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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/29514-8.txt b/29514-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8877a9e --- /dev/null +++ b/29514-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,533 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Vergänglichkeit, by Sigmund Freud + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Vergänglichkeit + +Author: Sigmund Freud + +Release Date: July 26, 2009 [EBook #29514] + +Language: German + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VERGÄNGLICHKEIT *** + + + + +Produced by Jana Srna and Philipp Zeinlinger + + + + + + + + + [ Anmerkungen zur Transkription: + + Der Text stammt aus: Das Land Goethes 1914-1916. Ein vaterländisches + Gedenkbuch. Herausgegeben vom Berliner Goethebund. Stuttgart und + Berlin: Deutsche Verlangs-Anstalt 1916. S. 37-38. + + Schreibweise und Interpunktion des Originaltextes wurden übernommen. + ] + + + + +Vergänglichkeit + + +Vor einiger Zeit machte ich in Gesellschaft eines schweigsamen Freundes +und eines jungen, bereits rühmlich bekannten Dichters einen Spaziergang +durch eine blühende Sommerlandschaft. Der Dichter bewunderte die +Schönheit der Natur um uns, aber ohne sich ihrer zu erfreuen. Ihn störte +der Gedanke, daß all diese Schönheit dem Vergehen geweiht war, daß sie +im Winter dahingeschwunden sein werde, aber ebenso jede menschliche +Schönheit und alles Schöne und Edle, was Menschen geschaffen haben und +schaffen könnten. Alles, was er sonst geliebt und bewundert hätte, +schien ihm entwertet durch das Schicksal der Vergänglichkeit, zu dem es +bestimmt war. + +Wir wissen, daß von solcher Versenkung in die Hinfälligkeit alles +Schönen und Vollkommenen zwei verschiedene seelische Regungen ausgehen +können. Die eine führt zu dem schmerzlichen Weltüberdruß des jungen +Dichters, die andere zur Auflehnung gegen die behauptete Tatsächlichkeit. +Nein, es ist unmöglich, daß all diese Herrlichkeiten der Natur und der +Kunst, unserer Empfindungswelt und der Welt draußen, wirklich in Nichts +zergehen sollten. Es wäre zu unsinnig, und zu frevelhaft daran zu +glauben. Sie müssen in irgend einer Weise fortbestehen können, allen +zerstörenden Einflüssen entrückt. + +Allein diese Ewigkeitsforderung ist zu deutlich ein Erfolg unseres +Wunschlebens, als daß sie auf einen Realitätswert Anspruch erheben +könnte. Auch das Schmerzliche kann wahr sein. Ich konnte mich weder +entschließen, die allgemeine Vergänglichkeit zu bestreiten, noch für das +Schöne und Vollkommene eine Ausnahme zu erzwingen. Aber ich bestritt dem +pessimistischen Dichter, daß die Vergänglichkeit des Schönen eine +Entwertung desselben mit sich bringe. + +Im Gegenteil, eine Wertsteigerung! Der Vergänglichkeitswert ist ein +Seltenheitswert in der Zeit. Die Beschränkung in der Möglichkeit des +Genusses erhöht dessen Kostbarkeit. Ich erklärte es für unverständlich, +wie der Gedanke an die Vergänglichkeit des Schönen uns die Freude an +demselben trüben sollte. Was die Schönheit der Natur betrifft, so kommt +sie nach jeder Zerstörung durch den Winter im nächsten Jahre wieder, und +diese Wiederkehr darf im Verhältnis zu unserer Lebensdauer als eine ewige +bezeichnet werden. Die Schönheit des menschlichen Körpers und Angesichts +sehen wir innerhalb unseres eigenen Lebens für immer schwinden, aber +diese Kurzlebigkeit fügt zu ihren Reizen einen neuen hinzu. Wenn es eine +Blume giebt, welche nur eine einzige Nacht blüht, so erscheint uns ihre +Blüte darum nicht minder prächtig. Wie die Schönheit und Vollkommenheit +des Kunstwerks und der intellektuellen Leistung durch deren zeitliche +Beschränkung entwertet werden sollte, vermochte ich ebensowenig +einzusehen. Mag eine Zeit kommen, wenn die Bilder und Statuen, die wir +heute bewundern, zerfallen sind, oder ein Menschengeschlecht nach uns, +welches die Werke unserer Dichter und Denker nicht mehr versteht, oder +selbst eine geologische Epoche, in der alles Lebende auf der Erde +verstummt ist, der Wert all dieses Schönen und Vollkommenen wird nur +durch seine Bedeutung für unser Empfindungsleben bestimmt, braucht +dieses selbst nicht zu überdauern und ist darum von der absoluten +Zeitdauer unabhängig. + +Ich hielt diese Erwägungen für unanfechtbar, bemerkte aber, daß ich dem +Dichter und dem Freunde keinen Eindruck gemacht hatte. Ich schloß aus +diesem Mißerfolg auf die Einmengung eines starken affektiven Moments, +welches ihr Urteil trübte, und glaubte dies auch später gefunden zu +haben. Es muß die seelische Auflehnung gegen die Trauer gewesen sein, +welche ihnen den Genuß des Schönen entwertete. Die Vorstellung, daß dies +Schöne vergänglich sei, gab den beiden Empfindsamen einen Vorgeschmack +der Trauer um seinen Untergang, und da die Seele von allem Schmerzlichen +instinktiv zurückweicht, fühlten sie ihren Genuß am Schönen durch den +Gedanken an dessen Vergänglichkeit beeinträchtigt. + +Die Trauer über den Verlust von etwas, das wir geliebt oder bewundert +haben, erscheint dem Laien so natürlich, daß er sie für selbstverständlich +erklärt. Dem Psychologen aber ist die Trauer ein großes Rätsel, eines +jener Phänomene, die man selbst nicht klärt, auf die man aber anderes +Dunkle zurückführt. Wir stellen uns vor, daß wir ein gewisses Maß von +Liebesfähigkeit, genannt Libido, besitzen, welches sich in den Anfängen +der Entwicklung dem eigenen Ich zugewendet hatte. Später, aber eigentlich +von sehr frühe an, wendet es sich vom Ich ab und den Objekten zu, die wir +solcher Art gewissermaßen in unser Ich hineinnehmen. Werden die Objekte +zerstört oder gehen sie uns verloren, so wird unsere Liebesfähigkeit +(Libido) wieder frei. Sie kann sich andere Objekte zum Ersatz nehmen +oder zeitweise zum Ich zurückkehren. Warum aber diese Ablösung der +Libido von ihren Objekten ein so schmerzhafter Vorgang sein sollte, das +verstehen wir nicht und können es derzeit aus keiner Annahme ableiten. +Wir sehen nur, daß sich die Libido an ihre Objekte klammert und die +verlorenen auch dann nicht aufgeben will, wenn der Ersatz bereit liegt. +Das also ist die Trauer. + +Die Unterhaltung mit dem Dichter fand im Sommer vor dem Krieg statt. Ein +Jahr später brach der Krieg herein und raubte der Welt ihre Schönheiten. +Er zerstörte nicht nur die Schönheit der Landschaften, die er durchzog, +und die Kunstwerke, an die er auf seinem Wege streifte, er brach auch +unseren Stolz auf die Errungenschaften unserer Kultur, unseren Respekt +vor so vielen Denkern und Künstlern, unsere Hoffnungen auf eine endliche +Überwindung der Verschiedenheiten unter Völkern und Rassen. Er beschmutzte +die erhabene Unparteilichkeit unserer Wissenschaft, stellte unser +Triebleben in seiner Nacktheit blos, entfesselte die bösen Geister +in uns, die wir durch die Jahrhunderte währende Erziehung von Seiten +unserer Edelsten dauernd gebändigt glaubten. Er machte unser Vaterland +wieder klein und die andere Erde wieder fern und weit. Er raubte uns +sovieles, was wir geliebt hatten, und zeigte uns die Hinfälligkeit von +manchem, was wir für beständig gehalten hatten. + +Es ist nicht zu verwundern, daß unsere an Objekten so verarmte Libido +mit umso größerer Intensität besetzt hat, was uns verblieben ist, daß +die Liebe zum Vaterland, die Zärtlichkeit für unsern Nächsten und der +Stolz auf unsere Gemeinsamkeiten jäh verstärkt worden sind. Aber jene +anderen, jetzt verlorenen Güter, sind sie uns wirklich entwertet worden, +weil sie sich als so hinfällig und widerstandsunfähig erwiesen haben? +Vielen unter uns scheint es so, aber ich meine wiederum, mit Unrecht. +Ich glaube, die so denken und zu einem dauernden Verzicht bereit +scheinen, weil das Kostbare sich nicht als haltbar bewährt hat, befinden +sich nur in der Trauer über den Verlust. Wir wissen, die Trauer, so +schmerzhaft sie sein mag, läuft spontan ab. Wenn sie auf alles Verlorene +verzichtet hat, hat sie sich auch selbst aufgezehrt, und dann wird unsere +Libido wiederum frei, um sich, insoferne wir noch jung und lebenskräftig +sind, die verlorenen Objekte durch möglichst gleich kostbare oder +kostbarere neue zu ersetzen. Es steht zu hoffen, daß es mit den +Verlusten dieses Krieges nicht anders gehen wird. Wenn erst die Trauer +überwunden ist, wird es sich zeigen, daß unsere Hochschätzung der +Kulturgüter unter der Erfahrung von ihrer Gebrechlichkeit nicht gelitten +hat. Wir werden alles wieder aufbauen, was der Krieg zerstört hat, +vielleicht auf festerem Grund und dauerhafter als vorher. + +=Wien=, November 1915. + + Sigm. Freud + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Vergänglichkeit, by Sigmund Freud + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VERGÄNGLICHKEIT *** + +***** This file should be named 29514-8.txt or 29514-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/5/1/29514/ + +Produced by Jana Srna and Philipp Zeinlinger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Vergänglichkeit + +Author: Sigmund Freud + +Release Date: July 26, 2009 [EBook #29514] + +Language: German + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VERGÄNGLICHKEIT *** + + + + +Produced by Jana Srna and Philipp Zeinlinger + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div id="tnote"> +<p class="center"><b>Anmerkungen zur Transkription:</b></p> +<p>Der Text stammt aus: <cite>Das Land Goethes 1914–1916. Ein +vaterländisches Gedenkbuch</cite>. Herausgegeben vom Berliner Goethebund. Stuttgart +und Berlin: Deutsche Verlangs-Anstalt 1916. S. 37–38.</p> +<p>Schreibweise und Interpunktion des Originaltextes wurden +übernommen.</p> +</div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37">37</a></span></p> +<h1>Vergänglichkeit</h1> + + +<p>Vor einiger Zeit machte ich in Gesellschaft eines schweigsamen Freundes und eines jungen, bereits +rühmlich bekannten Dichters einen Spaziergang durch eine blühende Sommerlandschaft. Der Dichter +bewunderte die Schönheit der Natur um uns, aber ohne sich ihrer zu erfreuen. Ihn störte der Gedanke, +daß all diese Schönheit dem Vergehen geweiht war, daß sie im Winter dahingeschwunden sein werde, +aber ebenso jede menschliche Schönheit und alles Schöne und Edle, was Menschen geschaffen haben und +schaffen könnten. Alles, was er sonst geliebt und bewundert hätte, schien ihm entwertet durch das Schicksal +der Vergänglichkeit, zu dem es bestimmt war.</p> + +<p>Wir wissen, daß von solcher Versenkung in die Hinfälligkeit alles Schönen und Vollkommenen zwei +verschiedene seelische Regungen ausgehen können. Die eine führt zu dem schmerzlichen Weltüberdruß des +jungen Dichters, die andere zur Auflehnung gegen die behauptete Tatsächlichkeit. Nein, es ist unmöglich, +daß all diese Herrlichkeiten der Natur und der Kunst, unserer Empfindungswelt und der Welt draußen, +wirklich in Nichts zergehen sollten. Es wäre zu unsinnig, und zu frevelhaft daran zu glauben. Sie müssen +in irgend einer Weise fortbestehen können, allen zerstörenden Einflüssen entrückt.</p> + +<p>Allein diese Ewigkeitsforderung ist zu deutlich ein Erfolg unseres Wunschlebens, als daß sie auf einen +Realitätswert Anspruch erheben könnte. Auch das Schmerzliche kann wahr sein. Ich konnte mich weder +entschließen, die allgemeine Vergänglichkeit zu bestreiten, noch für das Schöne und Vollkommene eine +Ausnahme zu erzwingen. Aber ich bestritt dem pessimistischen Dichter, daß die Vergänglichkeit des Schönen +eine Entwertung desselben mit sich bringe.</p> + +<p>Im Gegenteil, eine Wertsteigerung! Der Vergänglichkeitswert ist ein Seltenheitswert in der Zeit. +Die Beschränkung in der Möglichkeit des Genusses erhöht dessen Kostbarkeit. Ich erklärte es für unverständlich, +wie der Gedanke an die Vergänglichkeit des Schönen uns die Freude an demselben trüben sollte. +Was die Schönheit der Natur betrifft, so kommt sie nach jeder Zerstörung durch den Winter im nächsten +Jahre wieder, und diese Wiederkehr darf im Verhältnis zu unserer Lebensdauer als eine ewige bezeichnet +werden. Die Schönheit des menschlichen Körpers und Angesichts sehen wir innerhalb unseres eigenen +Lebens für immer schwinden, aber diese Kurzlebigkeit fügt zu ihren Reizen einen neuen hinzu. Wenn +es eine Blume giebt, welche nur eine einzige Nacht blüht, so erscheint uns ihre Blüte darum nicht minder +prächtig. Wie die Schönheit und Vollkommenheit des Kunstwerks und der intellektuellen Leistung durch +deren zeitliche Beschränkung entwertet werden sollte, vermochte ich ebensowenig einzusehen. Mag eine +Zeit kommen, wenn die Bilder und Statuen, die wir heute bewundern, zerfallen sind, oder ein Menschengeschlecht +nach uns, welches die Werke unserer Dichter und Denker nicht mehr versteht, oder selbst eine +geologische Epoche, in der alles Lebende auf der Erde verstummt ist, der Wert all dieses Schönen und +Vollkommenen wird nur durch seine Bedeutung für unser Empfindungsleben bestimmt, braucht dieses selbst +nicht zu überdauern und ist darum von der absoluten Zeitdauer unabhängig.</p> + +<p>Ich hielt diese Erwägungen für unanfechtbar, bemerkte aber, daß ich dem Dichter und dem Freunde +keinen Eindruck gemacht hatte. Ich schloß aus diesem Mißerfolg auf die Einmengung eines starken +affektiven Moments, welches ihr Urteil trübte, und glaubte dies auch später gefunden zu haben. Es muß +die seelische Auflehnung gegen die Trauer gewesen sein, welche ihnen den Genuß des Schönen entwertete. +Die Vorstellung, daß dies Schöne vergänglich sei, gab den beiden Empfindsamen einen Vorgeschmack +der Trauer um seinen Untergang, und da die Seele von allem Schmerzlichen instinktiv zurückweicht, +fühlten sie ihren Genuß am Schönen durch den Gedanken an dessen Vergänglichkeit beeinträchtigt.</p> + +<p>Die Trauer über den Verlust von etwas, das wir geliebt oder bewundert haben, erscheint dem +Laien so natürlich, daß er sie für selbstverständlich erklärt. Dem Psychologen aber ist die Trauer ein großes +Rätsel, eines jener Phänomene, die man selbst nicht klärt, auf die man aber anderes Dunkle zurückführt. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38">38</a></span>Wir stellen uns vor, daß wir ein gewisses Maß von Liebesfähigkeit, genannt Libido, besitzen, welches sich +in den Anfängen der Entwicklung dem eigenen Ich zugewendet hatte. Später, aber eigentlich von sehr +frühe an, wendet es sich vom Ich ab und den Objekten zu, die wir solcher Art gewissermaßen in unser +Ich hineinnehmen. Werden die Objekte zerstört oder gehen sie uns verloren, so wird unsere Liebesfähigkeit +(Libido) wieder frei. Sie kann sich andere Objekte zum Ersatz nehmen oder zeitweise zum Ich zurückkehren. +Warum aber diese Ablösung der Libido von ihren Objekten ein so schmerzhafter Vorgang sein +sollte, das verstehen wir nicht und können es derzeit aus keiner Annahme ableiten. Wir sehen nur, daß +sich die Libido an ihre Objekte klammert und die verlorenen auch dann nicht aufgeben will, wenn der +Ersatz bereit liegt. Das also ist die Trauer.</p> + +<p>Die Unterhaltung mit dem Dichter fand im Sommer vor dem Krieg statt. Ein Jahr später brach +der Krieg herein und raubte der Welt ihre Schönheiten. Er zerstörte nicht nur die Schönheit der Landschaften, +die er durchzog, und die Kunstwerke, an die er auf seinem Wege streifte, er brach auch unseren +Stolz auf die Errungenschaften unserer Kultur, unseren Respekt vor so vielen Denkern und Künstlern, +unsere Hoffnungen auf eine endliche Überwindung der Verschiedenheiten unter Völkern und Rassen. Er +beschmutzte die erhabene Unparteilichkeit unserer Wissenschaft, stellte unser Triebleben in seiner Nacktheit +blos, entfesselte die bösen Geister in uns, die wir durch die Jahrhunderte währende Erziehung von Seiten +unserer Edelsten dauernd gebändigt glaubten. Er machte unser Vaterland wieder klein und die andere +Erde wieder fern und weit. Er raubte uns sovieles, was wir geliebt hatten, und zeigte uns die Hinfälligkeit +von manchem, was wir für beständig gehalten hatten.</p> + +<p>Es ist nicht zu verwundern, daß unsere an Objekten so verarmte Libido mit umso größerer Intensität +besetzt hat, was uns verblieben ist, daß die Liebe zum Vaterland, die Zärtlichkeit für unsern Nächsten und +der Stolz auf unsere Gemeinsamkeiten jäh verstärkt worden sind. Aber jene anderen, jetzt verlorenen Güter, +sind sie uns wirklich entwertet worden, weil sie sich als so hinfällig und widerstandsunfähig erwiesen haben? +Vielen unter uns scheint es so, aber ich meine wiederum, mit Unrecht. Ich glaube, die so denken und zu +einem dauernden Verzicht bereit scheinen, weil das Kostbare sich nicht als haltbar bewährt hat, befinden +sich nur in der Trauer über den Verlust. Wir wissen, die Trauer, so schmerzhaft sie sein mag, läuft spontan +ab. Wenn sie auf alles Verlorene verzichtet hat, hat sie sich auch selbst aufgezehrt, und dann wird unsere +Libido wiederum frei, um sich, insoferne wir noch jung und lebenskräftig sind, die verlorenen Objekte durch +möglichst gleich kostbare oder kostbarere neue zu ersetzen. Es steht zu hoffen, daß es mit den Verlusten +dieses Krieges nicht anders gehen wird. Wenn erst die Trauer überwunden ist, wird es sich zeigen, daß +unsere Hochschätzung der Kulturgüter unter der Erfahrung von ihrer Gebrechlichkeit nicht gelitten hat. Wir +werden alles wieder aufbauen, was der Krieg zerstört hat, vielleicht auf festerem Grund und dauerhafter +als vorher.</p> + +<p style="margin-top: 1em;"><span class="gesperrt">Wien</span>, November 1915.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px; margin-bottom: 120px;"> +<img src="images/signatur.png" width="300" height="73" alt="Sigm. Freud" title="" /> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Vergänglichkeit, by Sigmund Freud + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VERGÄNGLICHKEIT *** + +***** This file should be named 29514-h.htm or 29514-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/5/1/29514/ + +Produced by Jana Srna and Philipp Zeinlinger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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