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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Vergänglichkeit, by Sigmund Freud
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Vergänglichkeit
+
+Author: Sigmund Freud
+
+Release Date: July 26, 2009 [EBook #29514]
+
+Language: German
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VERGÄNGLICHKEIT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jana Srna and Philipp Zeinlinger
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ [ Anmerkungen zur Transkription:
+
+ Der Text stammt aus: Das Land Goethes 1914-1916. Ein vaterländisches
+ Gedenkbuch. Herausgegeben vom Berliner Goethebund. Stuttgart und
+ Berlin: Deutsche Verlangs-Anstalt 1916. S. 37-38.
+
+ Schreibweise und Interpunktion des Originaltextes wurden übernommen.
+ ]
+
+
+
+
+Vergänglichkeit
+
+
+Vor einiger Zeit machte ich in Gesellschaft eines schweigsamen Freundes
+und eines jungen, bereits rühmlich bekannten Dichters einen Spaziergang
+durch eine blühende Sommerlandschaft. Der Dichter bewunderte die
+Schönheit der Natur um uns, aber ohne sich ihrer zu erfreuen. Ihn störte
+der Gedanke, daß all diese Schönheit dem Vergehen geweiht war, daß sie
+im Winter dahingeschwunden sein werde, aber ebenso jede menschliche
+Schönheit und alles Schöne und Edle, was Menschen geschaffen haben und
+schaffen könnten. Alles, was er sonst geliebt und bewundert hätte,
+schien ihm entwertet durch das Schicksal der Vergänglichkeit, zu dem es
+bestimmt war.
+
+Wir wissen, daß von solcher Versenkung in die Hinfälligkeit alles
+Schönen und Vollkommenen zwei verschiedene seelische Regungen ausgehen
+können. Die eine führt zu dem schmerzlichen Weltüberdruß des jungen
+Dichters, die andere zur Auflehnung gegen die behauptete Tatsächlichkeit.
+Nein, es ist unmöglich, daß all diese Herrlichkeiten der Natur und der
+Kunst, unserer Empfindungswelt und der Welt draußen, wirklich in Nichts
+zergehen sollten. Es wäre zu unsinnig, und zu frevelhaft daran zu
+glauben. Sie müssen in irgend einer Weise fortbestehen können, allen
+zerstörenden Einflüssen entrückt.
+
+Allein diese Ewigkeitsforderung ist zu deutlich ein Erfolg unseres
+Wunschlebens, als daß sie auf einen Realitätswert Anspruch erheben
+könnte. Auch das Schmerzliche kann wahr sein. Ich konnte mich weder
+entschließen, die allgemeine Vergänglichkeit zu bestreiten, noch für das
+Schöne und Vollkommene eine Ausnahme zu erzwingen. Aber ich bestritt dem
+pessimistischen Dichter, daß die Vergänglichkeit des Schönen eine
+Entwertung desselben mit sich bringe.
+
+Im Gegenteil, eine Wertsteigerung! Der Vergänglichkeitswert ist ein
+Seltenheitswert in der Zeit. Die Beschränkung in der Möglichkeit des
+Genusses erhöht dessen Kostbarkeit. Ich erklärte es für unverständlich,
+wie der Gedanke an die Vergänglichkeit des Schönen uns die Freude an
+demselben trüben sollte. Was die Schönheit der Natur betrifft, so kommt
+sie nach jeder Zerstörung durch den Winter im nächsten Jahre wieder, und
+diese Wiederkehr darf im Verhältnis zu unserer Lebensdauer als eine ewige
+bezeichnet werden. Die Schönheit des menschlichen Körpers und Angesichts
+sehen wir innerhalb unseres eigenen Lebens für immer schwinden, aber
+diese Kurzlebigkeit fügt zu ihren Reizen einen neuen hinzu. Wenn es eine
+Blume giebt, welche nur eine einzige Nacht blüht, so erscheint uns ihre
+Blüte darum nicht minder prächtig. Wie die Schönheit und Vollkommenheit
+des Kunstwerks und der intellektuellen Leistung durch deren zeitliche
+Beschränkung entwertet werden sollte, vermochte ich ebensowenig
+einzusehen. Mag eine Zeit kommen, wenn die Bilder und Statuen, die wir
+heute bewundern, zerfallen sind, oder ein Menschengeschlecht nach uns,
+welches die Werke unserer Dichter und Denker nicht mehr versteht, oder
+selbst eine geologische Epoche, in der alles Lebende auf der Erde
+verstummt ist, der Wert all dieses Schönen und Vollkommenen wird nur
+durch seine Bedeutung für unser Empfindungsleben bestimmt, braucht
+dieses selbst nicht zu überdauern und ist darum von der absoluten
+Zeitdauer unabhängig.
+
+Ich hielt diese Erwägungen für unanfechtbar, bemerkte aber, daß ich dem
+Dichter und dem Freunde keinen Eindruck gemacht hatte. Ich schloß aus
+diesem Mißerfolg auf die Einmengung eines starken affektiven Moments,
+welches ihr Urteil trübte, und glaubte dies auch später gefunden zu
+haben. Es muß die seelische Auflehnung gegen die Trauer gewesen sein,
+welche ihnen den Genuß des Schönen entwertete. Die Vorstellung, daß dies
+Schöne vergänglich sei, gab den beiden Empfindsamen einen Vorgeschmack
+der Trauer um seinen Untergang, und da die Seele von allem Schmerzlichen
+instinktiv zurückweicht, fühlten sie ihren Genuß am Schönen durch den
+Gedanken an dessen Vergänglichkeit beeinträchtigt.
+
+Die Trauer über den Verlust von etwas, das wir geliebt oder bewundert
+haben, erscheint dem Laien so natürlich, daß er sie für selbstverständlich
+erklärt. Dem Psychologen aber ist die Trauer ein großes Rätsel, eines
+jener Phänomene, die man selbst nicht klärt, auf die man aber anderes
+Dunkle zurückführt. Wir stellen uns vor, daß wir ein gewisses Maß von
+Liebesfähigkeit, genannt Libido, besitzen, welches sich in den Anfängen
+der Entwicklung dem eigenen Ich zugewendet hatte. Später, aber eigentlich
+von sehr frühe an, wendet es sich vom Ich ab und den Objekten zu, die wir
+solcher Art gewissermaßen in unser Ich hineinnehmen. Werden die Objekte
+zerstört oder gehen sie uns verloren, so wird unsere Liebesfähigkeit
+(Libido) wieder frei. Sie kann sich andere Objekte zum Ersatz nehmen
+oder zeitweise zum Ich zurückkehren. Warum aber diese Ablösung der
+Libido von ihren Objekten ein so schmerzhafter Vorgang sein sollte, das
+verstehen wir nicht und können es derzeit aus keiner Annahme ableiten.
+Wir sehen nur, daß sich die Libido an ihre Objekte klammert und die
+verlorenen auch dann nicht aufgeben will, wenn der Ersatz bereit liegt.
+Das also ist die Trauer.
+
+Die Unterhaltung mit dem Dichter fand im Sommer vor dem Krieg statt. Ein
+Jahr später brach der Krieg herein und raubte der Welt ihre Schönheiten.
+Er zerstörte nicht nur die Schönheit der Landschaften, die er durchzog,
+und die Kunstwerke, an die er auf seinem Wege streifte, er brach auch
+unseren Stolz auf die Errungenschaften unserer Kultur, unseren Respekt
+vor so vielen Denkern und Künstlern, unsere Hoffnungen auf eine endliche
+Überwindung der Verschiedenheiten unter Völkern und Rassen. Er beschmutzte
+die erhabene Unparteilichkeit unserer Wissenschaft, stellte unser
+Triebleben in seiner Nacktheit blos, entfesselte die bösen Geister
+in uns, die wir durch die Jahrhunderte währende Erziehung von Seiten
+unserer Edelsten dauernd gebändigt glaubten. Er machte unser Vaterland
+wieder klein und die andere Erde wieder fern und weit. Er raubte uns
+sovieles, was wir geliebt hatten, und zeigte uns die Hinfälligkeit von
+manchem, was wir für beständig gehalten hatten.
+
+Es ist nicht zu verwundern, daß unsere an Objekten so verarmte Libido
+mit umso größerer Intensität besetzt hat, was uns verblieben ist, daß
+die Liebe zum Vaterland, die Zärtlichkeit für unsern Nächsten und der
+Stolz auf unsere Gemeinsamkeiten jäh verstärkt worden sind. Aber jene
+anderen, jetzt verlorenen Güter, sind sie uns wirklich entwertet worden,
+weil sie sich als so hinfällig und widerstandsunfähig erwiesen haben?
+Vielen unter uns scheint es so, aber ich meine wiederum, mit Unrecht.
+Ich glaube, die so denken und zu einem dauernden Verzicht bereit
+scheinen, weil das Kostbare sich nicht als haltbar bewährt hat, befinden
+sich nur in der Trauer über den Verlust. Wir wissen, die Trauer, so
+schmerzhaft sie sein mag, läuft spontan ab. Wenn sie auf alles Verlorene
+verzichtet hat, hat sie sich auch selbst aufgezehrt, und dann wird unsere
+Libido wiederum frei, um sich, insoferne wir noch jung und lebenskräftig
+sind, die verlorenen Objekte durch möglichst gleich kostbare oder
+kostbarere neue zu ersetzen. Es steht zu hoffen, daß es mit den
+Verlusten dieses Krieges nicht anders gehen wird. Wenn erst die Trauer
+überwunden ist, wird es sich zeigen, daß unsere Hochschätzung der
+Kulturgüter unter der Erfahrung von ihrer Gebrechlichkeit nicht gelitten
+hat. Wir werden alles wieder aufbauen, was der Krieg zerstört hat,
+vielleicht auf festerem Grund und dauerhafter als vorher.
+
+=Wien=, November 1915.
+
+ Sigm. Freud
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Vergänglichkeit, by Sigmund Freud
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Vergänglichkeit, by Sigmund Freud
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Vergänglichkeit
+
+Author: Sigmund Freud
+
+Release Date: July 26, 2009 [EBook #29514]
+
+Language: German
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VERGÄNGLICHKEIT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jana Srna and Philipp Zeinlinger
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div id="tnote">
+<p class="center"><b>Anmerkungen zur Transkription:</b></p>
+<p>Der Text stammt aus: <cite>Das Land Goethes 1914&ndash;1916. Ein
+vaterländisches Gedenkbuch</cite>. Herausgegeben vom Berliner Goethebund. Stuttgart
+und Berlin: Deutsche Verlangs-Anstalt 1916. S.&nbsp;37&ndash;38.</p>
+<p>Schreibweise und Interpunktion des Originaltextes wurden
+übernommen.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37">37</a></span></p>
+<h1>Vergänglichkeit</h1>
+
+
+<p>Vor einiger Zeit machte ich in Gesellschaft eines schweigsamen Freundes und eines jungen, bereits
+rühmlich bekannten Dichters einen Spaziergang durch eine blühende Sommerlandschaft. Der Dichter
+bewunderte die Schönheit der Natur um uns, aber ohne sich ihrer zu erfreuen. Ihn störte der Gedanke,
+daß all diese Schönheit dem Vergehen geweiht war, daß sie im Winter dahingeschwunden sein werde,
+aber ebenso jede menschliche Schönheit und alles Schöne und Edle, was Menschen geschaffen haben und
+schaffen könnten. Alles, was er sonst geliebt und bewundert hätte, schien ihm entwertet durch das Schicksal
+der Vergänglichkeit, zu dem es bestimmt war.</p>
+
+<p>Wir wissen, daß von solcher Versenkung in die Hinfälligkeit alles Schönen und Vollkommenen zwei
+verschiedene seelische Regungen ausgehen können. Die eine führt zu dem schmerzlichen Weltüberdruß des
+jungen Dichters, die andere zur Auflehnung gegen die behauptete Tatsächlichkeit. Nein, es ist unmöglich,
+daß all diese Herrlichkeiten der Natur und der Kunst, unserer Empfindungswelt und der Welt draußen,
+wirklich in Nichts zergehen sollten. Es wäre zu unsinnig, und zu frevelhaft daran zu glauben. Sie müssen
+in irgend einer Weise fortbestehen können, allen zerstörenden Einflüssen entrückt.</p>
+
+<p>Allein diese Ewigkeitsforderung ist zu deutlich ein Erfolg unseres Wunschlebens, als daß sie auf einen
+Realitätswert Anspruch erheben könnte. Auch das Schmerzliche kann wahr sein. Ich konnte mich weder
+entschließen, die allgemeine Vergänglichkeit zu bestreiten, noch für das Schöne und Vollkommene eine
+Ausnahme zu erzwingen. Aber ich bestritt dem pessimistischen Dichter, daß die Vergänglichkeit des Schönen
+eine Entwertung desselben mit sich bringe.</p>
+
+<p>Im Gegenteil, eine Wertsteigerung! Der Vergänglichkeitswert ist ein Seltenheitswert in der Zeit.
+Die Beschränkung in der Möglichkeit des Genusses erhöht dessen Kostbarkeit. Ich erklärte es für unverständlich,
+wie der Gedanke an die Vergänglichkeit des Schönen uns die Freude an demselben trüben sollte.
+Was die Schönheit der Natur betrifft, so kommt sie nach jeder Zerstörung durch den Winter im nächsten
+Jahre wieder, und diese Wiederkehr darf im Verhältnis zu unserer Lebensdauer als eine ewige bezeichnet
+werden. Die Schönheit des menschlichen Körpers und Angesichts sehen wir innerhalb unseres eigenen
+Lebens für immer schwinden, aber diese Kurzlebigkeit fügt zu ihren Reizen einen neuen hinzu. Wenn
+es eine Blume giebt, welche nur eine einzige Nacht blüht, so erscheint uns ihre Blüte darum nicht minder
+prächtig. Wie die Schönheit und Vollkommenheit des Kunstwerks und der intellektuellen Leistung durch
+deren zeitliche Beschränkung entwertet werden sollte, vermochte ich ebensowenig einzusehen. Mag eine
+Zeit kommen, wenn die Bilder und Statuen, die wir heute bewundern, zerfallen sind, oder ein Menschengeschlecht
+nach uns, welches die Werke unserer Dichter und Denker nicht mehr versteht, oder selbst eine
+geologische Epoche, in der alles Lebende auf der Erde verstummt ist, der Wert all dieses Schönen und
+Vollkommenen wird nur durch seine Bedeutung für unser Empfindungsleben bestimmt, braucht dieses selbst
+nicht zu überdauern und ist darum von der absoluten Zeitdauer unabhängig.</p>
+
+<p>Ich hielt diese Erwägungen für unanfechtbar, bemerkte aber, daß ich dem Dichter und dem Freunde
+keinen Eindruck gemacht hatte. Ich schloß aus diesem Mißerfolg auf die Einmengung eines starken
+affektiven Moments, welches ihr Urteil trübte, und glaubte dies auch später gefunden zu haben. Es muß
+die seelische Auflehnung gegen die Trauer gewesen sein, welche ihnen den Genuß des Schönen entwertete.
+Die Vorstellung, daß dies Schöne vergänglich sei, gab den beiden Empfindsamen einen Vorgeschmack
+der Trauer um seinen Untergang, und da die Seele von allem Schmerzlichen instinktiv zurückweicht,
+fühlten sie ihren Genuß am Schönen durch den Gedanken an dessen Vergänglichkeit beeinträchtigt.</p>
+
+<p>Die Trauer über den Verlust von etwas, das wir geliebt oder bewundert haben, erscheint dem
+Laien so natürlich, daß er sie für selbstverständlich erklärt. Dem Psychologen aber ist die Trauer ein großes
+Rätsel, eines jener Phänomene, die man selbst nicht klärt, auf die man aber anderes Dunkle zurückführt.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38">38</a></span>Wir stellen uns vor, daß wir ein gewisses Maß von Liebesfähigkeit, genannt Libido, besitzen, welches sich
+in den Anfängen der Entwicklung dem eigenen Ich zugewendet hatte. Später, aber eigentlich von sehr
+frühe an, wendet es sich vom Ich ab und den Objekten zu, die wir solcher Art gewissermaßen in unser
+Ich hineinnehmen. Werden die Objekte zerstört oder gehen sie uns verloren, so wird unsere Liebesfähigkeit
+(Libido) wieder frei. Sie kann sich andere Objekte zum Ersatz nehmen oder zeitweise zum Ich zurückkehren.
+Warum aber diese Ablösung der Libido von ihren Objekten ein so schmerzhafter Vorgang sein
+sollte, das verstehen wir nicht und können es derzeit aus keiner Annahme ableiten. Wir sehen nur, daß
+sich die Libido an ihre Objekte klammert und die verlorenen auch dann nicht aufgeben will, wenn der
+Ersatz bereit liegt. Das also ist die Trauer.</p>
+
+<p>Die Unterhaltung mit dem Dichter fand im Sommer vor dem Krieg statt. Ein Jahr später brach
+der Krieg herein und raubte der Welt ihre Schönheiten. Er zerstörte nicht nur die Schönheit der Landschaften,
+die er durchzog, und die Kunstwerke, an die er auf seinem Wege streifte, er brach auch unseren
+Stolz auf die Errungenschaften unserer Kultur, unseren Respekt vor so vielen Denkern und Künstlern,
+unsere Hoffnungen auf eine endliche Überwindung der Verschiedenheiten unter Völkern und Rassen. Er
+beschmutzte die erhabene Unparteilichkeit unserer Wissenschaft, stellte unser Triebleben in seiner Nacktheit
+blos, entfesselte die bösen Geister in uns, die wir durch die Jahrhunderte währende Erziehung von Seiten
+unserer Edelsten dauernd gebändigt glaubten. Er machte unser Vaterland wieder klein und die andere
+Erde wieder fern und weit. Er raubte uns sovieles, was wir geliebt hatten, und zeigte uns die Hinfälligkeit
+von manchem, was wir für beständig gehalten hatten.</p>
+
+<p>Es ist nicht zu verwundern, daß unsere an Objekten so verarmte Libido mit umso größerer Intensität
+besetzt hat, was uns verblieben ist, daß die Liebe zum Vaterland, die Zärtlichkeit für unsern Nächsten und
+der Stolz auf unsere Gemeinsamkeiten jäh verstärkt worden sind. Aber jene anderen, jetzt verlorenen Güter,
+sind sie uns wirklich entwertet worden, weil sie sich als so hinfällig und widerstandsunfähig erwiesen haben?
+Vielen unter uns scheint es so, aber ich meine wiederum, mit Unrecht. Ich glaube, die so denken und zu
+einem dauernden Verzicht bereit scheinen, weil das Kostbare sich nicht als haltbar bewährt hat, befinden
+sich nur in der Trauer über den Verlust. Wir wissen, die Trauer, so schmerzhaft sie sein mag, läuft spontan
+ab. Wenn sie auf alles Verlorene verzichtet hat, hat sie sich auch selbst aufgezehrt, und dann wird unsere
+Libido wiederum frei, um sich, insoferne wir noch jung und lebenskräftig sind, die verlorenen Objekte durch
+möglichst gleich kostbare oder kostbarere neue zu ersetzen. Es steht zu hoffen, daß es mit den Verlusten
+dieses Krieges nicht anders gehen wird. Wenn erst die Trauer überwunden ist, wird es sich zeigen, daß
+unsere Hochschätzung der Kulturgüter unter der Erfahrung von ihrer Gebrechlichkeit nicht gelitten hat. Wir
+werden alles wieder aufbauen, was der Krieg zerstört hat, vielleicht auf festerem Grund und dauerhafter
+als vorher.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em;"><span class="gesperrt">Wien</span>, November 1915.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px; margin-bottom: 120px;">
+<img src="images/signatur.png" width="300" height="73" alt="Sigm. Freud" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Vergänglichkeit, by Sigmund Freud
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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