless prophet and listens to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +Emerson who takes into account +the best qualities of the nation and +attacks only the vices which no one +can defend or deny. It listens to the +strong man, Lincoln, who in times +of doubt, trouble and need does not +falter. He sees success afar, and by +strenuous hope, by hoping against +hope, inspires a nation. Through the +night of despair he says, “All is well,” +and thousands rest in his confidence. +When such a man censures, and +points to a fault, the nation obeys, +and his words sink into the ears of +men; but to the lamentations of the +habitual Jeremiah the ear grows dull.</p> + +<p>Our newspapers should remember +this. The press is the pulpit of the +modern world, and on the preachers +who fill it much depends. If the protest +of the press against unrighteous +measures is to avail, then for ninety-nine +days the word of the preacher +should be buoyant and of good cheer,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +so that on the hundredth day the +voice of censure may be a hundred +times strong. This was Lincoln’s +way. He knew the people; he believed +in them and rested his faith on +the justice and wisdom of the great +majority. When in his rough and +ready way he said, “You can’t fool +all the people all the time,” he expressed +a great principle, the doctrine +of faith in human nature.</p> + +<p>The prophet is not without honor, +save he be a pessimist. The ecstatic +prophecies of Isaiah did far more to +restore the exiles of Israel to their +homes than the lamentations of Jeremiah +did to deliver them from the +hands of evil-doers.</p> + +<p>Even on Christmas Day do men +remember that Christ came as a prophet +of good? His joyous optimism +is like water to feverish lips, and has +for its highest expression the eight +beatitudes. It is because Christ is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +an optimist that for ages he has +dominated the Western world. For +nineteen centuries Christendom has +gazed into his shining face and felt +that all things work together for +good. St. Paul, too, taught the faith +which looks beyond the hardest +things into the infinite horizon of +heaven, where all limitations are lost +in the light of perfect understanding. +If you are born blind, search the +treasures of darkness. They are more +precious than the gold of Ophir. They +are love and goodness and truth and +hope, and their price is above rubies +and sapphires.</p> + +<p>Jesus utters and Paul proclaims a +message of peace and a message of +reason, a belief in the Idea, not in +things, in love, not in conquest. The +optimist is he who sees that men’s +actions are directed not by squadrons +and armies, but by moral power, +that the conquests of Alexander and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +Napoleon are less abiding than Newton’s +and Galileo’s and St. Augustine’s +silent mastery of the world. +Ideas are mightier than fire and +sword. Noiselessly they propagate +themselves from land to land, and +mankind goes out and reaps the +rich harvest and thanks God; but +the achievements of the warrior are +like his canvas city, “to-day a camp, +to-morrow all struck and vanished, +a few pit-holes and heaps of straw.” +This was the gospel of Jesus two +thousand years ago. Christmas Day +is the festival of optimism.</p> + +<p>Although there are still great evils +which have not been subdued, and +the optimist is not blind to them, yet +he is full of hope. Despondency has +no place in his creed, for he believes +in the imperishable righteousness of +God and the dignity of man. History +records man’s triumphant ascent. +Each halt in his progress has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +but a pause before a mighty leap forward. +The time is not out of joint. If +indeed some of the temples we worshipped +in have fallen, we have built +new ones on the sacred sites loftier +and holier than those which have +crumbled. If we have lost some of +the heroic physical qualities of our +ancestors, we have replaced them +with a spiritual nobleness that turns +aside wrath and binds up the wounds +of the vanquished. All the past attainments +of man are ours; and more, +his day-dreams have become our +clear realities. Therein lies our hope +and sure faith.</p> + +<p>As I stand in the sunshine of a sincere +and earnest optimism, my imagination +“paints yet more glorious +triumphs on the cloud-curtain of the +future.” Out of the fierce struggle +and turmoil of contending systems +and powers I see a brighter spiritual +era slowly emerge—an era in which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +there shall be no England, no France, +no Germany, no America, no this +people or that, but one family, the +human race; one law, peace; one +need, harmony; one means, labor; +one taskmaster, God.</p> + +<p>If I should try to say anew the +creed of the optimist, I should say +something like this: “I believe in +God, I believe in man, I believe in the +power of the spirit. I believe it is a +sacred duty to encourage ourselves +and others; to hold the tongue from +any unhappy word against God’s +world, because no man has any right +to complain of a universe which God +made good, and which thousands of +men have striven to keep good. I believe +we should so act that we may +draw nearer and more near the age +when no man shall live at his ease +while another suffers.” These are +the articles of my faith, and there +is yet another on which all depends—to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +bear this faith above every tempest +which overfloods it, and to make +it a principle in disaster and through +affliction. Optimism is the harmony +between man’s spirit and the spirit of +God pronouncing His works good.</p> + + +<p class="dedication" style="padding-top: 2em">The End</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> +<img src="images/illus-076.jpg" width="150" height="144" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Life and Letters of John Richard Green. Edited by +Leslie Stephen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Address by the Hon. Carroll D. Wright before the +Unitarian Conference, September, 1903.</p></div> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Optimism, by Helen Keller + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OPTIMISM *** + +***** This file should be named 31622-h.htm or 31622-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/6/2/31622/ + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, Irma Spehar and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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