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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Christopher Columbus and His Monument
+Columbia, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Christopher Columbus and His Monument Columbia
+       being a concordance of choice tributes to the great Genoese,
+       his grand discovery, and his greatness of mind and purpose
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 23, 2009 [EBook #29496]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBUS MONUMENT, PIAZZA ACQUAVERDE, GENOA, ITALY.
+
+Sculptor, Signor Lanzio. Dedicated 1862.
+
+(See page 141.)]
+
+
+
+
+  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
+
+  AND HIS MONUMENT
+
+  COLUMBIA
+
+  BEING
+
+  A CONCORDANCE OF CHOICE TRIBUTES TO THE GREAT GENOESE, HIS GRAND
+  DISCOVERY, AND HIS GREATNESS OF MIND AND PURPOSE.
+
+
+  _THE TESTIMONY OF ANCIENT AUTHORS, THE TRIBUTES OF MODERN MEN._
+
+  ADORNED WITH THE SCULPTURES, SCENES, AND PORTRAITS OF THE OLD WORLD AND
+  THE NEW.
+
+  COMPILED BY J. M. DICKEY.
+
+
+  CHICAGO AND NEW YORK: RAND, MCNALLY & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1892.
+  COPYRIGHT, 1892, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.
+  Columbus.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+History places in prominence Columbus and America. They are the
+brightest jewels in her crown. Columbus is a permanent orb in the
+progress of civilization. From the highest rung of the ladder of fame,
+he has stepped to the skies. America "still hangs blossoming in the
+garden of time, while her penetrating perfume floats all round the
+world, and intoxicates all other nations with the hope of liberty." If
+possible, these tributes would add somewhat to the luster of fame which
+already encircles the Nation and the Man. Many voices here speak for
+themselves.
+
+Six hundred authors and more have written of Columbus or his great
+discovery. An endless task therefore would it be to attempt to
+enumerate, much less set out, the thousands who have incidentally, and
+even encomiastically, referred to him. Equally impossible would it be to
+hope to include a tithe of their utterances within the limits of any
+single volume, even were it of colossal proportions. This volume of
+tributes essays then to be but a concordance of some of the most choice
+and interesting extracts, and, artistically illustrated with statues,
+scenes, and inscriptions, is issued at an appropriate time and place.
+The compiler desires in this preface to acknowledge his sincere
+obligations and indebtedness to the many authors and publishers who so
+courteously and uniformly extended their consents to use copyright
+matter, and to express an equal sense of gratitude to his friend, Stuart
+C. Wade, for his valuable assistance in selecting, arranging, and
+indexing much of the matter herein contained.
+
+In one of the galleries of Florence there is a remarkable bust of
+Brutus, left unfinished by the great sculptor Michael Angelo. Some
+writer explained the incomplete condition by indicating that the artist
+abandoned his labor in despair, "overcome by the grandeur of the
+subject." With similar feeling, this little book is submitted to the
+admirers of Columbus and Columbia, wherever they may be found.
+
+                                                         J. M. D.
+
+  COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO., July, 1892.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    Page
+
+  Preface,                                                             5
+
+  Table of Contents,                                                   7
+
+  List of Illustrations,                                               9
+
+  Life of Columbus,                                                11-40
+
+  Selected letters of Columbus,                                    41-57
+
+  Tributes to Columbus,                                           61-323
+
+  Tributes to Columbia,                                          327-384
+
+  Index of Authors--Columbus,                                    385-388
+
+  Index of Authors--Columbia,                                    389-390
+
+  Index of Head Lines,                                           391-396
+
+  Index of Statuary and Inscriptions,                                397
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  The Columbus Statue, Genoa,                              _Frontispiece_
+
+  Columbus at Salamanca,                                              17
+
+  The De Bry Portrait,                                                24
+
+  The Embarkation at Palos,                                           32
+
+  Columbus in Chains,                                                 49
+
+  Fac-simile of Columbus' letter to the Bank of St.
+    George, Genoa,                                                    52
+
+  Columbus Statue, on Barcelona Monument,                             64
+
+  Columbus Monument, Barcelona,                                       81
+
+  The Paseo Colon, Barcelona,                                         96
+
+  Columbus Statue, City of Colon,                                    113
+
+  Zearing's Head of Columbus,                                        120
+
+  Park's Statue of Columbus, Chicago,                                128
+
+  House of Columbus, Genoa,                                          145
+
+  The Antonio Moro Portrait,                                         160
+
+  Toscanelli's Map,                                                  177
+
+  Samartin's Statue of Columbus, Madrid,                             192
+
+  Suņol's Statue of Columbus, Madrid,                                209
+
+  Map of Herrera (Columbus' Historian),                              224
+
+  Modern Map of the Bahamas,                                         241
+
+  Map of Columbus' Pilot,                                            256
+
+  Columbus Monument, Mexico,                                         273
+
+  Columbus Monument, New York City,                                  288
+
+  Bas-relief, New York Monument,                                     296
+
+  Bas-relief, New York Monument,                                     305
+
+  Columbus Statue, Havana,                                           312
+
+  Columbus Statue, Philadelphia,                                     320
+
+  Part of Columbus Statue, New York City,                            328
+
+  The Convent of Santa Maria de la Rábida,                           337
+
+  The Santa Maria Caravel,                                           352
+
+  The Columbus Fleet,                                                360
+
+  Vanderlyn's Picture of the Landing of Columbus,                    369
+
+  Columbus Statue, St. Louis, Mo.,                                   384
+
+
+
+
+Columbus and His Monument Columbia.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+
+Christopher Columbus, the eldest son of Dominico Colombo and Suzanna
+Fontanarossa, was born at Genoa in 1435 or 1436, the exact date being
+uncertain. As to his birthplace there can be no legitimate doubt; he
+says himself of Genoa, in his will, "Della salí y en ella naci" (from
+there I came, and there was I born), though authorities, authors, and
+even poets differ. Some, like Tennyson, having
+
+  Stay'd the wheels at Cogoletto
+  And drank, and loyally drank, to him.
+
+His father was a wool-comber, of some small means, who was living two
+years after the discovery of the West Indies, and who removed his
+business from Genoa to Savona in 1469. Christopher, the eldest son, was
+sent to the University of Pavia, where he devoted himself to the
+mathematical and natural sciences, and where he probably received
+instruction in nautical astronomy from Antonio da Terzago and Stefano di
+Faenza. On his removal from the university it appears that he worked for
+some months at his father's trade; but on reaching his fifteenth year he
+made his choice of life, and became a sailor.
+
+Of his apprenticeship, and the first years of his career, no records
+exist. The whole of his earlier life, indeed, is dubious and
+conjectural, founded as it is on the half-dozen dark and evasive
+chapters devoted by Hernando, his son and biographer, to the first
+half-century of his father's times. It seems certain, however, that
+these unknown years were stormy, laborious, and eventful; "wherever ship
+has sailed," he writes, "there have I journeyed." He is known, among
+other places, to have visited England, "Ultima Thule" (Iceland), the
+Guinea Coast, and the Greek Isles; and he appears to have been some time
+in the service of René of Provence, for whom he is recorded to have
+intercepted and seized a Venetian galley with great bravery and
+audacity. According to his son, too, he sailed with Colombo el Mozo, a
+bold sea captain and privateer; and a sea fight under this commander was
+the means of bringing him ashore in Portugal. Meanwhile, however, he was
+preparing himself for greater achievements by reading and meditating on
+the works of Ptolemy and Marinus, of Nearchus and Pliny, the
+Cosmographia of Cardinal Aliaco, the travels of Marco Polo and
+Mandeville. He mastered all the sciences essential to his calling,
+learned to draw charts and construct spheres, and thus fitted himself to
+become a consummate practical seaman and navigator.
+
+In 1470 he arrived at Lisbon, after being wrecked in a sea fight that
+began off Cape St. Vincent, and escaping to land on a plank. In Portugal
+he married Felipa Moņiz de Perestrello, daughter of Bartollomeu
+Perestrello, a captain in the service of Prince Henry, called the
+Navigator, one of the early colonists and the first governor of Porto
+Santo, an island off Madeira. Columbus visited the island, and employed
+his time in making maps and charts for a livelihood, while he pored over
+the logs and papers of his deceased father-in-law, and talked with old
+seamen of their voyages and of the mystery of the Western seas. About
+this time, too, he seems to have arrived at the conclusion that much of
+the world remained undiscovered, and step by step to have conceived
+that design of reaching Asia by sailing west which was to result in the
+discovery of America. In 1474 we find him expounding his views to Paolo
+Toscanelli, the Florentine physician and cosmographer, and receiving the
+heartiest encouragement.
+
+These views he supported with three different arguments, derived from
+natural reasons, from the theories of geographers, and from the reports
+and traditions of mariners. "He believed the world to be a sphere," says
+Helps; "he underestimated its size; he overestimated the size of the
+Asiatic continent. The farther that continent extended to the east, the
+nearer it came round toward Spain." And he had but to turn from the
+marvelous propositions of Mandeville and Aliaco to become the recipient
+of confidences more marvelous still. The air was full of rumors, and the
+weird imaginings of many generations of mediæval navigators had taken
+shape and substance, and appeared bodily to men's eyes. Martin Vicente,
+a Portuguese pilot, had found, 450 leagues to the westward of Cape St.
+Vincent, and after a westerly gale of many days' duration, a piece of
+strange wood, sculptured very artistically, but not with iron. Pedro
+Correa, his own brother-in-law, had seen another such waif near the
+Island of Madeira, while the King of Portugal had information of great
+canes, capable of holding four quarts of wine between joint and joint,
+which Herrera declares the King received, preserved, and showed to
+Columbus. From the colonists on the Azores Columbus heard of two men
+being washed up at Flores, "very broad-faced, and differing in aspect
+from Christians." The transport of all these objects being attributed to
+the west winds and not to the gulf stream, the existence of which was
+then totally unsuspected. West of the Azores now and then there hove in
+sight the mysterious Islands of St. Brandan; and 200 leagues west of the
+Canaries lay somewhere the lost Island of the Seven Cities, that two
+valiant Genoese had vainly endeavored to discover, and in search of
+which, yearly, the merchants of Bristol sent expeditions, even before
+Columbus sailed. In his northern journey, too, some vague and formless
+traditions may have reached his ear of the voyages of Biorn and Lief,
+and of the pleasant coasts of Helleland, Markland, and Vinland that lay
+toward the setting sun. All were hints and rumors to bid the bold
+mariner sail westward, and this he at length determined to do. There is
+also some vague and unreliable tradition as to a Portuguese pilot
+discovering the Indies previous to Columbus, and on his deathbed
+revealing the secret to the Genoese explorer. It is at the best but a
+fanciful tale.
+
+The concurrence of some state or sovereign, however, was necessary for
+the success of this design. The Senate of Genoa had the honor to receive
+the first offer, and the responsibility of refusing it. Rejected by his
+native city, the projector turned next to John II. of Portugal. This
+King had already an open field for discovery and enterprise along the
+African coast; but he listened to the Genoese, and referred him to the
+Committee of Council for Geographical Affairs. The council's report was
+altogether adverse; but the King, who was yet inclined to favor the
+theory of Columbus, assented to the suggestion of the Bishop of Ceuta
+that the plan should be carried out in secret, and without Columbus'
+knowledge, by means of a caravel or light frigate. The caravel was
+dispatched, but it returned after a brief absence, the sailors having
+lost heart, and having refused to venture farther. Upon discovering this
+dishonorable transaction, Columbus felt so outraged and indignant that
+he sent off his brother Bartholomew to England with letters for Henry
+VII., to whom he had communicated his ideas. He himself left Lisbon
+many other friends, and here met with Beatrix Enriquez, the mother of
+his second son, Hernando, who was born August 15, 1488.
+
+A certain class of writers pretend that Beatrix Enriquez was the lawful
+wife of Columbus.[1] If so, when he died she would of right have been
+Vice-Queen Dowager of the Indies. Is it likely that $56 would have been
+the pension settled upon a lady of such rank? Seņor Castelar, than whom
+there is no greater living authority, scouts the idea of a legal
+marriage; and, indeed, it is only a few irresponsible and peculiarly
+aggressive Catholic writers who have the hardihood to advance this more
+than improbable theory. Mr. Henry Harrisse, a most painstaking critic,
+thinks that Felipa Moņiz died in 1488. She was buried in the Monastery
+do Carmo, at Lisbon, and some trace of her may hereafter be found in the
+archives of the Provedor or Registrar of Wills, at Lisbon, when these
+papers are arranged, as she must have bequeathed a sum to the poor,
+under the customs then prevailing.
+
+From Cordova, Columbus followed the court to Salamanca, where he was
+introduced to the notice of the grand cardinal, Pedro Gonzales de
+Mendoza, "the third King of Spain." The cardinal, while approving the
+project, thought that it savored strongly of heterodoxy; but an
+interview with the projector brought him over, and through his influence
+Columbus at last got audience of the King. The matter was finally
+referred, however, to Fernando de Talavera, who, in 1487, summoned a
+junta of astronomers and cosmographers to confer with Columbus, and
+examine his design and the arguments by which he supported it. The
+Dominicans of San Estebān in Salamanca entertained Columbus during the
+conference. The jurors, who were most of them ecclesiastics, were by no
+means unprejudiced, nor were they disposed to abandon their pretensions
+to for Spain (1484), taking with him his son Diego, the only issue of
+his marriage with Felipa Moņiz. He departed secretly, according to some
+writers to give the slip to King John, according to others to escape his
+creditors. In one of his letters Columbus says: "When I came from such a
+great distance to serve these princes, I abandoned a wife and children,
+whom, for this cause, I never saw again." The first traces of Columbus
+at the court of Spain are on May 5, 1487, when an entry in some accounts
+reads: "Given to-day 3,000 maravedis (about $18) to Cristobal Colomo, a
+stranger." Three years after (March 20, 1488), a letter was sent by the
+King to "Christopher Colon, our especial friend," inviting him to
+return, and assuring him against arrest and proceedings of any kind; but
+it was then too late.
+
+Columbus next betook himself to the south of Spain, and seems to have
+proposed his plan first to the Duke of Medina Sidonia (who was at first
+attracted by it, but finally threw it up as visionary and
+impracticable), and next to the Duke of Medina Celi. The latter gave him
+great encouragement, entertained him for two years, and even determined
+to furnish him with the three or four caravels. Finally, however, being
+deterred by the consideration that the enterprise was too vast for a
+subject, he turned his guest from the determination he had come to, of
+making instant application to the court of France, by writing on his
+behalf to Queen Isabella; and Columbus repaired to the court at Cordova
+at her bidding.
+
+[Illustration: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS BEFORE THE DOMINICAN JUNTA AT
+SALAMANCA, SPAIN.
+
+From the celebrated painting by Seņor V. Izquierdo.
+
+(See page 16.)]
+
+It was an ill moment for the navigator's fortune. Castille and Leon were
+in the thick of that struggle which resulted in the final defeat of the
+Moors; and neither Ferdinand nor Isabella had time to listen. The
+adventurer was indeed kindly received; he was handed over to the care of
+Alonzo de Quintanilla, whom he speedily converted into an enthusiastic
+supporter of his theory. He made knowledge without a struggle.
+Columbus argued his point, but was overwhelmed with Biblical texts, with
+quotations from the great divines, with theological objections, and in a
+short time the junta was adjourned. Seņor Rodriguez Pinilla, the learned
+Salamantine writer, holds that the first refusal of Columbus' project
+was made in the official council at Cordova. In 1489, Columbus, who had
+been following the court from place to place (billeted in towns as an
+officer of the King and gratified from time to time with sums of money
+toward his expenses), was present at the siege of Malaga. In 1490 the
+junta decided that his project was vain and impracticable, and that it
+did not become their Highnesses to have anything to do with it; and this
+was confirmed, with some reservation, by their Highnesses themselves, at
+Seville.
+
+Columbus was now in despair. So reduced in circumstances was he that
+(according to the eminent Spanish statesman and orator, Emilio Castelar)
+he was jocularly and universally termed "the stranger with the
+threadbare coat." He at once betook himself to Huelva, where his
+brother-in-law resided, with the intention of taking ship to France. He
+halted, however, at Palos, a little maritime town in Andalusia. At the
+Monastery of Santa Maria de la Rábida[2] he knocked and asked for bread
+and water for his boy Diego, and presently got into conversation with
+Fray Juan Perez de Marchena, the prior, who invited him to take up his
+quarters in the monastery, and introduced him to Garci Fernandez, a
+physician and an ardent student of geography. To these good men did
+Columbus propound his theory and explain his plan. Juan Perez had been
+the Queen's confessor; he wrote to her and was summoned to her presence,
+and money was sent to Columbus to bring him once more to court. He
+reached Granada in time to witness the surrender of the city by the
+Moors, and negotiations were resumed. Columbus believed in his mission,
+and stood out for high terms; he asked the rank of admiral at once, the
+vice-royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of all the gain, by
+conquest or by trade. These conditions were rejected, and the
+negotiations were again interrupted. An interview with Mendoza appears
+to have followed, but nothing came of it, and in January, 1492, Columbus
+actually set out for France. At length, however, on the entreaty of Luis
+de Santangel, receiver of the ecclesiastical revenues of the crown of
+Aragon, Isabella was induced to determine on the expedition. A messenger
+was sent after Columbus, and overtook him at the Bridge of Piņos, about
+two leagues from Granada. He returned to the camp at Santa Fé, and on
+April 17, 1492, the agreement between him and their Catholic Majesties
+was signed and sealed. This agreement being familiarly known in Spanish
+history as "The Capitulations of Santa Fé."
+
+His aims were nothing less than the discovery of the marvelous province
+of Cipango and the conversion to Christianity of the Grand Khan, to whom
+he received a royal and curious blank letter of introduction. The town
+of Palos was, by forced levy, as a punishment for former rebellion,
+ordered to find him three caravels, and these were soon placed at his
+disposal. But no crews could be got together, Columbus even offering to
+throw open the jails and take all criminals and broken men who would
+serve on the expedition; and had not Juan Perez succeeded in interesting
+Martin Alonzo Pinzon and Vicente Yaņez Pinzon in the cause, Columbus'
+departure had been long delayed. At last, however, men, ships, and
+stores were ready. The expedition consisted of the Gallega, rechristened
+the Santa Maria, a decked ship, with a crew of fifty men, commanded by
+the Admiral in person; and of two caravels--the Pinta, with thirty men,
+under Martin Pinzon, and the Niņa, with twenty-four men, under his
+brother, Vicente Yaņez Pinzon, afterward (1499) the first to cross the
+line in the American Atlantic. The adventurers numbered 120 souls, and
+on Friday, August 3, 1492, at 8 in the morning, the little fleet weighed
+anchor and stood out for the Canary Islands, sailing as it were "into a
+world unknown--the corner-stone of a nation."
+
+Deeply significant was one incident of their first few days' sail.
+Emilio Castelar tells us that these barks, laden with bright promises
+for the future, were sighted by other ships, laden with the hatreds and
+rancors of the past, for it chanced that one of the last vessels
+transporting into exile the Jews, expelled from Spain by the religious
+intolerance of which the recently created and odious Tribunal of the
+Faith was the embodiment, passed by the little fleet bound in search of
+another world, where creation should be newborn, a haven be afforded
+to the quickening principle of human liberty, and a temple be reared to
+the God of enfranchised and redeemed consciences.
+
+An abstract of the Admiral's diary made by the Bishop Las Casas is yet
+extant; and from it many particulars may be gleaned concerning this
+first voyage. Three days after the ships had set sail the Pinta lost her
+rudder. The Admiral was in some alarm, but comforted himself with the
+reflection that Martin Pinzon was energetic and ready-witted; they had,
+however, to put in (August 9th) at Teneriffe to refit the caravel. On
+September 6th they weighed anchor once more with all haste, Columbus
+having been informed that three Portuguese caravels were on the lookout
+for him. On September 13th the variations of the magnetic needle were
+for the first time observed;[3] and on the 15th a wonderful meteor fell
+into the sea at four or five leagues distance. On the 16th they arrived
+at those vast plains of seaweed called the Sargasso Sea; and
+thenceforward, writes the Admiral, they had most temperate breezes, the
+sweetness of the mornings being most delightful, the weather like an
+Andalusian April, and only the song of the nightingale wanting. On the
+17th the men began to murmur. They were frightened by the strange
+phenomena of the variations of the compass, but the explanation Columbus
+gave restored their tranquillity. On the 18th they saw many birds and a
+great ridge of low-lying cloud, and they expected to see land. On the
+20th they saw two pelicans, and they were sure the land must be near. In
+this, however, they were disappointed, and the men began to be afraid
+and discontented; and thenceforth Columbus, who was keeping all the
+while a double reckoning--one for the crew and one for himself--had
+great difficulty in restraining the men from the excesses which they
+meditated. On the 25th Alonzo Pinzon raised the cry of land, but it
+proved a false alarm; as did the rumor to the same effect on October
+7th, when the Niņa hoisted a flag and fired a gun. On the 11th the Pinta
+fished up a cane, a log of wood, a stick wrought with iron, and a board,
+and the Niņa sighted a branch of hawthorne laden with ripe luscious
+berries, "and with these signs all of them breathed and were glad." At
+8 o'clock on that night, Columbus perceived and pointed out a light
+ahead,[4] Pedro Gutierrez also seeing it; and at 2 in the morning of
+Friday, October 12, 1492, Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor aboard the Niņa, a
+native of Seville, announced the appearance of what proved to be the New
+World.[5] The land sighted was an island called by the Indians
+Guanahani, and named by Columbus San Salvador.[6]
+
+The same morning Columbus landed, richly clad, and bearing the royal
+banner of Spain. He was accompanied by the brothers Pinzon, bearing
+banners of the Green Cross, a device of his own, and by great part of
+the crew. When they had all "given thanks to God, kneeling down upon the
+shore, and kissed the ground with tears of joy, for the great mercy
+received," the Admiral named the island, and took solemn possession of
+it for their Catholic Majesties of Castille and Leon. At the same time
+such of the crews as had shown themselves doubtful and mutinous sought
+his pardon weeping, and prostrated themselves at his feet. Had Columbus
+kept the course he laid on leaving Ferrol, says Castelar, his landfall
+would have been in the Florida of to-day, that is, upon the main
+continent; but, owing to the deflection suggested by the Pinzons, and
+tardily accepted by him, it was his hap to strike an island, very fair
+to look upon, but small and insignificant when compared with the vast
+island-world in whose waters he was already sailing.
+
+Into the details of this voyage, of highest interest as it is, it is
+impossible to go further. The letter of Columbus, hereinafter printed,
+gives further and most interesting details. It will be enough to say
+here that it resulted in the discovery of the islands of Santa Maria del
+Concepcion, Exuma, Isabella, Juana or Cuba, Bohio, the Cuban Archipelago
+(named by its finder the Jardin del Rey), the island of Santa Catalina,
+and that of Espaņola, now called Haiti or San Domingo. Off the last of
+these the Santa Maria went aground, owing to the carelessness of the
+steersman. No lives were lost, but the ship had to be unloaded and
+abandoned; and Columbus, who was anxious to return to Europe with the
+news of his achievement, resolved to plant a colony on the island, to
+build a fort out of the material of the stranded hulk, and to leave the
+crew. The fort was called La Navidad; forty-three Europeans were placed
+in charge, including the Governor Diego de Arana; two lieutenants, Pedro
+Gutierrez and Rodrigo de Escobedo; an Irishman named William Ires
+(? Harris), a native of Galway; an Englishman whose name is given as
+Tallarte de Lajes,[7] and the remainder being Spaniards.
+
+On January 16, 1493, Columbus, who had lost sight of Martin Pinzon, set
+sail alone in the Niņa for the east; and four days afterward the Pinta
+joined her sister ship off Monte Christo. A storm, however, separated
+the vessels, during which (according to Las Casas) Columbus, fearing the
+vessel would founder, cast his duplicate log-book, which was written on
+parchment and inclosed in a cake of wax, inside a barrel, into the sea.
+The log contained a promise of a thousand ducats to the finder on
+delivering it to the King of Spain. Then a long battle with the trade
+winds caused great delay, and it was not until February 18th that
+Columbus reached the Island of Santa Maria in the Azores. Here he was
+threatened with capture by the Portuguese governor, who could not for
+some time be brought to recognize his commission. On February 24th,
+however, he was allowed to proceed, and on March 4th the Niņa dropped
+anchor off Lisbon. The King of Portugal received the Admiral with the
+highest honors; and on March 13th the Niņa put out from the Tagus, and
+two days afterward, Friday, March 15th, dropped anchor off Palos.
+
+The court was at Barcelona, and thither, after dispatching a letter[8]
+announcing his arrival, Columbus proceeded in person. He entered the
+city in a sort of triumphal procession, and was received by their
+Majesties in full court, and, seated in their presence, related the
+story of his wanderings, exhibiting the "rich and strange" spoils of the
+new-found lands--the gold, the cotton, the parrots, the curious arms,
+the mysterious plants, the unknown birds and beasts, and the nine
+Indians he had brought with him for baptism. All his honors and
+privileges were confirmed to him; the title of Don was conferred on
+himself and his brothers; he rode at the King's bridle; he was served
+and saluted as a grandee of Spain. And, greatest honor of all, a new and
+magnificent escutcheon was blazoned for him (May 4, 1493), whereon the
+royal castle and lion of Castille and Leon were combined with the four
+anchors of his own old coat of arms. Nor were their Catholic Highnesses
+less busy on their own account than on that of their servant. On May 3d
+and 4th, Alexander VI. granted bulls confirming to the crowns of
+Castille and Leon all the lands discovered,[9] or to be discovered,
+beyond a certain line of demarcation, on the same terms as those on
+which the Portuguese held their colonies along the African coast. A new
+expedition was got in readiness with all possible dispatch to secure and
+extend the discoveries already made.
+
+[Illustration: THE DE BRY PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS.]
+
+After several delays the fleet weighed anchor on September 25th and
+steered westward. It consisted of three great carracks (galleons) and
+fourteen caravels (light frigates), having on board about 1,500 men,
+besides the animals and materials necessary for colonization. Twelve
+missionaries accompanied the expedition, under the orders of Bernardo
+Boyle, a Benedictine friar; and Columbus had been directed (May 29,
+1493) to endeavor by all means in his power to christianize the
+inhabitants of the islands, to make them presents, and to "honor them
+much," while all under him were commanded to treat them "well and
+lovingly," under pain of severe punishment. On October 13th the ships,
+which had put in at the Canaries, left Ferrol, and so early as Sunday,
+November 3d, after a single storm, "by the goodness of God and the wise
+management of the Admiral," land was sighted to the west, which was
+named Dominica. Northward from this new-found island the isles of Maria
+Galante and Guadaloupe were discovered and named; and on the
+northwestern course to La Navidad, those of Montserrat, Antigua, San
+Martin, and Santa Cruz were sighted, and the island now called Puerto
+Rico was touched at, hurriedly explored, and named San Juan. On November
+22d Columbus came in sight of Espaņola, and, sailing eastward to La
+Navidad, found the fort burned and the colony dispersed. He decided on
+building a second fort, and, coasting on forty miles east of Cape
+Haytien, he pitched on a spot, where he founded the city and settlement
+of Isabella.
+
+It is remarkable that the first notice of india rubber on record is
+given by Herrera, who, in the second voyage of Columbus, observed that
+the natives of Haiti "played a game with balls made of the gum of a
+tree."
+
+The character in which Columbus had appeared had till now been that of
+the greatest of mariners; but from this point forward his claims to
+supremacy are embarrassed and complicated with the long series of
+failures, vexations, miseries, insults, that have rendered his career as
+a planter of colonies and as a ruler of men most pitiful and remarkable.
+
+The climate of Navidad proved unhealthy; the colonists were greedy of
+gold, impatient of control, and as proud, ignorant, and mutinous as
+Spaniards could be; and Columbus, whose inclinations drew him westward,
+was doubtless glad to escape the worry and anxiety of his post, and to
+avail himself of the instructions of his sovereigns as to further
+discoveries. In January, 1494, he sent home, by Antonio de Torres, that
+dispatch to their Catholic Highnesses by which he may be said to have
+founded the West Indian slave trade. He founded the mining camp of San
+Tomaso in the gold country; and on April 24, 1494, having nominated a
+council of regency under his brother Diego, and appointed Pedro de
+Margarite his captain-general, he put again to sea. After following the
+southern shore of Cuba for some days, he steered southward, and
+discovered the Island of Jamaica, which he named Santiago. He then
+resumed his exploration of the Cuban coast, threading his way through a
+labyrinth of islets supposed to be the Morant Keys, which he named the
+Garden of the Queen, and after coasting westward for many days he became
+convinced that he had discovered the mainland, and called Perez de Luna,
+the notary, to draw up a document attesting his discovery (June 12,
+1494), which was afterward taken round and signed, in presence of four
+witnesses, by the masters, mariners, and seamen of his three caravels,
+the Niņa, the Cadera, and the San Juan. He then stood to the southeast
+and sighted the Island of Evangelista; and after many days of
+difficulties and anxieties he touched at and named the Island La Mona.
+Thence he had intended to sail eastward and complete the survey of the
+Carribbean Archipelago. But he was exhausted by the terrible wear and
+tear of mind and body he had undergone (he says himself that on this
+expedition he was three-and-thirty days almost without any sleep), and
+on the day following his departure from La Mona he fell into a lethargy
+that deprived him of sense and memory, and had well nigh proved fatal to
+life. At last, on September 29th, the little fleet dropped anchor off
+Isabella, and in his new city the great Admiral lay sick for five
+months.
+
+The colony was in a sad plight. Everyone was discontented, and many were
+sick, for the climate was unhealthy and there was nothing to eat.
+Margarite and Boyle had quitted Espaņola for Spain; but ere his
+departure the former, in his capacity as captain-general, had done much
+to outrage and alienate the Indians. The strongest measures were
+necessary to undo this mischief; and, backed by his brother Bartholomew,
+a bold and skillful mariner, and a soldier of courage and resource, who
+had been with Diaz in his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope, Columbus
+proceeded to reduce the natives under Spanish sway.[10] Alonzo de Ojeda
+succeeded, by a brilliant _coup de main_, in capturing the Cacique
+Caonabo, and the rest submitted. Five ship-loads of Indians were sent
+off to Seville (June 24, 1495) to be sold as slaves; and a tribute was
+imposed upon their fellows, which must be looked upon as the origin of
+that system of _repartimientos_ or _encomiendas_ which was afterward to
+work such cruel mischief among the conquered. But the tide of court
+favor seemed to have turned against Columbus. In October, 1495, Juan
+Aguada arrived at Isabella, with an open commission from their Catholic
+Majesties, to inquire into the circumstances of his rule; and much
+interest and recrimination followed. Columbus found that there was no
+time to be lost in returning home; he appointed his brother Bartholomew
+"adelantado" of the island, and on March 10, 1496, he quitted Espaņola
+in the Niņa. The vessel, after a protracted and perilous voyage, reached
+Cadiz on June 11, 1496. The Admiral landed in great dejection, wearing
+the costume of a Franciscan. Reassured, however, by the reception of his
+sovereigns, he asked at once for eight ships more, two to be sent to the
+colony with supplies and six to be put under his orders for new
+discoveries. The request was not immediately granted, as the Spanish
+exchequer was not then well supplied. But principally owing to the
+interest of the Queen, an agreement was come to similar to that of 1492,
+which was now confirmed. By this royal patent, moreover, a tract of land
+in Espaņola, of fifty leagues by twenty, was made over to him. He was
+offered a dukedom or a marquisate at his pleasure; for three years he
+was to receive an eighth of the gross and a tenth of the net profits on
+each voyage, the right of creating a mayorazgo or perpetual entail of
+titles and estates was granted him, and on June 24th his two sons were
+received into Isabella's service as pages. Meanwhile, however, the
+preparing of the fleet proceeded slowly, and it was not till May 30,
+1498, that he and his six ships set sail.
+
+From San Lucar he steered for Gomera, in the Canaries, and thence
+dispatched three of his ships to San Domingo. He next proceeded to the
+Cape Verde Islands, which he quitted on July 4th. On the 31st of the
+same month, being greatly in need of water, and fearing that no land lay
+westward as they had hoped, Columbus had turned his ship's head north,
+when Alonzo Perez, a mariner of Huelva, saw land about fifteen leagues
+to the southwest. It was crowned with three hilltops, and so, when the
+sailors had sung the _Salve Regina_, the Admiral named it Trinidad,
+which name it yet bears. On Wednesday, August 1st, he beheld for the
+first time, in the mainland of South America, the continent he had
+sought so long. It seemed to him but an insignificant island, and he
+called it Zeta. Sailing westward, next day he saw the Gulf of Paria,
+which was named by him the Golfo de la Belena, and was borne into it--an
+immense risk--on the ridge of breakers formed by the meeting with the
+sea of the great rivers that empty themselves, all swollen with rain,
+into the ocean. For many days he coasted the continent, esteeming as
+islands the several projections he saw and naming them accordingly; nor
+was it until he had looked on and considered the immense volume of fresh
+water poured out through the embouchure of the river now called the
+Orinoco, that he concluded that the so-called archipelago must be in
+very deed a great continent.
+
+Unfortunately at this time he was suffering intolerably from gout and
+ophthalmia; his ships were crazy; and he was anxious to inspect the
+infant colony whence he had been absent so long. And so, after touching
+at and naming the Island of Margarita, he bore away to the northeast,
+and on August 30th the fleet dropped anchor off Isabella.
+
+He found that affairs had not prospered well in his absence. By the
+vigor and activity of the adelantado, the whole island had been reduced
+under Spanish sway, but at the expense of the colonists. Under the
+leadership of a certain Roldan, a bold and unprincipled adventurer, they
+had risen in revolt, and Columbus had to compromise matters in order to
+restore peace. Roldan retained his office; such of his followers as
+chose to remain in the island were gratified with _repartimientos_ of
+land and labor; and some fifteen, choosing to return to Spain, were
+enriched with a number of slaves, and sent home in two ships, which
+sailed in the early part of October, 1499.
+
+Five ship-loads of Indians had been deported to Spain some little time
+before. On arrival of these living cargoes at Seville, the Queen, the
+stanch and steady friend of Columbus, was moved with compassion and
+indignation. No one, she declared, had authorized him to dispose of her
+vassals in any such manner; and proclamations at Seville, Granada, and
+other chief places ordered (June 20, 1499) the instant liberation and
+return of all the last gang of Indians. In addition to this, the
+ex-colonists had become incensed against Columbus and his brothers. They
+were wont to parade their grievances in the very court-yards of the
+Alhambra; to surround the King, when he came forth, with complaints and
+reclamations; to insult the discoverer's young sons with shouts and
+jeers. There was no doubt that the colony itself, whatever the cause,
+had not prospered so well as might have been desired. Historians do not
+hesitate to aver that Columbus' over-colored and unreliable statements
+as to the amount of gold to be found there were the chief causes of
+discontent.
+
+And, on the whole, it is not surprising that Ferdinand, whose support to
+Columbus had never been very hearty, should about this time have
+determined to suspend him. Accordingly, on March 21, 1499, Francisco de
+Bobadilla was ordered to "ascertain what persons had raised themselves
+against justice in the Island of Espaņola, and to proceed against them
+according to law." On May 21st the government of the island was
+conferred on him, and he was accredited with an order that all arms and
+fortresses should be handed over to him; and on May 26th he received a
+letter, for delivery to Columbus, stating that the bearer would "speak
+certain things to him" on the part of their Highnesses, and praying him
+to "give faith and credence, and to act accordingly." Bobadilla left
+Spain in July, 1500, and landed in Espaņola in October.
+
+Columbus, meanwhile, had restored such tranquillity as was possible in
+his government. With Roldan's help he had beaten off an attempt on the
+island by the adventurer Ojeda, his old lieutenant; the Indians were
+being collected into villages and christianized. Gold mining was
+actively and profitably pursued; in three years, he calculated, the
+royal revenues might be raised to an average of 60,000,000 reals. The
+arrival of Bobadilla, however, on August 23, 1500, speedily changed this
+state of affairs into a greater and more pitiable confusion than the
+island had ever before witnessed. On landing, he took possession of the
+Admiral's house, and summoned him and his brothers before him.
+Accusations of severity, of injustice, of venality even, were poured
+down on their heads, and Columbus anticipated nothing less than a
+shameful death. Bobadilla put all three in irons, and shipped them off
+to Spain.
+
+Andreas Martin, captain of the caravel in which the illustrious
+prisoners sailed, still retained a proper sense of the honor and respect
+due to Columbus, and would have removed the fetters; but to this
+Columbus would not consent. He would wear them until their Highnesses,
+by whose order they had been affixed, should order their removal; and he
+would keep them afterward "as relics and memorials of the reward of his
+services." He did so. His son Hernando "saw them always hanging in his
+cabinet, and he requested that when he died they might be buried with
+him." Whether this last wish was complied with is not known.
+
+A heart-broken and indignant letter from Columbus to Doņa Juana de la
+Torres, the governess of the infant Don Juan, arrived at court before
+the dispatch of Bobadilla. It was read to the Queen, and its tidings
+were confirmed by communications from Alonso de Villejo and the alcaide
+of Cadiz. There was a great movement of indignation; the tide of
+popular and royal feeling turned once more in the Admiral's favor. He
+received a large sum to defray his expenses; and when he appeared at
+court, on December 17th, he was no longer in irons and disgrace, but
+richly appareled and surrounded with friends. He was received with all
+honor and distinction. The Queen is said to have been moved to tears by
+the narration of his story. Their Majesties not only repudiated
+Bobadilla's proceedings, but declined to inquire into the charges that
+he at the same time brought against his prisoners, and promised Columbus
+compensation for his losses and satisfaction for his wrongs. A new
+governor, Nicolas de Ovando, was appointed in Bobadilla's room, and left
+San Lucar on February 18, 1502, with a fleet of thirty ships. The latter
+was to be impeached and sent home. The Admiral's property was to be
+restored and a fresh start was to be made in the conduct of colonial
+affairs. Thus ended Columbus' history as viceroy and governor of the new
+Indies, which he had presented to the country of his adoption.
+
+[Illustration: DEPARTURE OF COLUMBUS TO DISCOVER AMERICA, FROM THE PORT
+OF PALOS, SPAIN, ON AUGUST 3, 1492.
+
+From the celebrated painting by Seņor A. Gisbert.
+
+(See page 19.)]
+
+His hour of rest, however, was not yet come. Ever anxious to serve their
+Catholic Highnesses, "and particularly the Queen," he had determined to
+find a strait through which he might penetrate westward into Portuguese
+Asia. After the usual inevitable delays his prayers were granted, and on
+May 9, 1502, with four caravels and 150 men, he weighed anchor from
+Cadiz and sailed on his fourth and last great voyage. He first betook
+himself to the relief of the Portuguese fort of Arzilla, which had been
+besieged by the Moors, but the siege had been raised voluntarily before
+he arrived. He put to sea westward once more, and on June 13th
+discovered the Island of Martinique. He had received positive
+instructions from his sovereigns on no account to touch at Espaņola, but
+his largest caravel was greatly in need of repairs, and he had no
+choice but to abandon her or disobey orders. He preferred the latter
+alternative, and sent a boat ashore to Ovando, asking for a new ship and
+for permission to enter the harbor to weather a hurricane which he saw
+was coming on. But his requests were refused, and he coasted the island,
+casting anchor under lee of the land. Here he weathered the storm, which
+drove the other caravels out to sea and annihilated the homeward-bound
+fleet, the richest till then that had been sent from Espaņola. Roldan
+and Bobadilla perished with others of the Admiral's enemies; and
+Hernando Colon, who accompanied his father on this voyage, wrote, long
+years afterward, "I am satisfied it was the hand of God, for had they
+arrived in Spain they had never been punished as their crimes deserved,
+but rather been favored and preferred."
+
+After recruiting his flotilla at Azua, Columbus put in at Jaquimo and
+refitted his four vessels, and on July 14, 1502, he steered for Jamaica.
+For nine weeks the ships wandered painfully among the keys and shoals he
+had named the Garden of the Queen, and only an opportune easterly wind
+prevented the crews from open mutiny. The first land sighted was the
+Islet of Guanaja, about forty miles to the east of the coast of
+Honduras. Here he got news from an old Indian of a rich and vast country
+lying to the eastward, which he at once concluded must be the
+long-sought-for empire of the Grand Khan. Steering along the coast of
+Honduras great hardships were endured, but nothing approaching his ideal
+was discovered. On September 13th Cape Gracias-á-Dios was sighted. The
+men had become clamorous and insubordinate; not until December 5th,
+however, would he tack about and retrace his course. It now became his
+intention to plant a colony on the River Veragua, which was afterward to
+give his descendants a title of nobility; but he had hardly put about
+when he was caught in a storm which lasted eight days, wrenched and
+strained his crazy, worm-eaten ships severely, and finally, on the
+Epiphany, blew him into an embouchure, which he named Bethlehem. Gold
+was very plentiful in this place, and here he determined to found his
+settlement. By the end of March, 1503, a number of huts had been run up,
+and in these the adelantado, with eighty men, was to remain, while
+Columbus returned to Spain for men and supplies. Quarrels, however,
+arose with the natives, the adelantado made an attempt to seize on the
+person of the cacique and failed, and before Columbus could leave the
+coast he had to abandon a caravel to take the settlers on board, and to
+relinquish the enterprise. Steering eastward he left a second caravel at
+Porto Bello, and on May 31st he bore northward for Cuba, where he
+obtained supplies from the natives. From Cuba he bore up for Jamaica,
+and there, in the harbor of Santa Gloria, now St. Anne's Bay, he ran his
+ships aground in a small inlet called Don Christopher's Cove.
+
+The expedition was received with the greatest kindness by the natives,
+and here Columbus remained upward of a year awaiting the return of his
+lieutenant Diego Mendez, whom he had dispatched to Ovando for
+assistance. During his critical sojourn here the Admiral suffered much
+from disease and from the lawlessness of his followers, whose misconduct
+had alienated the natives, and provoked them to withhold their
+accustomed supplies, until he dexterously worked upon their
+superstitions by prognosticating an eclipse. Two vessels having at last
+arrived for their relief from Mendez and Ovando, Columbus set sail for
+Spain, after a tempestuous voyage landing once more at Seville on
+September 7, 1504.
+
+As he was too ill to go to court, his son Diego was sent thither in his
+place, to look after his interests and transact his business. Letter
+after letter followed the young man from Seville, one by the hands of
+Amerigo Vespucci. A license to ride on mule-back was granted him on
+February 23, 1505;[11] and in the following May he was removed to the
+court at Segovia, and thence again to Valladolid. On the landing of
+Philip and Juan at Coruņa (April 25, 1506), although "much oppressed
+with the gout and troubled to see himself put by his rights," he is
+known to have sent the adelantado to pay them his duty and to assure
+them that he was yet able to do them extraordinary service. The last
+documentary note of him is contained in a codicil to the will of 1498,
+made at Valladolid on May 19, 1506; the principal portion is said,
+however, to have been signed at Segovia on August 25, 1506. By this the
+old will is confirmed; the mayorazgo is bequeathed to his son Diego and
+his heirs male; failing these to Hernando, his second son, and failing
+these to the heirs male of Bartholomew. Only in the event of the
+extinction of the male line, direct or collateral, is it to descend to
+the females of the family; and those into whose hands it may fall are
+never to diminish it, but always to increase and ennoble it by all means
+possible. The head of the house is to sign himself "The Admiral." A
+tenth of the annual income is to be set aside yearly for distribution
+among the poor relations of the house. A chapel is founded and endowed
+for the saying of masses. Beatrix Enriquez is left to the care of the
+young Admiral in most grateful terms. Among other legacies is one of
+"half a mark of silver to a Jew who used to live at the gate of the
+Jewry in Lisbon." The codicil was written and signed with the Admiral's
+own hand. Next day (May 20, 1506) he died.
+
+The body of Columbus was buried in the parish church of Santa Maria de
+la Antigua in Valladolid. It was transferred in 1513 to the Cartuja de
+las Cuevas, near Seville, where on the monument was inscribed that
+laconic but pregnant tribute:
+
+  _Á Castilla y a Leon,
+  Nuevo mundo dió Colon._
+
+  (To Castille and Leon, Columbus gave a new world.)
+
+Here the bones of Diego, the second Admiral, were also laid. Exhumed in
+1536, the bodies of both father and son were taken over sea to Espaņola
+(San Domingo), and interred in the cathedral. In 1795-96, on the cession
+of that island to the French, the august relics were re-exhumed, and
+were transferred with great state and solemnity to the cathedral of
+Havana, where, it is claimed, they yet remain. The male issue of the
+Admiral became extinct with the third generation, and the estates and
+titles passed by marriage to a scion of the house of Braganca.
+
+"In person, Columbus was tall and shapely, long-faced and aquiline,
+white-eyed and auburn-haired, and beautifully complexioned. At thirty
+his hair was quite gray. He was temperate in eating and drinking and in
+dress, and so strict in religious matters, that for fasting and saying
+all the divine office he might be thought possessed in some religious
+order." His piety, as his son has noted, was earnest and unwavering; it
+entered into and colored alike his action and his speech; he tries his
+pen in a Latin distich of prayer; his signature is a mystical pietistic
+device.[12] He was pre-eminently fitted for the task he created for
+himself. Through deceit and opprobrium and disdain he pushed on toward
+the consummation of his desire; and when the hour for action came, the
+man was not found wanting.
+
+Within the last seven years research and discovery have thrown some
+doubt upon two very important particulars regarding Columbus. One of
+these is the identity of the island which was his first discovery in the
+New World; the other, the final resting-place of his remains.
+
+There is no doubt whatever that Columbus died in Valladolid, and that
+his remains were interred in the church of the Carthusian Monastery at
+Seville, nor that, some time between the years 1537 and 1540, in
+accordance with a request made in his will, they were removed to the
+Island of Espaņola (Santo Domingo). In 1795, when Spain ceded to France
+her portion of the island, Spanish officials obtained permission to
+remove to the cathedral at Havana the ashes of the discoverer of
+America. There seems to be a question whether the remains which were
+then removed were those of Columbus or his son Don Diego.
+
+In 1877, during the progress of certain work in the cathedral at Santo
+Domingo, a crypt was disclosed on one side of the altar, and within it
+was found a metallic coffin which contained human remains. The coffin
+bore the following inscription: "The Admiral Don Luis Colon, Duke of
+Veragua, Marquis of Jamaica," referring, undoubtedly, to the grandson of
+Columbus. The archbishop Seņor Roque Cocchia then took up the search,
+and upon the other side of the altar were found two crypts, one empty,
+from which had been taken the remains sent to Havana, and the other
+containing a metallic case. The case bore the inscription: "D. de la A
+Per Ate," which was interpreted to mean: "Descubridor de la America,
+Primer Almirante" (Discoverer of America, the First Admiral). The box
+was then opened, and on the inside of the cover were the words: "Illtre
+y Esdo Varon, Dn Cristoval Colon"--Illustrissime y Esclarecido Varon Don
+Cristoval Colon (Illustrious and renowned man, Don Christopher
+Columbus). On the two ends and on the front were the letters,
+"C.C.A."--Cristoval Colon, Almirante (Christopher Columbus, Admiral).
+The box contained bones and bone-dust, a small bit of the skull, a
+leaden ball, and a silver plate two inches long. On one side of the
+plate was inscribed:
+
+  _Ua. pte. de los rtos
+  del pmr. alte D.
+  Cristoval Colon Desr._
+
+  (Urna perteneciente de los restos del Primer Almirante Don
+        Cristoval Colon, Descubridor--Urn containing the
+             remains of the First Admiral Don Christopher
+                   Columbus, Discoverer.)
+
+On the other side was: "U. Cristoval Colon" (The coffin of Christopher
+Columbus).
+
+
+These discoveries have been certified to by the archbishop Roque
+Cocchia, and by others, including Don Emiliana Tejera, a well-known
+citizen. The Royal Academy of History at Madrid, however, challenged the
+foregoing statements and declared that the remains of Columbus were
+elsewhere than at Havana. Tejera and the archbishop have since published
+replies affirming the accuracy of their discovery.[13]
+
+Regarding the identity of the island first seen by Columbus, Capt. G. V.
+Fox, in a paper published by the U. S. Coast Survey in 1882, discusses
+and reviews the evidence, and draws a different conclusion and inference
+from that heretofore commonly accepted. His paper is based upon the
+original journals and log-book of Columbus, which were published in 1790
+by Don M. F. Navarrete, from a manuscript of Bishop Las Casas, the
+contemporary and friend of Columbus, found in the archives of the Duke
+del Infanta. In this the exact words of the Admiral's diary are
+reproduced by Las Casas, extending from the 11th to the 29th of
+October, the landing being on the 12th. From the description the diary
+gives, and from a projection of a voyage of Columbus before and after
+landing, Capt. Fox concludes that the island discovered was neither
+Grand Turk's, Mariguana, Watling's, nor Cat Island (Guanahani), but
+Samana, lat. 23 deg. 05 min., N.; long. 75 deg. 35 min., W.
+
+If we accept the carefully drawn deductions of Capt. Fox there is reason
+to believe that the island discovered was Samana.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: Markham, in his "Life of Columbus," advances the ingenious
+suggestion of a marriage invalidated by the pre-contract of Beatrix to
+one Enriquez. No authority is adduced for this theory.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The monastery has been restored and preserved as a national
+memorial since 1846.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The invention of the mariner's compass is claimed by the
+Chinese for the Emperor Hong-ti, a grandson of Noah, about 2634 B. C. A
+compass was brought from China to Queen Elizabeth A. D. 1260 by P.
+Venutus. By some the invention is ascribed to Marcus Paulus, a Venetian,
+A. D. 1260. The discovery of the compass was long attributed to Flavio
+Gioja, a Neapolitan sailor, A. D. 1302, who in reality made improvements
+on then existing patterns and brought them to the form now used. The
+variation of the needle was known to the Chinese, being mentioned in the
+works of the Chinese philosopher Keon-tsoung-chy, who flourished about
+A. D. 1111. The dip of the needle was discovered A. D. 1576 by Robert
+Norman of London. Time was measured on voyages by the hour-glass.
+Compare Shakespere:
+
+  Or four and twenty times the pilot's glass
+  Hath told the thievish minutes how they pass.
+
+]
+
+[Footnote 4: Capt. Parker, in _Goldthwaithe's Geographical Monthly_,
+argues ably that the myth that a light was seen by Columbus at 8 P. M.
+of the night of the discovery should be dropped simply as rubbish; it is
+incredible. More than one hundred men in the three vessels were
+anxiously looking for signs of land, and two "think" they see a light.
+To say that Columbus felt sure that he saw a light is to pronounce him
+an imbecile. For if ahead, he would have stopped; if abeam, stood for
+it. His log does not say where or in what direction the light was--an
+important omission--and Columbus _ran forty sea miles after he saw this
+mythical light_.
+
+We may safely decide that Watling Island, named after a buccaneer or
+pirate of the seventeenth century, is best supported by investigation as
+the landfall of Columbus.
+
+Cronau, who visited Watling Island in 1890, supposes that Columbus'
+ships, after making the land, continued on their course, under the
+reduced sail, at the rate of four or five miles an hour; and at daylight
+found themselves off the northwest end of the island. Mr. Cronau
+evidently is not a seafaring man or he would know that no navigator off
+an unknown island at night would stand on, even at the rate of one mile
+an hour, ignorant of what shoal or reefs might lie off the end of the
+island.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The following from Las Casas' epitome of the log is all the
+information we have concerning the "sighting" of the New World:
+
+"THURSDAY, October 11, 1492.--_Navegó al Ouesudueste, turvieron mucho
+mar mas que en todo el viage habian tenido. Despues del sol puesto
+navegó á su primer Camino al Oueste; andarian doce millas cada hora. A
+las dos horas despues de media noche pareció la tierra, de la cual
+estarian dos leguas. Amainaron todas las velas y quedaron con el treo
+que es la vela grande sin bonetas, y pusiérouse á la corda temporizando
+hasta el dia viernes que llegaron á uná isleta de los Lucayos que se
+llamaba en lengua de indios Guanahani._"
+
+That is: "They steered west-southwest and experienced a much heavier sea
+than they had had before in the whole voyage. After sunset they resumed
+their former course west, and sailed twelve miles an hour. At 2 o'clock
+in the morning the land appeared (was sighted), two leagues off. They
+lowered all the sails and remained under the storm sail, which is the
+main sail without bonnets, and hove to, waiting for daylight; and Friday
+[found they had] arrived at a small island of the Lucayos which the
+Indians called Guanahani."
+
+It will be observed that these are the words of Las Casas, and they were
+evidently written some years after the event.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Helps refers to the island as "one of the Bahamas." It has
+been variously identified with Turks Island, by Navarette (1825); with
+Cat Island, by Irving (1828) and Humboldt (1836); with Mayaguara, by
+Varnhagen (1864); and finally, with greatest show of probability, with
+Watling Island, by Muņoz (1798), supported by Becher (1856), Peschel
+(1857), and Major (1871).]
+
+[Footnote 7: See page 217, _post_.]
+
+[Footnote 8: The greatest blot on the character of Columbus is contained
+in this and a succeeding letter. Under the shallow pretense of
+benefiting the souls of idolators, he suggested to the Spanish rulers
+the advisability of shipping the natives to Spain as slaves. He appeals
+to their cupidity by picturing the revenue to be derived therefrom, and
+stands convicted in the light of history as the prime author of that
+blood-drenched rule which exterminated millions of simple aborigines in
+the West Indian Archipelago.]
+
+[Footnote 9: The countries which he had discovered were considered as a
+part of India. In consequence of this notion the name of Indies is given
+to them by Ferdinand and Isabella in a ratification of their former
+agreement, which was granted to Columbus after his return.--Robertson's
+"History of America."]
+
+[Footnote 10: The will of Diego Mendez, one of Columbus' most trusted
+followers, states that the Governor of Xaragua in seven months burned
+and hanged eighty-four chiefs, including the Queen of San Domingo.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Owing to the difficulty in securing animals for the
+cavalry in Spain (about A. D. 1505), an edict had been published by the
+King forbidding the use of mules in traveling, except by royal
+permission.
+
+While Columbus was in Seville he wished to make a journey to the court,
+then sitting at Granada, to plead his own cause. Cardinal Mendoza placed
+his litter at the disposal of the Admiral, but he preferred a mule, and
+wrote to Diego, asking him to petition the King for the privilege of
+using one. The request was granted in the following curious document:
+
+_Decree granting to Don Cristoval Colon permission to ride on a mule,
+saddled and bridled, through any part of these Kingdoms._
+
+     THE KING: As I am informed that you, Cristoval Colon, the Admiral,
+     are in poor bodily health, owing to certain diseases which you had
+     or have, and that you can not ride on horse-back without injury to
+     your health; therefore, conceding this to your advanced age, I, by
+     these presents, grant you leave to ride on a mule, saddled and
+     bridled, through whatever parts of these kingdoms or realms you
+     wish and choose, notwithstanding the law which I issued thereto;
+     and I command the subjects of all parts of these kingdoms and
+     realms not to offer you any impediment or allow any to be offered
+     to you, under penalty of ten thousand maravedi in behalf of the
+     treasury, of whoever does the contrary.
+
+     Given in the City of Toro, February 23, 1505.]
+
+[Footnote 12:
+
+      .s.
+   .s. s .s.
+    X  M  Y
+  XPO FERENS.
+
+COLUMBUS' CIPHER.--The interpretation of the seven-lettered cipher,
+accepting the smaller letters of the second line as the final ones of
+the words, seems to be _Servate-me, Xristus, Maria, Yosephus_. The name
+Christopher appears in the last line.]
+
+[Footnote 13: See Washington Irving, Life and Voyages of Columbus,
+London, 1831; Humboldt, Examen Critique de l'Histoire de la Geographie
+du Nouveau Continent, Paris, 1836; Sportorno, Codice Diplomatico
+Colombo-Americano, Genoa, 1823; Hernan Colon, Vita dell' Ammiraglio,
+1571; (English translation in vol. xi of Churchill's Voyages and
+Travels, third edition, London, 1744; Spanish, 1745); Prescott, History
+of Ferdinand and Isabella, London, 1870; Major, Select Letters of
+Columbus, Hakluyt Society, London, 1847, and "On the Landfall of
+Columbus," in Journal of Royal Geographical Society for 1871; Sir Arthur
+Helps, Life of Columbus, London, 1868; Navarrete, Coleccion de Viages y
+Descubrimientos desde Fines del Siglo XV., Madrid, 1825; Ticknor,
+History of Spanish Literature, London, 1863.
+
+See also Pietro Martire d'Anghiera, Opus Epistolarum, 1530, and De Rebus
+Oceanicis et de Orbe Novo, 1511; Gomora, in Historiadores Primitivos de
+Indias, vol. xxii of Rivadaneyra's collection; Oveido y Valdes, Cronica
+de las Indias, Salamanca, 1547; Ramusio, Raccolta delle Navigatione et
+viaggi iii, Venetia, 1575; Herrera de Tordesillas, Historia de las
+Indias Occidentales, 1601; Antonio Leon Pinelo, Epitome de la Biblioteca
+Oriental y Occidental, Madrid, 1623; Muņoz, Historia del Nuevo Mundo,
+Madrid, 1793; Cancellieri, Notizia di Christoforo Colombo, 1809; Bossi,
+Vita di Christoforo Colombo, 1819; Charlevoix, Histoire de San Domingo;
+Lamartine, Christoph Colomb, Paris, 1862 (Spanish translation, 1865);
+Crompton, Life of Columbus, London, 1859; Voyages and Discoveries of
+Columbus, sixth edition, London, 1857; H. R. St. John, Life of Columbus,
+London, 1850.]
+
+
+
+
+Selected Letters of Columbus
+
+
+Translation of the letter of Christopher Columbus offering his services
+to King Ferdinand of Spain:
+
+     _Most Serene Prince: I have been engaged in navigating from my
+     youth. I have voyaged on the seas for nearly forty years. I have
+     visited all known quarters of the world and have conversed with a
+     great number of learned men--with ecclesiastics, with seculars,
+     with Latins, with Greeks, with Moors, and with persons of all sorts
+     of religions. I have acquired some knowledge of navigation, of
+     astronomy, and of geometry. I am sufficiently expert in designing
+     the chart of the earth to place the cities, the rivers, and the
+     mountains where they are situated. I have applied myself to the
+     study of works on cosmography, on history, and on philosophy. I
+     feel myself at present strongly urged to undertake the discovery of
+     the Indies; and I come to your Highness to supplicate you to favor
+     my enterprise. I doubt not that those who hear it will turn it into
+     ridicule; but if your Highness will give me the means of executing
+     it, whatever the obstacles may be I hope to be able to make it
+     succeed._[14]
+
+Translation of a letter written by Christopher Columbus from the court
+of Queen Isabella at Barcelona to Padre Juan Perez de Marchena, a
+Franciscan monk, Prior of the Convent of Santa Maria de la Rábida,
+Huelva, Spain (Date, 1492):
+
+     _Our Lord God has heard the prayers of His servants. The wise and
+     virtuous Isabel, touched by the grace of Heaven, has kindly
+     listened to this poor man's words. All has turned out well. I have
+     read to them our plan, it has been accepted, and I have been called
+     to the court to state the proper means for carrying out the designs
+     of Providence. My courage swims in a sea of consolation, and my
+     spirit rises in praise to God. Come as soon as you can; the Queen
+     looks for you, and I much more than she. I commend myself to the
+     prayers of my dear sons and you._
+
+     _The grace of God be with you, and may our Lady of Rábida bless
+     you._
+
+
+COLUMBUS' OWN ACCOUNT OF HIS GREAT DISCOVERY.
+
+Translation of a letter sent by Columbus to Luis de Santangel,
+Chancellor of the Exchequer of Aragon, respecting the islands found in
+the Indies; inclosing another for their Highnesses (Ferdinand and
+Isabella).
+
+     R. H. Major, F. S. A., Keeper of the Department of Maps and Charts
+     in the British Museum and Honorary Secretary of the Royal
+     Geographical Society of England, states that the peculiar value of
+     the following letter, descriptive of the first important voyage of
+     Columbus, is that the events described are from the pen of him to
+     whom the events occurred. In it we have laid before us, as it were
+     from Columbus' own mouth, a clear statement of his opinions and
+     conjectures on what were to him great cosmical riddles--riddles
+     which have since been solved mainly through the light which his
+     illustrious deeds have shed upon the field of our observation:
+
+_Sir: Believing that you will take pleasure in hearing of the great
+success which our Lord has granted me in my voyage, I write you this
+letter, whereby you will learn how in thirty-three[15] days' time I
+reached the Indies with the fleet which the most illustrious King and
+Queen, our Sovereigns, gave to me, where I found very many islands
+thickly peopled, of all which I took possession, without resistance, for
+their Highnesses, by proclamation made and with the royal standard
+unfurled. To the first island that I found I gave the name of San
+Salvador,[16] in remembrance of His High Majesty, who hath marvelously
+brought all these things to pass; the Indians call it Guanahani. To the
+second island I gave the name of Santa Maria de Conception; the third I
+called Fernandina; the fourth, Isabella; the fifth, Juana; and so to
+each one I gave a new name._
+
+_When I reached Juana, I followed its coast to the westward, and found
+it so large that I thought it must be the mainland,--the province of
+Cathay; and as I found neither towns nor villages on the sea-coast, but
+only a few hamlets, with the inhabitants of which I could not hold
+conversation because they all immediately fled, I kept on the same
+route, thinking that I could not fail to light upon some large cities
+and towns._
+
+_At length, after proceeding of many leagues and finding that nothing
+new presented itself, and that the coast was leading me northward (which
+I wished to avoid, because winter had already set in, and it was my
+intention to move southward; and because, moreover, the winds were
+contrary), I resolved not to wait for a change in the weather, but
+returned to a certain harbor which I had remarked, and from which I sent
+two men ashore to ascertain whether there was any king or large cities
+in that part. They journeyed for three days and found countless small
+hamlets with numberless inhabitants, but with nothing like order; they
+therefore returned. In the meantime I had learned from some other
+Indians whom I had seized that this land was certainly an island;
+accordingly, I followed the coast eastward for a distance of 107
+leagues, where it ended in a cape. From this cape I saw another island
+to the eastward, at a distance of eighteen leagues from the former, to
+which I gave the name of "La Espaņola." Thither I went, and followed its
+northern coast to the eastward (just as I had done with the coast of
+Juana) 178 full leagues due east. This island like all the others is
+extraordinarily large, and this one extremely so. In it are many
+seaports, with which none that I know in Christendom can bear
+comparison, so good and capacious that it is wonder to see. The lands
+are high, and there are many very lofty mountains with which the island
+of Cetefrey can not be compared. They are all most beautiful, of a
+thousand different shapes, accessible, and covered with trees of a
+thousand kinds, of such great height that they seemed to reach the
+skies. I am told that the trees never lose their foliage, and I can well
+understand it, for I observed that they were as green and luxuriant as
+in Spain in the month of May. Some were in bloom, others bearing fruit,
+and others otherwise, according to their nature. The nightingale was
+singing as well as other birds of a thousand different kinds; and that
+in November, the month in which I myself was roaming amongst them. There
+are palm trees of six or eight kinds, wonderful in their beautiful
+variety; but this is the case with all the other trees and fruits and
+grasses; trees, plants, or fruits filled us with admiration. It contains
+extraordinary pine groves and very extensive plains. There is also
+honey, a great variety of birds, and many different kinds of fruits. In
+the interior there are many mines of metals and a population
+innumerable. Espaņola is a wonder. Its mountains and plains, and meadows
+and fields, are so beautiful and rich for planting and sowing, and
+rearing cattle of all kinds, and for building towns and villages. The
+harbors on the coast, and the number and size and wholesomeness of the
+rivers, most of them bearing gold, surpass anything that would be
+believed by one who had not seen them. There is a great difference
+between the trees, fruits, and plants of this island and those of Juana.
+In this island there are many spices and extensive mines of gold and
+other metals. The inhabitants of this and of all the other islands I
+have found or gained intelligence of, both men and women, go as naked as
+they were born, with the exception that some of the women cover one part
+only with a single leaf of grass or with a piece of cotton made for
+that purpose. They have neither iron nor steel nor arms, nor are they
+competent to use them; not that they are not well-formed and of handsome
+stature, but because they are timid to a surprising degree. Their only
+arms are reeds, cut in the seeding time,_[17] _to which they fasten
+small sharpened sticks, and even these they dare not use; for on several
+occasions it has happened that I have sent ashore two or three men to
+some village to hold a parley, and the people have come out in countless
+numbers, but as soon as they saw our men approach, would flee with such
+precipitation that a father would not even stop to protect his son; and
+this not because any harm had been done to any of them, for from the
+first, wherever I went and got speech with them, I gave them of all that
+I had, such as cloth and many other things, without receiving anything
+in return; but they are, as I have described, incurably timid. It is
+true that when they are reassured and thrown off this fear they are
+guileless, and so liberal of all they have that no one would believe it
+who had not seen it. They never refuse anything that they possess when
+it is asked of them; on the contrary, they offer it themselves, and they
+exhibit so much loving kindness that they would even give their hearts;
+and, whether it be something of value or of little worth that is offered
+to them, they are satisfied. I forbade that worthless things, such as
+pieces of broken porringers and broken glass, and ends of straps, should
+be given to them; although, when they succeeded in obtaining them, they
+thought they possessed the finest jewel in the world. It was ascertained
+that a sailor received for a leather strap a piece of gold weighing two
+castellanos_[18] _and a half, and others received for other objects, of
+far less value, much more. For new blancas_[19] _they would give all
+they had, whether it was two or three castellanos in gold or one or two
+arrobas[20] of spun cotton. They took even bits of the broken hoops of
+the wine barrels, and gave, like fools, all that they possessed in
+exchange, insomuch that I thought it was wrong and forbade it. I gave
+away a thousand good and pretty articles which I had brought with me in
+order to win their affection; and that they might be led to become
+Christians, and be well inclined to love and serve their Highnesses and
+the whole Spanish nation, and that they might aid us by giving us things
+of which we stand in need, but which they possess in abundance. They are
+not acquainted with any kind of worship, and are not idolaters; but
+believe that all power and, indeed, all good things are in heaven; and
+they are firmly convinced that I, with my vessels and crews, came from
+heaven, and with this belief received me at every place at which I
+touched, after they had overcome their apprehension. And this does not
+spring from ignorance, for they are very intelligent, and navigate all
+these seas, and relate everything to us, so that it is astonishing what
+a good account they are able to give of everything; but they have never
+seen men with clothes on, nor vessels like ours. On my reaching the
+Indies, I took by force, in the first island that I discovered, some of
+these natives, that they might learn our language and give me
+information in regard to what existed in these parts; and it so happened
+that they soon understood us and we them, either by words or signs, and
+they have been very serviceable to us. They are still with me, and, from
+repeated conversations that I have had with them, I find that they still
+believe that I come from heaven. And they were the first to say this
+wherever I went, and the others ran from house to house and to the
+neighboring villages, crying with a loud voice: "Come, come, and see the
+people from heaven!" And thus they all, men as well as women, after
+their minds were at rest about us, came, both large and small, and
+brought us something to eat and drink, which they gave us with
+extraordinary kindness. They have in all these islands very many canoes
+like our rowboats; some larger, some smaller, but most of them larger
+than a barge of eighteen seats. They are not so wide, because they are
+made of one single piece of timber; but a barge could not keep up with
+them in rowing, because they go with incredible speed, and with these
+canoes they navigate among these islands, which are innumerable, and
+carry on their traffic. I have seen in some of these canoes seventy and
+eighty men, each with his oar. In all these islands I did not notice
+much difference in the appearance of the inhabitants, nor in their
+manners, nor language, except that they all understood each other, which
+is very singular, and leads me to hope that their Highnesses will take
+means for their conversion to our holy faith, toward which they are very
+well disposed. I have already said how I had gone 107 leagues in
+following the seacoast of Juana in a straight line from west to east;
+and from that survey I can state that the island is larger than England
+and Scotland together, because beyond these 107 leagues there lie to the
+west two provinces which I have not yet visited, one of which is called
+Avan, where the people are born with a tail. These two provinces can not
+be less than from fifty to sixty leagues, from what can be learned from
+the Indians that I have with me, and who are acquainted with all these
+islands. The other, Espaņola, has a greater circumference than all
+Spain, from Catalonia by the seacoast to Fuenterabia in Biscay, since on
+one of its four sides I made 188 great leagues in a straight line from
+west to east. This is something to covet, and, when found, not to be
+lost sight of. Although I have taken possession of all these islands in
+the name of their Highnesses, and they are all more abundant in wealth
+than I am able to express; and although I hold them all for their
+Highnesses, so that they can dispose of them quite as absolutely as they
+can of the kingdoms of Castille, yet there was one large town in
+Espaņola of which especially I took possession, situated in a locality
+well adapted for the working of the gold mines, and for all kinds of
+commerce, either with the mainland on this side or with that beyond,
+which is the land of the Great Khan, with which there will be vast
+commerce and great profit. To that city I gave the name of Villa de
+Navidad, and fortified it with a fortress, which by this time will be
+quite completed, and I have left in it a sufficient number of men with
+arms,[21] artillery, and provisions for more than a year, a barge, and a
+sailing master skillful in the arts necessary for building others. I
+have also established the greatest friendship with the King of that
+country, so much so that he took pride in calling me his brother, and
+treating me as such. Even should these people change their intentions
+toward us and become hostile, they do not know what arms are, but, as I
+have said, go naked, and are the most timid people in the world; so that
+the men I have left could, alone, destroy the whole country, and this
+island has no danger for them, if they only know how to conduct
+themselves. In all those islands it seems to me that the men are content
+with one wife, except their chief or king, to whom they give twenty. The
+women seem to me to work more than the men. I have not been able to
+learn whether they have any property of their own. It seems to me that
+what one possessed belonged to all, especially in the matter of
+eatables. I have not found in those islands any monsters, as many
+imagined; but, on the contrary, the whole race is well formed, nor are
+they black as in Guinea, but their hair is flowing, for they do not
+dwell in that part where the force of the sun's rays is too powerful. It
+is true that the sun has very great power there, for the country is
+distant only twenty-six degrees from the equinoctial line. In the
+islands where there are high mountains, the cold this winter was very
+great, but they endure it, not only from being habituated to it, but by
+eating meat with a variety of excessively hot spices. As to savages, I
+did not even hear of any, except at an island which lies the second in
+one's way coming to the Indies._[22] _It is inhabited by a race which is
+regarded throughout these islands as extremely ferocious, and eaters of
+human flesh. These possess many canoes, in which they visit all the
+Indian islands, and rob and plunder whatever they can. They are no worse
+formed than the rest, except that they are in the habit of wearing their
+hair long, like women, and use bows and arrows made of reeds, with a
+small stick at the end, for want of iron, which they do not possess.
+They are ferocious amongst these exceedingly timid people; but I think
+no more of them than of the rest. These are they which have intercourse
+with the women of Matenino,[23] the first island one comes to on the way
+from Spain to the Indies, and in which there are no men. These women
+employ themselves in no labor suitable to their sex, but use bows and
+arrows made of reeds like those above described, and arm and cover
+themselves with plates of copper, of which metal they have a great
+quantity._
+
+[Illustration: THE RETURN OF COLUMBUS IN CHAINS TO SPAIN.
+
+Marble statuary by Seņor V. Vallmitjana, formerly in the Ministry of the
+Colonies, Madrid; now in Havana, Cuba. (See page 31.)]
+
+_They assure me that there is another island larger than Espaņola in
+which the inhabitants have no hair. It is extremely rich in gold; and I
+bring with me Indians taken from these different islands, who will
+testify to all these things. Finally, and speaking only of what has
+taken place in this voyage, which has been so hasty, their Highnesses
+may see that I shall give them all the gold they require, if they will
+give me but a very little assistance; spices also, and cotton, as much
+as their Highnesses shall command to be shipped; and mastic--hitherto
+found only in Greece, in the Island of Chios, and which the Signoria[24]
+sells at its own price--as much as their Highnesses shall command to be
+shipped; lign aloes, as much as their Highnesses shall command to be
+shipped; slaves, as many of these idolaters as their Highnesses shall
+command to be shipped. I think I have also found rhubarb and cinnamon,
+and I shall find a thousand other valuable things by means of the men
+that I have left behind me, for I tarried at no point so long as the
+wind allowed me to proceed, except in the town of Navidad, where I took
+the necessary precautions for the security and settlement of the men I
+had left there. Much more I would have done if my vessels had been in as
+good a condition as by rights they ought to have been. This is much, and
+praised be the eternal God, our Lord, who gives to all those who walk in
+his ways victory over things which seem impossible; of which this is
+signally one, for, although others have spoken or written concerning
+these countries, it was all mere conjecture, as no one could say that he
+had seen them--it amounting only to this, that those who heard listened
+the more, and regarded the matter rather as a fable than anything else.
+But our Redeemer has granted this victory to our illustrious King and
+Queen and their kingdoms, which have acquired great fame by an event of
+such high importance, in which all Christendom ought to rejoice, and
+which it ought to celebrate with great festivals and the offering of
+solemn thanks to the Holy Trinity with many solemn prayers, both for the
+great exaltation which may accrue to them in turning so many nations to
+our holy faith, and also for the temporal benefits which will bring
+great refreshment and gain, not only to Spain, but to all Christians.
+This, thus briefly, in accordance with the events._
+
+_Done on board the caravel, off the Canary Islands, on the fifteenth of
+February, fourteen hundred and ninety-three._
+
+                                           _At your orders,
+
+                                                THE ADMIRAL._
+
+_After this letter was written, as I was in the Sea of Castille, there
+arose a southwest wind, which compelled me to lighten my vessels, and
+run this day into this port of Lisbon, an event which I consider the
+most marvelous thing in the world, and whence I resolved to write to
+their Highnesses. In all the Indies I have always found the weather like
+that in the month of May. I reached them in thirty-three days, and
+returned in twenty-eight, with the exception that these storms detained
+me fourteen days knocking about in this sea. All seamen say that they
+have never seen such a severe winter nor so many vessels lost._
+
+_Done on the fourteenth day of March._
+
+The prayer of Columbus on landing at Guanahani on the morning of Friday,
+October 12, 1492:
+
+_Lord! Eternal and Almighty God! who by Thy sacred word hast created the
+heavens, the earth, and the seas, may Thy name be blessed and glorified
+everywhere. May Thy Majesty be exalted, who hast deigned to permit that
+by Thy humble servant Thy sacred name should be made known and preached
+in this other part of the world._[25]
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND GENOA.
+
+Columbus in bequeathing a large portion of his income to the Bank of St.
+George in Genoa, upon trust, to reduce the tax upon provisions, only
+did what Dario de Vivaldi had accomplished in 1471 and 1480, as we read
+on the pedestal of his statue, erected in the hall of the bank. This
+example was followed by Antonio Doria, Francesco Lomellini, Eliano
+Spinola, Ansaldo Grimaldo, and others, as the inscriptions on their
+statues testify. A fac-simile letter of Columbus, announcing the
+bequest, is shown on the opposite page.
+
+[Illustration: FAC-SIMILE OF COLUMBUS' LETTER TO THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE,
+GENOA
+
+Dated April 2, 1502.
+
+(See page 52.)]
+
+The letter in English is as follows:
+
+_High noble Lords: Although the body walks about here, the heart is
+constantly over there. Our Lord has conferred on me the greatest favor
+ever granted to any one since David. The results of my undertaking
+already appear, and would shine greatly, were they not concealed by the
+blindness of the government. I am going again to the Indies under the
+auspices of the Holy Trinity, soon to return, and since I am mortal I
+leave it with my son Diego that you receive every year, forever,
+one-tenth of the entire revenue, such as it may be, for the purpose of
+reducing the tax upon corn, wine, and other provisions.[26] If that
+tenth amounts to something, collect it. If not, take at least the
+will for the deed. I beg of you to entertain regard for the son I have
+recommended to you. Mr. Nicolo de Oderigo knows more about my own
+affairs than I do myself, and I have sent him the transcripts of my
+privileges and letters for safe keeping. I should be glad if you could
+see them. My lords, the King and Queen, endeavor to honor me more than
+ever. May the Holy Trinity preserve your noble persons and increase the
+most magnificent House (of St. George). Done in Sevilla on the second
+day of April, 1502._
+
+  _The Chief Admiral of the Ocean, Vice-Roy and
+    Governor-General of the islands and continent
+    of Asia, and the Indies of my lords, the King
+    and Queen, their Captain-General of the sea,
+    and of their Council._
+
+                  _"S."
+
+                "S. A. S."
+
+              "X. M. Y."
+
+            "Xpo. FERENS."_[27]
+
+
+HIS PATIENCE AND NOBILITY OF MIND UNDER SUFFERING AND IN THE MIDST OF
+UNDESERVED INDIGNITIES.
+
+The reply of Columbus to Andreas Martin, captain of the caravel
+conveying him a prisoner to Spain, upon an offer to remove his fetters:
+
+_Since the King has commanded that I should obey his Governor, he shall
+find me as obedient in this as I have been to all his other orders;
+nothing but his command shall release me. If twelve years' hardship and
+fatigue; if continual dangers and frequent famine; if the ocean first
+opened, and five times passed and repassed, to add a new world,
+abounding with wealth, to the Spanish monarchy; and if an infirm and
+premature old age, brought on by these services, deserve these chains as
+a reward, it is very fit I should wear them to Spain, and keep them by
+me as memorials to the end of my life._
+
+From a letter to the King and Queen:
+
+_This country (the Bahamas) excels all others as far as the day
+surpasses the night in splendor; the natives love their neighbors as
+themselves; their conversation is the sweetest imaginable, and their
+faces are always smiling. So gentle and so affectionate are they that I
+swear to your Highness there is no better people in the world._
+
+From the same:
+
+_The fish rival the birds in tropical brilliancy of color, the scales of
+some of them glancing back the rays of light like precious stones, as
+they sported about the ships and flashed gleams of gold and silver
+through the clear water._
+
+Speech of a West Indian chief to Columbus, on his arrival in Cuba:
+
+_Whether you are divinities or mortal men, we know not. You have come
+into these countries with a force, against which, were we inclined to
+resist, it would be folly. We are all therefore at your mercy; but if
+you are men, subject to mortality like ourselves, you can not be
+unapprised that after this life there is another, wherein a very
+different portion is allotted to good and bad men. If therefore you
+expect to die, and believe, with us, that every one is to be rewarded in
+a future state according to his conduct in the present, you will do no
+hurt to those who do none to you._
+
+
+SHIPWRECK AND MARRIAGE.
+
+From the "Life of Columbus," by his son Hernando:
+
+_I say, that whilst the Admiral sailed with the aforesaid "Columbus the
+Younger," which was a long time, it fell out that, understanding the
+before-mentioned four great Venetian galleys were coming from Flanders,
+they went out to seek, and found them beyond Lisbon, about Cape St.
+Vincent, which is in Portugal, where, falling to blows, they fought
+furiously and grappled, beating one another from vessel to vessel with
+the utmost rage, making use not only of their weapons but artificial
+fireworks; so that after they had fought from morning until evening, and
+abundance were killed on both sides, the Admiral's ship took fire, as
+did a great Venetian galley, which, being fast grappled together with
+iron hooks and chains used to this purpose by seafaring men, could
+neither of them be relieved because of the confusion there was among
+them and the fright of the fire, which in a short time was so increased
+that there was no other remedy but for all that could to leap into the
+water, so to die sooner, rather than bear the torture of the fire._
+
+_But the Admiral being an excellent swimmer, and seeing himself two
+leagues or a little farther from land, laying hold of an oar, which good
+fortune offered him, and, sometimes resting upon it, sometimes swimming,
+it pleased God, who had preserved him for greater ends, to give him
+strength to get to shore, but so tired and spent with the water that he
+had much ado to recover himself. And because it was not far from Lisbon,
+where he knew there were many Genoeses, his countrymen, he went away
+thither as fast as he could, where, being known by them, he was so
+courteously received and entertained that he set up house and married a
+wife in that city. And forasmuch as he behaved himself honorably, and
+was a man of comely presence, and did nothing but what was just, it
+happened that a lady whose name was Dona Felipa Moņiz, of a good family,
+and pensioner in the Monastery of All Saints, whither the Admiral used
+to go to mass, was so taken with him that she became his wife._
+
+
+PUT NOT YOUR TRUST IN PRINCES.
+
+From a letter of Christopher Columbus to Ferdinand and Isabella:
+
+_Such is my fate that twenty years of service, through which I passed
+with so much toil and danger, have profited me nothing; and at this day
+I do not possess a roof in Spain that I can call my own. If I wish to
+eat or sleep, I have nowhere to go but to the inn or tavern, and I
+seldom have wherewith to pay the bill. I have not a hair upon me that is
+not gray; my body is infirm; and all that was left me, as well as to my
+brothers, has been taken away and sold, even to the frock that I wore,
+to my great dishonor. I implore your Highnesses to forgive my
+complaints. I am indeed in as ruined a condition as I have related.
+Hitherto I have wept over others; may Heaven now have mercy upon me, and
+may the earth weep for me._
+
+
+THE SELF-SACRIFICE AND DEVOTION OF COLUMBUS.
+
+From Columbus' own account of his discovery:
+
+_Such is my plan; if it be dangerous to execute, I am no mere theorist
+who would leave to another the prospect of perishing in carrying it out,
+but am ready to sacrifice my life as an example to the world in doing
+so. If I do not reach the shores of Asia by sea, it will be because the
+Atlantic has other boundaries in the west, and these boundaries I will
+discover._
+
+
+THE TRUST OF COLUMBUS.
+
+From a letter of Columbus to a friend:
+
+_For me to contend for the contrary, would be to contend with the wind.
+I have done all that I could do. I leave the rest to God, whom I have
+ever found propitious to me in my necessities._
+
+
+SIGNATURE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+  _S.           i. e.        Servidor_
+  _S. A. S.                     Sus Altezas Sacras_
+  _X. M. Y.                     Jesus Maria Ysabel_
+  _Xpo. FERENS                  Christo-pher_
+  _El Almirante                 El Almirante._
+
+In English: Servant--of their Sacred Highnesses--Jesus, Mary, and
+Isabella--Christopher--The Admiral.
+
+  --BECHER.
+
+
+THE LAST WORDS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+_Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit._
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 14: This letter received no answer.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Columbus left the Canary Isles September 8th, made the
+land October 11th--thirty-three days.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Watling's Island.]
+
+[Footnote 17: These canes are probably the flowering stems of large
+grasses, similar to the bamboo or to the _arundinaria_ used by the
+natives of Guiana for blowing arrows.]
+
+[Footnote 18: An old Spanish coin, equal to the fiftieth part of a mark
+of gold.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Small copper coins, equal to about the quarter of a
+farthing.]
+
+[Footnote 20: One arroba weighs twenty-five pounds.]
+
+[Footnote 21: There appears to be a doubt as to the exact number of men
+left by Columbus at Espaņola, different accounts variously giving it as
+thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, and forty. There is, however, a
+list of their names included in one of the diplomatic documents printed
+on Navarrete's work, which makes the number amount to forty, independent
+of the Governor Diego de Arana and his two lieutenants, Pedro Gutierrez
+and Rodrigo de Escobedo. All these men were Spaniards, with the
+exception of two; one an Irishman named William Ires, a native of
+Galway, and one an Englishman, whose name was given as Tallarte de
+Lajes, but whose native designation it is difficult to guess at. The
+document in question was a proclamation to the effect that the heirs of
+those men should, on presenting at the office of public business at
+Seville sufficient proof of their being the next of kin, receive payment
+in conformity with the royal order to that purpose, issued at Burgos on
+December 20, 1507.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Dominica.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Martinique.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Of Genoa. The Island of Chios belonged to the Genoese
+Republic from 1346 to 1566.]
+
+[Footnote 25: This prayer of Columbus, which is printed by Padre Claudio
+Clementi in the "Tablas Chronologicas de los Descubridores" (Valencia,
+1689), was afterward repeated, by order of the Sovereigns of Castille,
+in subsequent discoveries. Hernando Cortez, Vasco Nuņez de Balboa,
+Pizarro, and others, had to use it officially.]
+
+[Footnote 26: It is very much to be regretted that Christopher Columbus'
+intentions in this respect were not carried out because the Protectors
+would have certainly decreed that a marble statue should be erected to
+commemorate so great a gift, and we would then possess an authentic
+portrait of the discoverer of America, which does not exist anywhere.
+Nor do I believe that the portrait of Columbus ever was drawn, carved,
+or painted from the life.
+
+There were doubtless painters already in Spain at the close of the
+fifteenth century, such, for instance, as Juan Sanchez de Castro, Pedro
+Berruguette, Juan de Borgona, Antonio del Rincon, and the five artists
+whom Cardinal Ximenes intrusted with the task of adorning the paranymph
+of the University of Alcala, but they painted only religious subjects.
+It is at a later period that portrait painting commenced in Spain. One
+of those artists may have thought of painting a portrait of Columbus,
+but there is no trace of any such intention in the writings of the time,
+nor of the existence of an authentic effigy of the great navigator in
+Spain or any other country.
+
+We must recollect that the enthusiasm created by the news of the
+discovery of America was far from being as great as people now imagine,
+and if we may judge from the silence of Spanish poets and historians of
+the fifteenth century, it produced less effect in Spain than anywhere
+else. At all events, the popularity of Columbus lasted scarcely six
+months, as deceptions commenced with the first letters that were sent
+from Hispaniola, and they never ceased whilst he was living. In fact, it
+is only between April 20, 1493, which is the date of his arrival in
+Barcelona, and the 20th of May following, when he left that city to
+embark for the second expedition (during the short space of six weeks),
+that his portrait might have been painted; although it was not then a
+Spanish notion, by any means. Neither Boabdil nor Gonzalvo de Cordova,
+whose exploits were certainly much more admired by the Spaniards than
+those of Columbus, were honored in that form during their lifetime. Even
+the portraits of Ferdinand and Isabella, although attributed to Antonio
+del Rincon, are only fancy pictures of the close of the sixteenth
+century.
+
+The popularity of Columbus was short-lived because he led the Spanish
+nation to believe that gold was plentiful and easily obtained in Cuba
+and Hispaniola, whilst the Spaniards who, seduced by his enthusiastic
+descriptions, crossed the Atlantic in search of wealth, found nothing
+but sufferings and poverty. Those who managed to return home arrived in
+Spain absolutely destitute. They were noblemen, who clamored at the
+court and all over the country, charging "the stranger" with having
+deceived them. (Historia de los Reyes Catolicos, cap. lxxxv, f. 188; Las
+Casas, lib. i, cap. cxxii, vol. ii, p. 176; Andres Bernaldez, cap.
+cxxxi, vol. ii, p. 77.) It was not under such circumstances that
+Spaniards would have caused his portrait to be painted. The oldest
+effigy of Columbus known (a rough wood-cut in _Jovius_, illustrium
+virorum vitæ, Florentiæ, 1549, folio), was made at least forty years
+after his death, and in Italy, where he never returned after leaving it
+as a poor and unknown artizan. Let it be enough for us to know that he
+was above the medium height, robust, with sandy hair, a face elongated,
+flushed and freckled, vivid light gray eyes, the nose shaped like the
+beak of an eagle, and that he always was dressed like a monk.
+(Bernaldez, Oviedo, Las Casas, and the author of the Libretto, all
+eye-witnesses.)--H. Harrisse's "Columbus, and the Bank of St. George, in
+Genoa."]
+
+[Footnote 27: What strikes the paleographer, when studying the
+handwriting of Christopher Columbus, is the boldness of the penmanship.
+You can see at a glance that he was a very rapid caligrapher, and one
+accustomed to write a great deal. This certainly was his reputation. The
+numberless memoirs, petitions, and letters which flew from his pen gave
+even rise to jokes and bywords. Francesillo de Zuņiga, Charles V.'s
+jester, in one of his jocular epistles exclaims: "I hope to God that
+Gutierrez will always have all the paper he wants, for he writes more
+than Ptolemy and than Columbus, the discoverer of the Indies."--Harrisse.]
+
+
+
+
+Columbus and Columbia.
+
+COLUMBUS.
+
+  Look up, look forth, and on.
+  There's light in the dawning sky.
+  The clouds are parting, the night is gone.
+  Prepare for the work of the day.
+
+  --_Bayard Taylor._
+
+    _A Castilla y Leon,
+  Nuevo mundo dió Colon._
+
+    To Castille and Leon
+  Columbus gave a New World.
+
+Inscription upon Hernando Columbus' tomb, in the pavement of the
+cathedral at Seville, Spain. Also upon the Columbus Monument in the
+Paseo de Recoletos, Madrid.
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBUS
+
+
+REVERENCE AND WONDER.
+
+     JOHN ADAMS, American lawyer and statesman, second President of the
+     United States. Born at Braintree (now Quincy), Norfolk County,
+     Mass., October 19, 1735. President, March 4, 1797-March 4, 1801.
+     Died at Braintree July 4, 1826.
+
+I always consider the discovery of America, with reverence and wonder,
+as the opening of a grand scene and design in Providence, for the
+illumination of the ignorant and the emancipation of the slavish part of
+mankind all over the earth.
+
+
+THE GREATNESS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     WILLIAM LIVINGSTON ALDEN, an American author. Born in Massachusetts
+     October 9, 1837. From his "Life of Columbus" (1882), published by
+     Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., New York City.
+
+Whatever flaws there may have been in the man, he was of a finer clay
+than his fellows, for he could dream dreams that their dull imaginations
+could not conceive. He belonged to the same land which gave birth to
+Garibaldi, and, like the Great Captain, the Great Admiral lived in a
+high, pure atmosphere of splendid visions, far removed from and above
+his fellow-men. The greatness of Columbus can not be argued away. The
+glow of his enthusiasm kindles our own even at the long distance of four
+hundred years, and his heroic figure looms grander through successive
+centuries.
+
+
+ANCIENT ANCHORS.
+
+Two anchors that Columbus carried in his ships are exhibited at the
+World's Fair. The anchors were found by Columbian Commissioner Ober near
+two old wells at San Salvador. He had photographs and accurate models
+made. These reproductions were sent to Paris, where expert antiquarians
+pronounced them to be fifteenth century anchors, and undoubtedly those
+lost by Columbus in his wreck off San Salvador. One of these has been
+presented to the United States and the other is loaned to the Fair.
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND THE CONVENT OF LA RÁBIDA.
+
+(ANONYMOUS.)
+
+It was at the door of the convent of La Rábida that Columbus,
+disappointed and down-hearted, asked for food and shelter for himself
+and his child. It was here that he found an asylum for a few years while
+he developed his plans, and prepared the arguments which he submitted to
+the council at Salamanca. It was in one of the rooms of this convent
+that he met the Dominican monks in debate, and it was here also that he
+conferred with Alonzo Pinzon, who afterward commanded one of the vessels
+of his fleet. In this convent Columbus lived while he was making
+preparations for his voyage, and on the morning that he sailed from
+Palos he attended himself the little chapel. There is no building in the
+world so closely identified with his discovery as this.
+
+
+THE EARNESTNESS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+(ANONYMOUS.)
+
+Look at Christopher Columbus. Consider the disheartening difficulties
+and vexatious delays he had to encounter; the doubts of the skeptical,
+the sneers of the learned, the cavils of the cautious, and the
+opposition, or at least the indifference, of nearly all. And then the
+dangers of an untried, unexplored ocean. Is it by any means probable he
+would have persevered had he not possessed that earnest enthusiasm which
+was characteristic of the great discoverer? What mind can conceive or
+tongue can tell the great results which have followed, and will continue
+to follow in all coming time, from what this single individual
+accomplished? A new continent has been discovered; nations planted whose
+wealth and power already begin to eclipse those of the Old World, and
+whose empires stretch far away beneath the setting sun. Institutions of
+learning, liberty, and religion have been established on the broad basis
+of equal rights to all. It is true, America might have been discovered
+by what we call some fortunate accident. But, in all probability, it
+would have remained unknown for centuries, had not some _earnest man_,
+like Columbus, arisen, whose adventurous spirit would be roused, rather
+than repressed, by difficulty and danger.
+
+
+EACH THE COLUMBUS OF HIS OWN SOUL.
+
+(ANONYMOUS.)
+
+Every man has within himself a continent of undiscovered character.
+Happy is he who acts the Columbus to his own soul.
+
+
+A SUPERIOR SOUL.
+
+(CLADERA. SPANISH.)
+
+His soul was superior to the age in which he lived. For him was reserved
+the great enterprise of traversing that sea which had given rise to so
+many fables, and of deciphering the mystery of his time.
+
+
+COLUMBUS DARED THE MAIN.
+
+SAMUEL ROGERS. (See _post_, page 275.)
+
+  When first Columbus dared the Western main,
+  Spanned the broad gulf, and gave a world to Spain,
+  How thrilled his soul with tumult of delight,
+  When through the silence of the sleepless night
+  Burst shouts of triumph.
+
+
+THE WORLD A SEAMAN'S HAND CONFERRED.
+
+J.R. LOWELL. (See _post_, page 204.)
+
+  Joy, joy for Spain! a seaman's hand confers
+  These glorious gifts, for a new world is hers.
+    But where is he, that light whose radiance glows,
+  The loadstone of succeeding mariners?
+    Behold him crushed beneath o'ermastering woes--
+    Hopeless, heart-broken, chained, abandoned to his foes.
+
+
+THE RIDICULE WITH WHICH THE VIEWS OF COLUMBUS WERE RECEIVED.
+
+     JOHN J. ANDERSON, American historical writer. Born in New York,
+     1821. From his "History of the United States" (1887).
+
+It is recorded that "Columbus had to beg his way from court to court to
+offer to princes the discovery of a world." Genoa was appealed to again,
+then the appeal was made to Venice. Not a word of encouragement came
+from either. Columbus next tried Spain. His theory was examined by a
+council of men who were supposed to be very wise about geography and
+navigation. The theory and its author were ridiculed. Said one of the
+wise men: "Is there any one so foolish as to believe that there are
+people living on the other side of the earth with their feet opposite to
+ours? people who walk with their heels upward and their heads hanging
+down?" His idea was that the earth was flat like a plate.
+
+
+THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE ANCIENTS.
+
+     From the third of a series of articles by the Hon. ELLIOTT ANTHONY,
+     Associate Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Chicago, in
+     the Chicago _Mail_.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS ON THE BARCELONA MONUMENT.
+
+(See page 81.)]
+
+Bancroft, the historian, says that nearly three centuries before the
+Christian era, Aristotle, following the lessons of the Pythagoreans, had
+taught that the earth is a sphere and that the water which bounds
+Europe on the west washes the eastern shores of Asia. Instructed by him,
+the Spaniard, Seneca, believed that a ship, with a fair wind, could sail
+from Spain to the Indies in a few days. The opinion was revived in the
+Middle Ages by Averroes, the Arab commentator of Aristotle. Science and
+observation assisted to confirm it; and poets of ancient and of more
+recent times had foretold that empires beyond the ocean would one day be
+revealed to the daring navigator. The genial country of Dante and
+Buonarotti gave birth to Christopher Columbus, by whom these lessons
+were so received and weighed that he gained the glory of fulfilling the
+prophecy.
+
+Accounts of the navigation from the eastern coast of Africa to Arabia
+had reached the western kingdoms of Europe, and adventurous Venetians,
+returning from travels beyond the Ganges, had filled the world with
+dazzling descriptions of the wealth of China, as well as marvelous
+reports of the outlying island empire of Japan. It began to be believed
+that the continent of Asia stretched over far more than a hemisphere,
+and that the remaining distance around the globe was comparatively
+short. Yet from the early part of the fifteenth century the navigators
+of Portugal had directed their explorations to the coast of Africa; and
+when they had ascertained that the torrid zone is habitable, even under
+the equator, the discovery of the islands of Madeira and the Azores
+could not divert them from the purpose of turning the southern capes of
+that continent and steering past them to the land of spices, which
+promised untold wealth to the merchants of Europe, new dominions to its
+princes, and heathen nations to the religion of the cross. Before the
+year 1474, and perhaps as early as 1470, Columbus was attracted to
+Lisbon, which was then the great center of maritime adventure. He came
+to insist with immovable resoluteness that the shortest route to the
+Indies lay across the Atlantic. By the words of Aristotle, received
+through Averroes, and by letters from Toscanelli, the venerable
+cosmographer of Florence--who had drawn a map of the world, with Eastern
+Asia rising over against Europe--he was riveted in his faith and lived
+only in the idea of laying open the western path to the Indies.
+
+After more than ten years of vain solicitations in Portugal, he left the
+banks of the Tagus to seek aid of Ferdinand and Isabella, rich in
+nautical experience, having watched the stars at sea from the latitude
+of Iceland to near the equator at Elmina. Though yet longer baffled by
+the skepticism which knew not how to comprehend the clearness of his
+conception, or the mystic trances which sustained his inflexibility of
+purpose, or the unfailing greatness of his soul, he lost nothing of his
+devotedness to the sublime office to which he held himself elected from
+his infancy by the promises of God. When, half resolved to withdraw from
+Spain, traveling on foot, he knocked at the gate of the monastery of La
+Rábida, at Palos, to crave the needed charity of food and shelter for
+himself and his little son, whom he led by the hand, the destitute and
+neglected seaman, in his naked poverty, was still the promiser of
+kingdoms, holding firmly in his grasp "the key of the ocean sea;"
+claiming, as it were from Heaven, the Indies as his own, and "dividing
+them as he pleased." It was then that through the prior of the convent
+his holy confidence found support in Isabella, the Queen of Castille;
+and in 1492, with three poor vessels, of which the largest only was
+decked, embarking from Palos for the Indies by way of the west, Columbus
+gave a new world to Castille and Leon, "the like of which was never done
+by any man in ancient or in later times."
+
+The jubilee of this great discovery is at hand, and now after the lapse
+of 400 years, as we look back over the vast ranges of human history,
+there is nothing in the order of Providence which can compare in
+interest with the condition of the American continent as it lay upon the
+surface of the globe, a hemisphere unknown to the rest of the world.
+
+There stretched the iron chain of its mountain barriers, not yet the
+boundary of political communities; there rolled its mighty rivers
+unprofitably to the sea; there spread out the measureless, but as yet
+wasteful, fertility of its uncultivated fields; there towered the gloomy
+majesty of its unsubdued primeval forests; there glittered in the secret
+caves of the earth the priceless treasures of its unsunned gold, and,
+more than all that pertains to material wealth, there existed the
+undeveloped capacity of 100 embryo states of an imperial confederacy of
+republics, the future abode of intelligent millions, unrevealed as yet
+to the "earnest" but unconscious "expectation" of the elder families of
+man, darkly hidden by the impenetrable veil of waters. There is, to my
+mind, says Everett, an overwhelming sadness in this long insulation of
+America from the brotherhood of humanity, not inappropriately reflected
+in the melancholy expression of the native races.
+
+The boldest keels of Phoenicia and Carthage had not approached its
+shores. From the footsteps of the ancient nations along the highways of
+time and fortune--the embattled millions of the old Asiatic despotisms,
+the iron phalanx of Macedonia, the living, crushing machinery of the
+Roman legion which ground the world to powder, the heavy tramp of
+barbarous nations from "the populous north"--not the faintest echo had
+aroused the slumbering West in the cradle of her existence. Not a thrill
+of sympathy had shot across the Atlantic from the heroic adventure, the
+intellectual and artistic vitality, the convulsive struggles for
+freedom, the calamitous downfalls of empire, and the strange new
+regenerations which fill the pages of ancient and mediæval history.
+Alike when the oriental myriads, Assyrian, Chaldean, Median, Persian,
+Bactrian, from the snows of Syria to the Gulf of Ormus, from the Halys
+to the Indus, poured like a deluge upon Greece and beat themselves to
+idle foam on the sea-girt rock of Salamis and the lowly plain of
+Marathon; when all the kingdoms of the earth went down with her own
+liberties in Rome's imperial maëlstrom of blood and fire, and when the
+banded powers of the west, beneath the ensign of the cross, as the
+pendulum of conquest swung backward, marched in scarcely intermitted
+procession for three centuries to the subjugation of Palestine, the
+American continent lay undiscovered, lonely and waste. That mighty
+action and reaction upon each other of Europe and America, the grand
+systole and diastole of the heart of nations, and which now constitutes
+so much of the organized life of both, had not yet begun to pulsate.
+
+The unconscious child and heir of the ages lay wrapped in the mantle of
+futurity upon the broad and nurturing bosom of divine Providence, and
+slumbered serenely like the infant Danae through the storms of fifty
+centuries.
+
+
+THE DARK AGES BEFORE COLUMBUS.
+
+     From the writings of SAINT AUGUSTINE, the most noted of the Latin
+     fathers. Born at Tagasta, Numidia, November 13, A. D. 354; died at
+     Hippo, August 28, A. D. 430. (This passage was relied on by the
+     ecclesiastical opponents of Columbus to show the heterodoxy of his
+     project.)
+
+They do not see that even if the earth were round it would not follow
+that the part directly opposite is not covered with water. Besides,
+supposing it not to be so, what necessity is there that it should be
+inhabited, since the Scriptures, in the first place, the fulfilled
+prophecies of which attest the truth thereof for the past, can not be
+suspected of telling tales; and, in the second place, it is really too
+absurd to say that men could ever cross such an immense ocean to implant
+in those parts a sprig of the family of the first man.
+
+
+THE LEGEND OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     JOANNA BAILLIE, a noted Scottish poetess. Born at Bothwell,
+     Scotland, 1762; died at Hampstead, near London, February 23, 1851.
+     From "The Legend of Columbus."
+
+  Is there a man that, from some lofty steep,
+  Views in his wide survey the boundless deep,
+  When its vast waters, lined with sun and shade,
+  Wave beyond wave, in serried distance, fade?
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE CONQUEROR.
+
+  No kingly conqueror, since time began
+  The long career of ages, hath to man
+  A scope so ample given for trade's bold range
+  Or caused on earth's wide stage such rapid, mighty change.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE EXAMPLE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+  Some ardent youth, perhaps, ere from his home
+  He launch his venturous bark, will hither come,
+  Read fondly o'er and o'er his graven name,
+  With feelings keenly touched, with heart aflame;
+  Till, wrapped in fancy's wild delusive dream,
+  Times past and long forgotten, present seem.
+  To his charmed ear the east wind, rising shrill,
+  Seems through the hero's shroud to whistle still.
+  The clock's deep pendulum swinging through the blast
+  Sounds like the rocking of his lofty mast;
+  While fitful gusts rave like his clam'rous band,
+  Mixed with the accents of his high command.
+  Slowly the stripling quits the pensive scene,
+  And burns and sighs and weeps to be what he has been.
+
+  Oh, who shall lightly say that fame
+  Is nothing but an empty name?
+  Whilst in that sound there is a charm
+  The nerves to brace, the heart to warm,
+  As, thinking of the mighty dead,
+    The young from slothful couch will start,
+  And vow, with lifted hands outspread,
+    Like them to act a noble part.
+
+  Oh, who shall lightly say that fame
+  Is nothing but an empty name?
+  When but for those, our mighty dead,
+    All ages past a blank would be,
+  Sunk in oblivion's murky bed,
+    A desert bare, a shipless sea!
+  They are the distant objects seen,
+  The lofty marks of what hath been.--_Ibid._
+
+
+PALOS--THE DEPARTURE.
+
+  On Palos' shore, whose crowded strand
+  Bore priests and nobles of the land,
+  And rustic hinds and townsmen trim,
+  And harnessed soldiers stern and grim,
+  And lowly maids and dames of pride,
+  And infants by their mother's side--
+  The boldest seaman stood that e'er
+  Did bark or ship through tempest steer;
+  And wise as bold, and good as wise;
+  The magnet of a thousand eyes,
+    That on his form and features cast,
+  His noble mien and simple guise,
+    In wonder seemed to look their last.
+  A form which conscious worth is gracing,
+  A face where hope, the lines effacing
+    Of thought and care, bestowed, in truth,
+  To the quick eyes' imperfect tracing
+    The look and air of youth.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  The signal given, with hasty strides
+  The sailors line their ships' dark sides,
+  Their anchors weighed, and from the shore
+  Each stately vessel slowly bore.
+  High o'er the deep and shadowed flood,
+  Upon his deck their leader stood,
+  And turned him to departed land,
+  And bowed his head and waved his hand.
+  And then, along the crowded strand,
+  A sound of many sounds combined,
+  That waxed and waved upon the wind,
+  Burst like heaven's thunder, deep and grand;
+  A lengthened peal, which paused, and then
+    Renewed, like that which loathly parts,
+  Oft on the ear returned again,
+    The impulse of a thousand hearts.
+  But as the lengthened shouts subside,
+    Distincter accents strike the ear,
+  Wafting across the current wide
+    Heart-uttered words of parting cheer:
+  "Oh, shall we ever see again
+  Those gallant souls across the main?
+  God keep the brave! God be their guide!
+  God bear them safe through storm and tide!
+  Their sails with favoring breezes swell!
+  O brave Columbus, fare thee well!"--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE NAVIGATOR AND THE ISLANDS.
+
+     MATURIN MURRAY BALLOU, American author. Compiler of "Pearls of
+     Thought" and similar works. Born in Boston, Mass., April 14, 1822.
+     From "Due South," published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston,
+     1887.
+
+The name of Columbus flashes a bright ray over the mental darkness of
+the period in which he lived, for the world was then but just awakening
+from the dull sleep of the Middle Ages. The discovery of printing
+heralded the new birth of the republic of letters, and maritime
+enterprise received a vigorous impulse. The shores of the Mediterranean,
+thoroughly explored and developed, had endowed the Italian states with
+extraordinary wealth, and built up a very respectable mercantile marine.
+The Portuguese mariners were venturing farther and farther from the
+peninsula, and traded with many distant ports on the extended coast of
+Africa.
+
+To the west lay what men supposed to be an illimitable ocean, full of
+mystery, peril, and death. A vague conception that islands hitherto
+unknown might be met afar off on that strange wilderness of waters was
+entertained by some minds, but no one thought of venturing in search of
+them. Columbus alone, regarded merely as a brave and intelligent seaman
+and pilot, conceived the idea that the earth was spherical, and that the
+East Indies, the great El Dorado of the century, might be reached by
+circumnavigating the globe. If we picture to ourselves the mental
+condition of the age and the state of science, we shall find no
+difficulty in conceiving the scorn and incredulity with which the theory
+of Columbus was received. We shall not wonder that he was regarded as a
+madman or a fool; we are not surprised to remember that he encountered
+repulse upon repulse as he journeyed wearily from court to court, and
+pleaded in vain to the sovereigns of Europe for aid to prosecute his
+great design. The marvel is that when door after door was closed against
+him, when all ears were deaf to his earnest importunities, when day by
+day the opposition to his views increased, when, weary and footsore, he
+was forced to beg a bit of bread and a cup of water for his fainting and
+famishing boy at the door of a Spanish convent, his reason did not give
+way, and his great heart did not break with disappointment.
+
+
+THE FIRST AMERICAN MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS.
+
+     From an article in the Baltimore _American_.
+
+To a patriotic Frenchman and to Baltimore belongs the credit of the
+erection of the first monument to the memory of Christopher Columbus.
+This shaft, though unpretentious in height and material, is the first
+ever erected in the "Monumental City" or in the whole United States. The
+monument was put up on his estate by Charles Francis Adrian le Paulmier,
+Chevalier d'Amour. The property is now occupied by the Samuel Ready
+Orphan Asylum, at North and Hartford avenues. It passed into the hands
+of the trustees from the executors of the late Zenus Barnum's will.
+
+It has ever been a matter of surprise, particularly among tourists, that
+among the thousand and one monuments which have been put up in the
+United States to the illustrious dead, that the daring navigator who
+first sighted an island which was part of a great continent which 400
+years later developed into the first nation of the world, should be so
+completely and entirely overlooked. It is on record that the only other
+monument in the world, up to 1863, which has been erected in the honor
+of Columbus is in Genoa. There is no authoritative account of the
+construction of the Baltimore monument. The fact that it was built in
+honor of Columbus is substantial, as the following inscription on the
+shaft shows:
+
+  Sacred
+  to the
+  Memory
+  of
+  CHRIS.
+  COLUMBUS,
+  OCT. XII,
+  MDCC VIIIC.
+
+It can be seen that the numerals are engrossed in the old English style,
+and show eight less than 1800, or 1792, and the date October 12th. The
+shaft towers among the boughs of a great oak tree which, like itself,
+has stood the storms and winds of nearly a hundred years. It has seen
+Baltimore develop from a little colonial town to a great city. The
+existence of the monument, strange to say, was known to only a few
+persons until the opening of North Avenue through the Barnum estate
+about twelve years ago. It looms up about fifty feet, and is attractive.
+Tradition says that it is built of brick which was brought from England,
+and covered with mortar or cement. At any rate it is substantial, and
+likely to stand the ravages of time for many more years. The Samuel
+Ready estate is on the east side of the Hartford turnpike and fronts on
+North Avenue. The old-fashioned country house, which was built many
+years ago, was occupied by the proprietor of Baltimore's famous
+hostelry, and is still in use. It is occupied by girls who are reared
+and educated by money left by the philanthropist Samuel Ready. Forty or
+fifty years ago the elder David Barnum resided there.
+
+In the southeast corner of the beautiful inclosure stands the monument.
+It is on an elevated terraced plateau. The plaster or cement coating is
+intact, and the inscription is plain. The shaft is quadrangular in form,
+sloping from a base six feet six inches in diameter to about two feet
+and a half at the top, which is a trifle over fifty feet from the
+ground. The pedestal comprises a base about thirty inches high, with
+well-rounded corners of molded brick work. The pedestal proper is five
+feet six inches in diameter, ten feet in height, and a cornice,
+ornamental in style, about three feet in height. From this rises a
+tapering shaft of about twenty-eight feet. The whole is surmounted by a
+capstone eighteen inches high. Three stories are told about the
+monument.
+
+Here is the first: Among the humble people who have lived in that
+section for years the legend is that the monument was erected to the
+memory of a favorite horse owned by the old Frenchman who was the first
+French consul to the United States. For years it was known as the "Horse
+Monument," and people with imaginative brains conjured up all sorts of
+tales, and retailed them _ad lib_. These stories were generally accepted
+without much inquiry as to their authenticity.
+
+This, however, is the true story: Gen. D'Amour, who was the first
+representative sent to the colonies from France, was extremely wealthy.
+He was a member of a society founded to perpetuate the memory of
+Columbus in his own land.
+
+It is said that Gen. D'Amour came to America with Count de Grasse, and
+after the fall of Yorktown retired to this city, where he remained until
+he was recalled to France in 1797. His reason for erecting the monument
+was because of his admiration for Columbus' bravery in the face of
+apparent failure. Tradition further says that one evening in the year
+1792, while he was entertaining a party of guests, the fact that it was
+then the tri-centennial of the discovery of America was the topic of
+conversation. During the evening it was mentioned incidentally that
+there was not in this whole country a monument to commemorate the deeds
+of Columbus. Thereupon, Gen. D'Amour is said to have made a solemn vow
+that this neglect should be immediately remedied by the erection of an
+enduring shaft upon his own estate.
+
+He bought the property around where the monument now stands, and lived
+in grand style, as befitted a man of his wealth and position. He
+entertained extensively. It is said that Lafayette was dined and fęted
+by the Frenchman in the old brick house which is still standing behind
+the mansion. In the year and on the date which marked the 300th
+anniversary of the discovery of America the monument was unveiled. The
+newspapers in those days were not enterprising, and the journals
+published at that time do not mention the fact. Again, it is said that
+D'Amour died at the old mansion, and many people believe that his body
+was interred near the base of the shaft. It is related that about forty
+years ago two Frenchmen came to this country and laid claims on the
+property, which had, after the Frenchman's death, passed into other
+hands. The claim was disputed because of an unsettled mortgage on it,
+and they failed to prove their title. They tried to discover the
+burial-place of the former owner. In this they also failed, although
+large rewards were offered to encourage people to aid them in their
+search. It is said that an ingenious Irishman in the neighborhood
+undertook to earn the reward, and pointed out a grave in an old Quaker
+burying-ground close by.
+
+The grave was opened and the remains exhumed. Examination proved the
+bones those of a colored man. Old Mrs. Reilly, who was the wife of
+famous old Barnum's Hotel hackman Reilly, used to say that some years
+after the two Frenchmen had departed there came another mysterious
+Frenchman, who sat beside the monument for weeks, pleading to the then
+owners for permission to dig in a certain spot hard by. He was refused.
+Nothing daunted, he waited an opportunity and, when the coast was clear,
+he dug up a stone slab, which he had heard was to be found, and carried
+away the remains of a pet cat which had been buried there.
+
+Frequent inquiries were made of Mr. Samuel H. Tagart, who was the
+trustee in charge of the estate of Zenus Barnum, in regard to the old
+Frenchman. Antiquarians all over the country made application for
+permission to dig beneath the monument, and to remove the tablet from
+the face of the shaft. He felt, however, that he could not do it, and
+refused all requests.
+
+Early in the present century the Samuel Ready estate was owned by Thomas
+Tenant--in those days a wealthy, influential citizen. One of his
+daughters, now dead, became the wife of Hon. John P. Kennedy. Another
+daughter, who lived in New York, and who is supposed to be dead, paid a
+visit in 1878 to the old homestead, and sat beneath the shadow of the
+Columbus monument. She stated that the shaft has stood in her early
+girlhood as it stands now. It was often visited by noted Italians and
+Frenchmen, who seemed to have heard of the existence of the monument in
+Europe. She repeated the story of the wealthy Frenchman, and told of
+some of his eccentricities, and said he had put up the monument at a
+cost of Ģ800, or $4,000.
+
+The old land records of Baltimore town were examined by a representative
+of the _American_ as far back as 1787. It appears that in that year
+Daniel Weatherly and his wife, Elizabeth; Samuel Wilson and wife,
+Hannah; Isaac Pennington and Jemima, his wife, and William Askew and
+Jonathan Rutter assigned to Rachel Stevenson four lots of ground,
+comprising the estate known as "Hanson's Woods," "Darley Hall,"
+"Rutter's Discovery," and "Orange." Later, in 1787 and 1788, additional
+lots were received from one Christopher Hughes, and in the following
+year the entire estate was assigned by Rachel Stevenson to Charles
+Francis Adrian le Paulmier, Chevalier d'Amour, the French consul, the
+eccentric Frenchman, and the perpetuator of Columbus' memory in
+Baltimore.
+
+The property remained in his possession up to 1796, when Archibald
+Campbell purchased it. In the year 1800 James Hindman bought it, and
+retained possession until 1802, when James Carere took hold. Thomas
+Tenant purchased the estate in 1809. At his death, in 1830, it changed
+hands several times, and was finally bought by David Barnum, about 1833.
+At his death, in 1854, the estate passed into the hands of Samuel W.
+McClellan, then to Zenus Barnum, and subsequently fell to his heirs, Dr.
+Zenus Barnum, Arthur C. Barnum, Annie and Maggie Barnum. After much
+litigation, about four years ago the estate passed into possession of
+the executors of Samuel Ready's will, and they have turned the once
+tumbled-down, deserted place into a beautiful spot. All the families
+mentioned have relatives living in this city now. In all the changes of
+time and owners, the monument to Columbus has remained intact, showing
+that it is always the fittest that survives, and that old things are
+best.
+
+Mr. E. G. Perine, one of the officers of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum,
+has collected most of the data relating to the monument.
+
+
+THE ITALIAN STATUE.
+
+The Italian citizens resident in Baltimore propose to donate a
+magnificent statue of Columbus to the "Monumental City," in
+commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America.
+
+
+COLUMBUS--THE FULFILLER OF PROPHECY.
+
+     GEORGE BANCROFT, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L., America's premier historian.
+     Born at Worcester, Mass. October 3, 1800; died January 17, 1891.
+     From "The History of the United States."[28]
+
+Imagination had conceived the idea that vast inhabited regions lay
+unexplored in the west; and poets had declared that empires beyond the
+ocean would one day be revealed to the daring navigator. But Columbus
+deserves the undivided glory of having realized that belief.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The writers of to-day are disposed to consider Magellan's voyage a
+greater feat than that of Columbus. I can not agree with them. Magellan
+was doubtless a remarkable man, and a very bold man. But when he crossed
+the Pacific Ocean he _knew_ he must come to land at last; whereas
+Columbus, whatever he may have heard concerning lands to the west, or
+whatever his theories may have led him to expect, must still have been
+in a state of uncertainty--to say nothing of the superstitious fears of
+his companions, and probably his own.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The enterprise of Columbus, the most memorable maritime enterprise in
+the history of the world, formed between Europe and America the
+communication which will never cease. The story of the colonization of
+America by Northmen rests on narratives mythological in form and obscure
+in meaning; ancient, yet not contemporary. The intrepid mariners who
+colonized Greenland could easily have extended their voyages to Labrador
+and have explored the coasts to the south of it. No clear historic
+evidence establishes the natural probability that they accomplished the
+passage; and no vestige of their presence on our continent has been
+found.
+
+Nearly three centuries before the Christian era, Aristotle, following
+the lessons of the Pythagoreans, had taught that the earth is a sphere,
+and that the water which bounds Europe on the west washes the eastern
+shores of Asia. Instructed by him, the Spaniard Seneca believed that a
+ship, with a fair wind, could sail from Spain to the Indies in the space
+of a very few days. The opinion was revived in the Middle Ages by
+Averroes, the Arab commentator of Aristotle; science and observation
+assisted to confirm it; and poets of ancient and of more recent times
+had foretold that empires beyond the ocean would one day be revealed to
+the daring navigator. The genial country of Dante and Buonarotti gave
+birth to Christopher Columbus, by whom these lessons were so received
+and weighed that he gained the glory of fulfilling the prophecy.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE MARINER.
+
+     HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT, an American historian. Born at Granville,
+     Ohio, 1832.
+
+As a mariner and discoverer Columbus had no superior; as a colonist and
+governor he proved himself a failure. Had he been less pretentious and
+grasping, his latter days would have been more peaceful. Discovery was
+his infatuation; but he lacked practical judgment, and he brought upon
+himself a series of calamities.
+
+
+A COLUMBUS BANK NOTE.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBUS MONUMENT, PASEO COLON, BARCELONA, SPAIN.
+
+Dedicated May 2, 1888]
+
+Since the Postoffice Department has decided to issue a set of stamps in
+honor of Columbus, it has been suggested that a Columbus bank note would
+also be in good taste at this time. Chief Meredith, of the Bureau of
+Engraving and Printing, originated the latter idea and will lay it
+before Secretary Foster when he returns to his desk at the Treasury.
+Issuing a whole set of Columbian notes would involve not only a great
+deal of preparation but cost as well, and hence it is proposed to choose
+one of the smaller denominations, probably the $1 note, for the change.
+There is an engraving of Columbus in the bureau made by Burt, who was
+considered the finest vignette engraver in the country. It is a
+full-face portrait, representing Columbus with a smooth face and wearing
+a brigandish-looking hat.
+
+
+THE BARCELONA STATUE.
+
+The historic Muralla del Mar (sea wall) of Barcelona has been effaced
+during the progress of harbor improvements, and its place supplied by a
+wide and handsome quay, which forms a delightful promenade, is planted
+with palms, and has been officially named the Paseo de Colon (Columbus
+Promenade). Here, at the foot of the Rambla in the Plaza de la Paz, is a
+marble statue of Columbus.
+
+This magnificent monument, erected in honor of the great Genoese
+mariner, was unveiled on May 2, 1888, in the presence of the Queen
+Regent, King Alfonzo XIII. of Spain, and the royal family; Seņor
+Sagasta, President of the Council of Ministers, the chief Alcalde of
+Barcelona, many other Spanish notables, and the officers of the many
+European and American men-of-war then in the port of Barcelona.
+
+It was dedicated amid the thunders of more than 5,000 guns and the
+salutes of battalions of brave seamen. The ceremony was such and so
+imposing as to be without a parallel in the history of any other part of
+the world.
+
+The following ships of war, at anchor in the harbor of Barcelona, boomed
+out their homage to the First Admiral of the Shadowy Sea, and, landing
+detachments of officers, seamen, and marines, took part in the
+inauguration ceremonies.
+
+_American_--United States steamship Winnebago.
+
+_Austrian_--The imperial steamships Tegethoff, Custozz, Prinz Eugen,
+Kaiser Max, Kaiser John of Austria, Meteor, Panther, and Leopard.
+
+_British_--H.M.S. Alexandra, Dreadnought, Colossus, Thunderer, and
+Phaeton, and torpedo boats 99, 100, 101, and 108.
+
+_Dutch_--The Johann Wilhelm Friso.
+
+_French_--The Colbert, Duperre, Courbet, Devastation, Redoubtable,
+Indomptable, Milan, Condor, Falcon, the dispatch boat Coulevrine, and
+six torpedo boats.
+
+_German_--The imperial vessel Kaiser.
+
+_Italian_--The royal vessels Etna, Salta, Goito, Vesuvius, Archimedes,
+Tripoli, Folgore, Castellfidardo, Lepanto, and Italia.
+
+_Portuguese_--The Vasco da Gama.
+
+_Russian_--The Vestruch and Zabiaca.
+
+_Spanish_--The Numancia, Navarra, Gerona, Castilla, Blanca, Destructor,
+Pilar, and Pilés.
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE MONUMENT.
+
+The monument was cast in the workshops of A. Wohlgemuth, engineer and
+constructor of Barcelona, and was made in eight pieces, the base
+weighing 31-1/2 tons. The first section, 22-1/2 tons; the second, 24-1/2
+tons; the third, 23-1/2 tons; the fourth, 23-1/8 tons; the capital,
+29-1/2 tons; the templete, 13-1/2 tons; the globe, 15-1/2 tons; the
+bronze ornaments, 13-1/2 tons; the statue of Columbus, 41 tons; the
+pedestal of the column, 31-1/2 tons; the total weight of bronze employed
+in the column being 210-1/2 tons; its height, 198 feet.
+
+The total cost of the monument amounted to 1,000,000 pesetas. Of these,
+350,000 were collected by public subscription, and the remaining 650,000
+pesetas were contributed by the city of Barcelona.
+
+The monument is 198 feet in height, and is ascended by means of an
+hydraulic elevator; five or six persons have room to stand on the
+platform. On the side facing the sea there opens a staircase of a single
+flight, which leads to a small resting room richly ornamented, and lit
+by a skylight, which contains the elevator. The grand and beautiful city
+of Barcelona, the busiest center of industry, commerce, and shipping,
+and mart of the arts and sciences, is not likely to leave in oblivion he
+who enriched the Old World with a new one, opening new arteries of trade
+which immensely augmented its renowned commercial existence; and less is
+it likely to forget that the citizens of Barcelona who were
+contemporaneous with Columbus were among the first to greet the unknown
+mariner when he returned from America, for the first time, with the
+enthusiasm which his colossal discovery evoked.
+
+If for this alone, in one of her most charming squares, in full view of
+the ocean whose bounds the immortal sailor fixed and discovered, they
+have raised his statue upon a monument higher than the most celebrated
+ones of the earth. This statue, constructed under the supervision of the
+artist Don Cayetano Buigas, is composed of a base one meter in height
+and twenty meters wide, and of three sections. The first part is a
+circular section, eighteen meters in diameter, ten feet in height; it is
+composed of carved stone with interspersed bas-reliefs in bronze,
+representing episodes in the life of Columbus.
+
+The second story takes the form of a cross, and is of the height of
+thirty-three feet, being of carved stone decorated with bronzes. On the
+arms of the cross are four female figures, representing Catalonia,
+Aragon, Castille, and Leon, and in the angles of the same are figures of
+Father Boyle, Santangel, Margarite and Ferrer de Blanes.
+
+On the sides of the cross are grouped eight medallions of bronze, on
+which are placed the busts of Isabella I., Ferdinand V., Father Juan
+Flores, Andrés de Cabrera, Padre Juan de la Marchena, the Marchioness of
+Moya, Martin Pinzon, and his brother, Vicente Yaņez Pinzon.
+
+This section upholds the third part of the monument, which takes the
+form of an immense globe, on top of which stands the statue of Columbus,
+a noble conception of a great artist, grandly pointing toward the
+conquered confines of the Mysterious Sea.[29]
+
+
+LEGEND OF A WESTERN LAND.
+
+     Rev. SABINE BARING-GOULD, vicar of Looe Trenchard, Devonshire,
+     England. Born at Exeter, England, 1834. An antiquarian,
+     archæological and historical writer, no mean poet, and a novelist.
+     From his "Curious Myths of the Middle Ages."
+
+According to a Keltic legend, in former days there lived in Skerr a
+Druid of renown. He sat with his face to the west on the shore, his eye
+following the declining sun, and he blamed the careless billows which
+tumbled between him and the distant Isle of Green. One day, as he sat
+musing on a rock, a storm arose on the sea; a cloud, under whose squally
+skirts the foaming waters tossed, rushed suddenly into the bay, and from
+its dark womb emerged a boat with white sails bent to the wind and banks
+of gleaming oars on either side. But it was destitute of mariners,
+itself seeming to live and move. An unusual terror seized on the aged
+Druid; he heard a voice call, "Arise, and see the Green Isle of those
+who have passed away!" Then he entered the vessel. Immediately the wind
+shifted, the cloud enveloped him, and in the bosom of the vapor he
+sailed away. Seven days gleamed on him through the mist; on the eighth,
+the waves rolled violently, the vessel pitched, and darkness thickened
+around him, when suddenly he heard a cry, "The Isle! the Isle!" The
+clouds parted before him, the waves abated, the wind died away, and the
+vessel rushed into dazzling light. Before his eyes lay the Isle of the
+Departed, basking in golden light. Its hills sloped green and tufted
+with beauteous trees to the shore, the mountain tops were enveloped in
+bright and transparent clouds, from which gushed limpid streams, which,
+wandering down the steep hill-sides with pleasant harp-like murmur
+emptied themselves into the twinkling blue bays. The valleys were open
+and free to the ocean; trees loaded with leaves, which scarcely waved to
+the light breeze, were scattered on the green declivities and rising
+ground; all was calm and bright; the pure sun of autumn shone from his
+blue sky on the fields; he hastened not to the west for repose, nor was
+he seen to rise in the east, but hung as a golden lamp, ever illumining
+the Fortunate Isles.
+
+
+LEGEND OF A WESTERN ISLAND.
+
+There is a Phoenician legend that a large island was discovered in the
+Atlantic Ocean, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, several days' sail from
+the coast of Africa. This island abounded in all manner of riches. The
+soil was exceedingly fertile; the scenery was diversified by rivers,
+mountains, and forests. It was the custom of the inhabitants to retire
+during the summer to magnificent country houses, which stood in the
+midst of beautiful gardens. Fish and game were found in great abundance,
+the climate was delicious, and the trees bore fruit at all seasons of
+the year.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS AN IDEAL COMMANDER.
+
+     JOEL BARLOW, American poet, patriot, and politician. Born at
+     Reading, Conn., 1755; died near Cracow, in Poland, 1812. From the
+     introduction to "Columbiad" (1807).
+
+Every talent requisite for governing, soothing, and tempering the
+passions of men is conspicuous in the conduct of Columbus on the
+occasion of the mutiny of his crew. The dignity and affability of his
+manners, his surprising knowledge and experience in naval affairs, his
+unwearied and minute attention to the duties of his command, gave him a
+great ascendancy over the minds of his men, and inspired that degree of
+confidence which would have maintained his authority in almost any
+circumstances.
+
+
+MAN'S INGRATITUDE.
+
+  Long had the sage, the first who dared to brave
+  The unknown dangers of the western wave;
+  Who taught mankind where future empires lay
+  In these confines of descending day;
+  With cares o'erwhelmed, in life's distressing gloom,
+  Wish'd from a thankless world a peaceful tomb,
+  While kings and nations, envious of his name,
+  Enjoyed his toils and triumphed o'er his fame,
+  And gave the chief, from promised empire hurl'd,
+  Chains for a crown, a prison for a world.
+
+  --_Barlow_, "Columbus" (1787).
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 28: By permission of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co.]
+
+[Footnote 29: For the above interesting particulars, and for the
+artistic illustration of this beautiful statue, the compiler desires to
+record his sincere obligations to the courteous kindness of Mr. William
+G. Williams of Rutherford, N. J.]
+
+
+
+"ONLY THE ACTIONS OF THE JUST."
+
+  Ages unborn shall bless the happy day
+  When thy bold streamers steer'd the trackless way.
+  O'er these delightful realms thy sons shall tread,
+  And following millions trace the path you led.
+  Behold yon isles, where first the flag unfurled
+  Waved peaceful triumph o'er the new-found world.
+  Where, aw'd to silence, savage bands gave place,
+  And hail'd with joy the sun-descended race.
+
+  --_Barlow_, "The Vision of Columbus,"
+  a poem in nine books (1787).
+
+
+QUEEN ISABELLA'S DEATH.
+
+  Truth leaves the world and Isabella dies.
+
+  --_Ibid._
+
+
+
+COLUMBUS' CHAINS HIS CROWN.
+
+  I sing the mariner who first unfurl'd
+  An eastern banner o'er the western world,
+  And taught mankind where future empires lay
+  In these fair confines of descending day;
+  Who swayed a moment, with vicarious power,
+  Iberia's scepter on the new-found shore;
+  Then saw the paths his virtuous steps had trod
+  Pursued by avarice and defiled with blood;
+  The tribes he fostered with paternal toil
+  Snatched from his hand and slaughtered for their spoil.
+  Slaves, kings, adventurers, envious of his name,
+  Enjoyed his labors and purloined his fame,
+  And gave the viceroy, from his high seat hurl'd,
+  Chains for a crown, a prison for a world.
+
+  --_Barlow_, The "Columbiad," Book I; lines 1-14.
+
+
+PROPHETIC VISIONS URGED COLUMBUS ON.
+
+  The bliss of unborn nations warm'd his breast,
+  Repaid his toils, and sooth'd his soul to rest;
+  Thus o'er thy subject wave shall thou behold
+  Far happier realms their future charms unfold,
+  In nobler pomp another Pisgah rise,
+  Beneath whose foot thy new-found Canaan lies.
+  There, rapt in vision, hail my favorite clime
+  And taste the blessings of remotest time.
+
+  --_Barlow_, The "Columbiad," Book 1; lines 176-184.
+
+
+COLUMBUS, THE PATHFINDER OF THE SHADOWY SEA.
+
+  He opened calm the universal cause
+  To give each realm its limit and its laws,
+  Bid the last breath of tired contention cease,
+  And bind all regions in the leagues of peace.
+
+  To yon bright borders of Atlantic day
+  His swelling pinions led the trackless way,
+  And taught mankind such useful deeds to dare,
+  To trace new seas and happy nations rear;
+  Till by fraternal hands their sails unfurled
+  Have waved at last in union o'er the world.
+
+  --_Ibid._
+
+
+RELIGIOUS OBJECT OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     J. J. BARRY, M. D., "Life of Columbus."
+
+The first object of the discovery, disengaged from every human
+consideration, was the glorification of the Redeemer and the extension
+of His Church.
+
+
+THE NOBILITY OF COLUMBUS IN ADVERSITY.
+
+
+The accumulations of his reverses exceed human proportions. His
+misfortunes almost surpass his glory. Still this man does not murmur. He
+accuses, he curses nobody; and does not regret that he was born. The
+people of ancient times would never have conceived this type of a hero.
+Christianity alone, whose creation he was, can comprehend him. * * * The
+example of Columbus shows that nobody can completely obtain here below
+the objects of his desires. The man who doubled the known space of the
+earth was not able to attain his object; he proposed to himself much
+more than he realized.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS BELL.
+
+The congregation of the little colored church at Haleyville, in
+Cumberland County, N. J., contributes an interesting historical relic to
+the World's Fair. It is the bell that has for years called them to
+church. In the year 1445, the bell, it is said, hung in one of the
+towers of the famous mosque at the Alhambra. After the siege of Granada,
+the bell was taken away by the Spanish soldiers and presented to Queen
+Isabella, who, in turn, presented it to Columbus, who brought it to
+America on his fourth voyage and presented it to a community of Spanish
+monks who placed it in the Cathedral of Carthagena, on the Island of New
+Granada. In 1697 buccaneers looted Carthagena, and carried the bell on
+board the French pirate ship La Rochelle, but the ship was wrecked on
+the Island of St. Andreas shortly afterward, and the wreckers secured
+the bell as part of their salvage. Capt. Newell of Bridgeton purchased
+it, brought it to this country, and presented it to the colored
+congregation of the Haleyville church. The bell weighs sixty-four
+pounds, and is of fine metal.
+
+
+THE PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     GERONIMO BENZONI of Milan, Italy. Born about 1520. From his
+     "History of the New World" (1565).
+
+He was a man of a good, reasonable stature, with sound, strong limbs; of
+good judgment, high talent, and gentlemanlike aspect. His eyes were
+bright, his hair red, his nose aquiline, his mouth somewhat large; but
+above all he was a friend to justice, though rather passionate when
+angry.
+
+
+WESTWARD RELIGION'S BANNERS TOOK THEIR WAY.
+
+     The Right Rev. GEORGE BERKELEY, Bishop of Cloyne, Ireland. Born at
+     Kilcrin, Kilkenny, March 12, 1684; died at Oxford, England, January
+     14, 1754. The author of the celebrated line, "Westward the course
+     of Empire takes its way."
+
+But all things of heavenly origin, like the glorious sun, move westward;
+and Truth and Art have their periods of shining and of night. Rejoice,
+then, O venerable Rome, in thy divine destiny! for, though darkness
+overshadow thy seats, and though thy mitred head must descend into the
+dust, thy spirit, immortal and undecayed, already spreads toward a new
+world.
+
+
+COLUMBUS NO CHANCE COMER.
+
+     The Hon. JAMES GILLESPIE BLAINE, one of America's leading
+     statesmen. Born in Washington County, Pa., in 1830.
+
+Columbus was no chance comer. The time was full. He was not premature;
+he was not late. He came in accordance with a scientifically formed if
+imperfect theory, whether his own or another's--a theory which had a
+logical foundation, and which projected logical sequences. * * * Had not
+Columbus discovered America in 1492, a hundred Columbuses would have
+discovered it in 1493.
+
+
+THE CERTAIN CONVICTIONS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     BARON BONNAFOUX, a French author. From "La Vie de Christophe
+     Colombe" (1853).
+
+He was as certain of the truth of his theory as if he had seen and
+trodden on the very ground which his imagination had called into
+existence. * * * There was an air of authority about him, and a dignity
+in his manner, that struck all who saw him. He considered himself, on
+principle, above envy and slander, and in calm and serious discussion
+always had the superiority in argument on the subjects of his schemes.
+To refuse to assist him in his projects was one thing; but it was
+impossible to reply to his discourse in refutation of his arguments,
+and, above all, not to respect him.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF MODERN TIMES.
+
+     From an editorial in the Boston _Journal_, July 13, 1892.
+
+When John Bright, in Parliament, shortly after the successful laying of
+the Atlantic cable, called Cyrus W. Field _the Columbus of modern
+times_, he made no inappropriate comparison. Mr. Field, in the early
+days of the great undertaking that has made his name immortal, had to
+contend against the same difficulties as the intrepid Genoese. The
+lineal descendants of the fifteenth century pundits, who vexed the soul
+of Columbus by insisting that the world was flat, were very sure that a
+cable could never be laid across the boisterous Atlantic; that sea
+monsters would bite it off and huge waves destroy it. Both men finally
+prevailed over a doubting world by sheer force of indomitable
+enthusiasm.
+
+Many men in Mr. Field's place, having amassed a fortune comparatively
+early in life, would have devoted themselves to ease and recreation. But
+there was too much of the New England spirit of restless energy in Mr.
+Field to permit him to pass the best years of his life thus
+ingloriously. The great thought of his cable occurred to him, and he
+became a man of one fixed idea, and ended by becoming a popular hero. No
+private American citizen, probably, has received such distinguished
+honors as Mr. Field when his cable was laid in 1867, and the undertaking
+of his lifetime was successfully accomplished. And Mr. Field was
+honestly entitled to all the glory and to all the financial profit that
+he reaped. His project was one that only a giant mind could conceive,
+and a giant mind and a giant will could carry on to execution.
+
+As if to make the parallel with Columbus complete, Mr. Field passed his
+last few days under the heavy shadow of misfortune. His son's failure,
+and the sensational developments attending it, were probably the
+occasion of his fatal illness. It is a melancholy termination of a
+remarkable career to which the nations of the earth owe a vast debt of
+gratitude.
+
+
+Chicago _Tribune_, July 13, 1892.
+
+The story of the twelve years' struggle to lay an Atlantic cable from
+Ireland to Newfoundland is the story of one of the greatest battles with
+the fates that any one man was ever called on to wage. It was a fight
+not only against the ocean, jealous of its rights as a separator of the
+continents, and against natural obstacles which seemed absolutely
+unsurpassable, but a fight against stubborn Parliaments and Congresses,
+and all the stumbling blocks of human disbelief. But the courage of
+Cyrus W. Field was indomitable. _His patience and zeal were
+inexhaustible, and so it came to pass, on July 27, 1866, that this man
+knelt down in his cabin, like a second Columbus, and gave thanks to God,
+for his labors were crowned with success at last._
+
+He had lost his health. He had worn out his nervous forces by the
+tremendous strain, and he paid in excruciating suffering the debt he
+owed to nature. But he had won a fortune and a lasting fame.
+
+
+THE BOSTON STATUE.
+
+In 1849 the Italian merchants of Boston, under the presidency of Mr.
+Iasigi, presented to the city a statue of Columbus, which was placed
+inside the inclosure of Louisburg Square, at the Pinckney Street end of
+the square. The statue, which is of inferior merit, bears no
+inscription, and is at the present date forgotten, dilapidated, and fast
+falling into decay.
+
+
+YOU CAN NOT CONQUER AMERICA.
+
+     FLAVIUS J. BROBST in an article on Westminster Abbey, in the
+     _Mid-Continent Magazine_, August, 1892.
+
+Sublimest of all, the incomparable Earl of Chatham, whose prophetic ken
+foresaw the independence of the American nation even before the battles
+of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill had been fought; and who, from
+the first, in Parliament, rose with his eagle beak, and raised his
+clarion voice with all the vehemence of his imperial soul in behalf of
+the American colonies, reaching once a climax of inspiration, when, in
+thunderous tones, he declared to the English nation, "_You can not
+conquer America._"
+
+
+THE INDOMITABLE COURAGE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     WILLIAM C. BRYANT, an eminent American poet. Born at Cummington,
+     Mass., November 3, 1794; died June 12, 1878. From his "History of
+     the United States."
+
+With a patience that nothing could wear out, and a perseverance that,
+was absolutely unconquerable, Columbus waited and labored for eighteen
+years, appealing to minds that wanted light and to ears that wanted
+hearing. His ideas of the possibilities of navigation were before his
+time. It was one thing to creep along the coast of Africa, where the
+hold upon the land need never be lost, another to steer out boldly into
+that wilderness of waters, over which mystery and darkness brooded.
+
+
+THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.
+
+     J. W. BUEL, a celebrated American author.
+
+Oh, thou Santa Maria, thou famous remembrancer of the centuries! The
+names of none of those that sailed in search of the Golden Fleece are so
+well preserved among the eternities of history as is thine. No vessel of
+Rome, of Greece, of Carthage, of Egypt, that carried conquering Cæsar,
+triumphant Alexander, valiant Hannibal, or beauteous Cleopatra, shall be
+so well known to coming ages as thou art. No ship of the Spanish Armada,
+or of Lord Howard, who swept it from the sea; no looming monster; no
+Great Eastern or frowning ironclad of modern navies, shall be held like
+thee in perpetual remembrance by all the sons of men. For none ever bore
+such a hero on such a mission, that has glorified all nations by giving
+the greatest of all countries to the world.
+
+
+THE SCARLET THORN.
+
+     JOHN BURROUGHS, an American essayist and naturalist. Born at
+     Roxbury, New York, April 3, 1837. From a letter in the _St.
+     Nicholas Magazine_ of July, 1892. (See _post_, NASON.)
+
+There are a great many species of the thorn distributed throughout the
+United States. All the Northern species, so far as I know, have white
+flowers. In the South they are more inclined to be pink or roseate. If
+Columbus picked up at sea a spray of the thorn, it was doubtless some
+Southern species. Let us believe it was the Washington thorn, which
+grows on the banks of streams from Virginia to the Gulf, and loads
+heavily with small red fruit.
+
+The thorn belongs to the great family of trees that includes the apple,
+peach, pear, raspberry, strawberry, etc., namely, the rose family, or
+_Rosaceæ_. Hence the apple, pear, and plum are often grafted on the
+white thorn.
+
+A curious thing about the thorns is that they are suppressed or
+abortive branches. The ancestor of this tree must have been terribly
+abused sometime to have its branches turn to thorns.
+
+I have an idea that persistent cultivation and good treatment would
+greatly mollify the sharp temper of the thorn, if not change it
+completely.
+
+The flower of the thorn would become us well as a National flower. It
+belongs to such a hardy, spunky, unconquerable tree, and to such a
+numerous and useful family. Certainly, it would be vastly better than
+the merely delicate and pretty wild flowers that have been so generally
+named.
+
+
+CAPTAIN AND SEAMEN.
+
+     RICHARD E. BURTON, in the Denver (Colo.) _Times_, 1892.
+
+  I see a galleon of Spanish make,
+    That westward like a wingéd creature flies,
+    Above a sea dawn-bright, and arched with skies
+  Expectant of the sun and morning-break.
+  The sailors from the deck their land-thirst slake
+    With peering o'er the waves, until their eyes
+    Discern a coast that faint and dream-like lies,
+  The while they pray, weep, laugh, or madly take
+  Their shipmates in their arms and speak no word.
+    And then I see a figure, tall, removed
+    A little from the others, as behooved,
+  That since the dawn has neither spoke nor stirred;
+  A noble form, the looming mast beside,
+  Columbus, calm, his prescience verified.
+
+
+THE BEAUTIES OF THE BAHAMA SEA.
+
+     HEZEKIAH BUTTERWORTH, American author. Born in Rhode Island, 1839.
+     From an article, "The Sea of Discovery," in _The Youth's
+     Companion_, June 9, 1892.
+
+The Bahama Sea is perhaps the most beautiful of all waters. Columbus
+beheld it and its islands with a poet's eye.
+
+"It only needed the singing of the nightingale," said the joyful
+mariner, "to make it like Andalusia in April;" and to his mind Andalusia
+was the loveliest place on earth. In sailing among these gardens of the
+seas in the serene and transparent autumn days after the great
+discovery, the soul of Columbus was at times overwhelmed and entranced
+by a sense of the beauty of everything in it and about it. Life seemed,
+as it were, a spiritual vision.
+
+"I know not," said the discoverer, "where first to go; nor are my eyes
+ever weary of gazing on the beautiful verdure. The singing of the birds
+is such that it seems as if one would never desire to depart hence."
+
+He speaks in a poet's phrases of the odorous trees, and of the clouds of
+parrots whose bright wings obscured the sun. His descriptions of the sea
+and its gardens are full of glowing and sympathetic colorings, and all
+things to him had a spiritual meaning.
+
+"God," he said, on reviewing his first voyage over these western waters,
+"God made me the messenger of the new heavens and earth, and told me
+where to find them. Charts, maps, and mathematical knowledge had nothing
+to do with the case."
+
+On announcing his discovery on his return, he breaks forth into the
+following highly poetic exhortation: "Let processions be formed, let
+festivals be held, let lauds be sung. Let Christ rejoice on earth."
+
+Columbus was a student of the Greek and Latin poets, and of the poetry
+of the Hebrew Scriptures. The visions of Isaiah were familiar to him,
+and he thought that Isaiah himself at one time appeared to him in a
+vision. He loved nature. To him the outer world was a garment of the
+Invisible; and it was before his great soul had suffered
+disappointment that he saw the sun-flooded waters of the Bahama Sea
+and the purple splendors of the Antilles.
+
+[Illustration: THE PASEO COLON (COLUMBUS PROMENADE), BARCELONA, SPAIN.
+
+With the Columbus Monument in the background.
+
+See page 81]
+
+There is scarcely an adjective in the picturesque report of Columbus in
+regard to this sea and these islands that is not now as appropriate and
+fitting as in the days when its glowing words delighted Isabella 400
+years ago.
+
+
+WHEN HISTORY DOES THEE WRONG.
+
+     GEORGE GORDON NOEL, LORD BYRON, one of England's famous poets. Born
+     in London, January 22, 1788; died at Missolonghi, Greece, April 19,
+     1824.
+
+  Teems not each ditty with the glorious tale?
+    Ah! such, alas, the hero's amplest fate.
+  When granite molders and when records fail,
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Pride! bend thine eye from heaven to thine estate,
+    See how the mighty shrink into a song.
+  Can volume, pillar, pile, preserve thee great?
+    Or must thou trust Tradition's simple tongue,
+    When Flattery sleeps with thee, and History does thee wrong.
+
+
+
+
+CABOT'S CONTEMPORANEOUS UTTERANCE.
+
+     SEBASTIAN CABOT, a navigator of great eminence. Born at Bristol,
+     England, about 1477. Discovered the mainland of North America. Died
+     about 1557.
+
+When newes were brought that Don Christopher Colonus, the Genoese, had
+discovered the coasts of India, whereof was great talke in all the Court
+of King Henry the VII. who then raigned, * * * all men with great
+admiration affirmed it to be a thing more divine than humane to saile by
+the West into the Easte, where the spices growe, by a chart that was
+never before knowen.
+
+
+THE CAPITULATIONS OF SANTA FÉ--AGREEMENT OF COLUMBUS WITH FERDINAND AND
+ISABELLA.
+
+     Sir ARTHUR HELPS. From "The Life of Columbus." [See other extracts,
+     _post_, _sub nomine_ HELPS.]
+
+1. Christopher Columbus wishes to be made Admiral of the seas and
+countries which he is about to discover. He desires to hold this dignity
+during his life, and that it should descend to his heirs.
+
+_This request is granted by the King and Queen._
+
+2. Christopher Columbus wishes to be made Viceroy of all the continents
+and islands.
+
+_Granted by the King and Queen._
+
+3. He wishes to have a share amounting to a tenth part of the profits of
+all merchandise--be it pearls, jewels, or any other thing--that may be
+found, gained, bought, or exported from the countries which he is to
+discover.
+
+_Granted by the King and Queen._
+
+4. He wishes, in his quality of Admiral, to be made sole judge of all
+mercantile matters that may be the occasion of dispute in the countries
+which he is to discover.
+
+_Granted by the King and Queen, on condition that this jurisdiction
+should belong to the office of Admiral, as held by Don Enriques and
+other Admirals._
+
+5. Christopher Columbus wishes to have the right to contribute the
+eighth part of the expenses of all ships which traffic with the new
+countries, and in return to earn the eighth part of the profits.
+
+_Granted by the King and Queen._
+
+Santa Fé, in the Vega of Granada, April 17, 1492.
+
+
+COLUMBUS, THE SEA-KING.
+
+     THOMAS CARLYLE, "the Sage of Chelsea," celebrated English
+     philosophic writer. Born at Ecclefechan, Scotland, December 4,
+     1795; died at Cheyne walk, Chelsea, London, February 5, 1881. From
+     "Past and Present."
+
+Brave Sea-captain, Norse Sea-king, Columbus, my hero, royalest Sea-king
+of all! it is no friendly environment this of thine, in the waste deep
+waters; around thee, mutinous, discouraged souls; behind thee, disgrace
+and ruin; before thee, the unpenetrated veil of Night. Brother, these
+wild water-mountains, bounding from their deep basin--ten miles deep, I
+am told--are not entirely there on thy behalf! Meseems they have other
+work than floating thee forward; and the huge winds that sweep from Ursa
+Major to the Tropics and Equator, dancing their giant waltz through the
+kingdoms of Chaos and Immensity, they care little about filling rightly
+or filling wrongly the small shoulder-of-mutton sails in this
+cockle-skiff of thine. Thou art not among articulate-speaking friends,
+my brother; thou art among immeasurable dumb monsters, tumbling,
+howling, wide as the world here. Secret, far off, invisible to all
+hearts but thine, there lies a help in them; see how thou wilt get at
+that. Patiently thou wilt wait till the mad southwester spend itself,
+saving thyself by dextrous science of defense the while; valiantly, with
+swift decision, wilt thou strike in, when the favoring east, the
+Possible, springs up. Mutiny of men thou wilt entirely repress;
+weakness, despondency, thou wilt cheerily encourage; thou wilt swallow
+down complaint, unreason, weariness, weakness of others and thyself.
+There shall be a depth of silence in thee deeper than this sea, which is
+but ten miles deep; a silence unsoundable, known to God only. Thou shalt
+be a great man. Yes, my World-soldier, thou wilt have to be greater than
+this tumultuous, unmeasured world here around thee; thou, in thy strong
+soul, as with wrestler's arms, shalt embrace it, harness it down, and
+make it bear thee on--to new Americas.
+
+
+OUTBOUND.
+
+     BLISS CARMAN, from a poem in the _Century Magazine_, 1892.[30]
+
+  A lonely sail in the vast sea-room,
+  I have put out for the port of gloom.
+
+  The voyage is far on the trackless tide,
+  The watch is long, and the seas are wide.
+
+  The headlands, blue in the sinking day,
+  Kiss me a hand on the outward way.
+
+  The fading gulls, as they dip and veer,
+  Lift me a voice that is good to hear.
+
+  The great winds come, and the heaving sea,
+  The restless mother, is calling me.
+
+  The cry of her heart is lone and wild,
+  Searching the night for her wandered child.
+
+  Beautiful, weariless mother of mine,
+  In the drift of doom I am here, I am thine.
+
+  Beyond the fathom of hope or fear,
+  From bourn to bourn of the dusk I steer.
+
+  Swept on in the wake of the stars, in the stream
+  Of a roving tide, from dream to dream.
+
+
+THE TRIBUTES OF THE PHOENIX OF THE AGES.
+
+     LOPE DE VEGA CARPIO, a celebrated Spanish poet and dramatist. Born
+     at Madrid, November 25, 1562; died, 1635.[31]
+
+Lope puts into the mouth of Columbus, in a dialogue with Ferdinand, who
+earnestly invites the discoverer to ask of him the wherewithal to
+prosecute the discovery, the following verses:
+
+  Sire, give me gold, for gold is all in all;
+  'Tis master, 'tis the goal and course alike,
+  The way, the means, the handicraft, and power,
+  The sure foundation and the truest friend.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Referring to the results of the great discovery, Lope beautifully says
+that it gave--
+
+  _Al Rey infinitas terras
+  Y á Dios infinitas almas._
+
+  (To the King boundless lands, and to God souls without
+  number.)
+
+HERSCHEL, THE COLUMBUS OF THE SKIES.
+
+     E. H. CHAPIN, American author of the nineteenth century.
+
+Man was sent into the world to be a growing and exhaustless force; the
+world was spread out around him to be seized and conquered. Realms of
+infinite truth burst open above him, inviting him to tread those shining
+coasts along which Newton dropped his plummet and Herschel sailed, a
+Columbus of the skies.
+
+
+THE DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS AND AMERICUS.
+
+     From Chicago _Tribune_, August, 1892. [See also _ante_, Boston
+     _Journal_.]
+
+The suggestion has been made by Mr. John Boyd Thacher, commissioner from
+New York to the World's Fair, that a tribute be paid to the memory of
+Amerigo Vespucci by opening the Fair May 5, 1893, that being the
+anniversary of America's christening day. Mr. Thacher's suggestion is
+based upon the fact that May 5, 1507, there was published at the
+College of Saint-Dié, in Lorraine, the "Cosmographic Introductio," by
+Waldseemuller, in which the name of America "for the fourth part of the
+world" (Europe, Asia, and Africa being the other three parts) was first
+advocated, in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. As Mr. Thacher's suggestion
+already has aroused considerable jealous opposition among the Italians
+of New York, who claim all the glory for Columbus, a statement of what
+was really discovered by the two great explorers will be of interest at
+the present time.
+
+No writer of the present day has shed a clearer light upon this question
+than John Fiske, and it may be incidentally added, no student has done
+more than he to relieve Amerigo Vespucci from the reproach which has
+been fastened upon his reputation as an explorer, by critics, who, as
+Mr. Fiske clearly shows, have been misled by the sources of their
+authority and have judged him from erroneous standpoints. In making a
+statement of what the two explorers really discovered, the _Tribune_
+follows on the lines of Prof. Fiske's investigation as the clearest,
+most painstaking, and most authoritative that has yet been made.
+
+Christopher Columbus made four voyages. On the first he sailed from
+Palos, Friday, August 3, 1492, and Friday, October 12th (new style,
+October 21st), discovered land in the West Indies. It was one of the
+islands of the Bahamas, called by the natives Guanahani, and named by
+him San Salvador; which name, after the seventeenth century, was applied
+to Cat Island, though which one of the islands is the true San Salvador
+is still a matter of dispute.
+
+After spending ten days among the Bahamas Columbus (October 25th)
+steered south and reached the great Island of Cuba. He cruised around
+the east coast of the big island, and December 6th landed at Haiti,
+another immense island. A succession of disasters ended his voyage and
+he thereupon returned to Spain, arriving there March 15, 1493.
+
+Columbus sailed on his second voyage September 25, 1493, and November 3d
+landed at Dominica in the Caribbean Sea. During a two-weeks' cruise he
+discovered the islands of Marigalante, Guadaloupe, and Antigua, and
+lastly the large Island of Puerto Rico. April 24th he set out on another
+cruise of discovery. He followed the south coast of Cuba and came to
+Jamaica, the third largest of the West Indies, thence returning to Cuba,
+and from there to Spain, where he arrived June 11, 1494. On his third
+voyage he sailed May 30, 1498. Following a more southerly course, he
+arrived at Trinidad, and in coasting along saw the delta of the Orinoco
+River of South America and went into the Gulf of Paria. Thence he
+followed the north coast of Venezuela and finally arrived at Santo
+Domingo.
+
+The story of his arrest there is well known. He was taken in chains to
+Cadiz, Spain, arriving there in December, 1500.
+
+On his fourth and last voyage he sailed May 11, 1502. On June 15th he
+was at Martinique. He touched at Santo Domingo, thence sailed across to
+Cape Honduras, doubled that cape, and skirted the coast of Nicaragua,
+where he heard of the Pacific Ocean, though the name had not its present
+meaning for him. It was during his attempt to find the Isthmus of
+Darien, which he thought was a strait of water, that he was shipwrecked
+on the coast of Jamaica. He remained there a year and then went back to
+Spain, reaching home November 7, 1504. It was the last voyage of the
+great navigator, and it will be observed that he never saw or stepped
+foot on the mainland of _North_ America, though he saw South America in
+1498, as stated. In 1506 he died in Spain.
+
+Amerigo Vespucci, like Columbus, made four voyages, some of the details
+of which are known. His letter, written to his friend Piero Soderini,
+September 4, 1504, gives us information concerning his famous first
+voyage. Hitherto the only copy of this letter known was a Latin
+translation of it published at the College of Saint-Dié, April 25, 1507,
+but the primitive text from which the translation was made has been
+found, and by that text Americus' reputation has been saved from the
+discredit critics and biographers have cast upon it, and his true
+laurels have been restored to him. The mistake of changing one word, the
+Indian name "Lariab," in the original, to "Parias," in the Latin
+version, is accountable for it all. The scene of his explorations is now
+transferred from Parias, in South America, to Lariab, in North America,
+and his entire letter is freed from mystery or inconsistency with the
+claims which have been made for him.
+
+It is now established beyond controversy that Americus sailed on the
+first voyage, not as commander, but as astronomer, of the expedition,
+May 10, 1497, and first ran to the Grand Canaries. Leaving there May
+25th, the first landfall was on the northern coast of Honduras of North
+America. Thence he sailed around Yucatan and up the Mexican coast to
+Tampico ("Lariab," not "Parias"). After making some inland explorations
+he followed the coast line 870 leagues (2,610 miles), which would take
+him along our Southern gulf coast, around Florida, and north along the
+Atlantic coast until "they found themselves in a fine harbor." Was this
+Charleston harbor or Hampton Roads? In any event, when he started back
+to Spain he sailed from the Atlantic coast somewhere between Capes
+Charles and Canaveral. The outcome of this voyage was the first
+discovery of Honduras, parts of the Mexican and Florida coasts, the
+insularity of Cuba--which Columbus thought was part of the mainland of
+Asia--and 4,000 miles of the coast line of North America. The remaining
+three voyages have no bearing upon North American discovery. On the
+second, he explored the northern coast of Brazil to the Gulf of
+Maracaibo; on the third, he went again to the Brazilian coast and found
+the Island of South Georgia, and on the fourth returned to Brazil, but
+without making any discoveries of importance.
+
+Mr. Fiske's luminous narrative lends significance to Mr. Thacher's
+suggestion, for Vespucci discovered a large portion of the mainland of
+the North American continent which Columbus had never seen. To this
+extent his first voyage gave a new meaning to Columbus' work, without
+diminishing, however, the glory of the latter's great achievement.
+Americus, indeed, had his predecessors, for John and Sebastian Cabot,
+sent out by Henry VII. of England a short time before his discovery, had
+set foot upon Labrador, and probably had visited Nova Scotia. And even
+before Cabot, the Northern Vikings, among them Leif Ericcson, had found
+their way to this continent and perhaps set up their Vineland in
+Massachusetts. And before the Vikings there may have been other
+migrants, and before the migrants the aborigines, who were the victims
+of all the explorers from the Vikings to the Puritans. But their
+achievements had no meaning and left no results. As Prof. Fiske says:
+"In no sense was any real contact established between the eastern and
+western halves of our planet until the great voyage of Columbus in
+1492." It was that voyage which inspired the great voyage of Americus in
+1497. He followed the path marked out by Columbus, and he invested the
+latter's discovery with a new significance. Upon the basis of merit and
+historical fact, therefore, Mr. Thacher's suggestion deserves
+consideration; and why should Italians be jealous, when Christopher
+Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, and John Cabot were all of Italian birth?
+
+
+ALL WITHIN THE KEN OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     HYDE CLARKE, Vice-President Royal Historical Society of England, in
+     his "Examination of the Legend of Atlantis," etc. London: Longmans,
+     Green & Co., 1886.
+
+At the time when Columbus, as well as others, was discussing the subject
+of new lands to be discovered, literary resources had become available.
+The Latin writers could be examined; but, above all, the fall of
+Constantinople had driven numbers of Greeks into Italy. The Greek
+language was studied, and Greek books were eagerly bought by the Latin
+nations, as before they had been by the Arabs. Thus, all that had been
+written as to the four worlds was within the ken of Columbus.
+
+
+COLUMBUS A HERETIC AND A VISIONARY TO HIS CONTEMPORARIES.
+
+     JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE, an American writer and Unitarian minister.
+     Born at Hanover, N. H., in 1810; died at Jamaica Plain, June 8,
+     1888.[32]
+
+We think of Columbus as the great discoverer of America; we do not
+remember that his actual life was one of disappointment and failure.
+Even his discovery of America was a disappointment; he was looking for
+India, and utterly failed of this. He made maps and sold them to support
+his old father. Poverty, contumely, indignities of all sorts, met him
+wherever he turned. His expectations were considered extravagant, his
+schemes futile; the theologians exposed him with texts out of the Bible;
+he wasted seven years waiting in vain for encouragement at the court of
+Spain. He applied unsuccessfully to the governments of Venice, Portugal,
+Genoa, France, England. Practical men said, "It can't be done. He is a
+visionary." Doctors of divinity said, "He is a heretic; he contradicts
+the Bible." Isabella, being a woman, and a woman of sentiment, wished
+to help him; but her confessor said no. We all know how he was compelled
+to put down mutiny in his crew, and how, after his discovery was made,
+he was rewarded with chains and imprisonment, how he died in neglect,
+poverty, and pain, and only was rewarded by a sumptuous funeral. His
+great hope, his profound convictions, were his only support and
+strength.
+
+
+LIKE HOMER--A BEGGAR IN THE GATE.
+
+     DIEGO CLEMENCIN, a Spanish statesman and author of merit. Born at
+     Murcia, 1765; died, 1834. From his "Elogio de la Reina Catolica,
+     Isabella de Castilla" (1851).
+
+A man obscure, and but little known, followed at this time the court.
+Confounded in the crowd of unfortunate applicants, feeding his
+imagination in the corners of antechambers with the pompous project of
+discovering a world, melancholy and dejected in the midst of the general
+rejoicing, he beheld with indifference, and almost with contempt, the
+conclusion of a conquest which swelled all bosoms with jubilee, and
+seemed to have reached the utmost bounds of desire. That man was
+Christopher Columbus.
+
+
+THE FIRST CATHOLIC KNIGHT.
+
+     JAMES DAVID COLEMAN, Supreme President of the Catholic Knights of
+     America, in an address to the members of that body, September 10,
+     1892.
+
+History tells that the anxious journey was begun by Columbus and his
+resolute band, approaching Holy Communion at Palos, on August 3, 1492;
+that its prosecution, through sacrifices and perils, amid harrowing
+uncertainties, was stamped with an exalted faith and unyielding trust in
+God, and that its marvelous and glorious consummation, in October, 1492,
+was acknowledged by the chivalrous knight, in tearful gratitude, on
+bended knee, at the foot of the cross of Christ, as the merciful gift of
+his omnipotent Master. Then it was that Christopher Columbus, the first
+Catholic knight of America, made the gracious Christian tribute of
+grateful recognition of Divine assistance by planting upon the soil of
+his newly discovered land the true emblem of Christianity and of man's
+redemption--the cross of our Savior. And then, reverently kneeling
+before the cross, and with eyes and hearts uplifted to their immolated
+God, this valiant band of Christian knights uttered from the virgin sod
+of America the first pious supplication that He would abundantly bless
+His gift to Columbus; and the unequaled grandeur of our civil structure
+of to-day tells the manifest response to those prayers of 400 years ago.
+
+
+BY FAITH COLUMBUS FOUND AMERICA.
+
+     ROBERT COLLYER, a distinguished pulpit orator. Born at Keighley,
+     Yorkshire, December 8, 1823.
+
+The successful men in the long fight with fortune are the cheerful men,
+or those, certainly, who find the fair background of faith and hope.
+Columbus, but for this, had never found our New World.
+
+
+THE CITY OF COLON STATUE.
+
+In the city of Colon, Department of Panama, Colombia, stands a statue to
+the memory of Columbus, of some artistic merit. The great Genoese is
+represented as encircling the neck of an Indian youth with his
+protecting arm, a representation somewhat similar to the pose of the
+statue in the plaza of the city of Santo Domingo. This statue was
+donated by the ex-Empress of the French, and on a wooden tablet
+attached to the concrete pedestal the following inscription appears:
+
+  Statue de
+  CHRISTOPHE COLOMB
+  Donnée par
+  L'Impératrice Eugénie
+  Erigée ā Colon
+  Par Decret de la Legislature de
+  Colombie
+  Au 29 Juin, 1866,
+  Par les soins de la Compagnie
+  Universelle du Canal Maritime
+  De Panama
+  Le 21 Fevrier, 1886.[33]
+
+  Translation:
+
+  Statue of
+  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
+  Presented by
+  The Empress Eugénie
+  Erected in honor of Columbus
+  By Decree of the Legislature of
+  Colombia
+  The 29th of June, 1866,
+  Under the Supervision of the Universal
+  Company of the Maritime Canal
+  Of Panama
+  The 21st of February, 1886.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF LITERATURE.
+
+Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, commonly called Lord
+Bacon, is generally so called. Born in London January 22, 1561; died
+April 19, 1626.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF THE HEAVENS.
+
+Sir William Herschel, one of the greatest astronomers that any age or
+nation has produced, is generally so termed. Born at Hanover November
+15, 1738; died August, 1822.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF MODERN TIMES.
+
+Cyrus W. Field was termed "_the Columbus of modern times, who, by his
+cable, had moored the New World alongside of the Old_," by the Rt. Hon.
+John Bright, in a debate in the British Parliament soon after the
+successful completion of the Atlantic cable.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF THE SKIES.
+
+Galileo, the illustrious Italian mathematician and natural philosopher,
+is so styled by Edward Everett (_post_). He was born at Pisa February
+15, 1564; died near Florence in January, 1642.[34]
+
+
+THE PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     HERNANDO COLUMBUS, son of Christopher. Born at Cordova, 1488; died
+     at Valladolid, 1539.
+
+He was tall, well formed, muscular, and of an elevated and dignified
+demeanor. His visage was long, neither full nor meager; his complexion
+fair and freckled, and inclined to ruddy; his nose aquiline; his cheek
+bones were rather high, his eyes light gray, and apt to enkindle; his
+whole countenance had an air of authority. His hair, in his youthful
+days, was of a light color, but care and trouble, according to Las
+Casas, soon turned it gray, and at thirty years of age it was quite
+white. He was moderate and simple in diet and apparel, eloquent in
+discourse, engaging and affable with strangers, and his amiability and
+suavity in domestic life strongly attached his household to his person.
+His temper was naturally irritable, but he subdued it by the
+magnanimity of his spirits, comporting himself with a courteous and
+gentle gravity, and never indulging in any intemperance of language.
+Throughout his life he was noted for strict attention to the offices of
+religion, observing rigorously the fasts and ceremonies of the church;
+nor did his piety consist in mere forms, but partook of that lofty and
+solemn enthusiasm with which his whole character was strongly tinctured.
+
+
+THE SONG OF AMERICA.
+
+     KINAHAN CORNWALLIS. From his "Song of America and Columbus; or, The
+     Story of the New World." New York, 1892. Published by the _Daily
+     Investigator_.
+
+  Hail! to this New World nation; hail!
+    That to Columbus tribute pays;
+  That glorifies his name, all hail,
+    And crowns his memory with bays.
+
+  Hail! to Columbia's mighty realm,
+    Which all her valiant sons revere,
+  And foemen ne'er can overwhelm.
+    Well may the world its prowess fear.
+
+  Hail! to this richly favored land,
+    For which the patriot fathers fought.
+  Forever may the Union stand,
+    To crown the noble deeds they wrought.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Hail! East and West, and North and South,
+    From Bunker Hill to Mexico;
+  The Lakes to Mississippi's mouth,
+    And the Sierras crowned with snow.
+
+  Hail! to the wondrous works of man,
+    From Maine to California's shores;
+  From ocean they to ocean span,
+    And over all the eagle soars.
+
+
+THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS.
+
+  Six sail were in the squadron he possessed,
+  And these he felt the Lord of Hosts had blessed,
+  For he was ever faithful to the cross,
+  With which compared, all else was earthly dross.
+  Southwestward toward the equinoctial line
+  He steered his barks, for vast was his design.
+  There, like a mirror, the Atlantic lay,
+  White dolphins on its breast were seen to play,
+  And lazily the vessels rose and fell,
+  With flapping sails, upon the gentle swell;
+  While panting crews beneath the torrid sun
+  Lost strength and spirits--felt themselves undone.
+  Day after day the air a furnace seemed,
+  And fervid rays upon them brightly beamed,
+  The burning decks displayed their yawning seams,
+  And from the rigging tar ran down in streams.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS COLLECTION.
+
+Rudolph Cronau, the eminent author and scientist of Leipsic, Germany,
+has contributed to the World's Fair his extensive collection of
+paintings, sketches, and photographs, representing scenes in the life of
+Columbus, and places visited by Columbus during his voyages to the New
+World. Doctor Cronau has spent a great part of his life in the study of
+early American history, and has published a work on the subject, based
+entirely upon his personal investigations.
+
+
+COLUMBUS' HAVEN.
+
+An indentation of the coast of Watling's Island, in the Bahamas, is
+known to this day as Columbus' Haven.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS IN THE CITY OF COLON, DEPARTMENT OF
+PANAMA, COLOMBIA.
+
+The gift of the ex-Empress of the French. (See page 109.)]
+
+
+CUBA'S CAVES--THE MANTLE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+In the caves of Bellamar, near Matanzas, Cuba, are sparkling columns of
+crystal 150 feet high; one is called the "Mantle of Columbus."
+
+
+THE PORTRAITS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     The Hon. WILLIAM ELEROY CURTIS, an American journalist, Secretary
+     of the Bureau of the American Republics, Washington, D. C. Born at
+     Akron, Ohio. From an article, "The Columbus Portraits," in the
+     _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, January, 1892.
+
+Although Columbus twice mentioned in his alleged will that he was a
+native of Genoa, a dozen places still demand the honor of being
+considered his birthplace, and two claim to possess his bones. Nothing
+is certain about his parentage, and his age is the subject of dispute.
+The stories of his boyhood adventures are mythical, and his education at
+the University of Pavia is denied.
+
+The same doubt attends the various portraits that pretend to represent
+his features. The most reliable authorities--and the subject has been
+under discussion for two centuries--agree that there is no tangible
+evidence to prove that the face of Columbus was ever painted or sketched
+or graven, during his life. His portrait has been painted, like that of
+the Madonna and those of the saints, by many famous artists, each
+dependent upon verbal descriptions of his appearance by contemporaneous
+writers, and each conveying to the canvas his own conception of what the
+great seaman's face must have been; but it may not be said that any of
+the portraits are genuine, and it is believed that all of them are more
+or less fanciful.
+
+It must be considered that the art of painting portraits was in its
+infancy when Columbus lived. The honor was reserved for kings and queens
+and other dignitaries, and Columbus was regarded as an importunate
+adventurer, who at the close of his first voyage enjoyed a brief
+triumph, but from the termination of his second voyage was the victim of
+envy and misrepresentation to the close of his life. He was derided and
+condemned, was brought in chains like a common felon from the continent
+he had discovered, and for nearly two hundred years his descendants
+contested in the courts for the dignities and emoluments he demanded of
+the crown of Spain before undertaking what was then the most perilous
+and uncertain of adventures. Even the glory of giving his name to the
+lands he discovered was transferred to another--a man who followed in
+his track; and it is not strange, under such circumstances, that the
+artists of Spain did not leave the religious subjects upon which they
+were engaged to paint the portrait of one who said of himself that he
+was a beggar "without a penny to buy food."
+
+
+THE STANDARD OF MODERN CRITICISM.
+
+     The Hon. WILLIAM ELEROY CURTIS, in an able article in the
+     _Chautauquan Magazine_, September, 1892.
+
+Whether the meager results of recent investigation are more reliable
+than the testimony of earlier pens is a serious question, and the
+sympathetic and generous reader will challenge the right of modern
+historians to destroy and reject traditions to which centuries have paid
+reverence. The failure to supply evidence in place of that which has
+been discarded is of itself sufficient to impair faith in the modern
+creation, and simply demonstrates the fallacy of the theory that what
+can not be proven did not exist. If the same analysis to which the
+career of Columbus has been subjected should be applied to every
+character in sacred and secular history, there would be little left
+among the world's great heroes to admire. So we ask permission to retain
+the old ideal, and remember the discoverer of our hemisphere as a man
+of human weaknesses but of stern purpose, inflexible will, undaunted
+courage, patience, and professional theories most of which modern
+science has demonstrated to be true.
+
+
+AN ITALIAN CONTEMPORARY TRIBUTE.
+
+     GIULIO DATI, a Florentine poet. Born, 1560; died about 1630.
+
+A lengthy poem, in _ottava rima_ (founded upon the first letter of
+Columbus announcing his success), was composed in 1493, by Giulio Dati,
+the famous Florentine poet, and was sung in the streets of that city to
+publish the discovery of the New World. The full Italian text is to be
+found in R. H. Major's "Select Letters of Christopher Columbus," Hakluyt
+Society, 1871.
+
+
+THE MUTINY AT SEA.[35]
+
+     JEAN FRANĮOIS CASIMIR DELAVIGNE, a popular French poet and
+     dramatist. Born at Havre, April 4, 1793; died at Lyons, December,
+     1843.
+
+THREE DAYS.
+
+  On the deck stood Columbus; the ocean's expanse,
+  Untried and unlimited, swept by his glance.
+  "Back to Spain!" cry his men; "put the vessel about!
+  We venture no farther through danger and doubt."
+  "Three days, and I give you a world," he replied;
+  "Bear up, my brave comrades--three days shall decide."
+  He sails--but no token of land is in sight;
+  He sails--but the day shows no more than the night;
+  On, onward he sails, while in vain o'er the lee
+  The lead is plunged down through a fathomless sea.
+  The second day's past, and Columbus is sleeping,
+  While mutiny near him its vigil is keeping.
+  "Shall he perish?" "Ay, death!" is the barbarous cry.
+  "He must triumph to-morrow, or, perjured, must die!"
+  Ungrateful and blind! shall the world-linking sea,
+  He traced, for the future his sepulcher be?
+  Shall that sea, on the morrow, with pitiless waves,
+  Fling his corse on that shore which his patient eye craves?
+  The corse of a humble adventurer, then.
+  One day later--Columbus, the first among men.
+
+  But, hush! he is dreaming! A veil on the main,
+  At the distant horizon, is parted in twain;
+  And now on his dreaming eye--rapturous sight--
+  Fresh bursts the New World from the darkness of night.
+  O vision of glory! how dazzling it seems;
+  How glistens the verdure! how sparkle the streams!
+  How blue the far mountains! how glad the green isles!
+  And the earth and the ocean, how dimpled with smiles!
+  "Joy! joy!" cries Columbus, "this region is mine!"
+  Ah, not e'en its name, wondrous dreamer, is thine.
+
+
+HONOR THE HARDY NORSEMEN.
+
+     The Rev. B. F. DE COSTA, D. D., a well-known New York divine and
+     social reformer of the present day. Founder of the White Cross
+     Society.
+
+Prof. Rafri, in "Antiquitates Americanæ," gives notices of numerous
+Icelandic voyages to American and other lands of the West. The existence
+of a great country southwest of Greenland is referred to, not as a
+matter of speculation merely, but as something perfectly well known. Let
+us remember that in vindicating the Northmen we honor those who not only
+give us the first knowledge possessed of the American continent, but to
+whom we are indebted besides for much that we esteem valuable.
+
+
+BRILLIANTS FROM DEPEW.
+
+     CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, one of the leading American orators of the
+     nineteenth century. From an oration on "Columbus and the
+     Exposition," delivered in Chicago in 1890.
+
+It is not sacrilege to say that the two events to which civilization
+to-day owes its advanced position are the introduction of Christianity
+and the discovery of America.
+
+When Columbus sailed from Palos, types had been discovered, but church
+and state held intelligence by the throat.
+
+Sustained enthusiasm has been the motor of every movement in the
+progress of mankind.
+
+Genius, pluck, endurance, and faith can be resisted by neither kings nor
+cabinets.
+
+Columbus stands deservedly at the head of that most useful band of
+men--the heroic cranks in history.
+
+The persistent enthusiast whom one generation despises as a lunatic with
+one idea, succeeding ones often worship as a benefactor.
+
+This whole country is ripe and ready for the inspection of the world.
+
+
+GENOA--WHENCE GRAND COLUMBUS CAME.
+
+     AUBREY THOMAS DE VERE, an English poet and political writer. Born,
+     1814. In a sonnet, "Genoa."
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+  Whose prow descended first the Hesperian Sea,
+    And gave our world her mate beyond the brine,
+  Was nurtured, whilst an infant, at thy knee.
+
+
+THE VISION OF COLUMBUS.
+
+  The crimson sun was sinking down to rest,
+    Pavilioned on the cloudy verge of heaven;
+  And ocean, on her gently heaving breast,
+    Caught and flashed back the varying tints of even;
+  When, on a fragment from the tall cliff riven,
+    With folded arms, and doubtful thoughts opprest,
+  Columbus sat, till sudden hope was given--
+    A ray of gladness shooting from the West.
+  Oh, what a glorious vision for mankind
+  Then dawned upon the twilight of his mind;
+    Thoughts shadowy still, but indistinctly grand.
+  There stood his genie, face to face, and signed
+    (So legends tell) far seaward with her hand,
+    Till a new world sprang up, and bloomed beneath her wand.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  He was a man whom danger could not daunt,
+    Nor sophistry perplex, nor pain subdue;
+  A stoic, reckless of the world's vain taunt,
+    And steeled the path of honor to pursue.
+  So, when by all deserted, still he knew
+    How best to soothe the heart-sick, or confront
+  Sedition; schooled with equal eye to view
+    The frowns of grief and the base pangs of want.
+  But when he saw that promised land arise
+  In all its rare and beautiful varieties,
+    Lovelier than fondest fancy ever trod,
+  Then softening nature melted in his eyes;
+    He knew his fame was full, and blessed his God,
+    And fell upon his face and kissed the virgin sod!
+
+                                            --_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS' STATUE IN CHICAGO.
+
+The Drake Fountain, Chicago, presented to the city by Mr. John B. Drake,
+a prominent and respected citizen, is to occupy a space between the city
+hall and the court house buildings, on the Washington Street frontage.
+The monument is to be Gothic in style, and the base will be composed of
+granite from Baveno, Italy. The design includes a pedestal, on the front
+of which will be placed a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus, seven
+feet high, which is to be cast in the royal foundry at Rome. The statue
+will be the production of an American artist of reputation, Mr. R. H.
+Park of Chicago. The fountain is to be provided with an ice-chamber
+capable of holding two tons of ice, and is to be surrounded with a
+water-pipe containing ten faucets, each supplied with a bronze cup. The
+entire cost will be $15,000. Mr. Drake's generous gift to Chicago is to
+be ready for public use in 1892, and it will, therefore, be happily
+commemorative of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by
+Columbus. The inscription on the fountain reads: "Ice-water drinking
+fountain presented to the City of Chicago by John B. Drake 1892." At the
+feet of the statue of Columbus, who is represented as a student of
+geography in his youth at the University of Pavia, is inscribed,
+"Christopher Columbus, 1492-1892."
+
+The fountain is a very handsome piece of bronze art work, and
+Commissioner Aldrich has decided to place it in a conspicuous place,
+being none other than the area between the court house and the city
+hall, facing Washington Street. This central and accessible spot of
+public ground has been an unsightly stabling place for horses ever since
+the court house was built. It will now be sodded, flower-beds will be
+laid out, and macadamized walks will surround the Drake Fountain. The
+new feature will be a relief to weary eyes, and an ornament to
+Washington Street and the center of the city.
+
+The red granite base for the fountain has been received at the custom
+house. It was made in Turin, Italy, and cost $3,300. Under the law, the
+stone came in duty free, as it is intended as a gift to the
+municipality.
+
+
+DREAM.
+
+     JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, a celebrated American chemist and scientist.
+     Born near Liverpool, England, 1811; died January 4, 1882. From his
+     "Intellectual Development of Europe," 1876. By permission of
+     Messrs. Harper & Brothers, Publishers, New York.
+
+Columbus appears to have formed his theory that the East Indies could be
+reached by sailing to the west about A. D. 1474. He was at that time in
+correspondence with Toscanelli, the Florentine astronomer, who held the
+same doctrine, and who sent him a map or chart constructed on the
+travels of Marco Polo. He offered his services first to his native city,
+then to Portugal, then to Spain, and, through his brother, to England;
+his chief inducement, in each instance, being that the riches of India
+might be thus secured. In Lisbon he had married. While he lay sick near
+Belem, an unknown voice whispered to him in a dream, "God will cause thy
+name to be wonderfully resounded through the earth, and will give thee
+the keys of the gates of the ocean which are closed with strong chains."
+The death of his wife appears to have broken the last link which held
+him to Portugal, where he had been since 1470. One evening, in the
+autumn of 1485, a man of majestic presence, pale, careworn, and, though
+in the meridian of life, with silver hair, leading a little boy by the
+hand, asked alms at the gate of the Franciscan convent near Palos--not
+for himself, but only a little bread and water for his child. This was
+that Columbus destined to give to Europe a new world.
+
+
+A PEN-PICTURE FROM THE SOUTH.
+
+     The Right Rev. ANTHONY DURIER, Bishop of Natchitoches, La., in a
+     circular letter to the clergy and laity of the diocese, printed in
+     the New Orleans _Morning Star_, September 10, 1892.
+
+We cherish the memory of the illustrious sailor, also of the lady and of
+the monk who were providential instruments in opening a new world to
+religion and civilization.
+
+[Illustration: HEAD OF COLUMBUS.
+
+Designed by H. H. Zearing of Chicago.]
+
+Honor to the sailor, Christopher Columbus, the Christ-bearing dove, as
+his name tells, gentle as a dove of hallowed memory as Christ-bearer. In
+fact, he brought Christ to the New World. Look back at that sailor, 400
+years ago, on bended knees, with hands uplifted in prayer, on the shores
+of Guanahani, first to invoke the name of Jesus in the New World; in
+fact, as in name, behold the Christ-bearing dove. Columbus was a knight
+of the cross, with his good cross-hilted sword, blessed by the church.
+The first aim and ambition of a knight of the cross, at that time, was
+to plant the cross in the midst of heathen nations, and to have them
+brought from "the region of the shadow of death" into the life-giving
+bosom of Mother Church.
+
+Listen to the prayer of Columbus, as he brings his lips to, and kneels
+on, the blessed land he has discovered, that historic prayer which he
+had prepared long in advance, and which all Catholic discoverers
+repeated after him: "O Lord God, eternal and omnipotent, who by Thy
+divine word hast created the heavens, the earth, and the sea! Blessed
+and glorified be thy name and praised Thy majesty, who hast deigned by
+me, thy humble servant, to have that sacred name made known and preached
+in this other part of the world."
+
+Behold the true knight of the cross, with cross-hilted sword in hand,
+the name of Jesus on his lips, the glory of Jesus in his heart. He does
+not say a word of the glory which, from the discovery, is bound to
+accrue to the name of Spain and to his own name; every word is directed
+to, and asking for, the glory of the name of Jesus.
+
+The great discoverer has knelt down, kissed the ground, and said his
+prayer; now, look at that Catholic Spanish sailor standing up, in
+commanding dignity, and planting his Catholic cross and his Spanish flag
+on the discovered land; what does it mean? It means--the Spanish flag in
+America for a time, and the Catholic cross in America forever.
+
+Hail, flag of the discoverer! Spanish flag, the flag of the noble and
+the daring. That Spanish flag came here first, had its glorious day, and
+still in glory went back. Hail, Catholic cross! the cross of the
+discoverer. That cross is not to go back, as the Spanish flag; no, not
+even in glory. About that cross, only two simple words, and that settles
+it; that Catholic cross is here to stay. Hail, American flag!
+star-spangled banner; the banner of the brave and of the free. That one,
+our own flag, came long after the Spanish flag, but we trust came to
+stay as long as the Catholic cross--until doom's-day.
+
+Honor to the lady, Queen Isabella the Catholic. Among all illustrious
+women, Isabella alone has been graced with the title of "the
+Catholic,"--a peerless title! And truly did she deserve the peerless
+title, the lady who threw heart and soul, and, over and above, her gold,
+in the discovery by which, out of the spiritual domains of the Catholic
+church, the sun sets no more; the lady who paved the way over the
+bounding sea to the great discoverer. Bright and energetic lady! She at
+once understood Columbus and stood resolute, ready to pave him the way
+even with her jewels. Listen to her words: "I undertake the enterprise
+for my own crown of Castille, and I will pledge my jewels to raise the
+necessary funds."
+
+The generous lady had not to pledge her jewels; yet her gold was freely
+spent, lavished on the expedition; and she stood by Columbus, in storm
+and sunshine, as long as she lived. Isabella stood by Columbus, in his
+success, with winsome gentleness, keeping up his daring spirit of
+enterprise; and, in his reverses, with the balm of unwavering devotion
+healing his bruised, bleeding heart. Isabella stood by Columbus, as a
+mother by her son, ever, ever true to her heroic son.
+
+Honor to the humble monk, John Perez, Father John, as he was called in
+his convent. That monk whose name will live as long as the names of
+Columbus and Isabella; that monk, great by his learning and still better
+by his heart; that humble, plain man inspired the sailor with
+perseverance indomitable, the lady with generosity unlimited, and
+sustained in both sailor and lady that will power and mount-removing
+faith the result of which was to give "to the Spanish King innumerable
+countries and to God innumerable souls." As the Spanish poet, Lope de
+Vega, beautifully puts it:
+
+  _Al Rey infinitas tierras,
+  Y á Dios infinitas almas._
+
+It is the Spanish throne which backed Columbus; but, mind! that monk was
+"the power behind the throne."
+
+We Louisianians live, may be, in the fairest part of the New World
+discovered by Columbus. When Chevalier La Salle had explored the land,
+he gave it the beautiful name of Louisiana, and he wrote to his king,
+Louis XIV., these words: "The land we have explored and named Louisiana,
+after your Majesty's name, is a paradise, the Eden of the New World."
+Thanks be to God who has cast our lot in this paradise, the Eden of the
+New World, fair Louisiana! Let us honor and ever cherish the memory of
+the hero who led the way and opened this country to our forefathers.
+Louisiana was never blessed with the footprints of Columbus, yet by him
+it was opened to the onward march of the Christian nations.
+
+To the great discoverer, Christopher Columbus, the gratitude of
+Louisiana, the Eden of the New World.
+
+
+BARTOLOMEO COLUMBUS.
+
+     REV. L. A. DUTTO of Jackson, Miss., in an article, "Columbus in
+     Portugal," in the _Catholic World_, April, 1892.
+
+Columbus in 1492, accompanied by a motley crew of sailors of different
+nationalities, crossed the Atlantic and discovered America. Hence the
+glory of that event, second only in importance to the incarnation of
+Christ, is attributed very generally solely to him. As reflex lights of
+that glory, history mentions the names of Queen Isabella, of the Pinzon
+brothers, the friar Juan Perez. There is another name that should be
+placed at head of the list. That is, Bartolomeo Columbus, the brother of
+Christopher. From the beginning there existed a partnership between the
+two in the mighty undertaking; the effect of a common conviction that
+the land of spices, Cipango and Cathay, the East, could be reached by
+traveling west. Both of them spent the best years of their life in
+privation, hardship, and poverty, at times the laughing stock of the
+courts of Europe, in humbly begging from monarchies and republics the
+ships necessary to undertake their voyage. While Christopher patiently
+waited in the antechambers of the Catholic monarchs of Spain,
+Bartolomeo, map in hand, explained to Henry VII. of England the
+rotundity of the earth, and the feasibility of traveling to the
+antipodes. Having failed in his mission to the English king, he passed
+to France to ask of her what had been refused by Portugal, Spain,
+Venice, England, and Genoa. While he was there, Columbus, who had no
+means of communicating with him, sailed from Palos. Had there been, as
+now, a system of international mails, Bartolomeo would now share with
+his brother the title of Discoverer of America. Las Casas represents him
+as little inferior to Christopher in the art of navigation, and as a
+writer and in things pertaining to cartography as his superior. Gallo,
+the earliest biographer of Columbus, and writing during his lifetime,
+has told us that Bartolomeo settled in Lisbon, and there made a living
+by drawing mariners' charts. Giustiniani, another countryman of
+Columbus, says in his polyglot Psalter, published in 1537, that
+Christopher learned cartography from his brother Bartolomeo, who had
+learned it himself in Lisbon. But what may appear more surprising is the
+plain statement of Gallo that Bartolomeo was the first to conceive the
+idea of reaching the East by way of the West, by a transatlantic voyage,
+and that he communicated it to his brother, who was more experienced
+than himself in nautical affairs.
+
+
+FIRST GLIMPSE OF LAND.
+
+     CHARLES H. EDEN, English historical writer and traveler. From "The
+     West Indies."
+
+Nearly four centuries ago, in the year 1492, before the southern point
+of the great African continent had been doubled, and when the barbaric
+splendor of Cathay and the wealth of Hindustan were only known to
+Europeans through the narratives of Marco Polo or Sir John
+Mandeville--early on the morning of Friday, October 12th, a man stood
+bareheaded on the deck of a caravel and watched the rising sun lighting
+up the luxuriant tropical vegetation of a level and beautiful island
+toward which the vessel was gently speeding her way. Three-and-thirty
+days had elapsed since the last known point of the Old World, the Island
+of Ferrol, had faded away over the high poop of his vessel; eventful
+weeks, during which he had to contend against the natural fears of the
+ignorant and superstitious men by whom he was surrounded, and by the
+stratagem of a double reckoning, together with promises of future
+wealth, to allay the murmuring which threatened to frustrate the project
+that for so many years had been nearest his heart. Never, in the darkest
+hour, did the courage of that man quail or his soul admit a single
+doubt of success. When the terrified mariners remarked with awe that the
+needle deviated from the pole star, their intrepid Admiral, by an
+ingenious theory of his own, explained the cause of the phenomenon and
+soothed the alarm that had arisen. When the steady trade-winds were
+reached, and the vessels flew rapidly for days toward the west, the
+commander hailed as a godsend the mysterious breeze that his followers
+regarded with awe as imposing an insuperable barrier to their return to
+sunny Spain. When the prow of the caravel was impeded, and her way
+deadened by the drifting network of the Sargasso Sea, the leader saw
+therein only assured indications of land, and resolutely shut his ears
+against those prophets who foresaw evil in every incident.
+
+Now his hopes were fulfilled, the yearnings of a lifetime realized.
+During the night a light had been seen, and at 2 o'clock in the morning
+land became, beyond all doubt, visible. Then the three little vessels
+laid to, and with the earliest streak of dawn made sail toward the
+coast. A man stood bareheaded on the deck of the leading caravel and
+feasted his eyes upon the wooded shore; the man was Christopher
+Columbus, the land he gazed on the "West Indies."
+
+
+SAN SALVADOR, OR WATLING'S ISLAND.
+
+San Salvador, or Watling's Island, is about twelve miles in length by
+six in breadth, having its interior largely cut up by salt-water
+lagoons, separated from each other by low woody hills. Being one of the
+most fertile of the group, it maintains nearly 2,000 inhabitants, who
+are scattered about over its surface. Peculiar interest will always
+attach itself to this spot as being the first land on which the
+discoverer of the New World set foot.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE MYSTERY OF THE SHADOWY SEA.
+
+     XERIF AL EDRISI, surnamed "The Nubian," an eminent Arabian
+     geographer. Born at Ceuta, Africa, about 1100. In "A Description of
+     Spain" (Conde's Spanish translation, Madrid, 1799). He wrote a
+     celebrated treatise of geography, and made a silver terrestrial
+     globe for Roger II., King of Sicily, at whose court he lived.
+
+The ocean encircles the ultimate bounds of the inhabited earth, and all
+beyond it is unknown. No one has been able to verify anything concerning
+it, on account of its difficult and perilous navigation, its great
+obscurity, its profound depth, and frequent tempests; through fear of
+its mighty fishes and its haughty winds; yet there are many islands in
+it, some peopled, others uninhabited. There is no mariner who dares to
+enter into its deep waters; or, if any have done so, they have merely
+kept along its coasts, fearful of departing from them. The waves of this
+ocean, although they roll as high as mountains, yet maintain themselves
+without breaking, for if they broke it would be impossible for ship to
+plow them.
+
+
+PALOS.
+
+     Prof. MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN. From an article, "Columbus the
+     Christ-Bearer," in the New York _Independent_, June 2, 1892.
+
+The caravels equipped at Palos were so unseaworthy, judged by the
+dangers of the Atlantic, that no crew in our time would have trusted in
+them. The people of Palos disliked this foreigner, Columbus. No man of
+Palos, except the Pinzons, ancient mariners, sympathized with him in his
+hopes. The populace overrated the risks of the voyage; the court,
+fortunately for Columbus, underrated them. The Admiral's own ships and
+his crew were not such as to inspire confidence. His friends, the
+friars, had somewhat calmed the popular feeling against the expedition;
+but ungrateful Palos never approved of it until it made her famous.
+
+
+AN UNDISCOVERED COUNTRY.
+
+     SAMUEL R. ELLIOTT, in the _Century Magazine_, September, 1892.
+
+  You have no heart? Ah, when the Genoese
+    Before Spain's monarchs his great voyage planned,
+  Small faith had they in worlds beyond the seas--
+    And _your_ Columbus yet may come to land!
+
+
+SAGACITY.
+
+     RALPH WALDO EMERSON, the well-known American essayist, poet, and
+     speculative philosopher. Born in Boston, May 25, 1803; died at
+     Concord, April 27, 1882. From his essay on "Success," in _Society
+     and Solitude_. Copyright, by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,
+     publishers, Boston, and with their permission.
+
+Columbus at Veragua found plenty of gold; but, leaving the coast, the
+ship full of one hundred and fifty skillful seamen, some of them old
+pilots, and with too much experience of their craft and treachery to
+him, the wise Admiral kept his private record of his homeward path. And
+when he reached Spain, he told the King and Queen, "That they may ask
+all the pilots who came with him, Where is Veragua? Let them answer and
+say, if they know, where Veragua lies. I assert that they can give no
+other account than that they went to lands where there was abundance of
+gold, but they do not know the way to return thither, but would be
+obliged to go on a voyage of discovery as much as if they had never been
+there before. There is a mode of reckoning," he proudly adds, "derived
+from astronomy, which is sure and safe to any who understands it."
+
+
+THE VOICE OF THE SEA.
+
+     From a poem, "Seashore," by RALPH WALDO EMERSON. Houghton, Mifflin
+     & Co., Boston.
+
+  I with my hammer pounding evermore
+  The rocky coast, smite Andes into dust,
+  Strewing my bed, and, in another age,
+  Rebuild a continent of better men.
+  Then I unbar the doors; my paths lead out
+  The exodus of nations; I disperse
+  Men to all shores that front the hoary main.
+  I too have arts and sorceries;
+  Illusion dwells forever with the wave.
+  I know what spells are laid. Leave me to deal
+  With credulous and imaginative man;
+  For, though he scoop my water in his palm,
+  A few rods off he deems it gems and clouds.
+  Planting strange fruits and sunshine on the shore,
+  I make some coast alluring, some lone isle,
+  To distant men, who must go there, or die.
+
+  [Illustration: COLUMBUS AS A STUDENT AT PAVIA.
+
+  From the Drake Drinking Fountain, Chicago.
+  (See page 118.)]
+
+THE REASONING OF COLUMBUS.
+
+Columbus alleged, as a reason for seeking a continent in the West, that
+the harmony of nature required a great tract of land in the western
+hemisphere to balance the known extent of land in the eastern.--_Ibid._
+
+
+STRANGER THAN FICTION.
+
+     EDWARD EVERETT, a distinguished American orator, scholar, and
+     statesman. Born at Dorchester, Mass., April 11, 1794; died,
+     January 15, 1865. From a lecture on "The Discovery of America,"
+     delivered at a meeting of the Historical Society of New York in
+     1853.
+
+No chapter of romance equals the interest of this expedition. The most
+fascinating of the works of fiction which have issued from the modern
+press have, to my taste, no attraction compared with the pages in which
+the first voyage of Columbus is described by Robertson, and still more
+by our own Irving and Prescott, the last two enjoying the advantage over
+the great Scottish historian of possessing the lately discovered
+journals and letters of Columbus himself. The departure from Palos,
+where a few years before he had begged a morsel of bread and a cup of
+water for his way-worn child; his final farewell to the Old World at the
+Canaries; his entrance upon the trade-winds, which then for the first
+time filled a European sail; the portentous variation of the needle,
+never before observed; the fearful course westward and westward, day
+after day and night after night, over the unknown ocean; the mutinous
+and ill-appeased crew; at length, when hope had turned to despair in
+every heart but one, the tokens of land--the cloud banks on the western
+horizon, the logs of driftwood, the fresh shrub floating with its leaves
+and berries, the flocks of land birds, the shoals of fish that inhabit
+shallow water, the indescribable smell of the shore; the mysterious
+presentment that seems ever to go before a great event; and finally, on
+that ever memorable night of October 12, 1492, the moving light seen by
+the sleepless eye of the great discoverer himself from the deck of the
+Santa Maria, and in the morning the real, undoubted land swelling up
+from the bosom of the deep, with its plains and forests, and hills and
+rocks and streams, and strange new races of men. These are incidents in
+which the authentic history of the discovery of our continent exceeds
+the specious wonders of romance, as much as gold excels tinsel, or the
+sun in the heavens outshines the flickering taper.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF THE HEAVENS--SCORNED.
+
+Dominicans may deride thy discoveries now; but the time will come when
+from two hundred observatories, in Europe and America, the glorious
+artillery of science shall nightly assault the skies; but they shall
+gain no conquests in those glittering fields before which thine shall be
+forgotten. Rest in peace, great Columbus of the heavens![36] like him
+scorned, persecuted, broken-hearted.--_Ibid._
+
+
+FAME.
+
+We find encouragement in every page of our country's history. Nowhere do
+we meet with examples more numerous and more brilliant of men who have
+risen above poverty and obscurity and every disadvantage to usefulness
+and honorable name. One whole vast continent was added to the geography
+of the world by the persevering efforts of a humble Genoese mariner, the
+great Columbus; who, by the steady pursuit of the enlightened conception
+he had formed of the figure of the earth, before any navigator had acted
+upon the belief that it was round, discovered the American continent. He
+was the son of a Genoese pilot, a pilot and seaman himself; and, at one
+period of his melancholy career, was reduced to beg his bread at the
+doors of the convents in Spain. But he carried within himself, and
+beneath a humble exterior, a _spirit_ for which there was not room in
+Spain, in Europe, nor in the then known world; and which led him on to a
+height of usefulness and fame beyond that of all the monarchs that ever
+reigned.--_Ibid._
+
+
+TRIFLING INCIDENT.
+
+     The Venerable FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR, D. D., F. R. S., Archdeacon
+     of Westminster. Born in Bombay, August 7, 1831. From his "Lectures
+     and Addresses."
+
+There are some who are fond of looking at the apparently trifling
+incidents of history, and of showing how the stream of centuries has
+been diverted in one or other direction by events the most
+insignificant. General Garfield told his pupils at Hiram that the roof
+of a certain court house was so absolute a watershed that the flutter
+of a bird's wing would be sufficient to decide whether a particular
+rain-drop should make its way into the Gulf of St. Lawrence or into the
+Gulf of Mexico. The flutter of a bird's wing may have affected all
+history. Some students may see an immeasurable significance in the
+flight of parrots, which served to alter the course of Columbus, and
+guided him to the discovery of North and not of South America.
+
+
+EXCITEMENT AT THE NEWS OF THE DISCOVERY.
+
+     JOHN FISKE, a justly celebrated American historian. Born at
+     Hartford, Conn., March 30, 1842. From "The Discovery of
+     America."[37]
+
+It was generally assumed without question that the Admiral's theory of
+his discovery must be correct, that the coast of Cuba must be the
+eastern extremity of China, that the coast of Hispaniola must be the
+northern extremity of Cipango, and that a direct route--much shorter
+than that which Portugal had so long been seeking--had now been found to
+those lands of illimitable wealth described by Marco Polo. To be sure,
+Columbus had not as yet seen the evidences of this oriental splendor,
+and had been puzzled at not finding them, but he felt confident that he
+had come very near them and would come full upon them in a second
+voyage. There was nobody who knew enough to refute these opinions, and
+really why should not this great geographer, who had accomplished so
+much already which people had scouted as impossible--why should he not
+know what he was about? It was easy enough now to get men and money for
+the second voyage. When the Admiral sailed from Cadiz on September 25,
+1493, it was with seventeen ships, carrying 1,500 men. Their dreams were
+of the marble palaces of Quinsay, of isles of spices, and the treasures
+of Prester John. The sovereigns wept for joy as they thought that such
+untold riches were vouchsafed them, by the special decree of Heaven, as
+a reward for having overcome the Moors at Granada and banished the Jews
+from Spain. Columbus shared these views, and regarded himself as a
+special instrument for executing the divine decrees. He renewed his vow
+to rescue the Holy Sepulcher, promising within the next seven years to
+equip at his own expense a crusading army of 50,000 foot and 4,000
+horse; within five years thereafter he would follow this with a second
+army of like dimensions.
+
+Thus nobody had the faintest suspicion of what had been done. In the
+famous letter to Santangel there is of course not a word about a new
+world. The grandeur of the achievement was quite beyond the ken of the
+generation that witnessed it. For we have since come to learn that in
+1492 the contact between the eastern and the western halves of our
+planet was first really begun, and the two streams of human life which
+had flowed on for countless ages, apart, were thenceforth to mingle
+together. The first voyage of Columbus is thus a unique event in the
+history of mankind. Nothing like it was ever done before, and nothing
+like it can ever be done again. No worlds are left for a future Columbus
+to conquer. The era of which this great Italian mariner was the most
+illustrious representative has closed forever.
+
+
+VINLAND.
+
+     JOHN FISKE, an American historian. Born in Connecticut, 1842. From
+     "Washington and his Country."[38]
+
+Learned men had long known that the earth is round, but people generally
+did not believe it, and it had not occurred to anybody that such a
+voyage would be practicable. People were afraid of going too far out
+into the ocean. A ship which disappears in the offing seems to be going
+down hill; and many people thought that if they were to get too far
+down hill, they could not get back. Other notions, as absurd as this,
+were entertained, which made people dread the "Sea of Darkness," as the
+Atlantic was often called. Accordingly, Columbus found it hard to get
+support for his scheme.
+
+About fifteen years before his first voyage, Columbus seems to have
+visited Iceland, and some have supposed that he then heard about the
+voyages of the Northmen, and was thus led to his belief that land would
+be found by sailing west. He may have thus heard about Vinland, and may
+have regarded the tale as confirming his theory. That theory, however,
+was based upon his belief in the rotundity of the earth. The best proof
+that he was not seriously influenced by the Norse voyages, even if he
+had heard of them, is the fact that he never used them as an argument.
+In persuading people to furnish money for his enterprise, it has been
+well said that an ounce of Vinland would have been worth a pound of talk
+about the shape of the earth.
+
+
+CRITICAL DAYS.
+
+     JOHN MILNER FOTHERGILL, M. D., an English physician. Born at
+     Morland in Westmoreland, April 11, 1841; died, 1888.
+
+Columbus was an Italian who possessed all that determination which came
+of Norse blood combined with the subtlety of the Italian character. He
+thought much of what the ancients said of a short course from Spain to
+India, of Plato's Atlantic Island; and conceived the idea of sailing to
+India over the Atlantic. He applied to the Genoese, who rejected his
+scheme as impracticable; then to Portugal; then to Spain. The fall of
+Granada led to his ultimate success; and at last he set out into the
+unknown sea with a small fleet, which was so ill-formed as scarcely to
+reach the Canaries in safety. Soon after leaving them, the spirits of
+his crew fell, and then Columbus perceived that the art of governing the
+minds of men would be no less requisite for accomplishing the
+discoveries he had in view than naval skill and undaunted courage. He
+could trust himself only. He regulated everything by his sole authority;
+he superintended the execution of every order. As he went farther
+westward the hearts of his crew failed them, and mutiny was imminent.
+But Columbus retained his serenity of mind even under these trying
+circumstances, and induced his crew to persevere for three days more.
+Three critical days in the history of the world.
+
+
+AN APPROPRIATE HOUR.
+
+     JOHN FOSTER, a noted English essayist and moralist. Born at
+     Halifax, September 17, 1770; died at Stapleton, October, 1843.
+
+The _hour_ just now begun may be exactly the period for finishing _some
+great plan_, or concluding _some great dispensation_, which thousands of
+years or ages have been advancing to its accomplishment. _This_ may be
+the _very hour_ in which a new world shall originate or an ancient one
+sink in ruins.
+
+
+RANGE OF ENTERPRISE.
+
+     EDWARD AUGUSTUS FREEMAN, a celebrated English historian. Born at
+     Harborne, Staffordshire, 1823; died at Alicante, Spain, March 16,
+     1892. From an article on "The Intellectual Development of the
+     English People," in the _Chautauquan Magazine_, May, 1891.
+
+The discovery of a new world was something so startling as to help very
+powerfully in the general enlargement of men's minds. And the phrase of
+a new world is fully justified. The discovery of a western continent,
+which followed on the voyage of Columbus, was an event differing in kind
+from any discovery that had ever been made before. And this though there
+is little reason to doubt that the western continent itself had been
+discovered before. The Northmen had certainly found their way to the
+real continent of North America ages before Columbus found his way to
+the West India Islands. But the same results did not come of it, and the
+discovery itself was not of the same kind. The Old World had grown a
+good deal before the discovery of the New. The range of men's thoughts
+and enterprise had gradually spread from the Mediterranean to the
+Atlantic, the Baltic, and the northern seas. To advance from Norway to
+the islands north of Britain, thence to Iceland, Greenland, and the
+American continent, was a gradual process. The great feature in the
+lasting discovery of America, which began at the end of the fifteenth
+century, was its suddenness. Nothing led to it; it was made by an
+accident; men were seeking one thing and then found another. Nothing
+like it has happened before or since.
+
+
+FRIDAY.
+
+     Of evil omen for the ancients. For America the day of glad tidings
+     and glorious deeds.
+
+Friday, the sixth day of the week, has for ages borne the obloquy of
+odium and ill-luck. Friday, October 5th, B. C. 105, was marked
+_nefastus_ in the Roman calendar because on that day Marcus Mallius and
+Cæpio the Consul were slain and their whole army annihilated in Gallia
+Narbonensis by the Cimbrians. It was considered a very unlucky day in
+Spain and Italy; it is still deemed an ill-starred day among the
+Buddhists and Brahmins. The reason given by Christians for its ill-luck
+is, of course, because it was the day of Christ's crucifixion, though
+one would hardly term that an "unlucky event" for Christians. A Friday
+moon is considered unlucky for weather. It is the Mohammedan Sabbath and
+was the day on which Adam was created. The Sabeans consecrated it to
+Venus or Astarte. According to mediæval romance, on this day fairies
+and all the tribes of elves of every description were converted into
+hideous animals and remained so until Monday. In Scotland it is a great
+day for weddings. In England it is not. Sir William Churchill says,
+"Friday is my lucky day. I was born, christened, married, and knighted
+on that day, and all my best accidents have befallen me on a Friday."
+Aurungzebe considered Friday a lucky day and used to say in prayer, "Oh,
+that I may die on a Friday, for blessed is he that dies on that day."
+British popular saying terms a trial, misfortune, or cross a "Friday
+tree," from the "accursed tree" on which the Savior was crucified on
+that day. Stow, the historian of London, states that "Friday Street" was
+so called because it was the street of fish merchants who served the
+Friday markets. In the Roman Catholic church Friday is a fast day, and
+is considered an unlucky day because it was the day of Christ's
+crucifixion. Soames ("Anglo-Saxon Church," page 255) says of it, "Adam
+and Eve ate the forbidden fruit on Friday and died on Friday." Shakspere
+refers to the ill-omened nature of the day as follows: "The duke, I say
+to thee again, would eat mutton Friday" ("Measure for Measure," Act 3,
+Scene 2).
+
+But to turn to the more pleasing side, great has been the good fortune
+of the land of freedom on this ill-starred day. On Friday, August 3,
+1492, Christopher Columbus set sail from the port of Palos on his great
+voyage of discovery. On Friday, October 12, 1492, he discovered land; on
+Friday, January 4, 1493, he sailed on his return voyage to Spain. On
+Friday, March 14, 1493, he arrived at Palos, Spain, in safety. On
+Friday, November 22, 1493, he arrived at Espaņola on his second voyage
+to America. On Friday, June 12, 1494, he discovered the mainland of
+America. On Friday, March 5, 1496, Henry VIII. gave John Cabot his
+commission to pursue the discovery of America. On Friday, September 7,
+1565, Melendez founded St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest town in the
+United States. On Friday, November 10, 1620, the Mayflower, with the
+Pilgrim Fathers, reached the harbor of Provincetown. On Friday, December
+22, 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock. On Friday,
+February 22, 1732, George Washington was born. On Friday, June 16, 1755,
+Bunker Hill was seized and fortified. On Friday, October 17, 1777,
+Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. On Friday, September 22, 1780,
+Benedict Arnold's treason was discovered. On Friday, September 19, 1791,
+Lord Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. On Friday, July 7, 1776, a
+motion was made by John Adams that "the United States are and ought to
+be independent." On Friday, July 13, 1866, the Great Eastern steamship
+sailed from Valentia, Ireland, with the second and successful Atlantic
+cable, and completed the laying of this link of our civilization at
+Heart's Content, Newfoundland, on Friday, July 27, 1866. In Spanish
+history it is noteworthy that on Friday the Christians under Ferdinand
+and Isabella had won Granada from the Moors. On a Friday, also, the
+First Crusaders, under Geoffrey de Bouillon, took Jerusalem.
+
+
+A PREVIOUS DISCOVERY.
+
+     PAUL GAFFAREL. Summarized from "Les Découvreurs Franįais du XIVme
+     au XVIme Sičcle," published at Paris in 1888.
+
+Jean Cousin, in 1488, sailed from Dieppe, then the great commercial and
+naval port of France, and bore out to sea, to avoid the storms so
+prevalent in the Bay of Biscay. Arrived at the latitude of the Azores,
+he was carried westward by a current, and came to an unknown country
+near the mouth of an immense river. He took possession of the
+continent, but, as he had not sufficient crew nor material resources
+adequate for founding a settlement, he re-embarked. Instead of returning
+directly to Dieppe, he took a southeasterly direction--that is, toward
+South Africa--discovered the cape which has since retained the name of
+Cap des Aiguilles (Cape Agulhas, the southern point of Africa), went
+north by the Congo and Guinea, and returned to Dieppe in 1489. Cousin's
+lieutenant was a Castilian, Pinzon by name, who was jealous of his
+captain, and caused him considerable trouble on the Gold Coast. On
+Cousin's complaint, the admiralty declared him unfit to serve in the
+marine of Dieppe. Pinzon then retired to Genoa, and afterward to
+Castille. Every circumstance tends toward the belief that this is the
+same Pinzon to whom Columbus afterward intrusted the command of the
+Pinta.
+
+
+GENIUS TRAVELS EAST TO WEST.
+
+     The Abbé FERNANDO GALIANI, an Italian political economist. Born at
+     Chieti, on the Abruzzi, 1728; died at Naples, 1787.
+
+For five thousand years genius has turned opposite to the diurnal
+motion, and traveled from east to west.
+
+
+OBSERVATION LIKE COLUMBUS.
+
+     The Rev. CUNNINGHAM GEIKIE, D. D., a noted English clergyman. Born
+     at Edinborough, October 26, 1826.
+
+Reading should be a Columbus voyage, in which nothing passes without
+note and speculation; the Sargasso Sea, mistaken for the New Indies; the
+branch with the fresh berries; the carved pole; the currents; the color
+of the water; the birds; the odor of the land; the butterflies; the
+moving light on the shore.
+
+
+THE GENOA INSCRIPTION.
+
+The following inscription is placed upon Columbus' house, No. 37, in the
+Vico Dritto Ponticello, Genoa, Italy:
+
+  _NVLLA. DOMVS. TITVLO. DIGNIOR.
+  HAEIC.
+  PATERNIS. IN. AEDIBVS.
+  CHRISTOPHVS. COLVMBVS.
+  PRIMAQVE. JVVENTAM. TRANSEGIT._
+
+  (No house deserved better an inscription.
+  This is the paternal home of Christopher Columbus, where
+  he passed his childhood and youth.)
+
+
+THE GENOA STATUE.
+
+"Genoa and Venice," writes Mr. Oscar Browning, in _Picturesque Europe_,
+"have much in common--both republics, both aristocracies, both
+commercial, both powerful maritime states; yet, while the Doge of Venice
+remains to us as the embodiment of stately and majestic pre-eminence, we
+scarcely remember, or have forgotten, that there ever was a Doge of
+Genoa. This surely can not be because Shakspere did not write of the
+Bank of St. George or because Genoa has no Rialto. It must be rather
+because, while Genoa devoted herself to the pursuits of riches and
+magnificence, Venice fought the battle of Europe against barbarism, and
+recorded her triumphs in works of art which will live forever. * * *
+Genoa has no such annals and no such art. As we wander along the narrow
+streets we see the courtyards of many palaces, the marble stairs, the
+graceful _loggia_, the terraces and the arches of which stand out
+against an Italian sky; but we look in vain for the magnificence of
+public halls, where the brush of Tintoretto or Carpaccio decorated the
+assembly-room of the rulers of the East or the chapter-house of a
+charitable fraternity."
+
+The artistic monument of Columbus, situated in the Piazza Acquaverde,
+facing the railway station, consists of a marble statue fitly embowered
+amid tropical palms, and is composed of a huge quadrangular pedestal, at
+the angles of which are seated allegorical figures of Religion,
+Geography, Strength, and Wisdom. Resting on this pedestal is a large
+cylindrical pedestal decorated with three ships' prows, on which stands
+a colossal figure of Columbus, his left hand resting on an anchor. At
+his feet, in a half-sitting, half-kneeling posture, is an allegorical
+figure of America in the act of adoring a crucifix, which she holds in
+her right hand. The four bas-reliefs on the sides of the pedestal
+represent the most important events in the life of the great discoverer:
+(1) Columbus before the Council of Salamanca; (2) Columbus taking formal
+possession of the New World; (3) his flattering reception at the court
+of Ferdinand and Isabella; (4) Columbus in chains. It is as well that
+this, the saddest of episodes, should be remembered, because great
+actions are as often as not emphasized by martyrdom.
+
+The first stone of the monument was laid September 27, 1846, and the
+completed statue formally dedicated in 1862. It bears the laconic but
+expressive dedication: "_A Cristoforo Colombo, La Patria_" (The Nation
+to Christopher Columbus).
+
+Genoa claims, with the largest presumption of truth, that Christopher
+Columbus was born there. The best of historical and antiquarian research
+tends to show that in a house, No. 37, in the Vico Dritto Ponticello,
+lived Domenico Colombo, the father of Christopher, and that in this
+house the Great Admiral was born. In 1887 the Genoese municipality
+bought the house, and an inscription has been placed over the door. To
+give the exact date of Christopher's birth is, however, difficult, but
+it is believed to have occurred sometime between March 15, 1446, and
+March 20, 1447.
+
+Whether Columbus was actually a native of Genoa or of Cogoletto--the
+latter is a sequestered little town a few miles west of the former--must
+ever remain a matter of conjecture. True enough, the house in which his
+father followed the trade of a wool-carder in Genoa is eagerly pointed
+out to a stranger; but the inscription on the marble tablet over the
+entrance does not state that the future discoverer was really born in
+it. This stands in a narrow alley designated the Vico di Morcento, near
+the prison of San Andrea.
+
+On the other hand, the little town hall at Cogoletto contains a portrait
+of Columbus, more than 300 years old, whose frame is completely covered
+with the names of enthusiastic travelers. The room in which he is
+believed to have been born resembles a cellar rather than aught else;
+while the broken pavement shows how visitors have at various times taken
+up the bricks to preserve as relics. As if this undoubted evidence of
+hero worship were insufficient, the old woman in charge of the place
+hastens to relate how a party of Americans one day lifted the original
+door off its hinges and carried it bodily away between them.
+
+As all the world knows, Columbus died at Valladolid on the 20th of May,
+1506. It has always been a matter of intense regret to the Genoese that
+his body should have been permitted to be shipped across the seas to its
+first resting-place in San Domingo. More fortunate, however, were they
+in securing the remains of their modern kinsman and national patriot,
+Mazzini.
+
+On the 29th of May, 1892, under the auspices of Ligurian Gymnastic
+Society Cristofore Columbo, a bronze wreath was placed at the base of
+the Columbus monument.
+
+The Ligurian Gymnastic Society Cristofore Columbo is an association
+which cultivates athletic exercises, music, and, above all, patriotism
+and charity. To awaken popular interest in the coming exhibition, the
+society had a bronze wreath made by the well-known sculptor Burlando,
+and fitting ceremonies took place, with a procession through the
+streets, before affixing the wreath at the base of the monument. The
+wreath, which weighed some 500 pounds, was carried by a figure
+representing Genoa seated on a triumphal car. There were 7,000 members
+of the society present, with not less than fifty bands of music. The
+ceremonies, beginning at 10 A. M., were concluded at 4 P. M. The last
+act was a hymn, sung by 2,000 voices, with superb effect. Then, by means
+of machinery, the bronze crown was put in its proper position. Never was
+Genoa in a gayer humor, nor could the day have been more propitious. The
+streets were decorated with flowers and banners. There were
+representatives from Rome, Florence, Milan, Turin, Venice, Naples,
+Leghorn, Palermo, and visitors from all parts of Europe and America. In
+the evening only did the festivities close with a grand dinner given by
+the Genoese municipality.
+
+In this, the glorification of the grand old city of Liguria, was united
+that of its most memorable man, Christopher Columbus, for that mediæval
+feeling, when cities had almost individual personalities, is still a
+civic sense alive in Genoa. She rejoices in the illustrious men born
+within her walls with a sentiment akin to that of a mother for her son.
+
+In an artistic sense, nothing could have been more complete than this
+festival. Throwing the eye upward, beyond the figure of Columbus, the
+frame is perfect. The slanting ways leading up to the handsome houses on
+the background are wonderfully effective.
+
+Genoa is rich in the relics of Columbus. In the city hall of Genoa is,
+among other relics, a mosaic portrait of the Admiral, somewhat modified
+from the De Bry's Columbus. Genoa is fortunate in possessing a number of
+authentic letters of Columbus, and these are preserved in a marble
+custodia, surmounted by a head of Columbus. In the pillar which forms
+the pedestal there is a bronze door, and the precious Columbus documents
+have been placed there.
+
+
+GERMANY AND COLUMBUS.
+
+The Geographical Society of Germany will shortly publish a volume
+commemorative of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by
+Columbus, which will, it is said, be one of the most elaborate
+publications ever issued by the society. Dr. Konrad Kretschmer, the
+editor of the forthcoming work, has visited all the principal libraries
+of Italy in search of material, and has had access to many rare
+manuscripts hitherto unused. The memorial volume will contain forty-five
+maps relating to the discovery of America, thirty-one of which are said
+to have never been published. Emperor William has contributed 15,000
+marks toward the expenses of publication, etc., and the work will
+undoubtedly be a most valuable contribution to the early history of
+America. It is expected that it will leave the government printing
+office early in August.
+
+
+GERMANY'S EXHIBIT OF RARITIES.
+
+Germany proposes to loan a collection of Columbus rarities to the United
+States Government for exhibition at the Chicago Exposition, as will be
+seen by a communication to the State Department from Consul-general
+Edwards at Berlin. In his document, Mr. Edwards says:
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE OF COLUMBUS. No. 37 Vico Dritto Ponticelli, Genoa,
+Italy. (See page 140.)]
+
+The German government, appreciating the fact that no time is to be lost
+in this matter, has begun to carry its generous and friendly proposals
+into practical operation by instituting a thorough search in the various
+galleries, museums, and libraries throughout Germany for works of
+art, objects, and rarities which are in any way identified with the
+Columbus period, and which the German government believes would be
+likely to be of general interest to the authorities of the World's
+Columbian Exposition as well as the visitors at that great show.
+
+Among other works of art the German government consents to loan
+Pludderman's celebrated painting, "The Discovery of America by
+Columbus." Under the laws of Germany, as well as under the rules and
+regulations of the National Gallery, no person is permitted to
+lithograph, photograph, or make any sort of a copy of any picture or
+other work of art in the care or custody of any national gallery, in
+case when the artist has not been dead for a period of thirty years,
+without having first obtained the written permission of the legal
+representative of the deceased artist, coupled with the consent of the
+National Gallery authorities. Pludderman not having been dead thirty
+years, I have given assurances that this regulation will be observed by
+the United States Government.
+
+
+THE REASON FOR SAILORS' SUPERSTITIONS.
+
+     His Eminence JAMES GIBBONS, D.D., a celebrated American
+     ecclesiastic. Born in Baltimore, Md., July 23, 1834.
+
+There is but a plank between a sailor and eternity, and perhaps the
+realization of that fact may have something to do with the superstition
+lurking in his nature.
+
+
+ONCE THE PILLARS OF HERCULES WERE THE END OF THE WORLD.
+
+WILLIAM GIBSON.
+
+  Thus opening on that glooming sea,
+    Well seemed these walls[39] the ends of earth;
+  Death and a dark eternity
+    Sublimely symboled forth!
+
+  Ere to one eagle soul was given
+    The will, the wings, that deep to brave;
+  In the sun's path to find a heaven,
+    A New World--o'er the wave.
+
+  Retraced the path Columbus trod,
+    Our course was from the setting sun;
+  While all the visible works of God,
+    Though various else had one.
+
+
+NEW LIGHT ON CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.
+
+     From the Glasgow _Times_.
+
+The discovery by the Superintendent of the Military Archives at Madrid
+of documents probably setting at rest the doubts that formerly existed
+as to the birthplace of Columbus, must have awakened new interest in the
+history of the most renowned discoverer of the past. It is to be noted,
+however, that the documents only affirm tradition, for Genoa has always
+been the Admiral's accredited birthplace. But if the discovery should
+lead to nothing but a more careful investigation of the records of his
+later history it will have been of use.
+
+The character of Columbus has been greatly misunderstood, and his 600
+biographers have in turn invested him with the glory of the religious
+hero and the contumely of the ill-tempered and crack-brained adventurer.
+An impartial critic must admit, indeed, that he was something of both,
+though more of the hero than the adventurer, and that his biographers
+have erred considerably in what Mr. R. L. Stevenson would call their
+"point of view."
+
+Educated, as it is supposed, in the local schools of Genoa, and for a
+short period at the University of Pavia, the youthful Columbus must have
+come in close contact with the scholars of the day. Naturally of a
+religious temperament, the piety of the learned would early impress him,
+and to this may possibly be attributed the feeling that he had been
+divinely selected, which remained with him until his death.
+
+There is little doubt that he began his career as a sailor, at the age
+of fourteen, with the sole object of plunder. The Indies were the
+constant attraction for the natives of Venice and Genoa; the
+Mediterranean and the Adriatic were filled with treasure ships. In these
+circumstances it is not to be wondered that the sea possessed a
+wonderful fascination for the youth of those towns. This opulence was
+the constant envy of Spain and Portugal, and Columbus was soon attracted
+to the latter country by the desire of Prince Henry to discover a
+southern route to the Indies. It was while in Portugal that he began to
+believe that his mission on earth was to be the discoverer of a new
+route to the land of gold--"the white man's god." For two years he
+resided in Lisbon, from time to time making short voyages, but for the
+most part engaged drawing maps to procure himself a living. Here he
+married, here his son Diego was born, and here his wife, who died at an
+early age, was buried.
+
+Toscanelli at this time advanced the theory that the earth was round,
+and Columbus at once entered into correspondence with him on the
+subject, and was greatly impressed with the views of the Florentine
+scientist, both as to the sphericity of the world and the wonders of the
+Asiatic region. Heresy-hunting was then a favorite pastime, and
+Columbus in accepting these theories ran no small risk of losing his
+life. Portugal and France in turn rejected his offers to add to their
+dependencies by his discoveries; and, though his brother found many in
+England willing to give him the necessary ships to start on his
+adventures, Spain, after much importuning on the part of the explorer,
+forestalled our own country.
+
+Then followed his four eventful voyages with all their varying fortunes,
+and his death, when over seventy years of age, in a wretched condition
+of poverty. The ready consideration of theories, not only dangerous but
+so astounding in their character as to throw discredit on those who
+advanced them, shows him to have been a man of intellectual courage.
+Humility was another trait of his character, and in all his life it can
+not be said that he acted in any but an honest and straightforward
+manner toward his fellow-men.
+
+It is true, no doubt, that his recognition of slavery somewhat dims his
+reputation. He sold many Indians as slaves, but it should be remembered
+that slavery prevailed at the time, and it was only on his second
+voyage, when hard pressed for means to reimburse the Spanish treasury
+for the immense expense of the expedition, that he resorted to the
+barter in human flesh. Indeed, his friendly relations with the natives
+show that, as a rule, he must have treated them in the kindly manner
+which characterized all his actions.
+
+Throughout the reverses of his long career, whether received with
+sneers, lauded as a benefactor of his country, put in chains by crafty
+fellow-subjects, or defrauded, by an unscrupulous prince, of the profit
+of his discoveries, he continued a man of an eminently lovable
+character, kind to his family, his servants, and even his enemies.
+Americans are to do honor at the Columbian Exhibition to the name of him
+who, though not the first white man to land on the shores of the New
+World, was the first to colonize its fertile islands. Not only America,
+but the whole world, may emulate his virtues with advantage; for, even
+now, justice and mercy, courage and meekness, do not always abide
+together.
+
+
+SECRET.
+
+     FRANK B. GOODRICH, an American author of several popular books.
+     Born in Boston, 1826. From his "History of the Sea."
+
+John II. of Portugal applied for an increase of power, and obtained a
+grant of all the lands which his navigators could discover in sailing
+_from west to east_. The grand idea of sailing from east to west--one
+which implied a knowledge of the sphericity of the globe--had not yet,
+to outward appearance, penetrated the brain of either pope or layman.
+One Christopher Columbus, however, was already brooding over it in
+secret and in silence.
+
+
+THE PERIOD.
+
+     FRANĮOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT, a distinguished French statesman
+     and historian. Born at Nîmes, October 4, 1787; died September 12,
+     1874. From his "History of Civilization" (5 vols., 1845).
+
+The period in question was also one of the most remarkable for the
+display of physical activity among men. It was a period of voyages,
+travels, enterprises, discoveries, and inventions of every kind. It was
+the time of the great Portuguese expedition along the coast of Africa;
+of the discovery of the new passage to India, by Vasco de Gama; of the
+discovery of America, by Christopher Columbus; of the wonderful
+extension of European commerce. A thousand new inventions started up;
+others already known, but confined within a narrow sphere, became
+popular and in general use. Gunpowder changed the system of war; the
+compass changed the system of navigation. Painting in oil was invented,
+and filled Europe with masterpieces of art. Engraving on copper,
+invented in 1406, multiplied and diffused them. Paper made of linen
+became common. Finally, between 1436 and 1452, was invented
+printing--printing, the theme of so many declamations and commonplaces,
+but to whose merits and effect no commonplaces or declamations will ever
+be able to do justice.
+
+
+MORNING TRIUMPHANT.
+
+     Rev. F. W. GUNSAULUS, D. D., an American divine and able pulpit
+     orator; at present, pastor of Plymouth Church, Chicago. From "New
+     Testament and Liberty."
+
+Look again! It has become so light now that it is easy to see. Yonder in
+the West a man has been pleading before courts, praying to God,
+thinking, and dreaming. His brave heart sends forth hot tears, but it
+will not fail. The genius of God has seized him. The Holy Ghost has
+touched him as the spirit of liberty. Humanity cries through him for
+more room. Emperors will not hear. But he gains one ear, at last, and
+with the mariner's needle set out for the unknown. Civilization has
+always walked by faith and not by sight. And do not forget to note,
+that, in that log-book, the first mark is, "In the name of our Lord
+Jesus Christ." On! brave man, on! over wastes of ocean, in the midst of
+scorn, through hate, rage, mutiny, even death--and despair, worse than
+death. On! there is an America on the other side to balance. Cheerless
+nights, sad days, nights dark with woe, days hideous with the form of
+death, weeks sobbing with pity; but in that heart is He whose name is
+written in the log-book. "Land ahead!" And Columbus has discovered a
+continent. Humanity has another world. Light from the four corners of
+heaven. Glory touching firmament and planet. It is morning! Triumphant,
+beautiful dawn!
+
+
+TENDENCY.
+
+     ARNOLD HENRY GUYOT, Ph. D., LL. D., a meritorious writer on
+     physical geography. Born near Neufchâtel, Switzerland, 1807.
+     Professor of geology and physical geography at Princeton College
+     from 1855 until his death, February 8, 1884. From "Earth and Man"
+     (1849).
+
+As the plant is made for the animal, as the vegetable world is made for
+the animal world, America is made for the man of the Old World. The man
+of the Old World sets out upon his way. Leaving the highlands of Asia,
+he descends from station to station toward Europe. Each of his steps is
+marked by a new civilization superior to the preceding, by a greater
+power of development. Arrived at the Atlantic, he pauses on the shore of
+this unknown ocean, the bounds of which he knows not, and turns upon his
+footprints for an instant; then recommences his adventurous career
+westward as in the earliest ages.
+
+
+NEW LIFE.
+
+     EDWARD EVERETT HALE, D. D., a celebrated American author. Born in
+     Boston, Mass., April 3, 1822. From an article, "Christopher
+     Columbus," in the _Independent_, June 2, 1892.
+
+What the world owes to him and to Isabella, who made his work possible,
+it is impossible in few words to say. The moment was one when Europe
+needed America as never before. She had new life, given by the fall of
+Constantinople, by the invention of printing, by the expulsion of the
+Moors; there was new life even seething in the first heats of the
+Reformation; and Europe must break her bonds, else she would die. Her
+outlet was found in America. Here it is that that Power who orders
+history could try, on a fit scale, the great experiments of the new
+life. Thus it was ordered, let us say reverently, that South America
+should show what the Catholic church could do in the line of civilizing
+a desert, and that North America should show what the coming church of
+the future could do. To us it is interesting to remember that Columbus
+personally led the first discovery of South America, and that he made
+the first effort for a colony on our half of the continent. Of these two
+experiments the North America of to-day and South America of to-day are
+the issue.
+
+
+TRIUMPH OF AN IDEA.
+
+The life of Columbus is an illustration constantly brought for the
+success which God gives to those who, having conceived of a great idea,
+bravely determine to carry it through. His singleness of purpose, his
+determination to succeed, have been cited for four centuries, and will
+be cited for centuries more among the noblest illustrations which
+history has given of success wrought out by the courage of one
+man.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE EAST LONGED FOR THE WEST.
+
+    EDWARD EVERETT HALE, in _Overland Monthly Magazine_. An article on
+    "A Visit to Palos."
+
+
+Lord Houghton, following Freiligrath, has sung to us how the
+
+  Palm tree dreameth of the pine,
+  The pine tree of the palm;
+
+and in his delicate imaginings the dream is of two continents--ocean
+parted--each of which longs for the other. Strange enough, as one pushes
+along the steep ascent from the landing at Rábida, up the high bluff on
+which the convent stands, the palm tree and the pine grow together, as
+in token of the dream of the great discoverer, who was to unite the
+continents.
+
+
+LIFE FOR LIBERTY.
+
+     FITZ-GREENE HALLECK, a noted American poet. Born in Guilford,
+     Conn., July 8, 1790; died November 19, 1867.
+
+  Thy voice sounds like a prophet's word,
+  And in its hollow tones are heard
+    The thanks of millions yet to be.
+  Come when his task of fame is wrought,
+  Come with her laurel-leaf, blood-bought,
+    Come in her crowning hour, and then
+  Thy sunken eye's unearthly light
+  To him is welcome as the sight
+    Of sky and stars to prison'd men;
+  Thy grasp is welcome as the hand
+  Of brother in a foreign land;
+  Thy summons welcome as the cry
+  That told the Indian isles were nigh
+    To the world-seeking Genoese,
+  When the land wind, from woods of palm,
+  And orange groves, and fields of balm,
+    Blew o'er the Haytian seas.
+
+
+GENOA.
+
+     MURAT HALSTEAD, an American journalist. Born at Ross, Ohio,
+     September 2, 1829. From "Genoa--the Home of Columbus," a paper in
+     _Cosmopolitan_, May, 1892.
+
+The Italian coast all around the Gulf of Genoa is mountainous, and the
+mountains crowd each other almost into the sea. Land that can be built
+upon or cultivated is scarce, and the narrow strips that are possible
+are on the sunny southern slopes. The air is delicious. The orange trees
+in December lean over the garden walls, heavy with golden spheres, and
+the grass is green on the hills, and when a light snow falls the roses
+blush through the soft veil of lace, and are modest but not ashamed, as
+they bow their heads. The mountains are like a wall of iron against the
+world, and from them issues a little river whose waters are pure as the
+dew, until the washerwomen use them and spread clothing on the wide
+spaces of clean gravel to dry. The harbor is easily defended, and with
+the same expensive equipment would be strong as Gibraltar. It is in this
+isolation that the individuality of Genoa, stamped upon so many chapters
+of world-famous history, grew. There is so little room for a city that
+the buildings are necessarily lofty. The streets are narrow and steep.
+The pavements are blocks of stone that would average from two to three
+feet in length, one foot in width, and of unknown depth. Evidently they
+are not constructed for any temporary purpose, but to endure forever.
+When, for a profound reason, a paving-stone is taken up it is speedily
+replaced, with the closest attention to exact restoration, and then it
+is again a rock of ages.
+
+
+THE CELEBRATION AT HAMBURG.
+
+Among the celebrations of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of
+America, that of the city of Hamburg, in Germany, will occupy a
+prominent place. On October 1st an exhibition will be opened at which
+objects will be on view that bear on the history of the act of
+discovery, on the condition of geographical science of the time, and on
+the conditions of the inhabitants of America at the time of the
+discovery. Side by side with these will be exhibited whatever can show
+the condition of America at the present time. On the date of the
+discovery of the little Island of Guanahani--that is, October 12th--the
+celebration proper will take place. The exercises will consist of songs
+and music and a goodly array of speeches. In the evening, tableaux and
+processions will be performed in the largest hall of the city. The
+scenery, costumes, and implements used will all be got up as they were
+at the time of the discovery, so as to furnish a real representation of
+the age of Columbus.
+
+
+SEEKER AND SEER--A RHYME FOR THE DEDICATION OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
+
+     EDWARD J. HARDING, in the Chicago _Tribune_, September 17, 1892.
+
+  I.
+
+      What came ye forth to see?
+  Why from the sunward regions of the palm,
+  And piney headlands by the northern main,
+  From Holland's watery ways, and parching Spain,
+  From pleasant France and storied Italy,
+  From India's patience, and from Egypt's calm,
+  To this far city of a soil new-famed
+      Come ye in festal guise to-day,
+      Charged with no fatal "gifts of Greece,"
+      Nor Punic treaties double-tongued,
+      But proffering hands of amity,
+      And speaking messages of peace,
+  With drum-beats ushered, and with shouts acclaimed,
+      While cannon-echoes lusty-lung'd
+          Reverberate far away?
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  IV.
+
+      Our errand here to-day
+      Hath warrant fair, ye say;
+      We come with you to consecrate
+  A hero's, ay a prophet's monument;
+      Yet needs he none, who was so great;
+  Vainly they build in Cuba's isle afar
+  His sepulcher beside the sapphire sea;
+  He hath for cenotaph a continent,
+  For funeral wreaths, the forests waving free,
+      And round his grave go ceaselessly
+      The morning and the evening star.
+  Yet is it fit that ye should praise him best,
+      For ye his true descendants are,
+      A spirit-begotten progeny;
+  Wherefore to thee, fair city of the West,
+      From elder lands we gladly came
+      To grace a prophet's fame.
+
+  V.
+
+  Beauteous upon the waters were the wings
+  That bore glad tidings o'er the leaping wave
+  Of sweet Hesperian isles, more bland and fair
+  Than lover's looks or bard's imaginings;
+      And blest was he, the hero brave,
+      Who first the tyrannous deeps defied,
+  And o'er the wilderness of waters wide
+  A sun-pursuing highway did prepare
+      For those true-hearted exiles few
+  The house of Liberty that reared anew.
+      Nor fails he here of honor due.
+      These goodly structures ye behold,
+      These towering piles in order brave,
+      From whose tall crests the pennons wave
+      Like tropic plumage, gules and gold;
+      These ample halls, wherein ye view
+      Whate'er is fairest wrought and best--
+      South with North vying, East with West,
+      And arts of yore with science new--
+  Bear witness for us how religiously
+      We cherish here his memory.
+
+  VI.
+
+      Yet sure, the adventurous Genoese
+  Did never in his most enlightened hours
+  Forecast the high, the immortal destinies
+      Of this dear land of ours.
+  Nay, could ye call him hither from his tomb,
+  Think ye that he would mark with soul elate
+  A kingless people, a schismatic State,
+  Nor on his work invoke perpetual doom?
+  Though the whole Sacred College o'er and o'er
+  Pronounce him sainted, prophet was he none
+  Who to Cathaia's legendary shore
+      Deemed that his bark a path had won.
+      In sooth, our Western pioneer
+      Was all as prescient as he
+      Who cried, "The desert shall exult,
+      The wild shall blossom as the rose,"
+      And to a passing rich result
+      Through summer heats and winter snows
+      Toiling to prove himself a seer,
+      Accomplished his own prophecy.
+      Lo, here a greater far than he,
+      A prophet nation hath its dwelling,
+      With multitudinous voice foretelling,
+          "Man shall be free!"
+
+  VII.
+
+  Hellas for Beauty, Rome for Order, stood,
+      And Israel for the Good;
+  Our message to the world is Liberty;
+  Not the rude freedom of anarchic hordes,
+  But reasoned kindness, whose benignant code
+  Upon the emblazoned walls of history
+      We carved with our good swords,
+      And crimsoned with our blood.
+  Last, from our eye we plucked the obscuring mote,
+  (Not without tears expelled, and sharpest pain,)
+      From swarthy limbs the galling chain
+      With shock on mighty shock we smote,
+      Whereby with clearer gaze we scan
+  The heaven-writ message that we bear for man.
+  Not ours to give, as erst the Genoese,
+      Of a new world the keys;
+  But of the prison-world ye knew before
+      Hewing in twain the door,
+  To thralls of custom and of circumstance
+      We preach deliverance.
+  O self-imprisoned ones, be free! be free!
+  These fetters frail, by doting ages wrought
+  Of basest metals--fantasy and fear,
+  And ignorance dull, and fond credulity--
+      Have moldered, lo! this many a year;
+  See, at a touch they part, and fall to naught!
+  Yours is the heirship of the universe,
+  Would ye but claim it, nor from eyes averse
+  Let fall the tears of needless misery;
+      Deign to be free!
+
+  VIII.
+
+  The prophets perish, but their word endures;
+  The word abides, the prophets pass away;
+  Far be the hour when Hellas' fate is yours,
+  O Nation of the newer day!
+      Unmeet it were that I,
+  Who sit beside your hospitable fire
+  A stranger born--though honoring as a sire
+  The land that binds me with a closer tie
+  Than hers that bore me--should from sullen throat
+  Send forth a raven's ominous note
+      Upon a day of jubilee.
+      Yet signs of coming ill I see,
+  Which Heaven avert! Nay, rather let me deem
+      That like a bright and broadening stream
+  Fed by a hundred affluents, each a river
+  Far-sprung and full, Columbia's life shall flow
+  By level meads majestically slow,
+      Blessing and blest forever!
+
+
+THE JESUIT GEOGRAPHER.
+
+     JEAN HARDOUIN, a French Jesuit. Born at Quimper, 1646; died, 1729.
+
+The rotation of the earth is due to the efforts of the damned to escape
+from their central fire. Climbing up the walls of hell, they cause the
+earth to revolve as a squirrel its cage.
+
+
+COLUMBUS DAY.
+
+     _By the President of the United States of America. A proclamation:_
+
+WHEREAS, By a joint resolution, approved June 29, 1892, it was resolved
+by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
+America, in Congress assembled, "That the President of the United States
+be authorized and directed to issue a proclamation recommending to the
+people the observance in all their localities of the 400th anniversary
+of the discovery of America, on the 21st day of October, 1892, by public
+demonstration and by suitable exercises in their schools and other
+places of assembly."
+
+Now, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, in pursuance of the aforesaid joint resolution, do hereby
+appoint Friday, October 21, 1892, the 400th anniversary of the discovery
+of America by Columbus, as a general holiday for the people of the
+United States. On that day let the people, so far as possible, cease
+from toil and devote themselves to such exercises as may best express
+honor to the discoverer and their appreciation of the great
+achievements of the four completed centuries of American life.
+
+Columbus stood in his age as the pioneer of progress and enlightenment.
+The system of universal education is in our age the most prominent and
+salutary feature of the spirit of enlightenment, and it is peculiarly
+appropriate that the schools be made by the people the center of the
+day's demonstration. Let the national flag float over every school-house
+in the country, and the exercises be such as shall impress upon our
+youth the patriotic duties of American citizenship.
+
+In the churches and in the other places of assembly of the people, let
+there be expressions of gratitude to Divine Providence for the devout
+faith of the discoverer, and for the Divine care and guidance which has
+directed our history and so abundantly blessed our people.
+
+IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 21st day of July, in the year of
+our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, and of the
+independence of the United States the one hundred and seventeenth.
+
+                                           BENJAMIN HARRISON.
+
+   ~~~~~    By the President.
+  {L. S.}
+  ~~~~~     JOHN W. FOSTER, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+THE ADMIRATION OF A CAREFUL CRITIC.
+
+     HENRY HARRISSE, a celebrated Columbian critic, in his erudite and
+     valuable work, "Columbus and the Bank of St. George."
+
+Nor must you believe that I am inclined to lessen the merits of the
+great Genoese or fail to admire him. But my admiration is the result of
+reflection, and not a blind hero-worship. Columbus removed out of the
+range of mere speculation the idea that beyond the Atlantic Ocean lands
+existed and could be reached by sea, made of the notion a fixed fact,
+and linked forever the two worlds. That event, which is unquestionably
+the greatest of modern times, secures to Columbus a place in the
+pantheon dedicated to the worthies whose courageous deeds mankind will
+always admire.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS, BY SIR ANTONIO MORO.
+
+Used by Washington Irving to illustrate his "Life of Columbus." From the
+original in the possession of Mr. C. F. Gunther of Chicago. (See pages
+52 and 113.)]
+
+But our gratitude must not carry us beyond the limits of an equitable
+appreciation. Indiscriminate praise works mischief and injustice. When
+tender souls represent Columbus as being constantly the laughing-stock
+of all, and leading a life of misery and abandonment in Spain, they do
+injustice to Deza, to Cabrera, to Quintanilla, to Mendoza, to Beatrice
+de Bobadilla, to Medina-Celi, to Ferdinand and Isabella, and probably a
+host of others who upheld him as much as they could from the start. When
+blind admirers imagine that the belief in the existence of transatlantic
+countries rushed out of Columbus' cogitations, complete, unaided, and
+alone, just as Minerva sprang in full armor from the head of Jupiter,
+they disregard the efforts of numerous thinkers who, from Aristotle and
+Roger Bacon to Toscanelli, evolved and matured the thought, until
+Columbus came to realize it. When dramatists, poets, and romancers
+expatiate upon the supposed spontaneous or independent character of the
+discovery of America, and ascribe the achievement exclusively to the
+genius of a single man, they adopt a theory which is discouraging and
+untrue.
+
+No man is, or ever was, ahead of his times. No human efforts are, or
+ever were, disconnected from a long chain of previous exertions; and
+this applies to all the walks of life. When a great event occurs, in
+science as in history, the hero who seems to have caused it is only the
+embodiment and resulting force of the meditations, trials, and
+endeavors of numberless generations of fellow-workers, conscious and
+unconscious, known and unknown.
+
+When this solemn truth shall have been duly instilled into the minds of
+men, we will no longer see them live in the constant expectation of
+Messiahs and providential beings destined to accomplish, as by a sort of
+miracle, the infinite and irresistible work of civilization. They will
+rely exclusively upon the concentrated efforts of the whole race, and
+cherish the encouraging thought that, however imperceptible and
+insignificant their individual contributions may seem to be, these form
+a part of the whole, and finally redound to the happiness and progress
+of mankind.
+
+
+THE CARE OF THE NEW WORLD.
+
+     DAVID HARTLEY, a celebrated English physician and philosopher. Born
+     at Armley, near Leeds, 1705; died, 1757.
+
+Those who have the first care of this New World will probably give it
+such directions and inherent influences as may guide and control its
+course and revolutions for ages to come.
+
+
+THE TRIBUTE OF HEINRICH HEINE.
+
+     HEINRICH HEINE. Born December 12, 1799, in the Bolkerstrasse at
+     Dusseldorf; died in Paris, February 17, 1856.
+
+  Mancher hat schon viel gegeben,
+  Aber jener hat der Welt
+  Eine ganze Welt geschenkt
+  Und sie heisst America.
+
+  Nicht befreien könnt'er uns
+  Aus dem orden Erdenkerker
+  Doch er wusst ihn zu erweitern
+  Und die Kette zu verlängern
+
+  (_Translation._)
+
+  Some have given much already,
+  But this man he has presented
+  To the world an entire world,
+  With the name America.
+
+  He could not set us free, out
+  Of the dreary, earthly prison,
+  But he knew how to enlarge it
+  And to lengthen our chain.
+
+
+COLUMBUS' AIM NOT MERELY SECULAR.
+
+     GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL, one of the most eminent
+     philosophers of the German school of metaphysics. Born at Stuttgart
+     in 1770; died in Berlin, 1831. From his "Philosophy of History."
+
+A leading feature demanding our notice in determining the character of
+this period, might be mentioned that urging of the spirit outward, that
+desire on the part of man to become acquainted with his world. The
+chivalrous spirit of the maritime heroes of Portugal and Spain opened a
+new way to the East Indies and discovered America. This progressive step
+also involved no transgression of the limits of ecclesiastical
+principles or feeling. The aim of Columbus was by no means a merely
+secular one; it presented also a distinctly religious aspect; the
+treasures of those rich Indian lands which awaited his discovery were
+destined, in his intention, to be expended in a new crusade, and the
+heathen inhabitants of the countries themselves were to be converted to
+Christianity. The recognition of the spherical figure of the earth led
+man to perceive that it offered him a definite and limited object, and
+navigation had been benefited by the new-found instrumentality of the
+magnet, enabling it to be something better than mere coasting; thus
+technical appliances make their appearance when a need for them is
+experienced.
+
+These events--the so-called revival of learning, the flourishing of the
+fine arts, and the discovery of America--may be compared with that
+_blush of dawn_ which after long storms first betokens the return of a
+bright and glorious day. This day is the day of universality, which
+breaks upon the world after the long, eventful, and terrible night of
+the Middle Ages.
+
+
+THE BELIEF OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     SIR ARTHUR HELPS, a popular English essayist and historian. Born,
+     1813; died, March 7, 1875. From his "Life of Columbus" (1869).
+
+Columbus believed the world to be a sphere; he underestimated its size;
+he overestimated the size of the Asiatic continent. The farther that
+continent extended to the east, the nearer it came round to Spain.
+
+
+SPECULATION.
+
+It has always been a favorite speculation with historians, and, indeed,
+with all thinking men, to consider what would have happened from a
+slight change of circumstances in the course of things which led to
+great events. This may be an idle and a useless speculation, but it is
+an inevitable one. Never was there such a field for this kind of
+speculation as in the voyages, especially the first one, of Columbus.
+* * * The gentlest breeze carried with it the destinies of future empires.
+* * * Had some breeze big with the fate of nations carried Columbus
+northward, it would hardly have been left for the English, more than a
+century afterward, to found those colonies which have proved to be the
+seeds of the greatest nation that the world is likely to
+behold.--_Ibid._
+
+
+RELIGION TURNS TO FREEDOM'S LAND.
+
+     GEORGE HERBERT, an English poet. Born at Montgomery, Wales, 1593;
+     died, 1632.
+
+  Religion stands on tiptoe in our land,
+  Ready to pass to the American strand.
+
+
+THE PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     ANTONIO HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS, an eminent Spanish historian. Born
+     at Cuellar in 1549; died, 1625.
+
+Columbus was tall of stature, with a long and imposing visage. His nose
+was aquiline; his eyes blue; his complexion clear, and having a tendency
+to a glowing red; the beard and hair red in his youth, but his fatigues
+early turned them white.
+
+
+AN INCIDENT OF THE VOYAGE.
+
+     FERNANDO HERRERA, Spanish poet, 1534-1597.
+
+     Many sighed and wept, and every hour seemed a year.
+
+THE EFFECT OF THE DISCOVERY.
+
+     C. W. HODGIN, professor of history in Earlham College, Indiana.
+     From "Preparation for the Discovery of America."
+
+The discovery of America by Columbus stands out in history as an event
+of supreme importance, both because of its value in itself and because
+of its reflex action upon Europe. It swept away the hideous monsters and
+frightful apparitions with which a superstitious imagination had peopled
+the unknown Atlantic, and removed at once and forever the fancied
+dangers in the way of its navigation. It destroyed the old patristic
+geography and practically demonstrated the rotundity of the earth. It
+overthrew the old ideas of science and gave a new meaning to the
+Baconian method of investigation. It revolutionized the commerce of the
+world, and greatly stimulated the intellect of Europe, already awakening
+from the long torpor of the Dark Ages. It opened the doors of a new
+world, through which the oppressed and overcrowded population of the Old
+World might enter and make homes, build states, and develop a higher
+ideal of freedom than the world had before conceived.
+
+But this event did not come to pass by accident, neither was it the
+result of a single cause. It was the culmination of a series of events,
+each of which had a tendency, more or less marked, to concentrate into
+the close of the fifteenth century the results of an _instinct_ to
+search over unexplored seas for unknown lands.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE FIRST DISCOVERER.
+
+     FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, Baron VON HUMBOLDT, the illustrious
+     traveler, naturalist, and cosmographer. Born in Berlin, September
+     14, 1769; died there May 6, 1859. He has been well termed "The
+     Modern Aristotle."
+
+To say the truth, Vespucci shone only by reflection from an age of
+glory. When compared with Columbus, Sebastian Cabot, Bartolomé Dias, and
+Da Gama, his place is an inferior one.
+
+The majesty of great memories seems concentrated in the name of
+Christopher Columbus. It is the originality of his vast idea, the
+largeness and fertility of his genius, and the courage which bore up
+against a long series of misfortunes, which have exalted the Admiral
+high above all his contemporaries.
+
+
+THE PENETRATION AND EXTREME ACCURACY OF COLUMBUS.
+
+Columbus preserved, amid so many material and minute cares, which freeze
+the soul and contract the character, a profound and poetic sentiment of
+the grandeur of nature. What characterizes Columbus is the penetration
+and extreme accuracy with which he seizes the phenomena of the external
+world. He is quite as remarkable as an observer of nature as he is an
+intrepid navigator.
+
+Arrived under new heavens, and in a new world, the configuration of
+lands, the aspect of vegetation, the habits of animals, the distribution
+of heat according to longitude, the pelagic currents, the variations of
+terrestrial magnetism--nothing escaped his sagacity. Columbus does not
+limit himself to collecting isolated facts, he combines them, he seeks
+their mutual relations to each other. He sometimes rises with boldness
+to the discovery of the general laws that govern the physical
+world.--_Ibid._
+
+
+A FLIGHT OF PARROTS WAS HIS GUIDING STAR.
+
+Columbus was guided in his opinion by a flight of parrots toward the
+southwest. Never had the flight of birds more important consequences. It
+may be said to have determined the first settlements on the new
+continent, and its distribution between the Latin and Germanic
+races.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS A GIANT.
+
+Columbus is a giant standing on the confines between mediæval and modern
+times, and his existence marks one of the great epochs in the history of
+the world.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE MAJESTY OF GRAND RECOLLECTIONS.
+
+The majesty of grand recollections seems concentered on the illustrious
+name of Columbus.--_Ibid._
+
+
+RELIGION.
+
+     JOHN FLETCHER HURST, D. D., LL.D., a noted American Methodist
+     bishop. Born near Salem, Md., August 17, 1834. From his "Short
+     History of the Church in the United States." Copyright, 1889. By
+     permission of Messrs. Harper & Brothers, Publishers.
+
+When Columbus discovered the little West India Island of San Salvador,
+and raised upon the shore the cross, he dedicated it and the lands
+beyond to the sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella. The "_Gloria in
+Excelsis_" was sung by the discoverer and his weary crew with as much
+fervor as it had ever been chanted in the cathedrals of Spain. The faith
+was Roman Catholic. On his second voyage, in 1494, Columbus took with
+him a vicar apostolic and twelve priests, and on the island of Haiti
+erected the first chapel in the western world.[40] The success of
+Columbus in discovering a new world in the West awakened a wild
+enthusiasm throughout Europe. Visions of gold inflamed the minds alike
+of rulers, knights, and adventurers. To discover and gather treasures,
+and organize vast missionary undertakings, became the mania of the
+times. No European country which possessed a strip of seaboard escaped
+the delirium.
+
+
+ARMA VIRUMQUE CANO.
+
+     WASHINGTON IRVING, one of the most distinguished American authors
+     and humorists. Born in New York City, April 3, 1783. Died at
+     Sunnyside on the Hudson, N. Y., November 28, 1859. From his
+     "History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus" (4 vols.,
+     1828). "This is one of those works," says Alexander H. Everett,
+     "which are at the same time the delight of readers and the despair
+     of critics. It is as nearly perfect as any work well can be."
+
+It is my object to relate the deeds and fortunes of the mariner who
+first had the judgment to divine, and the intrepidity to brave, the
+mysteries of the perilous deep; and who, by his hardy genius, his
+inflexible constancy, and his heroic courage, brought the ends of the
+earth into communication with each other. The narrative of his troubled
+life is the link which connects the history of the Old World with that
+of the New.
+
+To his intellectual vision it was given to read the signs of the times
+in the conjectures and reveries of the past ages, the indications of an
+unknown world, as soothsayers were said to read predictions in the
+stars, and to foretell events from the visions of the night.
+
+
+PRACTICAL AND POETICAL.
+
+He who paints a great man merely in great and heroic traits, though he
+may produce a fine picture, will never present a faithful portrait.
+Great men are compounds of great and little qualities. Indeed, much of
+their greatness arises from their mastery over the imperfections of
+their nature, and their noblest actions are sometimes struck forth by
+the collision of their merits and their defects.
+
+In Columbus were singularly combined the practical and the poetical. His
+mind had grasped all kinds of knowledge, whether procured by study or
+observation, which bore upon his theories; impatient of the scanty
+aliment of the day, "his impetuous ardor threw him into the study of the
+fathers of the Church, the Arabian Jews, and the ancient geographers";
+while his daring but irregular genius, bursting from the limits of
+imperfect science, bore him to conclusions far beyond the intellectual
+vision of his contemporaries. If some of his conclusions were erroneous,
+they were at least ingenious and splendid; and their error resulted from
+the clouds which still hung over his peculiar path of enterprise. His
+own discoveries enlightened the ignorance of the age, guided conjecture
+to certainty, and dispelled that very darkness with which he had been
+obliged to struggle.
+
+In the progress of his discoveries, he has been remarked for the extreme
+sagacity and the admirable justness with which he seized upon the
+phenomena of the exterior world. As they broke upon him, these phenomena
+were discerned with wonderful quickness of perception, and made to
+contribute important principles to the stock of general knowledge. This
+lucidity of spirit, this quick convertibility of facts to principles,
+distinguish him from the dawn to the close of his sublime enterprise,
+insomuch that, with all the sallying ardor of his imagination, his
+ultimate success has been admirably characterized as a "conquest of
+reflection."--_Ibid._
+
+
+A VISIT TO PALOS.
+
+I can not express to you what were my feelings on treading the shore
+which had once been animated by the bustle of departure, and whose sands
+had been printed by the last footstep of Columbus. The solemn and
+sublime nature of the event that had followed, together with the fate
+and fortunes of those concerned in it, filled the mind with vague yet
+melancholy ideas. It was like viewing the silent and empty stage of some
+great drama when all the actors had departed. The very aspect of the
+landscape, so tranquilly beautiful, had an effect upon me, and as I
+paced the deserted shore by the side of a descendant of one of the
+discoverers I felt my heart swelling with emotion and my eyes filling
+with tears.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS AT SALAMANCA.
+
+Columbus appeared in a most unfavorable light before a select
+assembly--an obscure navigator, a member of no learned institution,
+destitute of all the trappings and circumstances which sometimes give
+oracular authority to dullness, and depending on the mere force of
+natural genius.
+
+Some of the junta entertained the popular notion that he was an
+adventurer, or at best a visionary; and others had that morbid
+impatience which any innovation upon established doctrine is apt to
+produce in systematic minds. What a striking spectacle must the hall of
+the old convent have presented at this memorable conference! A simple
+mariner standing forth in the midst of an imposing array of professors,
+friars, and dignitaries of the Church, maintaining his theory with
+natural eloquence, and, as it were, pleading the cause of the New
+World.--_Ibid._
+
+
+A MEMORIAL TO COLUMBUS AT OLD ISABELLA.
+
+     From the _Sacred Heart Review_ of Boston, Mass.
+
+Early in September, 1891, the proposition of erecting a monument to
+Columbus on the site of his first settlement in the New World, at Old
+Isabella, in Santo Domingo, was first broached to the _Sacred Heart
+Review_ of Boston by Mr. Thomas H. Cummings of that city. As the first
+house built by Columbus in the settlement was a church, it was suggested
+that such a monument would indeed fitly commemorate the starting-point
+and rise of Christian civilization in America. The _Review_ entered
+heartily into the project, and steps were at once taken to secure a
+suitable plot of ground for the site of the monument. Plans were also
+drawn of a monument whose estimated cost would be from $3,000 to $5,000.
+A design which included a granite plinth and ball three feet in
+diameter, surmounting a pyramid of coral and limestone twenty feet
+high,[41] was transmitted, through the Dominican consul-general at New
+York to the Dominican government in Santo Domingo. Accompanying this
+plan was a petition, of which the following is a copy, setting forth the
+purpose of the _Review_, and asking certain concessions in return:
+
+     "BOSTON, MASS., October 7, 1891.
+
+     "HON. FCO. LEONTE VAZQUES, _Dominican Consul-general_, "_New York
+     City_.
+
+     "SIR: The _Sacred Heart Review_ of Boston is anxious to mark the
+     spot with a suitable monument where Christian civilization took its
+     rise in the New World, commonly known as Ancienne Isabelle, on the
+     Island of Santo Domingo. We therefore beg the favor of your good
+     offices with the Dominican government for the following
+     concessions:
+
+     "_First._ Free entrance of party and material for monument at
+     ports of Puerto Plata or Monte Christi, and right of transportation
+     for same to Isabella free of all coast expense and duties.
+
+     "_Second._ Grant of suitable plot, not to contain more than 100 Ũ
+     100 square yards, the present owner, Mr. C. S. Passailique of New
+     York having already signified his willingness to concede same to
+     us, so far as his rights under the Dominican government allowed him
+     to do so.
+
+     "_Third._ The right of perpetual care of monument, with access to
+     and permission to care for same at all times.
+
+     "_Fourth._ Would the government grant official protection to same;
+     i. e., allow its representatives to aid and protect in every
+     reasonable way the success of the enterprise, and when built guard
+     same as public property, without assuming any legal liability
+     therefor?
+
+     "Finally, in case that we find a vessel sailing to one of said
+     ports above named willing to take the monument to Isabella, would
+     government concede this favor--allowing vessel to make coast
+     service free of governmental duties?"
+
+     "In exchange for above concessions on the part of the Dominican
+     government, the undersigned hereby agree to erect, at their
+     expense, and free of all charge to said government, a granite
+     monument, according to plan herewith inclosed; estimated cost to be
+     from $3,000 to $5,000.
+
+     "Awaiting the favor of an early reply, and begging you to accept
+     the assurance of our highest respect and esteem, we have the honor
+     to be,
+
+                    "Very respectfully yours,
+
+                           "Rev. JOHN O'BRIEN and others in behalf of the
+                                 Sacred Heart Review Monument Committee."
+
+
+In reply to the above petition was received an official document, in
+Spanish, of which the following is a literal translation:
+
+     "ULISES HEUREAUX, _Division General-in-Chief of the National Army,
+     Pacificator of the Nation, and Constitutional President of the
+     Republic_:
+
+     "In view of the petition presented to the government by the
+     directors of the _Sacred Heart Review_ of Boston, United States of
+     America, dated October 7, 1891, and considering that the object of
+     the petitioners is to commemorate a historical fact of great
+     importance, viz.: the establishment of the Christian religion in
+     the New World by the erection of its first temple--an event so
+     closely identified with Santo Domingo, and by its nature and
+     results eminently American, indeed world-wide, in its
+     scope--therefore the point of departure for Christian civilization
+     in the western hemisphere, whose principal products were apostles
+     like Cordoba, Las Casas, and others, defending energetically and
+     resolutely the rights of the oppressed inhabitants of America, and
+     themselves the real founders of modern democracy, be it
+
+     "_Resolved_, Article 1. That it is granted to the _Sacred Heart
+     Review_ of Boston, United States of America, permission to erect a
+     monument on the site of the ruins of Old Isabella, in the district
+     of Puerto Plata, whose purpose shall be to commemorate the site
+     whereon was built the first Catholic church in the New World. This
+     monument shall be of stone, and wholly conformable to the plan
+     presented. It shall be erected within a plot of ground that shall
+     not exceed 10,000 square yards, and shall be at all times solidly
+     and carefully inclosed. If the site chosen belongs to the state,
+     said state concedes its proprietary rights to the petitioners while
+     the monument stands. If the site belongs to private individuals, an
+     understanding must be reached with them to secure possession.
+
+     "Article 2. The builders of said monument will have perpetual
+     control and ownership, and they assume the obligation of caring
+     for and preserving it in good condition. If the builders, as a
+     society, cease to exist, the property will revert to the
+     municipality to which belongs Old Isabella, and on them will revert
+     the obligation to preserve it in perfect repair.
+
+     "Article 3. The monument will be considered as public property, and
+     the local authorities will give it the protection which the law
+     allows to property of that class. * * * But on no condition and in
+     no way could the government incur any responsibility of damage that
+     might come to the monument situated in such a remote and exposed
+     location.
+
+     "Article 4. We declare free from municipal and coast duties the
+     materials and tools necessary for the construction of said
+     monument, and if it is introduced in a ship carrying only this as a
+     cargo, it will be permitted to said ship to make voyage from Monte
+     Christi or Puerto Plata without paying any of said coast imposts.
+     In view of these concessions the monument committee will present to
+     the mayor of the city a detailed statement of the material and
+     tools needed, so that this officer can accept or reject them as he
+     sees fit.
+
+     "Article 5. Wherefore the Secretary of State, Secretary of the
+     Interior, and other officers of the Cabinet are charged with the
+     execution of the present resolution.
+
+     "Given at the National Palace of Santo Domingo, Capital of the
+     Republic, on the twenty-fifth day of November, 1891, forty-eighth
+     year of independence and the twenty-ninth of the restoration.
+
+                                        (Signed)
+                                         "ULISES HEUREAUX, _President_.
+                       "W. FIGUEREO, _Minister of Interior and Police_.
+              "IGNACIO M. GONZALES, _Minister of Finance and Commerce_.
+                                         "SANCHEZ, _Minister of State_.
+
+
+
+     'Copy exactly conforming to the original given at Santo Domingo,
+     November 28, 1891.
+
+  "RAFAEL Y. RODRIGUEZ,
+  "_Official Mayor and Minister of Public Works and Foreign Affairs._"
+
+
+
+With these concessions in hand, a committee, consisting of Capt. Nathan
+Appleton and Thomas H. Cummings, was appointed to go to Washington and
+secure recognition from the United States Government for the enterprise.
+The committee was everywhere favorably received, and returned with
+assurances of co-operation and support. Hon. W. E. Curtis, head of the
+Bureau of Latin Republics in the State Department, was added to the
+general monument committee.
+
+Meanwhile the _Sacred Heart Review_, through Dr. Charles H. Hall of
+Boston, a member of the monument committee, put itself in communication
+with the leading citizens of Puerto Plata, requesting them to use every
+effort to locate the exact site of the ancient church, and make a
+suitable clearing for the monument, at its expense.
+
+In answer to this communication, a committee of prominent citizens was
+organized at Puerto Plata, to co-operate with the Boston Columbus
+Memorial Committee. The following extract is taken from a local paper,
+_El Porvenir_, announcing the organization of this committee:
+
+"On Saturday last, a meeting was held in this city (Puerto Plata) for
+the purpose of choosing a committee which should take part in the
+celebration. Those present unanimously resolved that such a body be
+immediately formed under the title of, 'Committee in Charge of the
+Centennial Celebration.'
+
+"This committee then proceeded to the election of a board of management,
+composed of a president, vice-president, secretary, and four directors.
+The following gentlemen were elected to fill the above offices in the
+order as named: Gen. Imbert, Dr. Llenas, Gen. Juan Guarrido, Presbitero
+Don Wenceslao Ruiz, Don José Thomás Jimenez, Don Pedro M. Villalon, and
+Don José Castellanos.
+
+"To further the object for which it was organized, the board counts upon
+the co-operation of such government officials and corporations of the
+republic as may be inclined to take part in this great apotheosis in
+preparation, to glorify throughout the whole world the work and name of
+the famous discoverer.
+
+"As this is the disinterested purpose for which the above-mentioned
+committee was formed, we do not doubt that the public, convinced that it
+is its duty to contribute in a suitable manner to the proposed
+celebration, will respond to the idea with enthusiasm, seeing in it only
+the desire which has guided its projectors--that of contributing their
+share to the glorification of the immortal navigator."
+
+The following official communication was received from this committee:
+
+                                      "PUERTO DE PLATA, March 19, 1892.
+
+       "Dr. CHARLES H. HALL, _Member Boston Columbus Memorial Committee,
+                                                 Boston, Mass., U. S. A._
+
+     "DEAR SIR: We have the honor of acquainting you that there exists
+     in this city a committee for the celebration of the
+     quadro-centennial whose purpose is to co-operate, to the extent of
+     its ability, in celebrating here the memorable event.
+
+     [Illustration: TOSCANELLI'S MAP.]
+
+     "This committee has learned with the greatest satisfaction that it
+     is proposed to erect a monument, on the site of Isabella, over the
+     ruins of the first Catholic church in the New World. Here, also, we
+     have had the same idea, and we rejoice that what we were unable to
+     accomplish through lack of material means, you have brought to a
+     consummation. And therefore we offer you our co-operation, and
+     beg your acceptance of our services in any direction in which you
+     may find them useful. With sentiments of high regard, we remain,
+
+                                          "Your very obedient servants,
+
+                                                "S. IMBERT, _President_.
+                                            "JUAN GUARRIDO, _Secretary_.
+
+  _Direction_, GEN. IMBERT, _President de la "Junta Para
+  de la Celebracion del Centenario._"
+
+
+The statue consists of a bronze figure of Columbus eight feet two inches
+high, including the plinth, mounted on a pyramid of coral and limestone
+twelve feet high, and which, in its turn, is crowned by a capstone of
+dressed granite, on which the statue will rest.[42] The figure
+represents Columbus in an attitude of thanksgiving to God, and pointing,
+on the globe near his right hand, to the site of the first settlement in
+the New World. The statue and pedestal were made from designs drawn at
+the Massachusetts State Normal Art School by Mr. R. Andrew, under the
+direction of Prof. George Jepson, and the statue was modeled by Alois
+Buyens of Ghent.
+
+The plaster cast of the monument, which has now been on exhibition at
+the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston for some time, has been removed to the
+foundry at Chicopee for casting. In a few months it will be transformed
+into enduring bronze, and the Columbus monument will no longer be a
+growing thought but a living reality. To say it has stood the critical
+test of art connoisseurs in the Boston public is to say but little; for,
+from every quarter, comments on the work of the sculptor have been
+highly commendatory--the bold and vigorous treatment of the Flemish
+school, of which Mr. Buyens is a disciple, being something of a novelty
+in these parts, and well calculated to strike the popular fancy, which
+always admires strength, especially when combined with gracefulness and
+high art. Not a few of the best critics have pronounced it superior to
+the average of similar statues to be found in and around Boston, and all
+unite in declaring it to be unquestionably a work of art, and one
+meriting great praise.
+
+A recent communication from United States Consul Simpson, at Puerto
+Plata, announces that he has lately visited Isabella, in the interest of
+the monument. He made a careful survey of the site of the ancient town,
+and cleared the grounds of the trees and masses of trailing vines that
+encumbered the ruins, and after a thorough examination, assisted by the
+people of the neighborhood, he found the remains of the first church.
+
+Other communications have been received from the Dominican government
+approving of the change of plan, substituting the statue for the simple
+stone monument, and offering the memorial committee the hospitalities of
+the island. And so the work goes on.
+
+The monument, when erected, will commemorate two things--the
+establishment of Christianity and the rise of civilization in the New
+World. On the spot where it will stand Columbus built the first church
+400 years ago.
+
+One bronze relief shows the great discoverer in the fore-ground on
+bended knees with a trowel in his hand, laying the corner-stone. On the
+right, sits an ideal female figure, representing Mother Church,
+fostering a little Indian child, and pointing with uplifted hand to the
+cross, the emblem of man's salvation. Crouching Indians are at her feet,
+listening with astonishment to the strange story, while on the left of
+the cross are monks with bowed heads and lighted tapers, and in the
+distance are Spanish cavaliers and hidalgos.
+
+The conception is thoroughly Catholic, Christian, simple, and artistic;
+it tells its own story with a pathos and directness not often found in
+works of this kind.
+
+The second tablet is more ideal and more severely classical than the
+first. The genius of civilization, bearing gifts, is carried in a
+chariot drawn by prancing horses. The Admiral, at the horses' heads,
+with one hand points the way for her to follow, while with the other he
+hands the reins to Columbia, the impersonation of the New World. An
+Indian at the chariot wheels stoops to gather the gifts of civilization
+as they fall from the cornucopia borne by the goddess. And thus is told
+in enduring bronze, by the genius of the artist, the symbolic story of
+the introduction of civilization to the New World.
+
+Upon the face of the pedestal, a third tablet bears the inscription
+which was written at the instance of Very Rev. Dr. Charles B. Rex,
+president of the Brighton Theological Seminary. Mgr. Schroeder, the
+author, interprets the meaning of the whole, in terse rhythmical Latin
+sentences, after the Roman lapidary style:
+
+  _Anno. claudente. sæculum XV._
+  _Ex. quo. coloni. Christiani. Columbo. Duce_
+  _Hic. post. oppidum. constitutum_
+  _Primum. in. mundo. novo. templum_
+  _Christo. Deo. dicarunt_
+  _Ephemeris. Bostoniensis_
+  _Cui. a. sacro. corde. est. nomen_
+  _Sub. auspice. civium. Bostoniæ_
+  _Ne. rei. tantæ. memoria. unquam. delabatur_
+  _Hæc. marmori. commendavit._
+  _A. D. MDCCCLXXXXII._
+
+  (_Translation of the Inscription._)
+
+  Toward the close of the fifteenth century,
+  Christian colonists, under the leadership of Columbus,
+  Here on this spot built the first settlement,
+  And the first church dedicated
+  To Christ our Lord
+  In the new world.
+  A Boston paper, called the _Sacred Heart Review_,
+  Under the auspices of the citizens of Boston,
+  That the memory of so great an event might not be forgotten,
+  Hath erected this monument,
+  A. D. 1892.
+
+The question is sometimes asked why are Catholics specially interested,
+and why should the _Review_ trouble itself to erect this monument. The
+answer is this: We wish to locate the spot with some distinctive mark
+where civilization was first planted and where Christianity reared its
+first altar on this soil, 400 years ago. By this public act of
+commemoration we hope to direct public attention to this modest
+birthplace of our Mother Church, which stands to-day deserted and
+unhonored like a pauper's grave, a monument of shame to the carelessness
+and indifference of millions of American Catholics.
+
+Why should we be specially interested? Because here on this spot the
+Catholic church first saw the light of day in America; here the first
+important act of the white man was the celebration of the holy mass, the
+supreme act of Catholic worship; here the first instrument of
+civilization that pierced the virgin soil was a cross, and here the
+first Catholic anthems resounding through the forest primeval, and vying
+in sweetness and melody with the song of birds, were the _Te Deum
+Laudamus_ and the _Gloria in Excelsis_. Sculptured marble and engraved
+stone we have in abundance, and tablets without number bear record to
+deeds and historical events of far less importance than this. For, mark
+well what these ruins and this monument stand for.
+
+One hundred and twenty-six years before the Congregationalist church
+landed on Plymouth Rock, 110 years before the Anglican church came to
+Jamestown, and thirty-five years before the word Protestant was
+invented, this church was erected, and the gospel announced to the New
+World by zealous missionaries of the Catholic faith. No other
+denomination of Christians in America can claim priority or even equal
+duration with us in point of time. No other can show through all the
+centuries of history such generous self-sacrifice and heroic missionary
+efforts. No other has endured such misrepresentation and bitter
+persecution for justice's sake. If her history here is a valuable
+heritage, we to whom it has descended are in duty bound to keep it alive
+in the memory and hearts of her children. We have recently celebrated
+the centennial of the Church in the United States; but, for a still
+greater reason, we should now prepare to celebrate the quadro-centennial
+of the Church in America. And this is why Catholics should be specially
+interested in this monument. Columbus himself was a deeply religious
+man. He observed rigorously the fasts and ceremonies of the Church,
+reciting daily the entire canonical office. He began everything he wrote
+with the _Jesu cum Maria sit nobis in via_ (May Jesus and Mary be always
+with us). And as Irving, his biographer, says, his piety did not consist
+in mere forms, but partook of that lofty and solemn enthusiasm which
+characterized his whole life. In his letter to his sovereigns announcing
+his discovery he indulges in no egotism, but simply asks "Spain to
+exhibit a holy joy, for Christ rejoices on earth as in heaven seeing the
+future redemption of souls." And so his religion bursts out and seems to
+pervade everything he touches. With such a man to commemorate and honor,
+there is special reason why Catholics, and the _Review_, which
+represents them, should busy themselves with erecting a Columbus
+monument.
+
+But the name and fame and beneficent work of Columbus belong to the
+whole Christian world. While Catholics with gratitude recall his
+fortitude and heroism, and thank God, who inspired him with a firm faith
+and a burning charity for God and man, yet Protestants no less than
+Catholics share in the fruit of his work, and, we are glad to say, vie
+with Catholics in proclaiming and honoring his exalted character, his
+courage, fortitude, and the beneficent work he accomplished for mankind.
+Hence Dr. Edward Everett Hale, in his recent article on Columbus in the
+_Independent_, voices the sentiment of every thoughtful, intelligent
+Protestant when he says, "No wonder that the world of America loves and
+honors the hero whose faith and courage called America into being. No
+wonder that she celebrates the beginning of a new century with such
+tributes of pride and hope as the world has never seen before." It is
+this same becoming sentiment of gratitude which has prompted so many
+worthy Protestants to enroll their names on the list of gentlemen who
+are helping the _Review_ to mark and honor the spot Columbus chose for
+the first Christian settlement on this continent.
+
+Thus, so long as the bronze endures, the world will know that we
+venerate the character and achievements of Columbus, and the spot where
+Christian civilization took its rise in the New World.
+
+
+FROM THE ITALIAN.
+
+  The daring mariner shall urge far o'er
+  The western wave, a smooth and level plain,
+  Albeit the earth is fashioned like a wheel.
+
+
+SEARCHER OF THE OCEAN.
+
+     SAMUEL JEFFERSON, a British author. From his epic poem, "Columbus,"
+     published by S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago.[43]
+
+  Thou searcher of the ocean, thee to sing
+  Shall my devoted lyre awake each string!
+  Columbus! Hero! Would my song could tell
+  How great thy worth! No praise can overswell
+  The grandeur of thy deeds! Thine eagle eye
+  Pierced through the clouds of ages to descry
+  From empyrean heights where thou didst soar
+  With bright imagination winged by lore--
+  The signs of continents as yet unknown;
+  Across the deep thy keen-eyed glance was thrown;
+  Thou, with prevailing longing, still aspired
+  To reach the goal thy ardent soul desired;
+  Thy heavenward soaring spirit, bold, elate,
+  Scorned long delay and conquered chance and fate;
+  Thy valor followed thy far-searching eyes,
+  Until success crowned thy bold emprize.
+
+
+FELIPA, WIFE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON. From a poem published in _Harper's Weekly_,
+     June 25, 1892.[44]
+
+  More than the compass to the mariner
+  Wast thou, Felipa, to his dauntless soul.
+  Through adverse winds that threatened wreck, and nights
+  Of rayless gloom, thou pointed ever to
+  The north star of his great ambition. He
+  Who once has lost an Eden, or has gained
+  A paradise by Eve's sweet influence,
+  Alone can know how strong a spell lies in
+  The witchery of a woman's beckoning hand.
+  And thou didst draw him, tidelike, higher still,
+  Felipa, whispering the lessons learned
+  From thy courageous father, till the flood
+  Of his ambition burst all barriers,
+  And swept him onward to his longed-for goal.
+
+  Before the jewels of a Spanish queen
+  Built fleets to waft him on his untried way,
+  Thou gavest thy wealth of wifely sympathy
+  To build the lofty purpose of his soul.
+  And now the centuries have cycled by,
+  Till thou art all forgotten by the throng
+  That lauds the great Pathfinder of the deep.
+  It matters not, in that infinitude
+  Of space where thou dost guide thy spirit bark
+  To undiscovered lands, supremely fair.
+  If to this little planet thou couldst turn
+  And voyage, wraithlike, to its cloud-hung rim,
+  Thou wouldst not care for praise. And if, perchance,
+  Some hand held out to thee a laurel bough,
+  Thou wouldst not claim one leaf, but fondly turn
+  To lay thy tribute also at his feet.
+
+
+INCREASING INTEREST IN COLUMBUS.
+
+     JOHN S. KENNEDY, an American author.
+
+The near approach of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America
+has revived in all parts of the civilized world great interest in
+everything concerning that memorable event and the perilous voyage of
+the great navigator whom it has immortalized.
+
+
+THE MECCA OF THE NATION.
+
+     MOSES KING, an American geographer of the nineteenth century.
+
+I have read somewhere that in the northeastern part of Havana stands,
+facing an open square, a brown stone church, blackened by age, and
+dignified by the name of "cathedral." It is visited by every American,
+because within its walls lies buried all that remains of the great
+discoverer, Columbus.
+
+
+THE CAUSE OF THE DISCOVERY.
+
+Was it by the coarse law of demand and supply that a Columbus was
+haunted by the ghost of a round planet at the time when the New World
+was needed for the interests of civilization?--_Ibid._
+
+
+MAGNANIMITY.
+
+     ARTHUR G. KNIGHT, in his "Life of Columbus."
+
+Through all the slow martyrdom of long delays and bitter
+disappointments, he never faltered in his lofty purpose; in the hour of
+triumph he was self-possessed and unassuming; under cruel persecution he
+was patient and forgiving. For almost unexampled services he certainly
+received a poor reward on earth.
+
+
+THE IDEAS OF THE ANCIENTS.
+
+     LUCIUS LACTANTIUS, an eminent Christian author, 260-325 A. D.
+
+Is there any one so foolish as to believe that there are antipodes with
+their feet opposite to ours; that there is a part of the world in which
+all things are topsy-turvy, where the trees grow with their branches
+downward, and where it rains, hails, and snows upward?
+
+
+THE LAKE FRONT PARK STATUE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+The World's Fair city is a close competitor with the historic cities of
+the Old World for the grandest monument to Columbus and the fittest
+location for it. At Barcelona, on the Paseo Colon, seaward, a snowy
+marble Admiral looks toward the Shadowy Sea. At Genoa, 'mid the palms of
+the Piazza Acquaverde, a noble representation of the noblest Genoese
+faces the fitful gusts of the Mediterranean and fondly guards an Indian
+maid. A lofty but rude cairn marks the Admiral's first footprints on the
+shores of the wreck-strewn Bahamas, and many a monument or encomiastic
+inscription denotes spots sacred to the history of his indomitable
+resolve. These all commemorate, as it were, but the inception of the
+great discovery. It remains for Chicago to perpetuate the results, and
+most fitly to place an heroic figure of the first Admiral viewing, and
+in full view of all.
+
+On the Lake Front Park, in full view of the ceaseless commercial
+activity of the Great Lakes, and close by the hum of the hive of human
+industry, grandly will a bronze Columbus face the blasts from Michigan's
+bosom. There the greatest navigator stands,
+
+  Calm, his prescience verified,
+
+proudly through the ages watching the full fruits of that first and
+fateful voyage over the waves of the seas of mystery, to found a nation
+where Freedom alone should be supreme. Just where the big monument will
+be located on Lake Front Park has not been decided, but a site south of
+the Auditorium, midway between the Illinois Central tracks and Michigan
+Boulevard, will perhaps be chosen. The statue proper will be twenty feet
+high. It will be of bronze, mounted on a massive granite pedestal, of
+thirty feet in height, and will serve for all time as a memorial of the
+Exposition.
+
+The chosen artist, out of the many who submitted designs, was Mr. Howard
+Kretschmar, a Chicago sculptor of rare power and artistic talent.
+
+The massive figure of Columbus is represented at the moment the land,
+and the glorious future of his great discovery, burst upon his delighted
+gaze. No ascetic monk, no curled cavalier, looks down from the pedestal.
+The apocryphal portraits of Europe may peer out of their frames in this
+guise, but it has been the artist's aim here to chisel _a man, not a
+monk; and a noble man_, rather than a cringing courtier. Above the
+massive pedestal of simple design, which bears the terse legend,
+"Erected by the World's Columbian Exposition, A. D. 1893," stands the
+noble figure of the Noah of our nation. The open doublet discloses the
+massive proportions of a more than well-knit man. The left hand, pressed
+to the bosom, indicates the tension of his feelings, and the
+outstretched hand but further intensifies the dawning and gradually
+o'erwhelming sense of the future, the possibilities of his grand
+discovery. One of the noblest conceptions in bronze upon this continent
+is Mr. Howard Kretschmar's "Columbus," and of it may Chicago well be
+proud.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE CIVILIZER.
+
+     ALPHONSE LAMARTINE, the learned French writer and politician. Born
+     at Macon, 1792; died, 1869. From "Life of Columbus."
+
+All the characteristics of a truly great man are united in Columbus.
+Genius, labor, patience, obscurity of origin, overcome by energy of
+will; mild but persisting firmness, resignation toward heaven, struggle
+against the world; long conception of the idea in solitude, heroic
+execution of it in action; intrepidity and coolness in storms,
+fearlessness of death in civil strife; confidence in the destiny--not of
+an individual, but of the human race; a life risked without hesitation
+or retrospect in venturing into the unknown and phantom-peopled ocean,
+1,500 leagues across, and on which the first step no more allowed of
+second thoughts than Cæsar's passage of the Rubicon; untiring study,
+knowledge as extensive as the science of his day, skillful but honorable
+management of courts to persuade them to truth; propriety of demeanor,
+nobleness, and dignity in outward bearing, which afford proof of
+greatness of mind and attracts eyes and hearts; language adapted to the
+grandeur of his thoughts; eloquence which could convince kings and quell
+the mutiny of crews; a natural poetry of style, which placed his
+narrative on a par with the wonders of his discoveries and the marvels
+of nature; an immense, ardent, and enduring love for the human race,
+piercing even into that distant future in which humanity forgets those
+that do it service; legislative wisdom and philosophic mildness in the
+government of his colonies; paternal compassion for those Indians,
+infants of humanity, whom he wished to give over to the
+guardianship--not to the tyranny and oppression--of the Old World;
+forgetfulness of injury and magnanimous forgiveness of his enemies; and
+lastly, piety, that virtue which includes and exalts all other virtues,
+when it exists as it did in the mind of Columbus--the constant presence
+of God in the soul, of justice in the conscience, of mercy in the heart,
+of gratitude in success, of resignation in reverses, of worship always
+and everywhere.
+
+Such was the man. We know of none more perfect. He contains several
+impersonations within himself. He was worthy to represent the ancient
+world before that unknown continent on which he was the first to set
+foot, and carry to these men of a new race all the virtues, without any
+of the vices, of the elder hemisphere. So great was his influence on the
+destiny of the earth, that none more than he ever deserved the name of a
+_Civilizer_.
+
+His influence in civilization was immeasurable. He completed the world.
+He realized the physical unity of the globe. He advanced, far beyond all
+that had been done before his time, the work of God--the SPIRITUAL UNITY
+OF THE HUMAN RACE. This work, in which Columbus had so largely assisted,
+was indeed too great to be worthily rewarded even by affixing his name
+to the fourth continent. America bears not that name, but the human
+race, drawn together and cemented by him, will spread his renown over
+the whole earth.
+
+
+THE PSALM OF THE WEST.
+
+     SIDNEY LANIER, an American poet of considerable talent. Born at
+     Macon, Ga., February 3, 1842; died at Lynn, N. C., September 8,
+     1881. From his "Psalm of the West."[45] Lanier was the author of
+     the "Centennial Ode."
+
+  Santa Maria, well thou tremblest down the wave,
+    Thy Pinta far abow, thy Niņa nigh astern;
+  Columbus stands in the night alone, and, passing grave,
+    Yearns o'er the sea as tones o'er under-silence yearn.
+  Heartens his heart as friend befriends his friend less brave,
+    Makes burn the faiths that cool, and cools the doubts that burn.
+
+  "'Twixt this and dawn, three hours my soul will smite
+    With prickly seconds, or less tolerably
+    With dull-blade minutes flatwise slapping me.
+  Wait, heart! Time moves. Thou lithe young Western Night,
+  Just-crowned King, slow riding to thy right,
+    Would God that I might straddle mutiny
+    Calm as thou sitt'st yon never-managed sea,
+  Balk'st with his balking, fliest with his flight,
+  Giv'st supple to his rearings and his falls,
+    Nor dropp'st one coronal star about thy brow,
+      Whilst ever dayward thou art steadfast drawn
+  Yea, would I rode these mad contentious brawls,
+    No damage taking from their If and How,
+      Nor no result save galloping to my Dawn.
+
+  "My Dawn? my Dawn? How if it never break?
+    How if this West by other Wests is pierced.
+    And these by vacant Wests and Wests increased--
+  One pain of space, with hollow ache on ache,
+  Throbbing and ceasing not for Christ's own sake?
+    Big, perilous theorem, hard for king and priest;
+    'Pursue the West but long enough, 'tis East!'
+  Oh, if this watery world no turning take;
+  Oh, if for all my logic, all my dreams,
+  Provings of that which is by that which seems,
+  Fears, hopes, chills, heats, hastes, patiences, droughts, tears,
+  Wife-grievings, slights on love, embezzled years,
+  Hates, treaties, scorns, upliftings, loss, and gain,
+  This earth, no sphere, be all one sickening plain.
+
+  "Or, haply, how if this contrarious West,
+    That me by turns hath starved, by turns hath fed,
+    Embraced, disgraced, beat back, solicited,
+  Have no fixed heart of law within his breast;
+  Or with some different rhythm doth e'er contest,
+    Nature in the East? Why, 'tis but three weeks fled
+    I saw my Judas needle shake his head
+  And flout the Pole that, East, he lord confessed!
+  God! if this West should own some other Pole,
+  And with his tangled ways perplex my soul
+    Until the maze grow mortal, and I die
+  Where distraught Nature clean hath gone astray,
+  On earth some other wit than Time's at play,
+    Some other God than mine above the sky!
+
+  "Now speaks mine other heart with cheerier seeming;
+    'Ho, Admiral! o'er-defalking to thine crew
+    Against thyself, thyself far overfew
+  To front yon multitudes of rebel scheming?'
+  Come, ye wild twenty years of heavenly dreaming!
+    Come, ye wild weeks, since first this canvas drew
+    Out of vexed Palos ere the dawn was blue,
+  O'er milky waves about the bows full-creaming!
+  Come, set me round with many faithful spears
+    Of confident remembrance--how I crushed
+    Cat-lived rebellions, pitfalled treasons, hushed
+    Scared husbands' heart-break cries on distant wives,
+    Made cowards blush at whining for their lives;
+  Watered my parching souls and dried their tears.
+
+  "Ere we Gomera cleared, a coward cried:
+    'Turn, turn; here be three caravels ahead,
+    From Portugal, to take us; we are dead!'
+  'Hold westward, pilot,' calmly I replied.
+  So when the last land down the horizon died,
+    'Go back, go back,' they prayed, 'our hearts are lead.'
+    'Friends, we are bound into the West,' I said.
+  Then passed the wreck of a mast upon our side.
+  'See (so they wept) God's warning! Admiral, turn!'
+    'Steersman,' I said, 'hold straight into the West.'
+  Then down the night we saw the meteor burn.
+    So do the very heavens in fire protest.
+  'Good Admiral, put about! O Spain, dear Spain!'
+  'Hold straight into the West,' I said again.
+
+  "Next drive we o'er the slimy-weeded sea,
+    'Lo! here beneath,' another coward cries,
+    'The cursed land of sunk Atlantis lies;
+  This slime will suck us down--turn while thou'rt free!'
+  'But no!' I said, 'freedom bears West for me!'
+    Yet when the long-time stagnant winds arise,
+    And day by day the keel to westward flies,
+  My Good my people's Ill doth come to be;
+    Ever the winds into the west do blow;
+    Never a ship, once turned, might homeward go;
+  Meanwhile we speed into the lonesome main.
+    'For Christ's sake, parley, Admiral! Turn, before
+  We sail outside all bounds of help from pain.'
+    'Our help is in the West,' I said once more.
+
+  "So when there came a mighty cry of Land!
+    And we clomb up and saw, and shouted strong
+    '_Salve Regina!_' all the ropes along,
+  But knew at morn how that a counterfeit band
+  Of level clouds had aped a silver strand;
+    So when we heard the orchard-bird's small song,
+    And all the people cried, 'A hellish throng
+  To tempt us onward, by the Devil planned,
+  Yea, all from hell--keen heron, fresh green weeds,
+  Pelican, tunny-fish, fair tapering reeds,
+  Lie-telling lands that ever shine and die
+  In clouds of nothing round the empty sky.
+  'Tired Admiral, get thee from this hell, and rest!'
+  'Steersman,' I said, 'hold straight into the West.'
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "I marvel how mine eye, ranging the Night,
+    From its big circling ever absently
+    Returns, thou large, low star, to fix on thee.
+  Maria! Star? No star; a Light, a Light!
+  Wouldst leap ashore, Heart? Yonder burns a Light!
+    'Pedro Gutierrez, wake! come up to me.
+    I prithee stand and gaze about the sea;
+  What seest?' 'Admiral, like as land--a Light!'
+  'Well, Sanchez of Segovia come and try;
+  What seest?' 'Admiral, naught but sea and sky!'
+  'Well, but I saw it. Wait, the Pinta's gun!
+  Why, look! 'tis dawn! the land is clear; 'tis done!
+  Two dawns do break at once from Time's full hand--
+  God's East--mine, West! Good friends, behold my Land!'"
+
+
+PASSION FOR GOLD.
+
+     EUGENE LAWRENCE, an American historical writer. Born in New York,
+     1823. From "The Mystery of Columbus," in _Harper's Magazine_, May,
+     1892.[46]
+
+In Columbus the passion for gold raged with a violence seldom known. He
+dreamed of golden palaces, heaps of treasure, and mines teeming with
+endless wealth. His cry was everywhere for gold. Every moment, in his
+fierce avarice, he would fancy himself on the brink of boundless
+opulence; he was always about to seize the treasures of the East,
+painted by Marco Polo and Mandeville. "Gold," he wrote to the King and
+Queen, "is the most valuable thing in the world; it rescues souls from
+purgatory and restores them to the joys of paradise."
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS IN THE MARIŅOL (MINISTRY
+OF THE COLONIES), MADRID, SPAIN. Sculptor, Seņor J. Samartin.]
+
+
+THE TRIBUTE AND TESTIMONY OF THE POPE.
+
+     POPE LEO XIII., the Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church.
+     From a letter in Chicago _Inter Ocean_, 1892.
+
+While we see on all sides the preparations that are eagerly being made
+for the celebration of the Columbian quadri-centenary feasts in memory
+of a man most illustrious, and deserving of Christianity and all
+cultured humanity, we hear with great pleasure that the United States
+has, among other nations, entered this competition of praise in such a
+manner as befits both the vastness and richness of the country and the
+memory of the man so great as he to whom these honors are being shown.
+The success of this effort will surely be another proof of the great
+spirit and active energy of this people, who undertake enormous and
+difficult tasks with such great and happy dealing. It is a testimony of
+honor and gratitude to that immortal man of whom we have spoken, who,
+desirous of finding a road by which the light and truth and all the
+adornments of civil culture might be carried to the most distant parts
+of the world, could neither be deterred by dangers nor wearied by
+labors, until, having in a certain manner renewed the bonds between two
+parts of the human race so long separated, he bestowed upon both such
+great benefits that he in justice must be said to have few equals or a
+superior.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE GLORY OF CATHOLICISM.
+
+The Pope held a reception at the Vatican on the occasion of the festival
+of his patron saint, St. Joachim. In an address he referred to Columbus
+as the glory of Catholicism, and thanked the donors of the new Church of
+St. Joachim for commemorating his jubilee.
+
+
+THE POPE REVIEWS THE LIFE OF THE DISCOVERER.
+
+     The following is the text of the letter addressed by Leo XIII. to
+     the archbishops and bishops of Spain, Italy, and the two Americas
+     on the subject of Christopher Columbus.
+
+     LETTER OF OUR VERY HOLY FATHER, LEO XIII., POPE BY DIVINE
+     PROVIDENCE, TO THE ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF SPAIN, ITALY, AND OF
+     THE TWO AMERICAS, UPON CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.
+
+     _To the Archbishops and Bishops of Spain and Italy, and of the two
+     Americas. Leo XIII., Pope._
+
+     VENERABLE BROTHERS, GREETING AND APOSTOLIC BENEDICTION: From the
+     end of the fifteenth century, since a man from Liguria first
+     landed, under the auspices of God, on the transatlantic shores,
+     humanity has been strongly inclined to celebrate with gratitude the
+     recollection of this event. It would certainly not be an easy
+     matter to find a more worthy cause to touch their hearts and to
+     inflame their zeal. The event, in effect, is such in itself that no
+     other epoch has seen a grander and more beautiful one accomplished
+     by man.
+
+     As to who accomplished it, there are few who can be compared to him
+     in greatness of soul and genius. By his work a new world flashed
+     forth from the unexplored ocean, thousands upon thousands of
+     mortals were returned to the common society of the human race, led
+     from their barbarous life to peacefulness and civilization, and,
+     which is of much more importance, recalled from perdition to
+     eternal life by the bestowal of the gifts which Jesus Christ
+     brought to the world.
+
+     Europe, astonished alike by the novelty and the prodigiousness of
+     this unexpected event, understood little by little, in due course
+     of time, what she owed to Columbus, when, by sending colonies to
+     America, by frequent communications, by exchange of services, by
+     the resources confided to the sea and received in return, there was
+     discovered an accession of the most favorable nature possible to
+     the knowledge of nature, to the reciprocal abundance of riches,
+     with the result that the prestige of Europe increased enormously.
+
+     Therefore, it would not be fitting, amid these numerous
+     testimonials on honor, and in these concerts of felicitations, that
+     the Church should maintain complete silence, since, in accordance
+     with her character and her institution, she willingly approves and
+     endeavors to favor all that appears, wherever it is, to be worthy
+     of honor and praise. Undoubtedly she receives particular and
+     supreme honors to the virtues pre-eminent in regard to morality,
+     inasmuch as they are united to the eternal salvation of souls;
+     nevertheless, she does not despise the rest, neither does she
+     abstain from esteeming them as they deserve; it is even her habit
+     to favor with all her power and to always have in honor those who
+     have well merited of human society and who have passed to
+     posterity.
+
+     Certainly, God is admirable in His saints, but the vestiges of His
+     divine virtues appear as imprinted in those in whom shines a
+     superior force of soul and mind, for this elevation of heart and
+     this spark of genius could only come from God, their author and
+     protector.
+
+     It is in addition an entirely special reason for which we believe
+     we should commemorate in a grateful spirit this immortal event. It
+     is that Columbus is one of us. When one considers with what motive
+     above all he undertook the plan of exploring the dark sea, and with
+     what object he endeavored to realize this plan, one can not doubt
+     that the Catholic faith superlatively inspired the enterprise and
+     its execution, so that by this title, also, humanity is not a
+     little indebted to the Church.
+
+     There are without doubt many men of hardihood and full of
+     experience who, before Christopher Columbus and after him, explored
+     with persevering efforts unknown lands across seas still more
+     unknown. Their memory is celebrated, and will be so by the renown
+     and the recollection of their good deeds, seeing that they have
+     extended the frontiers of science and of civilization, and that not
+     at the price of slight efforts, but with an exalted ardor of
+     spirit, and often through extreme perils. It is not the less true
+     that there is a great difference between them and him of whom we
+     speak.
+
+     The eminently distinctive point in Columbus is, that in crossing
+     the immense expanses of the ocean he followed an object more grand
+     and more elevated than the others. This does not say, doubtless,
+     that he was not in any way influenced by the very praiseworthy
+     desire to be master of science, to well deserve the approval of
+     society, or that he despised the glory whose stimulant is
+     ordinarily more sensitive to elevated minds, or that he was not at
+     all looking to his own personal interests. But above all these
+     human reasons, that of religion was uppermost by a great deal in
+     him, and it was this, without any doubt, which sustained his spirit
+     and his will, and which frequently, in the midst of extreme
+     difficulties, filled him with consolation. He learned in reality
+     that his plan, his resolution profoundly carved in his heart, was
+     to open access to the gospel in new lands and in new seas.
+
+     This may seem hardly probable to those who, concentrating all their
+     care, all their thoughts, in the present nature of things, as it is
+     perceived by the senses, refuse to look upon greater benefits. But,
+     on the other hand, it is the characteristic of eminent minds to
+     prefer to elevate themselves higher, for they are better disposed
+     than all others to seize the impulses and the inspirations of the
+     divine faith. Certainly, Columbus had united the study of nature to
+     the study of religion, and he had conformed his mind to the
+     precepts intimately drawn from the Catholic faith.
+
+     It is thus that, having learned by astronomy and ancient documents
+     that beyond the limits of the known world there were, in addition,
+     toward the west, large tracts of territory unexplored up to that
+     time by anybody, he considered in his mind the immense multitude of
+     those who were plunged in lamentable darkness, subject to insensate
+     rites and to the superstitions of senseless divinities. He
+     considered that they miserably led a savage life, with ferocious
+     customs; that, more miserably still, they were wanting in all
+     notion of the most important things, and that they were plunged in
+     ignorance of the only true God.
+
+     Thus, in considering this in himself, he aimed first of all to
+     propagate the name of Christianity and the benefits of Christian
+     charity in the West. As a fact, as soon as he presented himself to
+     the sovereigns of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, he explained the
+     cause for which they were not to fear taking a warm interest in the
+     enterprise, as their glory would increase to the point of becoming
+     immortal if they decided to carry the name and the doctrine of
+     Jesus Christ into such distant regions. And when, not long
+     afterward, his prayers were granted, he called to witness that he
+     wished to obtain from God that these sovereigns, sustained by His
+     help and His mercy, should persevere in causing the gospel to
+     penetrate upon new shores and in new lands.
+
+     He conceived in the same manner the plan of asking Alexander VI.
+     for apostolic men, by a letter in which these words are found: "I
+     hope that it will some day be given to me with the help of God to
+     propagate afar the very holy name of Jesus Christ and his gospel."
+     Also can one imagine him all filled with joy when he wrote to
+     Raphael Sanchez, the first who from the Indies had returned to
+     Lisbon, that immortal actions of grace must be rendered to God in
+     that he had deigned to cause to prosper the enterprise so well, and
+     that Jesus Christ could rejoice and triumph upon earth and in
+     heaven for the coming salvation of innumerable people who
+     previously had been going to their ruin. That, if Columbus also
+     asks of Ferdinand and Isabella to permit only Catholic Christians
+     to go to the New World, there to accelerate trade with the natives,
+     he supports this motive by the fact that by his enterprise and
+     efforts he has not sought for anything else than the glory and the
+     development of the Christian religion.
+
+     This was what was perfectly known to Isabella, who, better than any
+     other person, had penetrated the mind of such a great man; much
+     more, it appears that this same plan was fully adopted by this very
+     pious woman of great heart and manly mind. She bore witness, in
+     effect, of Columbus, that in courageously giving himself up to the
+     vast ocean, he realized, for the divine glory, a most signal
+     enterprise; and to Columbus himself, when he had happily returned,
+     she wrote that she esteemed as having been highly employed the
+     resources which she had consecrated and which she would still
+     consecrate to the expeditions in the Indies, in view of the fact
+     that the propagation of Catholicism would result from them.
+
+     Also, if he had not inspired himself from a cause superior to human
+     interests, where then would he have drawn the constancy and the
+     strength of soul to support what he was obliged to the end to
+     endure and to submit to; that is to say, the unpropitious advice of
+     the learned people, the repulses of princes, the tempests of the
+     furious ocean, the continual watches, during which he more than
+     once risked losing his sight.
+
+     To that add the combats sustained against the barbarians; the
+     infidelities of his friends, of his companions; the villainous
+     conspiracies, the perfidiousness of the envious, the calumnies of
+     the traducers, the chains with which, after all, though innocent,
+     he was loaded. It was inevitable that a man overwhelmed with a
+     burden of trials so great and so intense would have succumbed had
+     he not sustained himself by the consciousness of fulfilling a very
+     noble enterprise, which he conjectured would be glorious for the
+     Christian name and salutary for an infinite multitude.
+
+     And the enterprise so carried out is admirably illustrated by the
+     events of that time. In effect, Columbus discovered America at
+     about the period when a great tempest was going to unchain itself
+     against the Church. Inasmuch as it is permitted by the course of
+     events to appreciate the ways of divine Providence, it really seems
+     that the man for whom the Liguria honors herself was destined by
+     special plan of God to compensate Catholicism for the injury which
+     it was going to suffer in Europe.
+
+     To call the Indian race to Christianity, this was, without doubt,
+     the mission and the work of the Church in this mission. From the
+     beginning, she continued to fulfill it with an uninterrupted course
+     of charity, and she still continues it, having advanced herself
+     recently so far as the extremities of Patagonia.
+
+     Thus, when compelled by the Portuguese, by the Genoese, to leave
+     without having obtained any result, he went to Spain. He matured
+     the grand plan of the projected discovery in the midst of the walls
+     of a convent, with the knowledge of and with the advice of a monk
+     of the Order of St. Francis d'Assisi, after seven years had
+     revolved. When at last he goes to dare the ocean, he takes care
+     that the expedition shall comply with the acts of spiritual
+     expiation; he prays to the Queen of Heaven to assist the enterprise
+     and to direct its course, and before giving the order to make sail
+     he invokes the august divine Trinity. Then, once fairly at sea,
+     while the waters agitate themselves, while the crew murmurs, he
+     maintains, under God's care, a calm constancy of mind.
+
+     His plan manifests itself in the very names which he imposes on the
+     new islands, and each time that he is called upon to land upon one
+     of them he worships the Almighty God, and only takes possession of
+     it in the name of Jesus Christ. At whatever coast he approaches he
+     has nothing more as his first idea than the planting on the shore
+     of the sacred sign of the cross; and the divine name of the
+     Redeemer, which he had sung so frequently on the open sea to the
+     sound of the murmuring waves--he is the first to make it
+     reverberate in the new islands in the same way. When he institutes
+     the Spanish colony he causes it to be commenced by the construction
+     of a temple, where he first provides that the popular fętes shall
+     be celebrated by august ceremonies.
+
+     Here, then, is what Columbus aimed at and what he accomplished when
+     he went in search, over so great an expanse of sea and of land, of
+     regions up to that time unexplored and uncultivated, but whose
+     civilization, renown, and riches were to rapidly attain that
+     immense development which we see to-day.
+
+     In all this, the magnitude of the event, the efficacy and the
+     variety of the benefits which have resulted from it, tend assuredly
+     to celebrate he, who was the author of it, by a grateful
+     remembrance and by all sorts of testimonials of honor; but, in the
+     first place, we must recognize and venerate particularly the divine
+     project, to which the discoverer of the New World was subservient
+     and which he knowingly obeyed.
+
+     In order to celebrate worthily and in a manner suitable to the
+     truth of the facts the solemn anniversary of Columbus, the
+     sacredness of religion must be united to the splendor of the civil
+     pomp. This is why, as previously, at the first announcement of the
+     event, public actions of grace were rendered to the providence of
+     the immortal God, upon the example which the Supreme Pontiff gave;
+     the same also now, in celebrating the recollection of the
+     auspicious event, we esteem that we must do as much.
+
+     We decree to this effect, that the day of October 12th, or the
+     following Sunday, if the respective diocesan bishops judge it to be
+     opportune, that, after the office of the day, the solemn mass of
+     the very Holy Trinity shall be celebrated in the cathedral and
+     collegial churches of Spain, Italy, and the two Americas. In
+     addition to these countries, we hope that, upon the initiative of
+     the bishops, as much may be done in the others, for it is fitting
+     that all should concur in celebrating with piety and gratitude an
+     event which has been profitable to all.
+
+     In the meanwhile, as a pledge of the celestial favors and in
+     testimony of our fraternal good-will, we affectionately accord in
+     the Lord the Apostolic benediction to you, venerable brothers, to
+     your clergy, and to your people.
+
+     Given at Rome, near St. Peter's, July 16th of the year 1892, the
+     fifteenth of our Pontificate.
+
+                                                    LEO XIII., _Pope_.
+
+
+TO SPAIN.
+
+     CAPEL LOFFT.
+
+  O generous nation! to whose noble boast,
+    Illustrious Spain, the providence of Heaven
+    A radiant sky of vivid power hath given,
+  A land of flowers, of fruits, profuse; an host
+  Of ardent spirits; when deprest the most,
+    By great, enthusiastic impulse driven
+  To deeds of highest daring.
+
+
+WRAPPED IN A VISION GLORIOUS.
+
+     The Rev. JOHN LORD, LL. D., a popular American lecturer and
+     Congregational minister. Born in Portsmouth, N. H., December 27,
+     1810.
+
+Wrapped up in those glorious visions which come only to a man of
+superlative genius, and which make him insensible to heat and cold and
+scanty fare, even to reproach and scorn, this intrepid soul, inspired by
+a great and original idea, wandered from city to city, and country to
+country, and court to court, to present the certain greatness and wealth
+of any state that would embark in his enterprise. But all were alike
+cynical, cold, unbelieving, and even insulting. He opposes overwhelming
+universal and overpowering ideas. To have surmounted these amid such
+protracted opposition and discouragment constitutes his greatness; and
+finally to prove his position by absolute experiment and hazardous
+enterprise makes him one of the greatest of human benefactors, whose
+fame will last through all the generations of men. And as I survey that
+lonely, abstracted, disappointed, and derided man--poor and unimportant;
+so harassed by debt that his creditors seized even his maps and charts;
+obliged to fly from one country to another to escape imprisonment;
+without even listeners and still less friends, and yet with
+ever-increasing faith in his cause; utterly unconquerable; alone in
+opposition to all the world--I think I see the most persistent man of
+enterprise that I have read of in history. Critics ambitious to say
+something new may rake out slanders from the archives of enemies and
+discover faults which derogate from the character we have been taught to
+admire and venerate; they may even point out spots, which we can not
+disprove, in that sun of glorious brightness which shed its beneficent
+rays over a century of darkness--but this we know, that whatever may be
+the force of detraction, his fame has been steadily increasing, even on
+the admission of his slanderers, for three centuries, and that he now
+shines as a fixed star in the constellation of the great lights of
+modern times, not only because he succeeded in crossing the ocean when
+once embarked on it, but for surmounting the moral difficulties which
+lay in his way before he could embark upon it, and for being finally
+instrumental in conferring the greatest boon that our world has received
+from any mortal man since Noah entered into the ark.
+
+
+BY THE GRACE OF GOD HE WAS WHAT HE WAS.
+
+     ROSSELY DE LORGUES, a Catholic biographer.
+
+Columbus did not owe his great celebrity to his genius or conscience,
+but only to his vocation, to his faith, and to the Divine grace.
+
+
+IN HONOR OF COLUMBUS.
+
+Archbishop Janssens of New Orleans has issued a letter to his diocese
+directing a general observance of the 400th anniversary of the discovery
+of America. The opening paragraph reads:
+
+"Christopher Columbus was a sincere and devout Catholic; his remarkable
+voyage was made possible by the intercession of a holy monk and by the
+patronage and liberality of the pious Queen Isabella. The cross of
+Christ, the emblem of our holy religion, was planted on America's virgin
+soil, and the _Te Deum_ and the holy mass were the first religious
+services held on the same. It is, therefore, just and proper that this
+great event and festival should be celebrated in a religious as well as
+a civil manner."
+
+The Pope having set the Julian date of October 12th for the celebration,
+and the President October 21st, the archbishop directs that exercises be
+held on both these days--the first of a religious character, the second
+civic. October 12th a solemn votive mass will be sung in all the
+churches of the diocese, with an exhortation, and October 21st in the
+city of New Orleans the clergy will assemble at the archiepiscopal
+residence early in the morning and march to the cathedral, where
+services will be held at 7.30 o'clock. Sermons of ten minutes each are
+to be preached in English, French, Spanish, German, and Italian.
+
+
+THE IMPREGNABLE WILL OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, an American poet. Born in Boston, 1819; died
+     in Cambridge, 1891. From "W. L. Garrison." Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,
+     Boston.
+
+  Such earnest natures are the fiery pith,
+    The compact nucleus, round which systems grow.
+  Mass after mass becomes inspired therewith,
+    And whirls impregnate with the central glow.
+
+  O Truth! O Freedom! how are ye still born
+    In the rude stable, in the manger nursed.
+  What humble hands unbar those gates of morn
+    Through which the splendors of the new day burst.
+
+  Whatever can be known of earth we know,
+    Sneered Europe's wise men, in their snail-shells curled;
+  No! said one man in Genoa, and that no
+    Out of the dark created this New World.
+
+  Men of a thousand shifts and wiles, look here;
+    See one straightforward conscience put in pawn
+  To win a world; see the obedient sphere
+    By bravery's simple gravitation drawn.
+
+  Shall we not heed the lesson taught of old,
+    And by the Present's lips repeated still,
+  In our own single manhood to be bold,
+    Fortressed in conscience and impregnable will?
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE KING OF DISCOVERERS.
+
+  He in the palace-aisles of untrod woods
+  Doth walk a king; for him the pent-up cell
+  Widens beyond the circles of the stars,
+  And all the sceptered spirits of the past
+  Come thronging in to greet him as their peer;
+  While, like an heir new-crowned, his heart o'erleaps
+  The blazing steps of his ancestral throne.--_Ibid._
+
+Columbus, seeking the back door of Asia, found himself knocking at the
+front door of America.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE PATIENCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     From "Columbus," a poem by the same author. Published by Houghton,
+     Mifflin & Co.
+
+  Chances have laws as fixed as planets have;
+  And disappointment's dry and bitter root,
+  Envy's harsh berries, and the choking pool
+  Of the world's scorn are the right mother-milk
+  To the tough hearts that pioneer their kind,
+  And break a pathway to those unknown realms
+  That in the earth's broad shadow lie enthralled;
+  Endurance is the crowning quality,
+  And patience all the passion of great hearts;
+  These are their stay, and when the leaden world
+  Sets its hard face against their fateful thought,
+  And brute strength, like a scornful conqueror,
+  Clangs his huge mace down in the other scale,
+  The inspired soul but flings his patience in,
+  And slowly that outweighs the ponderous globe--
+  One faith against a whole world's unbelief,
+  One soul against the flesh of all mankind.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  I know not when this hope enthralled me first,
+  But from my boyhood up I loved to hear
+  The tall pine forests of the Apennine
+  Murmur their hoary legends of the sea;
+  Which hearing, I in vision clear beheld
+  The sudden dark of tropic night shut down
+  O'er the huge whisper of great watery wastes.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  I brooded on the wise Athenian's tale
+  Of happy Atlantis, and heard Björne's keel
+  Crunch the gray pebbles of the Vinland shore.
+
+  Thus ever seems it when my soul can hear
+  The voice that errs not; then my triumph gleams,
+  O'er the blank ocean beckoning, and all night
+  My heart flies on before me as I sail;
+  Far on I see my life-long enterprise!
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+LYTTON (Lord). See _post_, "Schiller."
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VESPUCCI AN ADVENTURER.
+
+     THOMAS BABINGTON, Baron MACAULAY, one of England's most celebrated
+     historians. Born at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, October 25,
+     1800; died, December 28, 1859.
+
+Vespucci, an adventurer who accidentally landed in a rich and unknown
+island, and who, though he only set up an ill-shaped cross upon the
+shore, acquired possession of its treasures and gave his name to a
+continent which should have derived its appellation from Columbus.
+
+
+COLUMBUS NEITHER A VISIONARY NOR AN IMBECILE.
+
+     CHARLES P. MACKIE, an American author. From his "With the Admiral
+     of the Ocean Sea." Published by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co.,
+     Chicago.
+
+Whatever were his mistakes and shortcomings, Colon was neither a
+visionary nor an imbecile. Had he been perfect in all things and wise to
+the point of infallibility, we could not have claimed him as the
+glorious credit he was to the common humanity to which we all belong.
+His greatness was sufficient to cover with its mantle far more of the
+weaknesses of frail mortality than he had to draw under its protection;
+and it becomes us who attempt to analyze his life in these later days,
+to bear in mind that, had his lot befallen ourselves, the natives of the
+western world would still, beyond a peradventure, be wandering in
+undraped peace through their tangled woods, and remain forever ignorant
+of the art of eating meat. In his trials and distresses the Admiral
+encountered only the portion of the sons of Adam; but to him was also
+given, as to few before or since, to say with the nameless shepherd of
+Tempe's classic vale, "I, too, have lived in Arcady."
+
+Colon did not merely discover the New World. He spent seven years and
+one month among the islands and on the coasts of the hemisphere now
+called after the ship-chandler who helped to outfit his later
+expeditions. For the greater part of that time he was under the constant
+burden of knowing that venomous intrigue and misrepresentation were
+doing their deadly work at home while he did what he believed was his
+Heaven-imposed duty on this side the Atlantic.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT IN MADRID.
+
+At the top of the Paseo de Recoletos is a monument to Columbus in the
+debased Gothic style of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was unveiled in 1885.
+The sides are ornamented with reliefs and the whole surmounted by a
+white marble statue. Among the sculptures are a ship and a globe, with
+the inscription:
+
+  _Á Castilla y á Leon
+  Nuevo mundo dió Colon._
+
+  (_Translation._)
+
+  To Castille and Leon
+  Columbus gave a new world.
+
+
+VISIT OF COLUMBUS TO ICELAND.
+
+     FINN MAGNUSEN, an Icelandic historian and antiquary. Born at
+     Skalholt, 1781; died, 1847.
+
+The English trade with Iceland certainly merits the consideration of
+historians, if it furnished Columbus with the opportunity of visiting
+that island, there to be informed of the historical evidence respecting
+the existence of important lands and a large continent in the west. If
+Columbus should have acquired a knowledge of the accounts transmitted to
+us of the discoveries of the Northmen in conversations held in Latin
+with the Bishop of Skalholt and the learned men of Iceland, we may the
+more readily conceive his firm belief in the possibility of
+rediscovering a western continent, and his unwearied zeal in putting his
+plans in execution. The discovery of America, so momentous in its
+results, may therefore be regarded as the mediate consequence of its
+previous discovery by the Scandinavians, which may be thus placed among
+the most important events of former ages.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS, BY SENOR G. SUŅOL, ON THE MONUMENT IN
+THE PASEO DE RECOLETOS (DEVOTEES' PROMENADE), MADRID, SPAIN. Erected,
+1885. (See page 208.)]
+
+
+SYMPATHY FOR COLUMBUS.
+
+     RICHARD HENRY MAJOR, F. S. A., late keeper of the printed books in
+     the British Museum; a learned antiquary. Born in London, 1810; died
+     June 25, 1891.
+
+It is impossible to read without the deepest sympathy the occasional
+murmurings and half-suppressed complaints which are uttered in the
+course of his letter to Ferdinand and Isabella describing his fourth
+voyage. These murmurings and complaints were rung from his manly spirit
+by sickness and sorrow, and though reduced almost to the brink of
+despair by the injustice of the King, yet do we find nothing harsh or
+disrespectful in his language to the sovereign. A curious contrast is
+presented to us. The gift of a world could not move the monarch to
+gratitude; the infliction of chains, as a recompense for that gift,
+could not provoke the subject to disloyalty. The same great heart which
+through more than twenty wearisome years of disappointment and chagrin
+gave him strength to beg and buffet his way to glory, still taught him
+to bear with majestic meekness the conversion of that glory into
+unmerited shame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We look back with astonishment and admiration at the stupendous
+achievement effected a whole lifetime later by the immortal Columbus--an
+achievement which formed the connecting link between the Old World and
+the New; yet the explorations instituted by Prince Henry of Portugal
+were in truth the anvil upon which that link was forged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He arrived in a vessel as shattered as his own broken and careworn
+frame.
+
+
+COLUMBUS HEARD OF NORSE DISCOVERIES.
+
+     CONRAD MALTE-BRUN, a Danish author and geographer of great merit.
+     Born at Thister in Jutland, 1775; died, December, 1826.
+
+Columbus, when in Italy, had heard of the Norse discoveries beyond
+Iceland, for Rome was then the world's center, and all information of
+importance was sent there.
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND COPERNICUS.
+
+     HELEN P. MARGESSON, in an article entitled "Marco Polo's
+     Explorations, and their Influence upon Columbus" (being the Old
+     South First Prize Essay, 1891), published in the _New England
+     Magazine_, August, 1892.
+
+Columbus performed his vast undertaking in an age of great deeds and
+great men, when Ficino taught the philosophy of Plato, when Florence was
+thrilled by the luring words and martyrdom of Savonarola, when Michael
+Angelo wrought his everlasting marvels of art. While Columbus, in his
+frail craft, was making his way to "worlds unknown, and isles beyond the
+deep," on the shores of the Baltic a young novitiate, amid the rigors of
+a monastic life, was tracing the course of the planets, and solving the
+problem in which Virgil delighted[47]--problems which had baffled
+Chaldean and Persian, Egyptian and Saracen. Columbus explained the
+earth, Copernicus explained the heavens. Neither of the great
+discoverers lived to see the result of his labors, for the Prussian
+astronomer died on the day that his work was published. But the
+centuries that have come and gone have only increased the fame of
+Columbus and Copernicus, and proven the greatness of their genius.
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND THE FOURTH CENTENARY OF HIS DISCOVERY.
+
+     Commander CLEMENTS ROBERT MARKHAM, R. N., C. B., F. R. S., a noted
+     explorer and talented English author. Midshipman in H. M. S.
+     Assistance in the Franklin Search Expedition, 1850-51. Born July
+     20, 1830, at Stillingfleet, near York. From a paper read before the
+     Royal Geographical Society of England, June 20, 1892.
+
+In the present year the fourth centenary of the discovery of America by
+Columbus will be celebrated with great enthusiasm in Spain, in Italy,
+and in America. That discovery was, without any doubt, the most
+momentous event since the fall of the Roman Empire in its effect on the
+world's history. In its bearings on our science, the light thrown across
+the sea of darkness by the great Genoese was nothing less than the
+creation of modern geography. It seems fitting, therefore, that this
+society should take some share in the commemoration, and that we should
+devote one evening in this session to a consideration of some leading
+points in the life of the foremost of all geographers. * * *
+
+Much new light has been thrown upon the birth and early life of
+Columbus, of late years, by the careful examination of monastic and
+notarial records at Genoa and Savona. At Genoa the original documents
+are still preserved. At Savona they no longer exist, and we are
+dependent on copies made two centuries ago by Salinerius. But both the
+Genoa and Savona records may be safely accepted, and we are thus
+furnished with a new and more interesting view of the early life of
+Columbus. Our thanks for this new light are mainly due to the laborious
+and scholarly researches of the Marchese Marcello Staglieno of Genoa,
+and to the work of Mr. Harrisse. We may take it as fully established
+that the original home of Giovanni Colombo, the grandfather of the great
+discoverer, was at Terrarossa, a small stone house, the massive walls
+of which are still standing on a hillside forming the northern slope of
+the beautiful valley of Fontanabuona. Here, no doubt, the father of
+Columbus was born; but the family moved to Quinto-al-Mare, then a
+fishing village about five miles east of Genoa. Next we find the father,
+Domenico Colombo, owning a house at Quinto, but established at Genoa as
+a wool weaver, with an apprentice. This was in 1439. A few years
+afterward Domenico found a wife in the family of a silk weaver who lived
+up a tributary valley of the Bisagno, within an easy walk of Genoa.
+Quezzi is a little village high up on the west side of a ravine, with
+slopes clothed to their summits in olive and chestnut foliage, whence
+there is a glorious view of the east end of Genoa, including the church
+of Carignano and the Mediterranean. On the opposite slope are the
+scattered houses of the hamlet of Ginestrato. From this village of
+Quezzi Domenico brought his wife, Susanna Fontanarossa, to Genoa, her
+dowry consisting of a small property, a house or a field, at Ginestrato.
+
+About the home of Domenico and his wife at Genoa during at least twenty
+years there is absolute certainty. The old gate of San Andrea is still
+standing, with its lofty arch across the street, and its high flanking
+towers. A street with a rapid downward slope, called the Vico Dritto di
+Ponticelli, leads from the gate of San Andrea to the Church of S.
+Stefano; and the house of Domenico Colombo was in this street, a few
+doors from the gate. It was the weavers' quarter, and S. Stefano was
+their parish church, where they had a special altar. Domenico's house
+had two stories besides the ground floor; and there was a back garden,
+with a well between it and the city wall. It was battered down during
+the bombardment of Genoa in the time of Louis XIV., was rebuilt with two
+additional stories, and is now the property of the city of Genoa.
+
+This was the house of the parents of Columbus, and at a solemn moment,
+shortly before his death, Columbus stated that he was born in the city
+of Genoa. No. 39 Vico Dritto di Ponticelli was therefore, in all
+probability, the house where the great discoverer was born, and the old
+Church of San Stefano, with its faįade of alternate black and white
+courses of marble, and its quaint old campanile, was the place of his
+baptism. The date of his birth is fixed by three statements of his own,
+and by a justifiable inference from the notarial records. He said that
+he went to sea at the age of fourteen, and that when he came to Spain in
+1485 he had led a sailor's life for twenty-three years. He was,
+therefore, born in 1447. In 1501 he again said that it was forty years
+since he first went to sea when he was fourteen; the same result--1447.
+In 1503 he wrote that he first came to serve for the discovery of the
+Indies--that is, that he left his home at the age of twenty-eight. This
+was in 1474, and the result is again 1447. The supporting notarial
+evidence is contained in two documents, in which the mother of Columbus
+consented to the sale of property by her husband. For the first deed, in
+May, 1471, the notary summoned her brothers to consent to the execution
+of the deed, as the nearest relations of full age. The second deed is
+witnessed by her son Cristoforo in August, 1473. He must have attained
+the legal age of twenty-five in the interval. This again makes 1447 the
+year of his birth.
+
+The authorities who assign 1436 as the year of his birth rely
+exclusively on the guess of a Spanish priest, Dr. Bernaldez, Cura of
+Palacios, who made the great discoverer's acquaintance toward the end of
+his career. Bernaldez, judging from his aged appearance, thought that he
+might be seventy years of age, more or less, when he died. The use of
+the phrase "more or less" proves that Bernaldez had no information from
+Columbus himself, and that he merely guessed the years of the
+prematurely aged hero. This is not evidence. The three different
+statements of Columbus, supported by the corroborative testimony of the
+deeds of sale, form positive evidence, and fix the date of the birth at
+1447.
+
+We know the place and date of the great discoverer's birth, thanks to
+the researches of the Marchese Staglieno. The notarial records, combined
+with incidental statements of Columbus himself, also tell us that he was
+brought up, with his brothers and sister, in the Vico Dritto at Genoa;
+that he worked at his father's trade and became a "lanerio," or wool
+weaver; that he moved with his father and mother to Savona in 1472; and
+that the last document connecting Cristoforo Colombo with Italy is dated
+on August 7, 1473. After that date--doubtless very soon after that date,
+when he is described as a wool weaver of Genoa--Columbus went to
+Portugal, at the age of twenty-eight. But we also know that, in spite of
+his regular business as a weaver, he first went to sea in 1461, at the
+age of fourteen, and that he continued to make frequent voyages in the
+Mediterranean and the Archipelago--certainly as far as Chios--although
+his regular trade was that of a weaver.
+
+This is not a mere question of places and dates. These facts enable us
+to form an idea of the circumstances surrounding the youth and early
+manhood of the future discoverer, of his training, of the fuel which
+lighted the fire of his genius, and of the difficulties which surrounded
+him. Moreover, a knowledge of the real facts serves to clear away all
+the misleading fables about student life at Pavia, about service with
+imaginary uncles who were corsairs or admirals, and about galleys
+commanded for King Réné. Some of these fables are due to the mistaken
+piety of the great discoverer's son Hernando, and to others, who seem
+to have thought that they were doing honor to the memory of the Admiral
+by surrounding his youth with romantic stories. But the simple truth is
+far more honorable, and, indeed, far more romantic. It shows us the
+young weaver loving his home and serving his parents with filial
+devotion, but at the same time preparing, with zeal and industry, to
+become an expert in the profession for which he was best fitted, and
+even in his earliest youth making ready to fulfill his high destiny.
+
+I believe that Columbus had conceived the idea of sailing westward to
+the Indies even before he left his home at Savona. My reason is, that
+his correspondence with Toscanelli on the subject took place in the very
+year of his arrival in Portugal. That fact alone involves the position
+that the young weaver had not only become a practical seaman--well
+versed in all the astronomical knowledge necessary for his profession--a
+cosmographer, and a draughtsman, but also that he had carefully digested
+what he had learned, and had formed original conceptions. It seems
+wonderful that a humble weaver's apprentice could have done all this in
+the intervals of his regular work. Assuredly it is most wonderful; but I
+submit that his correspondence with Toscanelli in 1474 proves it to be a
+fact. We know that there were the means of acquiring such knowledge at
+Genoa in those days; that city was indeed the center of the nautical
+science of the day. Benincasa, whose beautiful _Portolani_ may still be
+seen at the British Museum, and in other collections, was in the height
+of his fame as a draughtsman at Genoa during the youth of Columbus; so
+was Pareto. In the workrooms of these famous cartographers the young
+aspirant would see the most accurate charts that could then be produced,
+very beautifully executed; and his imagination would be excited by the
+appearance of all the fabulous islands on the verge of the unknown
+ocean.
+
+When the time arrived for Columbus to leave his home, he naturally chose
+Lisbon as the point from whence he could best enlarge his experience and
+mature his plans. Ever since he could remember he had seen the
+inscriptions respecting members of the Pasagni family, as we may see
+them now, carved on the white courses of the west front of San Stefano,
+his parish church. These Genoese Pasagni had been hereditary Admirals of
+Portugal; they had brought many Genoese seamen to Lisbon; the Cross of
+St. George marked their exploits on the _Portolani_, and Portugal was
+thus closely connected with the tradition of Genoese enterprise. So it
+was to Lisbon that Columbus and his brother made their way, and it was
+during the ten years of his connection with Portugal that his
+cosmographical studies, and his ocean voyages from the equator to the
+arctic circle, _combined with his genius to make Columbus the greatest
+seaman of his age_.
+
+Capt. Duro, of the Spanish navy, has investigated all questions relating
+to the ships of the Columbian period and their equipment with great
+care; and the learning he has brought to bear on the subject has
+produced very interesting results. The two small caravels provided for
+the voyage of Columbus by the town of Palos were only partially decked.
+The Pinta was strongly built, and was originally lateen-rigged on all
+three masts, and she was the fastest sailer in the expedition; but she
+was only fifty tons burden, with a complement of eighteen men. The Niņa,
+so-called after the Niņo family of Palos, who owned her, was still
+smaller, being only forty tons. These two vessels were commanded by the
+Pinzons, and entirely manned by natives of the province of Huelva. The
+third vessel was much larger, and did not belong to Palos. She was
+called a "nao," or ship, and was of about one hundred tons burden,
+completely decked, with a high poop and forecastle. Her length has been
+variously estimated. Two of her masts had square sails, the mizzen being
+lateen-rigged. The foremast had a square foresail, the mainmast a
+mainsail and maintopsail, and there was a spritsail on the bowsprit. The
+courses were enlarged, in fair weather, by lacing strips of canvas to
+their leeches, called _bonetas_. There appear to have been two boats,
+one with a sail, and the ship was armed with lombards. The rigs of these
+vessels were admirably adapted for their purpose. The large courses of
+the caravels enabled their commanders to lay their courses nearer to the
+wind than any clipper ship of modern times. The crew of the ship Santa
+Maria numbered fifty-two men all told, including the Admiral. She was
+owned by the renowned pilot Juan de la Cosa of Santoņa, who sailed with
+Columbus on both his first and second voyages, and was the best
+draughtsman in Spain. Mr. Harrisse, and even earlier writers, such as
+Vianello, call him a Basque pilot, apparently because he came from the
+north of Spain; but Santoņa, his birthplace, although on the coast of
+the Bay of Biscay, is not in the Basque provinces; and if Juan de la
+Cosa was a native of Santoņa he was not a Basque. While the crews of the
+two caravels all came from Palos or its neighborhood, the men of the
+Santa Maria were recruited from all parts of Spain, two from Santoņa
+besides Juan de la Cosa, which was natural enough, and several others
+from northern ports, likewise attracted, in all probability, by the fame
+of the Santoņa pilot. Among these it is very interesting to find an
+Englishman, who came from the little town of Lajes, near Coruņa.
+
+Our countryman is called in the list, "Tallarte de Lajes" (Inglés). It
+is not unlikely that an English sailor, making voyages from Bristol or
+from one of the Cinque Ports to Coruņa, may have married and settled at
+Lajes. But what can we make of "Tallarte"? Spaniards would be likely
+enough to prefix a "T" to any English name beginning with a vowel, and
+they would be pretty sure to give the word a vowel termination. So,
+getting rid of these initial and terminal superfluities, there remains
+Allart, or Alard. This was a famous name among the sailors of the Cinque
+Ports. Gervaise Alard of Winchelsea in 1306 was the first English
+admiral; and there were Alards of Winchelsea for several generations,
+who were renowned as expert and daring sailors. One of them, I believe,
+sailed with Columbus on his first voyage, and perished at Navidad.
+
+Columbus took with him the map furnished by Toscanelli. It is
+unfortunately lost. But the globe of Martin Behaim, drawn in 1492--the
+very year of the sailing of Columbus--shows the state of knowledge on
+the eve of the discovery of America. The lost map of Toscanelli must
+have been very like it, with its islands in mid-Atlantic, and its
+archipelago grouped round Cipango, near the coast of Cathay. This globe
+deserves close attention, for its details must be impressed on the minds
+of all who would understand what were the ideas and hopes of Columbus
+when he sailed from Palos.
+
+Friday, August 3, 1492, when the three little vessels sailed over the
+bar of Saltes, was a memorable day in the world's history. It had been
+prepared for by many years of study and labor, by long years of
+disappointment and anxiety, rewarded at length by success. The proof was
+to be made at last. To the incidents of that famous voyage nothing can
+be added. But we may, at least, settle the long-disputed question of the
+landfall of Columbus. It is certainly an important question. There are
+the materials for a final decision, and we ought to know for certain on
+what spot of land it was that the Admiral knelt when he sprang from the
+boat on that famous 12th of October, 1492.
+
+The learned have disputed over the matter for a century, and no less
+than five islands of the Bahama group have had their advocates. This is
+not the fault of Columbus, albeit we only have an abstract of his
+journal. The island is there fully and clearly described, and courses
+and distances are given thence to Cuba, which furnish data for fixing
+the landfall with precision. Here it is not a case for the learning and
+erudition of Navarretes, Humboldts, and Varnhagens. It is a sailor's
+question. If the materials from the journal were placed in the hands of
+any midshipman in her Majesty's navy, he would put his finger on the
+true landfall within half an hour. When sailors took the matter in hand,
+such as Admiral Becher, of the Hydrographic Office, and Lieut. Murdoch,
+of the United States navy, they did so.
+
+Our lamented associate, Mr. R. H. Major, read a paper on this
+interesting subject on May 8, 1871, in which he proved that Watling's
+Island was the Guanahani, or San Salvador, of Columbus. He did so by two
+lines of argument--the first being the exact agreement between the
+description of Guanahani, in the journal of Columbus, and Watling's
+Island, a description which can not be referred to any other island in
+the Bahama group; and the second being a comparison of the maps of Juan
+de la Cosa and of Herrera with modern charts. He showed that out of
+twenty-four islands on the Herrera map of 1600, ten retain the same
+names as they then had, thus affording stations for comparison; and the
+relative bearings of these ten islands lead us to the accurate
+identification of the rest. The shapes are not correct, but the relative
+bearings are, and the Guanahani of the Herrera map is thus identified
+with the present Watling's Island. Mr. Major, by careful and minute
+attention to the words of the journal of Columbus, also established the
+exact position of the first anchorage as having been a little to the
+west of the southeast point of Watling's Island.
+
+I can not leave the subject of Mr. Major's admirable paper without
+expressing my sense of the loss sustained by comparative geography when
+his well-known face, so genial and sympathetic, disappeared from among
+us. The biographer of Prince Henry the Navigator, Major did more than
+any other Englishman of this century to bring the authentic history of
+Columbus within the reach of his countrymen. His translations of the
+letters of the illustrious Genoese, and the excellent critical essay
+which preceded them, are indispensable to every English student of the
+history of geographical discovery who is not familiar with the Spanish
+language, and most useful even to Spanish scholars. His knowledge of the
+history of cartography, his extensive and accurate scholarship, and his
+readiness to impart his knowledge to others, made him a most valuable
+member of the council of this society, and one whose place is not easy
+to fill; while there are not a few among the Fellows who, like myself,
+sincerely mourn the loss of a true and warmhearted friend.
+
+When we warmly applauded the close reasoning and the unassailable
+conclusions of Major's paper, we supposed that the question was at
+length settled; but as time went on, arguments in favor of other islands
+continued to appear, and an American in a high official position even
+started a new island, contending that Samana was the landfall. But Fox's
+Samana and Varnhagen's Mayaguana must be ruled out of court without
+further discussion, for they both occur on the maps of Juan de la Cosa
+and Herrera, on which Guanahani also appears. It is obvious that they
+can not be Guanahani and themselves at the same time; and it is perhaps
+needless to add that they do not answer to the description of Guanahani
+by Columbus, and meet none of the other requirements.
+
+On this occasion it may be well to identify the landfall by another
+method, and thus furnish some further strength to the arguments which
+ought to put an end to the controversy. Major established the landfall
+by showing the identity between the Guanahani of Columbus and Watling's
+Island, and by the evidence of early maps. There is still another
+method, which was adopted by Lieut. Murdoch, of the United States navy,
+in his very able paper. Columbus left Guanahani and sailed to his second
+island, which he called Santa Maria de la Concepcion; and he gives the
+bearing and distance. He gives the bearing and distance from this second
+island to the north end of a third, which he called Fernandina. He gives
+the length of Fernandina. He gives the bearing and distance from the
+south end of Fernandina to a fourth island named Isabella, from Isabella
+to some rocks called Islas de Arena, and from Islas de Arena to Cuba.
+
+It is obvious that if we trace these bearings and distances backward
+from Cuba, they will bring us to an island which must necessarily be the
+Guanahani, or San Salvador, of Columbus. This is the sailor's method: On
+October 27th, when Columbus sighted Cuba at a distance of 20 miles, the
+bearing of his anchorage at sunrise of the same day, off the Islas de
+Arena, was N. E. 58 miles, and from the point reached in Cuba it was N.
+E. 75 miles. The Ragged Islands are 75 miles from Cuba, therefore the
+Islas de Arena of Columbus are identified with the Ragged Islands of
+modern charts. The Islas de Arena were sighted when Columbus was 56
+miles from the south end of Fernandina, and E.N.E. from Isabella. These
+bearings show that Fernandina was Long Island, and that Isabella was
+Crooked Island, of modern charts. Fernandina was 20 leagues long N. N.
+W. and S. S. E.; Long Island is 20 leagues long N. N. W. and S. S. E.
+Santa Maria de la Concepcion was several miles east of the north end of
+Fernandina, but in sight. Rum Cay is several miles east of the north
+end of Long Island, but in sight. Rum Cay is, therefore, the Santa Maria
+of Columbus. San Salvador, or Guanahani, was 21 miles N. W. from Santa
+Maria de la Concepcion. Watling's Island is 21 miles N. W. from Rum Cay;
+Watling's Island is, therefore, proved to be the San Salvador, or
+Guanahani, of Columbus.
+
+The spot where Columbus first landed in the New World is the eastern end
+of the south side of Watling's Island. This has been established by the
+arguments of Major, and by the calculations of Murdoch, beyond all
+controversy. The evidence is overwhelming. Watling's Island answers to
+every requirement and every test, whether based on the Admiral's
+description of the island itself, on the courses and distances thence to
+Cuba, or on the evidence of early maps. We have thus reached a final and
+satisfactory conclusion, and we can look back on that momentous event in
+the world's history with the certainty that we know the exact spot on
+which it occurred--on which Columbus touched the land when he sprang
+from his boat with the standard waving over his head.[48]
+
+The discoveries of Columbus during his first voyage, as recorded in his
+journal, included part of the north coast of Cuba, and the whole of the
+north coast of Espaņola. The journal shows the care with which the
+navigation was conducted, how observations for latitude were taken, how
+the coasts were laid down--every promontory and bay receiving a
+name--and with what diligence each new feature of the land and its
+inhabitants was examined and recorded. The genius of Columbus would not
+have been of the same service to mankind if it had not been combined
+with great capacity for taking trouble, and with habits of order and
+accuracy. In considering the qualities of the great Genoese as a seaman
+and an explorer, we can not fail to be impressed with this accuracy, the
+result of incessant watchfulness and of orderly habits. Yet it is his
+accuracy which has been called in question by some modern writers, on
+the ground of passages in his letters which they have misinterpreted, or
+failed to understand. In every instance the blunder has not been
+committed by Columbus, but by his critics.
+
+The Admiral's letters do not show him to be either careless or
+inaccurate. On the contrary, they bear witness to his watchfulness, to
+his methodical habits, and to his attention to details; although at the
+same time they are full of speculations, and of the thoughts which
+followed each other so rapidly in his imaginative brain. It was, indeed,
+the combination of these two qualities, of practical and methodical
+habits of thought with a vivid imagination, which constituted his
+genius--a combination as rare as it is valuable. It created the thoughts
+which conceived the great discovery, as well as the skill and ability
+which achieved it.
+
+Unfortunately, the journals and charts of Columbus are lost. But we have
+the full abstract of the journal of his first voyage, made by Las Casas,
+we have his letters and dispatches, and we have the map of his
+discoveries, except those made during his last voyage, drawn by his own
+pilot and draughtsman, Juan de la Cosa. We are thus able to obtain a
+sufficient insight into the system on which his exploring voyages were
+conducted, and into the sequence in which his discoveries followed each
+other. This is the point of view from which the labors of the Admiral
+are most interesting to geographers. The deficient means at the disposal
+of a navigator in the end of the fifteenth century increase the
+necessity for a long apprenticeship. It is much easier to become a
+navigator with the aid of modern instruments constructed with extreme
+accuracy, and with tables of logarithms, nautical almanacs, and
+admiralty charts. With ruder appliances Columbus and his contemporaries
+had to trust far more to their own personal skill and watchfulness, and
+to ways of handling and using such instruments as they possessed, which
+could only be acquired by constant practice and the experience of a
+lifetime. _Even then, an insight and ability which few men possess were
+required to make such a navigator as Columbus._
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF ANTONIO DE HERRERA, THE HISTORIAN OF COLUMBUS.
+(See page 220.)]
+
+The first necessity for a pilot who conducts a ship across the ocean,
+when he is for many days out of sight of land, is the means of checking
+his dead reckoning by observations of the heavenly bodies. But in the
+days of Columbus such appliances were very defective, and, at times,
+altogether useless. There was an astrolabe adapted for use at sea by
+Martin Behaim, but it was very difficult to get a decent sight with it,
+and Vasco da Gama actually went on shore and rigged a triangle when he
+wanted to observe for latitude. If this was necessary, the instrument
+was useless as a guide across the pathless ocean. Columbus, of
+course, used it, but he seems to have relied more upon the old
+quadrant which he had used for long years before Behaim invented his
+adaption of the astrolabe. It was this instrument, the value of which
+received such warm testimony from Diogo Gomez, one of Prince Henry's
+navigators; and it was larger and easier to handle than the astrolabe.
+But the difficulty, as regards both these instruments,[49] was the
+necessity for keeping them perpendicular to the horizon when the
+observation is taken, in one case by means of a ring working freely, and
+in the other by a plummet line. The instruction of old Martin Cortes was
+to sit down with your back against the mainmast; but in reality the only
+man who obtained results of any use from such instruments was he who had
+been constantly working with them from early boyhood. In those days, far
+more than now, a good pilot had to be brought up at sea from his youth.
+Long habit could alone make up, to a partial extent, for defective
+means.
+
+Columbus regularly observed for latitude when the weather rendered it
+possible, and he occasionally attempted to find the longitude by
+observing eclipses of the moon with the aid of tables calculated by old
+Regiomontanus, whose declination tables also enabled the Admiral to work
+out his meridian altitudes. But the explorer's main reliance was on the
+skill and care with which he calculated his dead reckoning, watching
+every sign offered by sea and sky by day and night, allowing for
+currents, for leeway, for every cause that could affect the movement of
+his ship, noting with infinite pains the bearings and the variation of
+his compass, and constantly recording all phenomena on his card and in
+his journal. _Columbus was the true father of what we call proper
+pilotage._
+
+It is most interesting to watch the consequences of this seaman-like and
+most conscientious care in the results of his voyages of discovery. We
+have seen with what accuracy he made his landfall at the Azores, on his
+return from his first and most memorable voyage. The incidents of his
+second voyage are equally instructive. He had heard from the natives of
+the eastern end of Espaņola that there were numerous islands to the
+southeast inhabited by savage tribes of Caribs, and when he sailed from
+Spain on his second voyage he resolved to ascertain the truth of the
+report before proceeding to his settlement at Navidad. He shaped such a
+course as to hit upon Dominica, and within a few weeks he discovered the
+whole of the Windward Islands, thence to Puerto Rico. On his return his
+spirit of investigation led him to try the possibility of making a
+passage in the teeth of the trade-wind. It was a long voyage, and his
+people were reduced to the last extremity, even threatening to eat the
+Indians who were on board. One night, to the surprise of all the
+company, the Admiral gave the order to shorten sail. Next morning, at
+dawn, Cape St. Vincent was in sight. This is a remarkable proof of the
+care with which his reckoning must have been kept, and of his consummate
+skill as a navigator. On his third voyage he decided, for various
+reasons, to make further discoveries nearer to the equator, the result
+of his decision being the exploration of the Gulf of Paria, including
+the coast of Trinidad and of the continent. His speculations, although
+sometimes fantastic, and originating in a too vivid imagination, were
+usually shrewd and carefully thought out. Thus they led from one
+discovery to another; and even when, through want of complete knowledge,
+there was a flaw in the chain of his reasoning, the results were equally
+valuable.
+
+A memorable example of an able and acute train of thought, based on
+observations at sea, was that which led to his last voyage in search of
+a strait. He had watched the gulf stream constantly flowing in a
+westerly direction, and he thought that he had ascertained, as the
+result of careful observation, that the islands in the course of the
+current had their lengths east and west, owing to erosion on their north
+and south sides. From this fact he deduced the constancy of the current.
+His own pilot, Juan de la Cosa, serving under Ojeda and Bastidas, had
+established the continuity of land from the Gulf of Paria to Darien. The
+Admiral himself had explored the coast of Cuba, both on the north and
+south sides, for so great a distance that he concluded it must surely be
+a promontory connected with the continent. The conclusion was that, as
+it could not turn to north or south, this current, ever flowing in one
+direction, must pass through a strait. The argument was perfectly sound
+except in one point--the continental character of Cuba was an
+hypothesis, not an ascertained fact.
+
+Still, it was a brilliant chain of reasoning, and it led to a great
+result, though not to the expected result. Just as the search for the
+philosopher's stone led to valuable discoveries in chemistry, and as the
+search for El Dorado revealed the courses of the two largest rivers in
+South America, so the Admiral's heroic effort to discover a strait in
+the face of appalling difficulties, in advancing years and failing
+health, made known the coast of the continent from Honduras to Darien.
+
+All the discoveries made by others, in the lifetime of Columbus, on the
+coasts of the western continent (except that of Cabral) were directly
+due to the first voyage of the Admiral, to his marvelous prevision in
+boldly sailing westward across the sea of darkness, and are to be
+classed as Columbian discoveries. This was clearly laid down by Las
+Casas, in a noble passage. "The Admiral was the first to open the gates
+of that ocean which had been closed for so many thousands of years
+before," exclaimed the good bishop. "He it was who gave the light by
+which all others might see how to discover. It can not be denied to the
+Admiral, except with great injustice, that _as_ he was the first
+discoverer of those Indies, _so_ he was really of all the mainland; and
+to him the credit is due. For it was he that put the thread into the
+hands of the rest by which they found the clew to more distant parts. It
+was not necessary for this that he should personally visit every part,
+any more than it is necessary to do so in taking possession of an
+estate; as the jurists hold." This generous protest by Las Casas should
+receive the assent of all geographers. The pupils and followers of
+Columbus, such as Pinzon, Ojeda, Niņo, and La Cosa, discovered all the
+continent from 8 deg. S. of the equator to Darien, thus supplementing
+their great master's work; while he himself led the way, and showed the
+light both to the islands and to the continent.
+
+Although none of the charts of Columbus have come down to us, there
+still exists a map of all discoveries up to the year 1500, drawn by the
+pilot Juan de la Cosa, who accompanied him in his first and second
+voyages, and sailed with Ojeda on a separate expedition in 1499, when
+the coast of the continent was explored from the Gulf of Paria to Cabo
+de la Vela. Juan de la Cosa drew this famous map of the world (which is
+preserved at Madrid) at Santa Maria, in the Bay of Cadiz, when he
+returned from his expedition with Ojeda in 1500. It is drawn in color,
+on oxhide, and measures 5 feet 9 inches by 3 feet 2 inches. La Cosa
+shows the islands discovered by Columbus, but it is difficult to
+understand what he could have been thinking about in placing them north
+of the tropic of cancer. The continent is delineated from 8 deg. S. of
+the equator to Cabo de la Vela, which was the extreme point to which
+discovery had reached in 1500; and over the undiscovered part to the
+west, which the Admiral himself was destined to bring to the knowledge
+of the world a few years afterward, Juan de la Cosa painted a vignette
+of St. Christopher bearing the infant Christ across the ocean. But the
+most important part of the map is that on which the discoveries of John
+Cabot are shown, for this is the only map which shows them. It is true
+that a map, or a copy of a map, of 1542, by Sebastian Cabot, was
+discovered of late years, and is now at Paris, and that it indicates the
+"Prima Vista," the first land seen by Cabot on his voyage of 1497; but
+it shows the later work of Jacques Cartier and other explorers, and does
+not show what part was due to Cabot. Juan de la Cosa, however, must have
+received, through the Spanish ambassador in London, the original chart
+of Cabot, showing his discoveries during his second voyage in 1498, and
+was enabled thus to include the new coast-line on his great map.
+
+The gigantic labor wore out his body. But his mind was as active as
+ever. He had planned an attempt to recover the Holy Sepulcher. He had
+thought out a scheme for an Arctic expedition, including a plan for
+reaching the north pole, which he deposited in the monastery of
+Mejorada. It was not to be. When he returned from his last voyage, he
+came home to die. We gather some idea of the Admiral's personal
+appearance from the descriptions of Las Casas and Oviedo. He was a man
+of middle height, with courteous manners and noble bearing. His face was
+oval, with a pleasing expression; the nose aquiline, the eyes blue, and
+the complexion fair and inclined to ruddiness. The hair was red, though
+it became gray soon after he was thirty. Only one authentic portrait of
+Columbus is known to have been painted. The Italian historian, Paulus
+Jovius, who was his contemporary, collected a gallery of portraits of
+worthies of his time at his villa on the Lake of Como. Among them was a
+portrait of the Admiral. There is an early engraving from it, and very
+indifferent copies in the Uffizi at Florence, and at Madrid. But until
+quite recently I do not think that the original was known to exist. It,
+however, never left the family, and when the last Giovio died it was
+inherited by her grandson, the Nobile de Orché, who is the present
+possessor. We have the head of a venerable man, with thin gray hair, the
+forehead high, the eyes pensive and rather melancholy. It was thus that
+he doubtless appeared during the period that he was in Spain, after his
+return in chains, or during the last year of his life.
+
+In his latter years we see Columbus, although as full as ever of his
+great mission, thinking more and more of the transmission of his rights
+and his property intact to his children. He had always loved his home,
+and his amiable and affectionate disposition made many and lasting
+friendships in all ranks of life, from Queen Isabella and Archbishop
+Deza to the humblest _grumete_. We find his shipmates serving with him
+over and over again. Terreros, the Admiral's steward, and Salcedo, his
+servant, were with him in his first voyage and in his last. His faithful
+captains, Mendez and Fieschi, risked life and limb for him, and attended
+him on his deathbed. Columbus was also blessed with two loving and
+devoted brothers. In one of his letters to his son Diego, he said,
+"Never have I found better friends, on my right hand and on my left,
+than my brothers." Bartholomew, especially, was his trusty and gallant
+defender and counselor in his darkest hours of difficulty and distress,
+his nurse in sickness, and his helpful companion in health. The enduring
+affection of these two brothers, from the cradle to the grave, is most
+touching. Columbus was happy too in his handsome, promising young sons,
+who were ever dutiful, and whose welfare was his fondest care; they
+fulfilled all his hopes. One recovered the Admiral's rights, while the
+other studied his father's professional work, preserved his memorials,
+and wrote his life. Columbus never forgot his old home at Genoa, and the
+most precious treasures of the proud city are the documents which her
+illustrious son confided to her charge, and the letters in which he
+expressed his affection for his native town. Columbus was a man to
+reverence, but he was still more a man to love.
+
+The great discoverer's genius was a gift which is only produced once in
+an age, and it is that which has given rise to the enthusiastic
+celebration of the fourth centenary of his achievement. To geographers
+and sailors the careful study of his life will always be useful and
+instructive. They will be led to ponder over the deep sense of duty and
+responsibility which produced his unceasing and untiring watchfulness
+when at sea, over the long training which could alone produce so
+consummate a navigator, and over that perseverance and capacity for
+taking trouble which we should all not only admire but strive to
+imitate. I can not better conclude this very inadequate attempt to do
+justice to a great subject than by quoting the words of a geographer,
+whose loss from among us we still continue to feel--the late Sir Henry
+Yule. He said of Columbus: "His genius and lofty enthusiasm, his ardent
+and justified previsions, mark the great Admiral as one of the lights of
+the human race."
+
+
+A DISCOVERY GREATER THAN THE LABORS OF HERCULES.
+
+     PIETRO MARTIRE DE ANGHIERA (usually called Peter Martyr), an
+     Italian scholar, statesman, and historian. Born at Arona, on Lake
+     Maggiore, in 1455; died at Granada, Spain, 1526.
+
+To declare my opinion herein, whatsoever hath heretofore been discovered
+by the famous travayles of Saturnus and Hercules, with such other whom
+the antiquitie for their heroical acts honoured as Gods, seemeth but
+little and obscure if it be compared to the victorious labours of the
+Spanyards.
+
+  --Decad. ii, cap. 4, Lok's Translation.
+
+
+GENIUS TRAVELED WESTWARD.
+
+     WILLIAM MASON, an English poet. Born at Hull, 1725; died in 1797.
+
+  Old England's genius turns with scorn away,
+  Ascends his sacred bark, the sails unfurled,
+  And steers his state to the wide Western World.
+
+
+MISSION AND REWARD.
+
+     J. N. MATTHEWS, in Chicago _Tribune_, 1892.
+
+  Sailing before the silver shafts of morn,
+    He bore the White Christ over alien seas--
+  The swart Columbus--into "lands forlorn,"
+    That lay beyond the dim Hesperides.
+  Humbly he gathered up the broken chain
+    Of human knowledge, and, with sails unfurled,
+  He drew it westward from the coast of Spain,
+    And linked it firmly to another world.
+
+  Tho' blinding tempests drove his ships astray,
+    And on the decks conspiring Spaniards grew
+  More mutinous and dangerous, day by day,
+    Than did the deadly winds that round him blew,
+  Yet the bluff captain, with his bearded lip,
+    His lordly purpose, and his high disdain,
+  Stood like a master with uplifted whip,
+    And urged his mad sea-horses o'er the main.
+
+  Onward and onward thro' the blue profound,
+    Into the west a thousand leagues or more,
+  His caravels cut the billows till they ground
+    Upon the shallows of San Salvador.
+  Then, robed in scarlet like a rising morn,
+    He climbed ashore and on the shining sod
+  He gave to man a continent new-born;
+    Then, kneeling, gave his gratitude to God.
+
+  And his reward? In all the books of fate
+    There is no page so pitiful as this--
+  A cruel dungeon, and a monarch's hate,
+    And penury and calumny were his;
+  Robbed of his honors in his feeble age,
+    Despoiled of glory, the old Genoese
+  Withdrew at length from life's ungrateful stage,
+    To try the waves of other unknown seas.
+
+
+EAGER TO SHARE THE REWARD.
+
+     Letter written by the Duke of MEDINA CELI to the Grand Cardinal of
+     Spain, Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, dated March 19, 1493.
+
+MOST REVEREND SIR: I am not aware whether your Lordship knows that I had
+Cristoforo Colon under my roof for a long time when he came from
+Portugal, and wished to go to the King of France, in order that he might
+go in search of the Indies with his Majesty's aid and countenance. I
+myself wished to make the venture, and to dispatch him from my port
+[Santa Maria], where I had a good equipment of three or four caravels,
+_since he asked no more from me_; but as I recognized that this was an
+undertaking for the Queen, our sovereign, I wrote about the matter to
+her Highness from Rota, and she replied that I should send him to her.
+Therefore I sent him, and asked her Highness that, since I did not
+desire to pursue the enterprise but had arranged it for her service, she
+should direct that compensation be made to me, and that I might have a
+share in it by having the loading and unloading of the commerce done in
+the port.
+
+Her Highness received him [Colon], and referred him to Alonso de
+Quintanilla, who, in turn, _wrote me that he did not consider this
+affair to be very certain_; but that if it should go through, her
+Highness would give me a reward and part in it. After having well
+studied it, she agreed to send him in search of the Indies. Some eight
+months ago he set out, and now has arrived at Lisbon on his return
+voyage, and has found all which he sought and very completely; which, as
+soon as I knew, in order to advise her Highness of such good tidings, I
+am writing by Inares and sending him to beg that she grant me the
+privilege of sending out there each year some of my own caravels.
+
+I entreat your Lordship that you may be pleased to assist me in this,
+and also ask it in my behalf; since on my account, and through my
+keeping him [Colon] _two years in my house_, and having placed him at
+her Majesty's service, so great a thing as this has come to pass; and
+because Inares will inform your Lordship more in detail, I beg you to
+hearken to him.
+
+
+COLUMBUS STATUE, CITY OF MEXICO.
+
+The Columbus monument, in the Paseo de la Reforma, in the City of
+Mexico, was erected at the charges of Don Antonio Escandon, to whose
+public spirit and enterprise the building of the Vera Cruz & Mexico
+Railway was due. The monument is the work of the French sculptor
+Cordier. The base is a large platform of basalt, surrounded by a
+balustrade of iron, above which are five lanterns. From this base rises
+a square mass of red marble, ornamented with four _basso-relievos_; the
+arms of Columbus, surrounded with garlands of laurels; the rebuilding of
+the monastery of Santa Maria de la Rábida; the discovery of the Island
+of San Salvador; a fragment of a letter from Columbus to Raphael
+Sanchez, beneath which is the dedication of the monument by Seņor
+Escandon. Above the _basso-relievos_, surrounding the pedestals, are
+four life-size figures in bronze; in front and to the right of the
+statue of Columbus (that stands upon a still higher plane), Padre Juan
+Perez de la Marchena, prior of the Monastery of Santa Maria de la
+Rábida, at Huelva, Spain; in front and to the left, Padre Fray Diego de
+Deza, friar of the Order of Saint Dominic, professor of theology at the
+Convent of St. Stephen, and afterward archbishop of Seville. He was also
+confessor of King Ferdinand, to the support of which two men Columbus
+owed the royal favor; in the rear, to the right, Fray Pedro de Gante; in
+the rear, to the left, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas--the two missionaries
+who most earnestly gave their protection to the Indians, and the latter
+the historian of Columbus. Crowning the whole, upon a pedestal of red
+marble, is the figure of Columbus, in the act of drawing aside the veil
+that hides the New World. In conception and in treatment this work is
+admirable; charming in sentiment, and technically good. The monument
+stands in a little garden inclosed by iron chains hung upon posts of
+stone, around which extends a large _glorieta_.
+
+
+THE TRIBUTE OF JOAQUIN MILLER.
+
+     JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) MILLER, "the Poet of the Sierras." Born
+     in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 10, 1842. From a poem in the New York
+     _Independent_.
+
+  Behind him lay the gray Azores,
+    Behind the gates of Hercules;
+  Before him not the ghost of shores,
+    Before him only shoreless seas.
+  The good mate said, "Now must we pray,
+    For lo! the very stars are gone.
+  Brave Adm'ral, speak; what shall I say?"
+    "Why say, 'Sail on! sail on! and on!'"
+
+  "My men grow mutinous day by day;
+    My men grow ghastly, wan and weak."
+  The stout mate thought of home; a spray
+    Of salt wave washed his swarthy cheek.
+  "What shall I say, brave Adm'ral, say,
+    If we sight naught but seas at dawn?"
+  "Why, you shall say, at break of day,
+    'Sail on! sail on! sail on! and on!'"
+
+  They sailed and sailed, as winds might blow,
+    Until at last the blanched mate said,
+  "Why, now not even God would know
+    Should I and all my men fall dead.
+  These very winds forget their way,
+    For God from these dread seas is gone.
+  Now speak, brave Adm'ral, speak and say--"
+    He said, "Sail on! sail on! and on!"
+
+  They sailed. They sailed. Then spoke the mate,
+    "This mad sea shows its teeth to-night.
+  He curls his lip, he lies in wait,
+    With lifted teeth as if to bite.
+  Brave Adm'ral, say but one good word;
+    What shall we do when hope is gone?"
+  The words leapt as a leaping sword,
+    "Sail on! sail on! sail on! and on!"
+
+  Then, pale and worn, he kept his deck,
+    And peered through darkness. Ah, that night
+  Of all dark nights! And then a speck--
+    A light! A light! A light! A light!
+  It grew, a starlit flag unfurled,
+    It grew to be Time's burst of dawn.
+  He gained a world; he gave that world
+    Its grandest lesson--"On! and on!"
+
+
+ADMIRAL OF MOSQUITO LAND.
+
+     D. H. MONTGOMERY, author of "The Leading Facts of American
+     History."
+
+Loud was the outcry against Columbus. The rabble nicknamed him the
+"Admiral of Mosquito Land." They pointed at him as the man who had
+promised everything, and ended by discovering nothing but "a wilderness
+peopled with naked savages."
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND THE INDIANS.
+
+     Gen. THOMAS J. MORGAN, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In an
+     article, "Columbus and the Indians," in the New York _Independent_,
+     June 2, 1892.
+
+Columbus, when he landed, was confronted with an Indian problem, which
+he handed down to others, and they to us. Four hundred years have rolled
+by, and it is still unsolved. Who were the strange people who met him at
+the end of his long and perilous voyage? He guessed at it and missed it
+by the diameter of the globe. He called them Indians--people of
+India--and thus registered the fifteenth century attainments in
+geography and anthropology. How many were there of them? Alas! there was
+no census bureau here then, and no record has come down to us of any
+count or enumeration. Would they have lived any longer if they had been
+counted? Would a census have strengthened them to resist the threatened
+tide of invaders that the coming of Columbus heralded? If instead of
+corn they had presented census rolls to their strange visitors, and
+exhibited maps to show that the continent was already occupied, would
+that have changed the whole course of history and left us without any
+Mayflower or Plymouth Rock, Bunker Hill or Appomattox?
+
+
+INTENSE UNCERTAINTY.
+
+     CHARLES MORRIS, an American writer of the present day. In "Half
+     Hours with American History."
+
+The land was clearly seen about two leagues distant, whereupon they took
+in sail and waited impatiently for the dawn. The thoughts and feelings
+of Columbus in this little space of time must have been tumultuous and
+intense. At length, in spite of every difficulty and danger, he had
+accomplished his object. The great mystery of the ocean was revealed;
+his theory, which had been the scoff of sages, was triumphantly
+established; he secured to himself a glory durable as the world itself.
+
+It is difficult to conceive the feelings of such a man at such a moment,
+or the conjectures which must have thronged upon his mind as to the land
+before him, covered with darkness. A thousand speculations must have
+swarmed upon him, as with his anxious crews he waited for the night to
+pass away, wondering whether the morning light would reveal a savage
+wilderness, or dawn upon spicy groves and glittering fanes and gilded
+cities, and all the splendor of oriental civilization.
+
+
+THE FIRST TO GREET COLUMBUS.
+
+     EMMA HUNTINGTON NASON. A poem in _St. Nicholas_, July, 1892,
+     founded upon the incident of Columbus' finding a red thorn bush
+     floating in the water a few days before sighting Watling's Island.
+
+  When the feast is spread in our country's name,
+    When the nations are gathered from far and near,
+  When East and West send up the same
+    Glad shout, and call to the lands, "Good cheer!"
+  When North and South shall give their bloom,
+    The fairest and best of the century born.
+  Oh, then for the king of the feast make room!
+    Make room, we pray, for the scarlet thorn!
+
+  Not the golden-rod from the hillsides blest,
+    Not the pale arbutus from pastures rare,
+  Nor the waving wheat from the mighty West,
+    Nor the proud magnolia, tall and fair,
+  Shall Columbia unto the banquet bring.
+    They, willing of heart, shall stand and wait,
+  For the thorn, with his scarlet crown, is king.
+    Make room for him at the splendid fęte!
+
+  Do we not remember the olden tale?
+    And that terrible day of dark despair,
+  When Columbus, under the lowering sail,
+    Sent out to the hidden lands his prayer?
+  And was it not he of the scarlet bough
+    Who first went forth from the shore to greet
+  That lone grand soul at the vessel's prow,
+    Defying fate with his tiny fleet?
+
+  Grim treachery threatened, above, below,
+    And death stood close at the captain's side,
+  When he saw--Oh, joy!--in the sunset glow,
+    The thorn-tree's branch o'er the waters glide.
+  "Land! Land ahead!" was the joyful shout;
+    The vesper hymn o'er the ocean swept;
+  The mutinous sailors faced about;
+    Together they fell on their knees and wept.
+
+  At dawn they landed with pennons white;
+    They kissed the sod of San Salvador;
+  But dearer than gems on his doublet bright
+    Were the scarlet berries their leader bore;
+  Thorny and sharp, like his future crown,
+    Blood-red, like the wounds in his great heart made,
+  Yet an emblem true of his proud renown
+    Whose glorious colors shall never fade.
+
+
+COLUMBA CHRISTUM-FERENS--WHAT'S IN A NAME?
+
+     New Orleans _Morning Star and Catholic Messenger_, August 13, 1892.
+
+The poet says that a rose by any other name would smell as sweet, but
+there is no doubt that certain names are invested with a peculiar
+significance. It would appear also that this significance is not always
+a mere chance coincidence, but is intended, sometimes, to carry the
+evidence of an overruling prevision. Christopher Columbus was not so
+named _after_ his achievements, like Scipio Africanus. The name was his
+from infancy, though human ingenuity could not have conceived one more
+wonderfully suggestive of his after career.
+
+Columba means a dove. Was there anything dove-like about Columbus?
+Perhaps not, originally, but his many years of disappointment and
+humiliation, of poverty and contempt, of failure and hopelessness, were
+the best school in which to learn patience and sweetness under the
+guiding hand of such teachers as faith and piety. Was anything wanting
+to perfect him in the unresisting gentleness of the dove? If so, his
+guardian angel saw to it when he sent him back in chains from the scenes
+of his triumph. He then and there, by his meekness, established his
+indefeasible right to the name _Columbus_--the right of conquest.
+
+[Illustration: THE WEST INDIES]
+
+And Christopher--_Christum-ferens_--the Christ-bearer? A saint of old
+was so called because one day he carried the child Christ on his
+shoulders across a dangerous ford. People called him _Christo-pher_. But
+what shall we say of the man who carried Christ across the stormy
+terrors of the unknown sea? Wherever the modern Christopher landed,
+there he planted the cross; his first act was always one of devout
+worship. And now that cross and that worship are triumphant from end to
+end, and from border to border, of that New World. The very fairest
+flower of untrammeled freedom in the diadem of the Christian church is
+to-day blooming within the mighty domain which this instrument of
+Providence wrested from the malign sway of error. Shall not that New
+World greet him as the Christ-bearer? Indeed, there must have been more
+than an accidental coincidence when, half a century in advance of
+events, the priest, in pouring the sacred waters of baptism, proclaimed
+the presence of one who was to be truly a Christopher--one who should
+carry Christ on the wings of a dove.
+
+
+CIRCULAR LETTER OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF NEW ORLEANS ON THE CHRISTOPHER
+COLUMBUS CELEBRATION.
+
+     From the _Morning Star and Catholic Messenger_, New Orleans, August
+     13, 1892.
+
+REVEREND AND DEAR FATHER: The fourth centenary of the discovery of
+America by Christopher Columbus is at hand. It is an event of the
+greatest importance. It added a new continent to the world for
+civilization and Christianity; it gave our citizens a home of liberty
+and freedom, a country of plenty and prosperity, a fatherland which has
+a right to our deepest and best feelings of attachment and affection.
+Christopher Columbus was a sincere and devout Catholic; his remarkable
+voyage was made possible by the intercession of a holy monk; and by the
+patronage and liberality of the pious Queen Isabella, the cross of
+Christ, the emblem of our holy religion, was planted on America's virgin
+soil, and the _Te Deum_ and the holy mass were the first religious
+services held on the same; it is therefore just and proper that this
+great event and festival should be celebrated in a religious as well as
+in a civil manner.
+
+Our Holy Father the Pope has appointed the 12th of October, and His
+Excellency the President of the United States has assigned the 21st of
+October, as the day of commemoration. The discrepancy of dates is based
+on the difference of the two calendars. When Columbus discovered this
+country, the old Julian calendar was in vogue, and the date of discovery
+was marked the 12th; but Pope Gregory XIII. introduced the Gregorian
+calendar, according to which the 21st would now be the date. We will
+avail ourselves of both dates--the first date to be of a religious, the
+second of a civil, character. We therefore order that on the 12th of
+October a solemn votive mass (_pro gratiarum actione dicendo Missam
+votivam de S. S. Trinitate_), in honor of the Blessed Trinity, be sung
+in all the churches of the diocese, at an hour convenient to the parish,
+with an exhortation to the people, as thanksgiving to God for all his
+favors and blessings, and as a supplication to Him for the continuance
+of the same, and that all the citizens of this vast country may ever
+dwell in peace and union.
+
+Let the 21st be a public holiday. We desire that the children of our
+schools assemble in their Sunday clothes at their school-rooms or halls,
+and that after a few appropriate prayers some exercises be organized to
+commemorate the great event, and at the same time to fire their young
+hearts with love of country, and with love for the religion of the cross
+of Christ, which Columbus planted on the American shore. We further
+desire that the different Catholic organizations and societies arrange
+some programme by which the day may be spent in an agreeable and
+instructive manner.
+
+For our archiepiscopal city we make these special arrangements: On the
+12th, at half-past 7 o'clock P. M., the cathedral will be open to the
+public; the clergy of the city is invited to assemble at 7 o'clock, at
+the archbishopric, to march in procession to the cathedral, where short
+sermons of ten minutes each will be preached in five different
+languages--Spanish, French, English, German, and Italian. The ceremony
+will close with Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament and the solemn
+singing of the _Te Deum_. In order to celebrate the civil solemnity of
+the 21st, we desire that a preliminary meeting be held at St. Alphonsus'
+Hall, on Monday evening, the 22d of August, at 8 o'clock. The meeting
+will be composed of the pastors of the city, of two members of each
+congregation--to be appointed by them--and of the presidents of the
+various Catholic societies. This body shall arrange the plan how to
+celebrate the 21st of October.
+
+May God, who has been kind and merciful to our people in the past,
+continue his favors in the future and lead us unto life everlasting.
+
+The pastors will read this letter to their congregations.
+
+Given from our archiepiscopal residence, Feast of St. Dominic, August
+the 4th, 1892.
+
+   FRANCIS JANSSENS,
+  _Archbishop of New Orleans_.
+
+  By order of His Grace:
+  J. BOGAERTS, _Vicar-general_.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS STATUE IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK
+
+Stands at the Eighth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street entrance to Central
+Park, and was erected October 12, 1892, by subscription among the
+Italian citizens of the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central
+America. From a base forty-six feet square springs a beautiful shaft of
+great height, the severity of outline being broken by alternating lines
+of figures, in relief, of the prows, or rostra, of the three ships of
+Columbus, and medallions composed of an anchor and a coil of rope. In
+July, 1889, Chevalier Charles Barsotti, proprietor of the _Progresso
+Italo-Americano_, published in New York City, started a subscription to
+defray the cost, which was liberally added to by the Italian government.
+On December 10, 1890, a number of models were placed on exhibition at
+the rooms of the Palace of the Exposition of Arts in Rome, and the
+commission finally chose that of Prof. Gaetano Russo.
+
+The monument is seventy-five feet high, including the three great
+blocks, or steps, which form the foundation; and, aside from the
+historical interest it may have, as a work of art alone its possession
+might well be envied by any city or nation. The base, of Baveno granite,
+has two beautiful bas-relief pictures in bronze, representing on one
+side the moment when Columbus first saw land, and on the other the
+actual landing of the party on the soil. Two inscriptions, higher up on
+the monument, one in English and one in Italian, contain the dedication.
+The column is also of Baveno granite, while the figure of the Genius of
+Geography and the statue proper of Columbus are of white Carrara marble,
+the former being ten feet high and the latter fourteen. There is also a
+bronze eagle, six feet high, on the side opposite the figure of Genius
+of Geography, holding in its claws the shields of the United States and
+of Genoa. The rostra and the inscription on the column are in bronze.
+
+This great work was designed by Prof. Gaetano Russo, who was born in
+Messina, Sicily, fifty-seven years ago. Craving opportunities for study
+and improvement, he made his way to Rome when a mere lad but ten years
+old. In this great art center his genius developed early, and his later
+years have been filled with success. Senator Monteverde of Italy, one of
+the best sculptors of modern times, says that this is one of the finest
+monuments made during the last twenty-five years. On accepting the
+finished monument from the artist, the commission tendered him the
+following: "The monument of Columbus made by you will keep great in
+America the name of Italian art. It is very pleasant to convey to the
+United States--a strong, free, and independent people--the venerated
+resemblance of the man who made the civilization of America possible."
+
+On the sides of the base, between the massive posts which form the
+corners, are found the inscriptions in Italian and English, composed by
+Prof. Ugo Fleres of Rome, and being as follows:
+
+  TO
+  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS,
+  THE ITALIANS RESIDENT IN AMERICA.
+
+  SCOFFED AT BEFORE;
+  DURING THE VOYAGE, MENACED;
+  AFTER IT, CHAINED;
+  AS GENEROUS AS OPPRESSED,
+  TO THE WORLD HE GAVE A WORLD.
+
+  JOY AND GLORY
+  NEVER UTTERED A MORE THRILLING CALL
+  THAN THAT WHICH RESOUNDED
+  FROM THE CONQUERED OCEAN
+  IN SIGHT OF THE FIRST AMERICAN ISLAND,
+  LAND! LAND!
+
+  ON THE XII. OF OCTOBER, MDCCCXCII
+  THE FOURTH CENTENARY
+  OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA,
+  IN IMPERISHABLE REMEMBRANCE.
+
+Near the base of the monument, on the front of the pedestal, is a
+representation of the Genius of Geography in white Carrara marble. It is
+a little over eleven feet high, and is represented as a winged angel
+bending over the globe, which it is intently studying while held beneath
+the open hand.
+
+On the front and back of the base the corresponding spaces are filled
+with two magnificent allegorical pictures in bas-relief representing the
+departure from Spain and the landing in America of Columbus. The latter
+one is particularly impressive, and the story is most graphically told
+by the strongly drawn group, of which he is the principal figure,
+standing in at attitude of prayer upon the soil of the New World he has
+just discovered. To the left are his sailors drawing the keel of a boat
+upon the sand, and on the right the Indians peep cautiously out from a
+thicket of maize at the strange creatures whom they mistake for the
+messengers of the Great Spirit. Towering over all, at the apex of the
+column, stands the figure of the First Admiral himself, nobly portrayed
+in snowiest marble. The figure is fourteen feet in height and represents
+the bold navigator wearing the dress of the period, the richly
+embroidered doublet, or waistcoat, thrown back, revealing a kilt that
+falls in easy folds from a bodice drawn tightly over the broad chest
+beneath. Not only the attitude of the figure but the expression of the
+face is commanding, and as you look upon the clearly cut features you
+seem to feel instinctively the presence of the man of genius and power,
+which the artist has forcibly chiseled.
+
+The Italian government decided to send the monument here in the royal
+transport Garigliano. Also, as a token of their good-will to the United
+States, they ordered their first-class cruiser, Giovanni Bausan, to be
+in New York in time to take part in the ceremonies attending the
+unveiling and also the ceremonies by the city and State of New York.
+
+All the work on the foundation was directed gratuitously by the
+architect V. Del Genoese and Italian laborers. The materials were
+furnished free by Messrs. Crimmins, Navarro, Smith & Sons, and others.
+
+The executive committee in New York was composed of Chevalier C.
+Barsotti, president; C. A. Barattoni and E. Spinetti, vice-presidents;
+G. Starace, treasurer; E. Tealdi and G. N. Malferrari, secretaries; of
+the presidents of the Italian societies of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey
+City, and Hoboken; and of sixty-five members chosen from the subscribers
+as trustees.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS MEMORIAL ARCH IN NEW YORK.
+
+Richard M. Hunt, John Lafarge, Augustus St. Gaudens, L. P. di Cesnola,
+and Robert J. Hoguet of the Sub-Committee on Art of the New York
+Columbian Celebration, awarded on September 1, 1892, the prizes offered
+for designs for an arch to be erected at the entrance to Central Park at
+Fifty-ninth Street and Fifth Avenue.
+
+The committee chose, from the numerous designs submitted, four which
+were of special excellence. That which was unanimously acknowledged to
+be the best was submitted with the identification mark, "Columbia," and
+proved to be the work of Henry B. Hertz of 22 West Forty-third Street.
+Mr. Hertz will receive a gold medal, and the arch which he has designed
+will be erected in temporary form for the Columbian celebration in
+October, 1892, and will be constructed as a permanent monument of marble
+and bronze to the Genius of Discovery if $350,000 can be secured to
+build it. The temporary structure is estimated to cost $7,500.
+
+The design which the committee decided should receive the second prize
+was offered by Franklin Crosby Butler and Paul Emil Dubois of 80
+Washington Square, East, and was entitled, "The Santa Maria." A silver
+medal will be given to the architects. The designs selected for
+honorable mention were one of Moorish character, submitted by Albert
+Wahle of 320 East Nineteenth Street, and one entitled "Liberty," by J.
+C. Beeckman of 160 Fifth Avenue.
+
+Mr. Hertz' design was selected by the committee not alone for its
+artistic beauty, but because of its peculiar fitness. The main body of
+the arch is to be built of white marble, and with its fountains, its
+polished monolithic columns of pigeon-blood marble, its mosaic and gold
+inlaying, and the bas-relief work and surmounting group of bronze, the
+committee say it will be a monument to American architecture of which
+the city will be proud.
+
+From the ground to the top of the bronze caravel in the center of the
+allegorical group with which the arch will be surmounted the distance
+will be 160 feet, and the entire width of the arch will be 120 feet. The
+opening from the ground to the keystone will be eighty feet high and
+forty feet wide. On the front of each pier will be two columns of
+pigeon-blood-red marble. Between each pair of columns and at the base of
+each pier will be large marble fountains, the water playing about
+figures representing Victory and Immortality. These fountains will be
+lighted at night with electric lights. The surface of the piers between
+the columns will be richly decorated in bas-relief with gold and mosaic.
+Above each fountain will be a panel, one representing Columbus at the
+court of Spain, and the other the great discoverer at the Convent of
+Rábida, just before his departure on the voyage which resulted in the
+discovery of America. In the spaces on either side of the crown of the
+arch will be colossal reclining figures of Victory in bas-relief.
+
+The highly decorated frieze will be of polished red marble, and
+surmounting the projecting keystone of the arch will be a bronze
+representation of an American eagle. On the central panel of the attic
+will be the inscription: "The United States of America, in Memorial
+Glorious to Christopher Columbus, Discoverer of America." The
+ornamentation of the attic consists of representations of Columbus'
+entrance into Madrid. Crowning all is to be a group in bronze symbolical
+of Discovery. In this group there will be twelve figures of heroic size,
+with a gigantic figure representing the Genius of Discovery heralding to
+the world the achievements of her children.
+
+Mr. Hertz, the designer, is only twenty-one years old, and is a student
+in the department of architecture of Columbia College.
+
+
+THE SPANISH FOUNTAIN IN NEW YORK.
+
+The Spanish-American citizens also wish to present a monument to the
+city in honor of the discovery. It is proposed to have a Columbus
+fountain, to be located on the Grand Central Park plaza, at Fifth Avenue
+and Fifty-ninth Street, in the near future. The statuary group of the
+fountain represents Columbus standing on an immense globe, and on either
+side of him is one of the Pinzon brothers, who commanded the Pinta and
+Niņa. Land has been discovered, and on the face of Columbus is an
+expression of prayerful thanksgiving. The brother Pinzon who discovered
+the land is pointing to it, while the other, with hand shading his eyes,
+anxiously seeks some sign of the new continent.
+
+It is proposed to cast the statuary group in New York of cannon donated
+by Spain and Spanish-American countries. The first of the cannon has
+already arrived, the gift of the republic of Spanish Honduras.
+
+The proposed inscription reads:
+
+  _A
+  COLON
+  y Los
+  PINZONES
+  Los Espaņoles
+  E Hispaņo-Americanos
+  De
+  Nueva York._
+
+  To COLUMBUS and the PINZONS, the Spaniards
+  and Spanish-Americans of New York.
+
+
+FESTIVAL ALLEGORY FOR THE NEW YORK CELEBRATION OF THE 400TH ANNIVERSARY
+OF COLUMBUS' DISCOVERY, 1892.
+
+One of the features of the New York celebration of the Columbus
+Quadro-Centennial is to be the production, October 10th, in the
+Metropolitan Opera House, of "The Triumph of Columbus," a festival
+allegory, by S. G. Pratt.
+
+The work is written for orchestra, chorus, and solo voices, and is in
+six scenes or parts, the first of which is described as being "in the
+nature of a prologue, wherein a dream of Columbus is pictured. Evil
+spirits and sirens hover about the sleeping mariner threatening and
+taunting him. The Spirit of Light appears, the tormentors vanish, and a
+chorus of angels join the Spirit of Light in a song of 'Hope and
+Faith.'"
+
+Part II. shows "the historical council at Salamanca; Dominican monks
+support Columbus, but Cardinal Talavera and other priests ridicule him."
+Columbus, to disprove their accusations of heresy on his part, quotes
+"sentence after sentence of the Bible in defense of his theory."
+
+Part III. represents Columbus and his boy Diego in poverty before the
+Convent La Rábida. They pray for aid, and are succored by Father Juan
+Perez and his monks.
+
+Part IV. contains a Spanish dance by the courtiers and ladies of Queen
+Isabella's court; a song by the Queen, wherein she tells of her
+admiration for Columbus; the appearance of Father Juan, who pleads for
+the navigator and his cause; the discouraging arguments of Talavera; the
+hesitation of the Queen; her final decision to help Columbus in his
+undertaking, and her prayer for the success of the voyage.
+
+Part V. is devoted to the voyage. Mr. Pratt has here endeavored to
+picture in a symphonic prelude "the peaceful progress upon the waters,
+the jubilant feeling of Columbus, and a flight of birds"--subjects
+dissimilar enough certainly to lend variety to any orchestral
+composition. The part, in addition to this prelude, contains the
+recitation by a sailor of "The Legend of St. Brandon's Isle"; a song by
+Columbus; the mutiny of the sailors, and Columbus' vain attempts to
+quell it; his appeal to Christ and the holy cross for aid, following
+which "the miraculous appearance takes place and the sailors are awed
+into submission"; the chanting of evening vespers; the firing of the
+signal gun which announces the discovery of land, and the singing of a
+_Gloria in Excelsis_ by Columbus, the sailors, and a chorus of angels.
+
+Part VI. is the "grand pageantry of Columbus' reception at Barcelona. A
+triumphal march by chorus, band, and orchestra forms an accompaniment to
+a procession and the final reception."
+
+
+STRANGE AND COLOSSAL MAN.
+
+     From an introduction to "The Story of Columbus," in the New York
+     _Herald_, 1892.
+
+What manner of man was this Columbus, this admiral of the seas and lord
+of the Indies, who gave to Castille and Leon a new world?
+
+Was he the ill-tempered and crack-brained adventurer of the skeptic
+biographer, who weighed all men by the sum of ages and not by the age in
+which they lived, or the religious hero who carried a flaming cross into
+the darkness of the unknown West, as his reverential historians have
+painted him?
+
+There have been over six hundred biographers of this strange and
+colossal man, advancing all degrees of criticism, from filial affection
+to religious and fanatical hate, yet those who dwell in the lands he
+discovered know him only by his achievements, caring nothing about the
+trivial weaknesses of his private life.
+
+One of his fairest critics has said he was the conspicuous developer of
+a great world movement, the embodiment of the ripened aspirations of his
+time.
+
+His life is enveloped in an almost impenetrable veil of obscurity; in
+fact, the date and the place of his birth are in dispute. There are no
+authentic portraits of him, though hundreds have been printed.
+
+There are in existence many documents written by Columbus about his
+discoveries. When he set sail on his first voyage he endeavored to keep
+a log similar to the commentaries of Cæsar. It is from this log that
+much of our present knowledge has been obtained, but it is a lamentable
+fact that, while Columbus was an extraordinary executive officer, his
+administrative ability was particularly poor, and in all matters of
+detail he was so careless as to be untrustworthy. Therefore, there are
+many statements in the log open to violent controversy.
+
+
+TALES OF THE EAST.
+
+It is probable that the letters of Toscanelli made a greater impression
+on the mind of Columbus than any other information he possessed. The
+aged Florentine entertained the brightest vision of the marvelous worth
+of the Asiatic region. He spoke of two hundred towns whose bridges
+spanned a single river, and whose commerce would excite the cupidity of
+the world.
+
+These were tales to stir circles of listeners wherever wandering mongers
+of caravels came and went. All sorts of visionary discoveries were made
+in those days. Islands were placed in the Atlantic that never existed,
+and wonderful tales were told of the great Island of Antilla, or the
+Seven Cities.
+
+The sphericity of the earth was becoming a favorite belief, though it
+must be borne in mind that education in those days was confined to the
+cloister, and any departure from old founded tenets was regarded as
+heresy. It was this peculiar doctrine that caused Columbus much
+embarrassment in subsequent years. His greatest enemies were the narrow
+minds that regarded religion as the _Ultima Thule_ of intellectual
+endeavor. In spite of these facts, however, it was becoming more and
+more the popular belief that the world was not flat. One of the
+arguments used against Columbus was, that if the earth was not flat, and
+was round, he might sail down to the Indies, but he could certainly not
+sail up. Thus it was that fallacy after fallacy was thrown in
+argumentative form in his way, and the character of the man grows more
+wonderful as we see the obstacles over which he fought.
+
+From utter obscurity, from poverty, derision, and treachery, this
+unflinching spirit fought his way to a most courageous end, and in all
+the vicissitudes of his wonderful life he never compromised one iota of
+that dignity which he regarded as consonant with his lofty
+aspirations.--_Ibid._
+
+
+A PROTEST AGAINST IGNORANCE.
+
+     New York _Tribune_, 1892.
+
+The voyage of Columbus was a protest against the ignorance of the
+mediæval age. The discovery of the New World was the first sign of the
+real renaissance of the Old World. It created new heavens and a new
+earth, broadened immeasurably the horizon of men and nations, and
+transformed the whole order of European thought. Columbus was the
+greatest educator who ever lived, for he emancipated mankind from the
+narrowness of its own ignorance, and taught the great lesson that human
+destiny, like divine mercy, arches over the whole world. If a
+perspective of four centuries of progress could have floated like a
+mirage before the eyes of the great discoverer as he was sighting San
+Salvador, the American school-house would have loomed up as the greatest
+institution of the New World's future. Behind him he had left mediæval
+ignorance, encumbered with superstition, and paralyzed by an
+ecclesiastical pedantry which passed for learning. Before him lay a new
+world with the promise of the potency of civil and religious liberty,
+free education, and popular enlightenment. Because the school-house,
+like his own voyage, has been a protest against popular ignorance, and
+has done more than anything else to make our free America what it is, it
+would have towered above everything else in the mirage-like vision of
+the world's progress.
+
+
+THE EARTH'S ROTUNDITY.
+
+     The Rev. Father NUGENT of Iowa. From an address printed in the
+     Denver _Republican_, 1892.
+
+The theory of the rotundity of the earth was not born with Columbus. It
+had been announced centuries before Christ, but the law of gravitation
+had not been discovered and the world found it impossible to think of
+another hemisphere in which trees would grow downward into the air and
+men walk with their heads suspended from their feet. The theologians and
+scholars who scoffed at Columbus' theory had better grounds for opposing
+him, according to the received knowledge of the time, than he for
+upholding his ideal. They were scientifically wrong and he was
+unscientifically correct.
+
+
+HANDS ACROSS THE SEA.
+
+     The President responds to a message from the Alcalde of Palos.
+
+The following cable messages were exchanged this day:
+
+LA RÁBIDA, August 3d. The President: To-day, 400 years ago, Columbus
+sailed from Palos, discovering America. The United States flag is being
+hoisted this moment in front of the Convent La Rábida, along with
+banners of all the American States. Batteries and ships saluting,
+accompanied by enthusiastic acclamations of the people, army, and navy.
+God bless America.
+
+  PRIETO,
+  _Alcalde of Palos_.
+
+DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D. C., August 3, 1892. Seņor Prieto,
+Alcalde de Palos, La Rábida, Spain: The President of the United States
+directs me to cordially acknowledge your message of greeting. On this
+memorable day, thus fittingly celebrated, the people of the new western
+world, in grateful reverence to the name and fame of Columbus, join
+hands with the sons of the brave sailors of Palos and Huelva who manned
+the discoverer's caravels.
+
+  FOSTER,
+  _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+THE PAN-AMERICAN TRIBUTE.
+
+     The nations of North, South, and Central America in conference
+     assembled, at Washington, D. C., from October 2, 1889, to April 19,
+     1890.
+
+_Resolved_, That in homage to the memory of the immortal discoverer of
+America, and in gratitude for the unparalleled service rendered by him
+to civilization and humanity, the International Conference hereby offers
+its hearty co-operation in the manifestations to be made in his honor
+on the occasion of the fourth centennial anniversary of the discovery of
+America.[50]
+
+
+THE GIFT OF SPAIN.
+
+     THEODORE PARKER, a distinguished American clergyman and scholar.
+     Born at Lexington, Mass., August 24, 1810; died in Florence, Italy,
+     May 10, 1860. From "New Assault upon Freedom in America."
+
+To Columbus, adventurous Italy's most venturous son, Spain gave,
+grudgingly, three miserable ships, wherewith that daring genius sailed
+through the classic and mediæval darkness which covered the great
+Atlantic deep, opening to mankind a new world, and new destination
+therein. No queen ever wore a diadem so precious as those pearls which
+Isabella dropped into the western sea, a bridal gift, whereby the Old
+World, well endowed with art and science, and the hoarded wealth of
+experience, wed America, rich only in her gifts from Nature and her
+hopes in time. The most valuable contribution Spain has made to mankind
+is three scant ships furnished to the Genoese navigator, whom the
+world's instinct pushed westward in quest of continents.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE BOLDEST NAVIGATOR.
+
+     Capt. WILLIAM H. PARKER, an American naval officer of the
+     nineteenth century. From "Familiar Talks on Astronomy."[51]
+
+Let us turn our attention to Christopher Columbus, the boldest navigator
+of his day; indeed, according to my view, the boldest man of whom we
+have any account in history. While all the other seamen of the known
+world were creeping along the shore, he heroically sailed forth on the
+broad ocean.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAP OF COLUMBUS' PILOT, JUAN DE LA COSA.
+
+From the original in the Marine Museum, Madrid. (See page 228)]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When I look back upon my own voyages and recall the many anxious moments
+I have passed when looking for a port at night, and when I compare my
+own situation, supplied with accurate charts, perfect instruments, good
+sailing directions, everything, in short, that science can supply, and
+then think of Columbus in his little bark, his only instruments an
+imperfect compass and a rude astrolabe, _sailing forth upon an unknown
+sea_, I must award to him the credit of being the boldest seaman that
+ever "sailed the salt ocean."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Columbus, then, had made three discoveries before he discovered
+land--the trade-winds, the Sargasso Sea, and the variation of the
+compass.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE PATRON SAINT OF REAL-ESTATE DEALERS.
+
+At a banquet in Chicago of the real-estate brokers, a waggish orator
+remarked that Columbus, with his cry of "Land! Land!" was clearly the
+patron saint of American real-estate dealers.
+
+
+THE MUTINY.
+
+     HORATIO J. PERRY, an American author. From "Reminiscences."
+
+When those Spanish mutineers leaped upon their Admiral's deck and
+advanced upon him sword in hand, every man of them was aware that
+according to all ordinary rules the safety of his own head depended on
+their going clean through and finishing their work. No compromise that
+should leave Columbus alive could possibly have suited them then.
+Nevertheless, at the bottom of it all, the moving impulse of those men
+was terror. They were banded for that work by a common fear and a
+common superstition, and it was only when they looked in the clear face
+of one wholly free from the influences which enslaved themselves, when
+they felt in their marrow that supreme expression of Columbus at the
+point of a miserable death--only then the revulsion of confidence in him
+suddenly relieved their own terrors. It was instinctive. This man knows!
+He does not deceive us! We fools are compromising the safety of all by
+quenching this light. He alone can get us through this business--that
+was the human instinct which responded to the look and bearing of
+Columbus at the moment when he was wholly lost, and when his life's
+work, his great voyage almost accomplished, was also to all appearance
+lost. The instinct was sure, the response was certain, from the instinct
+that its motive was also there sure and certain; but no other man in
+that age could have provoked it, no other but Columbus could be sure of
+what he was then doing.
+
+The mutineers went back to their work, and the ships went on. For three
+days previous, the Admiral, following some indications he had noted from
+the flight of birds, had steered southwest. Through that night of the
+10th and through the day of the 11th he still kept that course; but just
+at evening of the 11th he ordered the helm again to be put due west. The
+squadron had made eighty-two miles that day, and his practiced senses
+now taught him that land was indeed near. Without any hesitation he
+called together his chief officers, and announced to them that the end
+of their voyage was at hand; and he ordered the ships to sail well
+together, and to keep a sharp lookout through the night, as he expected
+land before the morning. Also, they had strict orders to shorten sail at
+midnight, and not to advance beyond half speed. Then he promised a
+velvet doublet of his own as a present to the man who should first make
+out the land. These details are well known, and they are authentic; and
+it is true also that these dispositions of the Admiral spread life
+throughout the squadron. Nobody slept that night. It was only
+twenty-four hours since they were ready to throw him overboard; but they
+now believed in him and bitterly accused one another.
+
+
+THE TRACK OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     From a paper in _New England Magazine_, 1892, taken originally from
+     a volume of "Reminiscences" left by HORATIO J. PERRY, who made a
+     voyage from Spain to New Orleans in 1847.
+
+A fortnight out at sea! We are upon the track of Christopher Columbus.
+Only three centuries and a half ago the keels of his caravels plowed for
+the first time these very waters, bearing the greatest heart and wisest
+head of his time, and one of the grandest figures in all history.
+
+To conceive Columbus at his true value requires some effort in our age,
+when the earth has been girdled and measured, when the sun has been
+weighed and the planets brought into the relation of neighbors over the
+way, into whose windows we are constantly peeping in spite of the social
+gulf which keeps us from visiting either Mars or Venus. It is not easy
+to put ourselves back into the fifteenth century and limit ourselves as
+those men were limited.
+
+I found it an aid to my comprehension of Columbus, this chance which
+sent me sailing over the very route of his great voyage. It is not, even
+now, a frequented route. The bold Spanish and Portuguese navigators of
+the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are no longer found upon it. The
+trade of the Indies has passed into other hands, and this is not the
+road from England to the West Indies or to America.
+
+Thus you may still sail for weeks in these seas without ever meeting a
+ship. Leaving Madeira or the Canaries, you may even reach those western
+lands he reached without having seen or felt any other sign or incident
+except precisely such as were noted by him.
+
+
+DEATH WAS COLUMBUS' FRIEND.
+
+     OSKAR FERDINAND PESCHEL, a noted German geographer. Born at
+     Dresden, March 17, 1826; died, August 31, 1875.
+
+Death saved Columbus the infliction of a blow which he probably would
+have felt more than Bobadilla's fetters. He was allowed to carry to the
+grave the glorious illusion that Cuba was a province of the Chinese
+Empire, that Hispaniola was the Island Zipangu, and that only a narrow
+strip of land, instead of a hemisphere covered by water, intervened
+between the Caribbean Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
+
+The discoverer of America died without suspecting that he had found a
+new continent. He regarded the distance between Spain and Jamaica as a
+third part of the circumference of the globe, and announced, "The earth
+is by no means as large as is popularly supposed."
+
+The extension of the world by a new continent had no place in his
+conceptions, and the greatness of his achievement would have been
+lessened in his eyes if he had been permitted to discover a second vast
+ocean beyond that which he had traversed, for he would have seen that he
+had but half accomplished his object, the connection of Europe with the
+East.
+
+
+PETRARCH'S TRIBUTE.
+
+     FRANCESCO PETRARCH, Italian poet. Born at Arezzo, in Tuscany, July
+     20, 1304; died at Arquá, near Padua, July 19, 1374.
+
+  The daylight hastening with wingéd steps,
+  Perchance to gladden the expectant eyes
+  Of far-off nations in a world remote.
+
+
+COLUMBUS A VOLUMINOUS WRITER.
+
+     BARNET PHILLIPS, in _Harper's Weekly_, June 25, 1892, on "The
+     Columbus Festival at Genoa."[52]
+
+It can not be questioned but that Christopher Columbus was a voluminous
+writer. Mr. Justin Winsor, who has made careful researches, says that
+"ninety-seven distinct pieces of writing by the hand of Columbus either
+exist or are known to have existed. Of such, whether memoirs, relations,
+or letters, sixty-four are preserved in their entirety." Columbus seems
+to have written all his letters in Spanish. Genoa is fortunate in
+possessing a number of authentic letters, and these are preserved in a
+marble custodia, surmounted by a head of Columbus. In the pillar which
+forms the pedestal there is a bronze door, and the precious Columbus
+documents have been placed there. (See p. 54, _ante_.)
+
+
+HIS LIFE WAS A PATH OF THORNS.
+
+     ROBERT POLLOK, a Scottish poet of some note. Born at Muirhouse,
+     Renfrewshire, 1798; died near Southampton, September, 1827.
+
+  Oh, who can tell what days, what nights, he spent,
+  Of tideless, waveless, sailless, shoreless woe!
+  And who can tell how many glorious once,
+  To him, of brilliant promise full--wasted,
+  And pined, and vanished from the earth!
+
+
+UNWEPT, UNHONORED, AND UNSUNG.
+
+     W. F. POOLE, LL. D., Librarian of the Newberry Library, Chicago.
+     From "Christopher Columbus," in _The Dial_ for April, 1892.
+     Published by _The Dial_ Company, Chicago.
+
+It had been well for the reputation of Columbus if he had died in 1493,
+when he returned from his first voyage. He had found a pathway to a land
+beyond the western ocean; and although he had no conception of what he
+had discovered, it was the most important event in the history of the
+fifteenth century. There was nothing left for him to do to increase his
+renown. A coat-of-arms had been assigned him, and he rode on horseback
+through the streets of Barcelona, with the King on one side of him and
+Prince Juan on the other. His enormous claims for honors and emoluments
+had been granted. His first letter of February, 1493, printed in several
+languages, had been read in the courts of Europe with wonder and
+amazement. "What delicious food for an ingenious mind!" wrote Peter
+Martyr. In England, it was termed "a thing more divine than human." No
+other man ever rose to such a pinnacle of fame so suddenly; and no other
+man from such a height ever dropped out of sight so quickly. His three
+later voyages were miserable failures; a pitiful record of misfortunes,
+blunders, cruelties, moral delinquencies, quarrels, and impotent
+complainings. They added nothing to the fund of human knowledge, or to
+his own. On the fourth voyage he was groping about to find the River
+Ganges, the great Khan of China, and the earthly paradise. His two
+subsequent years of disappointment and sickness and poverty were
+wretchedness personified. Other and more competent men took up the work
+of discovery, and in thirteen years after the finding of a western route
+to India had been announced, the name and personality of Columbus had
+almost passed from the memory of men. He died at Valladolid, May 20,
+1506; and outside of a small circle of relatives, his body was committed
+to the earth with as little notice and ceremony as that of an unknown
+beggar on its way to the potter's field. Yet the Spanish court was in
+the town at the time. Peter Martyr was there, writing long letters of
+news and gossip; and in five that are still extant there is no mention
+of the sickness and death of Columbus. Four weeks later an official
+document had the brief mention that "the Admiral is dead." Two Italian
+authors, making, one and two years later, some corrections pertaining
+to his early voyages, had not heard of his death.
+
+
+NEW STAMPS FOR WORLD'S FAIR YEAR.
+
+     From the New York _Commercial Advertiser_.
+
+Third Assistant Postmaster-General Hazen is preparing the designs for a
+set of "Jubilee" stamps, to be issued by the Postoffice Department in
+honor of the quadri-centennial. That is, he is getting together material
+which will suggest to him the most appropriate subjects to be
+illustrated on these stamps. He has called on the Bureau of American
+Republics for some of the Columbian pictures with which it is
+overflowing, and he recently took a big portfolio of them down into the
+country to examine at his leisure.
+
+One of the scenes to be illustrated, undoubtedly, will be the landing of
+Columbus. The Convent of La Rábida, where Columbus is supposed to have
+been housed just before his departure from Spain on his voyage of
+discovery, will probably be the chief figure of another. The head of
+Columbus will decorate one of the stamps--probably the popular 2-cent
+stamp. Gen. Hazen resents the suggestion that the 5-cent, or foreign,
+stamp be made the most ornate in the collection. He thinks that the
+American public is entitled to the exclusive enjoyment of the most
+beautiful of the new stamps.
+
+Besides, the stamps will be of chief value to the Exposition, as they
+advertise it among the people of America. The Jubilee stamps will be one
+of the best advertisements the World's Fair will have. It would not be
+unfair if the Postoffice Department should demand that the managers of
+the World's Fair pay the additional expense of getting out the new
+issue. But the stamp collectors will save the department the necessity
+of doing that.
+
+It may be that the issue of the current stamps will not be suspended
+when the Jubilee stamps come in; but it is altogether likely that the
+issue will be suspended for a year, and that at the end of that time the
+dies and plates for the Jubilee stamps will be destroyed and the old
+dies and plates will be brought out and delivered to the contractor
+again. These dies and plates are always subject to the order of the
+Postmaster-general. He can call for them at any time, and the contractor
+must deliver them into his charge.
+
+While they are in use they are under the constant supervision of a
+government agent, and the contractor is held responsible for any plate
+that might be made from his dies and for any stamps that might be
+printed surreptitiously from such plates.
+
+An oddity in the new series will be the absence of the faces of
+Washington and Franklin. The first stamps issued by the Postoffice
+Department were the 5 and 10 cent stamps of 1847. One of these bore the
+head of Washington and the other that of Franklin. From that day to this
+these heads have appeared on some two of the stamps of the United
+States. In the Jubilee issue they will be missing, unless Mr. Wanamaker
+or Mr. Hazen changes the present plan. It is intended now that only one
+portrait shall appear on any of the stamps, and that one will be of
+Columbus.
+
+It will take some time to prepare the designs for the new stamps, after
+the selection of the subjects, but Gen. Hazen expects to have them on
+sale the 1st of January next. The subjects will be sent to the American
+Bank Note Company, which will prepare the designs and submit them for
+approval. When they are approved, the dies will be prepared and proofs
+sent to the department. Five engravings were made before an acceptable
+portrait of Gen. Grant was obtained for use on the current 5-cent
+stamp. Gen. Grant, by the way, was the only living American whose
+portrait during his lifetime was under consideration in getting up stamp
+designs.
+
+
+THE CHARACTER OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     WILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTT, an eminent American historian. Born at
+     Salem, Mass., May 4, 1796; died January 28, 1859. From "Ferdinand
+     and Isabella."
+
+There are some men in whom rare virtues have been closely allied, if not
+to positive vice, to degrading weakness. Columbus' character presented
+no such humiliating incongruity. Whether we contemplate it in its public
+or private relations, in all its features it wears the same noble
+aspect. It was in perfect harmony with the grandeur of his plans and
+their results, more stupendous than those which heaven has permitted any
+other mortal to achieve.
+
+
+FROM PALOS TO BARCELONA--HIS TRIUMPH.
+
+The bells sent forth a joyous peal in honor of his arrival; but the
+Admiral was too desirous of presenting himself before the sovereigns to
+protract his stay long at Palos. His progress through Seville was an
+ovation. It was the middle of April before Columbus reached Barcelona.
+The nobility and cavaliers in attendance on the court, together with the
+authorities of the city, came to the gates to receive him, and escorted
+him to the royal presence. Ferdinand and Isabella were seated with their
+son, Prince John, under a superb canopy of state, awaiting his arrival.
+On his approach they rose from their seats, and, extending their hands
+to him to salute, caused him to be seated before them. These were
+unprecedented marks of condescension to a person of Columbus' rank in
+the haughty and ceremonious court of Castille. It was, indeed, the
+proudest moment in the life of Columbus. He had fully established the
+truth of his long-contested theory, in the face of argument, sophistry,
+sneer, skepticism, and contempt. After a brief interval the sovereigns
+requested from Columbus a recital of his adventures; and when he had
+done so, the King and Queen, together with all present, prostrated
+themselves on their knees in grateful thanksgivings, while the solemn
+strains of the _Te Deum_ were poured forth by the choir of the royal
+chapel, as in commemoration of some glorious victory.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE CLAIM OF THE NORSEMEN.
+
+     From an editorial in _Public Opinion_, Washington.
+
+Modern historians are pretty generally agreed that America was actually
+first made known to the Eastern world by the indefatigable Norsemen.
+Yet, in spite of this fact, Columbus has been, and still continues to
+be, revered as the one man to whose genius and courage the discovery of
+the New World is due. Miss Brown, in her "Icelandic Discoverers," justly
+says it should be altogether foreign to American institutions and ideas
+of liberty and honor to countenance longer the worship of a false idol.
+The author first proceeds to set forth the evidence upon which the
+claims of the Norsemen rest. The author charges that the heads of the
+Roman Catholic church were early cognizant of this discovery of the
+Norsemen, but that they suppressed this information. The motives for
+this concealment are charged to their well-known reluctance to allow any
+credit to non-Catholic believers, under which head, at that time, the
+Norsemen were included. They preferred that the New World should first
+be made known to Southern Europe by adherents to the Roman Catholic
+faith. Most damaging evidence against Columbus' having originated,
+unaided, the idea of a western world or route to India is furnished by
+the fact that he visited Iceland in person in the spring of 1477, when
+he must have heard rumors of the early voyages. He is known to have
+visited the harbor at Hvalfjord, on the south coast of Iceland, at a
+time when that harbor was most frequented, and also at the same time
+when Bishop Magnus is known to have been there. They must have met, and,
+as they had means of communicating through the Latin language, would
+naturally have spoken of these distant countries. We have no hint of the
+object of this visit of Columbus, for he scrupulously avoids subsequent
+mention of it; but the author pleases to consider it as a secret
+mission, instigated by the Church for the purpose of obtaining all
+available information concerning the Norse discoveries. Certain it is
+that soon after his return to Spain we find him petitioning the King and
+Queen for a grant of ships and men to further the enterprise; and he was
+willing to wait for more than fourteen years before he obtained them.
+His extravagant demands of the King and Queen concerning the rights,
+titles, and percentage of all derived from the countries "he was about
+to discover," can hardly be viewed in any other light than that of
+positive knowledge concerning their existence.
+
+
+PULCI'S PROPHECY.
+
+     LUIGI PULCI, an Italian poet. Born at Florence in 1431; died about
+     1487.
+
+  Men shall descry another hemisphere,
+  Since to one common center all things tend;
+  So earth, by curious mystery divine,
+  Well balanced hangs amid the starry spheres.
+  At our antipodes are cities, states,
+  And thronged empires ne'er divined of yore.
+
+
+CHRISTOPHER, THE CHRIST-BEARER.
+
+     GEORGE PAYNE QUACKENBOS, an American teacher and educational
+     writer. Born in New York, 1826; died December 24, 1881.
+
+Full of religious enthusiasm, he regarded this voyage to the western
+seas as his peculiar mission, and himself--as his name, CHRISTOPHER,
+imports--the appointed _Christ-bearer_, or _gospel-bearer_, to the
+natives of the new lands he felt that he was destined to discover.
+
+
+PLEADING WITH KINGS FOR A NEW WORLD.
+
+     The Rev. MYRON REED, a celebrated American clergyman of the present
+     day.
+
+Here is Columbus. Somehow I think he is more of a man while he is
+begging for ships and a crew, when he is in mid-ocean sailing to
+discover America, than when he found it.
+
+
+LAST DAYS OF THE VOYAGE.
+
+The last days of the voyage of Columbus were lonesome days. He had to
+depend on his own vision. I do not know what he had been--probably a
+buccaneer. We know that he was to be a trader in slaves. But in spite of
+what he had been and was to become, once he was great.--_Ibid._
+
+
+ROLL OF THE CREWS OF THE THREE CARAVELS.
+
+CREW OF THE SANTA MARIA.--_Admiral_, Cristoval Colon; _Master and
+owner_, Juan de la Cosa of Santoņa; _Pilot_, Sancho Ruiz; _Boatswain_,
+Maestre Diego; _Surgeon_, Maestre Alonzo of Moguer; _Assistant Surgeon_,
+Maestre Juan; _Overseer_, Rodrigo Sanchez of Segovia; _Secretary_,
+*Rodrigo de Escobedo[53]; _Master at Arms_, *Diego de Arana of Cordova;
+_Volunteer_, *Pedro Gutierrez, (A gentleman of the King's bedchamber);
+_Volunteer_, *Bachiller Bernardo de Tapia of Ledesma; _Steward_, Pedro
+Terreros; _Admiral's Servant_, Diego de Salcedo; _Page_, Pedro de
+Acevedo; _Interpreter_, Luis de Torres, (A converted Jew); _Seamen_,
+Rodrigo de Jerez, Garcia Ruiz of Santoņa, Pedro de Villa of Santoņa,
+Rodrigo Escobar, Francisco of Huelva, Ruy Fernandez of Huelva, Pedro
+Bilbao of Larrabezua, *Alonzo Velez of Seville, *Alonzo Perez Osorio;
+_Assayer and Silversmith_, *Castillo of Seville; _Seamen of the Santa
+Maria_, *Antonio of Jaen, *Alvaro Perez Osorio, *Cristoval de Alamo of
+Niebla, *Diego Garcia of Jerez, *Diego de Tordoya of Cabeza de Vaca,
+*Diego de Capilla of Almeden, *Diego of Mambles, *Diego de Mendoza,
+*Diego de Montalvan of Jaen, *Domingo de Bermeo, *Francisco de Godoy of
+Seville, *Francisco de Vergara of Seville, *Francisco of Aranda,
+*Francisco Henao of Avila, *Francisco Jimenes of Seville, *Gabriel
+Baraona of Belmonte, *Gonzalo Fernandez of Segovia, *Gonzalo Fernandez
+of Leon, *Guillermo Ires of Galway, *Jorge Gonzalez of Trigueros, *Juan
+de Cueva, *Juan Patiņo of La Serena, *Juan del Barco of Avila, *Pedro
+Carbacho of Caceres, *Pedro of Talavera, *Sebastian of Majorca,
+*Tallarte de Lajes (Ingles).
+
+THE CREW OF THE PINTA.--_Captain of the Pinta_, Martin Alonzo Pinzon;
+_Master_, Francisco Martin Pinzon; _Pilot of the vessel_, Cristoval
+Garcia Sarmiento; _Boatswain_, Bartolomč Garcia; _Surgeon_, Garci
+Hernandez; _Purser_, Juan de Jerez; _Caulker_, Juan Perez; _Seamen_,
+Rodrigo Bermudez de Triana of Alcala de la Guadaira, Juan Rodriguez
+Bermejo of Molinos, Juan de Sevilla, Garcia Alonzo, Gomez Rascon
+(owner), Cristoval Quintero (owner), Diego Bermudez, Juan Bermudez,
+Francisco Garcia Gallegos of Moguer, Francisco Garcia Vallejo, Pedro de
+Arcos.
+
+CREW OF THE NIŅA.--_Captain of the Niņa_, Vicente Yaņez Pinzon; _Master
+and part owner of the vessel_, Juan Niņo; _Pilots_, Pero Alonzo Niņo,
+Bartolomč Roldan; _Seamen_ _of the Niņa_, Francisco Niņo, Gutierrez
+Perez, Juan Ortiz, Alonso Gutierrez Querido, *Diego de Torpa[54],
+*Francisco Fernandez, *Hernando de Porcuna, *Juan de Urniga, *Juan
+Morcillo, *Juan del Villar, *Juan de Mendoza, *Martin de Logrosan,
+*Pedro de Foronda, *Tristan de San Jorge.
+
+
+COLUMBUS A THEORETICAL CIRCUMNAVIGATOR.
+
+     JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, LL. D., an American author and educator. Born
+     in Putnam County, Indiana, April 26, 1840. From "History of United
+     States," 1874.
+
+Sir John Mandeville had declared in the very first English book that
+ever was written (A. D. 1356) that the world is a sphere, and that it
+was both possible and practicable for a man to sail around the world and
+return to the place of starting; but neither Sir John himself nor any
+other seaman of his times was bold enough to undertake so hazardous an
+enterprise. Columbus was, no doubt, the first _practical_ believer in
+the theory of circumnavigation, and although he never sailed around the
+world himself, he demonstrated the possibility of doing so.
+
+The great mistake with Columbus and others who shared his opinions was
+not concerning the figure of the earth, but in regard to its size. He
+believed the world to be no more than 10,000 or 12,000 miles in
+circumference. He therefore confidently expected that after sailing
+about 3,000 miles to the westward he should arrive at the East Indies,
+and to do that was the one great purpose of his life.
+
+
+AN IMPORTANT FIND OF MSS.
+
+     JUAN F. RIAŅO. "Review of Continental Literature," July, 1891, to
+     July, 1892. From "_The Athenæum_" (England), July 2, 1892.
+
+The excitement about Columbus has rather been heightened by the
+accidental discovery of three large holograph volumes, in quarto, of Fr.
+Bartolomé de Las Casas, the Bishop of Chiapa, who, as is well known,
+accompanied the navigator in his fourth voyage to the West Indies. The
+volumes were deposited by Las Casas in San Gregorio de Valladolid, where
+he passed the last years of his life in retirement. There they remained
+until 1836, when, owing to the suppression of the monastic orders, the
+books of the convent were dispersed, and the volumes of the Apostle of
+the Indies, as he is still called, fell into the hands of a collector of
+the name of Acosta, from whom a grandson named Arcos inherited them.
+Though written in the bishop's own hand, they are not of great value, as
+they only contain his well-known "Historia Apologetica de las Indias,"
+of which no fewer than three different copies, dating from the sixteenth
+century, are to be found here at Madrid, and the whole was published
+some years ago in the "Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de Espaņa."
+
+The enthusiasm for Columbus and his companions has not in the least
+damped the ardor of my countrymen for every sort of information
+respecting their former colonies, in America or their possessions in the
+Indian Archipelago and on the northern coast of Africa. Respecting the
+former I may mention the second volume of the "Historia del Nuevo
+Mundo," by Cobo, 1645; the third and fourth volume of the "Origen de los
+Indios del Peru, Mexico, Santa Féy Chile," by Diego Andrés Rocha; "De
+las Gentes del Peru," forming part of the "Historia Apologetica," by
+Bartolomé de las Casas, though not found in his three holograph volumes
+recently discovered.
+
+
+CHILDREN OF THE SUN.
+
+     WILLIAM ROBERTSON (usually styled Principal ROBERTSON), a
+     celebrated Scottish historian. Born at Bosthwick, Mid-Lothian,
+     September 19, 1721; died June, 1793.
+
+Columbus was the first European who set foot in the New World which he
+had discovered. He landed in a rich dress, and with a naked sword in his
+hand. His men followed, and, kneeling down, they all kissed the ground
+which they had long desired to see. They next erected a crucifix, and
+prostrating themselves before it returned thanks to God for conducting
+their voyage to such a happy issue.
+
+The Spaniards while thus employed were surrounded by many of the
+natives, who gazed in silent admiration upon actions which they could
+not comprehend, and of which they could not foresee the consequences.
+The dress of the Spaniards, the whiteness of their skins, their beards,
+their arms, appeared strange and surprising. The vast machines in which
+the Spaniards had traversed the ocean, that seemed to move upon the
+water with wings, and uttered a dreadful sound, resembling thunder,
+accompanied with lightning and smoke, struck the natives with such
+terror that they began to respect their new guests as a superior order
+of beings, and concluded that they were children of the sun, who had
+descended to visit the earth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To all the kingdoms of Europe, Christopher Columbus, by an effort of
+genius and of intrepidity the boldest and most successful that is
+recorded in the annals of mankind, added a new world.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE BRONZE DOOR AT WASHINGTON.
+
+This is the main central door of the Capitol at Washington, D. C., and
+on it is a pictured history of events connected with the life of
+Columbus and the discovery of America.
+
+[Illustration: THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT, Paseo de la Reforma, City of
+Mexico. Sculptor, M, Cordier.]
+
+The door weighs 20,000 pounds; is seventeen feet high and nine feet
+wide; it is folding or double, and stands sunk back inside of a bronze
+casing, which projects about a foot forward from the leaves or valves.
+On this casing are four figures at the top and bottom, representing
+Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. A border, emblematic of conquest and
+navigation, runs along the casing between them.
+
+The door has eight panels besides the semicircular one at the top. In
+each panel is a picture in _alto-relievo_.
+
+It was designed by Randolph Rogers, an American, and modeled by him in
+Rome, in 1858; and was cast by F. Von Muller, at Munich, 1861.
+
+The story the door tells is the history of Columbus and the discovery of
+America.
+
+The panel containing the earliest event in the life of the discoverer is
+the lowest one on the south side, and represents "Columbus undergoing an
+examination before the Council of Salamanca."
+
+The panel above it contains "Columbus' departure from the Convent of
+Santa Maria de la Rábida," near Palos. He is just setting out to visit
+the Spanish court.
+
+The one above it is his "audience at the court of Ferdinand and
+Isabella."
+
+The next panel is the top one of this half of the door, and represents
+the "starting of Columbus from Palos on his first voyage."
+
+The transom panel occupies the semicircular sweep over the whole door.
+The extended picture here is the "first landing of the Spaniards at San
+Salvador."
+
+The top panel on the other leaf of the door represents the "first
+encounter of the discoverers with the natives." In it one of the sailors
+is seen bringing an Indian girl on his shoulders a prisoner. The
+transaction aroused the stern indignation of Columbus.
+
+The panel next below this one has in it "the triumphal entry of Columbus
+into Barcelona."
+
+The panel below this represents a very different scene, and is "Columbus
+in chains."
+
+In the next and last panel is the "death scene." Columbus lies in bed;
+the last rites of the Catholic church have been administered; friends
+and attendants are around him; and a priest holds up a crucifix for him
+to kiss, and upon it bids him fix his dying eyes.
+
+On the door, on the sides and between the panels, are sixteen small
+statues, set in niches, of eminent contemporaries of Columbus. Their
+names are marked on the door, and beginning at the bottom, on the side
+from which we started in numbering the panels, we find the figure in the
+lowest niche is Juan Perez de la Marchena, prior of La Rábida; then
+above him is Hernando Cortez; and again, standing over him, is Alonzo de
+Ojeda.
+
+Amerigo Vespucci occupies the next niche on the door.
+
+Then, opposite in line, across the door, standing in two niches, side by
+side, are Cardinal Mendoza and Pope Alexander VI.
+
+Then below them stand Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain;
+beneath them stands the Lady Beatrice Enriquez de Bobadilla; beside her
+is Charles VIII., King of France.
+
+The first figure of the lowest pair on the door is Henry VII. of
+England; beside him stands John II., King of Portugal.
+
+Then, in the same line with them, across the panel, is Alonzo Pinzon.
+
+In the niche above Alonzo Pinzon stands Bartolomeo Columbus, the brother
+of the great navigator.
+
+Then comes Vasco Nuņez de Balboa, and in the niche above, again at the
+top of the door, stands the figure of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror
+of Peru.
+
+Between the panels and at top and bottom of the valves of the door are
+ten projecting heads. Those between the panels are historians who have
+written Columbus' voyages from his own time down to the present day,
+ending with Washington Irving and William Hickling Prescott.
+
+The two heads at the tops of the valves are female heads, while the two
+next the floor possess Indian characteristics.
+
+Above, over the transom arch, looks down, over all, the serene grand
+head of Columbus. Beneath it, the American eagle spreads out his widely
+extended wings.
+
+Mr. Rogers[55] received $8,000 for his models, and Mr. Von Muller was
+paid $17,000 in gold for casting the door. To a large portion of this
+latter sum must be added the high premium on exchange which ruled during
+the war, the cost of storage and transportation, and the expense of the
+erection of the door in the Capitol after its arrival. These items
+would, added together, far exceed $30,000 in the then national currency.
+
+
+SANTA MARIA RÁBIDA, THE CONVENT--RÁBIDA.
+
+     SAMUEL ROGERS, the English banker-poet. Born near London, July 30,
+     1763; died December, 1855. Translated from a Castilian MS., and
+     printed as an introduction to his poem, "The Voyage of Columbus."
+     It is stated that he spent $50,000 in the illustrations of this
+     volume of his poems.
+
+      In Rábida's monastic fane
+      I can not ask, and ask in vain;
+      The language of Castille I speak,
+      'Mid many an Arab, many a Greek,
+      Old in the days of Charlemagne,
+      When minstrel-music wandered round,
+      And science, waking, blessed the sound.
+
+      No earthly thought has here a place,
+      The cowl let down on every face;
+      Yet here, in consecrated dust,
+      Here would I sleep, if sleep I must.
+      From Genoa, when Columbus came
+      (At once her glory and her shame),
+      'T was here he caught the holy flame;
+      'T was here the generous vow he made;
+      His banners on the altar laid.
+
+      Here, tempest-worn and desolate,
+        A pilot journeying through the wild
+      Stopped to solicit at the gate
+        A pittance for his child.
+
+      'T was here, unknowing and unknown,
+      He stood upon the threshold stone.
+      But hope was his, a faith sublime,
+      That triumphs over place and time;
+      And here, his mighty labor done,
+      And here, his course of glory run,
+      Awhile as more than man he stood,
+      So large the debt of gratitude.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Who the great secret of the deep possessed,
+  And, issuing through the portals of the West,
+  Fearless, resolved, with every sail unfurled,
+  Planted his standard on the unknown world.
+
+                                     --_Ibid._
+
+
+GENOA.
+
+  Thy brave mariners,
+  They had fought so often by thy side,
+  Staining the mountain billows.
+
+  --_Ibid._
+
+
+LAUNCHED OUT INTO THE DEEP.
+
+     WILLIAM RUSSELL, American author and educationist. Born in
+     Scotland, 1798; died, 1873. From his "Modern History."
+
+Transcendent genius and superlative courage experience almost equal
+difficulty in carrying their designs into execution when they depend on
+the assistance of others. Columbus possessed both--he exerted both; and
+the concurrence of other heads and other hearts was necessary to give
+success to either; he had indolence and cowardice to encounter, as well
+as ignorance and prejudice. He had formerly been ridiculed as a
+visionary, he was now pitied as a desperado. The Portuguese navigators,
+in accomplishing their first discoveries, had always some reference to
+the coast; cape had pointed them to cape; but Columbus, with no landmark
+but the heavens, nor any guide but the compass, boldly launched into the
+ocean, without knowing what shore should receive him or where he could
+find rest for the sole of his foot.
+
+
+STATUARY AT SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA.
+
+One of the principal features in the State capitol at Sacramento is a
+beautiful and artistic group of statuary, cut from a solid block of
+purest white marble. It represents Columbus pleading the cause of his
+project before Queen Isabella of Spain. The Spanish sovereign is seated;
+at her left hand kneels the First Admiral, while an attendant page on
+the right watches with wonder the nobly generous action of the Queen.
+Columbus, with a globe in his hand, contends that the world is round,
+and pleads for assistance to fit out an expedition to discover the New
+World. The royal reply is, "I will assume the undertaking for my own
+crown of Castille, and am ready to pledge my jewels to defray its
+expense, if the funds in the treasury shall be found inadequate," The
+group, which is said to be a masterpiece of work, the only piece of its
+kind in the United States, was executed in Florence, Italy, by Larkin G.
+Mead of Vermont, an American artist of known reputation. Costing
+$60,000, it was presented to the State of California, in 1883, by Mr. D.
+O. Mills.
+
+
+A MONUMENT NEAR SALAMANCA.
+
+At Valcuebo, a country farm once belonging to the Dominicans of
+Salamanca, Columbus was entertained by Diego de Deza--prior of the great
+Dominican convent of San Esteban and professor of theology at
+Salamanca--while the Junta [committee] of Spanish ecclesiastics
+considered his prospects. His residence there was a peaceful oasis in
+the stormy life of the great discoverer. The little grange still stands
+at a distance of about three miles west of Salamanca, and the country
+people have a tradition that on the crest of a small hill near the
+house, now called "Teso de Colon" (i. e., Columbus' Peak), the future
+discoverer used to pass long hours conferring with his visitors or
+reading in solitude. The present owner, Don Martin de Solis, has erected
+a monument on this hill, consisting of a stone pyramid surmounted by a
+globe; it commemorates the spot where the storm-tossed hero enjoyed a
+brief interval of peace and rest.
+
+
+HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE.
+
+     MANOEL FRANCISCO DE BARROS Y SOUZA, VISCOUNT SANTAREM, a noted
+     Portuguese diplomatist and writer. Born at Lisbon, 1790; died,
+     1856.
+
+If Columbus was not the first to discover America, he was, at least, the
+man who _re_discovered it, and in a positive and definite shape
+communicated the knowledge of it. For, if he verified what the Egyptian
+priest indicated to Solon, the Athenian, as is related by Plato in the
+Timoeus respecting the Island of Atlantis; if he realized the
+hypothesis of Actian; if he accomplished the prophecy of Seneca in the
+Medea; if he demonstrated that the story of the mysterious Carthaginian
+vessel, related by Aristotle and Theophrastus, was not a dream; if he
+established by deeds that there was nothing visionary in what St.
+Gregory pointed at in one of his letters to St. Clement; if, in a word,
+Columbus proved by his discovery the existence of the land which Madoc
+had visited before him, as Hakluyt and Powell pretended; and ascertained
+for a certainty that which for the ancients had always been so
+uncertain, problematical, and mysterious--his glory becomes only the
+more splendid, and more an object to command admiration.
+
+
+THE SANTIAGO BUST.
+
+At Santiago, Chili, a marble bust of Columbus is to be found, with a
+face modeled after the De Bry portrait, an illustration of which latter
+appears in these pages. The bust has a Dutch cap and garments.
+
+
+THE ST. LOUIS STATUE.
+
+In the city of St. Louis, Mo., a statue of Columbus has been erected as
+the gift of Mr. Henry D. Shaw. It consists of a heroic-sized figure of
+Columbus in gilt bronze, upon a granite pedestal, which has four bronze
+_basso relievos_ of the principal events in his career. The face of the
+statue follows the Genoa model, and the statue was cast at Munich.
+
+
+SOUTHERN AMERICA'S TRIBUTE.
+
+At Lima, Peru, a fine group of statuary was erected in 1850,
+representing Columbus in the act of raising an Indian girl from the
+ground. Upon the front of the marble pedestal is the simple dedication:
+"Á Cristoval Colon" (To Christopher Columbus), and upon the other three
+faces are appropriate nautical designs.
+
+
+THE STATUE IN BOSTON.
+
+In addition to the Iasigi statue, Boston boasts of one of the most
+artistic statues to Columbus, and will shortly possess a third. "The
+First Inspiration of the Boy Columbus" is a beautiful example of the
+work of Signor G. Monteverde, a celebrated Italian sculptor. It was made
+in Rome, in 1871, and, winning the first prize of a gold medal at Parma,
+in that year, was presented to the city of Boston by Mr. A. P.
+Chamberlain of Concord, Mass. It represents Columbus as a youth, seated
+upon the capstan of a vessel, with an open book in his hand, his foot
+carelessly swinging in an iron ring. In addition to this statue, a
+_replica_ of the Old Isabella statue (described on page 171, _ante_),
+is, it is understood, to be presented to the city.
+
+
+STATUE AT GENOA.
+
+In the Red Palace, Genoa, a statue of Columbus has been erected
+representing him standing on the deck of the Santa Maria, behind a padre
+with a cross. The pedestal of the statue is ornamented with prows of
+caravels, and on each side a mythological figure represents Discovery
+and Industry.
+
+
+THE STATUE AT PALOS.
+
+Now in course of erection to commemorate the discovery, and under the
+auspices of the Spanish government, is a noble statue at Palos, Spain.
+It consists of a fluted column of the Corinthian order of architecture,
+capped by a crown, supporting an orb, surmounted by a cross. The orb
+bears two bands, one about its equator and the other representing the
+zodiac. On the column are the names of the Pinzon brothers, Martin and
+Vicente Yaņez; and under the prows of the caravels, "Colon," with a list
+of the persons who accompanied him. The column rests upon a prismatic
+support, from which protrude four prows, and the pedestal of the whole
+is in the shape of a tomb, with an Egyptian-like appearance.
+
+
+THE STATUE IN PHILADELPHIA.
+
+In Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., there is placed a statue of
+Columbus, which, originally exhibited at the Centennial Exposition, at
+Philadelphia, in 1876, was presented to the Centennial Commission by the
+combined Italian societies of Philadelphia.
+
+
+THE STEBBINS STATUE.
+
+In Central Park, New York City, is located an artistic statue, the gift
+of Mrs. Marshall O. Roberts, and the work of Miss Emma Stebbins. The
+figure of Columbus is seven feet high, and represents him as a sailor
+with a mantle thrown over his shoulder. The face is copied from accepted
+portraits of the Giovian type.
+
+
+SANTO DOMINGOAN CANNON.
+
+When Columbus was made a prisoner in Santo Domingo, the governor, who
+arrested him, feared there might be an attempt at rescue, so he trained
+a big gun on the entrance of the citadel, or castle, in which Columbus
+was confined. That cannon laid in the same place until Mr. Ober, a
+World's Fair representative, recovered it, and, with the permission of
+the Governor of Santo Domingo, brought it to the United States. It is on
+exhibition at the World's Fair.
+
+
+THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.
+
+A very novel feature of the historical exhibit at the Chicago World's
+Columbian Exposition will be a fac-simile reproduction of the little
+ship Santa Maria, in which Columbus sailed. Lieut. McCarty Little of the
+United States navy was detailed to go to Spain to superintend the
+construction of the ship by the Spanish government at the Carraca yard
+at Cadiz. The keel was laid on March 1, 1892. The caravel's dimensions
+are: Length at keel, 62 feet 4 inches; length between perpendiculars, 75
+feet 5 inches; beam, 22 feet; draught, 14 feet 8 inches. Great care is
+being taken with details. It is manned by Spanish sailors in the costume
+of the time of Columbus, and is rigged as Columbus rigged his ship.
+There are on board copies of the charts that Columbus used, and
+fac-similes of his nautical instruments. The crew are of the same
+number, and included in it are an Englishman and an Irishman, for it is
+a well-founded historical fact that William Harris, an Englishman, and
+Arthur Lake, an Irishman, were both members of Columbus' crew. In fact,
+the reproduction is as exact as possible in every detail. The little
+ship, in company with her sisters, the Pinta and the Niņa, which were
+reproduced by American capital, will make its first appearance at the
+naval review in New York, where the trio will be saluted by the great
+cruisers and war-ships of modern invention from all of the navies of the
+world. They will then be presented by the government of Spain to the
+President of the United States, and towed through the lakes to Chicago,
+being moored at the Exposition. It is proposed that the vessels be taken
+to Washington after the Exposition, and there anchored in the park of
+the White House.
+
+The Spanish committee having the matter in charge have made careful
+examinations of all obtainable data to insure that the vessels shall be,
+in every detail which can be definitely determined, exact copies of the
+original Columbus vessels. In connection with this subject, _La
+Ilustracion National_ of Madrid, to whom we are indebted for our
+first-page illustration, says:
+
+"A great deal of data of very varied character has been obtained, but
+nothing that would give the exact details sought, because, doubtless,
+the vessels of that time varied greatly, not only in the form of their
+hulls, but also in their rigging, as will be seen by an examination of
+the engravings and paintings of the fifteenth century; and as there was
+no ship that could bear the generic name of 'caravel,' great confusion
+was caused when the attempt was made to state, with a scientific
+certainty, what the caravels were. The word 'caravel' comes from the
+Italian _cara bella_, and with this etymology it is safe to suppose that
+the name was applied to those vessels on account of the grace and beauty
+of their form, and finally was applied to the light vessels which went
+ahead of the ships as dispatch boats. Nevertheless, we think we have
+very authentic data, perhaps all that is reliable, in the letter of Juan
+de la Cosa, Christopher Columbus' pilot. Juan de la Cosa used many
+illustrations, and with his important hydrographic letter, which is in
+the Naval Museum, we can appreciate his ability in drawing both
+landscapes and figures. As he was both draughtsman and mariner, we feel
+safe in affirming that the caravels drawn in said letter of the
+illustrious mariner form the most authentic document in regard to the
+vessels of his time that is in existence. From these drawings and the
+descriptions of the days' runs in the part marked 'incidents' of
+Columbus' log, it is ascertained that these vessels had two sets of
+sails, lateens for sailing with bowlines hauled, and with lines for
+sailing before the wind.
+
+"The same lateens serve for this double object, unbending the sails half
+way and hoisting them like yards by means of top ropes. Instead of
+having the points now used for reefing, these sails had bands of canvas
+called bowlines, which were unfastened when it was unnecessary to
+diminish the sails."
+
+
+AT PALOS.
+
+     From the _Saturday Review_, August 6, 1892.
+
+It was a happy notion, and creditable to the ingenuity of the Spaniards,
+to celebrate the auspicious event, which made Palos famous four hundred
+years ago, by a little dramatic representation. The caravel Maria,
+manned by appropriately dressed sailors, must be a sight better than
+many eloquent speeches. She has, we are told, been built in careful
+imitation of the flagship of Columbus' little squadron. If the fidelity
+of the builders has been thorough, if she has not been coppered, has no
+inner skin, and has to trust mainly to her caulking to keep out the
+water, we hope that she will have unbroken good weather on her way to
+New York. The voyage to Havana across the "Ladies' Sea" is a simple
+business; but the coast of the United States in early autumn will be
+trying to a vessel which will be buoyant enough as long as she is
+water-tight, but is not to be trusted to remain so under a severe
+strain. She will not escape the strain wholly by being towed. We are not
+told whether the Maria is to make the landfall of Columbus as well as
+take his departure. The disputes of the learned as to the exact spot
+might make it difficult to decide for which of the Bahamas the captain
+ought to steer. On the other hand, if it were left to luck, to the wind,
+and the currents, the result might throw some light on a vexed question.
+It might be interesting to see whether the Maria touched at Turk Island,
+Watling's Island, or Mariguana, or at none of the three.
+
+The event which the Spaniards are celebrating with natural pride is
+peculiarly fitted to give an excuse for a centenary feast. The
+complaints justly made as to the artificial character of the excuses
+often chosen for these gatherings and their eloquence do not apply here.
+Beyond all doubt, when Columbus sailed from Palos on August 3, 1492, he
+did something by which the history of the world was profoundly
+influenced. Every schoolboy of course knows that if Columbus had never
+lived America would have been discovered all the same, when Pedro
+Alvarez Cabral, the Portuguese admiral, was carried by the trade-winds
+over to the coast of Brazil in 1500. But in that case it would not have
+been discovered by Spain, and the whole course of the inevitable
+European settlement on the continent must have been modified.
+
+When that can be said of any particular event there can be no question
+as to its importance. There is a kind of historical critic, rather
+conspicuous in these latter days, who finds a peculiar satisfaction in
+pointing out that Columbus discovered America without knowing it--which
+is true. That he believed, and died in the belief, that he had reached
+Asia is certain. It is not less sure that Amerigo Vespucci, from whom
+the continent was named, by a series of flukes, misprints, and
+misunderstandings, went to his grave in the same faith. He thought that
+he had found an island of uncertain size to the south of the equator,
+and that what Columbus had found to the north was the eastern extremity
+of Asia. But the world which knows that Columbus did, as a matter of
+fact, do it the service of finding America, and is aware that without
+him the voyage from Palos would never have been undertaken, has refused
+to belittle him because he did not know beforehand what was only found
+out through his exertions.
+
+The learned who have written very largely about Columbus have their
+serious doubts as to the truth of the stories told of his connection
+with Palos. Not that there is any question as to whether he sailed from
+there. The dispute is as to the number and circumstances of his visits
+to the Convent of Santa Maria Rábida, and the exact nature of his
+relations to the Prior Juan Perez de Marchena. There has, in fact, been
+a considerable accumulation of what that very rude man, Mr. Carlyle,
+called the marine stores of history about the life of Columbus, as about
+most great transactions. He certainly had been at La Rábida, and the
+prior was his friend. But, with or without Juan Perez, Columbus as a
+seafaring man would naturally have been in Palos. It lies right in the
+middle of the coast, which has always been open to attack from Africa
+and has been the starting point for attack on Africa. It is in the way
+of trade for the same reason that it is in the way of war. What are now
+fishing villages were brisk little trading towns in the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries. Palos did not only send out Columbus. It received
+Cortez when he came back from the conquest of Mexico. Palos does very
+well to remember its glories. And Spain does equally well to remember
+that she sent out Columbus. In spite of the platitudes talked by
+painfully thoughtful persons as to the ruinous consequences of the
+discovery to herself, it was, take it altogether, the greatest thing she
+has done in the world. She owes to it her unparalleled position in the
+sixteenth century, and the opportunity to become "a mother of nations."
+The rest of the world has to thank her for the few magnificent and
+picturesque passages which enliven the commonly rather colorless, not to
+say Philistine, history of America.
+
+
+A REMINISCENCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     RANDALL N. SAUNDERS, Claverack, N. Y., in the _School Journal_.
+
+* * * What boy has not felt a thrill of pride, for the sex, at the
+dogged persistence with which Columbus clung to his purpose and to
+Isabella after Ferdinand had flung to him but stony replies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Methinks I am starting from Palos. I see the pale, earnest face set in
+its steadfast resolution from prophetic knowledge. I see the stern lines
+of care, deeper from the contrast of the hair, a silver mantle refined
+by the worry; the "midnight oil" that burned in the fiery furnace of his
+ambition. I see the flush of pleasure at setting out to battle with the
+perilous sea toward the consummation of life's grand desire. I feel the
+waverings between hope and despair as the journey lengthens, with but
+faint promise of reward, and with those around who would push us into
+the overwhelming waves of defeat and remorse. Amid all discouragements,
+amid the darkest gloom, I am inspired by his words, "Sail on, sail on";
+and sailing on with the grand old Genoese, I yet hope to know and feel
+his glorious success, and with him to return thanks on the golden strand
+of the San Salvador of life's success.
+
+
+THE DENSE IGNORANCE OF THOSE DAYS.
+
+     The Reverend MINOT JUDSON SAVAGE, an American clergyman. Born at
+     Norridgewock, Maine, June 10, 1841. Pastor of Unity Church, Boston.
+     From his lecture, "The Religious Growth of Three Hundred Years."
+
+Stand beside Columbus a moment, and consider how much and how little
+there was known. It was commonly believed that the earth was flat and
+was flowed round by the ocean stream. Jerusalem was the center. With the
+exception of a little of Europe, a part of Asia, and a strip of North
+Africa, the earth was unknown country. In these unknown parts dwelt
+monsters of every conceivable description. Columbus indeed cherished the
+daring dream that he might reach the eastern coast of Asia by sailing
+west; but most of those who knew his dreams regarded him as crazy. And
+it is now known that even he was largely impelled by his confident
+expectation that he would be able to discover the Garden of Eden. The
+motive of his voyage was chiefly a religious one. And, as a hint of the
+kind of world in which people then lived, the famous Ponce de Leon
+searched Florida in the hope of discovering the Fountain of Perpetual
+Youth. At this time Copernicus and his system were unheard of. The
+universe was a little three-story affair. Heaven, with God on his throne
+and his celestial court about him, was only a little way overhead--just
+beyond the blue dome. Hell was underneath the surface of the earth.
+Volcanoes and mysterious caverns were vent-holes or gate-ways of the
+pit; and devils came and went at will. Even after it was conceded that
+the earth revolved, there were found writers who accounted for the
+diurnal revolution by attributing it to the movements of damned souls
+confined within, like restless squirrels in a revolving cage. On the
+earth's surface, between heaven and hell, was man, the common
+battleground of celestial and infernal hosts. At this time, of
+course, there was none of our modern knowledge of the heavens, nor of
+the age or structure of the earth.
+
+[Illustration: From Harper's Weekly.
+
+Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.
+
+  THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY.
+  Presented by the Italian Citizens.
+  (See page 243.)]
+
+
+SENECA'S PROPHECY.
+
+     LUCIUS ANNÆUS SENECA, an eminent Roman stoic, philosopher, and
+     moralist. Born at Corduba, Spain, about 5 B. C.; committed suicide
+     65 A. D.
+
+              _Venient annis
+  Sæcula seris, quibus Oceanus
+  Vincula rerum laxet, et ingens
+  Pateat teilus, Tethysque novos
+  Detegat orbes, nec sit terris
+  Ultima Thule._
+
+
+THE TOMB IN SEVILLE.
+
+The following inscription is placed on the tomb of Hernando Columbus in
+the pavement of the Cathedral of Seville, Spain:
+
+Aqui yaze el. M. Magnifico S. D. Hernando Colon, el qual aplicó y gastó
+toda su vida y hazienda en aumento de las letras, y juntar y perpetuar
+en esta ciudad todas sus libros de todas las ciencias, que en su tiempo
+halló y en reducirlo a quatro libros.
+
+Falleció en esta ciudad a 12 de Julio de 1539 de edad de 50 aņos 9 meses
+y 14 dias, fue hijo del valeroso y memoráble S. D. Christ. Colon primero
+Almirante que descubrió las Yndias y nuevo mundo en vida de los Cat. R.
+D. Fernando, y. D. Ysabel de gloriosa memoria a. 11 de Oct. de 1492, con
+tres galeras y 90 personas, y partió del puerto de Palos a descubrirlas
+á 3 de Agosto antés, y Bolvió a Castilla con victoria á 7 de Maio del
+Aņo Siguente y tornó despues otras dos veces á poblar lo que descubrió.
+Falleció en Valladolid á 20 de Agosto de 1506 anos--[56]
+
+  Rogad á Dios por ellos.
+
+(_In English._) Here rests the most magnificent Seņor Don Hernando
+Colon, who applied and spent all his life and estate in adding to the
+letters, and collecting and perpetuating in this city all his books, of
+all the sciences which he found in his time, and in reducing them to
+four books. He died in this city on the 12th of July, 1539, at the age
+of 50 years, 9 months, and 14 days. He was son of the valiant and
+memorable Seņor Don Christopher Colon, the First Admiral, who discovered
+the Indies and the New World, in the lifetime of their Catholic
+Majesties Don Fernando and Doņa Isabel of glorious memory, on the 11th
+of October, 1492, with three galleys and ninety people, having sailed
+from the port of Palos on his discovery on the 3d of August previous,
+and returned to Castille, with victory, on the 7th of May of the
+following year. He returned afterward twice to people that which he had
+discovered. He died in Valladolid on the 20th of August, 1506, aged
+----.
+
+  Entreat the Lord for them.
+
+Beneath this is described, in a circle, a globe, presenting the western
+and part of the eastern hemispheres, surmounted by a pair of compasses.
+Within the border of the circle is inscribed:
+
+  _Á Castillo, y á Leon
+  Mundo nuevo dió Colon._
+
+(To Castille and Leon, Columbus gave a new world.)
+
+
+ONWARD! PRESS ON!
+
+     JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH SCHILLER, one of Germany's greatest
+     poets. Born at Marbach (about eight miles from Stuttgart), November
+     11, 1759; died, May 9, 1805, at Weimar.
+
+
+COLUMBUS.
+
+(1795.)
+
+  Steure, muthiger Segler! Es mag der Witz dich verhöhen
+  Und der Schiffer am Steur senken die lässige Hand.
+  Immer, immer nach West! Dort muss die Küste sich zeigen,
+  Liegt sie doch deutlich und liegt schimmernd vor deinen Verstand.
+  Traue dem leitenden Gott und folge dem schweigenden Weltmeer!
+  War sie noch nicht, sie stieg' jetzt aus dem Fluten empor.
+  Mit dem Genius steht die Natur in ewigem Bunde
+  Was der Eine verspricht leistet die Andre gewiss.
+
+     Metrically translated (1843) by SIR EDWARD GEORGE EARLE LYTTON,
+     BULWER-LYTTON, Baronet (afterward first Lord Lytton. Born at Heydon
+     Hall, Norfolk, May 25, 1803; died, January 18, 1873), in the
+     following noble lines:
+
+
+COLUMBUS.
+
+  STEER on, bold sailor! Wit may mock thy soul that sees the land,
+  And hopeless at the helm may droop the weak and weary hand,
+  YET EVER, EVER TO THE WEST, for there the coast must lie,
+  And dim it dawns, and glimmering dawns before thy reason's eye;
+  Yea, trust the guiding God--and go along the floating grave,
+  Though hid till now--yet now, behold the New World o'er the wave.
+  With Genius Nature ever stands in solemn union still,
+  And ever what the one foretells the other shall fulfill.
+
+     Seņor EMILIO CASTELAR, the talented Spanish orator and statesman,
+     in the fourth of a series of most erudite and interesting articles
+     upon Christopher Columbus, in the _Century Magazine_ for August,
+     1892, thus masterly refers to the above passages:
+
+He who pens these words, on reading the lines of the great poet Schiller
+upon Columbus, found therein a philosophical thought, as original as
+profound, calling upon the discoverer to press ever onward, for a new
+world will surely arise for him, inasmuch as whatever is promised by
+Genius is always fulfilled by Nature. To cross the seas of Life, naught
+suffices save the bark of Faith. In that bark the undoubting Columbus
+set sail, and at his journey's end found a new world. Had that world not
+then existed, God would have created it in the solitude of the Atlantic,
+if to no other end than to reward the faith and constancy of that great
+man. America was discovered because Columbus possessed a living faith in
+his ideal, in himself, and in his God.
+
+
+THE NORSEMAN'S CLAIM TO PRIORITY.
+
+     Mrs. JOHN B. SHIPLEY'S "Leif Erikson."
+
+Father Bodfish, of the cathedral in Boston, in his paper, read a year
+ago before the Bostonian Society, on the discovery of America by the
+Northmen, is reported to have quoted, "as corroborative authority, the
+account given in standard history of the Catholic Church of the
+establishment of a bishopric in Greenland in 1112 A. D., and he added
+the interesting suggestion that as it is the duty of a bishop so placed
+at a distance to report from time to time to the Pope, not only on
+ecclesiastical matters, but of the geography of the country and
+character of the people, it is probable that Columbus had the benefit of
+the knowledge possessed. It is [he said] stated in different biographies
+of Columbus that when the voyage was first proposed by him he found
+difficulty in getting Spanish sailors to go with him in so doubtful an
+undertaking. After Columbus returned from a visit to Rome with
+information there obtained, these sailors, or enough of them, appear to
+have had their doubts or fears removed, and no difficulty in enlistment
+was experienced."
+
+
+COLUMBUS BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA.
+
+     LYDIA HUNTLEY SIGOURNEY, an American poet and miscellaneous writer.
+     Born at Norwich, Conn., September 1, 1791; died, June 10, 1865.
+
+  St. Stephen's cloistered hall was proud
+    In learning's pomp that day,
+  For there a robed and stately crowd
+    Pressed on in long array.
+  A mariner with simple chart
+    Confronts that conclave high,
+  While strong ambition stirs his heart,
+  And burning thoughts of wonder part
+    From lip and sparkling eye.
+
+  What hath he said? With frowning face,
+    In whispered tones they speak;
+  And lines upon their tablet's trace
+    Which flush each ashen cheek.
+  The Inquisition's mystic doom
+    Sits on their brows severe,
+  And bursting forth in visioned gloom,
+  Sad heresy from burning tomb
+    Groans on the startled ear.
+
+  Courage, thou Genoese! Old Time
+    Thy splendid dream shall crown.
+  Yon western hemisphere sublime,
+    Where unshorn forests frown;
+  The awful Andes' cloud-rapt brow,
+    The Indian hunter's bow.
+  Bold streams untamed by helm or prow,
+  And rocks of gold and diamonds thou
+    To thankless Spain shalt show.
+
+  Courage, world-finder, thou hast need.
+    In Fate's unfolding scroll,
+  Dark woes and ingrate wrongs I read,
+    That rack the noble soul.
+  On, on! Creation's secrets probe.
+    Then drink thy cup of scorn,
+  And wrapped in fallen Cæsar's robe,
+  Sleep like that master of the globe,
+    All glorious, yet forlorn.
+
+
+COLUMBUS A MARTYR.
+
+     SAMUEL SMILES, the celebrated British biographer. Born at
+     Haddington, Scotland, about 1815. From his volume, "Duty."
+
+Even Columbus may be regarded in the light of a martyr. He sacrificed
+his life to the discovery of a new world. The poor wool-carder's son of
+Genoa had long to struggle unsuccessfully with the petty conditions
+necessary for the realization of his idea. He dared to believe, on
+grounds sufficing to his reason, that which the world disbelieved, and
+scoffed and scorned at. He believed that the earth was round, while the
+world believed that it was flat as a plate. He believed that the whole
+circle of the earth, outside the known world, could not be wholly
+occupied by sea; but that the probability was that continents of land
+might be contained within it. It was certainly a Probability; But the
+Noblest Qualities of the Soul Are Often Brought Forth by the Strength of
+Probabilities That Appear Slight To Less Daring Spirits. In the Eyes of
+His Countrymen, Few Things Were More Improbable Than That Columbus
+Should Survive the Dangers of Unknown Seas, and Land On The Shores of a
+New Hemisphere.
+
+
+DIFFICULTIES BY THE WAY.
+
+     ROYALL BASCOM SMITHEY, in an article. "The Voyage of Columbus," in
+     _St. Nicholas_, July, 1892.
+
+So the voyage progressed without further incident worthy of remark till
+the 13th of September, when the magnetic needle, which was then believed
+always to point to the pole-star, stood some five degrees to the
+northwest. At this the pilots lost courage. "How," they thought, "was
+navigation possible in seas where the compass, that unerring guide, had
+lost its virtue?" When they carried the matter to Columbus, he at once
+gave them an explanation which, though not the correct one, was yet very
+ingenious, and shows the philosophic turn of his mind. The needle, he
+said, pointed not to the north star, but to a fixed place in the
+heavens. The north star had a motion around the pole, and in following
+its course had moved from the point to which the needle was always
+directed.
+
+Hardly had the alarm caused by the variation of the needle passed away,
+when two days later, after nightfall, the darkness that hung over the
+water was lighted up by a great meteor, which shot down from the sky
+into the sea. Signs in the heavens have always been a source of terror
+to the uneducated; and this "flame of fire," as Columbus called it,
+rendered his men uneasy and apprehensive. Their vague fears were much
+increased when, on the 16th of September, they reached the Sargasso Sea,
+in which floating weeds were so densely matted that they impeded the
+progress of the ships. Whispered tales now passed from one sailor to
+another of legends they had heard of seas full of shoals and treacherous
+quicksands upon which ships had been found stranded with their sails
+flapping idly in the wind, and manned by skeleton crews. Columbus, ever
+cheerful and even-tempered, answered these idle tales by sounding the
+ocean and showing that no bottom could be reached.
+
+
+DESIGN FOR THE SOUVENIR COINS.[57]
+
+A decision has been reached by the World's Fair management in relation
+to the designs for the souvenir coins authorized by Congress at its last
+session, and a radical change has been determined upon regarding these
+coins. Several days ago Secretary Leach of the United States Mint sent
+to the Fair officials a copy of the medal struck recently at Madrid,
+Spain, in commemoration of Columbus' discovery of America. This medal
+was illustrated in a Spanish-American paper of July, 1892, and showed a
+remarkably fine profile head of the great explorer. It was deemed
+superior to the Lotto portrait previously submitted for the obverse of
+the coin, and the Fair directors have concluded that the Madrid medal
+furnishes the best head obtainable, and have accordingly adopted it. For
+the reverse of the coin a change has also been decided upon by the
+substitution of a representation of the western continent instead of a
+fac-simile of the Government building at Jackson Park, as originally
+intended. It was suggested by experts, artists, and designers at the
+Philadelphia mint that the representation of a building would not make a
+very good showing on a coin, and in consequence of these expressions of
+opinion it was decided to make the change proposed. Now that the
+Director of the Mint knows what the Fair management wishes for a
+souvenir coin, he will inaugurate the preparations of the dies and
+plates as promptly as possible. Just as soon as the designs are
+finished, work will be begun on the coins, which can be struck at the
+rate of 60,000 daily, and it is quite likely that the deliveries of the
+souvenir coins will be completed early in the spring.
+
+[Illustration: From Harper's Weekly.
+
+Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.
+
+BAS-RELIEF--THE SIGHTING OF THE NEW WORLD. From the Columbus Monument in
+New York City. (See page 244.)]
+
+The announcement that the Director of the Mint has decided upon the
+Madrid portrait of Columbus for the obverse side of the souvenir coin,
+with this hemisphere on the reverse, was a surprise to many interested
+in the designs. When the design was first presented, C. F. Gunther's
+portrait, by Moro, and James W. Ellsworth's, by Lotto, were also
+presented. Then a controversy opened between the owners of the two
+last-named portraits, and, rather than extend this, Mr. Ellsworth
+withdrew his portrait, with the suggestion that whatever design was
+decided upon should first be submitted to the artists at the World's
+Fair grounds. This was done, and they severely criticised the Madrid
+picture. Notwithstanding this, the design was approved and sent to
+Washington to be engraved. While Mr. Ellsworth, who is a director of the
+Fair, will not push his portrait to the front in this matter, he regrets
+that the Madrid portrait was selected. He said, "I think that the
+opinion of the World's Fair artists should have had some weight in this
+matter and that a portrait of authenticity should have been selected."
+
+
+THE DARKNESS BEFORE DISCOVERY.
+
+     CHARLES SUMNER, an American lawyer and senator. Born in Boston,
+     Mass., January 6, 1811; died, March 11, 1874. From his "Prophetic
+     Voices Concerning America." By permission of Messrs. Lee & Shepard,
+     Publishers, Boston.
+
+Before the voyage of Columbus in 1492, nothing of America was really
+known. Scanty scraps from antiquity, vague rumors from the resounding
+ocean, and the hesitating speculations of science were all that the
+inspired navigator found to guide him.
+
+
+GREATEST EVENT.
+
+The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus is the greatest event
+of secular history. Besides the potato, the turkey, and maize, which it
+introduced at once for the nourishment and comfort of the Old World, and
+also tobacco--which only blind passion for the weed could place in the
+beneficent group--this discovery opened the door to influences infinite
+in extent and beneficence. Measure them, describe them, picture them,
+you can not. While yet unknown, imagination invested this continent with
+proverbial magnificence. It was the Orient, and the land of Cathay.
+When, afterward, it took a place in geography, imagination found another
+field in trying to portray its future history. If the golden age is
+before, and not behind, as is now happily the prevailing faith, then
+indeed must America share, at least, if it does not monopolize, the
+promised good.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE DOUBTS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     Prof. DAVID SWING, a celebrated American preacher. Born in
+     Cincinnati in 1830; graduated at Miami University in 1852; was for
+     twelve years Professor of Languages at this university. In 1866 he
+     became pastor of a Presbyterian church in Chicago. He was tried for
+     heresy in 1874, was acquitted, and then withdrew from the
+     Presbyterian church, being now independent of denominational
+     relations.
+
+Columbus was not a little troubled all through his early life lest there
+might be over the sea some land greater than Spain, a land unused; a
+garden where flowers came and went unseen for ages, and where gold
+sparkled in the sand.
+
+
+THE ERROR OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     From a sermon by Prof. SWING, printed in Chicago _Inter
+     Ocean_,1892.
+
+The present rejoices in the remembrance that Columbus was a student, a
+thinker; that he loved maps and charts; that he was a dreamer about new
+continents; but after enumerating all these attractive forms of mental
+activity, it comes with pain upon the thought that he was also a kind of
+modified pirate. His thoughts and feelings went away from his charts and
+compasses and touched upon vice and crime. Immorality ruins man's
+thought. Let the name be Columbus, or Aaron Burr, or Byron, a touch of
+immorality is the death of thought. "Whatsoever things are true,
+whatsoever things are beautiful, whatsoever things are of good report,"
+these seek, say, and do, but when the man who would discover a continent
+robs a merchant ship or steals a cargo of slaves, or when a poet teaches
+gross vulgarity, then the thinker is hemmed and degraded by criminality.
+It is the glory of our age that it is washing white much of old thought.
+What is the emancipation of woman but the filtration of old thought? Did
+not Columbus study and read and think, and then go out and load his ship
+with slaves? Did not the entire man--man the thinker, the philosopher,
+the theologian--cover himself with intellectual glory and then load his
+ship with enslaved womanhood? Was not the scholar Columbus part pirate?
+What was in that atmosphere of the fifteenth century which could have
+given peculiar thoughts to Columbus alone? Was he alone in his piracy?
+It is much more certain that the chains that held the negro held also
+all womanhood. All old thought thus awaited the electric process that
+should weed ideas from crime. Our later years are active in
+disentangling thought from injustice and vulgarity.
+
+
+THE TRIBUTE OF TASSO.
+
+     TORQUATO TASSO, a celebrated Italian epic poet. Born at Sorrento
+     March 11, 1544; died in Rome, April, 1595.
+
+  Tu spiegherai, Colombo, a un novo polo
+    Lontane sė le fortunate antenne,
+  Ch'a pena seguirā con gli occhi il volo
+    La Fama ch' hā mille occhi e mille penne
+  Canti ella Alcide, e Bacco, e di te solo
+    Basti a i posteri tuoi ch' alquanto accenne;
+  Chč quel poco darā, lunga memoria
+  Di poema degnissima e d'istoria.[58]
+
+            --Gerusalemme Liberata, canto XV
+
+
+KNOWLEDGE OF ICELANDIC VOYAGES.
+
+     BAYARD TAYLOR, a distinguished American traveler, writer, and poet.
+     Born in Chester County, Pa., in 1825; died at Berlin, December 19,
+     1878. From a description of Iceland.
+
+It is impossible that the knowledge of these voyages should not have
+been current in Iceland in 1477, when Columbus, sailing in a ship from
+Bristol, England, visited the island. As he was able to converse with
+the priests and learned men in Latin, he undoubtedly learned of the
+existence of another continent to the west and south; and this
+knowledge, not the mere fanaticism of a vague belief, supported him
+during many years of disappointment.
+
+
+GLORY TO GOD.
+
+     The Rev. GEORGE L. TAYLOR, an American clergyman of the present
+     century. From "The Atlantic Telegraph."
+
+  Glory to God above,
+  The Lord of life and love!
+    Who makes His curtains clouds and waters dark;
+  Who spreads His chambers on the deep,
+  While all its armies silence keep;
+    Whose hand of old, world-rescuing, steered the ark;
+  Who led Troy's bands exiled,
+  And Genoa's god-like child,
+  And Mayflower, grandly wild,
+    And _now_ has guided safe a grander bark;
+  Who, from her iron loins,
+  Has spun the thread that joins
+    Two yearning worlds made one with lightning spark.
+
+
+TENNYSON'S TRIBUTE.
+
+     ALFRED TENNYSON, Baron Tennyson D'Eyncourt of Aldworth, the poet
+     laureate of England. Born, 1809, at Somerby, Lincolnshire; raised
+     to the peerage in 1883.[59] From his poem, "Columbus."
+
+  There was a glimmering of God's hand. And God
+  Hath more than glimmer'd on me. O my lord,
+  I swear to you I heard his voice between
+  The thunders in the black Veragua nights,
+  "O soul of little faith, slow to believe,
+  Have I not been about thee from thy birth?
+  Given thee the keys of the great ocean-sea?
+  Set thee in light till time shall be no more?
+  Is it I who have deceived thee or the world?
+  Endure! Thou hast done so well for men, that men
+  Cry out against thee; was it otherwise
+  With mine own son?"
+  And more than once in days
+  Of doubt and cloud and storm, when drowning hope
+  Sank all but out of sight, I heard his voice,
+  "Be not cast down. I lead thee by the hand,
+  Fear not." And I shall hear his voice again--
+  I know that he has led me all my life,
+  I am not yet too old to work His will--
+  His voice again.
+
+  Sir, in that flight of ages which are God's
+  Own voice to justify the dead--perchance
+  Spain, once the most chivalric race on earth,
+  Spain, then the mightiest, wealthiest realm on earth,
+  So made by me, may seek to unbury me,
+  To lay me in some shrine of this old Spain,
+  Or in that vaster Spain I leave to Spain.
+  Then some one standing by my grave will say,
+  "Behold the bones of Christopher Colōn,
+  "Ay, but the chains, what do _they_ mean--the chains?"
+  I sorrow for that kindly child of Spain
+  Who then will have to answer, "These same chains
+  Bound these same bones back thro' the Atlantic sea,
+  Which he unchain'd for all the world to come."
+
+The golden guess is morning star to the full round of truth.--_Ibid._
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 30: Copyright 1892 and by permission of the author.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Lope de Vega has been variously termed the "Center of
+Fame," the "Darling of Fortune," and the "Phoenix of the Ages," by his
+admiring compatriots. His was a most fertile brain; his a most fecund
+pen. A single day sufficed to compose a versified drama.]
+
+[Footnote 32: By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 33: For the above particulars and inscription the compiler
+desires to acknowledge his obligation to the Hon. Thomas Adamson, U. S.
+Consul General at Panama, and Mr. George W. Clamman, the able clerk of
+the U. S. Consulate in the city of Colon.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Copernicus has also been so styled.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Seņor Emilio Castelar, the celebrated Spanish author and
+statesman, in his most able series of articles on Columbus in the
+_Century Magazine_, derides the fact of an actual mutiny as a convenient
+fable which authors and dramatists have clothed with much choice
+diction.]
+
+[Footnote 36: Galileo, the great Italian natural philosopher, is here
+referred to by the author.]
+
+[Footnote 37: By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 38: By permission of Messrs. Ginn & Co., Publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 39: The Rock of Gibraltar is referred to.]
+
+[Footnote 40: The location of the church at Old Isabella has been
+exactly determined, and a noble monument (fully described in these
+pages) has been erected there under the auspices of the _Sacred Heart
+Review_ of Boston.]
+
+[Footnote 41: Since changed to a life-size statue of Columbus.]
+
+[Footnote 42: A replica is erected in Boston.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Copyright, 1892, by permission of the publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 44: Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Copyright, and by permission of Chas. Scribner's Sons,
+Publishers, New York.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Docuit quae maximus Atlas. Hic canit errantem Lernam,
+Solisque labores. _Virgil, Æneid_, I, 741.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Navarrete thought that Turk Island was the island, the
+most southern of the Bahama group, because he erroneously assumed that
+Columbus always shaped a westerly course in sailing from island to
+island; and Turk Island, being farthest east, would give most room for
+such a course. This island has large lagoons, and is surrounded by a
+reef. So far it resembles Guanahani. But the second island, according to
+Navarrete, is Caicos, bearing W. N. W., while the second island of
+Columbus bore S. W. from the first. The third island of Columbus was in
+sight from the second. Inagua Chica (Little Inagua), Navarrete's third
+island, is not in sight from Caicos. The third island of Columbus was 60
+miles long. Inagua Chica is only 12 miles long. The fourth island of
+Columbus bore east from the third. Inagua Grande (Great Inagua),
+Navarrete's fourth island, bears southwest from Inagua Chica.
+
+Cat Island was the landfall advocated by Washington Irving and Humboldt,
+mainly on the ground that it was called San Salvador on the West India
+map in Blaeu's Dutch atlas of 1635. But this was done for no known
+reason but the caprice of the draughtsman. D'Anville copied from Blaeu
+in 1746, and so the name got into some later atlases. Cat Island does
+not meet a single one of the requirements of the case. Guanahani had a
+reef round it, and a large lagoon in the center. Cat Island has no reef
+and no lagoon. Guanahani was low; Cat Island is the loftiest of the
+Bahamas. The two islands could not be more different. Of course, in
+conducting Columbus from Cat Island to Cuba, Washington Irving is
+obliged to disregard all the bearings and distances given in the
+journal.]
+
+[Footnote 49: The cross-staff had not then come into use, and it was
+never of much service in low latitudes.]
+
+[Footnote 50: It was also resolved to establish in the city of
+Washington a Latin-American Memorial Library, wherein should be
+collected all the historical, geographical, and literary works, maps,
+and manuscripts, and official documents relating to the history and
+civilization of America, _such library to be solemnly dedicated on the
+day on which the United States celebrates the fourth centennial of the
+discovery of America_.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Published by A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.]
+
+[Footnote 53: NOTE.--Those marked * were left behind, in the fort, at La
+Navidad, and perished there.]
+
+[Footnote 54: NOTE.--The names of the crew are on the Madrid monument.]
+
+[Footnote 55: Randolph Rogers, an American sculptor of eminence, was
+born in Waterloo, N. Y., in 1825; died at Rome, in the same State, aged
+sixty-seven, January 14, 1892.]
+
+[Footnote 56: Mr. George Sumner, a painstaking investigator, states that
+after diligent search he is unable to find any other inscription to the
+memory of Columbus in the whole of Spain.
+
+At Valladolid, where he died, and where his body lay for some years,
+there is none, so far as he could discover; neither is there any trace
+of any at the Cartuja, near Seville, to which his body was afterward
+transferred, and in which his brother was buried. It is (he writes in
+1871) a striking confirmation of the reproach of negligence, in regard
+to the memory of this great man, that, in this solitary inscription in
+old Spain, the date of his death should be inaccurately given.--Major's
+"Letters of Columbus," 1871.
+
+(The Madrid and Barcelona statues were erected in 1885 and 1888
+respectively.)--S. C. W.]
+
+[Footnote 57: Since writing this the Lotto portrait has been selected.]
+
+[Footnote 58: For an English metrical translation, see _post_, WIFFEN.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Died at Aldworth October 6, 1892.]
+
+
+
+NEW YORK CELEBRATED THE TERCENTENARY.
+
+The managers of the World's Columbian Exposition have prided themselves
+upon being the first to celebrate any anniversary of the Columbian
+discovery, but this credit really belongs to the Tammany Society of New
+York, and the second place of honor belongs to the Massachusetts
+Historical Society of Boston. The Tammany Society met in the great
+wigwam on the 12th day of October, 1792 (old style), and exhibited a
+monumental obelisk, and an animated oration was delivered by J. B.
+Johnson, Esq.
+
+The Massachusetts Historical Society met at the house of the Rev. Dr.
+Peter Thacher, in Boston, the 23d day of October, 1792, and, forming in
+procession, proceeded to the meeting-house in Brattle Street, where a
+discourse was delivered by the Rev. Jeremy Belknap upon the subject of
+the "Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus." He gave a concise
+and comprehensive narrative of the most material circumstances which led
+to, attended, or were consequent on the discovery of America. The
+celebration commenced with an anthem. Mr. Thacher made an excellent
+prayer. Part of a psalm was then sung, and then Mr. Belknap delivered
+his discourse, which was succeeded by a prayer from Mr. Eliot. Mr.
+Thacher then read an ode composed for the occasion by Mr. Belknap, which
+was sung by the choir. This finished the ceremony.
+
+The facts were brought to light by World's Fair Commissioner John Boyd
+Thacher, New York. The account is taken from "a journal of a gentleman
+visiting Boston in 1792." The writer is said to have been Nathaniel
+Cutting, a native of Brookline, Mass., and who, in the following year,
+was appointed by Washington, upon the recommendation of Thomas
+Jefferson, on a mission to the Dey of Algiers.
+
+It is interesting to note that the Massachusetts Historical Society, in
+assuming to correct the old style date, October 12th, was guilty of the
+error of dropping two unnecessary days. It dropped eleven days from the
+calendar instead of nine, and at a subsequent meeting it determined to
+correct the date to October 21st, "and that thereafter all celebrations
+of the Columbian discovery should fall on the 21st day of October."
+
+The proclamation of the President establishing October 21st as the day
+of general observance of the anniversary of the Columbian discovery, and
+the passage of Senator Hill's bill fixing the date for the dedication of
+the buildings at Chicago, it is believed will forevermore fix October
+21st as the Columbian day.
+
+
+COLUMBUS' SUPREME SUSPENSE.
+
+     MAURICE THOMPSON, an American poet and novelist. Born at Fairfield,
+     Ind., September 9, 1844. From his "Byways and Bird-notes."
+
+What a thrill is dashed through a moment of expectancy, a point of
+supreme suspense, when by some time of preparation the source of
+sensation is ready for a consummation --a catastrophe! At such a time
+one's soul is isolated so perfectly that it feels not the remotest
+influence from any other of all the universe. The moment preceding the
+old patriarch's first glimpse of the promised land; that point of time
+between certainty and uncertainty, between pursuit and capture,
+whereinto are crowded all the hopes of a lifetime, as when the brave old
+sailor from Genoa first heard the man up in the rigging utter the shout
+of discovery; the moment of awful hope, like that when Napoleon watched
+the charge of the Old Guard at Waterloo, is not to be described. There
+is but one such crisis for any man. It is the yes or no of destiny. It
+comes, he lives a lifetime in its span; it goes, and he never can pass
+that point again.
+
+
+GREAT WEST.
+
+     HENRY DAVID THOREAU, an American author and naturalist. Born in
+     Concord, Mass., in 1817; died, 1862. From his "Excursions,"
+     published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
+
+Every sunset which I witness inspires me with the desire to go to a west
+as distant and as far as that into which the sun goes down. He appears
+to migrate westward daily, and tempt us to follow him. He is the Great
+Western Pioneer whom the nations follow. We dream all night of those
+mountain ridges in the horizon, though they may be of vapor only, which
+were last gilded by his rays. The Island of Atlantis, and the islands
+and gardens of the Hesperides, a sort of terrestrial paradise, appear
+to have been the Great West of the ancients, enveloped in mystery and
+poetry. Who has not seen in imagination, when looking into the sunset
+sky, the gardens of the Hesperides, and the foundation of all those
+fables?
+
+[Illustration: Harper's Weekly.
+
+Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.
+
+THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS. Bas-relief on the New York Monument. (See page
+244.)]
+
+Columbus felt the westward tendency more strongly than any before. He
+obeyed it, and found a new world for Castille and Leon. The herd of men
+in those days scented fresh pastures from afar.
+
+  And now the sun had stretched out all the hills,
+  And now was dropped into the western bay;
+  At last _he_ rose, and twitched his mantle blue;
+  To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new.
+
+
+THE ROUTE TO THE SPICE INDIES.
+
+     PAOLO DEL POZZO TOSCANELLI, a celebrated Italian astronomer. Born
+     at Florence, 1397; died, 1482. From a letter to Columbus in 1474.
+
+I praise your desire to navigate toward the west; the expedition you
+wish to undertake is not easy, but the route from the west coasts of
+Europe to the spice Indies is certain if the tracks I have marked be
+followed.
+
+
+A VISIT TO PALOS.
+
+     GEORGE ALFRED TOWNSEND. In a letter to the Philadelphia _Times_.
+
+From one of the hillocks behind the hotel at Huelva you can see in the
+distance East Rábida, Palos, Moguer, San Juan del Porto, and the sea,
+where the three birds of good omen went skimming past in the vague
+morning light 400 years ago, lest they might be seen by the Portuguese.
+Columbus means dove, and the arms of Columbus contained three doves.
+From Huelva I sailed to Rábida first. Rábida is on the last point of the
+promontory, nearest the sea, and Palos is inland from it three miles
+north, and is near half a mile from the Tinto. Passing down the oozy
+Odiel, we soon saw a watering place on the beach outside just where
+Columbus put to sea. We could also see the scaffolding around the
+Columbus monument they were building by Rábida.
+
+After inspecting the convent at Rábida, I bade my skipper wait for flood
+tide to sail round to Palos, while I proceeded by land.
+
+They brought me at Palos an old man who was extremely polite, but not
+one word could we understand of each other, until finally I took him by
+the arm and walked him in the direction of the church, whereupon
+suppressed exclamations of delight broke forth; the American savage had
+guessed the old man out. In point of fact, this old man was waiting all
+the time to take me to the church, and was the father of the boy behind
+whom I had ridden. Between the church and the beach rose a high hillock
+covered with grass, and as high as the church tower. In old times this
+was a mosque of military work, and it had not very long been Christian
+when Columbus came here; possibly it had been Christian in his day 150
+years. It stands quite alone, is of rude construction, and has at the
+back of it some few graves--perhaps of priests. In the back part is a
+very good Moorish arch, which they still show with admiration. The front
+proper has a big door, barred strongly, as if the church might have been
+in piratical times a place of refuge for the population up in the hills.
+To the right of the entrance is the tower, which is buttressed, and its
+spire is made of blue and colored tiles, which have thoroughly kept
+their colors. A bell in this tower may have rung the inhabitants to
+church when Columbus announced that he meant to impress the Palos people
+to assist him in his voyage. I entered the church, which was all
+whitewashed, and felt, as I did at Rábida, that it was a better
+monument than I had reason to expect.
+
+Its walls were one yard thick, its floors of tiles laid in an L form. As
+I measured the floor it seemed to me to be sixty-six feet wide and
+sixty-six feet long, but to the length must be added the altar chapel,
+bringing it up to ninety feet, and to the width must be added the side
+chapels, making the total width about eighty feet. The nave has a
+sharper arched top than the two aisles, which have round arches. The
+height of the roof is about thirty-five feet. The big door by which I
+entered the church is fifteen feet high by eight feet wide. Some very
+odd settees which I coveted were in the nave. The chief feature,
+however, is the pulpit, which stands at the cross of the church, so that
+persons gathered in the transepts, nave, or aisles can hear the
+preacher. It has an iron pulpit of a round form springing from one stem
+and railed in, and steps lead up to it which are inclosed. It looks old,
+and worn by human hands, and is supposed to be the identical pulpit from
+which the notary announced that, as a punishment of their offenses, the
+Queen's subjects must start with this unknown man upon his unknown
+venture. Those were high times in Palos, and it took Columbus a long
+while to get his expedition ready, and special threats as of high
+treason had to be made against the heads of families and women. But when
+Columbus returned, and the same day Pinzon came back after their
+separation of weeks, Palos church was full of triumph and hosannas. The
+wild man had been successful, and Spain found another world than the
+apostle knew of.
+
+The grown boy, as he showed the building, went into an old lumber room,
+or dark closet, at one corner of the church, and when I was about to
+enter he motioned me back with his palm, as if I might not enter there
+with my heretic feet. He then brought out an image of wood from four to
+five feet high, or, I might say, the full size of a young woman. It was
+plain that she had once been the Virgin worshiped here, but age and
+moisture had taken most of the color from her, and washed the gilt from
+her crown, and now we could only see that in her arm she bore a child,
+and this child held in its hand a dove or pigeon. The back of the female
+was hollow, and in there were driven hooks by which she had once been
+suspended at some height. This was the image, I clearly understood,
+which Columbus' men had knelt to when they were about to go forth upon
+the high seas.
+
+Strangely enough, the church is named St. George, and St. George was the
+patron saint of Genoa, where Columbus was born; and the Genoese who took
+the Crusaders to Jaffa had the satisfaction of seeing England annex
+their patron saint.
+
+
+BIBLE.
+
+     The Rev. LUTHER TRACY TOWNSEND, D. D., an American divine. Born at
+     Orono, Maine, September 27, 1838. From "The Bible and the
+     Nineteenth Century."
+
+When Luther in the sixteenth century brought the truths of the Bible
+from the convent of Erfurth, and gave them to the people, he roused to
+mental and moral life not only the slumbering German nationality, but
+gave inspiration to every other country in Europe. "Gutenburg with his
+printing press, Columbus with his compass, Galileo with his telescope,
+Shakspere with his dramas, and almost every other man of note figuring
+during those times, are grouped, not around some distinguished man of
+science, or man of letters, or man of mechanical genius, or man famous
+in war; but around that monk of Wittenberg, who stood with an unchained
+Bible in his hand."
+
+
+TESTIMONY OF A CONTEMPORARY AS TO THE TREATMENT OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     From a letter of ANGELO TRIVIGIANO, of Granada, Spain, dated August
+     1, 1501.
+
+I have seen so much of Columbus that we are now on a footing of great
+friendship. He is experiencing at present a streak of bad luck, being
+deprived of the King's favor, and with but little money.
+
+
+THE VALPARAISO STATUE.
+
+At Valparaiso, Chili, a bronze statue of Columbus has been erected on a
+marble pedestal. The figure, which is of heroic size, stands in an
+advancing attitude, holding a cross in the right hand.
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND THE EGG.
+
+     Dr. P. H. VAN DER WEYDE. In an article in the _Scientific
+     American_, June, 1892.
+
+The stupid anecdote of the egg was a mere trifling invention, in fact a
+trick, and it is surprising that intelligent men have for so many years
+thoughtlessly been believing and repeating such nonsense. For my part, I
+can not believe that Columbus did ever lower himself so far as to
+compare the grand discovery to a trick. Surely it was no trick by which
+he discovered a new world, but it was the result of his earnest
+philosophical convictions that our earth is a globe, floating in space,
+and it could be circumnavigated by sailing westward, which most likely
+would lead to the discovery of new lands in the utterly unknown
+hemisphere beyond the western expanse of the great and boisterous
+Atlantic Ocean; while thus far no navigator ever had the courage to sail
+toward its then utterly unknown, apparently limitless, western expanse.
+
+
+THE MAN OF THE CHURCH.
+
+     Padre GIOCCHINO VENTURA, an eloquent Italian preacher and
+     theologian. Born at Palermo, 1792; died at Versailles, August,
+     1861.
+
+Columbus is the man of the Church.
+
+
+ATTENDANT FAME SHALL BLESS.
+
+     The Venerable GEORGE WADDINGTON, Dean of Durham, an English divine
+     and writer. Died, July 20, 1869. From a poem read in Cambridge in
+     1813.
+
+  And when in happier days one chain shall bind,
+  One pliant fetter shall unite mankind;
+  When war, when slav'ry's iron days are o'er,
+  When discords cease and av'rice is no more,
+  And with one voice remotest lands conspire,
+  To hail our pure religion's seraph fire;
+  Then fame attendant on the march of time,
+  Fed by the incense of each favored clime,
+  Shall bless the man whose heav'n-directed soul
+  Form'd the vast chain which binds the mighty whole.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+Columbus continued till death eager to extend his discoveries, and by so
+doing to promote the glory of his persecutors.
+
+
+VANDERLYN'S PICTURE AT WASHINGTON.
+
+The first of the eight pictures in the rotunda of the Capitol at
+Washington, D. C., and the first in point of event, is the "Landing of
+Columbus at San Salvador in 1492," by John Vanderlyn; its cost was
+$12,000. This picture represents the scene Washington Irving so
+admirably describes in his "Voyages of Columbus," occurring the morning
+the boats brought the little Spanish band from the ships to the shore of
+Guanahani. "Columbus first threw himself upon his knees; then, rising,
+drew his sword, displayed the royal standard, and, assembling around him
+the two captains, with Rodrigo de Escobedo, notary of the armament;
+Rodrigo Sanchez (the royal inspector), and the rest who had landed, he
+took solemn possession of the island in the name of the Castilian
+sovereigns." The picture contains the picture of Columbus, the two
+Pinzons, Escobedo, all bearing standards; Sanchez, inspector; Diego de
+Arana, with an old-fashioned arquebus on his shoulder; a cabin-boy
+kneeling, a mutineer in a suppliant attitude, a sailor in an attitude of
+veneration for Columbus, a soldier whose attention is diverted by the
+appearance of the natives, and a friar bearing a crucifix.
+
+
+COLUMBUS STATUE AT WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+The Columbus statue stands at the east-central portico of the Capitol,
+at Washington, D. C., above the south end of the steps, on an elevated
+block. It consists of a marble group, by Signor Persico, called "The
+Discovery," on which he worked five years, and is composed of two
+figures: Columbus holding the globe in his hand, triumphant, while
+beside him, wondering, almost terror-stricken, is a female figure,
+symbolizing the Indian race. The suit of armor worn by Columbus is said
+to be a faithful copy of one he actually wore. The group cost $24,000.
+
+
+THE WATLING'S ISLAND MONUMENT RAISED BY THE CHICAGO "HERALD."
+
+With true Chicago enterprise, the wideawake Chicago _Herald_ dispatched
+an expedition to the West Indies in 1891 to search out the landing place
+of Columbus. The members of the party, after careful search and inquiry,
+erected a monument fifteen feet high on Watling's Island bearing the
+following inscription:
+
+  ON THIS SPOT
+  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
+  FIRST SET FOOT ON THE SOIL OF THE NEW WORLD.
+
+    *       *       *
+
+  Erected by
+  The Chicago _Herald_,
+  June 15, 1891.
+
+    *       *       *
+
+  COLUMBUS.
+  FOR THE FESTIVAL AT HUELVA.
+
+  _Á Castillo, y á Leon
+  Nuevo Mundo dió Colon._
+
+
+THEODORE WATTS, in the _Athenæum_ (England).
+
+  To Christ he cried to quell Death's deafening measure,
+    Sung by the storm to Death's own chartless sea;
+    To Christ he cried for glimpse of grass or tree
+  When, hovering o'er the calm, Death watch'd at leisure;
+  And when he showed the men, now dazed with pleasure,
+    Faith's new world glittering star-like on the lee,
+    "I trust that by the help of Christ," said he,
+  "I presently shall light on golden treasure."
+
+  What treasure found he? Chains and pains and sorrow.
+    Yea, all the wealth those noble seekers find
+    Whose footfalls mark the music of mankind.
+  'Twas his to lend a life; 'twas man's to borrow;
+  'Twas his to make, but not to share, the morrow,
+    Who in love's memory lives this morn enshrined.
+
+
+WEST INDIAN STATUES.
+
+CARDENAS, CUBA.--At Cardenas, Cuba, a statue by Piguer of Madrid has
+been erected by a Cuban lady, an authoress, and wife of a former
+governor.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS In the Courtyard of the
+Captain-General's Palace, Havana, Cuba (See page 313.)]
+
+CATHEDRAL OF HAVANA, CUBA.--In the Cathedral of Havana there is a
+plain marble bas-relief, about four feet high, representing in a
+medallion a very apocryphal portrait of Columbus, with an inscription as
+follows:
+
+  _O restos é Ymajen del grande Colon!
+  Mil siglos durad guardados en la urna
+  Y en la remembranza de nuestra Nacion._
+
+  (O remains and image of the great Columbus!
+  For a thousand ages endure guarded within this urn
+  And in the remembrance of our nation.)
+
+PROPOSED TOMB--HAVANA CATHEDRAL.--In February, 1891, by royal decree,
+all Spanish artists were invited to compete for a design for a sepulcher
+in which to preserve the Havana remains of Columbus; several were
+submitted to a jury, who awarded the first prize to Arthur Melida, with
+a premium of $5,000.
+
+The sepulcher is now being erected in the cathedral. The design
+represents a bier covered with a heavily embroidered pall, borne upon
+the shoulders of four heralds, in garments richly carved to resemble
+lace and embroidered work. The two front figures bear scepters
+surmounted by images of the Madonna and St. James, the patron saint of
+Spain. On the front of their garments are the arms of Castille and Leon.
+
+The two bearers represent Aragon and Navarre, the former being indicated
+by four red staffs on a gold field, and the fourth has gold-linked
+chains on a red field. The group is supported on a pedestal ornamented
+about its edge with a Greek fret.
+
+
+HAVANA, CUBA.--In the court-yard of the Captain-General's palace, in
+Havana, is a full-length figure of Columbus, the face modeled after
+accepted portraits at Madrid.
+
+
+HAVANA, CUBA.--In the inclosure of the "Templete," the little chapel on
+the site of which the first mass was celebrated in Cuba, there is a
+bust of Columbus which has the solitary merit of being totally unlike
+all others.
+
+NASSAU.--At Nassau, in the Bahamas, a statue of Christopher Columbus
+stands in front of Government House. The statue, which is nine feet
+high, is placed upon a pedestal six feet in altitude, on the north or
+seaward face of which is inscribed:
+
+  COLUMBUS, 1492.
+
+It was presented to the colony by Sir James Carmichael Smyth, Governor
+of the Bahamas, 1829-1833, was modeled in London in 1831, is made of
+metal and painted white, and was erected May, 1832.
+
+SANTO DOMINGO CATHEDRAL.--Above the _boveda_, or vault, in the Cathedral
+of Santo Domingo, from which the remains of Columbus were taken in 1877,
+is a marble slab with the following:
+
+_Reposaron en este sitio los restos de Don Cristobal Colon el célebre
+descrubridor del Nuevo Mundo, desde el aņo de 1536, en que fueron
+trasladados de Espaņa, hasta el 10 de Setiembre 1877, en que se
+desenterraron para constatar su autenticidad. Y á posteridad la dedica
+el Presbitero Billini._
+
+(There reposed in this place the remains of Christopher Columbus, the
+celebrated discoverer of the New World, from the year 1536, in which
+they were transferred from Spain, until the 10th September, 1877, in
+which year they were disinterred for the purpose of identification.
+Dedicated to posterity by Padre Billini) (curate in charge when the
+vault was opened.)
+
+In the cathedral there is also preserved a large cross of mahogany,
+rough and uneven, as though hewn with an adze out of a log, and then
+left in the rough. This, it is claimed, is the cross made by Columbus
+and erected on the opposite bank of the Ozama River, where the first
+settlement in the West Indies was made. In a little room by itself they
+keep a leaden casket, which Santo Domingoans claim contains the bones of
+Christopher Columbus, and, in another, those of his brother.
+
+PLAZA OF SANTO DOMINGO.--Humboldt once wrote that America could boast of
+no worthy monument to its discoverer, but since his time many memorials
+have been erected, not only in the New World, but the Old. In the plaza
+in front of the cathedral, in the city of Santo Domingo, stands a
+statue, heroic, in bronze, representing Columbus pointing to the
+westward. Crouched at his feet is the figure of a female Indian,
+supposed to be the unfortunate Anacaona, the caciquess of Xaragua,
+tracing an inscription:
+
+  _Yllustre y Esclarecido Varon Don Cristoval Colon._
+
+The statue was cast in France, a few years ago, and stands in the center
+of the plaza, in front of the cathedral.
+
+
+COLUMBUS LORD NORTH'S "BĘTE NOIR."
+
+     EDWIN PERCY WHIPPLE, a distinguished American critic and essayist.
+     Born at Gloucester, Mass., 1819; died, June 16, 1886.
+
+Lord North more than once humorously execrated the memory of Columbus
+for discovering a continent which gave him and his ministry so much
+trouble.
+
+
+HARDY MARINERS HAVE BECOME GREAT HEROES.
+
+     DANIEL APPLETON WHITE, a distinguished American jurist and scholar.
+     Born at Lawrence, Mass., June 7, 1776; died, March 30, 1861.
+
+Hardy seamen, too, who have spent their days in conflict with the storms
+of the ocean, have found means to make themselves distinguished in
+science and literature, as well as by achievements in their profession.
+The life of Columbus gloriously attests this fact.
+
+
+TASSO'S TRIBUTE IN ENGLISH SPENSERIAN STANZA.
+
+JEREMIAH HOLMES WIFFEN, an English writer and translator. Born at
+Woburn, 1792. Many years librarian and private secretary to the Duke of
+Bedford. Died, 1836. From his translation of Tasso's "Jerusalem
+Delivered" (1830). (See _ante_, TASSO.)
+
+
+CANTO XV.
+
+XXX.
+
+  The time shall come when ship-boys e'en shall scorn
+    To have Alcides' fable on their lips,
+  Seas yet unnamed and realms unknown adorn
+    Your charts, and with their fame your pride eclipse;
+    Then the bold Argo of all future ships
+  Shall circumnavigate and circle sheer
+    Whate'er blue Tethys in her girdle clips,
+  Victorious rival of the sun's career,
+  And measure e'en of earth the whole stupendous sphere.
+
+XXXI.
+
+  A Genoese knight shall first the idea seize
+    And, full of faith, the untracked abyss explore.
+  No raving winds, inhospitable seas,
+    Thwart planets, dubious calms, or billows' roar,
+    Nor whatso'er of risk or toil may more
+  Terrific show or furiously assail,
+    Shall make that mighty mind of his give o'er
+  The wonderful adventure, or avail
+  In close Abyla's bounds his spirit to impale.
+
+XXXII.
+
+  'Tis thou, Columbus, in new zones and skies,
+    That to the wind thy happy sails must raise,
+  Till fame shall scarce pursue thee with her eyes,
+    Though she a thousand eyes and wings displays;
+    Let her of Bacchus and Alcides praise
+  The savage feats, and do thy glory wrong
+    With a few whispers tossed to after days;
+  These shall suffice to make thy memory long
+  In history's page endure, or some divinest song.
+
+
+NOAH AND COLUMBUS.
+
+     EMMA HART WILLARD, an American teacher and educational writer. Born
+     at Berlin, Conn., 1787; died, 1870.
+
+Since the time when Noah left the ark to set his foot upon a recovered
+world, a landing so sublime as that of Columbus had never occurred.
+
+
+A GRAND PROPHETIC VISION.
+
+     The Rev. ELHANAN WINCHESTER, an American divine. Born at Brookline,
+     Mass., 1751; died, 1797. From an oration delivered in London,
+     October 12, 1792, the 300th anniversary of the landing of Columbus
+     in the New World. The orator, previous to a call to a pastorate in
+     London, had lived many years in America, being at one time pastor
+     of a large church in the city of Philadelphia. This oration should
+     be prized, so to speak, for its "ancient simplicity." It is a relic
+     of the style used in addresses one hundred years ago.
+
+I have for some years had it upon my mind that if Providence preserved
+my life to the close of the third century from the discovery of America
+by Columbus, that I would celebrate that great event by a public
+discourse upon the occasion.
+
+And although I sincerely wish that some superior genius would take up
+the subject and treat it with the attention that it deserves, yet,
+conscious as I am of my own inability, I am persuaded that America has
+not a warmer friend in the world than myself.
+
+The discovery of America by Columbus was situated, in point of time,
+between two great events, which have caused it to be much more noticed,
+and have rendered it far more important than it would otherwise have
+been. I mean _the art of printing_, which was discovered about the year
+1440, and which has been and will be of infinite use to mankind, and
+_the Reformation_ from popery, which began about the year 1517, the
+effects of which have already been highly beneficial in a political as
+well as in a religious point of view, and will continue and increase.
+
+These three great events--_the art of printing_, the discovery of
+America, and _the Reformation_--followed each other in quick succession;
+and, combined together, have already produced much welfare and happiness
+to mankind, and certainly will produce abundance more.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By the discovery of America there was much room given to the inhabitants
+of the Old World; an asylum was prepared for the persecuted of all
+nations to fly to for safety, and a grand theater was erected where
+Liberty might safely lift up her standard, and triumph over all the foes
+of freedom. America may be called _the very birthplace of civil and
+religious liberty_, which had never been known to mankind until since
+the discovery of that country.
+
+But the importance of the discovery will appear greater and greater
+every year, and one century to come will improve America far more than
+the three centuries past.
+
+The prospect opens; it extends itself upon us. "The wilderness and
+solitary place shall rejoice, the desert shall rejoice and blossom as
+the rose." I look forward to that glorious era when that vast continent
+shall be fully populated with civilized and religious people; when
+heavenly wisdom and virtue, and all that can civilize, adorn, and bless
+the children of men, shall cover that part of the globe as the waters
+cover the seas.
+
+Transported at the thought, I am borne forward to days of distant
+renown. In my expanded view, the United States rise in all their ripened
+glory before me. I look through and beyond every yet peopled region of
+the New World, and behold period still brightening upon period. Where
+one contiguous depth of gloomy wilderness now shuts out even the beams
+of day, I see new states and empires, new seats of wisdom and knowledge,
+new religious domes, spreading around. In places now untrod by any but
+savage beasts, or men as savage as they, I hear the voice of happy
+labor, and behold beautiful cities rising to view.
+
+Lo, in this happy picture, I behold the native Indian exulting in the
+works of peace and civilization; his bloody hatchet he buries deep under
+ground, and his murderous knife he turns into a pruning fork, to lop the
+tender vine and teach the luxuriant shoot to grow. No more does he form
+to himself a heaven after death (according to the poet), in company with
+his faithful dog, behind the cloud-topped hill, to enjoy solitary quiet,
+far from the haunts of faithless men; but, better instructed by
+Christianity, he views his everlasting inheritance--"a house not made
+with hands, eternal in the heavens."
+
+Instead of recounting to his offspring, round the blazing fire, the
+bloody exploits of their ancestors, and wars of savage death, showing
+barbarous exultation over every deed of human woe, methinks I hear him
+pouring forth his eulogies of praise, in memory of those who were the
+instruments of heaven in raising his tribes from darkness to light, in
+giving them the blessings of civilized life, and converting them from
+violence and blood to meekness and love.
+
+Behold the whole continent highly cultivated and fertilized, full of
+cities, towns, and villages, beautiful and lovely beyond expression. I
+hear the praises of my great Creator sung upon the banks of those rivers
+unknown to song. Behold the delightful prospect! see the silver and gold
+of America employed in the service of the Lord of the whole earth! See
+slavery, with all its train of attendant evil, forever abolished! See a
+communication opened through the whole continent, from north to south,
+and from east to west, through a most fruitful country! Behold the glory
+of God extending, and the gospel spreading, through the whole land!
+
+O my native country! though I am far distant from thy peaceful shores,
+which probably mine eyes may never more behold, yet I can never forget
+thee. May thy great Creator bless thee, and make thee a happy land,
+while thy rivers flow and thy mountains endure. And, though He has
+spoken nothing plainly in His word concerning thee, yet has he blest
+thee abundantly, and given thee good things in possession, and a
+prospect of more glorious things in time to come. His name shall be
+known, feared, and loved through all thy western regions, and to the
+utmost bounds of thy vast extensive continent.
+
+O America! land of liberty, peace, and plenty, in thee I drew my first
+breath, in thee all my kindred dwell. I beheld thee in thy lowest state,
+crushed down under misfortunes, struggling with poverty, war, and
+disgrace. I have lived to behold thee free and independent, rising to
+glory and extensive empire, blessed with all the good things of this
+life, and a happy prospect of better things to come. I can say, "Lord,
+now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, for mine eyes have seen
+thy salvation," which thou hast made known to my native land, in the
+sight, and to the astonishment, of all the nations of the earth.
+
+I die; but God will surely visit America, and make it a vast flourishing
+and extensive empire; will take it under His protection, and bless it
+abundantly--but the prospect is too glorious for my pen to describe. I
+add no more.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS, IN FAIRMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA.
+Presented by Italian Citizens. (See page 281.)]
+
+
+DE MORTUIS, NIL NISI BONUM.
+
+     JUSTIN WINSOR, a celebrated American critical historian. Born,
+     1831.
+
+No man craves more than Columbus to be judged with all the palliations
+demanded of his own age and ours. It would have been well for his memory
+if he had died when his master work was done.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+His discovery was a blunder; his blunder was a new world; the New World
+is his monument.
+
+
+ON A PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     GEORGE E. WOODBERRY, in the _Century Magazine_, May, 1892. By
+     permission of the author and the Century Company.
+
+  Was this his face, and these the finding eyes
+    That plucked a new world from the rolling seas?
+    Who, serving Christ, whom most he sought to please,
+  Willed his one thought until he saw arise
+  Man's other home and earthly paradise--
+    His early vision, when with stalwart knees
+    He pushed the boat from his young olive trees
+  And sailed to wrest the secret of the skies?
+
+  He on the waters dared to set his feet,
+    And through believing planted earth's last race.
+  What faith in man must in our new world beat,
+    Thinking how once he saw before his face
+  The west and all the host of stars retreat
+    Into the silent infinite of space.
+
+
+GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT.
+
+     JOSEPH EMERSON WORCESTER, a celebrated American lexicographer. Born
+     at Bedford, N. H., 1758; died, 1865.
+
+The discovery of America was the greatest achievement of the kind ever
+performed by man; and, considered in connection with its consequences,
+it is the greatest event of modern times. It served to wake up the
+unprecedented spirit of enterprise; it opened new sources of wealth, and
+exerted a powerful influence on commerce by greatly increasing many
+important articles of trade, and also by bringing into general use
+others before unknown; by leading to the discovery of the rich mines of
+this continent, it has caused the quantity of the precious metals in
+circulation throughout the world to be exceedingly augmented; it also
+gave a new impulse to colonization, and prepared the way for the
+advantages of civilized life and the blessings of =Christianity= to be
+extended over vast regions which before were the miserable abodes of
+barbarism and pagan idolatry.
+
+The man to whose genius and enterprise the world is indebted for this
+discovery was Christopher Columbus of Genoa. He conceived that in order
+to complete the balance of the terraqueous globe another continent
+necessarily existed, which might be reached by sailing to the west from
+Europe; but he erroneously connected it with India. Being persuaded of
+the truth of his theory, his adventurous spirit made him eager to verify
+it by experiment.
+
+
+THE FATE OF DISCOVERERS.
+
+It is remarkable how few of the eminent men of the discoverers and
+conquerors of the New World died in peace. Columbus died broken-hearted;
+Roldan and Bobadilla were drowned; Ojeda died in extreme poverty;
+Encisco was deposed by his own men; Nicuesa perished miserably by the
+cruelty of his party; Balboa was disgracefully beheaded; Narvaez was
+imprisoned in a tropical dungeon, and afterward died of hardship; Cortez
+was dishonored; Alvarado was destroyed in ambush; Pizarro was murdered,
+and his four brothers cut off; Sir Walter Raleigh was beheaded by an
+ungrateful king; the noble and adventurous Robert La Salle, the explorer
+of the Mississippi Valley, was murdered by his mutinous crew; Sir Martin
+Frobisher died of a wound received at Brest; Sir Humphrey Gilbert,
+Raleigh's noble half-brother, "as near to God by sea as by land," sank
+with the crew of the little Squirrel in the deep green surges of the
+North Atlantic; Sir Francis Drake, "the terror of the Spanish Main," and
+the explorer of the coast of California, died of disease near Puerto
+Bello, in 1595. The frozen wilds of the North hold the bones of many an
+intrepid explorer. Franklin and Bellot there sleep their last long
+sleep. The bleak snow-clad _tundra_ of the Lena delta saw the last
+moments of the gallant De Long. Afric's burning sands have witnessed
+many a martyrdom to science and religion. Livingston, Hannington,
+Gordon, Jamieson, and Barttelot are golden names on the ghastly roll.
+Australia's scrub-oak and blue-gum plains have contributed their quota
+of the sad and sudden deaths on the earth-explorers' roll.
+
+
+
+
+Columbus and Columbia.
+
+COLUMBIA.
+
+  Hail, Columbia! happy land!
+  Hail, ye heroes! heaven-born band!
+
+  _Joseph Hopkinson_, 1770-1842.
+
+  And ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves,
+  While the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves.
+
+  _Robert Treat Paine_, 1772-1811.
+
+  Columbia, Columbia, to glory arise.
+  The queen of the world, and child of the skies!
+  Thy genius commands thee; with rapture behold
+  While ages on ages thy splendors unfold.
+
+  _Timothy Dwight_, 1752-1817.
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBIA
+
+
+AMERICAN FUTURITY.
+
+     JOHN ADAMS, second President of the United States. Born October 19,
+     1735; died July 4, 1826.
+
+A prospect into futurity in America is like contemplating the heavens
+through the telescopes of Herschel. Objects stupendous in their
+magnitudes and motions strike us from all quarters, and fill us with
+amazement.
+
+
+AMERICA THE OLD WORLD.
+
+     LOUIS JEAN RODOLOPHE AGASSIZ, the distinguished naturalist. Born in
+     Motier, near the Lake of Neufchâtel, Switzerland, in 1807; died at
+     Cambridge, Mass., December 14, 1873. From his "Geological
+     Sketches." By permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,
+     Publishers, Boston.
+
+First-born among the continents, though so much later in culture and
+civilization than some of more recent birth, America, so far as her
+physical history is concerned, has been falsely denominated the _New
+World_. Hers was the first dry land lifted out of the waters, hers the
+first shore washed by the ocean that enveloped all the earth beside; and
+while Europe was represented only by islands rising here and there above
+the sea, America already stretched an unbroken line of land from Nova
+Scotia to the far West.
+
+
+DISCOVERY OF THE BIRD OF WASHINGTON.
+
+     JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, an American ornithologist. Born in Louisiana
+     May 4, 1780. Died in New York January, 1851. From his "Adventures
+     and Discoveries."
+
+My commercial expeditions, rich in attraction for scientific
+observation, were attended also with the varied pleasures which delight
+a passenger on the waters of the glorious Mississippi. Fresh scenes are
+continually disclosed by the frequent windings of the river, as you
+speed along its rapid current. Thousands of birds in the adjacent woods
+gratify the ear with their sweet mellow notes, or dazzle the sight, as
+in their gorgeous attire they flash by. It was while ascending the Upper
+Mississippi, during the month of February, 1814, that I first caught
+sight of the beautiful Bird of Washington. My delight was extreme. Not
+even Herschel, when he discovered the planet which bears his name, could
+have experienced more rapturous feelings. Convinced that the bird was
+extremely rare, if not altogether unknown, I felt particularly anxious
+to learn its species. I next observed it whilst engaged in collecting
+cray fish on one of the flats of the Green River, at its junction with
+the Ohio, where it is bounded by a range of high cliffs. I felt assured,
+by certain indications, that the bird frequented that spot. Seated about
+a hundred yards from the foot of the rock, I eagerly awaited its
+appearance as it came to visit its nest with food for its young. I was
+warned of its approach by the loud hissing of the eaglets, which crawled
+to the extremity of the cavity to seize the prey--a fine fish. Presently
+the female, always the larger among rapacious birds, arrived, bearing
+also a fish. With more shrewd suspicion than her mate, glaring with her
+keen eye around, she at once perceived the nest had been discovered.
+Immediately dropping her prey, with a loud shriek she communicated the
+alarm, when both birds, soaring aloft, kept up a growling to intimidate
+the intruders from their suspected design.
+
+[Illustration: From Harper's Weekly. Copyright, 1892, by Harper &
+Brothers
+
+PART OF COLUMBUS STATUE, NEW YORK MONUMENT.
+
+(See page 244.)]
+
+Not until two years later was I gratified by the capture of this
+magnificent bird. Considering the bird the noblest of its kind, I
+dignified it with the great name to which this country owed her
+salvation, and which must be imperishable therefore among her people.
+Like the eagle, Washington was brave; like it, he was the terror of his
+foes, and his fame, extending from pole to pole, resembles the majestic
+soarings of the mightiest of the feathered tribe. America, proud of her
+Washington, has also reason to be so of her Great Eagle.
+
+
+ONE VAST WESTERN CONTINENT.
+
+     Sir EDWIN ARNOLD, C. S. I., an English poet and journalist. Born,
+     June 10, 1832.
+
+I reserve as the destiny of these United States the control of all the
+lands to the south, of the whole of the South American continent. Petty
+troubles will die away, and all will be yours. In South America alone
+there is room for 500,000,000 more people. Some day it will have that
+many, and all will acknowledge the government at Washington. We in
+England will not grudge you this added power. It is rightfully yours.
+With the completion of the canal across the Isthmus of Nicaragua you
+must have control of it, and of all the surrounding Egypt of the New
+World.
+
+
+THE RISING OF THE WESTERN STAR.
+
+(ANONYMOUS.)
+
+  Land of the mighty! through the nations
+    Thy fame shall live and travel on;
+  And all succeeding generations
+    Shall bless the name of Washington.
+  While year by year new triumphs bringing,
+  The sons of Freedom shall be singing--
+        Ever happy, ever free,
+        Land of light and liberty.
+
+  Columbus, on his dauntless mission,
+    Beheld his lovely isle afar;
+  Did he not see, in distant vision,
+    The rising of this western star--
+  This queen, who now, in state befitting,
+  Between two ocean floods is sitting?
+        Ever happy, ever free,
+        Land of light and liberty.
+
+
+THE AMERICAN FLAG.
+
+     HENRY WARD BEECHER, a distinguished American writer and preacher.
+     Born in Litchfield, Conn., June 24, 1813; died, March 8, 1887, in
+     Brooklyn, N. Y. From his "Patriotic Addresses." By permission of
+     Messrs. Fords, Howard & Hulbert, Publishers, New York.
+
+When a man of thoughtful mind sees a nation's flag, he sees not the flag
+only, but the nation itself; and whatever may be its symbols, he reads
+chiefly in the flag the government, the principles, the truth, the
+history, which belong to the nation which sets it forth. When the French
+tricolor rolls out to the wind, we see France. When the newfound
+Italian flag is unfurled, we see Italy restored. When the other
+three-cornered Hungarian flag shall be lifted to the wind, we shall see
+in it the long-buried, but never dead, principles of Hungarian liberty.
+When the united crosses of St. Andrew and St. George on a fiery ground
+set forth the banner of old England, we see not the cloth merely; there
+rises up before the mind the noble aspect of that monarchy which, more
+than any other on the globe, has advanced its banner for liberty, law,
+and national prosperity. This nation has a banner, too, and wherever it
+streamed abroad men saw daybreak bursting on their eyes, for the
+American flag has been the symbol of liberty, and men rejoiced in it.
+Not another flag on the globe had such an errand, or went forth upon the
+seas carrying everywhere, the world around, such hope for the captive
+and such glorious tidings. The stars upon it were to the pining nations
+like the morning stars of God, and the stripes upon it were beams of
+morning light. As at early dawn the stars stand first, and then it grows
+light, and then, as the sun advances, that light breaks into banks and
+streaming lines of color, the glowing red and intense white striving
+together and ribbing the horizon with bars effulgent, so on the American
+flag stars and beams of many-colored lights shine out together. And
+wherever the flag comes, and men behold it, they see in its sacred
+emblazonry no rampant lion and fierce eagle, but only light, and every
+fold indicative of liberty. It has been unfurled from the snows of
+Canada to the plains of New Orleans; in the halls of the Montezumas and
+amid the solitude of every sea; and everywhere, as the luminous symbol
+of resistless and beneficent power, it has led the brave to victory and
+to glory. It has floated over our cradles; let it be our prayer and our
+struggle that it shall float over our graves.
+
+
+NATIONAL SELF-RESPECT.
+
+     NATHANIEL S. S. BEMAN, an American Presbyterian divine. Born in New
+     Lebanon, N. Y., 1785; died at Carbondale, Ill., August 8, 1871. For
+     forty years pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Troy, N. Y.
+
+The western continent has, at different periods, been the subject of
+every species of transatlantic abuse. In former days, some of the
+naturalists of Europe told us that everything here was constructed upon
+a small scale. The frowns of nature were represented as investing the
+whole hemisphere we inhabit. It has been asserted that the eternal
+storms which are said to beat upon the brows of our mountains, and to
+roll the tide of desolation at their bases; the hurricanes which sweep
+our vales, and the volcanic fires which issue from a thousand flaming
+craters; the thunderbolts which perpetually descend from heaven, and
+the earthquakes, whose trepidations are felt to the very center of our
+globe, have superinduced a degeneracy through all the productions of
+nature. Men have been frightened into intellectual dwarfs, and the
+beasts of the forest have not attained more than half their ordinary
+growth.
+
+While some of the lines and touches of this picture have been blotted
+out by the reversing hand of time, others have been added, which have,
+in some respects, carried the conceit still farther. In later days, and,
+in some instances, even down to the present period, it has been
+published and republished from the enlightened presses of the Old World,
+that so strong is the tendency to deterioration on this continent that
+the descendants of European ancestors are far inferior to the original
+stock from which they sprang. But inferior in what? In national spirit
+and patriotic achievement? Let the revolutionary conflict--the opening
+scenes at Boston and the catastrophe at Yorktown--furnish the reply. Let
+Bennington and Saratoga support their respective claims. Inferior in
+enterprise? Let the sail that whitens every ocean, and the commercial
+spirit that braves every element and visits every bustling mart, refute
+the unfounded aspersion. Inferior in deeds of zeal and valor for the
+Church? Let our missionaries in the bosom of our own forest, in the
+distant regions of the East, and on the islands of the great Pacific,
+answer the question. Inferior in science and letters and the arts? It is
+true our nation is young; but we may challenge the world to furnish a
+national maturity which, in these respects, will compare with ours.
+
+The character and institutions of this country have already produced a
+deep impression upon the world we inhabit. What but our example has
+stricken the chains of despotism from the provinces of South
+America--giving, by a single impulse, freedom to half a hemisphere? A
+Washington here has created a Bolivar there. The flag of independence,
+which has waved from the summit of our Alleghany, has now been answered
+by a corresponding signal from the heights of the Andes. And the same
+spirit, too, that came across the Atlantic wave with the Pilgrims, and
+made the rock of Plymouth the corner-stone of freedom, and of this
+republic, is traveling back to the East. It has already carried its
+influence into the cabinets of princes, and it is at this moment sung by
+the Grecian bard and emulated by the Grecian hero.
+
+
+COLUMBIA--A PROPHECY.
+
+     ST. GEORGE BEST. In Kate Field's _Washington_.
+
+  Puissant land! where'er I turn my eyes
+    I see thy banner strewn upon the breeze;
+  Each past achievement only prophesies
+    Of triumphs more unheard of. These
+  Are shadows yet, but time will write thy name
+    In letters golden as the sun
+  That blazed upon the sight of those who came
+    To worship in the temple of the Delphic One.
+
+
+THE FINAL STAGE.
+
+     HENRY HUGH BRACKENRIDGE, a writer and politician. Born near
+     Campbellton, Scotland, 1748; died, 1816. From his "Rising Glory of
+     America," a commencement poem.
+
+  This is thy praise, America, thy power,
+  Thou best of climes by science visited,
+  By freedom blest, and richly stored with all
+  The luxuries of life! Hail, happy land,
+  The seat of empire, the abode of kings,
+  The final stage where time shall introduce
+  Renowned characters, and glorious works
+  Of high invention and of wondrous art,
+  Which not the ravages of time shall waste,
+  'Till he himself has run his long career!
+
+
+BRIGHT'S BEATIFIC VISION.
+
+     The Right Honorable JOHN BRIGHT, the celebrated English orator and
+     radical statesman. Born at Greenbank, Rochdale, Lancashire,
+     November 16, 1811; died, March 27, 1889. From a speech delivered at
+     Birmingham, England, 1862.
+
+I have another and a far brighter vision before my gaze. It may be but a
+vision, but I will cherish it. I see one vast confederation stretching
+from the frozen North in unbroken line to the glowing South, and from
+the wild billows of the Atlantic westward to the calmer waters of the
+Pacific main; and I see one people and one language, and one faith and
+one law, and, over all that wide continent, the home of freedom, and a
+refuge for the oppressed of every race and every clime.
+
+
+BROTHERS ACROSS THE SEA.
+
+     ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING, one of the most gifted female poets.
+     Born near Ledbury, Herefordshire, England, in 1807; died at
+     Florence, Italy, in June, 1861.
+
+  I heard an angel speak last night,
+               And he said, "Write--
+      Write a nation's curse for me,
+      And send it over the western sea."
+  I faltered, taking up the word:
+               "Not so, my lord!
+       If curses must be, choose another
+       To send thy curse against my brother.
+
+      For I am bound by gratitude,
+              By love and blood,
+      To brothers of mine across the sea,
+      Who stretch out kindly hands to me."
+  "Therefore," the voice said, "shalt thou write
+                My curse to-night;
+      From the summits of love a curse is driven,
+      As lightning is from the tops of heaven."
+
+
+THE GRANDEUR OF DESTINY.
+
+     WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT, an eminent American poet. Born at
+     Cummington, Mass., November 3, 1794; died, June 12, 1878.
+
+  Oh, Mother of a mighty race,
+  Yet lovely in thy youthful grace!
+  The elder dames, thy haughty peers,
+  Admire and hate thy blooming years;
+          With words of shame
+  And taunts of scorn they join thy name.
+
+  They know not, in their hate and pride,
+  What virtues with thy children bide;
+  How true, how good, thy graceful maids
+  Make bright, like flowers, the valley shades;
+          What generous men
+  Spring, like thine oaks, by hill and glen;
+
+  What cordial welcomes greet the guest
+  By the lone rivers of the West;
+  How faith is kept, and truth revered,
+  And man is loved, and God is feared,
+         In woodland homes,
+  And where the solemn ocean foams.
+
+  Oh, fair young Mother! on thy brow
+  Shall sit a nobler grace than now.
+  Deep in the brightness of thy skies,
+  The thronging years in glory rise,
+          And, as they fleet,
+  Drop strength and riches at thy feet.
+
+
+AMERICAN NATIONAL HASTE.
+
+     JAMES BRYCE, M. P. Born at Belfast, Ireland, May 10, 1838.
+     Appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law to the University of
+     Oxford, England, 1870. From his "American Commonwealth."
+
+Americans seem to live in the future rather than in the present; not
+that they fail to work while it is called to-day, but that they see the
+country, not merely as it is, but as it will be twenty, fifty, a hundred
+years hence, when the seedlings shall have grown to forest trees. Time
+seems too brief for what they have to do, and result always to come
+short of their desire. One feels as if caught and whirled along in a
+foaming stream chafing against its banks, such is the passion of these
+men to accomplish in their own lifetimes what in the past it took
+centuries to effect. Sometimes, in a moment of pause--for even the
+visitor finds himself infected by the all-pervading eagerness--one is
+inclined to ask them: "Gentlemen, why in heaven's name this haste? You
+have time enough. No enemy threatens you. No volcano will rise from
+beneath you. Ages and ages lie before you. Why sacrifice the present to
+the future, fancying that you will be happier when your fields teem with
+wealth and your cities with people? In Europe we have cities wealthier
+and more populous than yours, and we are not happy. You dream of your
+posterity; but your posterity will look back to yours as the golden age,
+and envy those who first burst into this silent, splendid nature, who
+first lifted up their axes upon these tall trees, and lined these waters
+with busy wharves. Why, then, seek to complete in a few decades what
+the other nations of the world took thousands of years over in the older
+continents? Why do rudely and ill things which need to be done well,
+seeing that the welfare of your descendants may turn upon them? Why, in
+your hurry to subdue and utilize nature, squander her splendid gifts?
+Why allow the noxious weeds of Eastern politics to take root in your new
+soil, when by a little effort you might keep it pure? Why hasten the
+advent of that threatening day when the vacant spaces of the continent
+shall all have been filled, and the poverty or discontent of the older
+States shall find no outlet? You have opportunities such as mankind has
+never had before, and may never have again. Your work is great and
+noble; it is done for a future longer and vaster than our conceptions
+can embrace. Why not make its outlines and beginnings worthy of these
+destinies, the thought of which gilds your hopes and elevates your
+purposes?"
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA DE LA RÁBIDA (HUELVA),
+SPAIN, WHERE COLUMBUS TOOK REFUGE.
+
+This convent has been restored and preserved as a National Museum since
+1846.
+
+(See pages 17 and 275.)]
+
+
+AMERICA'S UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH.
+
+     EDMUND BURKE, an illustrious orator, statesman, and philanthropist.
+     Born in Dublin, 1730; died, July 9, 1797. To Burke's eternal credit
+     and renown be it said, that, had his advice and counsels been
+     listened to, the causes which produced the American Revolution
+     would have been removed.
+
+I can not prevail on myself to hurry over this great consideration--the
+value of America to England. It is good for us to be here. We stand
+where we have an immense view of what is, and what is past. Clouds,
+indeed, and darkness, rest upon the future. Let us, however, before we
+descend from this noble eminence, reflect that this growth of our
+national prosperity has happened within the short period of the life of
+man. It has happened within sixty-eight years. There are those alive
+whose memory might touch the two extremities. For instance, my Lord
+Bathurst might remember all the stages of the progress. He was, in
+1704, of an age, at least, to be made to comprehend such things. Suppose
+that the angel of this auspicious youth, foreseeing the many virtues
+which made him one of the most amiable, as he is one of the most
+fortunate, men of his age, had opened to him in vision, that when, in
+the fourth generation, the third prince of the house of Brunswick had
+sat twelve years on the throne of that nation, which by the happy issue
+of moderate and healing councils was to be made Great Britain, he should
+see his son, Lord Chancellor of England, turn back the current of
+hereditary dignity to its fountain, and raise him to a higher rank of
+peerage, whilst he enriched the family with a new one. If amidst these
+bright and happy scenes of domestic honor and prosperity that angel
+should have drawn up the curtain and unfolded the rising glories of his
+country; and, whilst he was gazing with admiration on the then
+commercial grandeur of England, the genius should point out to him a
+little speck, scarce visible in the mass of the national interest, a
+small seminal principle, rather than a formed body, and should tell him,
+"Young man, there is America, which at this day serves for little more
+than to amuse you with stories of savage men and uncouth manners; yet
+shall, before you taste of death, show itself equal to the whole of that
+commerce which now attracts the envy of the world. Whatever England has
+been growing to by a progressive increase of improvement, brought in by
+varieties of people, by succession of civilizing conquests and
+civilizing settlements in a series of 1,700 years, you shall see as much
+added to her by America in the course of a single life!" If this state
+of his country had been foretold to him, would it not have required all
+the sanguine credulity of youth, and all the fervid glow of enthusiasm,
+to make him believe it? Fortunate man, he has lived to see it!
+Fortunate, indeed, if he live to see nothing to vary the prospect, and
+cloud the setting of his day!
+
+
+AMERICA THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE.
+
+     EMILIO CASTELAR, one of Spain's most noted orators and statesmen.
+     His masterly articles on Columbus in the _Century Magazine_ alone
+     would insure an international reputation. From a speech in the
+     Spanish Cortes, 1871.
+
+America, and especially Saxon America, with its immense virgin
+territories, with its republic, with its equilibrium between stability
+and progress, with its harmony between liberty and democracy, is the
+continent of the future--the immense continent stretched by God between
+the Atlantic and Pacific, where mankind may plant, essay, and resolve
+all social problems. Europe has to decide whether she will confound
+herself with Asia, placing upon her lands old altars, and upon the
+altars old idols, and upon the idols immovable theocracies, and upon the
+theocracies despotic empires; or whether she will go by labor, by
+liberty, and by the republic, to co-operate with America in the grand
+work of universal civilization.
+
+
+NOBLE CONCEPTIONS.
+
+     WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING, D. D., a distinguished American Unitarian
+     divine, and one of the most eloquent writers America has produced.
+     Born at Newport, R. I., April 7, 1780; died, October 2, 1842. From
+     an address on "The Annexation of Texas to the United States."
+
+When we look forward to the probable growth of this country; when we
+think of the millions of human beings who are to spread over our present
+territory; of the career of improvement and glory opened to this new
+people; of the impulse which free institutions, if prosperous, may be
+expected to give to philosophy, religion, science, literature, and
+arts; of the vast field in which the experiment is to be made; of what
+the unfettered powers of man may achieve; of the bright page of history
+which our fathers have filled, and of the advantages under which their
+toils and virtues have placed us for carrying on their work. When we
+think of all this, can we help, for a moment, surrendering ourselves to
+bright visions of our country's glory, before which all the glories of
+the past are to fade away? Is it presumption to say that if just to
+ourselves and all nations we shall be felt through this whole continent;
+that we shall spread our language, institutions, and civilization
+through a wider space than any nation has yet filled with a like
+beneficent influence? And are we prepared to barter these hopes, this
+sublime moral empire, for conquests by force? Are we prepared to sink to
+the level of unprincipled nations; to content ourselves with a vulgar,
+guilty greatness; to adopt in our youth maxims and ends which must brand
+our future with sordidness, oppression, and shame? Why can not we rise
+to noble conceptions of our destiny? Why do we not feel that our work as
+a nation is to carry freedom, religion, science, and a nobler form of
+human nature over this continent? And why do we not remember that to
+diffuse these blessings we must first cherish them in our own borders,
+and that whatever deeply and permanently corrupts us will make our
+spreading influence a curse, not a blessing, to this New World? It is a
+common idea in Europe that we are destined to spread an inferior
+civilization over North America; that our absorption in gain and outward
+interests mark us out as fated to fall behind the Old World in the
+higher improvements of human nature--in the philosophy, the refinements,
+the enthusiasm of literature and the arts, which throw a luster round
+other countries. I am not prophet enough to read our fate.
+
+
+THE GRAND SCOPE OF THE COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION.
+
+     The Chicago _Inter Ocean_.
+
+The Columbian Exposition should be an exhibition worthy of the fame of
+Columbus and of the great republic that has taken root in the New World,
+which the Genoese discoverer not only "to Castille and to Aragon gave,"
+but to the struggling, the oppressed, the aspiring, and the resolute of
+all humanity in all its conditions.
+
+
+AMERICAN NATIONALITY.
+
+     RUFUS CHOATE,, the most eminent advocate of New England. Born at
+     Essex, Mass., October 1, 1799; died at Halifax, N. S., July 13,
+     1858. From an Independence Day oration delivered in Boston.
+
+But now there rises colossal the fine sweet spirit of nationality--the
+nationality of America. See there the pillar of fire which God has
+kindled, and lighted, and moved, for our hosts and our ages. Under such
+an influence you ascend above the smoke and stir of this small local
+strife; you tread upon the high places of the earth and of history; you
+think and feel as an American for America; her power, her eminence, her
+consideration, her honor are yours; your competitors, like hers, are
+kings; your home, like hers, is the world; your path, like hers, is on
+the highway of empires; your charge, her charge, is of generations and
+ages; your record, her record, is of treaties, battles, voyages, beneath
+all the constellations; her image--one, immortal, golden--rises on your
+eye as our western star at evening rises on the traveler from his home;
+no lowering cloud, no angry river, no lingering spring, no broken
+crevasse, no inundated city or plantation, no tracts of sand, arid and
+burning, on that surface, but all blended and softened into one beam of
+kindred rays, the image, harbinger, and promise of love, hope, and a
+brighter day.
+
+But if you would contemplate nationality as an active virtue, look
+around you. Is not our own history one witness and one record of what it
+can do? This day, the 4th of July, and all which it stands for--did it
+not give us these? This glory of the fields of that war, this eloquence
+of that revolution, this one wide sheet of flame, which wrapped tyrant
+and tyranny, and swept all that escaped from it away, forever and
+forever; the courage to fight, to retreat, to rally, to advance, to
+guard the young flag by the young arm and the young heart's blood, to
+hold up and hold on till the magnificent consummation crown the
+work--were not all these imparted or inspired by this imperial
+sentiment.
+
+Look at it! It has kindled us to no aims of conquest. It has involved us
+in no entangling alliances. It has kept our neutrality dignified and
+just. The victories of peace have been our prized victories. But the
+larger and truer grandeur of the nations, for which they are created,
+and for which they must one day, before some tribunal, give account,
+what a measure of these it has enabled us already to fulfill! It has
+lifted us to the throne, and has set on our brow the name of the Great
+Republic. It has taught us to demand nothing wrong and to submit to
+nothing wrong; it has made our diplomacy sagacious, wary, and
+accomplished; it has opened the iron gate of the mountain, and planted
+our ensign on the great tranquil sea. It has made the desert to bud and
+blossom as the rose; it has quickened to life the giant brood of useful
+arts; it has whitened lake and ocean with the sails of a daring, new,
+and lawful trade; it has extended to exiles, flying as clouds, the
+asylum of our better liberty. It has kept us at rest within our borders;
+it has scattered the seeds of liberty, under law and under order,
+broadcast; it has seen and helped American feeling to swell into a
+fuller flood; from many a field and many a deck, though it seeks not
+war, makes not war, and fears not war, it has borne the radiant flag,
+all unstained.
+
+
+THE LOVE OF COUNTRY.
+
+There is a love of country which comes uncalled for, one knows not how.
+It comes in with the very air, the eye, the ear, the instinct, the first
+beatings of the heart. The faces of brothers and sisters, and the loved
+father and mother, the laugh of playmates, the old willow tree and well
+and school-house, the bees at work in the spring, the note of the robin
+at evening, the lullaby, the cows coming home, the singing-book, the
+visits of neighbors, the general training--all things which make
+childhood happy, begin it.
+
+And then, as the age of the passions and the age of the reason draw on,
+and the love of home, and the sense of security and property under the
+law come to life, and as the story goes round, and as the book or the
+newspaper relates the less favored lot of other lands, and the public
+and private sense of the man is forming and formed, there is a type of
+patriotism already. Thus they have imbibed it who stood that charge at
+Concord, and they who hung on the deadly retreat, and they who threw up
+the hasty and imperfect redoubt at Bunker Hill by night, set on it the
+blood-red provincial flag, and passed so calmly with Prescott and Putnam
+and Warren through the experiences of the first fire.
+
+To direct this spontaneous sentiment of hearts to our great Union, to
+raise it high, to make it broad and deep, to instruct it, to educate it,
+is in some things harder, and in some things easier; but it may be, it
+must be, done. Our country has her great names; she has her food for
+patriotism, for childhood, and for man.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES STEAMSHIP COLUMBIA.
+
+An appropriate addition to the White Squadron of the United States navy
+was launched from the Cramps' ship-yard at Philadelphia, July 26, 1892,
+and was most appropriately christened the Columbia. The launch was in
+every way a success, and was witnessed by many thousand people,
+including Secretary Tracy, Vice-President Morton, and others prominent
+in the navy and in public life.
+
+This new vessel is designed to be swifter than any other large war
+vessel now afloat, and she will have a capacity possessed by no other
+war vessel yet built, in that of being able to steam at a ten-knot speed
+26,240 miles, or for 109 days, without recoaling. She also possesses
+many novel features, the principal of which is the application of triple
+screws. She is one of two of the most important ships designed for the
+United States navy, her sister ship, No. 13, now being built at the same
+yards.
+
+The dimensions of the Columbia are: Length on mean load line, 412 feet;
+beam, 58 feet. Her normal draught will be 23 feet; displacement, 7,550
+tons; maximum speed, 22 knots an hour; and she will have the enormous
+indicated horse-power of 20,000. As to speed, the contractor guarantees
+an average speed, in the open sea, under conditions prescribed by the
+Navy Department, of twenty-one knots an hour, maintained for four
+consecutive hours, during which period the air-pressure in the fire-room
+must be kept within a prescribed limit. For every quarter of a knot
+developed above the required guaranteed speed the contractor is to
+receive a premium of $50,000 over and above the contract price; and for
+each quarter of a knot that the vessel may fail of reaching the
+guaranteed speed there is to be deducted from the contract price the sum
+of $25,000. There seems to be no doubt among the naval experts that she
+will meet the conditions as to speed, and this is a great desideratum,
+since her chief function is to be to sweep the seas of an enemy's
+commerce. To do her work she must be able to overhaul, in an ocean race,
+the swiftest transatlantic passenger steamships afloat.
+
+The triple-screw system is a most decided novelty. One of these screws
+will be placed amidships, or on the line of the keel, as in ordinary
+single-screw vessels, and the two others will be placed about fifteen
+feet farther forward and above, one on each side, as is usual in
+twin-screw vessels. The twin screws will diverge as they leave the hull,
+giving additional room for the uninterrupted motion upon solid water of
+all three simultaneously. There is one set of triple expansion engines
+for each screw independently, thus allowing numerous combinations of
+movements. For ordinary cruising the central screw alone will be used,
+giving a speed of about fourteen knots; with the two side-screws alone,
+a speed of seventeen knots can be maintained, and with all three screws
+at work, at full power, a high speed of from twenty to twenty-two knots
+can be got out of the vessel. This arrangement will allow the machinery
+to be worked at its most economical number of revolutions at all rates
+of the vessel's speed, and each engine can be used independently of the
+others in propelling the vessel. The full steam pressure will be 160
+pounds. The shafting is made of forged steel, 16-1/2 inches in diameter.
+In fact, steel has been used wherever possible, so as to secure the
+lightest, in weight, of machinery. There are ten boilers, six of which
+are double-ended--that is, with furnaces in each end--21-1/4 feet long
+and 15-1/2 feet in diameter. Two others are 18-1/4 feet long and 11-2/3
+feet in diameter, and the two others, single-ended, are 8 feet long and
+10 feet in diameter. Eight of the largest boilers are set in
+watertight compartments.
+
+In appearance the Columbia will closely resemble, when ready for sea, an
+ordinary merchantman, the sides being nearly free from projections or
+sponsons, which ordinarily appear on vessels of war. She will have two
+single masts, but neither of them will have a military top, such as is
+now provided upon ordinary war vessels. This plan of her merchantman
+appearance is to enable her to get within range of any vessel she may
+wish to encounter before her character or purpose is discovered. The
+vitals of the ship will be well protected with armor plating and the gun
+stations will be shielded against the firing of machine guns. Her
+machinery, boilers, magazines, etc., are protected by an armored deck
+four inches thick on the slope and 2-1/2 inches thick on the flat. The
+space between this deck and the gun-deck is minutely subdivided with
+coal-bunkers and storerooms, and in addition to these a coffer-dam, five
+feet in width, is worked next to the ship's side for the whole length of
+the vessel. In the bunkers the space between the inner and outer skins
+of the vessel will be filled with woodite, thus forming a wall five feet
+thick against machine gun fire. This filling can also be utilized as
+fuel in an emergency. Forward and abaft of the coal bunkers the
+coffer-dam will be filled with some water-excluding substance similar to
+woodite. In the wake of the four-inch and the machine guns, the ship's
+side will be armored with four-inch and two-inch nickel steel plates.
+
+The vessel will carry no big guns, for the reason that the uses for
+which she is intended will not require them. Not a gun will be in sight,
+and the battery will be abnormally light. There will be four six-inch
+breech-loading rifles, mounted in the open, and protected with heavy
+shields attached to the gun carriages; eight four-inch breech-loading
+rifles; twelve six-pounder, and four one-pounder rapid-firing guns; four
+machine or Gatling guns, and six torpedo-launching tubes. Besides these
+she has a ram bow. The Columbia is to be completed, ready for service,
+by May 19, 1893.
+
+
+THE FIRST AMERICAN.
+
+     ELIZA COOK, a popular English poetess. Born in Southwark, London,
+     1817.
+
+  Land of the West! though passing brief the record of thine age,
+  Thou hast a name that darkens all on history's wide page.
+  Let all the blasts of fame ring out--thine shall be loudest far;
+  Let others boast their satellites--thou hast the planet star.
+  Thou hast a name whose characters of light shall ne'er depart;
+  'Tis stamped upon the dullest brain, and warms the coldest heart;
+  A war-cry fit for any land where freedom's to be won:
+  Land of the West! it stands alone--it is thy Washington!
+
+
+COLUMBIA THE MONUMENT OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     KINAHAN CORNWALLIS. In "The Song of America and Columbus," 1892.
+
+  Queen of the Great Republic of the West,
+  With shining stars and stripes upon thy breast,
+  The emblems of our land of liberty,
+  Thou namesake of Columbus--hail to thee!
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  No fitter queen could now Columbus crown,
+  Or voice to all the world his great renown.
+  His fame in thee personified we see--
+  The sequel of his grand discovery;
+  Yea, here, in thee, his monument behold.
+  Whose splendor dims his golden dreams of old.
+  And standing by Chicago's inland sea,
+  The nations of the earth will vie with thee
+  In twining laurel wreaths for him of yore
+  Who found the New World in San Salvador.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  COLUMBIA! to Columbus give thy hand.
+  And, as ye on a sea of glory stand,
+  The world will read anew the story grand
+  Of thee, COLUMBIA, and Columbus, too--
+  The matchless epic of the Old and New--
+  The tale that grows more splendid with the years--
+  The pride and wonder of the hemispheres.
+  In vast magnificence it stands alone,
+  With thee--Columbus greeting--on thy throne.
+
+
+AMERICAN IDEA.
+
+     The Hon. SHELBY M. CULLOM, U. S. Senator from Illinois. In a speech
+     delivered in Chicago, 1892.
+
+From the altitude of now, from this zenith of history, look out upon the
+world. Behold! the American idea is everywhere prominent. The world
+itself is preparing to take an American holiday. The wise men, not only
+of the Orient, but everywhere, are girding up their loins, and will
+follow the star of empire until it rests above this city of
+Chicago--this civic Hercules; this miracle of accomplishment; the
+throbbing heart of all the teeming life and activity of our American
+commonwealth. The people of the world are soon to receive an object
+lesson in the stupendous kindergarten we are instituting for their
+benefit. Even Chile will be here, and will learn, I trust, something of
+Christian forbearance and good-fellowship.
+
+Now, is it possible that monarchy, plutarchy, or any other archy, can
+long withstand this curriculum of instruction? No! I repeat, the
+American idea is everywhere triumphant. England is a monarchy, to be
+sure, but only out of compliment to an impotent and aged Queen. The Czar
+of Russia clings to his throne. It is a hen-coop in the mäelstrom! The
+crumbling monarchies of the earth are held together only by the force of
+arms. Standing armies are encamped without each city. The sword and
+bayonet threaten and retard, but the seeds of liberty have been caught
+up by the winds of heaven and scattered broadcast throughout the earth.
+Tyranny's doom is sounded! The people's millennium is at hand! And
+this--this, under God, is the mission of America.
+
+
+YOUNG AMERICA.
+
+     GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS, a popular American author and lecturer. Born
+     at Providence, R. I., February 24, 1824; died at West Brighton,
+     Staten Island, N. Y., August 31, 1892.
+
+I know the flower in your hand fades while you look at it. The dream
+that allures you glimmers and is gone. But flower and dream, like youth
+itself, are buds and prophecies. For where, without the perfumed
+blossoming of the spring orchards all over the hills and among all the
+valleys of New England and New York, would the happy harvests of New
+York and New England be? And where, without the dreams of the young men
+lighting the future with human possibility, would be the deeds of the
+old men, dignifying the past with human achievement? How deeply does it
+become us to believe this, who are not only young ourselves, but living
+with the youth of the youngest nation in history. I congratulate you
+that you are young; I congratulate you that you are Americans. Like you,
+that country is in its flower, not yet in its fruit, and that flower is
+subject to a thousand chances before the fruit is set. Worms may destroy
+it, frosts may wither it, fires may blight it, gusts may whirl it away;
+but how gorgeously it still hangs blossoming in the garden of time,
+while its penetrating perfume floats all round the world, and
+intoxicates all other nations with the hope of liberty.
+
+Knowing that the life of every nation, as of each individual, is a
+battle, let us remember, also, that the battle is to those who fight
+with faith and undespairing devotion. Knowing that nothing is worth
+fighting for at all unless God reigns, let us, at least, believe as much
+in the goodness of God as we do in the dexterity of the devil. And,
+viewing this prodigious spectacle of our country--this hope of humanity,
+this young America, _our_ America--taking the sun full in its front, and
+making for the future as boldly and blithely as the young David for
+Goliath, let us believe with all our hearts, and from that faith shall
+spring the fact that David, and not Goliath, is to win the day; and
+that, out of the high-hearted dreams of wise and good men about our
+country, Time, however invisibly and inscrutably, is, at this moment,
+slowly hewing the most colossal and resplendent result in history.
+
+
+A HIDDEN WORLD.
+
+     OLIVE E. DANA, an American journalist. In the _New England
+     Journal_.
+
+  The hidden world lies in the hand of God,
+  Waiting, like seed, to fall on the sod;
+  Tranquil its lakes were, and lovely its shores,
+  While idly each stream o'er the fretting rocks pours.
+  Its forests are fair and its mines fathomless,
+  Grand are its mountains in their loftiness;
+  Its fields wait the plow, and its harbors the ships,
+  No sail down the blue of the water-way slips.
+  God keeps in his palm, through centuries dim,
+  This hid, idle seed. It belongeth to him.
+  Away in a corner, where God only knows,
+  The seed when he plants it quickens and grows.
+  The pale buds unfold as the nations pass by,
+  The fragrance is grateful, the blooms multiply,
+  But it is blossom time, this what we see;
+  Who knows what the fullness of harvest will be.
+
+
+COLUMBIA THE QUEEN OF THE WORLD.
+
+     TIMOTHY DWIGHT, an American divine and scholar. Born at
+     Northampton, Mass., May 14, 1752; died at New Haven, Conn., January
+     11, 1817.
+
+  Columbia, Columbia, to glory arise,
+  The queen of the world and the child of the skies.
+
+
+A DEFINITION OF PATRIOTISM.
+
+     T. M. EDDY, an eloquent speaker and profound scholar. Born, 1823;
+     died, 1874. From an oration delivered on Independence Day.
+
+Patriotism is the love of country. It has ever been recognized among the
+cardinal virtues of true men, and he who was destitute of it has been
+considered an ingrate. Even among the icy desolations of the far north
+we expect to find, and _do_ find, an ardent affection for the land of
+nativity, the home of childhood, youth, and age. There is much in our
+country to create and foster this sentiment. It is a country of imperial
+dimensions, reaching from sea to sea, and almost "from the rivers to the
+ends of the earth." None of the empires of old could compare with it in
+this regard. It is washed by two great oceans, while its lakes are vast
+inland seas. Its rivers are silver lines of beauty and commerce. Its
+grand mountain chains are the links of God's forging and welding,
+binding together North and South, East and West. It is a land of
+glorious memories. It was peopled by the picked men of Europe, who came
+hither, "not for wrath, but conscience' sake." Said the younger Winthrop
+to his father, "I shall call that my country where I may most glorify
+God and enjoy the presence of my dearest friends." And so came godly men
+and devoted women, flying from oppressive statutes, where they might
+find
+
+  Freedom to worship God.
+
+There are spots on the sun, and the microscope reveals flaws in
+burnished steel, and so there were spots and flaws in the character of
+the early founders of this land; but with them all, our colonial history
+is one that stirs the blood and quickens the pulse of him who reads. It
+is the land of the free school, the free press, and the free pulpit. It
+is impossible to compute the power of this trio. The free schools, open
+to rich and poor, bind together the people in educational bonds, and in
+the common memories of the recitation-room and the playground; and how
+strong _they_ are, you, reader, well know, as some past recollection
+tugs at your heart-strings. The free press may not always be altogether
+as dignified or elevated as the more highly cultivated may desire, but
+it is ever open to complaints of the people; is ever watchful of popular
+rights and jealous of class encroachments, and the highest in authority
+know that it is above President or Senate. The free pulpit, sustained
+not by legally exacted tithes wrung from an unwilling people, but by the
+free-will offerings of loving supporters, gathers about it the millions,
+inculcates the highest morality, points to brighter worlds, and when
+occasion demands will not be silent before political wrongs. Its power,
+simply as an educating agency, can scarcely be estimated. In this
+country its freedom gives a competition so vigorous that it must remain
+in direct popular sympathy. How strong it is, the country saw when its
+voice was lifted in the old cry, "Rebellion is as the sin of
+witchcraft." Its words started the slumbering, roused the careless, and
+called the "sacramental host," as well as the "men of the world, to
+arms." These three grand agencies are not rival, but supplementary, each
+doing an essential work in public culture.
+
+[Illustration: THE SHIP OF COLUMBUS--THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.
+
+(See pages 94, 216, and 282.)]
+
+
+AMERICA--OPPORTUNITY.
+
+     RALPH WALDO EMERSON, a noted American essayist, poet, and
+     speculative philosopher. Born in Boston, Mass., May 25, 1803; died,
+     April 27, 1882.
+
+America is another name for opportunity.
+
+
+THE SEQUEL OF THE DISCOVERY.
+
+There is a Columbia of thought and art and character which is the last
+and endless sequel of Columbus' adventure.--_Ibid._
+
+
+YOUNG AMERICA.
+
+     ALEXANDER HILL EVERETT, an American scholar and diplomatist. Born
+     in Boston, Mass., 1792; died at Canton, China, May, 1847.
+
+  Scion of a mighty stock!
+  Hands of iron--hearts of oak--
+  Follow with unflinching tread
+  Where the noble fathers led.
+
+  Craft and subtle treachery,
+  Gallant youth, are not for thee;
+  Follow thou in words and deeds
+  Where the God within thee leads.
+
+  Honesty, with steady eye,
+  Truth and pure simplicity,
+  Love, that gently winneth hearts,
+  These shall be thy holy arts.
+
+  Prudent in the council train,
+  Dauntless on the battle plain,
+  Ready at thy country's need
+  For her glorious cause to bleed.
+
+  Where the dews of night distill
+  Upon Vernon's holy hill,
+  Where above it gleaming far
+  Freedom lights her guiding star,
+
+  Thither turn the steady eye,
+  Flashing with a purpose high;
+  Thither, with devotion meet,
+  Often turn the pilgrim feet.
+
+  Let the noble motto be:
+  God--the _country_--_liberty_!
+  Planted on religion's rock,
+  Thou shalt stand in every shock.
+
+  Laugh at danger, far or near;
+  Spurn at baseness, spurn at fear.
+  Still, with persevering might,
+  Speak the truth, and do the right.
+
+  So shall peace, a charming guest,
+  Dove-like in thy bosom rest;
+  So shall honor's steady blaze
+  Beam upon thy closing days.
+
+
+RESPONSIBILITY.
+
+     EZRA STILES GANNETT, an American Unitarian divine. Born at
+     Cambridge, Mass., 1801; died, August 26, 1871. From a patriotic
+     address delivered in Boston.
+
+The eyes of Europe are upon us; the monarch, from his throne, watches us
+with an angry countenance; the peasant turns his gaze on us with joyful
+faith; the writers on politics quote our condition as a proof of the
+possibility of popular government; the heroes of freedom animate their
+followers by reminding them of our success. At no moment of the last
+half century has it been so important that we should send up a clear and
+strong light which may be seen across the Atlantic. An awful charge of
+unfaithfulness to the interests of mankind will be recorded against us
+if we suffer this light to be obscured by the mingling vapors of passion
+and misrule and sin. But not Europe alone will be influenced by the
+character we give to our destiny. The republics of the South have no
+other guide toward the establishment of order and freedom than our
+example. If this should fail them, the last stay would be torn from
+their hope. We are placed under a most solemn obligation, to keep before
+them this motive to perseverance in their endeavors to place free
+institutions on a sure basis. Shall we leave those wide regions to
+despair and anarchy? Better that they had patiently borne a foreign
+yoke, though it bowed their necks to the ground.
+
+Citizens of the United States, it has been said of us, with truth, that
+we are at the head of the popular party of the world. Shall we be
+ashamed of so glorious a rank? or shall we basely desert our place and
+throw away our distinction? Forbid it! self-respect, patriotism,
+philanthropy. Christians, we believe that God has made us a name and a
+praise among the nations. We believe that our religion yields its best
+fruit in a free land. Shall we be regardless of our duty as creatures of
+the Divine Power and recipients of His goodness? Shall we be indifferent
+to the effects which our religion may work in the world? Forbid it! our
+gratitude, our faith, our piety. In one way only can we discharge our
+duty to the rest of mankind--by the purity and elevation of character
+that shall distinguish us as a people. If we sink into luxury, vice, or
+moral apathy, our brightness will be lost, our prosperity deprived of
+its vital element, and we shall appear disgraced before man, guilty
+before God.
+
+
+ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC.
+
+     JAMES A. GARFIELD, American general and statesman; twentieth
+     President of the United States. Born in Orange, Ohio, November 19,
+     1831; shot by an assassin, July 2, 1881; died, September 19 in the
+     same year, at Long Branch, New Jersey. From "Garfield's Words." By
+     permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers.
+
+The Atlantic is still the great historic sea. Even in its sunken wrecks
+might be read the record of modern nations. Who shall say that the
+Pacific will not yet become the great historic sea of the future--the
+vast amphitheater around which shall sit in majesty and power the two
+Americas, Asia, Africa, and the chief colonies of Europe. God forbid
+that the waters of our national life should ever settle to the dead
+level of a waveless calm. It would be the stagnation of death, the ocean
+grave of individual liberty.
+
+
+GREATEST CONTINUOUS EMPIRE.
+
+     The Right Hon. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE, the noted English statesman
+     and orator. Born at Liverpool, December 29, 1809. From his "Kin
+     beyond the Sea."
+
+There is no parallel in all the records of the world to the case of that
+prolific British mother who has sent forth her innumerable children over
+all the earth to be the founders of half-a-dozen empires. She, with her
+progeny, may almost claim to constitute a kind of universal church in
+politics. But among these children there is one whose place in the
+world's eye and in history is superlative; it is the American Republic.
+She is the eldest born. She has, taking the capacity of her land into
+view as well as its mere measurement, a natural base for the greatest
+continuous empire ever established by man. And it may be well here to
+mention what has not always been sufficiently observed, that the
+distinction between continuous empire, and empire severed and dispersed
+over sea is vital. The development which the Republic has effected has
+been unexampled in its rapidity and force. While other countries have
+doubled, or at most trebled, their population, she has risen during one
+single century of freedom, in round numbers, from two millions to
+forty-five. As to riches, it is reasonable to establish, from the
+decennial stages of the progress thus far achieved, a series for the
+future; and, reckoning upon this basis, I suppose that the very next
+census, in the year 1880, will exhibit her to the world as certainly the
+wealthiest of all the nations. The huge figure of a thousand millions
+sterling, which may be taken roundly as the annual income of the United
+Kingdom, has been reached at a surprising rate; a rate which may perhaps
+be best expressed by saying that, if we could have started forty or
+fifty years ago from zero, at the rate of our recent annual increment,
+we should now have reached our present position. But while we have been
+advancing with this portentous rapidity, America is passing us by as if
+in a canter. Yet even now the work of searching the soil and the bowels
+of the territory, and opening out her enterprise throughout its vast
+expanse, is in its infancy. The England and the America of the present
+are probably the two strongest nations of the world. But there can
+hardly be a doubt, as between the America and the England of the future,
+that the daughter, at some no very distant time, will, whether fairer or
+less fair, be unquestionably yet stronger than the mother.
+
+
+TYPICAL AMERICAN.
+
+     HENRY W. GRADY, the late brilliant editor of the Atlanta
+     _Constitution_. From an address delivered at the famous New England
+     dinner in New York.
+
+With the Cavalier once established as a fact in your charming little
+books, I shall let him work out his own stratum, as he has always done,
+with engaging gallantry, and we will hold no controversy as to his
+merits. Why should we? Neither Puritan nor Cavalier long survived as
+such. The virtues and traditions of both happily still live for the
+inspiration of their sons and the saving of the old fashion. But both
+Puritan and Cavalier were lost in the storm of their first revolution,
+and the American citizen, supplanting both, and stronger than either,
+took possession of the republic bought by their common blood and
+fashioned to wisdom, and charged himself with teaching men government
+and establishing the voice of the people as the voice of God. Great
+types, like valuable plants, are slow to flower and fruit. But from the
+union of these colonists, from the straightening of their purposes and
+the crossing of their blood, slow perfecting through a century, came he
+who stands as the first typical American, the first who comprehended
+within himself all the strength and gentleness, all the majesty and
+grace of this Republic--Abraham Lincoln. He was the sum of Puritan and
+Cavalier, for in his ardent nature were fused the virtues of both, and
+in the depths of his great soul the faults of both were lost. He was
+greater than Puritan, greater than Cavalier, in that he was American,
+and that in his homely form were first gathered the vast and thrilling
+forces of this ideal government--charging it with such tremendous
+meaning and so elevating it above human suffering that martyrdom, though
+infamously aimed, came as a fitting crown to a life consecrated from the
+cradle to human liberty. Let us, each cherishing his traditions and
+honoring his fathers, build with reverent hands to the type of this
+simple but sublime life, in which all types are honored, and in the
+common glory we shall win as Americans there will be plenty and to spare
+for your forefathers and for mine.
+
+
+GRATITUDE AND PRIDE.
+
+     BENJAMIN HARRISON, American soldier, lawyer, and statesman. Born at
+     North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. Grandson of General William
+     Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States, and himself
+     President, 1888-1892. From a speech at Sacramento, Cal., 1891.
+
+FELLOW-CITIZENS: This fresh, delightful morning, this vast assemblage of
+contented and happy people, this building, dedicated to the uses of
+civil government--all things about us tend to inspire our hearts with
+pride and with gratitude. Gratitude to that overruling Providence that
+turned hither, after the discovery of this continent, the steps of those
+who had the capacity to organize a free representative government.
+Gratitude to that Providence that has increased the feeble colonies on
+an inhospitable coast to these millions of prosperous people, who have
+found another sea and populated its sunny shores with a happy and
+growing people.
+
+Gratitude to that Providence that led us through civil strife to a glory
+and a perfection of unity as a people that was otherwise impossible.
+Gratitude that we have to-day a Union of free States without a slave to
+stand as a reproach to that immortal declaration upon which our
+Government rests.
+
+Pride that our people have achieved so much; that, triumphing over all
+the hardships of those early pioneers, who struggled in the face of
+discouragement and difficulties more appalling than those that met
+Columbus when he turned the prows of his little vessels toward an
+unknown shore; that, triumphing over perils of starvation, perils of
+savages, perils of sickness, here on the sunny slope of the Pacific they
+have established civil institutions and set up the banner of the
+imperishable Union.
+
+
+NATURE SUPERIOR.
+
+     Sir FRANCIS BOND HEAD, a popular English writer. Born near
+     Rochester, Kent, January 1, 1893. Lieutenant-general of Upper
+     Canada 1836-1838. Died, July 20, 1875.
+
+In both the northern and southern hemispheres of the New World, nature
+has not only outlined her works on a larger scale, but has painted the
+whole picture with brighter and more costly colors than she used in
+delineating and in beautifying the Old World. The heavens of America
+appear infinitely higher, the sky is bluer, the air is fresher, the cold
+is intenser, the moon looks larger, the stars are brighter, the thunder
+is louder, the lightning is vivider, the wind is stronger, the rain is
+heavier, the mountains are higher, the rivers longer, the forests
+bigger, the plains broader.
+
+
+AMERICA'S WELCOME.
+
+     PATRICK HENRY, a celebrated American orator and patriot. Born at
+     Studley, Hanover County, Virginia, May 29, 1736; died, June 6,
+     1799. The author of the celebrated phrase, "Give me liberty or give
+     me death," in speaking in the Virginia Convention, March, 1775.
+
+Cast your eyes over this extensive country; observe the salubrity of
+your climate, the variety and fertility of your soil, and see that soil
+intersected in every quarter by bold, navigable streams, flowing to the
+east and to the west, as if the finger of Heaven were marking out the
+course of your settlements, inviting you to enterprise, and pointing the
+way to wealth. You are destined, at some time or other, to become a
+great agricultural and commercial people; the only question is, whether
+you choose to reach this point by slow gradations, and at some distant
+period; lingering on through a long and sickly minority; subjected,
+meanwhile, to the machinations, insults, and oppressions, of enemies,
+foreign and domestic, without sufficient strength to resist and chastise
+them; or whether you choose rather to rush at once, as it were, to the
+full enjoyment of those high destinies, and be able to cope,
+single-handed, with the proudest oppressor of the Old World. If you
+prefer the latter course, as I trust you do, encourage immigration;
+encourage the husbandmen, the mechanics, the merchants, of the Old World
+to come and settle in this land of promise; make it the home of the
+skillful, the industrious, the fortunate, and happy, as well as the
+asylum of the distressed; fill up the measure of your population as
+speedily as you can, by the means which Heaven hath placed in your
+power; and I venture to prophesy there are those now living who will see
+this favored land amongst the most powerful on earth; able to take care
+of herself, without resorting to that policy, which is always so
+dangerous, though sometimes unavoidable, of calling in foreign aid. Yes,
+they will see her great in arts and in arms; her golden harvests waving
+over fields of immeasurable extent; her commerce penetrating the most
+distant seas, and her cannon silencing the vain boasts of those who now
+proudly affect to rule the waves.
+
+[Illustration: Niņa. Santa Maria. Pinta.
+
+THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS (See pages 216 and 282.)]
+
+But you must have _men_; you can not get along without them; those heavy
+forests of valuable timber, under which your lands are growing, must be
+cleared away; those vast riches which cover the face of your soil, as
+well as those which lie hid in its bosom, are to be developed and
+gathered only by the skill and enterprise of men. Do you ask how you are
+to get them? Open your doors, and they will come in; the population of
+the Old World is full to overflowing; that population is ground, too, by
+the oppressions of the governments under which they live. They are
+already standing on tiptoe upon their native shores, and looking to your
+coasts with a wishful and longing eye; they see here a land blessed
+with natural and political advantages which are not equaled by those of
+any other country upon earth; a land on which a gracious Providence hath
+emptied the horn of abundance; a land over which peace hath now
+stretched forth her white wings, and where content and plenty lie down
+at every door. They see something still more attractive than all this;
+they see a land in which liberty hath taken up her abode; that liberty
+whom they had considered as a fabled goddess, existing only in the
+fancies of poets; they see her here a real divinity, her altars rising
+on every hand throughout these happy States, her glories chanted by
+three millions of tongues, and the whole region smiling under her
+blessed influence. Let but this our celestial goddess, Liberty, stretch
+forth her fair hand toward the people of the Old World, tell them to
+come, and bid them welcome, and you will see them pouring in from the
+north, from the south, from the east, and from the west; your
+wildernesses will be cleared and settled, your deserts will smile, your
+ranks will be filled, and you will soon be in a condition to defy the
+powers of any adversary.
+
+
+OUR GREAT TRUST.
+
+     GEORGE STILLMAN HILLARD, an eminent American writer, lawyer, and
+     orator. Born at Machias, Maine, 1808; died, 1879. From an
+     Independence Day oration.
+
+Our Rome can not fall, and we be innocent. No conqueror will chain us to
+the car of his triumph; no countless swarm of Huns and Goths will bury
+the memorials and trophies of civilized life beneath a living tide of
+barbarism. Our own selfishness, our own neglect, our own passions, and
+our own vices will furnish the elements of our destruction. With our own
+hands we shall tear down the stately edifice of our glory. We shall die
+by self-inflicted wounds.
+
+But we will not talk of themes like these. We will not think of failure,
+dishonor, and despair. We will elevate our minds to the contemplation of
+our high duties and the great trust committed to us. We will resolve to
+lay the foundations of our prosperity on that rock of private virtue
+which can not be shaken until the laws of the moral world are reversed.
+From our own breasts shall flow the salient springs of national
+increase. Then our success, our happiness, our glory, will be as
+inevitable as the inferences of mathematics. We may calmly smile at all
+the croakings of all the ravens, whether of native or foreign breed.
+
+The whole will not grow weak by the increase of its parts. Our growth
+will be like that of the mountain oak, which strikes its roots more
+deeply into the soil, and clings to it with a closer grasp, as its lofty
+head is exalted and its broad arms stretched out. The loud burst of joy
+and gratitude which, on this, the anniversary of our independence, is
+breaking from the full hearts of a mighty people, will never cease to be
+heard. No chasms of sullen silence will interrupt its course; no
+discordant notes of sectional madness mar the general harmony. Year
+after year will increase it by tributes from now unpeopled solitudes.
+The farthest West shall hear it and rejoice; the Oregon shall swell it
+with the voice of its waters; the Rocky Mountains shall fling back the
+glad sound from their snowy crests.
+
+
+ON FREEDOM'S GENEROUS SOIL.
+
+     OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, M. D., the distinguished American author,
+     wit, and poet. Born in Cambridge, Mass., August 29, 1809.
+
+America is the only place where man is full-grown.
+
+
+NATIONAL HERITAGE.
+
+     The Rev. THOMAS STARR KING, an American Unitarian divine. Born in
+     New York in 1824; died, 1864. From an address on the "Privileges
+     and Duties of Patriotism," delivered in November, 1862. By
+     permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers, Boston.
+
+Suppose that the continent could turn toward you to-morrow at sunrise,
+and show to you the whole American area in the short hours of the sun's
+advance from Eastport to the Pacific. You would see New England roll
+into light from the green plumes of Aroostook to the silver stripe of
+the Hudson; westward thence over the Empire State, and over the lakes,
+and over the sweet valleys of Pennsylvania, and over the prairies, the
+morning blush would run and would waken all the line of the Mississippi;
+from the frosts where it rises to the fervid waters in which it pours,
+for 3,000 miles it would be visible, fed by rivers that flow from every
+mile of the Alleghany slope, and edged by the green embroideries of the
+temperate and tropic zones; beyond this line another basin, too--the
+Missouri--catching the morning, leads your eye along its western slope
+till the Rocky Mountains burst upon the vision, and yet do not bar it;
+across its passes we must follow, as the stubborn courage of American
+pioneers has forced its way, till again the Sierras and their silver
+veins are tinted along the mighty bulwark with the break of day; and
+then over to the gold fields of the western slope, and the fatness of
+the California soil, and the beautiful valleys of Oregon, and the
+stately forests of Washington, the eye is drawn, as the globe turns out
+of the night shadow; and when the Pacific waves are crested with
+radiance, you have the one blending picture--nay, the reality--of the
+American domain. No such soil--so varied by climate, by products, by
+mineral riches, by forest and lake, by wild heights and buttresses, and
+by opulent plains, yet all bound into unity of configuration and
+bordered by both warm and icy seas--no such domain, was ever given to
+one people.
+
+And then suppose that you could see in a picture as vast and vivid the
+preparation for our inheritance of this land. Columbus, haunted by his
+round idea, and setting sail in a sloop, to see Europe sink behind him,
+while he was serene in the faith of his dream; the later navigators of
+every prominent Christian race who explored the upper coasts; the
+Mayflower, with her cargo of sifted acorns from the hardy stock of
+British puritanism, and the ship, whose name we know not, that bore to
+Virginia the ancestors of Washington; the clearing of the wilderness,
+and the dotting of its clearings with the proofs of manly wisdom and
+Christian trust; then the gradual interblending of effort and interest
+and sympathy into one life--the congress of the whole Atlantic slope--to
+resist oppression upon one member; the rally of every State around
+Washington and his holy sword, and again the nobler rally around him
+when he signed the Constitution, and after that the organization of the
+farthest West with North and South, into one polity and communion; when
+this was finished, the tremendous energy of free life, under the
+stimulus and with the aid of advancing science, in increasing wealth,
+subduing the wilds to the bonds of use, multiplying fertile fields and
+busy schools and noble work-shops and churches, hallowed by free-will
+offerings of prayer; and happy homes, and domes dedicated to the laws of
+States that rise by magic from the haunts of the buffalo and deer, all
+in less than a long lifetime; and if we could see also how, in achieving
+this, the flag which represents all this history is dyed in traditions
+of exploits, by land and sea, that have given heroes to American annals
+whose names are potent to conjure with, while the world's list of
+thinkers in matter is crowded with the names of American inventors, and
+the higher rolls of literary merit are not empty of the title of our
+"representative men"; if all that the past has done for us, and the
+present reveals, could thus stand apparent in one picture, and then if
+the promise of the future to the children of our millions under our
+common law, and with continental peace, could be caught in one vast
+spectral exhibition--the wealth in store, the power, the privilege, the
+freedom, the learning, the expansive and varied and mighty unity in
+fellowship, almost fulfilling the poet's dream of "the parliament of
+man, the federation of the world"--you would exclaim with exultation,
+"I, too, am an American!" You would feel that patriotism, next to your
+tie to the Divine Love, is the greatest privilege of your life; and you
+would devote yourselves, out of inspiration and joy, to the obligations
+of patriotism, that this land, so spread, so adorned, so colonized, so
+blessed, should be kept forever against all the assaults of traitors,
+one in polity, in spirit, and in aim.
+
+
+SIFTED WHEAT.
+
+     HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. From his "Courtship of Miles Standish,"
+     IV.
+
+God hath sifted three kingdoms to find the wheat for this planting.
+
+
+CENTER OF CIVILIZATION.
+
+     From _North British Review_.
+
+It is too late to disparage America. Accustomed to look with wonder on
+the civilization of the past, upon the unblest glories of Greece and of
+Rome, upon mighty empires that have risen but to fall, the English mind
+has never fixed itself on the grand phenomenon of a great nation at
+school. Viewing America as a forward child that has deserted its home
+and abjured its parent, we have ever looked upon her with a callous
+heart and with an evil eye, judicially blind to her progress.
+
+But how she has gone on developing the resources of a region teeming
+with vegetable life. How she has intrenched herself amid noble
+institutions, with temples enshrined in religious toleration, with
+universities of private bequest and public organization, with national
+and unshackled schools, and with all the improvements which science,
+literature, and philanthropy demand from the citizen or from the state.
+
+Supplied from the Old World with its superabundant life, the Anglo-Saxon
+tide has been carrying its multiplied population to the West, rushing
+onward through impervious forests, leveling their lofty pines and
+converting the wilderness into abodes of populous plenty, intelligence,
+and taste. Nor is this living flood the destroying scourge which
+Providence sometimes lets loose upon our species. It breathes in accents
+which are our own; it is instinct with English life; and it bears on its
+snowy crest the auroral light of the East, to gild the darkness of the
+West with the purple radiance of salvation, of knowledge, and of peace.
+
+Her empire of coal, her kingdom of cotton and of corn, her regions of
+gold and of iron, mark out America as the center of civilization, as the
+emporium of the world's commerce, as the granary and storehouse out of
+which the kingdoms of the East will be clothed and fed; and, we greatly
+fear, as the asylum in which our children will take refuge when the
+hordes of Asia and the semi-barbarians of Eastern Europe shall again
+darken and desolate the West.
+
+Though dauntless in her mien, and colossal in her strength, she displays
+upon her banner the star of peace, shedding its radiance upon us. Let us
+reciprocate the celestial light, and, strong and peaceful ourselves, we
+shall have nothing to fear from her power, but everything to learn from
+her example.
+
+
+A YOUTHFUL LAND.
+
+     JAMES OTIS, a celebrated American orator and patriot. Born at West
+     Barnstable, Mass., February 5, 1725. Killed by lightning at
+     Andover, Mass., May, 1783.
+
+England may as well dam up the waters of the Nile with bulrushes as to
+fetter the step of Freedom, more proud and firm in this youthful land
+than where she treads the sequestered glens of Scotland or couches
+herself among the magnificent mountains of Switzerland. We plunged into
+the wave with the great charter of freedom in our teeth because the
+faggot and torch were behind us. We have waked this new world from its
+savage lethargy; forests have been prostrated in our path, towns and
+cities have grown up suddenly as the flowers of the tropics, and the
+fires in our autumnal woods are scarcely more rapid than the increase of
+our wealth and population.
+
+
+THE COLUMBIAN CHORUS.
+
+Prof. John Knowles Paine of Harvard University has completed the music
+of his Columbian march and chorus, to be performed on the occasion of
+the dedication of the Exposition buildings, October 21, 1892, to write
+which he was especially commissioned by the Exposition management. Prof.
+Paine has provided these original words for the choral ending of his
+composition:
+
+  All hail and welcome, nations of the earth!
+    Columbia's greeting comes from every State.
+  Proclaim to all mankind the world's new birth
+    Of freedom, age on age shall consecrate.
+  Let war and enmity forever cease,
+    Let glorious art and commerce banish wrong;
+  The universal brotherhood of peace
+    Shall be Columbia's high inspiring song.
+
+[Illustration: THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS. From the celebrated picture by
+John Vanderlyn, in the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington, D. C. (See
+page 310.)]
+
+
+SOVEREIGN OF THE ASCENDANT.
+
+     CHARLES PHILLIPS, an Irish barrister. Born at Sligo, about 1788. He
+     practiced with success in criminal cases in London, and gained a
+     wide reputation by his speeches, the style of which is rather
+     florid. He was for many years a commissioner of the insolvent
+     debtors' court in London. Died in 1859.
+
+Search creation round, where can you find a country that presents so
+sublime a view, so interesting an anticipation? Who shall say for what
+purpose mysterious Providence may not have designed her? Who shall say
+that when in its follies, or its crimes, the Old World may have buried
+all the pride of its power, and all the pomp of its civilization, human
+nature may not find its destined renovation in the New! When its temples
+and its trophies shall have moldered into dust; when the glories of its
+name shall be but the legend of tradition, and the light of its
+achievements live only in song, philosophy will revive again in the sky
+of her Franklin, and glory rekindle at the urn of her Washington.
+
+Is this the vision of romantic fancy? Is it even improbable? I appeal to
+History! Tell me, thou reverend chronicler of the grave, can all the
+illusions of ambition realized, can all the wealth of a universal
+commerce, can all the achievements of successful heroism, or all the
+establishments of this world's wisdom secure to empire the permanency of
+its possessions? Alas, Troy thought so once; yet the land of Priam lives
+only in song. Thebes thought so once; yet her hundred gates have
+crumbled, and her very tombs are but as the dust they were vainly
+intended to commemorate. So thought Palmyra; where is she? So thought
+the countries of Demosthenes and the Spartan; yet Leonidas is trampled
+by the timid slave, and Athens insulted by the servile, mindless, and
+enervate Ottoman. In his hurried march, Time has but looked at their
+imagined immortality, and all its vanities, from the palace to the tomb,
+have, with their ruins, erased the very impression of his footsteps.
+The days of their glory are as if they had never been; and the island
+that was then a speck, rude and neglected, in the barren ocean, now
+rivals the ubiquity of their commerce, the glory of their arms, the fame
+of their philosophy, the eloquence of their senate, and the inspiration
+of their bards. Who shall say, then, contemplating the past, that
+England, proud and potent as she appears, may not one day be what Athens
+is, and the young America yet soar to be what Athens was. Who shall say,
+when the European column shall have moldered, and the night of barbarism
+obscured its very ruins, that that mighty continent may not emerge from
+the horizon, to rule, for its time, sovereign of the ascendant.
+
+
+LAND OF LIBERTY.
+
+     WENDELL PHILLIPS, "the silver-tongued orator of America," and
+     anti-slavery reformer. Born in Boston, Mass., November 29, 1811;
+     died, February 2, 1884.
+
+The Carpathian Mountains may shelter tyrants. The slopes of Germany may
+bear up a race more familiar with the Greek text than the Greek phalanx.
+For aught I know, the wave of Russian rule may sweep so far westward as
+to fill once more with miniature despots the robber castles of the
+Rhine. But of this I am sure: God piled the Rocky Mountains as the
+ramparts of freedom. He scooped the Valley of the Mississippi as the
+cradle of free States. He poured Niagara as the anthem of free men.
+
+
+THE SHIP COLUMBIA.
+
+     EDWARD G. PORTER. In an article entitled "The Ship Columbia and the
+     Discovery of Oregon," in the _New England Magazine_, June, 1892.
+
+Few ships, if any, in our merchant marine, since the organization of
+the republic, have acquired such distinction as the Columbia.
+
+By two noteworthy achievements, 100 years ago, she attracted the
+attention of the commercial world and rendered a service to the United
+States unparalleled in our history. _She was the first American vessel
+to carry the stars and stripes around the globe; and, by her discovery
+of "the great river of the West" to which her name was given, she
+furnished us with the title to our possession_ of that magnificent
+domain which to-day is represented by the flourishing young States of
+Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.
+
+The famous ship was well-known and much talked about at the time, but
+her records have mostly disappeared, and there is very little knowledge
+at present concerning her.
+
+
+COLUMBIA'S EMBLEM.
+
+     EDNA DEAN PROCTOR. In September _Century_
+
+  The rose may bloom for England,
+    The lily for France unfold;
+  Ireland may honor the shamrock,
+    Scotland her thistle bold;
+  But the shield of the great Republic,
+    The glory of the West,
+  Shall bear a stalk of the tasseled corn--
+    Of all our wealth the best.
+  The arbutus and the golden-rod
+    The heart of the North may cheer;
+  And the mountain laurel for Maryland
+    Its royal clusters rear;
+  And jasmine and magnolia
+    The crest of the South adorn;
+  But the wide Republic's emblem
+    Is the bounteous, golden corn!
+
+
+EAST AND WEST.
+
+     THOMAS BUCHANAN READ, a distinguished American artist and poet.
+     Born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1822; died in New York, May
+     11, 1872. From his "Emigrant's Song."[60]
+
+Leave the tears to the maiden, the fears to the child, While the future
+stands beckoning afar in the wild; For there Freedom, more fair, walks
+the primeval land, Where the wild deer all court the caress of her hand.
+There the deep forests fall, and the old shadows fly, And the palace and
+temple leap into the sky. Oh, the East holds no place where the onward
+can rest, And alone there is room in the land of the West!
+
+
+THE PRIMITIVE PITCH.
+
+     The Rev. MYRON W. REED, a distinguished American clergyman of
+     Denver, Colo. From an address delivered in 1892.
+
+The best thing we can do for the world is to take care of America. Keep
+our country up to the primitive pitch. In front of my old home, in
+another city, is the largest elm in the county. It never talked, it
+never went about doing good. It stood there and made shade for an acre
+of children, and a shelter for all the birds that came. It stood there
+and preached strength in the air by wide-flung branches, and strength in
+the earth by as many and as long roots as limbs. It stood, one fearful
+night, the charge of a cyclone, and was serene in the March morning. It
+proclaimed what an elm could be. It set tree-planters to planting elms.
+So America preaches, man capable of self-government; preaches over the
+sea, a republic is safer than any kingdom. Men have outgrown kings. We
+shall remember Walt Whitman, if only for a line, "O America! we build
+for you because you build for the world."
+
+
+MORAL PROGRESS.
+
+     WILLIAM HENRY SEWARD, an eminent American statesman. Born at
+     Florida, Orange County, N. Y., May 16, 1801; died at Auburn, N. Y.,
+     October 10, 1872.
+
+A kind of reverence is paid by all nations to antiquity. There is no one
+that does not trace its lineage from the gods, or from those who were
+especially favored by the gods. Every people has had its age of gold, or
+Augustine age, or historic age--an age, alas! forever passed. These
+prejudices are not altogether unwholesome. Although they produce a
+conviction of declining virtue, which is unfavorable to generous
+emulation, yet a people at once ignorant and irreverential would
+necessarily become licentious. Nevertheless, such prejudices ought to be
+modified. It is untrue that in the period of a nation's rise from
+disorder to refinement it is not able to continually surpass itself. We
+see the _present_, plainly, distinctly, with all its coarse outlines,
+its rough inequalities, its dark blots, and its glaring deformities. We
+hear all its tumultuous sounds and jarring discords. We see and hear the
+_past_ through a distance which reduces all its inequalities to a plane,
+mellows all its shades into a pleasing hue, and subdues even its
+hoarsest voices into harmony. In our own case, the prejudice is less
+erroneous than in most others. The Revolutionary age was truly a heroic
+one. Its exigencies called forth the genius, and the talents, and the
+virtues of society, and they ripened amid the hardships of a long and
+severe trial. But there were selfishness and vice and factions then as
+now, although comparatively subdued and repressed. You have only to
+consult impartial history to learn that neither public faith, nor public
+loyalty, nor private virtue, culminated at that period in our own
+country; while a mere glance at the literature, or at the stage, or at
+the politics of any European country, in any previous age, reveals the
+fact that it was marked, more distinctly than the present, by
+licentious morals and mean ambition. It is only just to infer in favor
+of the United States an improvement of morals from their established
+progress in knowledge and power; otherwise, the philosophy of society is
+misunderstood, and we must change all our courses, and henceforth seek
+safety in imbecility, and virtue in superstition and ignorance.
+
+
+A PROPHETIC UTTERANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS.
+
+     SAMUEL SEWELL. Born at Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England, March,
+     1652. Died at Boston, Mass., January, 1730.
+
+Lift up your heads, O ye Gates of Columbia, and be ye lift up, ye
+Everlasting Doors, and the King of Glory shall come in.
+
+
+NATIONAL INFLUENCE.
+
+     JOSEPH STORY, a distinguished American jurist. Born in Marblehead,
+     Mass., September 18, 1779; died at Cambridge, Mass., September 10,
+     1845. By permission of Messrs. Little, Brown & Co., Publishers.
+
+When we reflect on what has been, and is, how is it possible not to feel
+a profound sense of the responsibilities of this Republic to all future
+ages? What vast motives press upon us for lofty efforts! What brilliant
+prospects invite our enthusiasm! What solemn warnings at once demand our
+vigilance and moderate our confidence! We stand, the latest, and, if we
+fail, probably the last, experiment of self-government by the people. We
+have begun it under circumstances of the most auspicious nature. We are
+in the vigor of youth. Our growth has never been checked by the
+oppressions of tyranny. Our constitutions have never been enfeebled by
+the vices or luxuries of the Old World. Such as we are, we have been
+from the beginning--simple, hardy, intelligent, accustomed to
+self-government and self-respect. The Atlantic rolls between us and any
+formidable foe. Within our own territory, stretching through many
+degrees of latitude and longitude, we have the choice of many products
+and many means of independence. The government is mild. The press is
+free. Religion is free. Knowledge reaches, or may reach, every home.
+What fairer prospect of success could be presented? What means more
+adequate to accomplish the sublime end? What more is necessary than for
+the people to preserve what they themselves have created? Already has
+the age caught the spirit of our institutions. It has already ascended
+the Andes, and snuffed the breezes of both oceans. It has infused itself
+into the life-blood of Europe, and warmed the sunny plains of France and
+the lowlands of Holland. It has touched the philosophy of Germany and
+the north, and, moving to the south, has opened to Greece the lessons of
+her better days.
+
+
+AN ELECT NATION.
+
+     WILLIAM STOUGHTON. From an election sermon at Boston, Mass., April
+     29, 1669.
+
+God sifted a whole nation that he might send choice grain over into this
+wilderness.
+
+
+THE NAME "AMERICA."
+
+     MOSES F. SWEETSER, an American _littérateur_. Born in
+     Massachusetts, 1848. From his "Hand-book of the United States."[61]
+
+The name America comes from _amalric_, or _emmerich_, an old German word
+spread through Europe by the Goths, and softened in Latin to Americus,
+and in Italian to Amerigo. It was first applied to Brazil. Americus
+Vespucius, the son of a wealthy Florentine notary, made several voyages
+to the New World, a few years later than Columbus, and gave spirited
+accounts of his discoveries. About the year 1507, Hylacomylus, of the
+college at St. Dié, in the Vosges Mountains, brought out a book on
+cosmography, in which he said, "Now, truly, as these regions are more
+widely explored, and another fourth part is discovered, by Americus
+Vespucius, I see no reason why it should not be justly called
+_Amerigen_; that is, the land of Americus, or America, from Americus,
+its discoverer, a man of a subtle intellect." Hylacomylus invented the
+name America, and, as there was no other title for the New World, this
+came gradually into general use. It does not appear that Vespucius was a
+party to this almost accidental transaction, which has made him a
+monument of a hemisphere.
+
+
+THE COLUMBINE AS THE EXPOSITION FLOWER.
+
+     T. T. SWINBURNE, the poet, has written to J. M. Samuels, chief of
+     the Department of Horticulture at the World's Columbian Exposition,
+     proposing the columbine as the Columbian Exposition and national
+     flower. He gives as reasons:
+
+It is most appropriate in name, color, and form. Its name is suggestive
+of Columbia, and our country is often called by that name. Its botanical
+name, _aquilegia_, is derived from _aquila_ (eagle), on account of the
+spur of the petals resembling the talons, and the blade, the beak, of
+the eagle, our national bird. Its colors are red, white, and blue, our
+national colors. The corolla is divided into five points resembling the
+star used to represent our States on our flag; its form also represents
+the Phrygian cap of liberty, and it is an exact copy of the horn of
+plenty, the symbol of the Columbian Exposition. The flowers cluster
+around a central stem, as our States around the central government.
+
+
+THE SONG OF '76.
+
+     BAYARD TAYLOR, the distinguished American traveler, writer, and
+     poet. Born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1835; died at
+     Berlin, December 19, 1878. From his "Song of '76." By permission of
+     Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers, Boston.
+
+  Waken, voice of the land's devotion!
+    Spirit of freedom, awaken all!
+  Ring, ye shores, to the song of ocean,
+    Rivers answer, and mountains call!
+        The golden day has come;
+        Let every tongue be dumb
+  That sounded its malice or murmured its fears;
+        She hath won her story;
+        She wears her glory;
+  We crown her the Land of a Hundred Years!
+
+  Out of darkness and toil and danger
+    Into the light of victory's day,
+  Help to the weak, and home to the stranger,
+    Freedom to all, she hath held her way!
+        Now Europe's orphans rest
+        Upon her mother-breast.
+  The voices of nations are heard in the cheers
+        That shall cast upon her
+        New love and honor,
+  And crown her the Queen of a Hundred Years!
+
+  North and South, we are met as brothers;
+    East and West, we are wedded as one;
+  Right of each shall secure our mother's;
+    Child of each is her faithful son.
+        We give thee heart and hand,
+        Our glorious native land,
+  For battle has tried thee, and time endears.
+        We will write thy story,
+        And keep thy glory
+  As pure as of old for a Thousand Years!
+
+
+MAN SUPERIOR.
+
+     HENRY DAVID THOREAU, American author and naturalist. Born in
+     Concord, Mass., 1817; died in 1862. From his "Excursions" (1863).
+     By permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers,
+     Boston.
+
+If the moon looks larger here than in Europe, probably the sun looks
+larger also. If the heavens of America appear infinitely higher and the
+stars brighter, I trust that these facts are symbolical of the height to
+which the philosophy and poetry and religion of her inhabitants may one
+day soar. At length, perchance, the immaterial heaven will appear as
+much higher to the American mind, and the intimations that star it, as
+much brighter. For I believe that climate does thus react on man, as
+there is something in the mountain air that feeds the spirit and
+inspires. Will not man grow to greater perfection intellectually as well
+as physically under these influences? Or is it unimportant how many
+foggy days there are in his life? I trust that we shall be more
+imaginative, that our thoughts will be clearer, fresher, and more
+ethereal, as our sky; our understanding more comprehensive and broader,
+like our plains; our intellect generally on a grander scale, like our
+thunder and lightning, our rivers, and mountains, and forests, and our
+hearts shall even correspond in breadth and depth and grandeur to our
+inland seas. Else to what end does the world go on, and why was America
+discovered?
+
+
+AMERICAN SCENERY.
+
+     WILLIAM TUDOR, an American _littérateur_. Born at Boston in 1779;
+     died, 1830.
+
+Our numerous waterfalls and the enchanting beauty of our lakes afford
+many objects of the most picturesque character; while the inland seas,
+from Superior to Ontario, and that astounding cataract, whose roar would
+hardly be increased by the united murmurs of all the cascades of Europe,
+are calculated to inspire vast and sublime conceptions. The effects,
+too, of our climate, composed of a Siberian winter and an Italian
+summer, furnish new and peculiar objects for description. The
+circumstances of remote regions are here blended, and strikingly
+opposite appearances witnessed, in the same spot, at different seasons
+of the year. In our winters, we have the sun at the same altitude as in
+Italy, shining on an unlimited surface of snow, which can only be found
+in the higher latitudes of Europe, where the sun, in the winter, rises
+little above the horizon. The dazzling brilliancy of a winter's day and
+a moonlight night, in an atmosphere astonishingly clear and frosty, when
+the utmost splendor of the sky is reflected from a surface of spotless
+white, attended with the most excessive cold, is peculiar to the
+northern part of the United States. What, too, can surpass the celestial
+purity and transparency of the atmosphere in a fine autumnal day, when
+our vision and our thought seem carried to the third heaven; the
+gorgeous magnificence of the close, when the sun sinks from our view,
+surrounded with various masses of clouds, fringed with gold and purple,
+and reflecting, in evanescent tints, all the hues of the rainbow.
+
+
+LIBERTY HAS A CONTINENT OF HER OWN.
+
+     HORACE WALPOLE, fourth Earl of Oxford, a famous English literary
+     gossip, amateur, and wit. Born in London, October, 1717; died,
+     March, 1797.
+
+Liberty has still a continent to exist in.
+
+
+LOVE OF AMERICA.
+
+     DANIEL WEBSTER, the celebrated American statesman, jurist, and
+     orator. Born at Salisbury, N. H., January 18, 1782; died at
+     Marshfield, Mass., October 24, 1852.
+
+I profess to feel a strong attachment to the liberty of the United
+States; to the constitution and free institutions of the United States;
+to the honor, and I may say the glory, of this great Government and
+great country.
+
+I feel every injury inflicted upon this country almost as a personal
+injury. I blush for every fault which I think I see committed in its
+public councils as if they were faults or mistakes of my own.
+
+I know that, at this moment, there is no object upon earth so attracting
+the gaze of the intelligent and civilized nations of the earth as this
+great Republic. All men look at us, all men examine our course, all good
+men are anxious for a favorable result to this great experiment of
+republican liberty. We are on a hill and can not be hid. We can not
+withdraw ourselves either from the commendation or the reproaches of the
+civilized world. They see us as that star of empire which, half a
+century ago, was predicted as making its way westward. I wish they may
+see it as a mild, placid, though brilliant orb, making its way athwart
+the whole heavens, to the enlightening and cheering of mankind; and not
+a meteor of fire and blood, terrifying the nations.
+
+
+GENIUS OF THE WEST.
+
+     JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER, the distinguished American poet. Born at
+     Haverhill, Mass, December 17, 1807. From his poem, "On receiving an
+     eagle's quill from Lake Superior." By permission of Messrs.
+     Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers, Boston.
+
+  I hear the tread of pioneers,
+    Of nations yet to be;
+  The first low wash of waves, where soon
+    Shall roll a human sea.
+
+  The rudiments of empire here
+    Are plastic yet and warm;
+  The chaos of a mighty world
+    Is rounding into form.
+
+  Each rude and jostling fragment soon
+    Its fitting place shall find--
+  The raw material of a state,
+    Its muscle and its mind.
+
+  And, westering still, the star which leads
+    The New World in its train
+  Has tipped with fire the icy spears
+    Of many a mountain chain.
+
+  The snowy cones of Oregon
+    Are kindling on its way;
+  And California's golden sands
+    Gleam brighter in its ray.
+
+
+GOD SAVE AMERICA.
+
+     ROBERT C. WINTHROP, an American statesman and orator. Born in
+     Boston, Mass., May 12, 1809. From his "Centennial Oration,"
+     delivered in Boston, 1876.
+
+Instruments and wheels of the invisible governor of the universe! This
+is indeed all which the greatest men ever have been, or ever can be. No
+flatteries of courtiers, no adulations of the multitude, no audacity of
+self-reliance, no intoxications of success, no evolutions or
+developments of science, can make more or other of them. This is "the
+sea-mark of their utmost sail," the goal of their farthest run, the very
+round and top of their highest soaring. Oh, if there could be to-day a
+deeper and more pervading impression of this great truth throughout our
+land, and a more prevailing conformity of our thoughts and words and
+acts to the lessons which it involves; if we could lift ourselves to a
+loftier sense of our relations to the invisible; if, in surveying our
+past history, we could catch larger and more exalted views of our
+destinies and our responsibilities; if we could realize that the want of
+good men may be a heavier woe to a land than any want of what the world
+calls great men, our centennial year would not only be signalized by
+splendid ceremonials, and magnificent commemorations, and gorgeous
+expositions, but it would go far toward fulfilling something of the
+grandeur of that "acceptable year," which was announced by higher than
+human lips, and would be the auspicious promise and pledge of a glorious
+second century of independence and freedom for our country. For, if that
+second century of self-government is to go on safely to its close, or is
+to go on safely and prosperously at all, there must be some renewal of
+that old spirit of subordination and obedience to divine, as well as
+human, laws, which has been our security in the past. There must be
+faith in something higher and better than ourselves. There must be a
+reverent acknowledgment of an unseen, but all-seeing, all-controlling
+Ruler of the Universe. His word, His house, His day, His worship, must
+be sacred to our children, as they have been to their fathers; and His
+blessing must never fail to be invoked upon our land and upon our
+liberties. The patriot voice, which cried from the balcony of yonder old
+State House, when the declaration had been originally proclaimed,
+"stability and perpetuity to American independence," did not fail to
+add, "God save our American States." I would prolong that ancestral
+prayer. And the last phrase to pass my lips at this hour, and to take
+its chance for remembrance or oblivion in years to come, as the
+conclusion of this centennial oration, and as the sum and summing up of
+all I can say to the present or the future, shall be: There is, there
+can be, no independence of God; in Him, as a nation, no less than in
+Him, as individuals, "we live, and move, and have our being!" GOD SAVE
+OUR AMERICAN STATES!
+
+
+A VOICE OF WARNING.
+
+     From "Things that Threaten the Destruction of American
+     Institutions," a sermon by T. DE WITT TALMAGE, delivered in
+     Brooklyn Tabernacle, October 12, 1884.
+
+What! can a nation die? Yes; there has been great mortality among
+monarchies and republics. Like individuals, they are born, have a middle
+life and a decease, a cradle and a grave. Sometimes they are
+assassinated and sometimes they suicide. Call the roll, and let some one
+answer for them. Egyptian civilization, stand up! Dead, answer the ruins
+of Karnak and Luxor. Dead, respond in chorus the seventy pyramids on the
+east side the Nile. Assyrian Empire, stand up! Dead, answer the charred
+ruins of Nineveh. After 600 years of opportunity, dead. Israelitish
+Kingdom, stand up! After 250 years of miraculous vicissitude, and Divine
+intervention, and heroic achievement, and appalling depravity, dead.
+Phoenicia, stand up! After inventing the alphabet and giving it to the
+world, and sending out her merchant caravans to Central Asia in one
+direction, and her navigators into the Atlantic Ocean in another
+direction, and 500 years of prosperity, dead. Dead, answer the "Pillars
+of Hercules" and the rocks on which the Tyrian fishermen spread their
+nets. Athens--after Phidias, after Demosthenes, after Miltiades, after
+Marathon--dead. Sparta--after Leonidas, after Eurybiades, after Salamis,
+after Thermopylæ--dead.
+
+Roman Empire, stand up and answer to the roll-call! Once bounded on the
+north by the British Channel and on the south by the Sahara Desert of
+Africa, on the east by the Euphrates and on the west by the Atlantic
+Ocean. Home of three civilizations. Owning all the then discovered world
+that was worth owning. Gibbon, in his "Rise and Fall of the Roman
+Empire," answers, "Dead." And the vacated seats of the ruined Coliseum,
+and the skeletons of the aqueduct, and the miasma of the Campagna, and
+the fragments of the marble baths, and the useless piers of the bridge
+Triumphalis, and the silenced forum, and the Mamertine dungeon, holding
+no more apostolic prisoners; and the arch of Titus, and Basilica of
+Constantine, and the Pantheon, lift up a nightly chorus of "Dead! dead!"
+Dead, after Horace, and Virgil, and Tacitus, and Livy, and Cicero; after
+Horatius of the bridge, and Cincinnatus, the farmer oligarch; after
+Scipio, and Cassius, and Constantine, and Cæsar. Her war-eagle, blinded
+by flying too near the sun, came reeling down through the heavens, and
+the owl of desolation and darkness made its nest in the forsaken ærie.
+Mexican Empire, dead! French Empire, dead! You see it is no unusual
+thing for a government to perish. And in the same necrology of nations,
+and in the same cemetery of expired governments, will go the United
+States of America unless some potent voice shall call a halt, and
+through Divine interposition, by a purified ballot-box and an
+all-pervading moral Christian sentiment, the present evil tendency be
+stopped.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS, ST LOUIS, MO. First Bronze Statue to
+Columbus in America (See page 279.)]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 60: Copyright, by permission of Messrs. Lippincott.]
+
+[Footnote 61: By permission of The Matthews-Northrup Co., Publishers.]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+COLUMBUS.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Adams, John, 61
+
+  Alden, William Livingston, 61
+
+  Anderson, John J., 64
+
+  Anonymous, 61-64
+
+  Anthony, The Hon. Elliott, 64
+
+  Augustine, Saint, 68
+
+
+  B
+
+  Baillie, Joanna, 69
+
+  Ballou, Maturin Murray, 72
+
+  Baltimore _American_, The, 73
+
+  Bancroft, George, 79
+
+  Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 80
+
+  Baring-Gould, The Rev. Sabine, 84
+
+  Barlow, Joel, 86
+
+  Barry, J. J., M. D., 88
+
+  Benzoni, Geronimo, 89
+
+  Berkeley, The Right Rev. George, 90
+
+  Blaine, The Hon. J. G., 90
+
+  Bonnafoux, Baron, 90
+
+  Boston _Journal_, The, 91
+
+  Brobst, Flavius J., 93
+
+  Bryant, William C., 93
+
+  Buel, J. W., 94
+
+  Burroughs, John, 94
+
+  Burton, Richard E., 95
+
+  Butterworth, Hezekiah, 95
+
+  Byron, George Gordon Noel, Lord, 97
+
+
+  C
+
+  Cabot, Sebastian, 97
+
+  Capitulations of Santa Fé, 98
+
+  Carlyle, Thomas, 99
+
+  Carman, Bliss, 100
+
+  Carpio, Lope de Vega, 100
+
+  Castelar, Emilio, 292
+
+  Chapin, E. H., 101
+
+  Chicago _Inter Ocean_ 193
+
+  Chicago _Tribune_, The, 92-101
+
+  Cladera, 63
+
+  Clarke, Hyde, 106
+
+  Clarke, James Freeman, 106
+
+  Clemencin, Diego, 107
+
+  Coleman, James David, 107
+
+  Collyer, Robert, 108
+
+  Columbus of Literature, 109
+
+  Columbus of the Heavens, 110
+
+  Columbus of Modern Times, 110
+
+  Columbus of the Skies, 110
+
+  Columbus, Hernando, 110
+
+  Columbus, The Mantle of, 113
+
+  Cornwallis, Kinahan, 111
+
+  Curtis, William Eleroy, 113
+
+
+  D
+
+  Dati, Giulio, 115
+
+  Delavigne, Jean Franįois Casimir, 115
+
+  De Costa, Rev. Dr. B. F., 116
+
+  Depew, Chauncey M., 117
+
+  De Vere, Aubrey Thomas, 117
+
+  Draper, John William, 120
+
+  Durier, Right Rev. Anthony, 120
+
+  Dutto, L. A., 124
+
+
+  E
+
+  Eden, Charles Henry, 125
+
+  Edrisi, Xerif Al, 127
+
+  Egan, Prof. Maurice Francis, 127
+
+  Elliott, Samuel R, 128
+
+  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 128
+
+  Everett, Edward, 129
+
+
+  F
+
+  Farrar, The Venerable Frederick William, D. D., 131
+
+  Fiske, John, 132
+
+  Fothergill, John Milner, M. D. 134
+
+  Foster, John, 135
+
+  Freeman, Edward Augustus, 135
+
+  Friday, 136
+
+
+  G
+
+  Gaffarel, Paul, 138
+
+  Galiani, The Abbé Fernando, 139
+
+  Geikie, The Rev. Cunningham, D. D., 139
+
+  Gibbons, The Right Rev. James, D. D., 145
+
+  Gibson, William, 145
+
+  Glasgow _Times_, 146
+
+  Goodrich, F. B., 149
+
+  Guizot, Franįois Pierre Guillaume, 149
+
+  Gunsaulus, Rev. F. W., D. D., 150
+
+  Guyot, Arnold Henry, Ph. D., LL. D., 151
+
+
+  H
+
+  Hale, Edward Everett, D. D., 151
+
+  Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 153
+
+  Halstead, Murat, 153
+
+  Harding, Edward J., 155
+
+  Hardouin, Jean, 159
+
+  Harrison, Benjamin, 159
+
+  Harrisse, Henry, 160
+
+  Hartley, David, 162
+
+  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 163
+
+  Heine, Heinrich, 162
+
+  Helps, Sir Arthur, 164
+
+  Herbert, George, 164
+
+  Herrera, Antonio y Tordesillas, 165
+
+  Herrera, Fernando, 165
+
+  Hodgin, C. W., 165
+
+  Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von, 166
+
+  Hurst, The Right Rev. John Fletcher. D. D., LL. D., 167
+
+
+  I
+
+  Irving, Washington, 168
+
+  Italian, 182
+
+
+  J
+
+  Janssens, Archbishop, 203
+
+  Jefferson, Samuel, 182
+
+  Johnston, Annie Fellows, 183
+
+
+  K
+
+  Kennedy, John S., 184
+
+  King, Moses, 184
+
+  Knight, Arthur G., 185
+
+
+  L
+
+  Lactantius, Lucius, 185
+
+  Lamartine, Alphonse, 187
+
+  Lanier, Sidney, 189
+
+  Lawrence, Eugene, 192
+
+  Leo XIII., Pope, 193, 194
+
+  Lofft, Capel, 201
+
+  Lord, Rev. John, 202
+
+  Lorgues, Rossely de, 203
+
+  Lowell, James Russell, 64, 204
+
+  Lytton, Lord, 291
+
+
+  M
+
+  Macaulay, Thomas Babbington, 206
+
+  Mackie, C. P., 207
+
+  Magnusen, Finn, 208
+
+  Major, R. H., 209
+
+  Malte-Brun, Conrad, 210
+
+  Margesson, Helen P., 210
+
+  Markham, Clements Robert, 211
+
+  Martyr, Peter, 231
+
+  Mason, William, 232
+
+  Matthews, J. N., 232
+
+  Medina-Celi, The Duke of, 233
+
+  Miller, Joaquin, 235
+
+  Montgomery, D. H., 237
+
+  Morgan, Gen. Thomas J., 237
+
+  Morris, Charles, 238
+
+
+  N
+
+  Nason, Emma Huntingdon, 238
+
+  New Orleans _Morning Star_, 240
+
+  New York _Herald_, 251
+
+  New York _Tribune_, 253
+
+  Nugent, Father, 254
+
+
+  P
+
+  Palos, The Alcalde of, 255
+
+  Pan-American Tribute, 255
+
+  Parker, Theodore, 256
+
+  Parker, Capt. W. H., 256
+
+  Perry, Horatio J., 257
+
+  Peschel, O. F., 260
+
+  Petrarch, F., 266
+
+  Phillips, Barnet, 261
+
+  Pollok, R., 261
+
+  Poole, W. F., LL. D., 261
+
+  Prescott, W. H., 265
+
+  Pulci, Luigi, 267
+
+
+  Q
+
+  Quackenbos, G. P., 268
+
+
+  R
+
+  Read, Thomas Buchanan
+
+  Reed, Myron, 268
+
+  Roll of the Crew, 269
+
+  Redpath, John Clark, LL. D., 270
+
+  Riaņo, Juan F., 271
+
+  Robertson, William, 272
+
+  Rogers, Samuel, 63, 275
+
+  Russell, William, 277
+
+
+  S
+
+  Santarem, Manoel Francisco de Barros y Souza, Viscount, 279
+
+  _Saturday Review_, 284
+
+  Saunders, R. N., 287
+
+  Savage, Minot J., 288
+
+  Seneca, 289
+
+  Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich, 292
+
+  Shipley, Mrs. John B, 292
+
+  Sigourney (Lydia Huntley), Mrs. 293
+
+  Smiles, Samuel, 294
+
+  Smithey, Royall Bascom, 295
+
+  Sumner, Charles, 297
+
+  Swing, Prof. David, 298
+
+
+  T
+
+  Tasso, Torquato, 300
+
+  Taylor, Bayard, 300
+
+  Taylor, Rev. George L., 300
+
+  Tennyson, Lord Alfred, 301
+
+  Tercentenary, 302
+
+  Thompson, Maurice, 304
+
+  Thoreau, Henry D., 304
+
+  Toscanelli, Paolo, 305
+
+  Townsend, G. A., 305
+
+  Townsend, L. T., D. D., 308
+
+  Trivigiano, Angelo, 309
+
+
+  V
+
+  Van der Weyde, Dr. P. H., 309
+
+  Ventura, Padre Gioacchino, 310
+
+
+  W
+
+  Waddington, The Venerable George, Dean of Durham, 310
+
+  Watts, Theodore, 312
+
+  Whipple, Edwin Percy, 315
+
+  White, Daniel Appleton, 315
+
+  Wiffen, Jeremiah Holmes, 316
+
+  Willard, Emma Hart, 317
+
+  Winchester, The Rev. Elhanan, 317
+
+  Winsor, Justin, 321
+
+  Woodberry, George E., 321
+
+  Worcester, Joseph Emerson, 321
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+COLUMBIA.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Adams, John, 327
+
+  Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, 327
+
+  Audubon, J. J., 327
+
+  Anonymous, 329
+
+  Arnold, Sir Edwin, 329
+
+
+  B
+
+  Beecher, Henry Ward, 330
+
+  Beman, Nathaniel S. S., 331
+
+  Best, St. George, 333
+
+  Brackenridge, Henry Hugh, 333
+
+  Bright, The Right Hon. John, M. P., 334
+
+  Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 334
+
+  Bryant, William Cullen, 335
+
+  Bryce, James, M. P., 536
+
+  Burke, Edmund, 337
+
+
+  C
+
+  Castelar, Emilio, 339
+
+  Channing, William Ellery, 339
+
+  Chicago _Inter Ocean_, 341
+
+  Choate, Rufus, 341
+
+  U. S. S. Columbia, 344
+
+  Cook, Eliza, 347
+
+  Cornwallis, Kinahan, 347
+
+  Cullom, The Hon. Shelby M., 348
+
+  Curtis, George William, 349
+
+
+  D
+
+  Dana, Olive E., 350
+
+  Dwight, Timothy, 351
+
+
+  E
+
+  Eddy, T. M., 351
+
+  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 353
+
+  Everett, Alexander Hill, 353
+
+
+  G
+
+  Gannett, Ezra Stiles, 354
+
+  Garfield, James A., 356
+
+  Gladstone, The Right Hon. William Ewart, 356
+
+  Grady, Henry W., 357
+
+
+  H
+
+  Harrison, Benjamin, 359
+
+  Head, Sir Francis Bond, 360
+
+  Henry, Patrick, 360
+
+  Hillard, George Stillman, 362
+
+  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 363
+
+
+  K
+
+  King, The Rev. Thomas Starr, 364
+
+
+  L
+
+  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 366
+
+
+  N
+
+  _North British Review_, 366
+
+
+  O
+
+  Otis, James, 368
+
+
+  P
+
+  Paine, Prof. J. K., 368
+
+  Phillips, Charles, 369
+
+  Phillips, Wendell, 370
+
+  Porter, Edward G., 370
+
+  Proctor, Edna Dean, 371
+
+
+  R
+
+  Read, Thos. Buchanan, 372
+
+  Reed, The Rev. Myron W., 372
+
+
+  S
+
+  Seward, William Henry, 373
+
+  Sewell, Samuel, 374
+
+  Storey, Joseph, 374
+
+  Stoughton, William, 375
+
+  Sweetser, Moses F., 375
+
+  Swinburne, T. T., 376
+
+
+  T
+
+  Talmage, The Rev. T. Dewitt, 383
+
+  Taylor, Bayard, 377
+
+  Thoreau, Henry David, 378
+
+  Tudor, William, 378
+
+
+  W
+
+  Walpole, Horace, 379
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 380
+
+  Whittier, John Greenleaf, 380
+
+  Winthrop, Robert C., 381
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF HEAD LINES.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Admiral of Mosquito Land, 237
+
+  Admiration of a Careful Critic, 160
+
+  All within the Ken of Columbus, 106
+
+  America--Opportunity, 353
+    The Continent of the Future, 339
+    The Old World, 327
+    Flag, 330
+    Futurity, 327
+    Idea, 348
+    National Haste, 336
+    Nationality, 341
+    Scenery, 378
+    Unprecedented Growth, 337
+    Welcome, 360
+
+  Ancient Anchors, 61
+
+  An Appropriate Hour, 135
+
+  Arma Virumque Cano, 168
+
+  At Palos, 284
+
+  Atlantic and Pacific, 356
+
+  Attendant Fame Shall Bless, 310
+
+
+  B
+
+  Barcelona Statue, 81
+
+  Bartolomeo Columbus, 124
+
+  Beauties of the Bahama Sea, 95
+
+  Belief of Columbus, 164
+
+  Bible, 308
+
+  Boston Statue, 93, 280
+
+  Bright's Beatific Vision, 334
+
+  Brilliants from Depew, 117
+
+  Bronze Door at Washington, 272
+
+  Brothers across the Sea, 334
+
+  By Faith Columbus found America, 108
+
+  By the Grace of God He Was What He Was, 203
+
+
+  C
+
+  Cabot's Contemporaneous Utterance, 97
+
+  Capitulations of Santa Fé, 98
+
+  Captain and Seamen, 95
+
+  Care of the New World, 162
+
+  Cause of the Discovery, 184
+
+  Celebration at Hamburg, 154
+
+  Center of Civilization, 356
+
+  Children of the Sun, 272
+
+  Christopher, the Christ-Bearer, 268
+
+  Circular Letter, Archbishop of New Orleans, 241
+
+  Claim of the Norsemen, 266
+
+  Columba Christum-Ferens--What's in a Name, 240
+
+  Columbian Chorus, 368
+
+  Columbia, Columbus' Monument, 347
+
+  Columbia's Emblem, 371
+
+  Columbian Festival Allegory, 250
+
+  Columbia--A Prophecy, 333
+
+  Columbia, Queen of the World, 351
+
+  Columbia's Unguarded Gates, 327
+
+  Columbine as the Exposition Flower, 376
+
+  Columbus, 73, 312
+    Aim not Merely Secular, 163
+    Bank note, 80
+    Bell, 89
+    Boldest Navigator, 256
+    Certain Convictions of, 90
+    Chains--His Crown, 87
+    Character of, 265
+    The Civilizer, 187
+    Collection, 112
+    The Conqueror, 69
+    And the Convent of La Rábida, 62
+    And Copernicus, 210
+    Dared the Main, 63
+    Day, 159, 268-269
+    And the Egg, 309
+    The First Discoverer, 166
+    And the Fourth Centenary of His Discovery, 211
+    The Fulfiller of Prophecy, 79
+    A Giant, 167
+    Glory of Catholicism, 194
+    Haven, 112
+    Heard of Norse Discoveries, 210
+    Of the Heavens, 110
+    Of the Heavens--Scorned, 130
+    A Heretic and a Visionary to His Contemporaries, 106
+    An Ideal Commander, 86
+    And the Indians, 237
+    King of Discoverers, 205
+    Of Literature, 109
+    The Mariner, 80
+    A Martyr, 294
+    Of Modern Times, 91, 110
+    Neither a Visionary nor an Imbecile, 207
+    No Chance Comer, 90
+    Lord North's _Bęte Noir_, 315
+    Pathfinder of the Shadowy Sea, 88
+    Patron Saint of Real-Estate Dealers, 257
+    Statue in Chicago, 118
+    Statue, The City of Colon, 108
+    Statue in Madrid, 208
+    Statue, City of Mexico, 234
+    Statue, New York, 243
+    A Contemporary Italian Tribute, 115
+    Critical Days, 134
+    Cuba's Caves, 113
+    A Voluminous Writer, 261
+    At Salamanca, 170, 293
+    The Sea-King, 99
+    Of the Skies, 110
+    Stamps, 263
+    Supreme Suspense of, 304
+    A Theoretical Circumnavigator, 270
+
+  Crew of Columbus, 269
+
+
+  D
+
+  Dark Ages before Columbus, 68
+
+  Darkness before Discovery, 297
+
+  Death was Columbus' Friend, 260
+
+  De Mortuis, nil nisi Bonum, 321
+
+  Dense Ignorance of Those Days, 288
+
+  Design for Souvenir Coins, 296
+
+  Difficulties by the Way, 295
+
+  Discoveries of Columbus and Americus, 101
+
+  A Discovery Greater than the Labors of Hercules, 231
+
+  Doubts of Columbus, 298
+
+  Dream, 120
+
+
+  E
+
+  Each the Columbus of his own Soul, 63
+
+  Eager to Share the Reward, 233
+
+  Earnestness of Columbus, 62
+
+  Earth's Rotundity, 254
+
+  East and West, 372
+
+  East longed for the West, 152
+
+  Effect of the Discovery, 165
+
+  Elect Nation, 375
+
+  Error of Columbus, 299
+
+  Example of Columbus, 69
+
+  Excitement at the News of the Discovery, 132
+
+
+  F
+
+  Fame, 131
+
+  Fate of Discoverers, 322
+
+  Felipa, Wife of Columbus, 183
+
+  Final Stage, 333
+
+  First American Monument to Columbus, 347
+    Catholic Knight, 107
+    Glimpse of Land, 125
+    To Greet Columbus, 238
+
+  Fleet of Columbus, 112
+
+  Flight of Parrots was his Guiding Star, 167
+
+  Friday, 136
+
+  From the Italian, 182
+
+
+  G
+
+  Genoa, 153, 277
+
+  Genoa Inscription, The, 140
+
+  Genoa Statue, The, 140, 280
+
+  Genoa--whence Grand Columbus Came, 117
+
+  Genius Travels East to West, 139
+
+  Genius of the West, 380
+
+  Genius Traveled Westward, 232
+
+  Geography of the Ancients, 64
+
+  Germany and Columbus, 144
+
+  Germany's Exhibit of Rarities, 144
+
+  Gift of Spain, 256
+
+  Glory to God, 300
+
+  God Save America, 381
+
+  Grand Prophetic Vision, 317
+
+  Grand Scope of the Celebration, 341
+
+  Grandeur of Destiny, 335
+
+  Gratitude and Pride, 359
+
+  Great West, 304
+
+  Greatest Achievement, 321
+
+  Greatest Continuous Empire, 356
+
+  Greatest Event, 298
+
+  Greatness of Columbus, 61
+
+
+  H
+
+  Hands across the Sea, 255
+
+  Hardy Mariners Have become Great Heroes, 315
+
+  Herschel, the Columbus of the Skies, 101
+
+  Hidden World, 350
+
+  His Life Was a Path of Thorns, 261
+
+  Honor the Hardy Norsemen, 116
+
+  Honor to Whom Honor is Due, 279
+
+
+  I
+
+  Ideas of the Ancients, 185
+
+  Important Find of MMS, 271
+
+  Impregnable Will of Columbus, 204
+
+  Incident of the Voyage, 165
+
+  Increasing Interest in Columbus, 184
+
+  Indomitable Courage of Columbus, 93
+
+  In Honor of Columbus, 203
+
+  Intense Uncertainty, 238
+
+  Italian Statue (Baltimore), 78
+
+
+  J
+
+  Jesuit Geographer, 159
+
+
+  K
+
+  Knowledge of Icelandic Voyages, 300
+
+
+  L
+
+  Lake Front Park Statue of Columbus, 185
+
+  Land of Liberty, 370
+
+  Last Days of the Voyage, 269
+
+  Launched out into the Deep, 277
+
+  Legend of Columbus, 69
+
+  Legend of a Western Island, 85
+
+  Legend of a Western Land, 84
+
+  Liberty Has a Continent of her Own, 379
+
+  Life for Liberty, 153
+
+  Like Homer, a Beggar in the Gate, 106
+
+  Love of America, 380
+
+  Love of Country, 343
+
+
+  M
+
+  Magnanimity, 185
+
+  Man of the Church, 310
+
+  Man's Ingratitude, 86
+
+  Man Superior, 378
+
+  Majesty of Grand Recollections, 167
+
+  Mecca of the Nation, 184
+
+  Memorial Arch, New York, 247
+
+  Memorial to Columbus at Old Isabella, 171
+
+  Mission and Reward, 232
+
+  Moral Progress, 373
+
+  Morning Triumphant, 150
+
+  Mutiny at Sea, 115, 257
+
+  Mystery of the Shadowy Sea, 127
+
+
+  N
+
+  Name America, 375
+
+  National Heritage, 364
+
+  National Influence, 374
+
+  National Self-respect, 331
+
+  Nature Superior, 360
+
+  Navigator and the Islands, 72
+
+  New Life, 151
+
+  New Light on Christopher Columbus, 146
+
+  New York Statue, 281
+
+  Noah and Columbus, 317
+
+  Nobility of Columbus in Adversity, 86
+
+  Noble Conceptions, 339
+
+  Norsemen's Claim to Priority, 292
+
+
+  O
+
+  Observation like Columbus, 139
+
+  On a Portrait of Columbus, 321
+
+  Once the Pillars of Hercules Were the End of the World, 145
+
+  One Vast Western Continent, 329
+
+  On Freedom's Generous Soil, 363
+
+  Only the Actions of the Just, 86
+
+  Onward! Press On!, 291
+
+  Our Great Trust, 362
+
+  Out-bound, 100
+
+
+  P
+
+  Palos, 127
+
+  Palos to Barcelona--His Triumph, 261
+
+  Palos--the Departure, 70
+
+  Palos Statue, 281
+
+  Pan-American Tribute, 255
+
+  Passion for Gold, 192
+
+  Patience of Columbus, 205
+
+  Patriotism Defined, 351
+
+  Penetration and Extreme Accuracy of Columbus, The, 166
+
+  Pen Picture from the South, A, 121
+
+  Period, The, 149
+
+  Personal Appearance of Columbus, The, 89, 110, 165
+
+  Petrarch's Tribute, 260
+
+  Philadelphia Statue, 281
+
+  Pleading with Kings for a New World, 268
+
+  Pope Reviews the Life of the Discoverer, The, 194
+
+  Portraits of Columbus, The, 113
+
+  Practical and Poetical, 169
+
+  Previous Discovery, 138
+
+  Primitive Pitch, 372
+
+  Prophetic Utterance of Colonial Days, 374
+    Visions Urged Columbus On, 87
+
+  Protest against Ignorance, A, 253
+
+  Psalm of the West, 189
+
+  Pulci's Prophecy, 267
+
+
+  Q
+
+
+  Queen Isabella's Death, 87
+
+
+  R
+
+  Range of Enterprise, 135
+
+  Reason for Sailors' Superstitions, The, 145
+
+  Reasoning of Columbus, The, 128
+
+  Religion, 176
+
+  Religion Turns to Freedom's Land, 164
+
+  Religious Object of Columbus, 88
+
+  Reminiscence of Columbus, A, 287
+
+  Responsibility, 354
+
+  Reverence and Wonder, 61
+
+  Ridicule with which the Views of Columbus were Received, 64
+
+  Rising of the Western Star, 329
+
+  Route to the Spice Indies, 305
+
+
+  S
+
+  Sacramento Statuary, 277
+
+  Sagacity, 128
+
+  St. Louis Statue, The, 279
+
+  Salamanca Monument, 278
+
+  San Salvador or Watling's Island, 162
+
+  Santa Maria Caravel, 94, 282
+    Rábida, The Convent, 275
+
+  Santiago Bust, 279
+
+  Santo Domingoan Cannon, 282
+
+  Scarlet Thorn, 94
+
+  Searcher of the Ocean, 182
+
+  Secret, 149
+
+  Seeker and Seer, 155
+
+  Seneca's Prophecy, 289
+
+  Sequel of the Discovery, 353
+
+  Seville Tomb, 289
+
+  Ship Columbia, 370
+
+  Sifted Wheat, 356
+
+  Song of America, The, 111
+
+  Song of '76, 377
+
+  Southern America's Tribute, 280
+
+  Sovereign of the Ascendant, 369
+
+  Spanish Fountain, New York, 249
+
+  Speculation, 164
+
+  Standard of Modern Criticism, The, 114
+
+  Strange and Colossal Man, 251
+
+  Stranger than Fiction, 128
+
+  A Superior Soul, 63
+
+  Sympathy for Columbus, 209
+
+
+  T
+
+  Tales of the East, 252
+
+  Tasso's Tribute (in English Spencerian Stanza), 316
+
+  Tendency, 151
+
+  Tennyson's Tribute, 301
+
+  Tercentenary in New York, 302
+
+  Testimony of a Contemporary, 309
+
+  Three Days, 115
+
+  To Spain, 201
+
+  The Track of Columbus, 259
+
+  The Tribute of Heinrich Heine, 162
+
+  Tribute of Joaquin Miller, 235
+
+  Tributes of the Phoenix of the Ages, The, 100
+
+  Tribute and Testimony of the Pope, 193
+
+  Tribute of Tasso, 300
+
+  Trifling Incident, 131
+
+  Triumph of an Idea, 152
+
+  Typical American, 357
+
+
+  U
+
+  Undiscovered Country, 128
+
+  Unwept, Unhonored, and Unsung, 261
+
+  U. S. S. Columbia, 344
+
+
+  V
+
+  Valparaiso Statue, 309
+
+  Vanderlyn's Picture, 310
+
+  Vespucci an Adventurer, 206
+
+  Vinland, 133
+
+  Visit of Columbus to Iceland, 208
+
+  Visit to Palos, 170, 305
+
+  Voice of the Sea, The, 128
+
+  Voice of Warning, 383
+
+
+  W
+
+  Washington Statue, 311
+
+  Watling's Island Monument, 311
+
+  West Indian Statues, 312
+
+  Westward Religion's Banners Took their Way, 90
+
+  When History Does Thee Wrong, 97
+
+  World a Seaman's Hand Conferred, The, 64
+
+  Wrapped in a Vision Glorious, 202
+
+
+  Y
+
+  You Can not Conquer America, 93
+
+  Young America, 349-353
+
+  Youthful Land, 368
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF STATUARY AND INSCRIPTIONS.
+
+
+                 Page
+
+  B
+
+  Baltimore Monument, 73
+
+  Baltimore Italian Statue, 78
+
+  Barcelona Statue, 81
+
+  Boston, The Iasagi Statue, 92
+    First Inspirations of Columbus, 280
+    Replica of Isabella Statue, 280
+
+
+  C
+
+  Cardenas (Cuba) Statue, 312
+
+  City of Colon Statue, 108
+
+  Chicago, Drake Fountain, Statue of Columbus, 118
+    (Lake Front) Statue, 185
+
+
+  G
+
+  Genoa Inscription, 140
+    The Reel Palace Statue, 280
+    Statue, 140
+
+
+  H
+
+  Havana Cathedral, Tomb, 312
+    Cathedral, Inscription, 313
+    Statue, 313
+    Bust, 313
+
+
+  I
+
+  Isabella Statue, 171
+
+
+  L
+
+  Lima (Peru) Statuary, 280
+
+
+  M
+
+  Madrid Statue, 208
+
+  Mexico City Statue, 234
+
+
+  N
+
+  Nassau (Bahamas) Statue, 314
+
+  New York, Central Park Statue, 281
+    Italian Statue, 243
+    Memorial Arch, 247
+    Spanish Fountain, 249
+
+
+  P
+
+  Palos Statue, 281
+
+  Philadelphia Statue, 281
+
+
+  R
+
+  Rogers Bronze Door, Washington, D. C., 273
+
+
+  S
+
+  Sacramento, Cal., Statuary in the Capitol, 277
+
+  Salamanca Monument, 278
+
+  Santiago (Chili) Bust, 279
+
+  Santo Domingo, Inscription and Tomb, 38, 314
+    Statue, 315
+
+  St. Louis (Mo.) Statue, 279
+
+  Seville Tomb and Inscription, 36, 289
+
+
+  V
+
+  Valparaiso (Chili) Statue, 309
+
+  Vanderlyn's Picture at Washington, 310
+
+
+  W
+
+  Washington (D. C.) Statue, 311
+
+  Watling's Island Monument, 311
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE RIALTO SERIES.
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Christopher Columbus and His Monument
+Columbia, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Christopher Columbus and His Monument Columbia
+       being a concordance of choice tributes to the great Genoese,
+              his grand discovery, and his greatness of mind and purpose
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 23, 2009 [EBook #29496]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;">
+<a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a>
+<img src="images/frontise.jpg" width="433" height="650" alt="COLUMBUS MONUMENT, PIAZZA ACQUAVERDE, GENOA, ITALY.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">COLUMBUS MONUMENT, PIAZZA ACQUAVERDE, GENOA, ITALY.<br />
+
+Sculptor, Signor Lanzio. Dedicated 1862.<br />
+
+(See page <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<h1>CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS</h1>
+
+<h4>AND HIS MONUMENT</h4>
+
+<h2>COLUMBIA</h2>
+
+<h4>BEING</h4>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">A Concordance of Choice Tributes To the Great<br />Genoese, His Grand
+Discovery, and<br />His Greatness of Mind and Purpose.</span></h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><i>THE TESTIMONY OF ANCIENT AUTHORS, THE TRIBUTES OF MODERN MEN.</i></h3>
+
+<h4>ADORNED WITH THE SCULPTURES, SCENES, AND PORTRAITS OF THE OLD WORLD AND
+THE NEW.</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Compiled by J. M. Dickey.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p class="center">CHICAGO AND NEW YORK: <span class="smcap">Rand, McNally &amp; Company, Publishers.</span> 1892.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Copyright, 1892, by Rand, McNally &amp; Co.</span><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>Columbus.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>History places in prominence Columbus and America. They are the
+brightest jewels in her crown. Columbus is a permanent orb in the
+progress of civilization. From the highest rung of the ladder of fame,
+he has stepped to the skies. America "still hangs blossoming in the
+garden of time, while her penetrating perfume floats all round the
+world, and intoxicates all other nations with the hope of liberty." If
+possible, these tributes would add somewhat to the luster of fame which
+already encircles the Nation and the Man. Many voices here speak for
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Six hundred authors and more have written of Columbus or his great
+discovery. An endless task therefore would it be to attempt to
+enumerate, much less set out, the thousands who have incidentally, and
+even encomiastically, referred to him. Equally impossible would it be to
+hope to include a tithe of their utterances within the limits of any
+single volume, even were it of colossal proportions. This volume of
+tributes essays then to be but a concordance of some of the most choice
+and interesting extracts, and, artistically illustrated with statues,
+scenes, and inscriptions, is issued at an appropriate time and place.
+The compiler desires in this preface to acknowledge his sincere
+obligations and indebtedness to the many authors and publishers who so
+courteously and uniformly extended their consents to use copyright
+matter, and to express an equal sense of gratitude to his friend, Stuart
+C. Wade, for his valuable assistance in selecting, arranging, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>indexing much of the matter herein contained.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the galleries of Florence there is a remarkable bust of
+Brutus, left unfinished by the great sculptor Michael Angelo. Some
+writer explained the incomplete condition by indicating that the artist
+abandoned his labor in despair, "overcome by the grandeur of the
+subject." With similar feeling, this little book is submitted to the
+admirers of Columbus and Columbia, wherever they may be found.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. M. D.</span></p>
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Colorado Springs, Colo.</span>, July, 1892.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Preface,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Table of Contents,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>List of Illustrations,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Life of Columbus,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'>11-40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Selected letters of Columbus,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_41'>41-57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tributes to Columbus,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_61'>61-323</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tributes to Columbia,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_327'>327-384</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Index of Authors&mdash;Columbus,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_385'>385-388</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Index of Authors&mdash;Columbia,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_389'>389-390</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Index of Head Lines,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_391'>391-396</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Index of Statuary and Inscriptions,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_397'>397</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.">
+<tr><td align='left'>The Columbus Statue, Genoa,</td><td align='right'><a href='#frontis'><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus at Salamanca,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus16'>17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The De Bry Portrait,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus26'>24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Embarkation at Palos,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus36'>32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus in Chains,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus55'>49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fac-simile of Columbus' letter to the Bank of St. George, Genoa,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus60'>52</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus Statue, on Barcelona Monument,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus74'>64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus Monument, Barcelona,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus93'>81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Paseo Colon, Barcelona,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus110'>96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus Statue, City of Colon,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus129'>113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Zearing's Head of Columbus,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus138'>120</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Park's Statue of Columbus, Chicago,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus148'>128</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>House of Columbus, Genoa,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus167'>145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Antonio Moro Portrait,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus184'>160</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Toscanelli's Map,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus-204'>177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Samartin's Statue of Columbus, Madrid,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus220'>192</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Su&ntilde;ol's Statue of Columbus, Madrid,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus239'>209</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Map of Herrera (Columbus' Historian),</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus257'>224</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Modern Map of the Bahamas,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus276'>241</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Map of Columbus' Pilot,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus293'>256</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus Monument, Mexico,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus311'>273</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus Monument, New York City,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus328'>288</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bas-relief, New York Monument,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus338'>296</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bas-relief, New York Monument,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus349'>305</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus Statue, Havana,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus358'>312</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus Statue, Philadelphia,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus368'>320</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Part of Columbus Statue, New York City,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus378'>328</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Convent of Santa Maria de la R&aacute;bida,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus389'>337</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Santa Maria Caravel,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus406'>352</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Columbus Fleet,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus416'>360</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vanderlyn's Picture of the Landing of Columbus,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus427'>369</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus Statue, St. Louis, Mo.,</td><td align='right'><a href='#illus444'>384</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/illus-010.jpg" width="200" height="169" alt="" title="decorative glyph" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><br /><a name="Columbus_and_His_Monument_Columbia" id="Columbus_and_His_Monument_Columbia"></a>Columbus and His Monument Columbia.<br /><br /></h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_LIFE_OF_COLUMBUS" id="THE_LIFE_OF_COLUMBUS"></a>THE LIFE OF COLUMBUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Christopher Columbus, the eldest son of Dominico Colombo and Suzanna
+Fontanarossa, was born at Genoa in 1435 or 1436, the exact date being
+uncertain. As to his birthplace there can be no legitimate doubt; he
+says himself of Genoa, in his will, "Della sal&iacute; y en ella naci" (from
+there I came, and there was I born), though authorities, authors, and
+even poets differ. Some, like Tennyson, having</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stay'd the wheels at Cogoletto</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And drank, and loyally drank, to him.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>His father was a wool-comber, of some small means, who was living two
+years after the discovery of the West Indies, and who removed his
+business from Genoa to Savona in 1469. Christopher, the eldest son, was
+sent to the University of Pavia, where he devoted himself to the
+mathematical and natural sciences, and where he probably received
+instruction in nautical astronomy from Antonio da Terzago and Stefano di
+Faenza. On his removal from the university it appears that he worked for
+some months at his father's trade; but on reaching his fifteenth year he
+made his choice of life, and became a sailor.</p>
+
+<p>Of his apprenticeship, and the first years of his career, no records
+exist. The whole of his earlier life, indeed, is dubious and
+conjectural, founded as it is on the half-dozen dark<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> and evasive
+chapters devoted by Hernando, his son and biographer, to the first
+half-century of his father's times. It seems certain, however, that
+these unknown years were stormy, laborious, and eventful; "wherever ship
+has sailed," he writes, "there have I journeyed." He is known, among
+other places, to have visited England, "Ultima Thule" (Iceland), the
+Guinea Coast, and the Greek Isles; and he appears to have been some time
+in the service of Ren&eacute; of Provence, for whom he is recorded to have
+intercepted and seized a Venetian galley with great bravery and
+audacity. According to his son, too, he sailed with Colombo el Mozo, a
+bold sea captain and privateer; and a sea fight under this commander was
+the means of bringing him ashore in Portugal. Meanwhile, however, he was
+preparing himself for greater achievements by reading and meditating on
+the works of Ptolemy and Marinus, of Nearchus and Pliny, the
+Cosmographia of Cardinal Aliaco, the travels of Marco Polo and
+Mandeville. He mastered all the sciences essential to his calling,
+learned to draw charts and construct spheres, and thus fitted himself to
+become a consummate practical seaman and navigator.</p>
+
+<p>In 1470 he arrived at Lisbon, after being wrecked in a sea fight that
+began off Cape St. Vincent, and escaping to land on a plank. In Portugal
+he married Felipa Mo&ntilde;iz de Perestrello, daughter of Bartollomeu
+Perestrello, a captain in the service of Prince Henry, called the
+Navigator, one of the early colonists and the first governor of Porto
+Santo, an island off Madeira. Columbus visited the island, and employed
+his time in making maps and charts for a livelihood, while he pored over
+the logs and papers of his deceased father-in-law, and talked with old
+seamen of their voyages and of the mystery of the Western seas. About
+this time, too, he seems to have arrived at the conclusion that much of
+the world remained undiscovered, and step<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> by step to have conceived
+that design of reaching Asia by sailing west which was to result in the
+discovery of America. In 1474 we find him expounding his views to Paolo
+Toscanelli, the Florentine physician and cosmographer, and receiving the
+heartiest encouragement.</p>
+
+<p>These views he supported with three different arguments, derived from
+natural reasons, from the theories of geographers, and from the reports
+and traditions of mariners. "He believed the world to be a sphere," says
+Helps; "he underestimated its size; he overestimated the size of the
+Asiatic continent. The farther that continent extended to the east, the
+nearer it came round toward Spain." And he had but to turn from the
+marvelous propositions of Mandeville and Aliaco to become the recipient
+of confidences more marvelous still. The air was full of rumors, and the
+weird imaginings of many generations of medi&aelig;val navigators had taken
+shape and substance, and appeared bodily to men's eyes. Martin Vicente,
+a Portuguese pilot, had found, 450 leagues to the westward of Cape St.
+Vincent, and after a westerly gale of many days' duration, a piece of
+strange wood, sculptured very artistically, but not with iron. Pedro
+Correa, his own brother-in-law, had seen another such waif near the
+Island of Madeira, while the King of Portugal had information of great
+canes, capable of holding four quarts of wine between joint and joint,
+which Herrera declares the King received, preserved, and showed to
+Columbus. From the colonists on the Azores Columbus heard of two men
+being washed up at Flores, "very broad-faced, and differing in aspect
+from Christians." The transport of all these objects being attributed to
+the west winds and not to the gulf stream, the existence of which was
+then totally unsuspected. West of the Azores now and then there hove in
+sight the mysterious Islands of St. Brandan; and 200 leagues west of the
+Canaries lay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> somewhere the lost Island of the Seven Cities, that two
+valiant Genoese had vainly endeavored to discover, and in search of
+which, yearly, the merchants of Bristol sent expeditions, even before
+Columbus sailed. In his northern journey, too, some vague and formless
+traditions may have reached his ear of the voyages of Biorn and Lief,
+and of the pleasant coasts of Helleland, Markland, and Vinland that lay
+toward the setting sun. All were hints and rumors to bid the bold
+mariner sail westward, and this he at length determined to do. There is
+also some vague and unreliable tradition as to a Portuguese pilot
+discovering the Indies previous to Columbus, and on his deathbed
+revealing the secret to the Genoese explorer. It is at the best but a
+fanciful tale.</p>
+
+<p>The concurrence of some state or sovereign, however, was necessary for
+the success of this design. The Senate of Genoa had the honor to receive
+the first offer, and the responsibility of refusing it. Rejected by his
+native city, the projector turned next to John II. of Portugal. This
+King had already an open field for discovery and enterprise along the
+African coast; but he listened to the Genoese, and referred him to the
+Committee of Council for Geographical Affairs. The council's report was
+altogether adverse; but the King, who was yet inclined to favor the
+theory of Columbus, assented to the suggestion of the Bishop of Ceuta
+that the plan should be carried out in secret, and without Columbus'
+knowledge, by means of a caravel or light frigate. The caravel was
+dispatched, but it returned after a brief absence, the sailors having
+lost heart, and having refused to venture farther. Upon discovering this
+dishonorable transaction, Columbus felt so outraged and indignant that
+he sent off his brother Bartholomew to England with letters for Henry
+VII., to whom he had communicated his ideas. He himself left Lisbon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+many other friends, and here met with Beatrix Enriquez, the mother of
+his second son, Hernando, who was born August 15, 1488.</p>
+
+<p>A certain class of writers pretend that Beatrix Enriquez was the lawful
+wife of Columbus.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> If so, when he died she would of right have been
+Vice-Queen Dowager of the Indies. Is it likely that $56 would have been
+the pension settled upon a lady of such rank? Se&ntilde;or Castelar, than whom
+there is no greater living authority, scouts the idea of a legal
+marriage; and, indeed, it is only a few irresponsible and peculiarly
+aggressive Catholic writers who have the hardihood to advance this more
+than improbable theory. Mr. Henry Harrisse, a most painstaking critic,
+thinks that Felipa Mo&ntilde;iz died in 1488. She was buried in the Monastery
+do Carmo, at Lisbon, and some trace of her may hereafter be found in the
+archives of the Provedor or Registrar of Wills, at Lisbon, when these
+papers are arranged, as she must have bequeathed a sum to the poor,
+under the customs then prevailing.</p>
+
+<p>From Cordova, Columbus followed the court to Salamanca, where he was
+introduced to the notice of the grand cardinal, Pedro Gonzales de
+Mendoza, "the third King of Spain." The cardinal, while approving the
+project, thought that it savored strongly of heterodoxy; but an
+interview with the projector brought him over, and through his influence
+Columbus at last got audience of the King. The matter was finally
+referred, however, to Fernando de Talavera, who, in 1487, summoned a
+junta of astronomers and cosmographers to confer with Columbus, and
+examine his design and the arguments by which he supported it. The
+Dominicans of San Esteb&agrave;n in Salamanca entertained Columbus during the
+conference. The jurors, who were most of them ecclesiastics, were by no
+means unprejudiced, nor were they disposed to abandon their pretensions
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> for Spain (1484), taking with him his son Diego, the only issue of
+his marriage with Felipa Mo&ntilde;iz. He departed secretly, according to some
+writers to give the slip to King John, according to others to escape his
+creditors. In one of his letters Columbus says: "When I came from such a
+great distance to serve these princes, I abandoned a wife and children,
+whom, for this cause, I never saw again." The first traces of Columbus
+at the court of Spain are on May 5, 1487, when an entry in some accounts
+reads: "Given to-day 3,000 maravedis (about $18) to Cristobal Colomo, a
+stranger." Three years after (March 20, 1488), a letter was sent by the
+King to "Christopher Colon, our especial friend," inviting him to
+return, and assuring him against arrest and proceedings of any kind; but
+it was then too late.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus next betook himself to the south of Spain, and seems to have
+proposed his plan first to the Duke of Medina Sidonia (who was at first
+attracted by it, but finally threw it up as visionary and
+impracticable), and next to the Duke of Medina Celi. The latter gave him
+great encouragement, entertained him for two years, and even determined
+to furnish him with the three or four caravels. Finally, however, being
+deterred by the consideration that the enterprise was too vast for a
+subject, he turned his guest from the determination he had come to, of
+making instant application to the court of France, by writing on his
+behalf to Queen Isabella; and Columbus repaired to the court at Cordova
+at her bidding.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<a name="illus16" id="illus16"></a>
+<img src="images/illus016.jpg" width="650" height="520" alt="CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS BEFORE THE DOMINICAN JUNTA AT
+SALAMANCA, SPAIN." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS BEFORE THE DOMINICAN JUNTA AT
+SALAMANCA, SPAIN.<br />
+
+From the celebrated painting by Se&ntilde;or V. Izquierdo.<br />
+
+(See page <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+<p>It was an ill moment for the navigator's fortune. Castille and Leon were
+in the thick of that struggle which resulted in the final defeat of the
+Moors; and neither Ferdinand nor Isabella had time to listen. The
+adventurer was indeed kindly received; he was handed over to the care of
+Alonzo de Quintanilla, whom he speedily converted into an enthusiastic
+supporter of his theory. He made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> knowledge without a struggle.
+Columbus argued his point, but was overwhelmed with Biblical texts, with
+quotations from the great divines, with theological objections, and in a
+short time the junta was adjourned. Se&ntilde;or Rodriguez Pinilla, the learned
+Salamantine writer, holds that the first refusal of Columbus' project
+was made in the official council at Cordova. In 1489, Columbus, who had
+been following the court from place to place (billeted in towns as an
+officer of the King and gratified from time to time with sums of money
+toward his expenses), was present at the siege of Malaga. In 1490 the
+junta decided that his project was vain and impracticable, and that it
+did not become their Highnesses to have anything to do with it; and this
+was confirmed, with some reservation, by their Highnesses themselves, at
+Seville.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus was now in despair. So reduced in circumstances was he that
+(according to the eminent Spanish statesman and orator, Emilio Castelar)
+he was jocularly and universally termed "the stranger with the
+threadbare coat." He at once betook himself to Huelva, where his
+brother-in-law resided, with the intention of taking ship to France. He
+halted, however, at Palos, a little maritime town in Andalusia. At the
+Monastery of Santa Maria de la R&aacute;bida<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> he knocked and asked for bread
+and water for his boy Diego, and presently got into conversation with
+Fray Juan Perez de Marchena, the prior, who invited him to take up his
+quarters in the monastery, and introduced him to Garci Fernandez, a
+physician and an ardent student of geography. To these good men did
+Columbus propound his theory and explain his plan. Juan Perez had been
+the Queen's confessor; he wrote to her and was summoned to her presence,
+and money was sent to Columbus to bring him once more to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> court. He
+reached Granada in time to witness the surrender of the city by the
+Moors, and negotiations were resumed. Columbus believed in his mission,
+and stood out for high terms; he asked the rank of admiral at once, the
+vice-royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of all the gain, by
+conquest or by trade. These conditions were rejected, and the
+negotiations were again interrupted. An interview with Mendoza appears
+to have followed, but nothing came of it, and in January, 1492, Columbus
+actually set out for France. At length, however, on the entreaty of Luis
+de Santangel, receiver of the ecclesiastical revenues of the crown of
+Aragon, Isabella was induced to determine on the expedition. A messenger
+was sent after Columbus, and overtook him at the Bridge of Pi&ntilde;os, about
+two leagues from Granada. He returned to the camp at Santa F&eacute;, and on
+April 17, 1492, the agreement between him and their Catholic Majesties
+was signed and sealed. This agreement being familiarly known in Spanish
+history as "The Capitulations of Santa F&eacute;."</p>
+
+<p>His aims were nothing less than the discovery of the marvelous province
+of Cipango and the conversion to Christianity of the Grand Khan, to whom
+he received a royal and curious blank letter of introduction. The town
+of Palos was, by forced levy, as a punishment for former rebellion,
+ordered to find him three caravels, and these were soon placed at his
+disposal. But no crews could be got together, Columbus even offering to
+throw open the jails and take all criminals and broken men who would
+serve on the expedition; and had not Juan Perez succeeded in interesting
+Martin Alonzo Pinzon and Vicente Ya&ntilde;ez Pinzon in the cause, Columbus'
+departure had been long delayed. At last, however, men, ships, and
+stores were ready. The expedition consisted of the Gallega, rechristened
+the Santa Maria, a decked ship, with a crew of fifty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> men, commanded by
+the Admiral in person; and of two caravels&mdash;the Pinta, with thirty men,
+under Martin Pinzon, and the Ni&ntilde;a, with twenty-four men, under his
+brother, Vicente Ya&ntilde;ez Pinzon, afterward (1499) the first to cross the
+line in the American Atlantic. The adventurers numbered 120 souls, and
+on Friday, August 3, 1492, at 8 in the morning, the little fleet weighed
+anchor and stood out for the Canary Islands, sailing as it were "into a
+world unknown&mdash;the corner-stone of a nation."</p>
+
+<p>Deeply significant was one incident of their first few days' sail.
+Emilio Castelar tells us that these barks, laden with bright promises
+for the future, were sighted by other ships, laden with the hatreds and
+rancors of the past, for it chanced that one of the last vessels
+transporting into exile the Jews, expelled from Spain by the religious
+intolerance of which the recently created and odious Tribunal of the
+Faith was the embodiment, passed by the little fleet bound in search of
+another world, where creation should be newborn, a haven be afforded
+to the quickening principle of human liberty, and a temple be reared to
+the God of enfranchised and redeemed consciences.</p>
+
+<p>An abstract of the Admiral's diary made by the Bishop Las Casas is yet
+extant; and from it many particulars may be gleaned concerning this
+first voyage. Three days after the ships had set sail the Pinta lost her
+rudder. The Admiral was in some alarm, but comforted himself with the
+reflection that Martin Pinzon was energetic and ready-witted; they had,
+however, to put in (August 9th) at Teneriffe to refit the caravel. On
+September 6th they weighed anchor once more with all haste, Columbus
+having been informed that three Portuguese caravels were on the lookout
+for him. On September 13th the variations of the magnetic needle were
+for the first time observed;<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> and on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> the 15th a wonderful meteor fell
+into the sea at four or five leagues distance. On the 16th they arrived
+at those vast plains of seaweed called the Sargasso Sea; and
+thenceforward, writes the Admiral, they had most temperate breezes, the
+sweetness of the mornings being most delightful, the weather like an
+Andalusian April, and only the song of the nightingale wanting. On the
+17th the men began to murmur. They were frightened by the strange
+phenomena of the variations of the compass, but the explanation Columbus
+gave restored their tranquillity. On the 18th they saw many birds and a
+great ridge of low-lying cloud, and they expected to see land. On the
+20th they saw two pelicans, and they were sure the land must be near. In
+this, however, they were disappointed, and the men began to be afraid
+and discontented; and thenceforth Columbus, who was keeping all the
+while a double reckoning&mdash;one for the crew and one for himself&mdash;had
+great difficulty in restraining the men from the excesses which they
+meditated. On the 25th Alonzo Pinzon raised the cry of land, but it
+proved a false alarm; as did the rumor to the same effect on October
+7th, when the Ni&ntilde;a hoisted a flag and fired a gun. On the 11th the Pinta
+fished up a cane, a log of wood, a stick wrought with iron, and a board,
+and the Ni&ntilde;a sighted a branch of hawthorne laden with ripe luscious
+berries, "and with these signs all of them breathed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> and were glad." At
+8 o'clock on that night, Columbus perceived and pointed out a light
+ahead,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Pedro Gutierrez also seeing it; and at 2 in the morning of
+Friday, October 12, 1492, Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor aboard the Ni&ntilde;a, a
+native of Seville, announced the appearance of what proved to be the New
+World.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> The land sighted was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> an island called by the Indians
+Guanahani, and named by Columbus San Salvador.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>The same morning Columbus landed, richly clad, and bearing the royal
+banner of Spain. He was accompanied by the brothers Pinzon, bearing
+banners of the Green Cross, a device of his own, and by great part of
+the crew. When they had all "given thanks to God, kneeling down upon the
+shore, and kissed the ground with tears of joy, for the great mercy
+received," the Admiral named the island, and took solemn possession of
+it for their Catholic Majesties of Castille and Leon. At the same time
+such of the crews as had shown themselves doubtful and mutinous sought
+his pardon weeping, and prostrated themselves at his feet. Had Columbus
+kept the course he laid on leaving Ferrol, says Castelar, his landfall
+would have been in the Florida of to-day, that is, upon the main
+continent; but, owing to the deflection suggested by the Pinzons, and
+tardily accepted by him, it was his hap to strike an island, very fair
+to look upon, but small and insignificant when compared with the vast
+island-world in whose waters he was already sailing.</p>
+
+<p>Into the details of this voyage, of highest interest as it is, it is
+impossible to go further. The letter of Columbus, hereinafter printed,
+gives further and most interesting details. It will be enough to say
+here that it resulted in the discovery of the islands of Santa Maria del
+Concepcion, Exuma, Isabella, Juana or Cuba, Bohio, the Cuban Archipelago
+(named by its finder the Jardin del Rey), the island of Santa Catalina,
+and that of Espa&ntilde;ola, now called Haiti<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> or San Domingo. Off the last of
+these the Santa Maria went aground, owing to the carelessness of the
+steersman. No lives were lost, but the ship had to be unloaded and
+abandoned; and Columbus, who was anxious to return to Europe with the
+news of his achievement, resolved to plant a colony on the island, to
+build a fort out of the material of the stranded hulk, and to leave the
+crew. The fort was called La Navidad; forty-three Europeans were placed
+in charge, including the Governor Diego de Arana; two lieutenants, Pedro
+Gutierrez and Rodrigo de Escobedo; an Irishman named William Ires
+(? Harris), a native of Galway; an Englishman whose name is given as
+Tallarte de Lajes,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> and the remainder being Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>On January 16, 1493, Columbus, who had lost sight of Martin Pinzon, set
+sail alone in the Ni&ntilde;a for the east; and four days afterward the Pinta
+joined her sister ship off Monte Christo. A storm, however, separated
+the vessels, during which (according to Las Casas) Columbus, fearing the
+vessel would founder, cast his duplicate log-book, which was written on
+parchment and inclosed in a cake of wax, inside a barrel, into the sea.
+The log contained a promise of a thousand ducats to the finder on
+delivering it to the King of Spain. Then a long battle with the trade
+winds caused great delay, and it was not until February 18th that
+Columbus reached the Island of Santa Maria in the Azores. Here he was
+threatened with capture by the Portuguese governor, who could not for
+some time be brought to recognize his commission. On February 24th,
+however, he was allowed to proceed, and on March 4th the Ni&ntilde;a dropped
+anchor off Lisbon. The King of Portugal received the Admiral with the
+highest honors; and on March 13th the Ni&ntilde;a put out from the Tagus, and
+two days afterward, Friday, March 15th, dropped anchor off Palos.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The court was at Barcelona, and thither, after dispatching a letter<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+announcing his arrival, Columbus proceeded in person. He entered the
+city in a sort of triumphal procession, and was received by their
+Majesties in full court, and, seated in their presence, related the
+story of his wanderings, exhibiting the "rich and strange" spoils of the
+new-found lands&mdash;the gold, the cotton, the parrots, the curious arms,
+the mysterious plants, the unknown birds and beasts, and the nine
+Indians he had brought with him for baptism. All his honors and
+privileges were confirmed to him; the title of Don was conferred on
+himself and his brothers; he rode at the King's bridle; he was served
+and saluted as a grandee of Spain. And, greatest honor of all, a new and
+magnificent escutcheon was blazoned for him (May 4, 1493), whereon the
+royal castle and lion of Castille and Leon were combined with the four
+anchors of his own old coat of arms. Nor were their Catholic Highnesses
+less busy on their own account than on that of their servant. On May 3d
+and 4th, Alexander VI. granted bulls confirming to the crowns of
+Castille and Leon all the lands discovered,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> or to be discovered,
+beyond a certain line of demarcation, on the same terms as those on
+which the Portuguese held their colonies along the African coast. A new
+expedition was got in readiness with all possible dispatch to secure and
+extend the discoveries already made.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 409px;">
+<a name="illus26" id="illus26"></a>
+<img src="images/illus026.jpg" width="409" height="500" alt="THE DE BRY PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE DE BRY PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After several delays the fleet weighed anchor on September 25th and
+steered westward. It consisted of three great carracks (galleons) and
+fourteen caravels (light frigates), having on board about 1,500 men,
+besides the animals and materials necessary for colonization. Twelve
+missionaries accompanied the expedition, under the orders of Bernardo
+Boyle, a Benedictine friar; and Columbus had been directed (May 29,
+1493) to endeavor by all means in his power to christianize the
+inhabitants of the islands, to make them presents, and to "honor them
+much," while all under him were commanded to treat them "well and
+lovingly," under pain of severe punishment. On October 13th the ships,
+which had put in at the Canaries, left Ferrol, and so early as Sunday,
+November 3d, after a single storm, "by the goodness of God and the wise
+management of the Admiral," land was sighted to the west, which was
+named Dominica. Northward from this new-found island the isles of Maria
+Galante and Guadaloupe were discovered and named; and on the
+northwestern course to La Navidad, those of Montserrat, Antigua, San
+Martin, and Santa Cruz were sighted, and the island now called Puerto
+Rico was touched at, hurriedly explored, and named San Juan. On November
+22d Columbus came in sight of Espa&ntilde;ola, and, sailing eastward to La
+Navidad, found the fort burned and the colony dispersed. He decided on
+building a second fort, and, coasting on forty miles east of Cape
+Haytien, he pitched on a spot, where he founded the city and settlement
+of Isabella.</p>
+
+<p>It is remarkable that the first notice of india rubber on record is
+given by Herrera, who, in the second voyage of Columbus, observed that
+the natives of Haiti "played a game with balls made of the gum of a
+tree."</p>
+
+<p>The character in which Columbus had appeared had till now been that of
+the greatest of mariners; but from this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> point forward his claims to
+supremacy are embarrassed and complicated with the long series of
+failures, vexations, miseries, insults, that have rendered his career as
+a planter of colonies and as a ruler of men most pitiful and remarkable.</p>
+
+<p>The climate of Navidad proved unhealthy; the colonists were greedy of
+gold, impatient of control, and as proud, ignorant, and mutinous as
+Spaniards could be; and Columbus, whose inclinations drew him westward,
+was doubtless glad to escape the worry and anxiety of his post, and to
+avail himself of the instructions of his sovereigns as to further
+discoveries. In January, 1494, he sent home, by Antonio de Torres, that
+dispatch to their Catholic Highnesses by which he may be said to have
+founded the West Indian slave trade. He founded the mining camp of San
+Tomaso in the gold country; and on April 24, 1494, having nominated a
+council of regency under his brother Diego, and appointed Pedro de
+Margarite his captain-general, he put again to sea. After following the
+southern shore of Cuba for some days, he steered southward, and
+discovered the Island of Jamaica, which he named Santiago. He then
+resumed his exploration of the Cuban coast, threading his way through a
+labyrinth of islets supposed to be the Morant Keys, which he named the
+Garden of the Queen, and after coasting westward for many days he became
+convinced that he had discovered the mainland, and called Perez de Luna,
+the notary, to draw up a document attesting his discovery (June 12,
+1494), which was afterward taken round and signed, in presence of four
+witnesses, by the masters, mariners, and seamen of his three caravels,
+the Ni&ntilde;a, the Cadera, and the San Juan. He then stood to the southeast
+and sighted the Island of Evangelista; and after many days of
+difficulties and anxieties he touched at and named the Island La Mona.
+Thence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> he had intended to sail eastward and complete the survey of the
+Carribbean Archipelago. But he was exhausted by the terrible wear and
+tear of mind and body he had undergone (he says himself that on this
+expedition he was three-and-thirty days almost without any sleep), and
+on the day following his departure from La Mona he fell into a lethargy
+that deprived him of sense and memory, and had well nigh proved fatal to
+life. At last, on September 29th, the little fleet dropped anchor off
+Isabella, and in his new city the great Admiral lay sick for five
+months.</p>
+
+<p>The colony was in a sad plight. Everyone was discontented, and many were
+sick, for the climate was unhealthy and there was nothing to eat.
+Margarite and Boyle had quitted Espa&ntilde;ola for Spain; but ere his
+departure the former, in his capacity as captain-general, had done much
+to outrage and alienate the Indians. The strongest measures were
+necessary to undo this mischief; and, backed by his brother Bartholomew,
+a bold and skillful mariner, and a soldier of courage and resource, who
+had been with Diaz in his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope, Columbus
+proceeded to reduce the natives under Spanish sway.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Alonzo de Ojeda
+succeeded, by a brilliant <i>coup de main</i>, in capturing the Cacique
+Caonabo, and the rest submitted. Five ship-loads of Indians were sent
+off to Seville (June 24, 1495) to be sold as slaves; and a tribute was
+imposed upon their fellows, which must be looked upon as the origin of
+that system of <i>repartimientos</i> or <i>encomiendas</i> which was afterward to
+work such cruel mischief among the conquered. But the tide of court
+favor seemed to have turned against Columbus. In October, 1495, Juan
+Aguada arrived at Isabella, with an open commission from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> their Catholic
+Majesties, to inquire into the circumstances of his rule; and much
+interest and recrimination followed. Columbus found that there was no
+time to be lost in returning home; he appointed his brother Bartholomew
+"adelantado" of the island, and on March 10, 1496, he quitted Espa&ntilde;ola
+in the Ni&ntilde;a. The vessel, after a protracted and perilous voyage, reached
+Cadiz on June 11, 1496. The Admiral landed in great dejection, wearing
+the costume of a Franciscan. Reassured, however, by the reception of his
+sovereigns, he asked at once for eight ships more, two to be sent to the
+colony with supplies and six to be put under his orders for new
+discoveries. The request was not immediately granted, as the Spanish
+exchequer was not then well supplied. But principally owing to the
+interest of the Queen, an agreement was come to similar to that of 1492,
+which was now confirmed. By this royal patent, moreover, a tract of land
+in Espa&ntilde;ola, of fifty leagues by twenty, was made over to him. He was
+offered a dukedom or a marquisate at his pleasure; for three years he
+was to receive an eighth of the gross and a tenth of the net profits on
+each voyage, the right of creating a mayorazgo or perpetual entail of
+titles and estates was granted him, and on June 24th his two sons were
+received into Isabella's service as pages. Meanwhile, however, the
+preparing of the fleet proceeded slowly, and it was not till May 30,
+1498, that he and his six ships set sail.</p>
+
+<p>From San Lucar he steered for Gomera, in the Canaries, and thence
+dispatched three of his ships to San Domingo. He next proceeded to the
+Cape Verde Islands, which he quitted on July 4th. On the 31st of the
+same month, being greatly in need of water, and fearing that no land lay
+westward as they had hoped, Columbus had turned his ship's head north,
+when Alonzo Perez, a mariner of Huelva, saw land about fifteen leagues
+to the southwest. It was crowned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> with three hilltops, and so, when the
+sailors had sung the <i>Salve Regina</i>, the Admiral named it Trinidad,
+which name it yet bears. On Wednesday, August 1st, he beheld for the
+first time, in the mainland of South America, the continent he had
+sought so long. It seemed to him but an insignificant island, and he
+called it Zeta. Sailing westward, next day he saw the Gulf of Paria,
+which was named by him the Golfo de la Belena, and was borne into it&mdash;an
+immense risk&mdash;on the ridge of breakers formed by the meeting with the
+sea of the great rivers that empty themselves, all swollen with rain,
+into the ocean. For many days he coasted the continent, esteeming as
+islands the several projections he saw and naming them accordingly; nor
+was it until he had looked on and considered the immense volume of fresh
+water poured out through the embouchure of the river now called the
+Orinoco, that he concluded that the so-called archipelago must be in
+very deed a great continent.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately at this time he was suffering intolerably from gout and
+ophthalmia; his ships were crazy; and he was anxious to inspect the
+infant colony whence he had been absent so long. And so, after touching
+at and naming the Island of Margarita, he bore away to the northeast,
+and on August 30th the fleet dropped anchor off Isabella.</p>
+
+<p>He found that affairs had not prospered well in his absence. By the
+vigor and activity of the adelantado, the whole island had been reduced
+under Spanish sway, but at the expense of the colonists. Under the
+leadership of a certain Roldan, a bold and unprincipled adventurer, they
+had risen in revolt, and Columbus had to compromise matters in order to
+restore peace. Roldan retained his office; such of his followers as
+chose to remain in the island were gratified with <i>repartimientos</i> of
+land and labor; and some fifteen, choosing to return to Spain, were
+enriched with a number of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> slaves, and sent home in two ships, which
+sailed in the early part of October, 1499.</p>
+
+<p>Five ship-loads of Indians had been deported to Spain some little time
+before. On arrival of these living cargoes at Seville, the Queen, the
+stanch and steady friend of Columbus, was moved with compassion and
+indignation. No one, she declared, had authorized him to dispose of her
+vassals in any such manner; and proclamations at Seville, Granada, and
+other chief places ordered (June 20, 1499) the instant liberation and
+return of all the last gang of Indians. In addition to this, the
+ex-colonists had become incensed against Columbus and his brothers. They
+were wont to parade their grievances in the very court-yards of the
+Alhambra; to surround the King, when he came forth, with complaints and
+reclamations; to insult the discoverer's young sons with shouts and
+jeers. There was no doubt that the colony itself, whatever the cause,
+had not prospered so well as might have been desired. Historians do not
+hesitate to aver that Columbus' over-colored and unreliable statements
+as to the amount of gold to be found there were the chief causes of
+discontent.</p>
+
+<p>And, on the whole, it is not surprising that Ferdinand, whose support to
+Columbus had never been very hearty, should about this time have
+determined to suspend him. Accordingly, on March 21, 1499, Francisco de
+Bobadilla was ordered to "ascertain what persons had raised themselves
+against justice in the Island of Espa&ntilde;ola, and to proceed against them
+according to law." On May 21st the government of the island was
+conferred on him, and he was accredited with an order that all arms and
+fortresses should be handed over to him; and on May 26th he received a
+letter, for delivery to Columbus, stating that the bearer would "speak
+certain things to him" on the part of their Highnesses, and praying him
+to "give faith and cre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>dence, and to act accordingly." Bobadilla left
+Spain in July, 1500, and landed in Espa&ntilde;ola in October.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus, meanwhile, had restored such tranquillity as was possible in
+his government. With Roldan's help he had beaten off an attempt on the
+island by the adventurer Ojeda, his old lieutenant; the Indians were
+being collected into villages and christianized. Gold mining was
+actively and profitably pursued; in three years, he calculated, the
+royal revenues might be raised to an average of 60,000,000 reals. The
+arrival of Bobadilla, however, on August 23, 1500, speedily changed this
+state of affairs into a greater and more pitiable confusion than the
+island had ever before witnessed. On landing, he took possession of the
+Admiral's house, and summoned him and his brothers before him.
+Accusations of severity, of injustice, of venality even, were poured
+down on their heads, and Columbus anticipated nothing less than a
+shameful death. Bobadilla put all three in irons, and shipped them off
+to Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Andreas Martin, captain of the caravel in which the illustrious
+prisoners sailed, still retained a proper sense of the honor and respect
+due to Columbus, and would have removed the fetters; but to this
+Columbus would not consent. He would wear them until their Highnesses,
+by whose order they had been affixed, should order their removal; and he
+would keep them afterward "as relics and memorials of the reward of his
+services." He did so. His son Hernando "saw them always hanging in his
+cabinet, and he requested that when he died they might be buried with
+him." Whether this last wish was complied with is not known.</p>
+
+<p>A heart-broken and indignant letter from Columbus to Do&ntilde;a Juana de la
+Torres, the governess of the infant Don Juan, arrived at court before
+the dispatch of Bobadilla. It was read to the Queen, and its tidings
+were confirmed by communications from Alonso de Villejo and the alcaide
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> Cadiz. There was a great movement of indignation; the tide of
+popular and royal feeling turned once more in the Admiral's favor. He
+received a large sum to defray his expenses; and when he appeared at
+court, on December 17th, he was no longer in irons and disgrace, but
+richly appareled and surrounded with friends. He was received with all
+honor and distinction. The Queen is said to have been moved to tears by
+the narration of his story. Their Majesties not only repudiated
+Bobadilla's proceedings, but declined to inquire into the charges that
+he at the same time brought against his prisoners, and promised Columbus
+compensation for his losses and satisfaction for his wrongs. A new
+governor, Nicolas de Ovando, was appointed in Bobadilla's room, and left
+San Lucar on February 18, 1502, with a fleet of thirty ships. The latter
+was to be impeached and sent home. The Admiral's property was to be
+restored and a fresh start was to be made in the conduct of colonial
+affairs. Thus ended Columbus' history as viceroy and governor of the new
+Indies, which he had presented to the country of his adoption.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<a name="illus36" id="illus36"></a>
+<img src="images/illus036.jpg" width="650" height="379" alt="DEPARTURE OF COLUMBUS TO DISCOVER AMERICA, FROM THE PORT
+OF PALOS, SPAIN, ON AUGUST 3, 1492." title="" />
+<span class="caption">DEPARTURE OF COLUMBUS TO DISCOVER AMERICA, FROM THE PORT
+OF PALOS, SPAIN, ON AUGUST 3, 1492.<br />
+
+From the celebrated painting by Se&ntilde;or A. Gisbert.<br />
+
+(See page <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>His hour of rest, however, was not yet come. Ever anxious to serve their
+Catholic Highnesses, "and particularly the Queen," he had determined to
+find a strait through which he might penetrate westward into Portuguese
+Asia. After the usual inevitable delays his prayers were granted, and on
+May 9, 1502, with four caravels and 150 men, he weighed anchor from
+Cadiz and sailed on his fourth and last great voyage. He first betook
+himself to the relief of the Portuguese fort of Arzilla, which had been
+besieged by the Moors, but the siege had been raised voluntarily before
+he arrived. He put to sea westward once more, and on June 13th
+discovered the Island of Martinique. He had received positive
+instructions from his sovereigns on no account to touch at Espa&ntilde;ola, but
+his largest caravel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> was greatly in need of repairs, and he had no
+choice but to abandon her or disobey orders. He preferred the latter
+alternative, and sent a boat ashore to Ovando, asking for a new ship and
+for permission to enter the harbor to weather a hurricane which he saw
+was coming on. But his requests were refused, and he coasted the island,
+casting anchor under lee of the land. Here he weathered the storm, which
+drove the other caravels out to sea and annihilated the homeward-bound
+fleet, the richest till then that had been sent from Espa&ntilde;ola. Roldan
+and Bobadilla perished with others of the Admiral's enemies; and
+Hernando Colon, who accompanied his father on this voyage, wrote, long
+years afterward, "I am satisfied it was the hand of God, for had they
+arrived in Spain they had never been punished as their crimes deserved,
+but rather been favored and preferred."</p>
+
+<p>After recruiting his flotilla at Azua, Columbus put in at Jaquimo and
+refitted his four vessels, and on July 14, 1502, he steered for Jamaica.
+For nine weeks the ships wandered painfully among the keys and shoals he
+had named the Garden of the Queen, and only an opportune easterly wind
+prevented the crews from open mutiny. The first land sighted was the
+Islet of Guanaja, about forty miles to the east of the coast of
+Honduras. Here he got news from an old Indian of a rich and vast country
+lying to the eastward, which he at once concluded must be the
+long-sought-for empire of the Grand Khan. Steering along the coast of
+Honduras great hardships were endured, but nothing approaching his ideal
+was discovered. On September 13th Cape Gracias-&aacute;-Dios was sighted. The
+men had become clamorous and insubordinate; not until December 5th,
+however, would he tack about and retrace his course. It now became his
+intention to plant a colony on the River Veragua, which was afterward to
+give his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> descendants a title of nobility; but he had hardly put about
+when he was caught in a storm which lasted eight days, wrenched and
+strained his crazy, worm-eaten ships severely, and finally, on the
+Epiphany, blew him into an embouchure, which he named Bethlehem. Gold
+was very plentiful in this place, and here he determined to found his
+settlement. By the end of March, 1503, a number of huts had been run up,
+and in these the adelantado, with eighty men, was to remain, while
+Columbus returned to Spain for men and supplies. Quarrels, however,
+arose with the natives, the adelantado made an attempt to seize on the
+person of the cacique and failed, and before Columbus could leave the
+coast he had to abandon a caravel to take the settlers on board, and to
+relinquish the enterprise. Steering eastward he left a second caravel at
+Porto Bello, and on May 31st he bore northward for Cuba, where he
+obtained supplies from the natives. From Cuba he bore up for Jamaica,
+and there, in the harbor of Santa Gloria, now St. Anne's Bay, he ran his
+ships aground in a small inlet called Don Christopher's Cove.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition was received with the greatest kindness by the natives,
+and here Columbus remained upward of a year awaiting the return of his
+lieutenant Diego Mendez, whom he had dispatched to Ovando for
+assistance. During his critical sojourn here the Admiral suffered much
+from disease and from the lawlessness of his followers, whose misconduct
+had alienated the natives, and provoked them to withhold their
+accustomed supplies, until he dexterously worked upon their
+superstitions by prognosticating an eclipse. Two vessels having at last
+arrived for their relief from Mendez and Ovando, Columbus set sail for
+Spain, after a tempestuous voyage landing once more at Seville on
+September 7, 1504.</p>
+
+<p>As he was too ill to go to court, his son Diego was sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> thither in his
+place, to look after his interests and transact his business. Letter
+after letter followed the young man from Seville, one by the hands of
+Amerigo Vespucci. A license to ride on mule-back was granted him on
+February 23, 1505;<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> and in the following May he was removed to the
+court at Segovia, and thence again to Valladolid. On the landing of
+Philip and Juan at Coru&ntilde;a (April 25, 1506), although "much oppressed
+with the gout and troubled to see himself put by his rights," he is
+known to have sent the adelantado to pay them his duty and to assure
+them that he was yet able to do them extraordinary service. The last
+documentary note of him is contained in a codicil to the will of 1498,
+made at Valladolid on May 19, 1506; the principal portion is said,
+however, to have been signed at Segovia on August 25, 1506. By this the
+old will is confirmed; the mayorazgo is bequeathed to his son Diego and
+his heirs male; failing these to Hernando, his second son, and failing
+these to the heirs male of Bartholomew.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> Only in the event of the
+extinction of the male line, direct or collateral, is it to descend to
+the females of the family; and those into whose hands it may fall are
+never to diminish it, but always to increase and ennoble it by all means
+possible. The head of the house is to sign himself "The Admiral." A
+tenth of the annual income is to be set aside yearly for distribution
+among the poor relations of the house. A chapel is founded and endowed
+for the saying of masses. Beatrix Enriquez is left to the care of the
+young Admiral in most grateful terms. Among other legacies is one of
+"half a mark of silver to a Jew who used to live at the gate of the
+Jewry in Lisbon." The codicil was written and signed with the Admiral's
+own hand. Next day (May 20, 1506) he died.</p>
+
+<p>The body of Columbus was buried in the parish church of Santa Maria de
+la Antigua in Valladolid. It was transferred in 1513 to the Cartuja de
+las Cuevas, near Seville, where on the monument was inscribed that
+laconic but pregnant tribute:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>&Aacute; Castilla y a Leon,</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Nuevo mundo di&oacute; Colon.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(To Castille and Leon, Columbus gave a new world.)</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Here the bones of Diego, the second Admiral, were also laid. Exhumed in
+1536, the bodies of both father and son were taken over sea to Espa&ntilde;ola
+(San Domingo), and interred in the cathedral. In 1795-96, on the cession
+of that island to the French, the august relics were re-exhumed, and
+were transferred with great state and solemnity to the cathedral of
+Havana, where, it is claimed, they yet remain. The male issue of the
+Admiral became extinct with the third generation, and the estates and
+titles passed by marriage to a scion of the house of Braganca.</p>
+
+<p>"In person, Columbus was tall and shapely, long-faced and aquiline,
+white-eyed and auburn-haired, and beauti<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>fully complexioned. At thirty
+his hair was quite gray. He was temperate in eating and drinking and in
+dress, and so strict in religious matters, that for fasting and saying
+all the divine office he might be thought possessed in some religious
+order." His piety, as his son has noted, was earnest and unwavering; it
+entered into and colored alike his action and his speech; he tries his
+pen in a Latin distich of prayer; his signature is a mystical pietistic
+device.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> He was pre-eminently fitted for the task he created for
+himself. Through deceit and opprobrium and disdain he pushed on toward
+the consummation of his desire; and when the hour for action came, the
+man was not found wanting.</p>
+
+<p>Within the last seven years research and discovery have thrown some
+doubt upon two very important particulars regarding Columbus. One of
+these is the identity of the island which was his first discovery in the
+New World; the other, the final resting-place of his remains.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt whatever that Columbus died in Valladolid, and that
+his remains were interred in the church of the Carthusian Monastery at
+Seville, nor that, some time between the years 1537 and 1540, in
+accordance with a request made in his will, they were removed to the
+Island of Espa&ntilde;ola (Santo Domingo). In 1795, when Spain ceded to France
+her portion of the island, Spanish officials obtained permission to
+remove to the cathedral at Havana the ashes of the discoverer of
+America. There seems to be a question whether the remains which were
+then removed were those of Columbus or his son Don Diego.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1877, during the progress of certain work in the cathedral at Santo
+Domingo, a crypt was disclosed on one side of the altar, and within it
+was found a metallic coffin which contained human remains. The coffin
+bore the following inscription: "The Admiral Don Luis Colon, Duke of
+Veragua, Marquis of Jamaica," referring, undoubtedly, to the grandson of
+Columbus. The archbishop Se&ntilde;or Roque Cocchia then took up the search,
+and upon the other side of the altar were found two crypts, one empty,
+from which had been taken the remains sent to Havana, and the other
+containing a metallic case. The case bore the inscription: "D. de la A
+Per Ate," which was interpreted to mean: "Descubridor de la America,
+Primer Almirante" (Discoverer of America, the First Admiral). The box
+was then opened, and on the inside of the cover were the words: "Illtre
+y Esdo Varon, Dn Cristoval Colon"&mdash;Illustrissime y Esclarecido Varon Don
+Cristoval Colon (Illustrious and renowned man, Don Christopher
+Columbus). On the two ends and on the front were the letters,
+"C.C.A."&mdash;Cristoval Colon, Almirante (Christopher Columbus, Admiral).
+The box contained bones and bone-dust, a small bit of the skull, a
+leaden ball, and a silver plate two inches long. On one side of the
+plate was inscribed:</p>
+
+<div class="centerbox">
+<p class="center">
+  <i>Ua. pte. de los rtos<br />
+  del pmr. alte D.<br />
+  Cristoval Colon Desr.</i><br /><br />
+
+
+
+(Urna perteneciente de los restos del Primer Almirante Don<br />
+Cristoval Colon, Descubridor&mdash;Urn containing the<br />
+remains of the First Admiral Don Christopher<br />
+Columbus, Discoverer.)<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>On the other side was: "U. Cristoval Colon" (The coffin of Christopher
+Columbus).</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>These discoveries have been certified to by the archbishop Roque
+Cocchia, and by others, including Don Emil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>iana Tejera, a well-known
+citizen. The Royal Academy of History at Madrid, however, challenged the
+foregoing statements and declared that the remains of Columbus were
+elsewhere than at Havana. Tejera and the archbishop have since published
+replies affirming the accuracy of their discovery.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>Regarding the identity of the island first seen by Columbus, Capt. G. V.
+Fox, in a paper published by the U. S. Coast Survey in 1882, discusses
+and reviews the evidence, and draws a different conclusion and inference
+from that heretofore commonly accepted. His paper is based upon the
+original journals and log-book of Columbus, which were published in 1790
+by Don M. F. Navarrete, from a manuscript of Bishop Las Casas, the
+contemporary and friend of Columbus, found in the archives of the Duke
+del Infanta. In this the exact words of the Admiral's diary are
+repro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>duced by Las Casas, extending from the 11th to the 29th of
+October, the landing being on the 12th. From the description the diary
+gives, and from a projection of a voyage of Columbus before and after
+landing, Capt. Fox concludes that the island discovered was neither
+Grand Turk's, Mariguana, Watling's, nor Cat Island (Guanahani), but
+Samana, lat. 23 deg. 05 min., N.; long. 75 deg. 35 min., W.</p>
+
+<p>If we accept the carefully drawn deductions of Capt. Fox there is reason
+to believe that the island discovered was Samana.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Selected_Letters_of_Columbus" id="Selected_Letters_of_Columbus"></a>Selected Letters of Columbus</h2>
+
+
+<p>Translation of the letter of Christopher Columbus offering his services
+to King Ferdinand of Spain:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Most Serene Prince: I have been engaged in navigating from my
+youth. I have voyaged on the seas for nearly forty years. I have
+visited all known quarters of the world and have conversed with a
+great number of learned men&mdash;with ecclesiastics, with seculars,
+with Latins, with Greeks, with Moors, and with persons of all sorts
+of religions. I have acquired some knowledge of navigation, of
+astronomy, and of geometry. I am sufficiently expert in designing
+the chart of the earth to place the cities, the rivers, and the
+mountains where they are situated. I have applied myself to the
+study of works on cosmography, on history, and on philosophy. I
+feel myself at present strongly urged to undertake the discovery of
+the Indies; and I come to your Highness to supplicate you to favor
+my enterprise. I doubt not that those who hear it will turn it into
+ridicule; but if your Highness will give me the means of executing
+it, whatever the obstacles may be I hope to be able to make it
+succeed.</i><a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Translation of a letter written by Christopher Columbus from the court
+of Queen Isabella at Barcelona to Padre Juan Perez de Marchena, a
+Franciscan monk, Prior of the Convent of Santa Maria de la R&aacute;bida,
+Huelva, Spain (Date, 1492):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Our Lord God has heard the prayers of His servants. The wise and
+virtuous Isabel, touched by the grace of Heaven, has kindly
+listened to this poor man's words. All has turned out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> well. I have
+read to them our plan, it has been accepted, and I have been called
+to the court to state the proper means for carrying out the designs
+of Providence. My courage swims in a sea of consolation, and my
+spirit rises in praise to God. Come as soon as you can; the Queen
+looks for you, and I much more than she. I commend myself to the
+prayers of my dear sons and you.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The grace of God be with you, and may our Lady of R&aacute;bida bless
+you.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS'S OWN ACCOUNT OF HIS GREAT DISCOVERY</h4>
+
+<p>Translation of a letter sent by Columbus to Luis de Santangel,
+Chancellor of the Exchequer of Aragon, respecting the islands found in
+the Indies; inclosing another for their Highnesses (Ferdinand and
+Isabella).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>R. H. Major, F. S. A., Keeper of the Department of Maps and Charts
+in the British Museum and Honorary Secretary of the Royal
+Geographical Society of England, states that the peculiar value of
+the following letter, descriptive of the first important voyage of
+Columbus, is that the events described are from the pen of him to
+whom the events occurred. In it we have laid before us, as it were
+from Columbus' own mouth, a clear statement of his opinions and
+conjectures on what were to him great cosmical riddles&mdash;riddles
+which have since been solved mainly through the light which his
+illustrious deeds have shed upon the field of our observation:</p>
+
+<p><i>Sir: Believing that you will take pleasure in hearing of the great
+success which our Lord has granted me in my voyage, I write you this
+letter, whereby you will learn how in thirty-three<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> days' time I
+reached the Indies with the fleet which the most illustrious King and
+Queen, our Sovereigns, gave to me, where I found very many islands
+thickly peopled, of all which I took possession, without resistance, for
+their Highnesses, by proclamation made and with the royal standard
+unfurled. To<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> the first island that I found I gave the name of San
+Salvador,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> in remembrance of His High Majesty, who hath marvelously
+brought all these things to pass; the Indians call it Guanahani. To the
+second island I gave the name of Santa Maria de Conception; the third I
+called Fernandina; the fourth, Isabella; the fifth, Juana; and so to
+each one I gave a new name.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>When I reached Juana, I followed its coast to the westward, and found
+it so large that I thought it must be the mainland,&mdash;the province of
+Cathay; and as I found neither towns nor villages on the sea-coast, but
+only a few hamlets, with the inhabitants of which I could not hold
+conversation because they all immediately fled, I kept on the same
+route, thinking that I could not fail to light upon some large cities
+and towns.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>At length, after proceeding of many leagues and finding that nothing
+new presented itself, and that the coast was leading me northward (which
+I wished to avoid, because winter had already set in, and it was my
+intention to move southward; and because, moreover, the winds were
+contrary), I resolved not to wait for a change in the weather, but
+returned to a certain harbor which I had remarked, and from which I sent
+two men ashore to ascertain whether there was any king or large cities
+in that part. They journeyed for three days and found countless small
+hamlets with numberless inhabitants, but with nothing like order; they
+therefore returned. In the meantime I had learned from some other
+Indians whom I had seized that this land was certainly an island;
+accordingly, I followed the coast eastward for a distance of 107
+leagues, where it ended in a cape. From this cape I saw another island
+to the eastward, at a distance of eighteen leagues from the former, to
+which I gave the name of "La Espa&ntilde;ola." Thither I went, and followed its
+northern coast to the eastward (just as I had done with the coast of
+Juana) 178 full leagues due east. This island like all the others is
+extraordinarily large, and this one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> extremely so. In it are many
+seaports, with which none that I know in Christendom can bear
+comparison, so good and capacious that it is wonder to see. The lands
+are high, and there are many very lofty mountains with which the island
+of Cetefrey can not be compared. They are all most beautiful, of a
+thousand different shapes, accessible, and covered with trees of a
+thousand kinds, of such great height that they seemed to reach the
+skies. I am told that the trees never lose their foliage, and I can well
+understand it, for I observed that they were as green and luxuriant as
+in Spain in the month of May. Some were in bloom, others bearing fruit,
+and others otherwise, according to their nature. The nightingale was
+singing as well as other birds of a thousand different kinds; and that
+in November, the month in which I myself was roaming amongst them. There
+are palm trees of six or eight kinds, wonderful in their beautiful
+variety; but this is the case with all the other trees and fruits and
+grasses; trees, plants, or fruits filled us with admiration. It contains
+extraordinary pine groves and very extensive plains. There is also
+honey, a great variety of birds, and many different kinds of fruits. In
+the interior there are many mines of metals and a population
+innumerable. Espa&ntilde;ola is a wonder. Its mountains and plains, and meadows
+and fields, are so beautiful and rich for planting and sowing, and
+rearing cattle of all kinds, and for building towns and villages. The
+harbors on the coast, and the number and size and wholesomeness of the
+rivers, most of them bearing gold, surpass anything that would be
+believed by one who had not seen them. There is a great difference
+between the trees, fruits, and plants of this island and those of Juana.
+In this island there are many spices and extensive mines of gold and
+other metals. The inhabitants of this and of all the other islands I
+have found or gained intelligence of, both men and women, go as naked as
+they were born, with the exception that some of the women cover one part
+only with a single leaf of grass or with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> a piece of cotton made for
+that purpose. They have neither iron nor steel nor arms, nor are they
+competent to use them; not that they are not well-formed and of handsome
+stature, but because they are timid to a surprising degree. Their only
+arms are reeds, cut in the seeding time,</i><a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> <i>to which they fasten
+small sharpened sticks, and even these they dare not use; for on several
+occasions it has happened that I have sent ashore two or three men to
+some village to hold a parley, and the people have come out in countless
+numbers, but as soon as they saw our men approach, would flee with such
+precipitation that a father would not even stop to protect his son; and
+this not because any harm had been done to any of them, for from the
+first, wherever I went and got speech with them, I gave them of all that
+I had, such as cloth and many other things, without receiving anything
+in return; but they are, as I have described, incurably timid. It is
+true that when they are reassured and thrown off this fear they are
+guileless, and so liberal of all they have that no one would believe it
+who had not seen it. They never refuse anything that they possess when
+it is asked of them; on the contrary, they offer it themselves, and they
+exhibit so much loving kindness that they would even give their hearts;
+and, whether it be something of value or of little worth that is offered
+to them, they are satisfied. I forbade that worthless things, such as
+pieces of broken porringers and broken glass, and ends of straps, should
+be given to them; although, when they succeeded in obtaining them, they
+thought they possessed the finest jewel in the world. It was ascertained
+that a sailor received for a leather strap a piece of gold weighing two
+castellanos</i><a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> <i>and a half, and others received for other objects, of
+far less value, much more. For new blancas</i><a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> <i>they would give all
+they had,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> whether it was two or three castellanos in gold or one or two
+arrobas<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> of spun cotton. They took even bits of the broken hoops of
+the wine barrels, and gave, like fools, all that they possessed in
+exchange, insomuch that I thought it was wrong and forbade it. I gave
+away a thousand good and pretty articles which I had brought with me in
+order to win their affection; and that they might be led to become
+Christians, and be well inclined to love and serve their Highnesses and
+the whole Spanish nation, and that they might aid us by giving us things
+of which we stand in need, but which they possess in abundance. They are
+not acquainted with any kind of worship, and are not idolaters; but
+believe that all power and, indeed, all good things are in heaven; and
+they are firmly convinced that I, with my vessels and crews, came from
+heaven, and with this belief received me at every place at which I
+touched, after they had overcome their apprehension. And this does not
+spring from ignorance, for they are very intelligent, and navigate all
+these seas, and relate everything to us, so that it is astonishing what
+a good account they are able to give of everything; but they have never
+seen men with clothes on, nor vessels like ours. On my reaching the
+Indies, I took by force, in the first island that I discovered, some of
+these natives, that they might learn our language and give me
+information in regard to what existed in these parts; and it so happened
+that they soon understood us and we them, either by words or signs, and
+they have been very serviceable to us. They are still with me, and, from
+repeated conversations that I have had with them, I find that they still
+believe that I come from heaven. And they were the first to say this
+wherever I went, and the others ran from house to house and to the
+neighboring villages, crying with a loud voice: "Come, come, and see the
+people from heaven!" And thus they all, men as well as women, after
+their minds were at rest about us, came, both large and small, and
+brought us something to eat and drink, which they gave us<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> with
+extraordinary kindness. They have in all these islands very many canoes
+like our rowboats; some larger, some smaller, but most of them larger
+than a barge of eighteen seats. They are not so wide, because they are
+made of one single piece of timber; but a barge could not keep up with
+them in rowing, because they go with incredible speed, and with these
+canoes they navigate among these islands, which are innumerable, and
+carry on their traffic. I have seen in some of these canoes seventy and
+eighty men, each with his oar. In all these islands I did not notice
+much difference in the appearance of the inhabitants, nor in their
+manners, nor language, except that they all understood each other, which
+is very singular, and leads me to hope that their Highnesses will take
+means for their conversion to our holy faith, toward which they are very
+well disposed. I have already said how I had gone 107 leagues in
+following the seacoast of Juana in a straight line from west to east;
+and from that survey I can state that the island is larger than England
+and Scotland together, because beyond these 107 leagues there lie to the
+west two provinces which I have not yet visited, one of which is called
+Avan, where the people are born with a tail. These two provinces can not
+be less than from fifty to sixty leagues, from what can be learned from
+the Indians that I have with me, and who are acquainted with all these
+islands. The other, Espa&ntilde;ola, has a greater circumference than all
+Spain, from Catalonia by the seacoast to Fuenterabia in Biscay, since on
+one of its four sides I made 188 great leagues in a straight line from
+west to east. This is something to covet, and, when found, not to be
+lost sight of. Although I have taken possession of all these islands in
+the name of their Highnesses, and they are all more abundant in wealth
+than I am able to express; and although I hold them all for their
+Highnesses, so that they can dispose of them quite as absolutely as they
+can of the kingdoms of Castille, yet there was one large town in
+Espa&ntilde;ola of which especially I took possession, situated in a locality<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+well adapted for the working of the gold mines, and for all kinds of
+commerce, either with the mainland on this side or with that beyond,
+which is the land of the Great Khan, with which there will be vast
+commerce and great profit. To that city I gave the name of Villa de
+Navidad, and fortified it with a fortress, which by this time will be
+quite completed, and I have left in it a sufficient number of men with
+arms,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> artillery, and provisions for more than a year, a barge, and a
+sailing master skillful in the arts necessary for building others. I
+have also established the greatest friendship with the King of that
+country, so much so that he took pride in calling me his brother, and
+treating me as such. Even should these people change their intentions
+toward us and become hostile, they do not know what arms are, but, as I
+have said, go naked, and are the most timid people in the world; so that
+the men I have left could, alone, destroy the whole country, and this
+island has no danger for them, if they only know how to conduct
+themselves. In all those islands it seems to me that the men are content
+with one wife, except their chief or king, to whom they give twenty. The
+women seem to me to work more than the men. I have not been able to
+learn whether they have any property of their own. It seems to me that
+what one possessed belonged to all, especially in the matter of
+eatables. I have not found in those islands any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> monsters, as many
+imagined; but, on the contrary, the whole race is well formed, nor are
+they black as in Guinea, but their hair is flowing, for they do not
+dwell in that part where the force of the sun's rays is too powerful. It
+is true that the sun has very great power there, for the country is
+distant only twenty-six degrees from the equinoctial line. In the
+islands where there are high mountains, the cold this winter was very
+great, but they endure it, not only from being habituated to it, but by
+eating meat with a variety of excessively hot spices. As to savages, I
+did not even hear of any, except at an island which lies the second in
+one's way coming to the Indies.</i><a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> <i>It is inhabited by a race which is
+regarded throughout these islands as extremely ferocious, and eaters of
+human flesh. These possess many canoes, in which they visit all the
+Indian islands, and rob and plunder whatever they can. They are no worse
+formed than the rest, except that they are in the habit of wearing their
+hair long, like women, and use bows and arrows made of reeds, with a
+small stick at the end, for want of iron, which they do not possess.
+They are ferocious amongst these exceedingly timid people; but I think
+no more of them than of the rest. These are they which have intercourse
+with the women of Matenino,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> the first island one comes to on the way
+from Spain to the Indies, and in which there are no men. These women
+employ themselves in no labor suitable to their sex, but use bows and
+arrows made of reeds like those above described, and arm and cover
+themselves with plates of copper, of which metal they have a great
+quantity.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="illus55" id="illus55"></a>
+<img src="images/illus055.jpg" width="600" height="361" alt="THE RETURN OF COLUMBUS IN CHAINS TO SPAIN.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE RETURN OF COLUMBUS IN CHAINS TO SPAIN.<br />
+
+Marble statuary by Se&ntilde;or V. Vallmitjana, formerly in the Ministry of the
+Colonies, Madrid; now in Havana, Cuba.<br />(See page <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>
+.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>They assure me that there is another island larger than Espa&ntilde;ola in
+which the inhabitants have no hair. It is extremely rich in gold; and I
+bring with me Indians taken from these different islands, who will
+testify to all these things. Finally, and speaking only of what has
+taken place in this voyage, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> has been so hasty, their Highnesses
+may see that I shall give them all the gold they require, if they will
+give me but a very little assistance; spices also, and cotton, as much
+as their Highnesses shall command to be shipped; and mastic&mdash;hitherto
+found only in Greece, in the Island of Chios, and which the Signoria<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>
+sells at its own price&mdash;as much as their Highnesses shall command to be
+shipped; lign aloes, as much as their Highnesses shall command to be
+shipped; slaves, as many of these idolaters as their Highnesses shall
+command to be shipped. I think I have also found rhubarb and cinnamon,
+and I shall find a thousand other valuable things by means of the men
+that I have left behind me, for I tarried at no point so long as the
+wind allowed me to proceed, except in the town of Navidad, where I took
+the necessary precautions for the security and settlement of the men I
+had left there. Much more I would have done if my vessels had been in as
+good a condition as by rights they ought to have been. This is much, and
+praised be the eternal God, our Lord, who gives to all those who walk in
+his ways victory over things which seem impossible; of which this is
+signally one, for, although others have spoken or written concerning
+these countries, it was all mere conjecture, as no one could say that he
+had seen them&mdash;it amounting only to this, that those who heard listened
+the more, and regarded the matter rather as a fable than anything else.
+But our Redeemer has granted this victory to our illustrious King and
+Queen and their kingdoms, which have acquired great fame by an event of
+such high importance, in which all Christendom ought to rejoice, and
+which it ought to celebrate with great festivals and the offering of
+solemn thanks to the Holy Trinity with many solemn prayers, both for the
+great exaltation which may accrue to them in turning so many nations to
+our holy faith, and also for the temporal benefits which will bring
+great refresh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>ment and gain, not only to Spain, but to all Christians.
+This, thus briefly, in accordance with the events.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Done on board the caravel, off the Canary Islands, on the fifteenth of
+February, fourteen hundred and ninety-three.</i></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>At your orders,</i></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>THE ADMIRAL.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><i>After this letter was written, as I was in the Sea of Castille, there
+arose a southwest wind, which compelled me to lighten my vessels, and
+run this day into this port of Lisbon, an event which I consider the
+most marvelous thing in the world, and whence I resolved to write to
+their Highnesses. In all the Indies I have always found the weather like
+that in the month of May. I reached them in thirty-three days, and
+returned in twenty-eight, with the exception that these storms detained
+me fourteen days knocking about in this sea. All seamen say that they
+have never seen such a severe winter nor so many vessels lost.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Done on the fourteenth day of March.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>The prayer of Columbus on landing at Guanahani on the morning of Friday,
+October 12, 1492:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>Lord! Eternal and Almighty God! who by Thy sacred word hast created the
+heavens, the earth, and the seas, may Thy name be blessed and glorified
+everywhere. May Thy Majesty be exalted, who hast deigned to permit that
+by Thy humble servant Thy sacred name should be made known and preached
+in this other part of the world.</i><a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS AND GENOA.</h4>
+
+<p>Columbus in bequeathing a large portion of his income to the Bank of St.
+George in Genoa, upon trust, to reduce<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> the tax upon provisions, only
+did what Dario de Vivaldi had accomplished in 1471 and 1480, as we read
+on the pedestal of his statue, erected in the hall of the bank. This
+example was followed by Antonio Doria, Francesco Lomellini, Eliano
+Spinola, Ansaldo Grimaldo, and others, as the inscriptions on their
+statues testify. A fac-simile letter of Columbus, announcing the
+bequest, is shown on the opposite page.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;">
+<a name="illus60" id="illus60"></a>
+<img src="images/illus060.jpg" width="424" height="600" alt="FAC-SIMILE OF COLUMBUS&#39; LETTER TO THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE,
+GENOA" title="" />
+<span class="caption">FAC-SIMILE OF COLUMBUS&#39; LETTER TO THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE,
+GENOA<br />
+
+Dated April 2, 1502.<br />
+
+(See page <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>
+.)</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/illus060-full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The letter in English is as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="centerbox">
+<p><i>High noble Lords: Although the body walks about here, the heart is
+constantly over there. Our Lord has conferred on me the greatest favor
+ever granted to any one since David. The results of my undertaking
+already appear, and would shine greatly, were they not concealed by the
+blindness of the government. I am going again to the Indies under the
+auspices of the Holy Trinity, soon to return, and since I am mortal I
+leave it with my son Diego that you receive every year, forever,
+one-tenth of the entire revenue, such as it may be, for the purpose of
+reducing the tax upon corn, wine, and other provisions.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> If that
+tenth amounts to something, collect it. If<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> not, take at least the
+will for the deed. I beg of you to entertain regard for the son I have
+recommended to you. Mr. Nicolo de Oderigo knows more about my own
+affairs than I do myself, and I have sent him the transcripts of my
+privileges and letters for safe keeping. I should be glad if you could
+see them. My lords, the King and Queen, endeavor to honor me more than
+ever. May the Holy Trinity preserve your noble persons and increase the
+most magnificent House (of St. George). Done in Sevilla on the second
+day of April, 1502.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>The Chief Admiral of the Ocean, Vice-Roy and</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>Governor-General of the islands and continent</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>of Asia, and the Indies of my lords, the King</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>and Queen, their Captain-General of the sea,</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>and of their Council.</i></span></p>
+
+                  <p class="center"><i>"S."<br />
+
+                "S. A. S."<br />
+
+              "X. M. Y."<br />
+
+            "Xpo. FERENS."</i><a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<h4>HIS PATIENCE AND NOBILITY OF MIND UNDER SUFFERING AND IN THE MIDST OF
+UNDESERVED INDIGNITIES.</h4>
+
+<p>The reply of Columbus to Andreas Martin, captain of the caravel
+conveying him a prisoner to Spain, upon an offer to remove his fetters:</p>
+
+<p><i>Since the King has commanded that I should obey his Governor, he shall
+find me as obedient in this as I have been to all his other orders;
+nothing but his command shall release me. If twelve years' hardship and
+fatigue; if continual dangers and frequent famine; if the ocean first
+opened, and five times passed and repassed, to add a new world,
+abounding with wealth, to the Spanish monarchy; and if an infirm and
+premature old age, brought on by these services, deserve these chains as
+a reward, it is very fit I should wear them to Spain, and keep them by
+me as memorials to the end of my life.</i></p>
+
+<p>From a letter to the King and Queen:</p>
+
+<p><i>This country (the Bahamas) excels all others as far as the day
+surpasses the night in splendor; the natives love their neighbors as
+themselves; their conversation is the sweetest imaginable, and their
+faces are always smiling. So gentle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> and so affectionate are they that I
+swear to your Highness there is no better people in the world.</i></p>
+
+<p>From the same:</p>
+
+<p><i>The fish rival the birds in tropical brilliancy of color, the scales of
+some of them glancing back the rays of light like precious stones, as
+they sported about the ships and flashed gleams of gold and silver
+through the clear water.</i></p>
+
+<p>Speech of a West Indian chief to Columbus, on his arrival in Cuba:</p>
+
+<p><i>Whether you are divinities or mortal men, we know not. You have come
+into these countries with a force, against which, were we inclined to
+resist, it would be folly. We are all therefore at your mercy; but if
+you are men, subject to mortality like ourselves, you can not be
+unapprised that after this life there is another, wherein a very
+different portion is allotted to good and bad men. If therefore you
+expect to die, and believe, with us, that every one is to be rewarded in
+a future state according to his conduct in the present, you will do no
+hurt to those who do none to you.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>SHIPWRECK AND MARRIAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>From the "Life of Columbus," by his son Hernando:</p>
+
+<p><i>I say, that whilst the Admiral sailed with the aforesaid "Columbus the
+Younger," which was a long time, it fell out that, understanding the
+before-mentioned four great Venetian galleys were coming from Flanders,
+they went out to seek, and found them beyond Lisbon, about Cape St.
+Vincent, which is in Portugal, where, falling to blows, they fought
+furiously and grappled, beating one another from vessel to vessel with
+the utmost rage, making use not only of their weapons but artificial
+fireworks; so that after they had fought from morning until evening, and
+abundance were killed on both sides, the Admiral's ship took fire, as
+did a great Venetian galley, which, being fast<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> grappled together with
+iron hooks and chains used to this purpose by seafaring men, could
+neither of them be relieved because of the confusion there was among
+them and the fright of the fire, which in a short time was so increased
+that there was no other remedy but for all that could to leap into the
+water, so to die sooner, rather than bear the torture of the fire.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>But the Admiral being an excellent swimmer, and seeing himself two
+leagues or a little farther from land, laying hold of an oar, which good
+fortune offered him, and, sometimes resting upon it, sometimes swimming,
+it pleased God, who had preserved him for greater ends, to give him
+strength to get to shore, but so tired and spent with the water that he
+had much ado to recover himself. And because it was not far from Lisbon,
+where he knew there were many Genoeses, his countrymen, he went away
+thither as fast as he could, where, being known by them, he was so
+courteously received and entertained that he set up house and married a
+wife in that city. And forasmuch as he behaved himself honorably, and
+was a man of comely presence, and did nothing but what was just, it
+happened that a lady whose name was Dona Felipa Mo&ntilde;iz, of a good family,
+and pensioner in the Monastery of All Saints, whither the Admiral used
+to go to mass, was so taken with him that she became his wife.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>PUT NOT YOUR TRUST IN PRINCES.</h4>
+
+<p>From a letter of Christopher Columbus to Ferdinand and Isabella:</p>
+
+<p><i>Such is my fate that twenty years of service, through which I passed
+with so much toil and danger, have profited me nothing; and at this day
+I do not possess a roof in Spain that I can call my own. If I wish to
+eat or sleep, I have nowhere to go but to the inn or tavern, and I
+seldom have wherewith to pay the bill. I have not a hair upon me that is
+not gray; my body is infirm; and all that was left me, as well as to my
+brothers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> has been taken away and sold, even to the frock that I wore,
+to my great dishonor. I implore your Highnesses to forgive my
+complaints. I am indeed in as ruined a condition as I have related.
+Hitherto I have wept over others; may Heaven now have mercy upon me, and
+may the earth weep for me.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SELF-SACRIFICE AND DEVOTION OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>From Columbus' own account of his discovery:</p>
+
+<p><i>Such is my plan; if it be dangerous to execute, I am no mere theorist
+who would leave to another the prospect of perishing in carrying it out,
+but am ready to sacrifice my life as an example to the world in doing
+so. If I do not reach the shores of Asia by sea, it will be because the
+Atlantic has other boundaries in the west, and these boundaries I will
+discover.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE TRUST OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>From a letter of Columbus to a friend:</p>
+
+<p><i>For me to contend for the contrary, would be to contend with the wind.
+I have done all that I could do. I leave the rest to God, whom I have
+ever found propitious to me in my necessities.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>SIGNATURE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="55%" cellspacing="0" summary="SIGNATURE OF COLUMBUS.">
+<tr><td align='left'><i>S.</i></td><td align='center'><i>i. e.</i></td><td align='right'><i>Servidor</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>S. A. S.</i></td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><i>Sus Altezas Sacras</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>X. M. Y.</i></td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><i>Jesus Maria Ysabel</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Xpo. FERENS</i></td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><i>Christo-pher</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>El Almirante</i></td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><i>El Almirante.</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center">In English: Servant&mdash;of their Sacred Highnesses&mdash;Jesus, Mary, and
+Isabella&mdash;Christopher&mdash;The Admiral.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+&mdash;<span class="smcap">Becher</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>THE LAST WORDS OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Columbus_and_Columbia" id="Columbus_and_Columbia"></a>Columbus and Columbia.</h2>
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="centerbox">
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Look up, look forth, and on.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There's light in the dawning sky.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clouds are parting, the night is gone.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prepare for the work of the day.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">&mdash;<i>Bayard Taylor.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>A Castilla y Leon,</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Nuevo mundo di&oacute; Colon.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>To Castille and Leon</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Columbus gave a New World.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>Inscription upon Hernando Columbus' tomb, in the pavement of the
+cathedral at Seville, Spain. Also upon the Columbus Monument in the
+Paseo de Recoletos, Madrid.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="COLUMBUS" id="COLUMBUS"></a>COLUMBUS</h2>
+
+
+<h4>REVERENCE AND WONDER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Adams</span>, American lawyer and statesman, second President of the
+United States. Born at Braintree (now Quincy), Norfolk County,
+Mass., October 19, 1735. President, March 4, 1797-March 4, 1801.
+Died at Braintree July 4, 1826.</p></div>
+
+<p>I always consider the discovery of America, with reverence and wonder,
+as the opening of a grand scene and design in Providence, for the
+illumination of the ignorant and the emancipation of the slavish part of
+mankind all over the earth.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GREATNESS OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Livingston Alden</span>, an American author. Born in Massachusetts
+October 9, 1837. From his "Life of Columbus" (1882), published by
+Messrs. Henry Holt &amp; Co., New York City.</p></div>
+
+<p>Whatever flaws there may have been in the man, he was of a finer clay
+than his fellows, for he could dream dreams that their dull imaginations
+could not conceive. He belonged to the same land which gave birth to
+Garibaldi, and, like the Great Captain, the Great Admiral lived in a
+high, pure atmosphere of splendid visions, far removed from and above
+his fellow-men. The greatness of Columbus can not be argued away. The
+glow of his enthusiasm kindles our own even at the long distance of four
+hundred years, and his heroic figure looms grander through successive
+centuries.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ANCIENT ANCHORS.</h4>
+
+<p>Two anchors that Columbus carried in his ships are exhibited at the
+World's Fair. The anchors were found by Columbian Commissioner Ober near
+two old wells at San<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> Salvador. He had photographs and accurate models
+made. These reproductions were sent to Paris, where expert antiquarians
+pronounced them to be fifteenth century anchors, and undoubtedly those
+lost by Columbus in his wreck off San Salvador. One of these has been
+presented to the United States and the other is loaned to the Fair.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS AND THE CONVENT OF LA R&Aacute;BIDA.</h4>
+
+<p class="center">(ANONYMOUS.)</p>
+
+<p>It was at the door of the convent of La R&aacute;bida that Columbus,
+disappointed and down-hearted, asked for food and shelter for himself
+and his child. It was here that he found an asylum for a few years while
+he developed his plans, and prepared the arguments which he submitted to
+the council at Salamanca. It was in one of the rooms of this convent
+that he met the Dominican monks in debate, and it was here also that he
+conferred with Alonzo Pinzon, who afterward commanded one of the vessels
+of his fleet. In this convent Columbus lived while he was making
+preparations for his voyage, and on the morning that he sailed from
+Palos he attended himself the little chapel. There is no building in the
+world so closely identified with his discovery as this.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE EARNESTNESS OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p class="center">(ANONYMOUS.)</p>
+
+<p>Look at Christopher Columbus. Consider the disheartening difficulties
+and vexatious delays he had to encounter; the doubts of the skeptical,
+the sneers of the learned, the cavils of the cautious, and the
+opposition, or at least the indifference, of nearly all. And then the
+dangers of an untried, unexplored ocean. Is it by any means probable he
+would have persevered had he not possessed that earnest enthusiasm which
+was characteristic of the great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> discoverer? What mind can conceive or
+tongue can tell the great results which have followed, and will continue
+to follow in all coming time, from what this single individual
+accomplished? A new continent has been discovered; nations planted whose
+wealth and power already begin to eclipse those of the Old World, and
+whose empires stretch far away beneath the setting sun. Institutions of
+learning, liberty, and religion have been established on the broad basis
+of equal rights to all. It is true, America might have been discovered
+by what we call some fortunate accident. But, in all probability, it
+would have remained unknown for centuries, had not some <i>earnest man</i>,
+like Columbus, arisen, whose adventurous spirit would be roused, rather
+than repressed, by difficulty and danger.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EACH THE COLUMBUS OF HIS OWN SOUL.</h4>
+
+<p class="center">(ANONYMOUS.)</p>
+
+<p>Every man has within himself a continent of undiscovered character.
+Happy is he who acts the Columbus to his own soul.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A SUPERIOR SOUL.</h4>
+
+<p class="center">(CLADERA. SPANISH.)</p>
+
+<p>His soul was superior to the age in which he lived. For him was reserved
+the great enterprise of traversing that sea which had given rise to so
+many fables, and of deciphering the mystery of his time.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS DARED THE MAIN.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Samuel Rogers</span>. (See <i>post</i>, page 275.)</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When first Columbus dared the Western main,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spanned the broad gulf, and gave a world to Spain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How thrilled his soul with tumult of delight,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When through the silence of the sleepless night</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burst shouts of triumph.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE WORLD A SEAMAN'S HAND CONFERRED.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">J. R. Lowell</span>. (See <i>post</i>, page 204.)</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joy, joy for Spain! a seaman's hand confers</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">These glorious gifts, for a new world is hers.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But where is he, that light whose radiance glows,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The loadstone of succeeding mariners?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Behold him crushed beneath o'ermastering woes&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hopeless, heart-broken, chained, abandoned to his foes.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE RIDICULE WITH WHICH THE VIEWS OF COLUMBUS WERE RECEIVED.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John J. Anderson</span>, American historical writer. Born in New York,
+1821. From his "History of the United States" (1887).</p></div>
+
+<p>It is recorded that "Columbus had to beg his way from court to court to
+offer to princes the discovery of a world." Genoa was appealed to again,
+then the appeal was made to Venice. Not a word of encouragement came
+from either. Columbus next tried Spain. His theory was examined by a
+council of men who were supposed to be very wise about geography and
+navigation. The theory and its author were ridiculed. Said one of the
+wise men: "Is there any one so foolish as to believe that there are
+people living on the other side of the earth with their feet opposite to
+ours? people who walk with their heels upward and their heads hanging
+down?" His idea was that the earth was flat like a plate.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE ANCIENTS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From the third of a series of articles by the Hon. <span class="smcap">Elliott Anthony</span>,
+Associate Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Chicago, in
+the Chicago <i>Mail</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 202px;">
+<a name="illus74" id="illus74"></a>
+<img src="images/illus074.jpg" width="202" height="650" alt="STATUE OF COLUMBUS ON THE BARCELONA MONUMENT.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">STATUE OF COLUMBUS ON THE BARCELONA MONUMENT.<br />
+
+(See page <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>
+.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bancroft, the historian, says that nearly three centuries before the
+Christian era, Aristotle, following the lessons of the Pythagoreans, had
+taught that the earth is a sphere<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> and that the water which bounds
+Europe on the west washes the eastern shores of Asia. Instructed by him,
+the Spaniard, Seneca, believed that a ship, with a fair wind, could sail
+from Spain to the Indies in a few days. The opinion was revived in the
+Middle Ages by Averroes, the Arab commentator of Aristotle. Science and
+observation assisted to confirm it; and poets of ancient and of more
+recent times had foretold that empires beyond the ocean would one day be
+revealed to the daring navigator. The genial country of Dante and
+Buonarotti gave birth to Christopher Columbus, by whom these lessons
+were so received and weighed that he gained the glory of fulfilling the
+prophecy.</p>
+
+<p>Accounts of the navigation from the eastern coast of Africa to Arabia
+had reached the western kingdoms of Europe, and adventurous Venetians,
+returning from travels beyond the Ganges, had filled the world with
+dazzling descriptions of the wealth of China, as well as marvelous
+reports of the outlying island empire of Japan. It began to be believed
+that the continent of Asia stretched over far more than a hemisphere,
+and that the remaining distance around the globe was comparatively
+short. Yet from the early part of the fifteenth century the navigators
+of Portugal had directed their explorations to the coast of Africa; and
+when they had ascertained that the torrid zone is habitable, even under
+the equator, the discovery of the islands of Madeira and the Azores
+could not divert them from the purpose of turning the southern capes of
+that continent and steering past them to the land of spices, which
+promised untold wealth to the merchants of Europe, new dominions to its
+princes, and heathen nations to the religion of the cross. Before the
+year 1474, and perhaps as early as 1470, Columbus was attracted to
+Lisbon, which was then the great center of maritime adventure. He came
+to insist<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> with immovable resoluteness that the shortest route to the
+Indies lay across the Atlantic. By the words of Aristotle, received
+through Averroes, and by letters from Toscanelli, the venerable
+cosmographer of Florence&mdash;who had drawn a map of the world, with Eastern
+Asia rising over against Europe&mdash;he was riveted in his faith and lived
+only in the idea of laying open the western path to the Indies.</p>
+
+<p>After more than ten years of vain solicitations in Portugal, he left the
+banks of the Tagus to seek aid of Ferdinand and Isabella, rich in
+nautical experience, having watched the stars at sea from the latitude
+of Iceland to near the equator at Elmina. Though yet longer baffled by
+the skepticism which knew not how to comprehend the clearness of his
+conception, or the mystic trances which sustained his inflexibility of
+purpose, or the unfailing greatness of his soul, he lost nothing of his
+devotedness to the sublime office to which he held himself elected from
+his infancy by the promises of God. When, half resolved to withdraw from
+Spain, traveling on foot, he knocked at the gate of the monastery of La
+R&aacute;bida, at Palos, to crave the needed charity of food and shelter for
+himself and his little son, whom he led by the hand, the destitute and
+neglected seaman, in his naked poverty, was still the promiser of
+kingdoms, holding firmly in his grasp "the key of the ocean sea;"
+claiming, as it were from Heaven, the Indies as his own, and "dividing
+them as he pleased." It was then that through the prior of the convent
+his holy confidence found support in Isabella, the Queen of Castille;
+and in 1492, with three poor vessels, of which the largest only was
+decked, embarking from Palos for the Indies by way of the west, Columbus
+gave a new world to Castille and Leon, "the like of which was never done
+by any man in ancient or in later times."</p>
+
+<p>The jubilee of this great discovery is at hand, and now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> after the lapse
+of 400 years, as we look back over the vast ranges of human history,
+there is nothing in the order of Providence which can compare in
+interest with the condition of the American continent as it lay upon the
+surface of the globe, a hemisphere unknown to the rest of the world.</p>
+
+<p>There stretched the iron chain of its mountain barriers, not yet the
+boundary of political communities; there rolled its mighty rivers
+unprofitably to the sea; there spread out the measureless, but as yet
+wasteful, fertility of its uncultivated fields; there towered the gloomy
+majesty of its unsubdued primeval forests; there glittered in the secret
+caves of the earth the priceless treasures of its unsunned gold, and,
+more than all that pertains to material wealth, there existed the
+undeveloped capacity of 100 embryo states of an imperial confederacy of
+republics, the future abode of intelligent millions, unrevealed as yet
+to the "earnest" but unconscious "expectation" of the elder families of
+man, darkly hidden by the impenetrable veil of waters. There is, to my
+mind, says Everett, an overwhelming sadness in this long insulation of
+America from the brotherhood of humanity, not inappropriately reflected
+in the melancholy expression of the native races.</p>
+
+<p>The boldest keels of Ph&oelig;nicia and Carthage had not approached its
+shores. From the footsteps of the ancient nations along the highways of
+time and fortune&mdash;the embattled millions of the old Asiatic despotisms,
+the iron phalanx of Macedonia, the living, crushing machinery of the
+Roman legion which ground the world to powder, the heavy tramp of
+barbarous nations from "the populous north"&mdash;not the faintest echo had
+aroused the slumbering West in the cradle of her existence. Not a thrill
+of sympathy had shot across the Atlantic from the heroic adventure, the
+intellectual and artistic vitality, the convulsive struggles for
+freedom,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> the calamitous downfalls of empire, and the strange new
+regenerations which fill the pages of ancient and medi&aelig;val history.
+Alike when the oriental myriads, Assyrian, Chaldean, Median, Persian,
+Bactrian, from the snows of Syria to the Gulf of Ormus, from the Halys
+to the Indus, poured like a deluge upon Greece and beat themselves to
+idle foam on the sea-girt rock of Salamis and the lowly plain of
+Marathon; when all the kingdoms of the earth went down with her own
+liberties in Rome's imperial ma&euml;lstrom of blood and fire, and when the
+banded powers of the west, beneath the ensign of the cross, as the
+pendulum of conquest swung backward, marched in scarcely intermitted
+procession for three centuries to the subjugation of Palestine, the
+American continent lay undiscovered, lonely and waste. That mighty
+action and reaction upon each other of Europe and America, the grand
+systole and diastole of the heart of nations, and which now constitutes
+so much of the organized life of both, had not yet begun to pulsate.</p>
+
+<p>The unconscious child and heir of the ages lay wrapped in the mantle of
+futurity upon the broad and nurturing bosom of divine Providence, and
+slumbered serenely like the infant Danae through the storms of fifty
+centuries.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE DARK AGES BEFORE COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From the writings of <span class="smcap">Saint Augustine</span>, the most noted of the Latin
+fathers. Born at Tagasta, Numidia, November 13, A. D. 354; died at
+Hippo, August 28, A. D. 430. (This passage was relied on by the
+ecclesiastical opponents of Columbus to show the heterodoxy of his
+project.)</p></div>
+
+<p>They do not see that even if the earth were round it would not follow
+that the part directly opposite is not covered with water. Besides,
+supposing it not to be so, what necessity is there that it should be
+inhabited, since the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> Scriptures, in the first place, the fulfilled
+prophecies of which attest the truth thereof for the past, can not be
+suspected of telling tales; and, in the second place, it is really too
+absurd to say that men could ever cross such an immense ocean to implant
+in those parts a sprig of the family of the first man.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE LEGEND OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Joanna Baillie</span>, a noted Scottish poetess. Born at Bothwell,
+Scotland, 1762; died at Hampstead, near London, February 23, 1851.
+From "The Legend of Columbus."</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is there a man that, from some lofty steep,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Views in his wide survey the boundless deep,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When its vast waters, lined with sun and shade,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wave beyond wave, in serried distance, fade?</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS THE CONQUEROR.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No kingly conqueror, since time began</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The long career of ages, hath to man</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A scope so ample given for trade's bold range</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or caused on earth's wide stage such rapid, mighty change.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE EXAMPLE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Some ardent youth, perhaps, ere from his home</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He launch his venturous bark, will hither come,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Read fondly o'er and o'er his graven name,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With feelings keenly touched, with heart aflame;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till, wrapped in fancy's wild delusive dream,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Times past and long forgotten, present seem.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To his charmed ear the east wind, rising shrill,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seems through the hero's shroud to whistle still.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clock's deep pendulum swinging through the blast</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sounds like the rocking of his lofty mast;</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">While fitful gusts rave like his clam'rous band,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mixed with the accents of his high command.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slowly the stripling quits the pensive scene,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And burns and sighs and weeps to be what he has been.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, who shall lightly say that fame</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is nothing but an empty name?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whilst in that sound there is a charm</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The nerves to brace, the heart to warm,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As, thinking of the mighty dead,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The young from slothful couch will start,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And vow, with lifted hands outspread,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Like them to act a noble part.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, who shall lightly say that fame</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is nothing but an empty name?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When but for those, our mighty dead,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">All ages past a blank would be,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sunk in oblivion's murky bed,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A desert bare, a shipless sea!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They are the distant objects seen,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The lofty marks of what hath been.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>PALOS&mdash;THE DEPARTURE.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On Palos' shore, whose crowded strand</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bore priests and nobles of the land,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And rustic hinds and townsmen trim,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And harnessed soldiers stern and grim,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And lowly maids and dames of pride,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And infants by their mother's side&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The boldest seaman stood that e'er</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Did bark or ship through tempest steer;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And wise as bold, and good as wise;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The magnet of a thousand eyes,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">That on his form and features cast,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His noble mien and simple guise,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In wonder seemed to look their last.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A form which conscious worth is gracing,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A face where hope, the lines effacing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of thought and care, bestowed, in truth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To the quick eyes' imperfect tracing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The look and air of youth.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 18%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The signal given, with hasty strides</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sailors line their ships' dark sides,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Their anchors weighed, and from the shore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each stately vessel slowly bore.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">High o'er the deep and shadowed flood,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upon his deck their leader stood,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And turned him to departed land,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And bowed his head and waved his hand.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And then, along the crowded strand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A sound of many sounds combined,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That waxed and waved upon the wind,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burst like heaven's thunder, deep and grand;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A lengthened peal, which paused, and then</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Renewed, like that which loathly parts,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oft on the ear returned again,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The impulse of a thousand hearts.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But as the lengthened shouts subside,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Distincter accents strike the ear,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wafting across the current wide</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Heart-uttered words of parting cheer:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Oh, shall we ever see again</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Those gallant souls across the main?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God keep the brave! God be their guide!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God bear them safe through storm and tide!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Their sails with favoring breezes swell!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O brave Columbus, fare thee well!"&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE NAVIGATOR AND THE ISLANDS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Maturin Murray Ballou</span>, American author. Compiler of "Pearls of
+Thought" and similar works. Born in Boston, Mass., April 14, 1822.
+From "Due South," published by Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., Boston,
+1887.</p></div>
+
+<p>The name of Columbus flashes a bright ray over the mental darkness of
+the period in which he lived, for the world was then but just awakening
+from the dull sleep of the Middle Ages. The discovery of printing
+heralded the new birth of the republic of letters, and maritime
+enterprise received a vigorous impulse. The shores of the Mediterranean,
+thoroughly explored and developed, had endowed the Italian states with
+extraordinary wealth, and built up a very respectable mercantile marine.
+The Portuguese mariners were venturing farther and farther from the
+peninsula, and traded with many distant ports on the extended coast of
+Africa.</p>
+
+<p>To the west lay what men supposed to be an illimitable ocean, full of
+mystery, peril, and death. A vague conception that islands hitherto
+unknown might be met afar off on that strange wilderness of waters was
+entertained by some minds, but no one thought of venturing in search of
+them. Columbus alone, regarded merely as a brave and intelligent seaman
+and pilot, conceived the idea that the earth was spherical, and that the
+East Indies, the great El Dorado of the century, might be reached by
+circumnavigating the globe. If we picture to ourselves the mental
+condition of the age and the state of science, we shall find no
+difficulty in conceiving the scorn and incredulity with which the theory
+of Columbus was received. We shall not wonder that he was regarded as a
+madman or a fool; we are not surprised to remember that he encountered
+repulse upon repulse as he journeyed wearily from court to court, and
+pleaded in vain to the sovereigns of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> Europe for aid to prosecute his
+great design. The marvel is that when door after door was closed against
+him, when all ears were deaf to his earnest importunities, when day by
+day the opposition to his views increased, when, weary and footsore, he
+was forced to beg a bit of bread and a cup of water for his fainting and
+famishing boy at the door of a Spanish convent, his reason did not give
+way, and his great heart did not break with disappointment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST AMERICAN MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From an article in the Baltimore <i>American</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>To a patriotic Frenchman and to Baltimore belongs the credit of the
+erection of the first monument to the memory of Christopher Columbus.
+This shaft, though unpretentious in height and material, is the first
+ever erected in the "Monumental City" or in the whole United States. The
+monument was put up on his estate by Charles Francis Adrian le Paulmier,
+Chevalier d'Amour. The property is now occupied by the Samuel Ready
+Orphan Asylum, at North and Hartford avenues. It passed into the hands
+of the trustees from the executors of the late Zenus Barnum's will.</p>
+
+<p>It has ever been a matter of surprise, particularly among tourists, that
+among the thousand and one monuments which have been put up in the
+United States to the illustrious dead, that the daring navigator who
+first sighted an island which was part of a great continent which 400
+years later developed into the first nation of the world, should be so
+completely and entirely overlooked. It is on record that the only other
+monument in the world, up to 1863, which has been erected in the honor
+of Columbus is in Genoa. There is no authoritative account of the
+construction of the Baltimore monument. The fact that it was built<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> in
+honor of Columbus is substantial, as the following inscription on the
+shaft shows:</p>
+
+
+  <p class="center">Sacred<br />
+  to the<br />
+  Memory<br />
+  of<br />
+  CHRIS.<br />
+  COLUMBUS,<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Oct</span>. XII,<br />
+  MDCC VIIIC.</p>
+
+
+<p>It can be seen that the numerals are engrossed in the old English style,
+and show eight less than 1800, or 1792, and the date October 12th. The
+shaft towers among the boughs of a great oak tree which, like itself,
+has stood the storms and winds of nearly a hundred years. It has seen
+Baltimore develop from a little colonial town to a great city. The
+existence of the monument, strange to say, was known to only a few
+persons until the opening of North Avenue through the Barnum estate
+about twelve years ago. It looms up about fifty feet, and is attractive.
+Tradition says that it is built of brick which was brought from England,
+and covered with mortar or cement. At any rate it is substantial, and
+likely to stand the ravages of time for many more years. The Samuel
+Ready estate is on the east side of the Hartford turnpike and fronts on
+North Avenue. The old-fashioned country house, which was built many
+years ago, was occupied by the proprietor of Baltimore's famous
+hostelry, and is still in use. It is occupied by girls who are reared
+and educated by money left by the philanthropist Samuel Ready. Forty or
+fifty years ago the elder David Barnum resided there.</p>
+
+<p>In the southeast corner of the beautiful inclosure stands the monument.
+It is on an elevated terraced plateau. The plaster or cement coating is
+intact, and the inscription is plain. The shaft is quadrangular in form,
+sloping from a base six feet six inches in diameter to about two feet
+and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> half at the top, which is a trifle over fifty feet from the
+ground. The pedestal comprises a base about thirty inches high, with
+well-rounded corners of molded brick work. The pedestal proper is five
+feet six inches in diameter, ten feet in height, and a cornice,
+ornamental in style, about three feet in height. From this rises a
+tapering shaft of about twenty-eight feet. The whole is surmounted by a
+capstone eighteen inches high. Three stories are told about the
+monument.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the first: Among the humble people who have lived in that
+section for years the legend is that the monument was erected to the
+memory of a favorite horse owned by the old Frenchman who was the first
+French consul to the United States. For years it was known as the "Horse
+Monument," and people with imaginative brains conjured up all sorts of
+tales, and retailed them <i>ad lib</i>. These stories were generally accepted
+without much inquiry as to their authenticity.</p>
+
+<p>This, however, is the true story: Gen. D'Amour, who was the first
+representative sent to the colonies from France, was extremely wealthy.
+He was a member of a society founded to perpetuate the memory of
+Columbus in his own land.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that Gen. D'Amour came to America with Count de Grasse, and
+after the fall of Yorktown retired to this city, where he remained until
+he was recalled to France in 1797. His reason for erecting the monument
+was because of his admiration for Columbus' bravery in the face of
+apparent failure. Tradition further says that one evening in the year
+1792, while he was entertaining a party of guests, the fact that it was
+then the tri-centennial of the discovery of America was the topic of
+conversation. During the evening it was mentioned incidentally that
+there was not in this whole country a monument to commemorate the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> deeds
+of Columbus. Thereupon, Gen. D'Amour is said to have made a solemn vow
+that this neglect should be immediately remedied by the erection of an
+enduring shaft upon his own estate.</p>
+
+<p>He bought the property around where the monument now stands, and lived
+in grand style, as befitted a man of his wealth and position. He
+entertained extensively. It is said that Lafayette was dined and f&ecirc;ted
+by the Frenchman in the old brick house which is still standing behind
+the mansion. In the year and on the date which marked the 300th
+anniversary of the discovery of America the monument was unveiled. The
+newspapers in those days were not enterprising, and the journals
+published at that time do not mention the fact. Again, it is said that
+D'Amour died at the old mansion, and many people believe that his body
+was interred near the base of the shaft. It is related that about forty
+years ago two Frenchmen came to this country and laid claims on the
+property, which had, after the Frenchman's death, passed into other
+hands. The claim was disputed because of an unsettled mortgage on it,
+and they failed to prove their title. They tried to discover the
+burial-place of the former owner. In this they also failed, although
+large rewards were offered to encourage people to aid them in their
+search. It is said that an ingenious Irishman in the neighborhood
+undertook to earn the reward, and pointed out a grave in an old Quaker
+burying-ground close by.</p>
+
+<p>The grave was opened and the remains exhumed. Examination proved the
+bones those of a colored man. Old Mrs. Reilly, who was the wife of
+famous old Barnum's Hotel hackman Reilly, used to say that some years
+after the two Frenchmen had departed there came another mysterious
+Frenchman, who sat beside the monument for weeks, pleading to the then
+owners for permission to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> dig in a certain spot hard by. He was refused.
+Nothing daunted, he waited an opportunity and, when the coast was clear,
+he dug up a stone slab, which he had heard was to be found, and carried
+away the remains of a pet cat which had been buried there.</p>
+
+<p>Frequent inquiries were made of Mr. Samuel H. Tagart, who was the
+trustee in charge of the estate of Zenus Barnum, in regard to the old
+Frenchman. Antiquarians all over the country made application for
+permission to dig beneath the monument, and to remove the tablet from
+the face of the shaft. He felt, however, that he could not do it, and
+refused all requests.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the present century the Samuel Ready estate was owned by Thomas
+Tenant&mdash;in those days a wealthy, influential citizen. One of his
+daughters, now dead, became the wife of Hon. John P. Kennedy. Another
+daughter, who lived in New York, and who is supposed to be dead, paid a
+visit in 1878 to the old homestead, and sat beneath the shadow of the
+Columbus monument. She stated that the shaft has stood in her early
+girlhood as it stands now. It was often visited by noted Italians and
+Frenchmen, who seemed to have heard of the existence of the monument in
+Europe. She repeated the story of the wealthy Frenchman, and told of
+some of his eccentricities, and said he had put up the monument at a
+cost of &pound;800, or $4,000.</p>
+
+<p>The old land records of Baltimore town were examined by a representative
+of the <i>American</i> as far back as 1787. It appears that in that year
+Daniel Weatherly and his wife, Elizabeth; Samuel Wilson and wife,
+Hannah; Isaac Pennington and Jemima, his wife, and William Askew and
+Jonathan Rutter assigned to Rachel Stevenson four lots of ground,
+comprising the estate known as "Hanson's Woods," "Darley Hall,"
+"Rutter's Discovery," and "Orange."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> Later, in 1787 and 1788, additional
+lots were received from one Christopher Hughes, and in the following
+year the entire estate was assigned by Rachel Stevenson to Charles
+Francis Adrian le Paulmier, Chevalier d'Amour, the French consul, the
+eccentric Frenchman, and the perpetuator of Columbus' memory in
+Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p>The property remained in his possession up to 1796, when Archibald
+Campbell purchased it. In the year 1800 James Hindman bought it, and
+retained possession until 1802, when James Carere took hold. Thomas
+Tenant purchased the estate in 1809. At his death, in 1830, it changed
+hands several times, and was finally bought by David Barnum, about 1833.
+At his death, in 1854, the estate passed into the hands of Samuel W.
+McClellan, then to Zenus Barnum, and subsequently fell to his heirs, Dr.
+Zenus Barnum, Arthur C. Barnum, Annie and Maggie Barnum. After much
+litigation, about four years ago the estate passed into possession of
+the executors of Samuel Ready's will, and they have turned the once
+tumbled-down, deserted place into a beautiful spot. All the families
+mentioned have relatives living in this city now. In all the changes of
+time and owners, the monument to Columbus has remained intact, showing
+that it is always the fittest that survives, and that old things are
+best.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. E. G. Perine, one of the officers of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum,
+has collected most of the data relating to the monument.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ITALIAN STATUE.</h4>
+
+<p>The Italian citizens resident in Baltimore propose to donate a
+magnificent statue of Columbus to the "Monumental City," in
+commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS&mdash;THE FULFILLER OF PROPHECY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">George Bancroft</span>, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L., America's premier historian.
+Born at Worcester, Mass. October 3, 1800; died January 17, 1891.
+From "The History of the United States."<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Imagination had conceived the idea that vast inhabited regions lay
+unexplored in the west; and poets had declared that empires beyond the
+ocean would one day be revealed to the daring navigator. But Columbus
+deserves the undivided glory of having realized that belief.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The writers of to-day are disposed to consider Magellan's voyage a
+greater feat than that of Columbus. I can not agree with them. Magellan
+was doubtless a remarkable man, and a very bold man. But when he crossed
+the Pacific Ocean he <i>knew</i> he must come to land at last; whereas
+Columbus, whatever he may have heard concerning lands to the west, or
+whatever his theories may have led him to expect, must still have been
+in a state of uncertainty&mdash;to say nothing of the superstitious fears of
+his companions, and probably his own.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The enterprise of Columbus, the most memorable maritime enterprise in
+the history of the world, formed between Europe and America the
+communication which will never cease. The story of the colonization of
+America by Northmen rests on narratives mythological in form and obscure
+in meaning; ancient, yet not contemporary. The intrepid mariners who
+colonized Greenland could easily have extended their voyages to Labrador
+and have explored the coasts to the south of it. No clear historic
+evidence establishes the natural probability that they accomplished the
+passage; and no vestige of their presence on our continent has been
+found.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nearly three centuries before the Christian era, Aristotle, following
+the lessons of the Pythagoreans, had taught that the earth is a sphere,
+and that the water which bounds Europe on the west washes the eastern
+shores of Asia. Instructed by him, the Spaniard Seneca believed that a
+ship, with a fair wind, could sail from Spain to the Indies in the space
+of a very few days. The opinion was revived in the Middle Ages by
+Averroes, the Arab commentator of Aristotle; science and observation
+assisted to confirm it; and poets of ancient and of more recent times
+had foretold that empires beyond the ocean would one day be revealed to
+the daring navigator. The genial country of Dante and Buonarotti gave
+birth to Christopher Columbus, by whom these lessons were so received
+and weighed that he gained the glory of fulfilling the prophecy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 423px;">
+<a name="illus93" id="illus93"></a>
+<img src="images/illus093.jpg" width="423" height="650" alt="COLUMBUS MONUMENT, PASEO COLON, BARCELONA, SPAIN.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">COLUMBUS MONUMENT, PASEO COLON, BARCELONA, SPAIN.<br />
+
+Dedicated May 2, 1888</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS THE MARINER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hubert Howe Bancroft</span>, an American historian. Born at Granville,
+Ohio, 1832.</p></div>
+
+<p>As a mariner and discoverer Columbus had no superior; as a colonist and
+governor he proved himself a failure. Had he been less pretentious and
+grasping, his latter days would have been more peaceful. Discovery was
+his infatuation; but he lacked practical judgment, and he brought upon
+himself a series of calamities.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A COLUMBUS BANK NOTE.</h4>
+
+
+<p>Since the Postoffice Department has decided to issue a set of stamps in
+honor of Columbus, it has been suggested that a Columbus bank note would
+also be in good taste at this time. Chief Meredith, of the Bureau of
+Engraving and Printing, originated the latter idea and will lay it
+before Secretary Foster when he returns to his desk at the Treas<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>ury.
+Issuing a whole set of Columbian notes would involve not only a great
+deal of preparation but cost as well, and hence it is proposed to choose
+one of the smaller denominations, probably the $1 note, for the change.
+There is an engraving of Columbus in the bureau made by Burt, who was
+considered the finest vignette engraver in the country. It is a
+full-face portrait, representing Columbus with a smooth face and wearing
+a brigandish-looking hat.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE BARCELONA STATUE.</h4>
+
+<p>The historic Muralla del Mar (sea wall) of Barcelona has been effaced
+during the progress of harbor improvements, and its place supplied by a
+wide and handsome quay, which forms a delightful promenade, is planted
+with palms, and has been officially named the Paseo de Colon (Columbus
+Promenade). Here, at the foot of the Rambla in the Plaza de la Paz, is a
+marble statue of Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>This magnificent monument, erected in honor of the great Genoese
+mariner, was unveiled on May 2, 1888, in the presence of the Queen
+Regent, King Alfonzo XIII. of Spain, and the royal family; Se&ntilde;or
+Sagasta, President of the Council of Ministers, the chief Alcalde of
+Barcelona, many other Spanish notables, and the officers of the many
+European and American men-of-war then in the port of Barcelona.</p>
+
+<p>It was dedicated amid the thunders of more than 5,000 guns and the
+salutes of battalions of brave seamen. The ceremony was such and so
+imposing as to be without a parallel in the history of any other part of
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>The following ships of war, at anchor in the harbor of Barcelona, boomed
+out their homage to the First Admiral of the Shadowy Sea, and, landing
+detachments of officers, seamen, and marines, took part in the
+inauguration ceremonies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>American</i>&mdash;United States steamship Winnebago.</p>
+
+<p><i>Austrian</i>&mdash;The imperial steamships Tegethoff, Custozz, Prinz Eugen,
+Kaiser Max, Kaiser John of Austria, Meteor, Panther, and Leopard.</p>
+
+<p><i>British</i>&mdash;H.M.S. Alexandra, Dreadnought, Colossus, Thunderer, and
+Phaeton, and torpedo boats 99, 100, 101, and 108.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dutch</i>&mdash;The Johann Wilhelm Friso.</p>
+
+<p><i>French</i>&mdash;The Colbert, Duperre, Courbet, Devastation, Redoubtable,
+Indomptable, Milan, Condor, Falcon, the dispatch boat Coulevrine, and
+six torpedo boats.</p>
+
+<p><i>German</i>&mdash;The imperial vessel Kaiser.</p>
+
+<p><i>Italian</i>&mdash;The royal vessels Etna, Salta, Goito, Vesuvius, Archimedes,
+Tripoli, Folgore, Castellfidardo, Lepanto, and Italia.</p>
+
+<p><i>Portuguese</i>&mdash;The Vasco da Gama.</p>
+
+<p><i>Russian</i>&mdash;The Vestruch and Zabiaca.</p>
+
+<p><i>Spanish</i>&mdash;The Numancia, Navarra, Gerona, Castilla, Blanca, Destructor,
+Pilar, and Pil&eacute;s.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DESCRIPTION OF THE MONUMENT.</h4>
+
+<p>The monument was cast in the workshops of A. Wohlgemuth, engineer and
+constructor of Barcelona, and was made in eight pieces, the base
+weighing 31&frac12; tons. The first section, 22&frac12; tons; the second, 24&frac12;
+tons; the third, 23&frac12; tons; the fourth, 23&#8539; tons; the capital,
+29&frac12; tons; the templete, 13&frac12; tons; the globe, 15&frac12; tons; the
+bronze ornaments, 13&frac12; tons; the statue of Columbus, 41 tons; the
+pedestal of the column, 31&frac12; tons; the total weight of bronze employed
+in the column being 210&frac12; tons; its height, 198 feet.</p>
+
+<p>The total cost of the monument amounted to 1,000,000 pesetas. Of these,
+350,000 were collected by public subscription, and the remaining 650,000
+pesetas were contributed by the city of Barcelona.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The monument is 198 feet in height, and is ascended by means of an
+hydraulic elevator; five or six persons have room to stand on the
+platform. On the side facing the sea there opens a staircase of a single
+flight, which leads to a small resting room richly ornamented, and lit
+by a skylight, which contains the elevator. The grand and beautiful city
+of Barcelona, the busiest center of industry, commerce, and shipping,
+and mart of the arts and sciences, is not likely to leave in oblivion he
+who enriched the Old World with a new one, opening new arteries of trade
+which immensely augmented its renowned commercial existence; and less is
+it likely to forget that the citizens of Barcelona who were
+contemporaneous with Columbus were among the first to greet the unknown
+mariner when he returned from America, for the first time, with the
+enthusiasm which his colossal discovery evoked.</p>
+
+<p>If for this alone, in one of her most charming squares, in full view of
+the ocean whose bounds the immortal sailor fixed and discovered, they
+have raised his statue upon a monument higher than the most celebrated
+ones of the earth. This statue, constructed under the supervision of the
+artist Don Cayetano Buigas, is composed of a base one meter in height
+and twenty meters wide, and of three sections. The first part is a
+circular section, eighteen meters in diameter, ten feet in height; it is
+composed of carved stone with interspersed bas-reliefs in bronze,
+representing episodes in the life of Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>The second story takes the form of a cross, and is of the height of
+thirty-three feet, being of carved stone decorated with bronzes. On the
+arms of the cross are four female figures, representing Catalonia,
+Aragon, Castille, and Leon, and in the angles of the same are figures of
+Father Boyle, Santangel, Margarite and Ferrer de Blanes.</p>
+
+<p>On the sides of the cross are grouped eight medallions of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> bronze, on
+which are placed the busts of Isabella I., Ferdinand V., Father Juan
+Flores, Andr&eacute;s de Cabrera, Padre Juan de la Marchena, the Marchioness of
+Moya, Martin Pinzon, and his brother, Vicente Ya&ntilde;ez Pinzon.</p>
+
+<p>This section upholds the third part of the monument, which takes the
+form of an immense globe, on top of which stands the statue of Columbus,
+a noble conception of a great artist, grandly pointing toward the
+conquered confines of the Mysterious Sea.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4>LEGEND OF A WESTERN LAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rev. <span class="smcap">Sabine Baring-Gould</span>, vicar of Looe Trenchard, Devonshire,
+England. Born at Exeter, England, 1834. An antiquarian,
+arch&aelig;ological and historical writer, no mean poet, and a novelist.
+From his "Curious Myths of the Middle Ages."</p></div>
+
+<p>According to a Keltic legend, in former days there lived in Skerr a
+Druid of renown. He sat with his face to the west on the shore, his eye
+following the declining sun, and he blamed the careless billows which
+tumbled between him and the distant Isle of Green. One day, as he sat
+musing on a rock, a storm arose on the sea; a cloud, under whose squally
+skirts the foaming waters tossed, rushed suddenly into the bay, and from
+its dark womb emerged a boat with white sails bent to the wind and banks
+of gleaming oars on either side. But it was destitute of mariners,
+itself seeming to live and move. An unusual terror seized on the aged
+Druid; he heard a voice call, "Arise, and see the Green Isle of those
+who have passed away!" Then he entered the vessel. Immediately the wind
+shifted, the cloud enveloped him, and in the bosom of the vapor he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+sailed away. Seven days gleamed on him through the mist; on the eighth,
+the waves rolled violently, the vessel pitched, and darkness thickened
+around him, when suddenly he heard a cry, "The Isle! the Isle!" The
+clouds parted before him, the waves abated, the wind died away, and the
+vessel rushed into dazzling light. Before his eyes lay the Isle of the
+Departed, basking in golden light. Its hills sloped green and tufted
+with beauteous trees to the shore, the mountain tops were enveloped in
+bright and transparent clouds, from which gushed limpid streams, which,
+wandering down the steep hill-sides with pleasant harp-like murmur
+emptied themselves into the twinkling blue bays. The valleys were open
+and free to the ocean; trees loaded with leaves, which scarcely waved to
+the light breeze, were scattered on the green declivities and rising
+ground; all was calm and bright; the pure sun of autumn shone from his
+blue sky on the fields; he hastened not to the west for repose, nor was
+he seen to rise in the east, but hung as a golden lamp, ever illumining
+the Fortunate Isles.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LEGEND OF A WESTERN ISLAND.</h4>
+
+<p>There is a Ph&oelig;nician legend that a large island was discovered in the
+Atlantic Ocean, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, several days' sail from
+the coast of Africa. This island abounded in all manner of riches. The
+soil was exceedingly fertile; the scenery was diversified by rivers,
+mountains, and forests. It was the custom of the inhabitants to retire
+during the summer to magnificent country houses, which stood in the
+midst of beautiful gardens. Fish and game were found in great abundance,
+the climate was delicious, and the trees bore fruit at all seasons of
+the year.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS AN IDEAL COMMANDER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Joel Barlow</span>, American poet, patriot, and politician. Born at
+Reading, Conn., 1755; died near Cracow, in Poland, 1812. From the
+introduction to "Columbiad" (1807).</p></div>
+
+<p>Every talent requisite for governing, soothing, and tempering the
+passions of men is conspicuous in the conduct of Columbus on the
+occasion of the mutiny of his crew. The dignity and affability of his
+manners, his surprising knowledge and experience in naval affairs, his
+unwearied and minute attention to the duties of his command, gave him a
+great ascendancy over the minds of his men, and inspired that degree of
+confidence which would have maintained his authority in almost any
+circumstances.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MAN'S INGRATITUDE.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Long had the sage, the first who dared to brave</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The unknown dangers of the western wave;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who taught mankind where future empires lay</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In these confines of descending day;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With cares o'erwhelmed, in life's distressing gloom,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wish'd from a thankless world a peaceful tomb,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While kings and nations, envious of his name,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enjoyed his toils and triumphed o'er his fame,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And gave the chief, from promised empire hurl'd,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chains for a crown, a prison for a world.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">&mdash;<i>Barlow</i>, "Columbus" (1787).</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h4>"ONLY THE ACTIONS OF THE JUST."</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ages unborn shall bless the happy day</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When thy bold streamers steer'd the trackless way.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'er these delightful realms thy sons shall tread,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And following millions trace the path you led.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Behold yon isles, where first the flag unfurled</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waved peaceful triumph o'er the new-found world.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where, aw'd to silence, savage bands gave place,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And hail'd with joy the sun-descended race.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">&mdash;<i>Barlow</i>, "The Vision of Columbus,"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">a poem in nine books (1787).</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>QUEEN ISABELLA'S DEATH.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Truth leaves the world and Isabella dies.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS' CHAINS HIS CROWN.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I sing the mariner who first unfurl'd</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">An eastern banner o'er the western world,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And taught mankind where future empires lay</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In these fair confines of descending day;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who swayed a moment, with vicarious power,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Iberia's scepter on the new-found shore;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then saw the paths his virtuous steps had trod</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pursued by avarice and defiled with blood;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The tribes he fostered with paternal toil</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snatched from his hand and slaughtered for their spoil.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slaves, kings, adventurers, envious of his name,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enjoyed his labors and purloined his fame,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And gave the viceroy, from his high seat hurl'd,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chains for a crown, a prison for a world.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">&mdash;<i>Barlow</i>, The "Columbiad," Book I; lines 1-14.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>PROPHETIC VISIONS URGED COLUMBUS ON.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The bliss of unborn nations warm'd his breast,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Repaid his toils, and sooth'd his soul to rest;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thus o'er thy subject wave shall thou behold</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Far happier realms their future charms unfold,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">In nobler pomp another Pisgah rise,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beneath whose foot thy new-found Canaan lies.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There, rapt in vision, hail my favorite clime</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And taste the blessings of remotest time.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">&mdash;<i>Barlow</i>, The "Columbiad," Book 1; lines 176-184.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS, THE PATHFINDER OF THE SHADOWY SEA.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He opened calm the universal cause</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To give each realm its limit and its laws,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bid the last breath of tired contention cease,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And bind all regions in the leagues of peace.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To yon bright borders of Atlantic day</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His swelling pinions led the trackless way,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And taught mankind such useful deeds to dare,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To trace new seas and happy nations rear;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till by fraternal hands their sails unfurled</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Have waved at last in union o'er the world.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>RELIGIOUS OBJECT OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">J. J. Barry</span>, M. D., "Life of Columbus."</p></div>
+
+<p>The first object of the discovery, disengaged from every human
+consideration, was the glorification of the Redeemer and the extension
+of His Church.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE NOBILITY OF COLUMBUS IN ADVERSITY.</h4>
+
+
+<p>The accumulations of his reverses exceed human proportions. His
+misfortunes almost surpass his glory. Still this man does not murmur. He
+accuses, he curses nobody; and does not regret that he was born. The
+people of ancient times would never have conceived this type of a hero.
+Christianity alone, whose creation he was, can comprehend him. * * * The
+example of Columbus shows that nobody can completely obtain here below
+the objects<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> of his desires. The man who doubled the known space of the
+earth was not able to attain his object; he proposed to himself much
+more than he realized.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS BELL.</h4>
+
+<p>The congregation of the little colored church at Haleyville, in
+Cumberland County, N. J., contributes an interesting historical relic to
+the World's Fair. It is the bell that has for years called them to
+church. In the year 1445, the bell, it is said, hung in one of the
+towers of the famous mosque at the Alhambra. After the siege of Granada,
+the bell was taken away by the Spanish soldiers and presented to Queen
+Isabella, who, in turn, presented it to Columbus, who brought it to
+America on his fourth voyage and presented it to a community of Spanish
+monks who placed it in the Cathedral of Carthagena, on the Island of New
+Granada. In 1697 buccaneers looted Carthagena, and carried the bell on
+board the French pirate ship La Rochelle, but the ship was wrecked on
+the Island of St. Andreas shortly afterward, and the wreckers secured
+the bell as part of their salvage. Capt. Newell of Bridgeton purchased
+it, brought it to this country, and presented it to the colored
+congregation of the Haleyville church. The bell weighs sixty-four
+pounds, and is of fine metal.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Geronimo Benzoni</span> of Milan, Italy. Born about 1520. From his
+"History of the New World" (1565).</p></div>
+
+<p>He was a man of a good, reasonable stature, with sound, strong limbs; of
+good judgment, high talent, and gentlemanlike aspect. His eyes were
+bright, his hair red, his nose aquiline, his mouth somewhat large; but
+above all he was a friend to justice, though rather passionate when
+angry.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>WESTWARD RELIGION'S BANNERS TOOK THEIR WAY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Right Rev. <span class="smcap">George Berkeley</span>, Bishop of Cloyne, Ireland. Born at
+Kilcrin, Kilkenny, March 12, 1684; died at Oxford, England, January
+14, 1754. The author of the celebrated line, "Westward the course
+of Empire takes its way."</p></div>
+
+<p>But all things of heavenly origin, like the glorious sun, move westward;
+and Truth and Art have their periods of shining and of night. Rejoice,
+then, O venerable Rome, in thy divine destiny! for, though darkness
+overshadow thy seats, and though thy mitred head must descend into the
+dust, thy spirit, immortal and undecayed, already spreads toward a new
+world.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS NO CHANCE COMER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Hon. <span class="smcap">James Gillespie Blaine</span>, one of America's leading
+statesmen. Born in Washington County, Pa., in 1830.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus was no chance comer. The time was full. He was not premature;
+he was not late. He came in accordance with a scientifically formed if
+imperfect theory, whether his own or another's&mdash;a theory which had a
+logical foundation, and which projected logical sequences. * * * Had not
+Columbus discovered America in 1492, a hundred Columbuses would have
+discovered it in 1493.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CERTAIN CONVICTIONS OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Baron Bonnafoux</span>, a French author. From "La Vie de Christophe
+Colombe" (1853).</p></div>
+
+<p>He was as certain of the truth of his theory as if he had seen and
+trodden on the very ground which his imagination had called into
+existence. * * * There was an air of authority about him, and a dignity
+in his manner, that struck all who saw him. He considered himself, on
+principle, above envy and slander, and in calm and serious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> discussion
+always had the superiority in argument on the subjects of his schemes.
+To refuse to assist him in his projects was one thing; but it was
+impossible to reply to his discourse in refutation of his arguments,
+and, above all, not to respect him.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBUS OF MODERN TIMES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">From an editorial in the Boston <i>Journal</i>, July 13, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>When John Bright, in Parliament, shortly after the successful laying of
+the Atlantic cable, called Cyrus W. Field <i>the Columbus of modern
+times</i>, he made no inappropriate comparison. Mr. Field, in the early
+days of the great undertaking that has made his name immortal, had to
+contend against the same difficulties as the intrepid Genoese. The
+lineal descendants of the fifteenth century pundits, who vexed the soul
+of Columbus by insisting that the world was flat, were very sure that a
+cable could never be laid across the boisterous Atlantic; that sea
+monsters would bite it off and huge waves destroy it. Both men finally
+prevailed over a doubting world by sheer force of indomitable
+enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>Many men in Mr. Field's place, having amassed a fortune comparatively
+early in life, would have devoted themselves to ease and recreation. But
+there was too much of the New England spirit of restless energy in Mr.
+Field to permit him to pass the best years of his life thus
+ingloriously. The great thought of his cable occurred to him, and he
+became a man of one fixed idea, and ended by becoming a popular hero. No
+private American citizen, probably, has received such distinguished
+honors as Mr. Field when his cable was laid in 1867, and the undertaking
+of his lifetime was successfully accomplished. And Mr. Field was
+honestly entitled to all the glory and to all the financial profit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> that
+he reaped. His project was one that only a giant mind could conceive,
+and a giant mind and a giant will could carry on to execution.</p>
+
+<p>As if to make the parallel with Columbus complete, Mr. Field passed his
+last few days under the heavy shadow of misfortune. His son's failure,
+and the sensational developments attending it, were probably the
+occasion of his fatal illness. It is a melancholy termination of a
+remarkable career to which the nations of the earth owe a vast debt of
+gratitude.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Chicago <i>Tribune</i>, July 13, 1892.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the twelve years' struggle to lay an Atlantic cable from
+Ireland to Newfoundland is the story of one of the greatest battles with
+the fates that any one man was ever called on to wage. It was a fight
+not only against the ocean, jealous of its rights as a separator of the
+continents, and against natural obstacles which seemed absolutely
+unsurpassable, but a fight against stubborn Parliaments and Congresses,
+and all the stumbling blocks of human disbelief. But the courage of
+Cyrus W. Field was indomitable. <i>His patience and zeal were
+inexhaustible, and so it came to pass, on July 27, 1866, that this man
+knelt down in his cabin, like a second Columbus, and gave thanks to God,
+for his labors were crowned with success at last.</i></p>
+
+<p>He had lost his health. He had worn out his nervous forces by the
+tremendous strain, and he paid in excruciating suffering the debt he
+owed to nature. But he had won a fortune and a lasting fame.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE BOSTON STATUE.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1849 the Italian merchants of Boston, under the presidency of Mr.
+Iasigi, presented to the city a statue of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> Columbus, which was placed
+inside the inclosure of Louisburg Square, at the Pinckney Street end of
+the square. The statue, which is of inferior merit, bears no
+inscription, and is at the present date forgotten, dilapidated, and fast
+falling into decay.</p>
+
+
+<h4>YOU CAN NOT CONQUER AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Flavius J. Brobst</span> in an article on Westminster Abbey, in the
+<i>Mid-Continent Magazine</i>, August, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sublimest of all, the incomparable Earl of Chatham, whose prophetic ken
+foresaw the independence of the American nation even before the battles
+of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill had been fought; and who, from
+the first, in Parliament, rose with his eagle beak, and raised his
+clarion voice with all the vehemence of his imperial soul in behalf of
+the American colonies, reaching once a climax of inspiration, when, in
+thunderous tones, he declared to the English nation, "<i>You can not
+conquer America.</i>"</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE INDOMITABLE COURAGE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William C. Bryant</span>, an eminent American poet. Born at Cummington,
+Mass., November 3, 1794; died June 12, 1878. From his "History of
+the United States."</p></div>
+
+<p>With a patience that nothing could wear out, and a perseverance that,
+was absolutely unconquerable, Columbus waited and labored for eighteen
+years, appealing to minds that wanted light and to ears that wanted
+hearing. His ideas of the possibilities of navigation were before his
+time. It was one thing to creep along the coast of Africa, where the
+hold upon the land need never be lost, another to steer out boldly into
+that wilderness of waters, over which mystery and darkness brooded.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">J. W. Buel</span>, a celebrated American author.</p></div>
+
+<p>Oh, thou Santa Maria, thou famous remembrancer of the centuries! The
+names of none of those that sailed in search of the Golden Fleece are so
+well preserved among the eternities of history as is thine. No vessel of
+Rome, of Greece, of Carthage, of Egypt, that carried conquering C&aelig;sar,
+triumphant Alexander, valiant Hannibal, or beauteous Cleopatra, shall be
+so well known to coming ages as thou art. No ship of the Spanish Armada,
+or of Lord Howard, who swept it from the sea; no looming monster; no
+Great Eastern or frowning ironclad of modern navies, shall be held like
+thee in perpetual remembrance by all the sons of men. For none ever bore
+such a hero on such a mission, that has glorified all nations by giving
+the greatest of all countries to the world.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SCARLET THORN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Burroughs</span>, an American essayist and naturalist. Born at
+Roxbury, New York, April 3, 1837. From a letter in the <i>St.
+Nicholas Magazine</i> of July, 1892. (See <i>post</i>, <span class="smcap">Nason</span>.)</p></div>
+
+<p>There are a great many species of the thorn distributed throughout the
+United States. All the Northern species, so far as I know, have white
+flowers. In the South they are more inclined to be pink or roseate. If
+Columbus picked up at sea a spray of the thorn, it was doubtless some
+Southern species. Let us believe it was the Washington thorn, which
+grows on the banks of streams from Virginia to the Gulf, and loads
+heavily with small red fruit.</p>
+
+<p>The thorn belongs to the great family of trees that includes the apple,
+peach, pear, raspberry, strawberry, etc., namely, the rose family, or
+<i>Rosace&aelig;</i>. Hence the apple, pear, and plum are often grafted on the
+white thorn.</p>
+
+<p>A curious thing about the thorns is that they are sup<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>pressed or
+abortive branches. The ancestor of this tree must have been terribly
+abused sometime to have its branches turn to thorns.</p>
+
+<p>I have an idea that persistent cultivation and good treatment would
+greatly mollify the sharp temper of the thorn, if not change it
+completely.</p>
+
+<p>The flower of the thorn would become us well as a National flower. It
+belongs to such a hardy, spunky, unconquerable tree, and to such a
+numerous and useful family. Certainly, it would be vastly better than
+the merely delicate and pretty wild flowers that have been so generally
+named.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAPTAIN AND SEAMEN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Richard E. Burton</span>, in the Denver (Colo.) <i>Times</i>, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I see a galleon of Spanish make,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That westward like a wing&eacute;d creature flies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Above a sea dawn-bright, and arched with skies</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Expectant of the sun and morning-break.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sailors from the deck their land-thirst slake</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With peering o'er the waves, until their eyes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Discern a coast that faint and dream-like lies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The while they pray, weep, laugh, or madly take</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Their shipmates in their arms and speak no word.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And then I see a figure, tall, removed</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A little from the others, as behooved,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That since the dawn has neither spoke nor stirred;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A noble form, the looming mast beside,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus, calm, his prescience verified.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE BEAUTIES OF THE BAHAMA SEA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hezekiah Butterworth</span>, American author. Born in Rhode Island, 1839.
+From an article, "The Sea of Discovery," in <i>The Youth's
+Companion</i>, June 9, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Bahama Sea is perhaps the most beautiful of all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> waters. Columbus
+beheld it and its islands with a poet's eye.</p>
+
+<p>"It only needed the singing of the nightingale," said the joyful
+mariner, "to make it like Andalusia in April;" and to his mind Andalusia
+was the loveliest place on earth. In sailing among these gardens of the
+seas in the serene and transparent autumn days after the great
+discovery, the soul of Columbus was at times overwhelmed and entranced
+by a sense of the beauty of everything in it and about it. Life seemed,
+as it were, a spiritual vision.</p>
+
+<p>"I know not," said the discoverer, "where first to go; nor are my eyes
+ever weary of gazing on the beautiful verdure. The singing of the birds
+is such that it seems as if one would never desire to depart hence."</p>
+
+<p>He speaks in a poet's phrases of the odorous trees, and of the clouds of
+parrots whose bright wings obscured the sun. His descriptions of the sea
+and its gardens are full of glowing and sympathetic colorings, and all
+things to him had a spiritual meaning.</p>
+
+<p>"God," he said, on reviewing his first voyage over these western waters,
+"God made me the messenger of the new heavens and earth, and told me
+where to find them. Charts, maps, and mathematical knowledge had nothing
+to do with the case."</p>
+
+<p>On announcing his discovery on his return, he breaks forth into the
+following highly poetic exhortation: "Let processions be formed, let
+festivals be held, let lauds be sung. Let Christ rejoice on earth."</p>
+
+<p>Columbus was a student of the Greek and Latin poets, and of the poetry
+of the Hebrew Scriptures. The visions of Isaiah were familiar to him,
+and he thought that Isaiah himself at one time appeared to him in a
+vision. He loved nature. To him the outer world was a garment of the
+Invisible; and it was before his great soul had suffered
+dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>appointment that he saw the sun-flooded waters of the Bahama Sea
+and the purple splendors of the Antilles.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="illus110" id="illus110"></a>
+<img src="images/illus110.jpg" width="600" height="351" alt="THE PASEO COLON (COLUMBUS PROMENADE), BARCELONA, SPAIN.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE PASEO COLON (COLUMBUS PROMENADE), BARCELONA, SPAIN.<br />
+
+With the Columbus Monument in the background.<br />
+
+See page <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is scarcely an adjective in the picturesque report of Columbus in
+regard to this sea and these islands that is not now as appropriate and
+fitting as in the days when its glowing words delighted Isabella 400
+years ago.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WHEN HISTORY DOES THEE WRONG.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">George Gordon Noel, Lord Byron</span>, one of England's famous poets. Born
+in London, January 22, 1788; died at Missolonghi, Greece, April 19,
+1824.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Teems not each ditty with the glorious tale?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ah! such, alas, the hero's amplest fate.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When granite molders and when records fail,</span><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pride! bend thine eye from heaven to thine estate,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">See how the mighty shrink into a song.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Can volume, pillar, pile, preserve thee great?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Or must thou trust Tradition's simple tongue,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">When Flattery sleeps with thee, and History does thee wrong.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h4>CABOT'S CONTEMPORANEOUS UTTERANCE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sebastian Cabot</span>, a navigator of great eminence. Born at Bristol,
+England, about 1477. Discovered the mainland of North America. Died
+about 1557.</p></div>
+
+<p>When newes were brought that Don Christopher Colonus, the Genoese, had
+discovered the coasts of India, whereof was great talke in all the Court
+of King Henry the VII. who then raigned, * * * all men with great
+admiration affirmed it to be a thing more divine than humane to saile by
+the West into the Easte, where the spices growe, by a chart that was
+never before knowen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>THE CAPITULATIONS OF SANTA F&Eacute;&mdash;AGREEMENT OF COLUMBUS WITH FERDINAND AND
+ISABELLA.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir <span class="smcap">Arthur Helps</span>. From "The Life of Columbus." [See other extracts,
+<i>post</i>, <i>sub nomine</i> <span class="smcap">Helps</span>.]</p></div>
+
+<p>1. Christopher Columbus wishes to be made Admiral of the seas and
+countries which he is about to discover. He desires to hold this dignity
+during his life, and that it should descend to his heirs.</p>
+
+<p><i>This request is granted by the King and Queen.</i></p>
+
+<p>2. Christopher Columbus wishes to be made Viceroy of all the continents
+and islands.</p>
+
+<p><i>Granted by the King and Queen.</i></p>
+
+<p>3. He wishes to have a share amounting to a tenth part of the profits of
+all merchandise&mdash;be it pearls, jewels, or any other thing&mdash;that may be
+found, gained, bought, or exported from the countries which he is to
+discover.</p>
+
+<p><i>Granted by the King and Queen.</i></p>
+
+<p>4. He wishes, in his quality of Admiral, to be made sole judge of all
+mercantile matters that may be the occasion of dispute in the countries
+which he is to discover.</p>
+
+<p><i>Granted by the King and Queen, on condition that this jurisdiction
+should belong to the office of Admiral, as held by Don Enriques and
+other Admirals.</i></p>
+
+<p>5. Christopher Columbus wishes to have the right to contribute the
+eighth part of the expenses of all ships which traffic with the new
+countries, and in return to earn the eighth part of the profits.</p>
+
+<p><i>Granted by the King and Queen.</i></p>
+
+<p>Santa F&eacute;, in the Vega of Granada, April 17, 1492.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS, THE SEA-KING.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Thomas Carlyle</span>, "the Sage of Chelsea," celebrated English
+philosophic writer. Born at Ecclefechan, Scotland, December 4,
+1795; died at Cheyne walk, Chelsea, London, February 5, 1881. From
+"Past and Present."</p></div>
+
+<p>Brave Sea-captain, Norse Sea-king, Columbus, my hero, royalest Sea-king
+of all! it is no friendly environment this of thine, in the waste deep
+waters; around thee, mutinous, discouraged souls; behind thee, disgrace
+and ruin; before thee, the unpenetrated veil of Night. Brother, these
+wild water-mountains, bounding from their deep basin&mdash;ten miles deep, I
+am told&mdash;are not entirely there on thy behalf! Meseems they have other
+work than floating thee forward; and the huge winds that sweep from Ursa
+Major to the Tropics and Equator, dancing their giant waltz through the
+kingdoms of Chaos and Immensity, they care little about filling rightly
+or filling wrongly the small shoulder-of-mutton sails in this
+cockle-skiff of thine. Thou art not among articulate-speaking friends,
+my brother; thou art among immeasurable dumb monsters, tumbling,
+howling, wide as the world here. Secret, far off, invisible to all
+hearts but thine, there lies a help in them; see how thou wilt get at
+that. Patiently thou wilt wait till the mad southwester spend itself,
+saving thyself by dextrous science of defense the while; valiantly, with
+swift decision, wilt thou strike in, when the favoring east, the
+Possible, springs up. Mutiny of men thou wilt entirely repress;
+weakness, despondency, thou wilt cheerily encourage; thou wilt swallow
+down complaint, unreason, weariness, weakness of others and thyself.
+There shall be a depth of silence in thee deeper than this sea, which is
+but ten miles deep; a silence unsoundable, known to God only. Thou shalt
+be a great man. Yes, my World-soldier, thou wilt have to be greater than
+this tumultuous, unmeasured world here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> around thee; thou, in thy strong
+soul, as with wrestler's arms, shalt embrace it, harness it down, and
+make it bear thee on&mdash;to new Americas.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OUTBOUND.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bliss Carman</span>, from a poem in the <i>Century Magazine</i>, 1892.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A lonely sail in the vast sea-room,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I have put out for the port of gloom.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The voyage is far on the trackless tide,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The watch is long, and the seas are wide.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The headlands, blue in the sinking day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kiss me a hand on the outward way.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The fading gulls, as they dip and veer,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lift me a voice that is good to hear.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The great winds come, and the heaving sea,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The restless mother, is calling me.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The cry of her heart is lone and wild,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Searching the night for her wandered child.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beautiful, weariless mother of mine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In the drift of doom I am here, I am thine.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beyond the fathom of hope or fear,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From bourn to bourn of the dusk I steer.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swept on in the wake of the stars, in the stream</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of a roving tide, from dream to dream.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE TRIBUTES OF THE PH&OElig;NIX OF THE AGES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Lope de Vega Carpio</span>, a celebrated Spanish poet and dramatist. Born
+at Madrid, November 25, 1562; died, 1635.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lope puts into the mouth of Columbus, in a dialogue with Ferdinand, who
+earnestly invites the discoverer to ask of him the wherewithal to
+prosecute the discovery, the following verses:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sire, give me gold, for gold is all in all;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Tis master, 'tis the goal and course alike,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The way, the means, the handicraft, and power,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sure foundation and the truest friend.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Referring to the results of the great discovery, Lope beautifully says
+that it gave&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Al Rey infinitas terras</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Y &aacute; Dios infinitas almas.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+(To the King boundless lands, and to God souls without
+number.)
+</p>
+
+<h4>HERSCHEL, THE COLUMBUS OF THE SKIES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">E. H. Chapin</span>, American author of the nineteenth century.</p></div>
+
+<p>Man was sent into the world to be a growing and exhaustless force; the
+world was spread out around him to be seized and conquered. Realms of
+infinite truth burst open above him, inviting him to tread those shining
+coasts along which Newton dropped his plummet and Herschel sailed, a
+Columbus of the skies.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS AND AMERICUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From Chicago <i>Tribune</i>, August, 1892. [See also <i>ante</i>, Boston
+<i>Journal</i>.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The suggestion has been made by Mr. John Boyd Thacher, commissioner from
+New York to the World's Fair, that a tribute be paid to the memory of
+Amerigo Vespucci by opening the Fair May 5, 1893, that being the
+anniversary of America's christening day. Mr. Thacher's suggestion is
+based upon the fact that May 5, 1507, there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> was published at the
+College of Saint-Di&eacute;, in Lorraine, the "Cosmographic Introductio," by
+Waldseemuller, in which the name of America "for the fourth part of the
+world" (Europe, Asia, and Africa being the other three parts) was first
+advocated, in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. As Mr. Thacher's suggestion
+already has aroused considerable jealous opposition among the Italians
+of New York, who claim all the glory for Columbus, a statement of what
+was really discovered by the two great explorers will be of interest at
+the present time.</p>
+
+<p>No writer of the present day has shed a clearer light upon this question
+than John Fiske, and it may be incidentally added, no student has done
+more than he to relieve Amerigo Vespucci from the reproach which has
+been fastened upon his reputation as an explorer, by critics, who, as
+Mr. Fiske clearly shows, have been misled by the sources of their
+authority and have judged him from erroneous standpoints. In making a
+statement of what the two explorers really discovered, the <i>Tribune</i>
+follows on the lines of Prof. Fiske's investigation as the clearest,
+most painstaking, and most authoritative that has yet been made.</p>
+
+<p>Christopher Columbus made four voyages. On the first he sailed from
+Palos, Friday, August 3, 1492, and Friday, October 12th (new style,
+October 21st), discovered land in the West Indies. It was one of the
+islands of the Bahamas, called by the natives Guanahani, and named by
+him San Salvador; which name, after the seventeenth century, was applied
+to Cat Island, though which one of the islands is the true San Salvador
+is still a matter of dispute.</p>
+
+<p>After spending ten days among the Bahamas Columbus (October 25th)
+steered south and reached the great Island of Cuba. He cruised around
+the east coast of the big island, and December 6th landed at Haiti,
+another immense island.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> A succession of disasters ended his voyage and
+he thereupon returned to Spain, arriving there March 15, 1493.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus sailed on his second voyage September 25, 1493, and November 3d
+landed at Dominica in the Caribbean Sea. During a two-weeks' cruise he
+discovered the islands of Marigalante, Guadaloupe, and Antigua, and
+lastly the large Island of Puerto Rico. April 24th he set out on another
+cruise of discovery. He followed the south coast of Cuba and came to
+Jamaica, the third largest of the West Indies, thence returning to Cuba,
+and from there to Spain, where he arrived June 11, 1494. On his third
+voyage he sailed May 30, 1498. Following a more southerly course, he
+arrived at Trinidad, and in coasting along saw the delta of the Orinoco
+River of South America and went into the Gulf of Paria. Thence he
+followed the north coast of Venezuela and finally arrived at Santo
+Domingo.</p>
+
+<p>The story of his arrest there is well known. He was taken in chains to
+Cadiz, Spain, arriving there in December, 1500.</p>
+
+<p>On his fourth and last voyage he sailed May 11, 1502. On June 15th he
+was at Martinique. He touched at Santo Domingo, thence sailed across to
+Cape Honduras, doubled that cape, and skirted the coast of Nicaragua,
+where he heard of the Pacific Ocean, though the name had not its present
+meaning for him. It was during his attempt to find the Isthmus of
+Darien, which he thought was a strait of water, that he was shipwrecked
+on the coast of Jamaica. He remained there a year and then went back to
+Spain, reaching home November 7, 1504. It was the last voyage of the
+great navigator, and it will be observed that he never saw or stepped
+foot on the mainland of <i>North</i> America, though he saw South America in
+1498, as stated. In 1506 he died in Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Amerigo Vespucci, like Columbus, made four voyages,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> some of the details
+of which are known. His letter, written to his friend Piero Soderini,
+September 4, 1504, gives us information concerning his famous first
+voyage. Hitherto the only copy of this letter known was a Latin
+translation of it published at the College of Saint-Di&eacute;, April 25, 1507,
+but the primitive text from which the translation was made has been
+found, and by that text Americus' reputation has been saved from the
+discredit critics and biographers have cast upon it, and his true
+laurels have been restored to him. The mistake of changing one word, the
+Indian name "Lariab," in the original, to "Parias," in the Latin
+version, is accountable for it all. The scene of his explorations is now
+transferred from Parias, in South America, to Lariab, in North America,
+and his entire letter is freed from mystery or inconsistency with the
+claims which have been made for him.</p>
+
+<p>It is now established beyond controversy that Americus sailed on the
+first voyage, not as commander, but as astronomer, of the expedition,
+May 10, 1497, and first ran to the Grand Canaries. Leaving there May
+25th, the first landfall was on the northern coast of Honduras of North
+America. Thence he sailed around Yucatan and up the Mexican coast to
+Tampico ("Lariab," not "Parias"). After making some inland explorations
+he followed the coast line 870 leagues (2,610 miles), which would take
+him along our Southern gulf coast, around Florida, and north along the
+Atlantic coast until "they found themselves in a fine harbor." Was this
+Charleston harbor or Hampton Roads? In any event, when he started back
+to Spain he sailed from the Atlantic coast somewhere between Capes
+Charles and Canaveral. The outcome of this voyage was the first
+discovery of Honduras, parts of the Mexican and Florida coasts, the
+insularity of Cuba&mdash;which Columbus thought was part of the mainland of
+Asia&mdash;and 4,000 miles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> of the coast line of North America. The remaining
+three voyages have no bearing upon North American discovery. On the
+second, he explored the northern coast of Brazil to the Gulf of
+Maracaibo; on the third, he went again to the Brazilian coast and found
+the Island of South Georgia, and on the fourth returned to Brazil, but
+without making any discoveries of importance.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fiske's luminous narrative lends significance to Mr. Thacher's
+suggestion, for Vespucci discovered a large portion of the mainland of
+the North American continent which Columbus had never seen. To this
+extent his first voyage gave a new meaning to Columbus' work, without
+diminishing, however, the glory of the latter's great achievement.
+Americus, indeed, had his predecessors, for John and Sebastian Cabot,
+sent out by Henry VII. of England a short time before his discovery, had
+set foot upon Labrador, and probably had visited Nova Scotia. And even
+before Cabot, the Northern Vikings, among them Leif Ericcson, had found
+their way to this continent and perhaps set up their Vineland in
+Massachusetts. And before the Vikings there may have been other
+migrants, and before the migrants the aborigines, who were the victims
+of all the explorers from the Vikings to the Puritans. But their
+achievements had no meaning and left no results. As Prof. Fiske says:
+"In no sense was any real contact established between the eastern and
+western halves of our planet until the great voyage of Columbus in
+1492." It was that voyage which inspired the great voyage of Americus in
+1497. He followed the path marked out by Columbus, and he invested the
+latter's discovery with a new significance. Upon the basis of merit and
+historical fact, therefore, Mr. Thacher's suggestion deserves
+consideration; and why should Italians be jealous, when Christopher
+Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, and John Cabot were all of Italian birth?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ALL WITHIN THE KEN OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hyde Clarke</span>, Vice-President Royal Historical Society of England, in
+his "Examination of the Legend of Atlantis," etc. London: Longmans,
+Green &amp; Co., 1886.</p></div>
+
+<p>At the time when Columbus, as well as others, was discussing the subject
+of new lands to be discovered, literary resources had become available.
+The Latin writers could be examined; but, above all, the fall of
+Constantinople had driven numbers of Greeks into Italy. The Greek
+language was studied, and Greek books were eagerly bought by the Latin
+nations, as before they had been by the Arabs. Thus, all that had been
+written as to the four worlds was within the ken of Columbus.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS A HERETIC AND A VISIONARY TO HIS CONTEMPORARIES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">James Freeman Clarke</span>, an American writer and Unitarian minister.
+Born at Hanover, N. H., in 1810; died at Jamaica Plain, June 8,
+1888.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>We think of Columbus as the great discoverer of America; we do not
+remember that his actual life was one of disappointment and failure.
+Even his discovery of America was a disappointment; he was looking for
+India, and utterly failed of this. He made maps and sold them to support
+his old father. Poverty, contumely, indignities of all sorts, met him
+wherever he turned. His expectations were considered extravagant, his
+schemes futile; the theologians exposed him with texts out of the Bible;
+he wasted seven years waiting in vain for encouragement at the court of
+Spain. He applied unsuccessfully to the governments of Venice, Portugal,
+Genoa, France, England. Practical men said, "It can't be done. He is a
+visionary." Doctors of divinity said, "He is a heretic; he contradicts
+the Bible." Isabella, being a woman, and a woman of senti<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>ment, wished
+to help him; but her confessor said no. We all know how he was compelled
+to put down mutiny in his crew, and how, after his discovery was made,
+he was rewarded with chains and imprisonment, how he died in neglect,
+poverty, and pain, and only was rewarded by a sumptuous funeral. His
+great hope, his profound convictions, were his only support and
+strength.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LIKE HOMER&mdash;A BEGGAR IN THE GATE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Diego Clemencin</span>, a Spanish statesman and author of merit. Born at
+Murcia, 1765; died, 1834. From his "Elogio de la Reina Catolica,
+Isabella de Castilla" (1851).</p></div>
+
+<p>A man obscure, and but little known, followed at this time the court.
+Confounded in the crowd of unfortunate applicants, feeding his
+imagination in the corners of antechambers with the pompous project of
+discovering a world, melancholy and dejected in the midst of the general
+rejoicing, he beheld with indifference, and almost with contempt, the
+conclusion of a conquest which swelled all bosoms with jubilee, and
+seemed to have reached the utmost bounds of desire. That man was
+Christopher Columbus.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST CATHOLIC KNIGHT.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">James David Coleman</span>, Supreme President of the Catholic Knights of
+America, in an address to the members of that body, September 10,
+1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>History tells that the anxious journey was begun by Columbus and his
+resolute band, approaching Holy Communion at Palos, on August 3, 1492;
+that its prosecution, through sacrifices and perils, amid harrowing
+uncertainties, was stamped with an exalted faith and unyielding trust in
+God, and that its marvelous and glorious consummation, in October, 1492,
+was acknowledged by the chivalrous knight,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> in tearful gratitude, on
+bended knee, at the foot of the cross of Christ, as the merciful gift of
+his omnipotent Master. Then it was that Christopher Columbus, the first
+Catholic knight of America, made the gracious Christian tribute of
+grateful recognition of Divine assistance by planting upon the soil of
+his newly discovered land the true emblem of Christianity and of man's
+redemption&mdash;the cross of our Savior. And then, reverently kneeling
+before the cross, and with eyes and hearts uplifted to their immolated
+God, this valiant band of Christian knights uttered from the virgin sod
+of America the first pious supplication that He would abundantly bless
+His gift to Columbus; and the unequaled grandeur of our civil structure
+of to-day tells the manifest response to those prayers of 400 years ago.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BY FAITH COLUMBUS FOUND AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Robert Collyer</span>, a distinguished pulpit orator. Born at Keighley,
+Yorkshire, December 8, 1823.</p></div>
+
+<p>The successful men in the long fight with fortune are the cheerful men,
+or those, certainly, who find the fair background of faith and hope.
+Columbus, but for this, had never found our New World.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CITY OF COLON STATUE.</h4>
+
+<p>In the city of Colon, Department of Panama, Colombia, stands a statue to
+the memory of Columbus, of some artistic merit. The great Genoese is
+represented as encircling the neck of an Indian youth with his
+protecting arm, a representation somewhat similar to the pose of the
+statue in the plaza of the city of Santo Domingo. This statue was
+donated by the ex-Empress of the French, and on a wooden<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> tablet
+attached to the concrete pedestal the following inscription appears:</p>
+
+
+  <p class="center">Statue de<br />
+  CHRISTOPHE COLOMB<br />
+  Donn&eacute;e par<br />
+  L'Imp&eacute;ratrice Eug&eacute;nie<br />
+  Erig&eacute;e &agrave; Colon<br />
+  Par Decret de la Legislature de<br />
+  Colombie<br />
+  Au 29 Juin, 1866,<br />
+  Par les soins de la Compagnie<br />
+  Universelle du Canal Maritime<br />
+  De Panama<br />
+Le 21 Fevrier, 1886.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a><br />
+<br /><br />
+Translation:<br />
+<br />
+  Statue of<br />
+  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS<br />
+  Presented by<br />
+  The Empress Eug&eacute;nie<br />
+  Erected in honor of Columbus<br />
+  By Decree of the Legislature of<br />
+  Colombia<br />
+  The 29th of June, 1866,<br />
+  Under the Supervision of the Universal<br />
+  Company of the Maritime Canal<br />
+  Of Panama<br />
+  The 21st of February, 1886.</p>
+
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBUS OF LITERATURE.</h4>
+
+<p>Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, commonly called Lord
+Bacon, is generally so called. Born in London January 22, 1561; died
+April 19, 1626.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBUS OF THE HEAVENS.</h4>
+
+<p>Sir William Herschel, one of the greatest astronomers that any age or
+nation has produced, is generally so termed. Born at Hanover November
+15, 1738; died August, 1822.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBUS OF MODERN TIMES.</h4>
+
+<p>Cyrus W. Field was termed "<i>the Columbus of modern times, who, by his
+cable, had moored the New World alongside of the Old</i>," by the Rt. Hon.
+John Bright, in a debate in the British Parliament soon after the
+successful completion of the Atlantic cable.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBUS OF THE SKIES.</h4>
+
+<p>Galileo, the illustrious Italian mathematician and natural philosopher,
+is so styled by Edward Everett (<i>post</i>). He was born at Pisa February
+15, 1564; died near Florence in January, 1642.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hernando Columbus</span>, son of Christopher. Born at Cordova, 1488; died
+at Valladolid, 1539.</p></div>
+
+<p>He was tall, well formed, muscular, and of an elevated and dignified
+demeanor. His visage was long, neither full nor meager; his complexion
+fair and freckled, and inclined to ruddy; his nose aquiline; his cheek
+bones were rather high, his eyes light gray, and apt to enkindle; his
+whole countenance had an air of authority. His hair, in his youthful
+days, was of a light color, but care and trouble, according to Las
+Casas, soon turned it gray, and at thirty years of age it was quite
+white. He was moderate and simple in diet and apparel, eloquent in
+discourse, engaging and affable with strangers, and his amiability and
+suavity in domestic life strongly attached his household to his person.
+His temper was naturally irritable, but he subdued<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> it by the
+magnanimity of his spirits, comporting himself with a courteous and
+gentle gravity, and never indulging in any intemperance of language.
+Throughout his life he was noted for strict attention to the offices of
+religion, observing rigorously the fasts and ceremonies of the church;
+nor did his piety consist in mere forms, but partook of that lofty and
+solemn enthusiasm with which his whole character was strongly tinctured.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SONG OF AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Kinahan Cornwallis</span>. From his "Song of America and Columbus; or, The
+Story of the New World." New York, 1892. Published by the <i>Daily
+Investigator</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hail! to this New World nation; hail!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That to Columbus tribute pays;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That glorifies his name, all hail,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And crowns his memory with bays.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hail! to Columbia's mighty realm,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Which all her valiant sons revere,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And foemen ne'er can overwhelm.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Well may the world its prowess fear.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hail! to this richly favored land,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For which the patriot fathers fought.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forever may the Union stand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To crown the noble deeds they wrought.</span><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 20%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hail! East and West, and North and South,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From Bunker Hill to Mexico;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Lakes to Mississippi's mouth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And the Sierras crowned with snow.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hail! to the wondrous works of man,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From Maine to California's shores;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From ocean they to ocean span,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And over all the eagle soars.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Six sail were in the squadron he possessed,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And these he felt the Lord of Hosts had blessed,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For he was ever faithful to the cross,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With which compared, all else was earthly dross.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southwestward toward the equinoctial line</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He steered his barks, for vast was his design.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There, like a mirror, the Atlantic lay,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White dolphins on its breast were seen to play,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And lazily the vessels rose and fell,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With flapping sails, upon the gentle swell;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While panting crews beneath the torrid sun</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lost strength and spirits&mdash;felt themselves undone.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Day after day the air a furnace seemed,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And fervid rays upon them brightly beamed,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The burning decks displayed their yawning seams,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And from the rigging tar ran down in streams.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS COLLECTION.</h4>
+
+<p>Rudolph Cronau, the eminent author and scientist of Leipsic, Germany,
+has contributed to the World's Fair his extensive collection of
+paintings, sketches, and photographs, representing scenes in the life of
+Columbus, and places visited by Columbus during his voyages to the New
+World. Doctor Cronau has spent a great part of his life in the study of
+early American history, and has published a work on the subject, based
+entirely upon his personal investigations.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS' HAVEN.</h4>
+
+<p>An indentation of the coast of Watling's Island, in the Bahamas, is
+known to this day as Columbus' Haven.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;">
+<a name="illus129" id="illus129"></a>
+<img src="images/illus129.jpg" width="401" height="650" alt="STATUE OF COLUMBUS IN THE CITY OF COLON, DEPARTMENT OF
+PANAMA, COLOMBIA." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STATUE OF COLUMBUS IN THE CITY OF COLON, DEPARTMENT OF
+PANAMA, COLOMBIA.<br />
+
+The gift of the ex-Empress of the French.<br />(See page <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>
+.)</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CUBA'S CAVES&mdash;THE MANTLE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>In the caves of Bellamar, near Matanzas, Cuba, are sparkling columns of
+crystal 150 feet high; one is called the "Mantle of Columbus."</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PORTRAITS OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Hon. <span class="smcap">William Eleroy Curtis</span>, an American journalist, Secretary
+of the Bureau of the American Republics, Washington, D. C. Born at
+Akron, Ohio. From an article, "The Columbus Portraits," in the
+<i>Cosmopolitan Magazine</i>, January, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>Although Columbus twice mentioned in his alleged will that he was a
+native of Genoa, a dozen places still demand the honor of being
+considered his birthplace, and two claim to possess his bones. Nothing
+is certain about his parentage, and his age is the subject of dispute.
+The stories of his boyhood adventures are mythical, and his education at
+the University of Pavia is denied.</p>
+
+<p>The same doubt attends the various portraits that pretend to represent
+his features. The most reliable authorities&mdash;and the subject has been
+under discussion for two centuries&mdash;agree that there is no tangible
+evidence to prove that the face of Columbus was ever painted or sketched
+or graven, during his life. His portrait has been painted, like that of
+the Madonna and those of the saints, by many famous artists, each
+dependent upon verbal descriptions of his appearance by contemporaneous
+writers, and each conveying to the canvas his own conception of what the
+great seaman's face must have been; but it may not be said that any of
+the portraits are genuine, and it is believed that all of them are more
+or less fanciful.</p>
+
+<p>It must be considered that the art of painting portraits was in its
+infancy when Columbus lived. The honor was reserved for kings and queens
+and other dignitaries, and Columbus was regarded as an importunate
+adventurer,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> who at the close of his first voyage enjoyed a brief
+triumph, but from the termination of his second voyage was the victim of
+envy and misrepresentation to the close of his life. He was derided and
+condemned, was brought in chains like a common felon from the continent
+he had discovered, and for nearly two hundred years his descendants
+contested in the courts for the dignities and emoluments he demanded of
+the crown of Spain before undertaking what was then the most perilous
+and uncertain of adventures. Even the glory of giving his name to the
+lands he discovered was transferred to another&mdash;a man who followed in
+his track; and it is not strange, under such circumstances, that the
+artists of Spain did not leave the religious subjects upon which they
+were engaged to paint the portrait of one who said of himself that he
+was a beggar "without a penny to buy food."</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE STANDARD OF MODERN CRITICISM.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Hon. <span class="smcap">William Eleroy Curtis</span>, in an able article in the
+<i>Chautauquan Magazine</i>, September, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>Whether the meager results of recent investigation are more reliable
+than the testimony of earlier pens is a serious question, and the
+sympathetic and generous reader will challenge the right of modern
+historians to destroy and reject traditions to which centuries have paid
+reverence. The failure to supply evidence in place of that which has
+been discarded is of itself sufficient to impair faith in the modern
+creation, and simply demonstrates the fallacy of the theory that what
+can not be proven did not exist. If the same analysis to which the
+career of Columbus has been subjected should be applied to every
+character in sacred and secular history, there would be little left
+among the world's great heroes to admire. So we ask permission to retain
+the old ideal, and remember the discov<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>erer of our hemisphere as a man
+of human weaknesses but of stern purpose, inflexible will, undaunted
+courage, patience, and professional theories most of which modern
+science has demonstrated to be true.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN ITALIAN CONTEMPORARY TRIBUTE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Giulio Dati</span>, a Florentine poet. Born, 1560; died about 1630.</p></div>
+
+<p>A lengthy poem, in <i>ottava rima</i> (founded upon the first letter of
+Columbus announcing his success), was composed in 1493, by Giulio Dati,
+the famous Florentine poet, and was sung in the streets of that city to
+publish the discovery of the New World. The full Italian text is to be
+found in R. H. Major's "Select Letters of Christopher Columbus," Hakluyt
+Society, 1871.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE MUTINY AT SEA.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Jean Fran&ccedil;ois Casimir Delavigne</span>, a popular French poet and
+dramatist. Born at Havre, April 4, 1793; died at Lyons, December,
+1843.</p></div>
+
+<h4>THREE DAYS.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On the deck stood Columbus; the ocean's expanse,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Untried and unlimited, swept by his glance.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Back to Spain!" cry his men; "put the vessel about!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We venture no farther through danger and doubt."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Three days, and I give you a world," he replied;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Bear up, my brave comrades&mdash;three days shall decide."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He sails&mdash;but no token of land is in sight;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He sails&mdash;but the day shows no more than the night;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On, onward he sails, while in vain o'er the lee</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The lead is plunged down through a fathomless sea.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The second day's past, and Columbus is sleeping,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While mutiny near him its vigil is keeping.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Shall he perish?" "Ay, death!" is the barbarous cry.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"He must triumph to-morrow, or, perjured, must die!"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ungrateful and blind! shall the world-linking sea,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He traced, for the future his sepulcher be?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall that sea, on the morrow, with pitiless waves,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fling his corse on that shore which his patient eye craves?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The corse of a humble adventurer, then.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One day later&mdash;Columbus, the first among men.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But, hush! he is dreaming! A veil on the main,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At the distant horizon, is parted in twain;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And now on his dreaming eye&mdash;rapturous sight&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fresh bursts the New World from the darkness of night.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O vision of glory! how dazzling it seems;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How glistens the verdure! how sparkle the streams!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How blue the far mountains! how glad the green isles!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the earth and the ocean, how dimpled with smiles!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Joy! joy!" cries Columbus, "this region is mine!"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ah, not e'en its name, wondrous dreamer, is thine.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>HONOR THE HARDY NORSEMEN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">B. F. De Costa</span>, D. D., a well-known New York divine and
+social reformer of the present day. Founder of the White Cross
+Society.</p></div>
+
+<p>Prof. Rafri, in "Antiquitates American&aelig;," gives notices of numerous
+Icelandic voyages to American and other lands of the West. The existence
+of a great country southwest of Greenland is referred to, not as a
+matter of speculation merely, but as something perfectly well known. Let
+us remember that in vindicating the Northmen we honor those who not only
+give us the first knowledge possessed of the American continent, but to
+whom we are indebted besides for much that we esteem valuable.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>BRILLIANTS FROM DEPEW.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Chauncey M. Depew</span>, one of the leading American orators of the
+nineteenth century. From an oration on "Columbus and the
+Exposition," delivered in Chicago in 1890.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is not sacrilege to say that the two events to which civilization
+to-day owes its advanced position are the introduction of Christianity
+and the discovery of America.</p>
+
+<p>When Columbus sailed from Palos, types had been discovered, but church
+and state held intelligence by the throat.</p>
+
+<p>Sustained enthusiasm has been the motor of every movement in the
+progress of mankind.</p>
+
+<p>Genius, pluck, endurance, and faith can be resisted by neither kings nor
+cabinets.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus stands deservedly at the head of that most useful band of
+men&mdash;the heroic cranks in history.</p>
+
+<p>The persistent enthusiast whom one generation despises as a lunatic with
+one idea, succeeding ones often worship as a benefactor.</p>
+
+<p>This whole country is ripe and ready for the inspection of the world.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GENOA&mdash;WHENCE GRAND COLUMBUS CAME.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Aubrey Thomas de Vere</span>, an English poet and political writer. Born,
+1814. In a sonnet, "Genoa."</p></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whose prow descended first the Hesperian Sea,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And gave our world her mate beyond the brine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Was nurtured, whilst an infant, at thy knee.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">THE VISION OF COLUMBUS.</span></h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The crimson sun was sinking down to rest,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pavilioned on the cloudy verge of heaven;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And ocean, on her gently heaving breast,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Caught and flashed back the varying tints of even;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When, on a fragment from the tall cliff riven,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With folded arms, and doubtful thoughts opprest,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus sat, till sudden hope was given&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A ray of gladness shooting from the West.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, what a glorious vision for mankind</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then dawned upon the twilight of his mind;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thoughts shadowy still, but indistinctly grand.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There stood his genie, face to face, and signed</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(So legends tell) far seaward with her hand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Till a new world sprang up, and bloomed beneath her wand.</span><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He was a man whom danger could not daunt,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nor sophistry perplex, nor pain subdue;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A stoic, reckless of the world's vain taunt,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And steeled the path of honor to pursue.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So, when by all deserted, still he knew</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">How best to soothe the heart-sick, or confront</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sedition; schooled with equal eye to view</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The frowns of grief and the base pangs of want.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But when he saw that promised land arise</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In all its rare and beautiful varieties,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lovelier than fondest fancy ever trod,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then softening nature melted in his eyes;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He knew his fame was full, and blessed his God,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And fell upon his face and kissed the virgin sod!</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;">&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">COLUMBUS' STATUE IN CHICAGO.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The Drake Fountain, Chicago, presented to the city by Mr. John B. Drake,
+a prominent and respected citizen, is to occupy a space between the city
+hall and the court house buildings, on the Washington Street frontage.
+The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> monument is to be Gothic in style, and the base will be composed of
+granite from Baveno, Italy. The design includes a pedestal, on the front
+of which will be placed a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus, seven
+feet high, which is to be cast in the royal foundry at Rome. The statue
+will be the production of an American artist of reputation, Mr. R. H.
+Park of Chicago. The fountain is to be provided with an ice-chamber
+capable of holding two tons of ice, and is to be surrounded with a
+water-pipe containing ten faucets, each supplied with a bronze cup. The
+entire cost will be $15,000. Mr. Drake's generous gift to Chicago is to
+be ready for public use in 1892, and it will, therefore, be happily
+commemorative of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by
+Columbus. The inscription on the fountain reads: "Ice-water drinking
+fountain presented to the City of Chicago by John B. Drake 1892." At the
+feet of the statue of Columbus, who is represented as a student of
+geography in his youth at the University of Pavia, is inscribed,
+"Christopher Columbus, 1492-1892."</p>
+
+<p>The fountain is a very handsome piece of bronze art work, and
+Commissioner Aldrich has decided to place it in a conspicuous place,
+being none other than the area between the court house and the city
+hall, facing Washington Street. This central and accessible spot of
+public ground has been an unsightly stabling place for horses ever since
+the court house was built. It will now be sodded, flower-beds will be
+laid out, and macadamized walks will surround the Drake Fountain. The
+new feature will be a relief to weary eyes, and an ornament to
+Washington Street and the center of the city.</p>
+
+<p>The red granite base for the fountain has been received at the custom
+house. It was made in Turin, Italy, and cost $3,300. Under the law, the
+stone came in duty free, as it is intended as a gift to the
+municipality.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>DREAM.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John William Draper</span>, a celebrated American chemist and scientist.
+Born near Liverpool, England, 1811; died January 4, 1882. From his
+"Intellectual Development of Europe," 1876. By permission of
+Messrs. Harper &amp; Brothers, Publishers, New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus appears to have formed his theory that the East Indies could be
+reached by sailing to the west about A. D. 1474. He was at that time in
+correspondence with Toscanelli, the Florentine astronomer, who held the
+same doctrine, and who sent him a map or chart constructed on the
+travels of Marco Polo. He offered his services first to his native city,
+then to Portugal, then to Spain, and, through his brother, to England;
+his chief inducement, in each instance, being that the riches of India
+might be thus secured. In Lisbon he had married. While he lay sick near
+Belem, an unknown voice whispered to him in a dream, "God will cause thy
+name to be wonderfully resounded through the earth, and will give thee
+the keys of the gates of the ocean which are closed with strong chains."
+The death of his wife appears to have broken the last link which held
+him to Portugal, where he had been since 1470. One evening, in the
+autumn of 1485, a man of majestic presence, pale, careworn, and, though
+in the meridian of life, with silver hair, leading a little boy by the
+hand, asked alms at the gate of the Franciscan convent near Palos&mdash;not
+for himself, but only a little bread and water for his child. This was
+that Columbus destined to give to Europe a new world.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A PEN-PICTURE FROM THE SOUTH.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Right Rev. <span class="smcap">Anthony Durier</span>, Bishop of Natchitoches, La., in a
+circular letter to the clergy and laity of the diocese, printed in
+the New Orleans <i>Morning Star</i>, September 10, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>We cherish the memory of the illustrious sailor, also of the lady and of
+the monk who were providential<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> instruments in opening a new world to
+religion and civilization.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 412px;">
+<a name="illus138" id="illus138"></a>
+<img src="images/illus138.jpg" width="412" height="450" alt="HEAD OF COLUMBUS.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">HEAD OF COLUMBUS.<br />
+
+Designed by H. H. Zearing of Chicago.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Honor to the sailor, Christopher Columbus, the Christ-bearing dove, as
+his name tells, gentle as a dove of hallowed memory as Christ-bearer. In
+fact, he brought Christ to the New World. Look back at that sailor, 400
+years ago, on bended knees, with hands uplifted in prayer, on the shores
+of Guanahani, first to invoke the name of Jesus in the New World; in
+fact, as in name, behold the Christ-bearing dove. Columbus was a knight
+of the cross, with his good cross-hilted sword, blessed by the church.
+The first aim and ambition of a knight of the cross, at that time, was
+to plant the cross in the midst of heathen nations, and to have them
+brought from "the region of the shadow of death" into the life-giving
+bosom of Mother Church.</p>
+
+<p>Listen to the prayer of Columbus, as he brings his lips to, and kneels
+on, the blessed land he has discovered, that historic prayer which he
+had prepared long in advance, and which all Catholic discoverers
+repeated after him: "O Lord God, eternal and omnipotent, who by Thy
+divine word hast created the heavens, the earth, and the sea! Blessed
+and glorified be thy name and praised Thy majesty, who hast deigned by
+me, thy humble servant, to have that sacred name made known and preached
+in this other part of the world."</p>
+
+<p>Behold the true knight of the cross, with cross-hilted sword in hand,
+the name of Jesus on his lips, the glory of Jesus in his heart. He does
+not say a word of the glory which, from the discovery, is bound to
+accrue to the name of Spain and to his own name; every word is directed
+to, and asking for, the glory of the name of Jesus.</p>
+
+<p>The great discoverer has knelt down, kissed the ground, and said his
+prayer; now, look at that Catholic Spanish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> sailor standing up, in
+commanding dignity, and planting his Catholic cross and his Spanish flag
+on the discovered land; what does it mean? It means&mdash;the Spanish flag in
+America for a time, and the Catholic cross in America forever.</p>
+
+<p>Hail, flag of the discoverer! Spanish flag, the flag of the noble and
+the daring. That Spanish flag came here first, had its glorious day, and
+still in glory went back. Hail, Catholic cross! the cross of the
+discoverer. That cross is not to go back, as the Spanish flag; no, not
+even in glory. About that cross, only two simple words, and that settles
+it; that Catholic cross is here to stay. Hail, American flag!
+star-spangled banner; the banner of the brave and of the free. That one,
+our own flag, came long after the Spanish flag, but we trust came to
+stay as long as the Catholic cross&mdash;until doom's-day.</p>
+
+<p>Honor to the lady, Queen Isabella the Catholic. Among all illustrious
+women, Isabella alone has been graced with the title of "the
+Catholic,"&mdash;a peerless title! And truly did she deserve the peerless
+title, the lady who threw heart and soul, and, over and above, her gold,
+in the discovery by which, out of the spiritual domains of the Catholic
+church, the sun sets no more; the lady who paved the way over the
+bounding sea to the great discoverer. Bright and energetic lady! She at
+once understood Columbus and stood resolute, ready to pave him the way
+even with her jewels. Listen to her words: "I undertake the enterprise
+for my own crown of Castille, and I will pledge my jewels to raise the
+necessary funds."</p>
+
+<p>The generous lady had not to pledge her jewels; yet her gold was freely
+spent, lavished on the expedition; and she stood by Columbus, in storm
+and sunshine, as long as she lived. Isabella stood by Columbus, in his
+success, with winsome gentleness, keeping up his daring spirit of
+enter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>prise; and, in his reverses, with the balm of unwavering devotion
+healing his bruised, bleeding heart. Isabella stood by Columbus, as a
+mother by her son, ever, ever true to her heroic son.</p>
+
+<p>Honor to the humble monk, John Perez, Father John, as he was called in
+his convent. That monk whose name will live as long as the names of
+Columbus and Isabella; that monk, great by his learning and still better
+by his heart; that humble, plain man inspired the sailor with
+perseverance indomitable, the lady with generosity unlimited, and
+sustained in both sailor and lady that will power and mount-removing
+faith the result of which was to give "to the Spanish King innumerable
+countries and to God innumerable souls." As the Spanish poet, Lope de
+Vega, beautifully puts it:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Al Rey infinitas tierras,</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Y &aacute; Dios infinitas almas.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It is the Spanish throne which backed Columbus; but, mind! that monk was
+"the power behind the throne."</p>
+
+<p>We Louisianians live, may be, in the fairest part of the New World
+discovered by Columbus. When Chevalier La Salle had explored the land,
+he gave it the beautiful name of Louisiana, and he wrote to his king,
+Louis XIV., these words: "The land we have explored and named Louisiana,
+after your Majesty's name, is a paradise, the Eden of the New World."
+Thanks be to God who has cast our lot in this paradise, the Eden of the
+New World, fair Louisiana! Let us honor and ever cherish the memory of
+the hero who led the way and opened this country to our forefathers.
+Louisiana was never blessed with the footprints of Columbus, yet by him
+it was opened to the onward march of the Christian nations.</p>
+
+<p>To the great discoverer, Christopher Columbus, the gratitude of
+Louisiana, the Eden of the New World.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>BARTOLOMEO COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Rev. L. A. Dutto</span> of Jackson, Miss., in an article, "Columbus in
+Portugal," in the <i>Catholic World</i>, April, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus in 1492, accompanied by a motley crew of sailors of different
+nationalities, crossed the Atlantic and discovered America. Hence the
+glory of that event, second only in importance to the incarnation of
+Christ, is attributed very generally solely to him. As reflex lights of
+that glory, history mentions the names of Queen Isabella, of the Pinzon
+brothers, the friar Juan Perez. There is another name that should be
+placed at head of the list. That is, Bartolomeo Columbus, the brother of
+Christopher. From the beginning there existed a partnership between the
+two in the mighty undertaking; the effect of a common conviction that
+the land of spices, Cipango and Cathay, the East, could be reached by
+traveling west. Both of them spent the best years of their life in
+privation, hardship, and poverty, at times the laughing stock of the
+courts of Europe, in humbly begging from monarchies and republics the
+ships necessary to undertake their voyage. While Christopher patiently
+waited in the antechambers of the Catholic monarchs of Spain,
+Bartolomeo, map in hand, explained to Henry VII. of England the
+rotundity of the earth, and the feasibility of traveling to the
+antipodes. Having failed in his mission to the English king, he passed
+to France to ask of her what had been refused by Portugal, Spain,
+Venice, England, and Genoa. While he was there, Columbus, who had no
+means of communicating with him, sailed from Palos. Had there been, as
+now, a system of international mails, Bartolomeo would now share with
+his brother the title of Discoverer of America. Las Casas represents him
+as little inferior to Christopher in the art of navigation, and as a
+writer and in things pertaining to cartography as his superior. Gallo,
+the earliest biographer of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> Columbus, and writing during his lifetime,
+has told us that Bartolomeo settled in Lisbon, and there made a living
+by drawing mariners' charts. Giustiniani, another countryman of
+Columbus, says in his polyglot Psalter, published in 1537, that
+Christopher learned cartography from his brother Bartolomeo, who had
+learned it himself in Lisbon. But what may appear more surprising is the
+plain statement of Gallo that Bartolomeo was the first to conceive the
+idea of reaching the East by way of the West, by a transatlantic voyage,
+and that he communicated it to his brother, who was more experienced
+than himself in nautical affairs.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST GLIMPSE OF LAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Charles H. Eden</span>, English historical writer and traveler. From "The
+West Indies."</p></div>
+
+<p>Nearly four centuries ago, in the year 1492, before the southern point
+of the great African continent had been doubled, and when the barbaric
+splendor of Cathay and the wealth of Hindustan were only known to
+Europeans through the narratives of Marco Polo or Sir John
+Mandeville&mdash;early on the morning of Friday, October 12th, a man stood
+bareheaded on the deck of a caravel and watched the rising sun lighting
+up the luxuriant tropical vegetation of a level and beautiful island
+toward which the vessel was gently speeding her way. Three-and-thirty
+days had elapsed since the last known point of the Old World, the Island
+of Ferrol, had faded away over the high poop of his vessel; eventful
+weeks, during which he had to contend against the natural fears of the
+ignorant and superstitious men by whom he was surrounded, and by the
+stratagem of a double reckoning, together with promises of future
+wealth, to allay the murmuring which threatened to frustrate the project
+that for so many years had been nearest his heart. Never, in the darkest
+hour, did the courage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> of that man quail or his soul admit a single
+doubt of success. When the terrified mariners remarked with awe that the
+needle deviated from the pole star, their intrepid Admiral, by an
+ingenious theory of his own, explained the cause of the phenomenon and
+soothed the alarm that had arisen. When the steady trade-winds were
+reached, and the vessels flew rapidly for days toward the west, the
+commander hailed as a godsend the mysterious breeze that his followers
+regarded with awe as imposing an insuperable barrier to their return to
+sunny Spain. When the prow of the caravel was impeded, and her way
+deadened by the drifting network of the Sargasso Sea, the leader saw
+therein only assured indications of land, and resolutely shut his ears
+against those prophets who foresaw evil in every incident.</p>
+
+<p>Now his hopes were fulfilled, the yearnings of a lifetime realized.
+During the night a light had been seen, and at 2 o'clock in the morning
+land became, beyond all doubt, visible. Then the three little vessels
+laid to, and with the earliest streak of dawn made sail toward the
+coast. A man stood bareheaded on the deck of the leading caravel and
+feasted his eyes upon the wooded shore; the man was Christopher
+Columbus, the land he gazed on the "West Indies."</p>
+
+
+<h4>SAN SALVADOR, OR WATLING'S ISLAND.</h4>
+
+<p>San Salvador, or Watling's Island, is about twelve miles in length by
+six in breadth, having its interior largely cut up by salt-water
+lagoons, separated from each other by low woody hills. Being one of the
+most fertile of the group, it maintains nearly 2,000 inhabitants, who
+are scattered about over its surface. Peculiar interest will always
+attach itself to this spot as being the first land on which the
+discoverer of the New World set foot.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE MYSTERY OF THE SHADOWY SEA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Xerif Al Edrisi</span>, surnamed "The Nubian," an eminent Arabian
+geographer. Born at Ceuta, Africa, about 1100. In "A Description of
+Spain" (Conde's Spanish translation, Madrid, 1799). He wrote a
+celebrated treatise of geography, and made a silver terrestrial
+globe for Roger II., King of Sicily, at whose court he lived.</p></div>
+
+<p>The ocean encircles the ultimate bounds of the inhabited earth, and all
+beyond it is unknown. No one has been able to verify anything concerning
+it, on account of its difficult and perilous navigation, its great
+obscurity, its profound depth, and frequent tempests; through fear of
+its mighty fishes and its haughty winds; yet there are many islands in
+it, some peopled, others uninhabited. There is no mariner who dares to
+enter into its deep waters; or, if any have done so, they have merely
+kept along its coasts, fearful of departing from them. The waves of this
+ocean, although they roll as high as mountains, yet maintain themselves
+without breaking, for if they broke it would be impossible for ship to
+plow them.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PALOS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Prof. <span class="smcap">Maurice Francis Egan</span>. From an article, "Columbus the
+Christ-Bearer," in the New York <i>Independent</i>, June 2, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The caravels equipped at Palos were so unseaworthy, judged by the
+dangers of the Atlantic, that no crew in our time would have trusted in
+them. The people of Palos disliked this foreigner, Columbus. No man of
+Palos, except the Pinzons, ancient mariners, sympathized with him in his
+hopes. The populace overrated the risks of the voyage; the court,
+fortunately for Columbus, underrated them. The Admiral's own ships and
+his crew were not such as to inspire confidence. His friends, the
+friars, had somewhat calmed the popular feeling against the expedition;
+but ungrateful Palos never approved of it until it made her famous.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>AN UNDISCOVERED COUNTRY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Samuel R. Elliott</span>, in the <i>Century Magazine</i>, September, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">You have no heart? Ah, when the Genoese</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Before Spain's monarchs his great voyage planned,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Small faith had they in worlds beyond the seas&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And <i>your</i> Columbus yet may come to land!</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>SAGACITY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ralph Waldo Emerson</span>, the well-known American essayist, poet, and
+speculative philosopher. Born in Boston, May 25, 1803; died at
+Concord, April 27, 1882. From his essay on "Success," in <i>Society
+and Solitude</i>. Copyright, by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co.,
+publishers, Boston, and with their permission.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus at Veragua found plenty of gold; but, leaving the coast, the
+ship full of one hundred and fifty skillful seamen, some of them old
+pilots, and with too much experience of their craft and treachery to
+him, the wise Admiral kept his private record of his homeward path. And
+when he reached Spain, he told the King and Queen, "That they may ask
+all the pilots who came with him, Where is Veragua? Let them answer and
+say, if they know, where Veragua lies. I assert that they can give no
+other account than that they went to lands where there was abundance of
+gold, but they do not know the way to return thither, but would be
+obliged to go on a voyage of discovery as much as if they had never been
+there before. There is a mode of reckoning," he proudly adds, "derived
+from astronomy, which is sure and safe to any who understands it."</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE VOICE OF THE SEA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From a poem, "Seashore," by <span class="smcap">Ralph Waldo Emerson</span>. Houghton, Mifflin
+&amp; Co., Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I with my hammer pounding evermore</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The rocky coast, smite Andes into dust,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Strewing my bed, and, in another age,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebuild a continent of better men.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then I unbar the doors; my paths lead out</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The exodus of nations; I disperse</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Men to all shores that front the hoary main.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I too have arts and sorceries;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Illusion dwells forever with the wave.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I know what spells are laid. Leave me to deal</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With credulous and imaginative man;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For, though he scoop my water in his palm,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A few rods off he deems it gems and clouds.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Planting strange fruits and sunshine on the shore,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I make some coast alluring, some lone isle,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To distant men, who must go there, or die.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 290px;">
+<a name="illus148" id="illus148"></a>
+<img src="images/illus148.jpg" width="290" height="600" alt="COLUMBUS AS A STUDENT AT PAVIA.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">COLUMBUS AS A STUDENT AT PAVIA.<br />
+
+From the Drake Drinking Fountain, Chicago.<br />
+(See page <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>
+.)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE REASONING OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>Columbus alleged, as a reason for seeking a continent in the West, that
+the harmony of nature required a great tract of land in the western
+hemisphere to balance the known extent of land in the eastern.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>STRANGER THAN FICTION.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edward Everett</span>, a distinguished American orator, scholar, and
+statesman. Born at Dorchester, Mass., April 11, 1794; died,
+January 15, 1865. From a lecture on "The Discovery of America,"
+delivered at a meeting of the Historical Society of New York in
+1853.</p></div>
+
+<p>No chapter of romance equals the interest of this expedition. The most
+fascinating of the works of fiction which have issued from the modern
+press have, to my taste, no attraction compared with the pages in which
+the first voyage of Columbus is described by Robertson, and still more
+by our own Irving and Prescott, the last two enjoying the advantage over
+the great Scottish historian of possess<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>ing the lately discovered
+journals and letters of Columbus himself. The departure from Palos,
+where a few years before he had begged a morsel of bread and a cup of
+water for his way-worn child; his final farewell to the Old World at the
+Canaries; his entrance upon the trade-winds, which then for the first
+time filled a European sail; the portentous variation of the needle,
+never before observed; the fearful course westward and westward, day
+after day and night after night, over the unknown ocean; the mutinous
+and ill-appeased crew; at length, when hope had turned to despair in
+every heart but one, the tokens of land&mdash;the cloud banks on the western
+horizon, the logs of driftwood, the fresh shrub floating with its leaves
+and berries, the flocks of land birds, the shoals of fish that inhabit
+shallow water, the indescribable smell of the shore; the mysterious
+presentment that seems ever to go before a great event; and finally, on
+that ever memorable night of October 12, 1492, the moving light seen by
+the sleepless eye of the great discoverer himself from the deck of the
+Santa Maria, and in the morning the real, undoubted land swelling up
+from the bosom of the deep, with its plains and forests, and hills and
+rocks and streams, and strange new races of men. These are incidents in
+which the authentic history of the discovery of our continent exceeds
+the specious wonders of romance, as much as gold excels tinsel, or the
+sun in the heavens outshines the flickering taper.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBUS OF THE HEAVENS&mdash;SCORNED.</h4>
+
+<p>Dominicans may deride thy discoveries now; but the time will come when
+from two hundred observatories, in Europe and America, the glorious
+artillery of science shall nightly assault the skies; but they shall
+gain no conquests in those glittering fields before which thine shall be
+for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>gotten. Rest in peace, great Columbus of the heavens!<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> like him
+scorned, persecuted, broken-hearted.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>FAME.</h4>
+
+<p>We find encouragement in every page of our country's history. Nowhere do
+we meet with examples more numerous and more brilliant of men who have
+risen above poverty and obscurity and every disadvantage to usefulness
+and honorable name. One whole vast continent was added to the geography
+of the world by the persevering efforts of a humble Genoese mariner, the
+great Columbus; who, by the steady pursuit of the enlightened conception
+he had formed of the figure of the earth, before any navigator had acted
+upon the belief that it was round, discovered the American continent. He
+was the son of a Genoese pilot, a pilot and seaman himself; and, at one
+period of his melancholy career, was reduced to beg his bread at the
+doors of the convents in Spain. But he carried within himself, and
+beneath a humble exterior, a <i>spirit</i> for which there was not room in
+Spain, in Europe, nor in the then known world; and which led him on to a
+height of usefulness and fame beyond that of all the monarchs that ever
+reigned.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>TRIFLING INCIDENT.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Venerable <span class="smcap">Frederic William Farrar</span>, D. D., F. R. S., Archdeacon
+of Westminster. Born in Bombay, August 7, 1831. From his "Lectures
+and Addresses."</p></div>
+
+<p>There are some who are fond of looking at the apparently trifling
+incidents of history, and of showing how the stream of centuries has
+been diverted in one or other direction by events the most
+insignificant. General Garfield told his pupils at Hiram that the roof
+of a certain court<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> house was so absolute a watershed that the flutter
+of a bird's wing would be sufficient to decide whether a particular
+rain-drop should make its way into the Gulf of St. Lawrence or into the
+Gulf of Mexico. The flutter of a bird's wing may have affected all
+history. Some students may see an immeasurable significance in the
+flight of parrots, which served to alter the course of Columbus, and
+guided him to the discovery of North and not of South America.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EXCITEMENT AT THE NEWS OF THE DISCOVERY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Fiske</span>, a justly celebrated American historian. Born at
+Hartford, Conn., March 30, 1842. From "The Discovery of
+America."<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It was generally assumed without question that the Admiral's theory of
+his discovery must be correct, that the coast of Cuba must be the
+eastern extremity of China, that the coast of Hispaniola must be the
+northern extremity of Cipango, and that a direct route&mdash;much shorter
+than that which Portugal had so long been seeking&mdash;had now been found to
+those lands of illimitable wealth described by Marco Polo. To be sure,
+Columbus had not as yet seen the evidences of this oriental splendor,
+and had been puzzled at not finding them, but he felt confident that he
+had come very near them and would come full upon them in a second
+voyage. There was nobody who knew enough to refute these opinions, and
+really why should not this great geographer, who had accomplished so
+much already which people had scouted as impossible&mdash;why should he not
+know what he was about? It was easy enough now to get men and money for
+the second voyage. When the Admiral sailed from Cadiz on September 25,
+1493, it was with seventeen ships, carrying 1,500 men. Their dreams were
+of the marble palaces of Quinsay, of isles of spices, and the treasures
+of Prester John. The sovereigns wept for joy as they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> thought that such
+untold riches were vouchsafed them, by the special decree of Heaven, as
+a reward for having overcome the Moors at Granada and banished the Jews
+from Spain. Columbus shared these views, and regarded himself as a
+special instrument for executing the divine decrees. He renewed his vow
+to rescue the Holy Sepulcher, promising within the next seven years to
+equip at his own expense a crusading army of 50,000 foot and 4,000
+horse; within five years thereafter he would follow this with a second
+army of like dimensions.</p>
+
+<p>Thus nobody had the faintest suspicion of what had been done. In the
+famous letter to Santangel there is of course not a word about a new
+world. The grandeur of the achievement was quite beyond the ken of the
+generation that witnessed it. For we have since come to learn that in
+1492 the contact between the eastern and the western halves of our
+planet was first really begun, and the two streams of human life which
+had flowed on for countless ages, apart, were thenceforth to mingle
+together. The first voyage of Columbus is thus a unique event in the
+history of mankind. Nothing like it was ever done before, and nothing
+like it can ever be done again. No worlds are left for a future Columbus
+to conquer. The era of which this great Italian mariner was the most
+illustrious representative has closed forever.</p>
+
+
+<h4>VINLAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Fiske</span>, an American historian. Born in Connecticut, 1842. From
+"Washington and his Country."<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Learned men had long known that the earth is round, but people generally
+did not believe it, and it had not occurred to anybody that such a
+voyage would be practicable. People were afraid of going too far out
+into the ocean. A ship which disappears in the offing seems to be going
+down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> hill; and many people thought that if they were to get too far
+down hill, they could not get back. Other notions, as absurd as this,
+were entertained, which made people dread the "Sea of Darkness," as the
+Atlantic was often called. Accordingly, Columbus found it hard to get
+support for his scheme.</p>
+
+<p>About fifteen years before his first voyage, Columbus seems to have
+visited Iceland, and some have supposed that he then heard about the
+voyages of the Northmen, and was thus led to his belief that land would
+be found by sailing west. He may have thus heard about Vinland, and may
+have regarded the tale as confirming his theory. That theory, however,
+was based upon his belief in the rotundity of the earth. The best proof
+that he was not seriously influenced by the Norse voyages, even if he
+had heard of them, is the fact that he never used them as an argument.
+In persuading people to furnish money for his enterprise, it has been
+well said that an ounce of Vinland would have been worth a pound of talk
+about the shape of the earth.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CRITICAL DAYS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Milner Fothergill</span>, M. D., an English physician. Born at
+Morland in Westmoreland, April 11, 1841; died, 1888.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus was an Italian who possessed all that determination which came
+of Norse blood combined with the subtlety of the Italian character. He
+thought much of what the ancients said of a short course from Spain to
+India, of Plato's Atlantic Island; and conceived the idea of sailing to
+India over the Atlantic. He applied to the Genoese, who rejected his
+scheme as impracticable; then to Portugal; then to Spain. The fall of
+Granada led to his ultimate success; and at last he set out into the
+unknown sea with a small fleet, which was so ill-formed as scarcely to
+reach the Canaries in safety. Soon after leaving them,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> the spirits of
+his crew fell, and then Columbus perceived that the art of governing the
+minds of men would be no less requisite for accomplishing the
+discoveries he had in view than naval skill and undaunted courage. He
+could trust himself only. He regulated everything by his sole authority;
+he superintended the execution of every order. As he went farther
+westward the hearts of his crew failed them, and mutiny was imminent.
+But Columbus retained his serenity of mind even under these trying
+circumstances, and induced his crew to persevere for three days more.
+Three critical days in the history of the world.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN APPROPRIATE HOUR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Foster</span>, a noted English essayist and moralist. Born at
+Halifax, September 17, 1770; died at Stapleton, October, 1843.</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>hour</i> just now begun may be exactly the period for finishing <i>some
+great plan</i>, or concluding <i>some great dispensation</i>, which thousands of
+years or ages have been advancing to its accomplishment. <i>This</i> may be
+the <i>very hour</i> in which a new world shall originate or an ancient one
+sink in ruins.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RANGE OF ENTERPRISE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edward Augustus Freeman</span>, a celebrated English historian. Born at
+Harborne, Staffordshire, 1823; died at Alicante, Spain, March 16,
+1892. From an article on "The Intellectual Development of the
+English People," in the <i>Chautauquan Magazine</i>, May, 1891.</p></div>
+
+<p>The discovery of a new world was something so startling as to help very
+powerfully in the general enlargement of men's minds. And the phrase of
+a new world is fully justified. The discovery of a western continent,
+which followed on the voyage of Columbus, was an event differing in kind
+from any discovery that had ever been made before. And this though there
+is little reason to doubt that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> western continent itself had been
+discovered before. The Northmen had certainly found their way to the
+real continent of North America ages before Columbus found his way to
+the West India Islands. But the same results did not come of it, and the
+discovery itself was not of the same kind. The Old World had grown a
+good deal before the discovery of the New. The range of men's thoughts
+and enterprise had gradually spread from the Mediterranean to the
+Atlantic, the Baltic, and the northern seas. To advance from Norway to
+the islands north of Britain, thence to Iceland, Greenland, and the
+American continent, was a gradual process. The great feature in the
+lasting discovery of America, which began at the end of the fifteenth
+century, was its suddenness. Nothing led to it; it was made by an
+accident; men were seeking one thing and then found another. Nothing
+like it has happened before or since.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FRIDAY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Of evil omen for the ancients. For America the day of glad tidings
+and glorious deeds.</p></div>
+
+<p>Friday, the sixth day of the week, has for ages borne the obloquy of
+odium and ill-luck. Friday, October 5th, B. C. 105, was marked
+<i>nefastus</i> in the Roman calendar because on that day Marcus Mallius and
+C&aelig;pio the Consul were slain and their whole army annihilated in Gallia
+Narbonensis by the Cimbrians. It was considered a very unlucky day in
+Spain and Italy; it is still deemed an ill-starred day among the
+Buddhists and Brahmins. The reason given by Christians for its ill-luck
+is, of course, because it was the day of Christ's crucifixion, though
+one would hardly term that an "unlucky event" for Christians. A Friday
+moon is considered unlucky for weather. It is the Mohammedan Sabbath and
+was the day on which Adam was created. The Sabeans consecrated it to
+Venus or Astarte. Accord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>ing to medi&aelig;val romance, on this day fairies
+and all the tribes of elves of every description were converted into
+hideous animals and remained so until Monday. In Scotland it is a great
+day for weddings. In England it is not. Sir William Churchill says,
+"Friday is my lucky day. I was born, christened, married, and knighted
+on that day, and all my best accidents have befallen me on a Friday."
+Aurungzebe considered Friday a lucky day and used to say in prayer, "Oh,
+that I may die on a Friday, for blessed is he that dies on that day."
+British popular saying terms a trial, misfortune, or cross a "Friday
+tree," from the "accursed tree" on which the Savior was crucified on
+that day. Stow, the historian of London, states that "Friday Street" was
+so called because it was the street of fish merchants who served the
+Friday markets. In the Roman Catholic church Friday is a fast day, and
+is considered an unlucky day because it was the day of Christ's
+crucifixion. Soames ("Anglo-Saxon Church," page 255) says of it, "Adam
+and Eve ate the forbidden fruit on Friday and died on Friday." Shakspere
+refers to the ill-omened nature of the day as follows: "The duke, I say
+to thee again, would eat mutton Friday" ("Measure for Measure," Act 3,
+Scene 2).</p>
+
+<p>But to turn to the more pleasing side, great has been the good fortune
+of the land of freedom on this ill-starred day. On Friday, August 3,
+1492, Christopher Columbus set sail from the port of Palos on his great
+voyage of discovery. On Friday, October 12, 1492, he discovered land; on
+Friday, January 4, 1493, he sailed on his return voyage to Spain. On
+Friday, March 14, 1493, he arrived at Palos, Spain, in safety. On
+Friday, November 22, 1493, he arrived at Espa&ntilde;ola on his second voyage
+to America. On Friday, June 12, 1494, he discovered the mainland of
+America. On Friday, March 5, 1496, Henry VIII. gave John Cabot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> his
+commission to pursue the discovery of America. On Friday, September 7,
+1565, Melendez founded St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest town in the
+United States. On Friday, November 10, 1620, the Mayflower, with the
+Pilgrim Fathers, reached the harbor of Provincetown. On Friday, December
+22, 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock. On Friday,
+February 22, 1732, George Washington was born. On Friday, June 16, 1755,
+Bunker Hill was seized and fortified. On Friday, October 17, 1777,
+Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. On Friday, September 22, 1780,
+Benedict Arnold's treason was discovered. On Friday, September 19, 1791,
+Lord Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. On Friday, July 7, 1776, a
+motion was made by John Adams that "the United States are and ought to
+be independent." On Friday, July 13, 1866, the Great Eastern steamship
+sailed from Valentia, Ireland, with the second and successful Atlantic
+cable, and completed the laying of this link of our civilization at
+Heart's Content, Newfoundland, on Friday, July 27, 1866. In Spanish
+history it is noteworthy that on Friday the Christians under Ferdinand
+and Isabella had won Granada from the Moors. On a Friday, also, the
+First Crusaders, under Geoffrey de Bouillon, took Jerusalem.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A PREVIOUS DISCOVERY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Paul Gaffarel</span>. Summarized from "Les D&eacute;couvreurs Fran&ccedil;ais du XIV<sup>me</sup>
+au XVI<sup>me</sup> Si&egrave;cle," published at Paris in 1888.</p></div>
+
+<p>Jean Cousin, in 1488, sailed from Dieppe, then the great commercial and
+naval port of France, and bore out to sea, to avoid the storms so
+prevalent in the Bay of Biscay. Arrived at the latitude of the Azores,
+he was carried westward by a current, and came to an unknown country
+near the mouth of an immense river. He took possession of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> the
+continent, but, as he had not sufficient crew nor material resources
+adequate for founding a settlement, he re-embarked. Instead of returning
+directly to Dieppe, he took a southeasterly direction&mdash;that is, toward
+South Africa&mdash;discovered the cape which has since retained the name of
+Cap des Aiguilles (Cape Agulhas, the southern point of Africa), went
+north by the Congo and Guinea, and returned to Dieppe in 1489. Cousin's
+lieutenant was a Castilian, Pinzon by name, who was jealous of his
+captain, and caused him considerable trouble on the Gold Coast. On
+Cousin's complaint, the admiralty declared him unfit to serve in the
+marine of Dieppe. Pinzon then retired to Genoa, and afterward to
+Castille. Every circumstance tends toward the belief that this is the
+same Pinzon to whom Columbus afterward intrusted the command of the
+Pinta.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GENIUS TRAVELS EAST TO WEST.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Abb&eacute; <span class="smcap">Fernando Galiani</span>, an Italian political economist. Born at
+Chieti, on the Abruzzi, 1728; died at Naples, 1787.</p></div>
+
+<p>For five thousand years genius has turned opposite to the diurnal
+motion, and traveled from east to west.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OBSERVATION LIKE COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">Cunningham Geikie</span>, D. D., a noted English clergyman. Born
+at Edinborough, October 26, 1826.</p></div>
+
+<p>Reading should be a Columbus voyage, in which nothing passes without
+note and speculation; the Sargasso Sea, mistaken for the New Indies; the
+branch with the fresh berries; the carved pole; the currents; the color
+of the water; the birds; the odor of the land; the butterflies; the
+moving light on the shore.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GENOA INSCRIPTION.</h4>
+
+<p>The following inscription is placed upon Columbus' house, No. 37, in the
+Vico Dritto Ponticello, Genoa, Italy:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+  <i>NVLLA. DOMVS. TITVLO. DIGNIOR.<br />
+  HAEIC.<br />
+  PATERNIS. IN. AEDIBVS.<br />
+  CHRISTOPHVS. COLVMBVS.<br />
+  PRIMAQVE. JVVENTAM. TRANSEGIT.</i><br /><br />
+
+  (No house deserved better an inscription.<br />
+  This is the paternal home of Christopher Columbus, where<br />
+  he passed his childhood and youth.)
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GENOA STATUE.</h4>
+
+<p>"Genoa and Venice," writes Mr. Oscar Browning, in <i>Picturesque Europe</i>,
+"have much in common&mdash;both republics, both aristocracies, both
+commercial, both powerful maritime states; yet, while the Doge of Venice
+remains to us as the embodiment of stately and majestic pre-eminence, we
+scarcely remember, or have forgotten, that there ever was a Doge of
+Genoa. This surely can not be because Shakspere did not write of the
+Bank of St. George or because Genoa has no Rialto. It must be rather
+because, while Genoa devoted herself to the pursuits of riches and
+magnificence, Venice fought the battle of Europe against barbarism, and
+recorded her triumphs in works of art which will live forever. * * *
+Genoa has no such annals and no such art. As we wander along the narrow
+streets we see the courtyards of many palaces, the marble stairs, the
+graceful <i>loggia</i>, the terraces and the arches of which stand out
+against an Italian sky; but we look in vain for the magnificence of
+public halls, where the brush of Tintoretto or Carpaccio decorated the
+assembly-room of the rulers of the East or the chapter-house of a
+charitable fraternity."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The artistic monument of Columbus, situated in the Piazza Acquaverde,
+facing the railway station, consists of a marble statue fitly embowered
+amid tropical palms, and is composed of a huge quadrangular pedestal, at
+the angles of which are seated allegorical figures of Religion,
+Geography, Strength, and Wisdom. Resting on this pedestal is a large
+cylindrical pedestal decorated with three ships' prows, on which stands
+a colossal figure of Columbus, his left hand resting on an anchor. At
+his feet, in a half-sitting, half-kneeling posture, is an allegorical
+figure of America in the act of adoring a crucifix, which she holds in
+her right hand. The four bas-reliefs on the sides of the pedestal
+represent the most important events in the life of the great discoverer:
+(1) Columbus before the Council of Salamanca; (2) Columbus taking formal
+possession of the New World; (3) his flattering reception at the court
+of Ferdinand and Isabella; (4) Columbus in chains. It is as well that
+this, the saddest of episodes, should be remembered, because great
+actions are as often as not emphasized by martyrdom.</p>
+
+<p>The first stone of the monument was laid September 27, 1846, and the
+completed statue formally dedicated in 1862. It bears the laconic but
+expressive dedication: "<i>A Cristoforo Colombo, La Patria</i>" (The Nation
+to Christopher Columbus).</p>
+
+<p>Genoa claims, with the largest presumption of truth, that Christopher
+Columbus was born there. The best of historical and antiquarian research
+tends to show that in a house, No. 37, in the Vico Dritto Ponticello,
+lived Domenico Colombo, the father of Christopher, and that in this
+house the Great Admiral was born. In 1887 the Genoese municipality
+bought the house, and an inscription has been placed over the door. To
+give the exact date of Christopher's birth is, however, difficult, but
+it is believed to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> have occurred sometime between March 15, 1446, and
+March 20, 1447.</p>
+
+<p>Whether Columbus was actually a native of Genoa or of Cogoletto&mdash;the
+latter is a sequestered little town a few miles west of the former&mdash;must
+ever remain a matter of conjecture. True enough, the house in which his
+father followed the trade of a wool-carder in Genoa is eagerly pointed
+out to a stranger; but the inscription on the marble tablet over the
+entrance does not state that the future discoverer was really born in
+it. This stands in a narrow alley designated the Vico di Morcento, near
+the prison of San Andrea.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the little town hall at Cogoletto contains a portrait
+of Columbus, more than 300 years old, whose frame is completely covered
+with the names of enthusiastic travelers. The room in which he is
+believed to have been born resembles a cellar rather than aught else;
+while the broken pavement shows how visitors have at various times taken
+up the bricks to preserve as relics. As if this undoubted evidence of
+hero worship were insufficient, the old woman in charge of the place
+hastens to relate how a party of Americans one day lifted the original
+door off its hinges and carried it bodily away between them.</p>
+
+<p>As all the world knows, Columbus died at Valladolid on the 20th of May,
+1506. It has always been a matter of intense regret to the Genoese that
+his body should have been permitted to be shipped across the seas to its
+first resting-place in San Domingo. More fortunate, however, were they
+in securing the remains of their modern kinsman and national patriot,
+Mazzini.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th of May, 1892, under the auspices of Ligurian Gymnastic
+Society Cristofore Columbo, a bronze wreath was placed at the base of
+the Columbus monument.</p>
+
+<p>The Ligurian Gymnastic Society Cristofore Columbo is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> an association
+which cultivates athletic exercises, music, and, above all, patriotism
+and charity. To awaken popular interest in the coming exhibition, the
+society had a bronze wreath made by the well-known sculptor Burlando,
+and fitting ceremonies took place, with a procession through the
+streets, before affixing the wreath at the base of the monument. The
+wreath, which weighed some 500 pounds, was carried by a figure
+representing Genoa seated on a triumphal car. There were 7,000 members
+of the society present, with not less than fifty bands of music. The
+ceremonies, beginning at 10 <span class="smcap">A. M.</span>, were concluded at 4 <span class="smcap">P. M.</span> The last
+act was a hymn, sung by 2,000 voices, with superb effect. Then, by means
+of machinery, the bronze crown was put in its proper position. Never was
+Genoa in a gayer humor, nor could the day have been more propitious. The
+streets were decorated with flowers and banners. There were
+representatives from Rome, Florence, Milan, Turin, Venice, Naples,
+Leghorn, Palermo, and visitors from all parts of Europe and America. In
+the evening only did the festivities close with a grand dinner given by
+the Genoese municipality.</p>
+
+<p>In this, the glorification of the grand old city of Liguria, was united
+that of its most memorable man, Christopher Columbus, for that medi&aelig;val
+feeling, when cities had almost individual personalities, is still a
+civic sense alive in Genoa. She rejoices in the illustrious men born
+within her walls with a sentiment akin to that of a mother for her son.</p>
+
+<p>In an artistic sense, nothing could have been more complete than this
+festival. Throwing the eye upward, beyond the figure of Columbus, the
+frame is perfect. The slanting ways leading up to the handsome houses on
+the background are wonderfully effective.</p>
+
+<p>Genoa is rich in the relics of Columbus. In the city hall of Genoa is,
+among other relics, a mosaic portrait of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> Admiral, somewhat modified
+from the De Bry's Columbus. Genoa is fortunate in possessing a number of
+authentic letters of Columbus, and these are preserved in a marble
+custodia, surmounted by a head of Columbus. In the pillar which forms
+the pedestal there is a bronze door, and the precious Columbus documents
+have been placed there.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GERMANY AND COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>The Geographical Society of Germany will shortly publish a volume
+commemorative of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by
+Columbus, which will, it is said, be one of the most elaborate
+publications ever issued by the society. Dr. Konrad Kretschmer, the
+editor of the forthcoming work, has visited all the principal libraries
+of Italy in search of material, and has had access to many rare
+manuscripts hitherto unused. The memorial volume will contain forty-five
+maps relating to the discovery of America, thirty-one of which are said
+to have never been published. Emperor William has contributed 15,000
+marks toward the expenses of publication, etc., and the work will
+undoubtedly be a most valuable contribution to the early history of
+America. It is expected that it will leave the government printing
+office early in August.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GERMANY'S EXHIBIT OF RARITIES.</h4>
+
+<p>Germany proposes to loan a collection of Columbus rarities to the United
+States Government for exhibition at the Chicago Exposition, as will be
+seen by a communication to the State Department from Consul-general
+Edwards at Berlin. In his document, Mr. Edwards says:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 410px;">
+<a name="illus167" id="illus167"></a>
+<img src="images/illus167.jpg" width="410" height="600" alt="HOUSE OF COLUMBUS.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">HOUSE OF COLUMBUS.<br />No. 37 Vico Dritto Ponticelli, Genoa,
+Italy.<br />(See page <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>
+.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The German government, appreciating the fact that no time is to be lost
+in this matter, has begun to carry its generous and friendly proposals
+into practical operation by instituting a thorough search in the various
+galleries, muse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>ums, and libraries throughout Germany for works of
+art, objects, and rarities which are in any way identified with the
+Columbus period, and which the German government believes would be
+likely to be of general interest to the authorities of the World's
+Columbian Exposition as well as the visitors at that great show.</p>
+
+<p>Among other works of art the German government consents to loan
+Pludderman's celebrated painting, "The Discovery of America by
+Columbus." Under the laws of Germany, as well as under the rules and
+regulations of the National Gallery, no person is permitted to
+lithograph, photograph, or make any sort of a copy of any picture or
+other work of art in the care or custody of any national gallery, in
+case when the artist has not been dead for a period of thirty years,
+without having first obtained the written permission of the legal
+representative of the deceased artist, coupled with the consent of the
+National Gallery authorities. Pludderman not having been dead thirty
+years, I have given assurances that this regulation will be observed by
+the United States Government.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE REASON FOR SAILORS' SUPERSTITIONS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>His Eminence <span class="smcap">James Gibbons, D.D.</span>, a celebrated American
+ecclesiastic. Born in Baltimore, Md., July 23, 1834.</p></div>
+
+<p>There is but a plank between a sailor and eternity, and perhaps the
+realization of that fact may have something to do with the superstition
+lurking in his nature.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ONCE THE PILLARS OF HERCULES WERE THE END OF THE WORLD.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">William Gibson.</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thus opening on that glooming sea,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Well seemed these walls<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> the ends of earth;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death and a dark eternity</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sublimely symboled forth!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ere to one eagle soul was given</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The will, the wings, that deep to brave;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In the sun's path to find a heaven,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A New World&mdash;o'er the wave.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Retraced the path Columbus trod,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Our course was from the setting sun;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While all the visible works of God,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Though various else had one.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>NEW LIGHT ON CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">From the Glasgow <i>Times</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>The discovery by the Superintendent of the Military Archives at Madrid
+of documents probably setting at rest the doubts that formerly existed
+as to the birthplace of Columbus, must have awakened new interest in the
+history of the most renowned discoverer of the past. It is to be noted,
+however, that the documents only affirm tradition, for Genoa has always
+been the Admiral's accredited birthplace. But if the discovery should
+lead to nothing but a more careful investigation of the records of his
+later history it will have been of use.</p>
+
+<p>The character of Columbus has been greatly misunderstood, and his 600
+biographers have in turn invested him with the glory of the religious
+hero and the contumely of the ill-tempered and crack-brained adventurer.
+An impartial critic must admit, indeed, that he was something of both,
+though more of the hero than the adventurer, and that his biographers
+have erred considerably in what Mr. R. L. Stevenson would call their
+"point of view."</p>
+
+<p>Educated, as it is supposed, in the local schools of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> Genoa, and for a
+short period at the University of Pavia, the youthful Columbus must have
+come in close contact with the scholars of the day. Naturally of a
+religious temperament, the piety of the learned would early impress him,
+and to this may possibly be attributed the feeling that he had been
+divinely selected, which remained with him until his death.</p>
+
+<p>There is little doubt that he began his career as a sailor, at the age
+of fourteen, with the sole object of plunder. The Indies were the
+constant attraction for the natives of Venice and Genoa; the
+Mediterranean and the Adriatic were filled with treasure ships. In these
+circumstances it is not to be wondered that the sea possessed a
+wonderful fascination for the youth of those towns. This opulence was
+the constant envy of Spain and Portugal, and Columbus was soon attracted
+to the latter country by the desire of Prince Henry to discover a
+southern route to the Indies. It was while in Portugal that he began to
+believe that his mission on earth was to be the discoverer of a new
+route to the land of gold&mdash;"the white man's god." For two years he
+resided in Lisbon, from time to time making short voyages, but for the
+most part engaged drawing maps to procure himself a living. Here he
+married, here his son Diego was born, and here his wife, who died at an
+early age, was buried.</p>
+
+<p>Toscanelli at this time advanced the theory that the earth was round,
+and Columbus at once entered into correspondence with him on the
+subject, and was greatly impressed with the views of the Florentine
+scientist, both as to the sphericity of the world and the wonders of the
+Asiatic region. Heresy-hunting was then a favorite pastime, and
+Columbus in accepting these theories ran no small risk of losing his
+life. Portugal and France in turn rejected his offers to add to their
+dependencies by his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> discoveries; and, though his brother found many in
+England willing to give him the necessary ships to start on his
+adventures, Spain, after much importuning on the part of the explorer,
+forestalled our own country.</p>
+
+<p>Then followed his four eventful voyages with all their varying fortunes,
+and his death, when over seventy years of age, in a wretched condition
+of poverty. The ready consideration of theories, not only dangerous but
+so astounding in their character as to throw discredit on those who
+advanced them, shows him to have been a man of intellectual courage.
+Humility was another trait of his character, and in all his life it can
+not be said that he acted in any but an honest and straightforward
+manner toward his fellow-men.</p>
+
+<p>It is true, no doubt, that his recognition of slavery somewhat dims his
+reputation. He sold many Indians as slaves, but it should be remembered
+that slavery prevailed at the time, and it was only on his second
+voyage, when hard pressed for means to reimburse the Spanish treasury
+for the immense expense of the expedition, that he resorted to the
+barter in human flesh. Indeed, his friendly relations with the natives
+show that, as a rule, he must have treated them in the kindly manner
+which characterized all his actions.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the reverses of his long career, whether received with
+sneers, lauded as a benefactor of his country, put in chains by crafty
+fellow-subjects, or defrauded, by an unscrupulous prince, of the profit
+of his discoveries, he continued a man of an eminently lovable
+character, kind to his family, his servants, and even his enemies.
+Americans are to do honor at the Columbian Exhibition to the name of him
+who, though not the first white man to land on the shores of the New
+World, was the first to colonize its fertile islands. Not only America,
+but the whole world,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> may emulate his virtues with advantage; for, even
+now, justice and mercy, courage and meekness, do not always abide
+together.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SECRET.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Frank B. Goodrich</span>, an American author of several popular books.
+Born in Boston, 1826. From his "History of the Sea."</p></div>
+
+<p>John II. of Portugal applied for an increase of power, and obtained a
+grant of all the lands which his navigators could discover in sailing
+<i>from west to east</i>. The grand idea of sailing from east to west&mdash;one
+which implied a knowledge of the sphericity of the globe&mdash;had not yet,
+to outward appearance, penetrated the brain of either pope or layman.
+One Christopher Columbus, however, was already brooding over it in
+secret and in silence.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PERIOD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Fran&ccedil;ois Pierre Guillaume Guizot</span>, a distinguished French statesman
+and historian. Born at N&icirc;mes, October 4, 1787; died September 12,
+1874. From his "History of Civilization" (5 vols., 1845).</p></div>
+
+<p>The period in question was also one of the most remarkable for the
+display of physical activity among men. It was a period of voyages,
+travels, enterprises, discoveries, and inventions of every kind. It was
+the time of the great Portuguese expedition along the coast of Africa;
+of the discovery of the new passage to India, by Vasco de Gama; of the
+discovery of America, by Christopher Columbus; of the wonderful
+extension of European commerce. A thousand new inventions started up;
+others already known, but confined within a narrow sphere, became
+popular and in general use. Gunpowder changed the system of war; the
+compass changed the system of navigation. Painting in oil was invented,
+and filled Europe with masterpieces of art. Engraving on copper,
+invented in 1406, multiplied<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> and diffused them. Paper made of linen
+became common. Finally, between 1436 and 1452, was invented
+printing&mdash;printing, the theme of so many declamations and commonplaces,
+but to whose merits and effect no commonplaces or declamations will ever
+be able to do justice.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MORNING TRIUMPHANT.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rev. <span class="smcap">F. W. Gunsaulus</span>, D. D., an American divine and able pulpit
+orator; at present, pastor of Plymouth Church, Chicago. From "New
+Testament and Liberty."</p></div>
+
+<p>Look again! It has become so light now that it is easy to see. Yonder in
+the West a man has been pleading before courts, praying to God,
+thinking, and dreaming. His brave heart sends forth hot tears, but it
+will not fail. The genius of God has seized him. The Holy Ghost has
+touched him as the spirit of liberty. Humanity cries through him for
+more room. Emperors will not hear. But he gains one ear, at last, and
+with the mariner's needle set out for the unknown. Civilization has
+always walked by faith and not by sight. And do not forget to note,
+that, in that log-book, the first mark is, "In the name of our Lord
+Jesus Christ." On! brave man, on! over wastes of ocean, in the midst of
+scorn, through hate, rage, mutiny, even death&mdash;and despair, worse than
+death. On! there is an America on the other side to balance. Cheerless
+nights, sad days, nights dark with woe, days hideous with the form of
+death, weeks sobbing with pity; but in that heart is He whose name is
+written in the log-book. "Land ahead!" And Columbus has discovered a
+continent. Humanity has another world. Light from the four corners of
+heaven. Glory touching firmament and planet. It is morning! Triumphant,
+beautiful dawn!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>TENDENCY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Arnold Henry Guyot</span>, Ph. D., LL. D., a meritorious writer on
+physical geography. Born near Neufch&acirc;tel, Switzerland, 1807.
+Professor of geology and physical geography at Princeton College
+from 1855 until his death, February 8, 1884. From "Earth and Man"
+(1849).</p></div>
+
+<p>As the plant is made for the animal, as the vegetable world is made for
+the animal world, America is made for the man of the Old World. The man
+of the Old World sets out upon his way. Leaving the highlands of Asia,
+he descends from station to station toward Europe. Each of his steps is
+marked by a new civilization superior to the preceding, by a greater
+power of development. Arrived at the Atlantic, he pauses on the shore of
+this unknown ocean, the bounds of which he knows not, and turns upon his
+footprints for an instant; then recommences his adventurous career
+westward as in the earliest ages.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NEW LIFE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edward Everett Hale</span>, D. D., a celebrated American author. Born in
+Boston, Mass., April 3, 1822. From an article, "Christopher
+Columbus," in the <i>Independent</i>, June 2, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>What the world owes to him and to Isabella, who made his work possible,
+it is impossible in few words to say. The moment was one when Europe
+needed America as never before. She had new life, given by the fall of
+Constantinople, by the invention of printing, by the expulsion of the
+Moors; there was new life even seething in the first heats of the
+Reformation; and Europe must break her bonds, else she would die. Her
+outlet was found in America. Here it is that that Power who orders
+history could try, on a fit scale, the great experiments of the new
+life. Thus it was ordered, let us say reverently, that South America
+should show what the Catholic church could do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> in the line of civilizing
+a desert, and that North America should show what the coming church of
+the future could do. To us it is interesting to remember that Columbus
+personally led the first discovery of South America, and that he made
+the first effort for a colony on our half of the continent. Of these two
+experiments the North America of to-day and South America of to-day are
+the issue.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TRIUMPH OF AN IDEA.</h4>
+
+<p>The life of Columbus is an illustration constantly brought for the
+success which God gives to those who, having conceived of a great idea,
+bravely determine to carry it through. His singleness of purpose, his
+determination to succeed, have been cited for four centuries, and will
+be cited for centuries more among the noblest illustrations which
+history has given of success wrought out by the courage of one
+man.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE EAST LONGED FOR THE WEST.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edward Everett Hale</span>, in <i>Overland Monthly Magazine</i>. An article on
+"A Visit to Palos."
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Lord Houghton, following Freiligrath, has sung to us how the</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palm tree dreameth of the pine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The pine tree of the palm;</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>and in his delicate imaginings the dream is of two continents&mdash;ocean
+parted&mdash;each of which longs for the other. Strange enough, as one pushes
+along the steep ascent from the landing at R&aacute;bida, up the high bluff on
+which the convent stands, the palm tree and the pine grow together, as
+in token of the dream of the great discoverer, who was to unite the
+continents.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>LIFE FOR LIBERTY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Fitz-Greene Halleck</span>, a noted American poet. Born in Guilford,
+Conn., July 8, 1790; died November 19, 1867.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy voice sounds like a prophet's word,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And in its hollow tones are heard</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The thanks of millions yet to be.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come when his task of fame is wrought,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come with her laurel-leaf, blood-bought,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Come in her crowning hour, and then</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy sunken eye's unearthly light</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To him is welcome as the sight</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of sky and stars to prison'd men;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy grasp is welcome as the hand</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of brother in a foreign land;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy summons welcome as the cry</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That told the Indian isles were nigh</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To the world-seeking Genoese,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When the land wind, from woods of palm,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And orange groves, and fields of balm,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Blew o'er the Haytian seas.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>GENOA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Murat Halstead</span>, an American journalist. Born at Ross, Ohio,
+September 2, 1829. From "Genoa&mdash;the Home of Columbus," a paper in
+<i>Cosmopolitan</i>, May, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Italian coast all around the Gulf of Genoa is mountainous, and the
+mountains crowd each other almost into the sea. Land that can be built
+upon or cultivated is scarce, and the narrow strips that are possible
+are on the sunny southern slopes. The air is delicious. The orange trees
+in December lean over the garden walls, heavy with golden spheres, and
+the grass is green on the hills, and when a light snow falls the roses
+blush through the soft veil of lace, and are modest but not ashamed, as
+they bow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> their heads. The mountains are like a wall of iron against the
+world, and from them issues a little river whose waters are pure as the
+dew, until the washerwomen use them and spread clothing on the wide
+spaces of clean gravel to dry. The harbor is easily defended, and with
+the same expensive equipment would be strong as Gibraltar. It is in this
+isolation that the individuality of Genoa, stamped upon so many chapters
+of world-famous history, grew. There is so little room for a city that
+the buildings are necessarily lofty. The streets are narrow and steep.
+The pavements are blocks of stone that would average from two to three
+feet in length, one foot in width, and of unknown depth. Evidently they
+are not constructed for any temporary purpose, but to endure forever.
+When, for a profound reason, a paving-stone is taken up it is speedily
+replaced, with the closest attention to exact restoration, and then it
+is again a rock of ages.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CELEBRATION AT HAMBURG.</h4>
+
+<p>Among the celebrations of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of
+America, that of the city of Hamburg, in Germany, will occupy a
+prominent place. On October 1st an exhibition will be opened at which
+objects will be on view that bear on the history of the act of
+discovery, on the condition of geographical science of the time, and on
+the conditions of the inhabitants of America at the time of the
+discovery. Side by side with these will be exhibited whatever can show
+the condition of America at the present time. On the date of the
+discovery of the little Island of Guanahani&mdash;that is, October 12th&mdash;the
+celebration proper will take place. The exercises will consist of songs
+and music and a goodly array of speeches. In the evening, tableaux and
+processions will be performed in the largest hall of the city. The
+scenery, costumes, and implements used<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> will all be got up as they were
+at the time of the discovery, so as to furnish a real representation of
+the age of Columbus.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SEEKER AND SEER&mdash;A RHYME FOR THE DEDICATION OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edward J. Harding</span>, in the Chicago <i>Tribune</i>, September 17, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">I.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">What came ye forth to see?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Why from the sunward regions of the palm,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And piney headlands by the northern main,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From Holland's watery ways, and parching Spain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From pleasant France and storied Italy,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From India's patience, and from Egypt's calm,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To this far city of a soil new-famed</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Come ye in festal guise to-day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Charged with no fatal "gifts of Greece,"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Nor Punic treaties double-tongued,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">But proffering hands of amity,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And speaking messages of peace,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With drum-beats ushered, and with shouts acclaimed,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">While cannon-echoes lusty-lung'd</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Reverberate far away?</span><br /><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 20%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">IV.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Our errand here to-day</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hath warrant fair, ye say;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">We come with you to consecrate</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A hero's, ay a prophet's monument;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Yet needs he none, who was so great;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vainly they build in Cuba's isle afar</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His sepulcher beside the sapphire sea;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He hath for cenotaph a continent,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">For funeral wreaths, the forests waving free,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And round his grave go ceaselessly</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The morning and the evening star.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet is it fit that ye should praise him best,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">For ye his true descendants are,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">A spirit-begotten progeny;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wherefore to thee, fair city of the West,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">From elder lands we gladly came</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">To grace a prophet's fame.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">V.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beauteous upon the waters were the wings</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That bore glad tidings o'er the leaping wave</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of sweet Hesperian isles, more bland and fair</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Than lover's looks or bard's imaginings;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And blest was he, the hero brave,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Who first the tyrannous deeps defied,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And o'er the wilderness of waters wide</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A sun-pursuing highway did prepare</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">For those true-hearted exiles few</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The house of Liberty that reared anew.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Nor fails he here of honor due.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">These goodly structures ye behold,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">These towering piles in order brave,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">From whose tall crests the pennons wave</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Like tropic plumage, gules and gold;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">These ample halls, wherein ye view</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Whate'er is fairest wrought and best&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">South with North vying, East with West,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And arts of yore with science new&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bear witness for us how religiously</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">We cherish here his memory.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">VI.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Yet sure, the adventurous Genoese</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Did never in his most enlightened hours</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forecast the high, the immortal destinies</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Of this dear land of ours.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nay, could ye call him hither from his tomb,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Think ye that he would mark with soul elate</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A kingless people, a schismatic State,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor on his work invoke perpetual doom?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Though the whole Sacred College o'er and o'er</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pronounce him sainted, prophet was he none</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who to Cathaia's legendary shore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Deemed that his bark a path had won.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">In sooth, our Western pioneer</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Was all as prescient as he</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Who cried, "The desert shall exult,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The wild shall blossom as the rose,"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And to a passing rich result</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Through summer heats and winter snows</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Toiling to prove himself a seer,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Accomplished his own prophecy.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lo, here a greater far than he,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">A prophet nation hath its dwelling,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">With multitudinous voice foretelling,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">"Man shall be free!"</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">VII.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hellas for Beauty, Rome for Order, stood,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And Israel for the Good;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Our message to the world is Liberty;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Not the rude freedom of anarchic hordes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But reasoned kindness, whose benignant code</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upon the emblazoned walls of history</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">We carved with our good swords,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And crimsoned with our blood.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Last, from our eye we plucked the obscuring mote,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">(Not without tears expelled, and sharpest pain,)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">From swarthy limbs the galling chain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">With shock on mighty shock we smote,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Whereby with clearer gaze we scan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The heaven-writ message that we bear for man.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Not ours to give, as erst the Genoese,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Of a new world the keys;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But of the prison-world ye knew before</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hewing in twain the door,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To thralls of custom and of circumstance</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">We preach deliverance.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O self-imprisoned ones, be free! be free!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">These fetters frail, by doting ages wrought</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of basest metals&mdash;fantasy and fear,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And ignorance dull, and fond credulity&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Have moldered, lo! this many a year;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See, at a touch they part, and fall to naught!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yours is the heirship of the universe,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Would ye but claim it, nor from eyes averse</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let fall the tears of needless misery;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Deign to be free!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">VIII.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The prophets perish, but their word endures;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The word abides, the prophets pass away;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Far be the hour when Hellas' fate is yours,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O Nation of the newer day!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Unmeet it were that I,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who sit beside your hospitable fire</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A stranger born&mdash;though honoring as a sire</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The land that binds me with a closer tie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Than hers that bore me&mdash;should from sullen throat</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Send forth a raven's ominous note</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Upon a day of jubilee.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Yet signs of coming ill I see,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which Heaven avert! Nay, rather let me deem</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">That like a bright and broadening stream</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fed by a hundred affluents, each a river</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Far-sprung and full, Columbia's life shall flow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By level meads majestically slow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Blessing and blest forever!</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE JESUIT GEOGRAPHER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Jean Hardouin</span>, a French Jesuit. Born at Quimper, 1646; died, 1729.</p></div>
+
+<p>The rotation of the earth is due to the efforts of the damned to escape
+from their central fire. Climbing up the walls of hell, they cause the
+earth to revolve as a squirrel its cage.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS DAY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>By the President of the United States of America. A proclamation:</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, By a joint resolution, approved June 29, 1892, it was resolved
+by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
+America, in Congress assembled, "That the President of the United States
+be authorized and directed to issue a proclamation recommending to the
+people the observance in all their localities of the 400th anniversary
+of the discovery of America, on the 21st day of October, 1892, by public
+demonstration and by suitable exercises in their schools and other
+places of assembly."</p>
+
+<p>Now, <span class="smcap">THEREFORE</span>, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, in pursuance of the aforesaid joint resolution, do hereby
+appoint Friday, October 21, 1892, the 400th anniversary of the discovery
+of America by Columbus, as a general holiday for the people of the
+United States. On that day let the people, so far as possible, cease
+from toil and devote themselves to such exercises as may best express
+honor to the discoverer and their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> appreciation of the great
+achievements of the four completed centuries of American life.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus stood in his age as the pioneer of progress and enlightenment.
+The system of universal education is in our age the most prominent and
+salutary feature of the spirit of enlightenment, and it is peculiarly
+appropriate that the schools be made by the people the center of the
+day's demonstration. Let the national flag float over every school-house
+in the country, and the exercises be such as shall impress upon our
+youth the patriotic duties of American citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>In the churches and in the other places of assembly of the people, let
+there be expressions of gratitude to Divine Providence for the devout
+faith of the discoverer, and for the Divine care and guidance which has
+directed our history and so abundantly blessed our people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In testimony whereof</span> I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/illus-184.jpg" width="90" height="89" alt="" title="seal" />
+</div>
+<p><br /><br />Done at the city of Washington, this 21st day of July, in the year of
+our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, and of the
+independence of the United States the one hundred and seventeenth.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="author">
+<span class="smcap">Benjamin Harrison.</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">By the President.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John W. Foster</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ADMIRATION OF A CAREFUL CRITIC.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Henry Harrisse</span>, a celebrated Columbian critic, in his erudite and
+valuable work, "Columbus and the Bank of St. George."</p></div>
+
+<p>Nor must you believe that I am inclined to lessen the merits of the
+great Genoese or fail to admire him. But my admiration is the result of
+reflection, and not a blind hero-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>worship. Columbus removed out of the
+range of mere speculation the idea that beyond the Atlantic Ocean lands
+existed and could be reached by sea, made of the notion a fixed fact,
+and linked forever the two worlds. That event, which is unquestionably
+the greatest of modern times, secures to Columbus a place in the
+pantheon dedicated to the worthies whose courageous deeds mankind will
+always admire.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 440px;">
+<a name="illus184" id="illus184"></a>
+<img src="images/illus184.jpg" width="440" height="600" alt="PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS, BY SIR ANTONIO MORO.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS, BY SIR ANTONIO MORO.<br />
+
+Used by Washington Irving to illustrate his &quot;Life of Columbus.&quot; From the
+original in the possession of Mr. C. F. Gunther of Chicago.<br />(See pages
+<a href='#Page_52'>52</a>
+ and <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>
+.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But our gratitude must not carry us beyond the limits of an equitable
+appreciation. Indiscriminate praise works mischief and injustice. When
+tender souls represent Columbus as being constantly the laughing-stock
+of all, and leading a life of misery and abandonment in Spain, they do
+injustice to Deza, to Cabrera, to Quintanilla, to Mendoza, to Beatrice
+de Bobadilla, to Medina-Celi, to Ferdinand and Isabella, and probably a
+host of others who upheld him as much as they could from the start. When
+blind admirers imagine that the belief in the existence of transatlantic
+countries rushed out of Columbus' cogitations, complete, unaided, and
+alone, just as Minerva sprang in full armor from the head of Jupiter,
+they disregard the efforts of numerous thinkers who, from Aristotle and
+Roger Bacon to Toscanelli, evolved and matured the thought, until
+Columbus came to realize it. When dramatists, poets, and romancers
+expatiate upon the supposed spontaneous or independent character of the
+discovery of America, and ascribe the achievement exclusively to the
+genius of a single man, they adopt a theory which is discouraging and
+untrue.</p>
+
+<p>No man is, or ever was, ahead of his times. No human efforts are, or
+ever were, disconnected from a long chain of previous exertions; and
+this applies to all the walks of life. When a great event occurs, in
+science as in history, the hero who seems to have caused it is only the
+embodiment and resulting force of the meditations, trials, and
+endeav<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>ors of numberless generations of fellow-workers, conscious and
+unconscious, known and unknown.</p>
+
+<p>When this solemn truth shall have been duly instilled into the minds of
+men, we will no longer see them live in the constant expectation of
+Messiahs and providential beings destined to accomplish, as by a sort of
+miracle, the infinite and irresistible work of civilization. They will
+rely exclusively upon the concentrated efforts of the whole race, and
+cherish the encouraging thought that, however imperceptible and
+insignificant their individual contributions may seem to be, these form
+a part of the whole, and finally redound to the happiness and progress
+of mankind.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CARE OF THE NEW WORLD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">David Hartley</span>, a celebrated English physician and philosopher. Born
+at Armley, near Leeds, 1705; died, 1757.</p></div>
+
+<p>Those who have the first care of this New World will probably give it
+such directions and inherent influences as may guide and control its
+course and revolutions for ages to come.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE TRIBUTE OF HEINRICH HEINE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Heinrich Heine</span>. Born December 12, 1799, in the Bolkerstrasse at
+Dusseldorf; died in Paris, February 17, 1856.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mancher hat schon viel gegeben,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aber jener hat der Welt</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eine ganze Welt geschenkt</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Und sie heisst America.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicht befreien k&ouml;nnt'er uns</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aus dem orden Erdenkerker</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doch er wusst ihn zu erweitern</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Und die Kette zu verl&auml;ngern</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(<i>Translation.</i>)</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Some have given much already,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But this man he has presented</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To the world an entire world,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With the name America.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He could not set us free, out</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of the dreary, earthly prison,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But he knew how to enlarge it</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And to lengthen our chain.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS' AIM NOT MERELY SECULAR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</span>, one of the most eminent
+philosophers of the German school of metaphysics. Born at Stuttgart
+in 1770; died in Berlin, 1831. From his "Philosophy of History."</p></div>
+
+<p>A leading feature demanding our notice in determining the character of
+this period, might be mentioned that urging of the spirit outward, that
+desire on the part of man to become acquainted with his world. The
+chivalrous spirit of the maritime heroes of Portugal and Spain opened a
+new way to the East Indies and discovered America. This progressive step
+also involved no transgression of the limits of ecclesiastical
+principles or feeling. The aim of Columbus was by no means a merely
+secular one; it presented also a distinctly religious aspect; the
+treasures of those rich Indian lands which awaited his discovery were
+destined, in his intention, to be expended in a new crusade, and the
+heathen inhabitants of the countries themselves were to be converted to
+Christianity. The recognition of the spherical figure of the earth led
+man to perceive that it offered him a definite and limited object, and
+navigation had been benefited by the new-found instrumentality of the
+magnet, enabling it to be something better than mere coasting; thus
+technical appliances make their appearance when a need for them is
+experienced.</p>
+
+<p>These events&mdash;the so-called revival of learning, the flourishing of the
+fine arts, and the discovery of America&mdash;may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> be compared with that
+<i>blush of dawn</i> which after long storms first betokens the return of a
+bright and glorious day. This day is the day of universality, which
+breaks upon the world after the long, eventful, and terrible night of
+the Middle Ages.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE BELIEF OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir Arthur Helps</span>, a popular English essayist and historian. Born,
+1813; died, March 7, 1875. From his "Life of Columbus" (1869).</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus believed the world to be a sphere; he underestimated its size;
+he overestimated the size of the Asiatic continent. The farther that
+continent extended to the east, the nearer it came round to Spain.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SPECULATION.</h4>
+
+<p>It has always been a favorite speculation with historians, and, indeed,
+with all thinking men, to consider what would have happened from a
+slight change of circumstances in the course of things which led to
+great events. This may be an idle and a useless speculation, but it is
+an inevitable one. Never was there such a field for this kind of
+speculation as in the voyages, especially the first one, of Columbus.
+* * * The gentlest breeze carried with it the destinies of future empires.
+* * * Had some breeze big with the fate of nations carried Columbus
+northward, it would hardly have been left for the English, more than a
+century afterward, to found those colonies which have proved to be the
+seeds of the greatest nation that the world is likely to
+behold.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>RELIGION TURNS TO FREEDOM'S LAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">George Herbert</span>, an English poet. Born at Montgomery, Wales, 1593;
+died, 1632.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Religion stands on tiptoe in our land,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ready to pass to the American strand.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Antonio Herrera y Tordesillas</span>, an eminent Spanish historian. Born
+at Cuellar in 1549; died, 1625.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus was tall of stature, with a long and imposing visage. His nose
+was aquiline; his eyes blue; his complexion clear, and having a tendency
+to a glowing red; the beard and hair red in his youth, but his fatigues
+early turned them white.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN INCIDENT OF THE VOYAGE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Fernando Herrera</span>, Spanish poet, 1534-1597.</p>
+
+<p>Many sighed and wept, and every hour seemed a year.</p></div>
+
+<h4>THE EFFECT OF THE DISCOVERY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">C. W. Hodgin</span>, professor of history in Earlham College, Indiana.
+From "Preparation for the Discovery of America."</p></div>
+
+<p>The discovery of America by Columbus stands out in history as an event
+of supreme importance, both because of its value in itself and because
+of its reflex action upon Europe. It swept away the hideous monsters and
+frightful apparitions with which a superstitious imagination had peopled
+the unknown Atlantic, and removed at once and forever the fancied
+dangers in the way of its navigation. It destroyed the old patristic
+geography and practically demonstrated the rotundity of the earth. It
+overthrew the old ideas of science and gave a new meaning to the
+Baconian method of investigation. It revolutionized the commerce of the
+world, and greatly stimulated the intellect of Europe, already awakening
+from the long torpor of the Dark Ages. It opened the doors of a new
+world, through which the oppressed and overcrowded population of the Old
+World might enter and make homes, build states, and develop a higher
+ideal of freedom than the world had before conceived.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But this event did not come to pass by accident, neither was it the
+result of a single cause. It was the culmination of a series of events,
+each of which had a tendency, more or less marked, to concentrate into
+the close of the fifteenth century the results of an <i>instinct</i> to
+search over unexplored seas for unknown lands.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS THE FIRST DISCOVERER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Friedrich Heinrich Alexander</span>, Baron <span class="smcap">Von Humboldt</span>, the illustrious
+traveler, naturalist, and cosmographer. Born in Berlin, September
+14, 1769; died there May 6, 1859. He has been well termed "The
+Modern Aristotle."</p></div>
+
+<p>To say the truth, Vespucci shone only by reflection from an age of
+glory. When compared with Columbus, Sebastian Cabot, Bartolom&eacute; Dias, and
+Da Gama, his place is an inferior one.</p>
+
+<p>The majesty of great memories seems concentrated in the name of
+Christopher Columbus. It is the originality of his vast idea, the
+largeness and fertility of his genius, and the courage which bore up
+against a long series of misfortunes, which have exalted the Admiral
+high above all his contemporaries.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PENETRATION AND EXTREME ACCURACY OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>Columbus preserved, amid so many material and minute cares, which freeze
+the soul and contract the character, a profound and poetic sentiment of
+the grandeur of nature. What characterizes Columbus is the penetration
+and extreme accuracy with which he seizes the phenomena of the external
+world. He is quite as remarkable as an observer of nature as he is an
+intrepid navigator.</p>
+
+<p>Arrived under new heavens, and in a new world, the configuration of
+lands, the aspect of vegetation, the habits of animals, the distribution
+of heat according to longitude,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> the pelagic currents, the variations of
+terrestrial magnetism&mdash;nothing escaped his sagacity. Columbus does not
+limit himself to collecting isolated facts, he combines them, he seeks
+their mutual relations to each other. He sometimes rises with boldness
+to the discovery of the general laws that govern the physical
+world.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>A FLIGHT OF PARROTS WAS HIS GUIDING STAR.</h4>
+
+<p>Columbus was guided in his opinion by a flight of parrots toward the
+southwest. Never had the flight of birds more important consequences. It
+may be said to have determined the first settlements on the new
+continent, and its distribution between the Latin and Germanic
+races.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS A GIANT.</h4>
+
+<p>Columbus is a giant standing on the confines between medi&aelig;val and modern
+times, and his existence marks one of the great epochs in the history of
+the world.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE MAJESTY OF GRAND RECOLLECTIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>The majesty of grand recollections seems concentered on the illustrious
+name of Columbus.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>RELIGION.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Fletcher Hurst</span>, D. D., LL.D., a noted American Methodist
+bishop. Born near Salem, Md., August 17, 1834. From his "Short
+History of the Church in the United States." Copyright, 1889. By
+permission of Messrs. Harper &amp; Brothers, Publishers.</p></div>
+
+<p>When Columbus discovered the little West India Island of San Salvador,
+and raised upon the shore the cross, he dedicated it and the lands
+beyond to the sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella. The "<i>Gloria in
+Excelsis</i>" was sung by the discoverer and his weary crew with as much
+fervor as it had ever been chanted in the cathedrals of Spain. The faith
+was Roman Catholic. On his second voyage, in 1494,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> Columbus took with
+him a vicar apostolic and twelve priests, and on the island of Haiti
+erected the first chapel in the western world.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> The success of
+Columbus in discovering a new world in the West awakened a wild
+enthusiasm throughout Europe. Visions of gold inflamed the minds alike
+of rulers, knights, and adventurers. To discover and gather treasures,
+and organize vast missionary undertakings, became the mania of the
+times. No European country which possessed a strip of seaboard escaped
+the delirium.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ARMA VIRUMQUE CANO.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Washington Irving</span>, one of the most distinguished American authors
+and humorists. Born in New York City, April 3, 1783. Died at
+Sunnyside on the Hudson, N. Y., November 28, 1859. From his
+"History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus" (4 vols.,
+1828). "This is one of those works," says Alexander H. Everett,
+"which are at the same time the delight of readers and the despair
+of critics. It is as nearly perfect as any work well can be."</p></div>
+
+<p>It is my object to relate the deeds and fortunes of the mariner who
+first had the judgment to divine, and the intrepidity to brave, the
+mysteries of the perilous deep; and who, by his hardy genius, his
+inflexible constancy, and his heroic courage, brought the ends of the
+earth into communication with each other. The narrative of his troubled
+life is the link which connects the history of the Old World with that
+of the New.</p>
+
+<p>To his intellectual vision it was given to read the signs of the times
+in the conjectures and reveries of the past ages, the indications of an
+unknown world, as soothsayers were said to read predictions in the
+stars, and to foretell events from the visions of the night.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>PRACTICAL AND POETICAL.</h4>
+
+<p>He who paints a great man merely in great and heroic traits, though he
+may produce a fine picture, will never present a faithful portrait.
+Great men are compounds of great and little qualities. Indeed, much of
+their greatness arises from their mastery over the imperfections of
+their nature, and their noblest actions are sometimes struck forth by
+the collision of their merits and their defects.</p>
+
+<p>In Columbus were singularly combined the practical and the poetical. His
+mind had grasped all kinds of knowledge, whether procured by study or
+observation, which bore upon his theories; impatient of the scanty
+aliment of the day, "his impetuous ardor threw him into the study of the
+fathers of the Church, the Arabian Jews, and the ancient geographers";
+while his daring but irregular genius, bursting from the limits of
+imperfect science, bore him to conclusions far beyond the intellectual
+vision of his contemporaries. If some of his conclusions were erroneous,
+they were at least ingenious and splendid; and their error resulted from
+the clouds which still hung over his peculiar path of enterprise. His
+own discoveries enlightened the ignorance of the age, guided conjecture
+to certainty, and dispelled that very darkness with which he had been
+obliged to struggle.</p>
+
+<p>In the progress of his discoveries, he has been remarked for the extreme
+sagacity and the admirable justness with which he seized upon the
+phenomena of the exterior world. As they broke upon him, these phenomena
+were discerned with wonderful quickness of perception, and made to
+contribute important principles to the stock of general knowledge. This
+lucidity of spirit, this quick convertibility of facts to principles,
+distinguish him from the dawn to the close of his sublime enterprise,
+insomuch that, with all the sallying ardor of his imagination, his
+ultimate success has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> been admirably characterized as a "conquest of
+reflection."&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>A VISIT TO PALOS.</h4>
+
+<p>I can not express to you what were my feelings on treading the shore
+which had once been animated by the bustle of departure, and whose sands
+had been printed by the last footstep of Columbus. The solemn and
+sublime nature of the event that had followed, together with the fate
+and fortunes of those concerned in it, filled the mind with vague yet
+melancholy ideas. It was like viewing the silent and empty stage of some
+great drama when all the actors had departed. The very aspect of the
+landscape, so tranquilly beautiful, had an effect upon me, and as I
+paced the deserted shore by the side of a descendant of one of the
+discoverers I felt my heart swelling with emotion and my eyes filling
+with tears.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS AT SALAMANCA.</h4>
+
+<p>Columbus appeared in a most unfavorable light before a select
+assembly&mdash;an obscure navigator, a member of no learned institution,
+destitute of all the trappings and circumstances which sometimes give
+oracular authority to dullness, and depending on the mere force of
+natural genius.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the junta entertained the popular notion that he was an
+adventurer, or at best a visionary; and others had that morbid
+impatience which any innovation upon established doctrine is apt to
+produce in systematic minds. What a striking spectacle must the hall of
+the old convent have presented at this memorable conference! A simple
+mariner standing forth in the midst of an imposing array of professors,
+friars, and dignitaries of the Church, maintaining his theory with
+natural eloquence, and, as it were, pleading the cause of the New
+World.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>A MEMORIAL TO COLUMBUS AT OLD ISABELLA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From the <i>Sacred Heart Review</i> of Boston, Mass.</p></div>
+
+<p>Early in September, 1891, the proposition of erecting a monument to
+Columbus on the site of his first settlement in the New World, at Old
+Isabella, in Santo Domingo, was first broached to the <i>Sacred Heart
+Review</i> of Boston by Mr. Thomas H. Cummings of that city. As the first
+house built by Columbus in the settlement was a church, it was suggested
+that such a monument would indeed fitly commemorate the starting-point
+and rise of Christian civilization in America. The <i>Review</i> entered
+heartily into the project, and steps were at once taken to secure a
+suitable plot of ground for the site of the monument. Plans were also
+drawn of a monument whose estimated cost would be from $3,000 to $5,000.
+A design which included a granite plinth and ball three feet in
+diameter, surmounting a pyramid of coral and limestone twenty feet
+high,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> was transmitted, through the Dominican consul-general at New
+York to the Dominican government in Santo Domingo. Accompanying this
+plan was a petition, of which the following is a copy, setting forth the
+purpose of the <i>Review</i>, and asking certain concessions in return:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="author">"<span class="smcap">Boston, Mass.</span>, October 7, 1891.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap"  style="margin-left: 2em;">"Hon. Fco. Leonte Vazques</span>, <i>Dominican Consul-general</i>, "<i>New York
+City</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The <i>Sacred Heart Review</i> of Boston is anxious to mark the
+spot with a suitable monument where Christian civilization took its
+rise in the New World, commonly known as Ancienne Isabelle, on the
+Island of Santo Domingo. We therefore beg the favor of your good
+offices with the Dominican government for the following
+concessions:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>First.</i> Free entrance of party and material for monu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>ment at
+ports of Puerto Plata or Monte Christi, and right of transportation
+for same to Isabella free of all coast expense and duties.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Second.</i> Grant of suitable plot, not to contain more than 100 &times;
+100 square yards, the present owner, Mr. C. S. Passailique of New
+York having already signified his willingness to concede same to
+us, so far as his rights under the Dominican government allowed him
+to do so.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Third.</i> The right of perpetual care of monument, with access to
+and permission to care for same at all times.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Fourth.</i> Would the government grant official protection to same;
+i. e., allow its representatives to aid and protect in every
+reasonable way the success of the enterprise, and when built guard
+same as public property, without assuming any legal liability
+therefor?</p>
+
+<p>"Finally, in case that we find a vessel sailing to one of said
+ports above named willing to take the monument to Isabella, would
+government concede this favor&mdash;allowing vessel to make coast
+service free of governmental duties?"</p>
+
+<p>"In exchange for above concessions on the part of the Dominican
+government, the undersigned hereby agree to erect, at their
+expense, and free of all charge to said government, a granite
+monument, according to plan herewith inclosed; estimated cost to be
+from $3,000 to $5,000.</p>
+
+<p>"Awaiting the favor of an early reply, and begging you to accept
+the assurance of our highest respect and esteem, we have the honor
+to be,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"Very respectfully yours,</p>
+<p class="author">
+"Rev. <span class="smcap">John O'Brien</span> and others in
+behalf of the<br />Sacred Heart Review Monument Committee."<br />
+
+</p></div>
+
+<p>In reply to the above petition was received an official document, in
+Spanish, of which the following is a literal translation:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Ulises Heureaux</span>, <i>Division General-in-Chief of the National Army,
+Pacificator of the Nation, and Constitutional President of the
+Republic</i>:</p>
+
+<p>"In view of the petition presented to the government by the
+directors of the <i>Sacred Heart Review</i> of Boston, United States of
+America, dated October 7, 1891, and considering that the object of
+the petitioners is to commemorate a historical fact of great
+importance, viz.: the establishment of the Christian religion in
+the New World by the erection of its first temple&mdash;an event so
+closely identified with Santo Domingo, and by its nature and
+results eminently American, indeed world-wide, in its
+scope&mdash;therefore the point of departure for Christian civilization
+in the western hemisphere, whose principal products were apostles
+like Cordoba, Las Casas, and others, defending energetically and
+resolutely the rights of the oppressed inhabitants of America, and
+themselves the real founders of modern democracy, be it</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, Article 1. That it is granted to the <i>Sacred Heart
+Review</i> of Boston, United States of America, permission to erect a
+monument on the site of the ruins of Old Isabella, in the district
+of Puerto Plata, whose purpose shall be to commemorate the site
+whereon was built the first Catholic church in the New World. This
+monument shall be of stone, and wholly conformable to the plan
+presented. It shall be erected within a plot of ground that shall
+not exceed 10,000 square yards, and shall be at all times solidly
+and carefully inclosed. If the site chosen belongs to the state,
+said state concedes its proprietary rights to the petitioners while
+the monument stands. If the site belongs to private individuals, an
+understanding must be reached with them to secure possession.</p>
+
+<p>"Article 2. The builders of said monument will have perpetual
+control and ownership, and they assume the obli<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>gation of caring
+for and preserving it in good condition. If the builders, as a
+society, cease to exist, the property will revert to the
+municipality to which belongs Old Isabella, and on them will revert
+the obligation to preserve it in perfect repair.</p>
+
+<p>"Article 3. The monument will be considered as public property, and
+the local authorities will give it the protection which the law
+allows to property of that class. * * * But on no condition and in
+no way could the government incur any responsibility of damage that
+might come to the monument situated in such a remote and exposed
+location.</p>
+
+<p>"Article 4. We declare free from municipal and coast duties the
+materials and tools necessary for the construction of said
+monument, and if it is introduced in a ship carrying only this as a
+cargo, it will be permitted to said ship to make voyage from Monte
+Christi or Puerto Plata without paying any of said coast imposts.
+In view of these concessions the monument committee will present to
+the mayor of the city a detailed statement of the material and
+tools needed, so that this officer can accept or reject them as he
+sees fit.</p>
+
+<p>"Article 5. Wherefore the Secretary of State, Secretary of the
+Interior, and other officers of the Cabinet are charged with the
+execution of the present resolution.</p>
+
+<p>"Given at the National Palace of Santo Domingo, Capital of the
+Republic, on the twenty-fifth day of November, 1891, forty-eighth
+year of independence and the twenty-ninth of the restoration.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+(Signed)<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Ulises Heureaux</span>, <i>President</i>.<br />
+"<span class="smcap">W. Figuereo</span>, <i>Minister of Interior and Police</i>.<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Ignacio M. Gonzales</span>, <i>Minister of Finance and Commerce</i>.<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Sanchez</span>, <i>Minister of State</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Copy exactly conforming to the original given at Santo Domingo,
+November 28, 1891.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+"<span class="smcap">Rafael Y. Rodriguez</span>,<br />
+"<i>Official Mayor and Minister of Public Works and Foreign Affairs.</i>"<br />
+
+
+</p></div>
+
+<p>With these concessions in hand, a committee, consisting of Capt. Nathan
+Appleton and Thomas H. Cummings, was appointed to go to Washington and
+secure recognition from the United States Government for the enterprise.
+The committee was everywhere favorably received, and returned with
+assurances of co-operation and support. Hon. W. E. Curtis, head of the
+Bureau of Latin Republics in the State Department, was added to the
+general monument committee.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the <i>Sacred Heart Review</i>, through Dr. Charles H. Hall of
+Boston, a member of the monument committee, put itself in communication
+with the leading citizens of Puerto Plata, requesting them to use every
+effort to locate the exact site of the ancient church, and make a
+suitable clearing for the monument, at its expense.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to this communication, a committee of prominent citizens was
+organized at Puerto Plata, to co-operate with the Boston Columbus
+Memorial Committee. The following extract is taken from a local paper,
+<i>El Porvenir</i>, announcing the organization of this committee:</p>
+
+<p>"On Saturday last, a meeting was held in this city (Puerto Plata) for
+the purpose of choosing a committee which should take part in the
+celebration. Those present unanimously resolved that such a body be
+immediately formed under the title of, 'Committee in Charge of the
+Centennial Celebration.'</p>
+
+<p>"This committee then proceeded to the election of a board of management,
+composed of a president, vice-president, secretary, and four directors.
+The following gentle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>men were elected to fill the above offices in the
+order as named: Gen. Imbert, Dr. Llenas, Gen. Juan Guarrido, Presbitero
+Don Wenceslao Ruiz, Don Jos&eacute; Thom&aacute;s Jimenez, Don Pedro M. Villalon, and
+Don Jos&eacute; Castellanos.</p>
+
+<p>"To further the object for which it was organized, the board counts upon
+the co-operation of such government officials and corporations of the
+republic as may be inclined to take part in this great apotheosis in
+preparation, to glorify throughout the whole world the work and name of
+the famous discoverer.</p>
+
+<p>"As this is the disinterested purpose for which the above-mentioned
+committee was formed, we do not doubt that the public, convinced that it
+is its duty to contribute in a suitable manner to the proposed
+celebration, will respond to the idea with enthusiasm, seeing in it only
+the desire which has guided its projectors&mdash;that of contributing their
+share to the glorification of the immortal navigator."</p>
+
+<p>The following official communication was received from this committee:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="author">"<span class="smcap">Puerto de Plata</span>, March 19, 1892.</p>
+
+<p>"Dr. <span class="smcap">Charles H. Hall</span>, <i>Member Boston Columbus Memorial Committee,
+Boston, Mass., U. S. A.</i></p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: We have the honor of acquainting you that there exists
+in this city a committee for the celebration of the
+quadro-centennial whose purpose is to co-operate, to the extent of
+its ability, in celebrating here the memorable event.</p>
+
+
+<p>"This committee has learned with the greatest satisfaction that it
+is proposed to erect a monument, on the site of Isabella, over the
+ruins of the first Catholic church in the New World. Here, also, we
+have had the same idea, and we rejoice that what we were unable to
+accomplish through lack of material means, you have brought to a
+consum<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>mation. And therefore we offer you our co-operation, and
+beg your acceptance of our services in any direction in which you
+may find them useful. With sentiments of high regard, we remain,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"Your very obedient servants,</p>
+
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">"S. Imbert</span>, <i>President</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">"Juan Guarrido</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Direction</i>, <span class="smcap">Gen. Imbert</span>, <i>President de la "Junta Para<br />
+de la Celebracion del Centenario.</i>"<br />
+
+
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="illus-204" id="illus-204"></a>
+<img src="images/illus-204.jpg" width="600" height="439" alt="TOSCANELLI&#39;S MAP" title="" />
+<span class="caption">TOSCANELLI&#39;S MAP</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/illus-204-full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The statue consists of a bronze figure of Columbus eight feet two inches
+high, including the plinth, mounted on a pyramid of coral and limestone
+twelve feet high, and which, in its turn, is crowned by a capstone of
+dressed granite, on which the statue will rest.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> The figure
+represents Columbus in an attitude of thanksgiving to God, and pointing,
+on the globe near his right hand, to the site of the first settlement in
+the New World. The statue and pedestal were made from designs drawn at
+the Massachusetts State Normal Art School by Mr. R. Andrew, under the
+direction of Prof. George Jepson, and the statue was modeled by Alois
+Buyens of Ghent.</p>
+
+<p>The plaster cast of the monument, which has now been on exhibition at
+the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston for some time, has been removed to the
+foundry at Chicopee for casting. In a few months it will be transformed
+into enduring bronze, and the Columbus monument will no longer be a
+growing thought but a living reality. To say it has stood the critical
+test of art connoisseurs in the Boston public is to say but little; for,
+from every quarter, comments on the work of the sculptor have been
+highly commendatory&mdash;the bold and vigorous treatment of the Flemish
+school, of which Mr. Buyens is a disciple, being something of a novelty
+in these parts, and well calculated to strike the popular fancy, which
+always admires strength,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> especially when combined with gracefulness and
+high art. Not a few of the best critics have pronounced it superior to
+the average of similar statues to be found in and around Boston, and all
+unite in declaring it to be unquestionably a work of art, and one
+meriting great praise.</p>
+
+<p>A recent communication from United States Consul Simpson, at Puerto
+Plata, announces that he has lately visited Isabella, in the interest of
+the monument. He made a careful survey of the site of the ancient town,
+and cleared the grounds of the trees and masses of trailing vines that
+encumbered the ruins, and after a thorough examination, assisted by the
+people of the neighborhood, he found the remains of the first church.</p>
+
+<p>Other communications have been received from the Dominican government
+approving of the change of plan, substituting the statue for the simple
+stone monument, and offering the memorial committee the hospitalities of
+the island. And so the work goes on.</p>
+
+<p>The monument, when erected, will commemorate two things&mdash;the
+establishment of Christianity and the rise of civilization in the New
+World. On the spot where it will stand Columbus built the first church
+400 years ago.</p>
+
+<p>One bronze relief shows the great discoverer in the fore-ground on
+bended knees with a trowel in his hand, laying the corner-stone. On the
+right, sits an ideal female figure, representing Mother Church,
+fostering a little Indian child, and pointing with uplifted hand to the
+cross, the emblem of man's salvation. Crouching Indians are at her feet,
+listening with astonishment to the strange story, while on the left of
+the cross are monks with bowed heads and lighted tapers, and in the
+distance are Spanish cavaliers and hidalgos.</p>
+
+<p>The conception is thoroughly Catholic, Christian, simple, and artistic;
+it tells its own story with a pathos and directness not often found in
+works of this kind.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The second tablet is more ideal and more severely classical than the
+first. The genius of civilization, bearing gifts, is carried in a
+chariot drawn by prancing horses. The Admiral, at the horses' heads,
+with one hand points the way for her to follow, while with the other he
+hands the reins to Columbia, the impersonation of the New World. An
+Indian at the chariot wheels stoops to gather the gifts of civilization
+as they fall from the cornucopia borne by the goddess. And thus is told
+in enduring bronze, by the genius of the artist, the symbolic story of
+the introduction of civilization to the New World.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the face of the pedestal, a third tablet bears the inscription
+which was written at the instance of Very Rev. Dr. Charles B. Rex,
+president of the Brighton Theological Seminary. Mgr. Schroeder, the
+author, interprets the meaning of the whole, in terse rhythmical Latin
+sentences, after the Roman lapidary style:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Anno. claudente. s&aelig;culum XV.</i><br />
+<i>Ex. quo. coloni. Christiani. Columbo. Duce</i><br />
+<i>Hic. post. oppidum. constitutum</i><br />
+<i>Primum. in. mundo. novo. templum</i><br />
+<i>Christo. Deo. dicarunt</i><br />
+<i>Ephemeris. Bostoniensis</i><br />
+<i>Cui. a. sacro. corde. est. nomen</i><br />
+<i>Sub. auspice. civium. Bostoni&aelig;</i><br />
+<i>Ne. rei. tant&aelig;. memoria. unquam. delabatur</i><br />
+<i>H&aelig;c. marmori. commendavit.</i><br />
+<i>A. D. MDCCCLXXXXII.</i><br />
+<br />
+(<i>Translation of the Inscription.</i>)<br />
+<br />
+Toward the close of the fifteenth century,<br />
+Christian colonists, under the leadership of Columbus,<br />
+Here on this spot built the first settlement,<br />
+And the first church dedicated<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>To Christ our Lord<br />
+In the new world.<br />
+A Boston paper, called the <i>Sacred Heart Review</i>,<br />
+Under the auspices of the citizens of Boston,<br />
+That the memory of so great an event might not be forgotten,<br />
+Hath erected this monument,<br />
+A. D. 1892.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The question is sometimes asked why are Catholics specially interested,
+and why should the <i>Review</i> trouble itself to erect this monument. The
+answer is this: We wish to locate the spot with some distinctive mark
+where civilization was first planted and where Christianity reared its
+first altar on this soil, 400 years ago. By this public act of
+commemoration we hope to direct public attention to this modest
+birthplace of our Mother Church, which stands to-day deserted and
+unhonored like a pauper's grave, a monument of shame to the carelessness
+and indifference of millions of American Catholics.</p>
+
+<p>Why should we be specially interested? Because here on this spot the
+Catholic church first saw the light of day in America; here the first
+important act of the white man was the celebration of the holy mass, the
+supreme act of Catholic worship; here the first instrument of
+civilization that pierced the virgin soil was a cross, and here the
+first Catholic anthems resounding through the forest primeval, and vying
+in sweetness and melody with the song of birds, were the <i>Te Deum
+Laudamus</i> and the <i>Gloria in Excelsis</i>. Sculptured marble and engraved
+stone we have in abundance, and tablets without number bear record to
+deeds and historical events of far less importance than this. For, mark
+well what these ruins and this monument stand for.</p>
+
+<p>One hundred and twenty-six years before the Congregationalist church
+landed on Plymouth Rock, 110 years before the Anglican church came to
+Jamestown, and thirty-five<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> years before the word Protestant was
+invented, this church was erected, and the gospel announced to the New
+World by zealous missionaries of the Catholic faith. No other
+denomination of Christians in America can claim priority or even equal
+duration with us in point of time. No other can show through all the
+centuries of history such generous self-sacrifice and heroic missionary
+efforts. No other has endured such misrepresentation and bitter
+persecution for justice's sake. If her history here is a valuable
+heritage, we to whom it has descended are in duty bound to keep it alive
+in the memory and hearts of her children. We have recently celebrated
+the centennial of the Church in the United States; but, for a still
+greater reason, we should now prepare to celebrate the quadro-centennial
+of the Church in America. And this is why Catholics should be specially
+interested in this monument. Columbus himself was a deeply religious
+man. He observed rigorously the fasts and ceremonies of the Church,
+reciting daily the entire canonical office. He began everything he wrote
+with the <i>Jesu cum Maria sit nobis in via</i> (May Jesus and Mary be always
+with us). And as Irving, his biographer, says, his piety did not consist
+in mere forms, but partook of that lofty and solemn enthusiasm which
+characterized his whole life. In his letter to his sovereigns announcing
+his discovery he indulges in no egotism, but simply asks "Spain to
+exhibit a holy joy, for Christ rejoices on earth as in heaven seeing the
+future redemption of souls." And so his religion bursts out and seems to
+pervade everything he touches. With such a man to commemorate and honor,
+there is special reason why Catholics, and the <i>Review</i>, which
+represents them, should busy themselves with erecting a Columbus
+monument.</p>
+
+<p>But the name and fame and beneficent work of Columbus belong to the
+whole Christian world. While Catholics with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> gratitude recall his
+fortitude and heroism, and thank God, who inspired him with a firm faith
+and a burning charity for God and man, yet Protestants no less than
+Catholics share in the fruit of his work, and, we are glad to say, vie
+with Catholics in proclaiming and honoring his exalted character, his
+courage, fortitude, and the beneficent work he accomplished for mankind.
+Hence Dr. Edward Everett Hale, in his recent article on Columbus in the
+<i>Independent</i>, voices the sentiment of every thoughtful, intelligent
+Protestant when he says, "No wonder that the world of America loves and
+honors the hero whose faith and courage called America into being. No
+wonder that she celebrates the beginning of a new century with such
+tributes of pride and hope as the world has never seen before." It is
+this same becoming sentiment of gratitude which has prompted so many
+worthy Protestants to enroll their names on the list of gentlemen who
+are helping the <i>Review</i> to mark and honor the spot Columbus chose for
+the first Christian settlement on this continent.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, so long as the bronze endures, the world will know that we
+venerate the character and achievements of Columbus, and the spot where
+Christian civilization took its rise in the New World.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FROM THE ITALIAN.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The daring mariner shall urge far o'er</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The western wave, a smooth and level plain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albeit the earth is fashioned like a wheel.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>SEARCHER OF THE OCEAN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Samuel Jefferson</span>, a British author. From his epic poem, "Columbus,"
+published by S. C. Griggs &amp; Co., Chicago.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou searcher of the ocean, thee to sing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall my devoted lyre awake each string!</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus! Hero! Would my song could tell</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How great thy worth! No praise can overswell</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The grandeur of thy deeds! Thine eagle eye</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierced through the clouds of ages to descry</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From empyrean heights where thou didst soar</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With bright imagination winged by lore&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The signs of continents as yet unknown;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Across the deep thy keen-eyed glance was thrown;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou, with prevailing longing, still aspired</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To reach the goal thy ardent soul desired;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy heavenward soaring spirit, bold, elate,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scorned long delay and conquered chance and fate;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy valor followed thy far-searching eyes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Until success crowned thy bold emprize.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>FELIPA, WIFE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Annie Fellows Johnston.</span> From a poem published in <i>Harper's Weekly</i>,
+June 25, 1892.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">More than the compass to the mariner</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wast thou, Felipa, to his dauntless soul.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through adverse winds that threatened wreck, and nights</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of rayless gloom, thou pointed ever to</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The north star of his great ambition. He</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who once has lost an Eden, or has gained</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A paradise by Eve's sweet influence,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alone can know how strong a spell lies in</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The witchery of a woman's beckoning hand.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And thou didst draw him, tidelike, higher still,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Felipa, whispering the lessons learned</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From thy courageous father, till the flood</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of his ambition burst all barriers,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And swept him onward to his longed-for goal.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Before the jewels of a Spanish queen</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Built fleets to waft him on his untried way,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou gavest thy wealth of wifely sympathy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To build the lofty purpose of his soul.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And now the centuries have cycled by,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till thou art all forgotten by the throng</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That lauds the great Pathfinder of the deep.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">It matters not, in that infinitude</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of space where thou dost guide thy spirit bark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To undiscovered lands, supremely fair.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">If to this little planet thou couldst turn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And voyage, wraithlike, to its cloud-hung rim,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou wouldst not care for praise. And if, perchance,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Some hand held out to thee a laurel bough,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou wouldst not claim one leaf, but fondly turn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To lay thy tribute also at his feet.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>INCREASING INTEREST IN COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John S. Kennedy</span>, an American author.</p></div>
+
+<p>The near approach of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America
+has revived in all parts of the civilized world great interest in
+everything concerning that memorable event and the perilous voyage of
+the great navigator whom it has immortalized.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE MECCA OF THE NATION.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Moses King</span>, an American geographer of the nineteenth century.</p></div>
+
+<p>I have read somewhere that in the northeastern part of Havana stands,
+facing an open square, a brown stone church, blackened by age, and
+dignified by the name of "cathedral." It is visited by every American,
+because within its walls lies buried all that remains of the great
+discoverer, Columbus.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CAUSE OF THE DISCOVERY.</h4>
+
+<p>Was it by the coarse law of demand and supply that a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> Columbus was
+haunted by the ghost of a round planet at the time when the New World
+was needed for the interests of civilization?&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>MAGNANIMITY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Arthur G. Knight</span>, in his "Life of Columbus."</p></div>
+
+<p>Through all the slow martyrdom of long delays and bitter
+disappointments, he never faltered in his lofty purpose; in the hour of
+triumph he was self-possessed and unassuming; under cruel persecution he
+was patient and forgiving. For almost unexampled services he certainly
+received a poor reward on earth.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE IDEAS OF THE ANCIENTS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Lucius Lactantius</span>, an eminent Christian author, 260-325 A. D.</p></div>
+
+<p>Is there any one so foolish as to believe that there are antipodes with
+their feet opposite to ours; that there is a part of the world in which
+all things are topsy-turvy, where the trees grow with their branches
+downward, and where it rains, hails, and snows upward?</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE LAKE FRONT PARK STATUE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>The World's Fair city is a close competitor with the historic cities of
+the Old World for the grandest monument to Columbus and the fittest
+location for it. At Barcelona, on the Paseo Colon, seaward, a snowy
+marble Admiral looks toward the Shadowy Sea. At Genoa, 'mid the palms of
+the Piazza Acquaverde, a noble representation of the noblest Genoese
+faces the fitful gusts of the Mediterranean and fondly guards an Indian
+maid. A lofty but rude cairn marks the Admiral's first footprints on the
+shores of the wreck-strewn Bahamas, and many a monument or encomiastic
+inscription denotes spots sacred to the history of his indomitable
+resolve. These all commemorate, as it were,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> but the inception of the
+great discovery. It remains for Chicago to perpetuate the results, and
+most fitly to place an heroic figure of the first Admiral viewing, and
+in full view of all.</p>
+
+<p>On the Lake Front Park, in full view of the ceaseless commercial
+activity of the Great Lakes, and close by the hum of the hive of human
+industry, grandly will a bronze Columbus face the blasts from Michigan's
+bosom. There the greatest navigator stands,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Calm, his prescience verified,
+</p>
+
+<p>proudly through the ages watching the full fruits of that first and
+fateful voyage over the waves of the seas of mystery, to found a nation
+where Freedom alone should be supreme. Just where the big monument will
+be located on Lake Front Park has not been decided, but a site south of
+the Auditorium, midway between the Illinois Central tracks and Michigan
+Boulevard, will perhaps be chosen. The statue proper will be twenty feet
+high. It will be of bronze, mounted on a massive granite pedestal, of
+thirty feet in height, and will serve for all time as a memorial of the
+Exposition.</p>
+
+<p>The chosen artist, out of the many who submitted designs, was Mr. Howard
+Kretschmar, a Chicago sculptor of rare power and artistic talent.</p>
+
+<p>The massive figure of Columbus is represented at the moment the land,
+and the glorious future of his great discovery, burst upon his delighted
+gaze. No ascetic monk, no curled cavalier, looks down from the pedestal.
+The apocryphal portraits of Europe may peer out of their frames in this
+guise, but it has been the artist's aim here to chisel <i>a man, not a
+monk; and a noble man</i>, rather than a cringing courtier. Above the
+massive pedestal of simple design, which bears the terse legend,
+"Erected by the World's Columbian Exposition, A. D. 1893," stands the
+noble<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> figure of the Noah of our nation. The open doublet discloses the
+massive proportions of a more than well-knit man. The left hand, pressed
+to the bosom, indicates the tension of his feelings, and the
+outstretched hand but further intensifies the dawning and gradually
+o'erwhelming sense of the future, the possibilities of his grand
+discovery. One of the noblest conceptions in bronze upon this continent
+is Mr. Howard Kretschmar's "Columbus," and of it may Chicago well be
+proud.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS THE CIVILIZER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Alphonse Lamartine</span>, the learned French writer and politician. Born
+at Macon, 1792; died, 1869. From "Life of Columbus."</p></div>
+
+<p>All the characteristics of a truly great man are united in Columbus.
+Genius, labor, patience, obscurity of origin, overcome by energy of
+will; mild but persisting firmness, resignation toward heaven, struggle
+against the world; long conception of the idea in solitude, heroic
+execution of it in action; intrepidity and coolness in storms,
+fearlessness of death in civil strife; confidence in the destiny&mdash;not of
+an individual, but of the human race; a life risked without hesitation
+or retrospect in venturing into the unknown and phantom-peopled ocean,
+1,500 leagues across, and on which the first step no more allowed of
+second thoughts than C&aelig;sar's passage of the Rubicon; untiring study,
+knowledge as extensive as the science of his day, skillful but honorable
+management of courts to persuade them to truth; propriety of demeanor,
+nobleness, and dignity in outward bearing, which afford proof of
+greatness of mind and attracts eyes and hearts; language adapted to the
+grandeur of his thoughts; eloquence which could convince kings and quell
+the mutiny of crews; a natural poetry of style, which placed his
+narrative on a par<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> with the wonders of his discoveries and the marvels
+of nature; an immense, ardent, and enduring love for the human race,
+piercing even into that distant future in which humanity forgets those
+that do it service; legislative wisdom and philosophic mildness in the
+government of his colonies; paternal compassion for those Indians,
+infants of humanity, whom he wished to give over to the
+guardianship&mdash;not to the tyranny and oppression&mdash;of the Old World;
+forgetfulness of injury and magnanimous forgiveness of his enemies; and
+lastly, piety, that virtue which includes and exalts all other virtues,
+when it exists as it did in the mind of Columbus&mdash;the constant presence
+of God in the soul, of justice in the conscience, of mercy in the heart,
+of gratitude in success, of resignation in reverses, of worship always
+and everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the man. We know of none more perfect. He contains several
+impersonations within himself. He was worthy to represent the ancient
+world before that unknown continent on which he was the first to set
+foot, and carry to these men of a new race all the virtues, without any
+of the vices, of the elder hemisphere. So great was his influence on the
+destiny of the earth, that none more than he ever deserved the name of a
+<i>Civilizer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>His influence in civilization was immeasurable. He completed the world.
+He realized the physical unity of the globe. He advanced, far beyond all
+that had been done before his time, the work of God&mdash;the <span class="smcap">SPIRITUAL UNITY
+OF THE HUMAN RACE</span>. This work, in which Columbus had so largely assisted,
+was indeed too great to be worthily rewarded even by affixing his name
+to the fourth continent. America bears not that name, but the human
+race, drawn together and cemented by him, will spread his renown over
+the whole earth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PSALM OF THE WEST.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sidney Lanier</span>, an American poet of considerable talent. Born at
+Macon, Ga., February 3, 1842; died at Lynn, N. C., September 8,
+1881. From his "Psalm of the West."<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> Lanier was the author of
+the "Centennial Ode."</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Santa Maria, well thou tremblest down the wave,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thy Pinta far abow, thy Ni&ntilde;a nigh astern;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus stands in the night alone, and, passing grave,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Yearns o'er the sea as tones o'er under-silence yearn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heartens his heart as friend befriends his friend less brave,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Makes burn the faiths that cool, and cools the doubts that burn.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"'Twixt this and dawn, three hours my soul will smite</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With prickly seconds, or less tolerably</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With dull-blade minutes flatwise slapping me.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wait, heart! Time moves. Thou lithe young Western Night,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Just-crowned King, slow riding to thy right,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Would God that I might straddle mutiny</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Calm as thou sitt'st yon never-managed sea,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balk'st with his balking, fliest with his flight,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Giv'st supple to his rearings and his falls,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nor dropp'st one coronal star about thy brow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Whilst ever dayward thou art steadfast drawn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yea, would I rode these mad contentious brawls,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No damage taking from their If and How,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Nor no result save galloping to my Dawn.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"My Dawn? my Dawn? How if it never break?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">How if this West by other Wests is pierced.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And these by vacant Wests and Wests increased&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One pain of space, with hollow ache on ache,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Throbbing and ceasing not for Christ's own sake?</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Big, perilous theorem, hard for king and priest;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Pursue the West but long enough, 'tis East!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, if this watery world no turning take;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, if for all my logic, all my dreams,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provings of that which is by that which seems,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fears, hopes, chills, heats, hastes, patiences, droughts, tears,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wife-grievings, slights on love, embezzled years,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hates, treaties, scorns, upliftings, loss, and gain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This earth, no sphere, be all one sickening plain.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Or, haply, how if this contrarious West,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That me by turns hath starved, by turns hath fed,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Embraced, disgraced, beat back, solicited,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Have no fixed heart of law within his breast;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or with some different rhythm doth e'er contest,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nature in the East? Why, 'tis but three weeks fled</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I saw my Judas needle shake his head</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And flout the Pole that, East, he lord confessed!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God! if this West should own some other Pole,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And with his tangled ways perplex my soul</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Until the maze grow mortal, and I die</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where distraught Nature clean hath gone astray,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On earth some other wit than Time's at play,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Some other God than mine above the sky!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Now speaks mine other heart with cheerier seeming;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Ho, Admiral! o'er-defalking to thine crew</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Against thyself, thyself far overfew</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To front yon multitudes of rebel scheming?'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come, ye wild twenty years of heavenly dreaming!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Come, ye wild weeks, since first this canvas drew</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Out of vexed Palos ere the dawn was blue,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'er milky waves about the bows full-creaming!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come, set me round with many faithful spears</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of confident remembrance&mdash;how I crushed</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cat-lived rebellions, pitfalled treasons, hushed</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scared husbands' heart-break cries on distant wives,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Made cowards blush at whining for their lives;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watered my parching souls and dried their tears.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Ere we Gomera cleared, a coward cried:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Turn, turn; here be three caravels ahead,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From Portugal, to take us; we are dead!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Hold westward, pilot,' calmly I replied.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So when the last land down the horizon died,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Go back, go back,' they prayed, 'our hearts are lead.'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Friends, we are bound into the West,' I said.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then passed the wreck of a mast upon our side.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'See (so they wept) God's warning! Admiral, turn!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Steersman,' I said, 'hold straight into the West.'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then down the night we saw the meteor burn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">So do the very heavens in fire protest.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Good Admiral, put about! O Spain, dear Spain!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Hold straight into the West,' I said again.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Next drive we o'er the slimy-weeded sea,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Lo! here beneath,' another coward cries,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'The cursed land of sunk Atlantis lies;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This slime will suck us down&mdash;turn while thou'rt free!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'But no!' I said, 'freedom bears West for me!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Yet when the long-time stagnant winds arise,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And day by day the keel to westward flies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My Good my people's Ill doth come to be;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ever the winds into the west do blow;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Never a ship, once turned, might homeward go;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meanwhile we speed into the lonesome main.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'For Christ's sake, parley, Admiral! Turn, before</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We sail outside all bounds of help from pain.'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Our help is in the West,' I said once more.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"So when there came a mighty cry of Land!</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">And we clomb up and saw, and shouted strong</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'<i>Salve Regina!</i>' all the ropes along,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But knew at morn how that a counterfeit band</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of level clouds had aped a silver strand;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">So when we heard the orchard-bird's small song,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And all the people cried, 'A hellish throng</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To tempt us onward, by the Devil planned,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yea, all from hell&mdash;keen heron, fresh green weeds,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pelican, tunny-fish, fair tapering reeds,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lie-telling lands that ever shine and die</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In clouds of nothing round the empty sky.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Tired Admiral, get thee from this hell, and rest!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Steersman,' I said, 'hold straight into the West.'</span><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"I marvel how mine eye, ranging the Night,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From its big circling ever absently</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Returns, thou large, low star, to fix on thee.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria! Star? No star; a Light, a Light!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wouldst leap ashore, Heart? Yonder burns a Light!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Pedro Gutierrez, wake! come up to me.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I prithee stand and gaze about the sea;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What seest?' 'Admiral, like as land&mdash;a Light!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Well, Sanchez of Segovia come and try;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What seest?' 'Admiral, naught but sea and sky!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Well, but I saw it. Wait, the Pinta's gun!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Why, look! 'tis dawn! the land is clear; 'tis done!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Two dawns do break at once from Time's full hand&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God's East&mdash;mine, West! Good friends, behold my Land!'"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>PASSION FOR GOLD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Eugene Lawrence</span>, an American historical writer. Born in New York,
+1823. From "The Mystery of Columbus," in <i>Harper's Magazine</i>, May,
+1892.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>In Columbus the passion for gold raged with a violence seldom known. He
+dreamed of golden palaces, heaps of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> treasure, and mines teeming with
+endless wealth. His cry was everywhere for gold. Every moment, in his
+fierce avarice, he would fancy himself on the brink of boundless
+opulence; he was always about to seize the treasures of the East,
+painted by Marco Polo and Mandeville. "Gold," he wrote to the King and
+Queen, "is the most valuable thing in the world; it rescues souls from
+purgatory and restores them to the joys of paradise."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;">
+<a name="illus220" id="illus220"></a>
+<img src="images/illus220.jpg" width="348" height="600" alt="STATUE OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS IN THE MARI&Ntilde;OL (MINISTRY
+OF THE COLONIES), MADRID, SPAIN." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STATUE OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS IN THE MARI&Ntilde;OL (MINISTRY
+OF THE COLONIES), MADRID, SPAIN.<br />Sculptor, Se&ntilde;or J. Samartin.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE TRIBUTE AND TESTIMONY OF THE POPE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Pope Leo XIII.</span>, the Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church.
+From a letter in Chicago <i>Inter Ocean</i>, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>While we see on all sides the preparations that are eagerly being made
+for the celebration of the Columbian quadri-centenary feasts in memory
+of a man most illustrious, and deserving of Christianity and all
+cultured humanity, we hear with great pleasure that the United States
+has, among other nations, entered this competition of praise in such a
+manner as befits both the vastness and richness of the country and the
+memory of the man so great as he to whom these honors are being shown.
+The success of this effort will surely be another proof of the great
+spirit and active energy of this people, who undertake enormous and
+difficult tasks with such great and happy dealing. It is a testimony of
+honor and gratitude to that immortal man of whom we have spoken, who,
+desirous of finding a road by which the light and truth and all the
+adornments of civil culture might be carried to the most distant parts
+of the world, could neither be deterred by dangers nor wearied by
+labors, until, having in a certain manner renewed the bonds between two
+parts of the human race so long separated, he bestowed upon both such
+great benefits that he in justice must be said to have few equals or a
+superior.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS THE GLORY OF CATHOLICISM.</h4>
+
+<p>The Pope held a reception at the Vatican on the occasion of the festival
+of his patron saint, St. Joachim. In an address he referred to Columbus
+as the glory of Catholicism, and thanked the donors of the new Church of
+St. Joachim for commemorating his jubilee.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE POPE REVIEWS THE LIFE OF THE DISCOVERER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The following is the text of the letter addressed by Leo XIII. to
+the archbishops and bishops of Spain, Italy, and the two Americas
+on the subject of Christopher Columbus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">LETTER OF OUR VERY HOLY FATHER, LEO XIII., POPE BY DIVINE
+PROVIDENCE, TO THE ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF SPAIN, ITALY, AND OF
+THE TWO AMERICAS, UPON CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>To the Archbishops and Bishops of Spain and Italy, and of the two
+Americas. Leo XIII., Pope.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Venerable Brothers, Greeting and Apostolic Benediction:</span> From the
+end of the fifteenth century, since a man from Liguria first
+landed, under the auspices of God, on the transatlantic shores,
+humanity has been strongly inclined to celebrate with gratitude the
+recollection of this event. It would certainly not be an easy
+matter to find a more worthy cause to touch their hearts and to
+inflame their zeal. The event, in effect, is such in itself that no
+other epoch has seen a grander and more beautiful one accomplished
+by man.</p>
+
+<p>As to who accomplished it, there are few who can be compared to him
+in greatness of soul and genius. By his work a new world flashed
+forth from the unexplored ocean, thousands upon thousands of
+mortals were returned to the common society of the human race, led
+from their barbarous life to peacefulness and civilization, and,
+which is of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> much more importance, recalled from perdition to
+eternal life by the bestowal of the gifts which Jesus Christ
+brought to the world.</p>
+
+<p>Europe, astonished alike by the novelty and the prodigiousness of
+this unexpected event, understood little by little, in due course
+of time, what she owed to Columbus, when, by sending colonies to
+America, by frequent communications, by exchange of services, by
+the resources confided to the sea and received in return, there was
+discovered an accession of the most favorable nature possible to
+the knowledge of nature, to the reciprocal abundance of riches,
+with the result that the prestige of Europe increased enormously.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, it would not be fitting, amid these numerous
+testimonials on honor, and in these concerts of felicitations, that
+the Church should maintain complete silence, since, in accordance
+with her character and her institution, she willingly approves and
+endeavors to favor all that appears, wherever it is, to be worthy
+of honor and praise. Undoubtedly she receives particular and
+supreme honors to the virtues pre-eminent in regard to morality,
+inasmuch as they are united to the eternal salvation of souls;
+nevertheless, she does not despise the rest, neither does she
+abstain from esteeming them as they deserve; it is even her habit
+to favor with all her power and to always have in honor those who
+have well merited of human society and who have passed to
+posterity.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly, God is admirable in His saints, but the vestiges of His
+divine virtues appear as imprinted in those in whom shines a
+superior force of soul and mind, for this elevation of heart and
+this spark of genius could only come from God, their author and
+protector.</p>
+
+<p>It is in addition an entirely special reason for which we believe
+we should commemorate in a grateful spirit this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> immortal event. It
+is that Columbus is one of us. When one considers with what motive
+above all he undertook the plan of exploring the dark sea, and with
+what object he endeavored to realize this plan, one can not doubt
+that the Catholic faith superlatively inspired the enterprise and
+its execution, so that by this title, also, humanity is not a
+little indebted to the Church.</p>
+
+<p>There are without doubt many men of hardihood and full of
+experience who, before Christopher Columbus and after him, explored
+with persevering efforts unknown lands across seas still more
+unknown. Their memory is celebrated, and will be so by the renown
+and the recollection of their good deeds, seeing that they have
+extended the frontiers of science and of civilization, and that not
+at the price of slight efforts, but with an exalted ardor of
+spirit, and often through extreme perils. It is not the less true
+that there is a great difference between them and him of whom we
+speak.</p>
+
+<p>The eminently distinctive point in Columbus is, that in crossing
+the immense expanses of the ocean he followed an object more grand
+and more elevated than the others. This does not say, doubtless,
+that he was not in any way influenced by the very praiseworthy
+desire to be master of science, to well deserve the approval of
+society, or that he despised the glory whose stimulant is
+ordinarily more sensitive to elevated minds, or that he was not at
+all looking to his own personal interests. But above all these
+human reasons, that of religion was uppermost by a great deal in
+him, and it was this, without any doubt, which sustained his spirit
+and his will, and which frequently, in the midst of extreme
+difficulties, filled him with consolation. He learned in reality
+that his plan, his resolution profoundly carved in his heart, was
+to open access to the gospel in new lands and in new seas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This may seem hardly probable to those who, concentrating all their
+care, all their thoughts, in the present nature of things, as it is
+perceived by the senses, refuse to look upon greater benefits. But,
+on the other hand, it is the characteristic of eminent minds to
+prefer to elevate themselves higher, for they are better disposed
+than all others to seize the impulses and the inspirations of the
+divine faith. Certainly, Columbus had united the study of nature to
+the study of religion, and he had conformed his mind to the
+precepts intimately drawn from the Catholic faith.</p>
+
+<p>It is thus that, having learned by astronomy and ancient documents
+that beyond the limits of the known world there were, in addition,
+toward the west, large tracts of territory unexplored up to that
+time by anybody, he considered in his mind the immense multitude of
+those who were plunged in lamentable darkness, subject to insensate
+rites and to the superstitions of senseless divinities. He
+considered that they miserably led a savage life, with ferocious
+customs; that, more miserably still, they were wanting in all
+notion of the most important things, and that they were plunged in
+ignorance of the only true God.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, in considering this in himself, he aimed first of all to
+propagate the name of Christianity and the benefits of Christian
+charity in the West. As a fact, as soon as he presented himself to
+the sovereigns of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, he explained the
+cause for which they were not to fear taking a warm interest in the
+enterprise, as their glory would increase to the point of becoming
+immortal if they decided to carry the name and the doctrine of
+Jesus Christ into such distant regions. And when, not long
+afterward, his prayers were granted, he called to witness that he
+wished to obtain from God that these sovereigns, sustained by His
+help and His mercy, should persevere in causing the gospel to
+penetrate upon new shores and in new lands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He conceived in the same manner the plan of asking Alexander VI.
+for apostolic men, by a letter in which these words are found: "I
+hope that it will some day be given to me with the help of God to
+propagate afar the very holy name of Jesus Christ and his gospel."
+Also can one imagine him all filled with joy when he wrote to
+Raphael Sanchez, the first who from the Indies had returned to
+Lisbon, that immortal actions of grace must be rendered to God in
+that he had deigned to cause to prosper the enterprise so well, and
+that Jesus Christ could rejoice and triumph upon earth and in
+heaven for the coming salvation of innumerable people who
+previously had been going to their ruin. That, if Columbus also
+asks of Ferdinand and Isabella to permit only Catholic Christians
+to go to the New World, there to accelerate trade with the natives,
+he supports this motive by the fact that by his enterprise and
+efforts he has not sought for anything else than the glory and the
+development of the Christian religion.</p>
+
+<p>This was what was perfectly known to Isabella, who, better than any
+other person, had penetrated the mind of such a great man; much
+more, it appears that this same plan was fully adopted by this very
+pious woman of great heart and manly mind. She bore witness, in
+effect, of Columbus, that in courageously giving himself up to the
+vast ocean, he realized, for the divine glory, a most signal
+enterprise; and to Columbus himself, when he had happily returned,
+she wrote that she esteemed as having been highly employed the
+resources which she had consecrated and which she would still
+consecrate to the expeditions in the Indies, in view of the fact
+that the propagation of Catholicism would result from them.</p>
+
+<p>Also, if he had not inspired himself from a cause superior to human
+interests, where then would he have drawn the constancy and the
+strength of soul to support what he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> was obliged to the end to
+endure and to submit to; that is to say, the unpropitious advice of
+the learned people, the repulses of princes, the tempests of the
+furious ocean, the continual watches, during which he more than
+once risked losing his sight.</p>
+
+<p>To that add the combats sustained against the barbarians; the
+infidelities of his friends, of his companions; the villainous
+conspiracies, the perfidiousness of the envious, the calumnies of
+the traducers, the chains with which, after all, though innocent,
+he was loaded. It was inevitable that a man overwhelmed with a
+burden of trials so great and so intense would have succumbed had
+he not sustained himself by the consciousness of fulfilling a very
+noble enterprise, which he conjectured would be glorious for the
+Christian name and salutary for an infinite multitude.</p>
+
+<p>And the enterprise so carried out is admirably illustrated by the
+events of that time. In effect, Columbus discovered America at
+about the period when a great tempest was going to unchain itself
+against the Church. Inasmuch as it is permitted by the course of
+events to appreciate the ways of divine Providence, it really seems
+that the man for whom the Liguria honors herself was destined by
+special plan of God to compensate Catholicism for the injury which
+it was going to suffer in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>To call the Indian race to Christianity, this was, without doubt,
+the mission and the work of the Church in this mission. From the
+beginning, she continued to fulfill it with an uninterrupted course
+of charity, and she still continues it, having advanced herself
+recently so far as the extremities of Patagonia.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, when compelled by the Portuguese, by the Genoese, to leave
+without having obtained any result, he went to Spain. He matured
+the grand plan of the projected discovery in the midst of the walls
+of a convent, with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> knowledge of and with the advice of a monk
+of the Order of St. Francis d'Assisi, after seven years had
+revolved. When at last he goes to dare the ocean, he takes care
+that the expedition shall comply with the acts of spiritual
+expiation; he prays to the Queen of Heaven to assist the enterprise
+and to direct its course, and before giving the order to make sail
+he invokes the august divine Trinity. Then, once fairly at sea,
+while the waters agitate themselves, while the crew murmurs, he
+maintains, under God's care, a calm constancy of mind.</p>
+
+<p>His plan manifests itself in the very names which he imposes on the
+new islands, and each time that he is called upon to land upon one
+of them he worships the Almighty God, and only takes possession of
+it in the name of Jesus Christ. At whatever coast he approaches he
+has nothing more as his first idea than the planting on the shore
+of the sacred sign of the cross; and the divine name of the
+Redeemer, which he had sung so frequently on the open sea to the
+sound of the murmuring waves&mdash;he is the first to make it
+reverberate in the new islands in the same way. When he institutes
+the Spanish colony he causes it to be commenced by the construction
+of a temple, where he first provides that the popular f&ecirc;tes shall
+be celebrated by august ceremonies.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, is what Columbus aimed at and what he accomplished when
+he went in search, over so great an expanse of sea and of land, of
+regions up to that time unexplored and uncultivated, but whose
+civilization, renown, and riches were to rapidly attain that
+immense development which we see to-day.</p>
+
+<p>In all this, the magnitude of the event, the efficacy and the
+variety of the benefits which have resulted from it, tend assuredly
+to celebrate he, who was the author of it, by a grateful
+remembrance and by all sorts of testimonials of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> honor; but, in the
+first place, we must recognize and venerate particularly the divine
+project, to which the discoverer of the New World was subservient
+and which he knowingly obeyed.</p>
+
+<p>In order to celebrate worthily and in a manner suitable to the
+truth of the facts the solemn anniversary of Columbus, the
+sacredness of religion must be united to the splendor of the civil
+pomp. This is why, as previously, at the first announcement of the
+event, public actions of grace were rendered to the providence of
+the immortal God, upon the example which the Supreme Pontiff gave;
+the same also now, in celebrating the recollection of the
+auspicious event, we esteem that we must do as much.</p>
+
+<p>We decree to this effect, that the day of October 12th, or the
+following Sunday, if the respective diocesan bishops judge it to be
+opportune, that, after the office of the day, the solemn mass of
+the very Holy Trinity shall be celebrated in the cathedral and
+collegial churches of Spain, Italy, and the two Americas. In
+addition to these countries, we hope that, upon the initiative of
+the bishops, as much may be done in the others, for it is fitting
+that all should concur in celebrating with piety and gratitude an
+event which has been profitable to all.</p>
+
+<p>In the meanwhile, as a pledge of the celestial favors and in
+testimony of our fraternal good-will, we affectionately accord in
+the Lord the Apostolic benediction to you, venerable brothers, to
+your clergy, and to your people.</p>
+
+<p>Given at Rome, near St. Peter's, July 16th of the year 1892, the
+fifteenth of our Pontificate.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+<span class="smcap">Leo XIII.</span>, <i>Pope</i>.<br />
+</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>TO SPAIN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Capel Lofft</span>.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O generous nation! to whose noble boast,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Illustrious Spain, the providence of Heaven</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A radiant sky of vivid power hath given,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A land of flowers, of fruits, profuse; an host</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of ardent spirits; when deprest the most,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">By great, enthusiastic impulse driven</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To deeds of highest daring.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>WRAPPED IN A VISION GLORIOUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">John Lord</span>, LL. D., a popular American lecturer and
+Congregational minister. Born in Portsmouth, N. H., December 27,
+1810.</p></div>
+
+<p>Wrapped up in those glorious visions which come only to a man of
+superlative genius, and which make him insensible to heat and cold and
+scanty fare, even to reproach and scorn, this intrepid soul, inspired by
+a great and original idea, wandered from city to city, and country to
+country, and court to court, to present the certain greatness and wealth
+of any state that would embark in his enterprise. But all were alike
+cynical, cold, unbelieving, and even insulting. He opposes overwhelming
+universal and overpowering ideas. To have surmounted these amid such
+protracted opposition and discouragment constitutes his greatness; and
+finally to prove his position by absolute experiment and hazardous
+enterprise makes him one of the greatest of human benefactors, whose
+fame will last through all the generations of men. And as I survey that
+lonely, abstracted, disappointed, and derided man&mdash;poor and unimportant;
+so harassed by debt that his creditors seized even his maps and charts;
+obliged to fly from one country to another to escape imprisonment;
+without even listeners and still less friends, and yet with
+ever-increasing faith in his cause; utterly unconquerable; alone in
+opposition to all the world&mdash;I think I see the most persistent man of
+enterprise that I have read of in history. Critics ambitious to say
+something new may rake out slanders from the archives of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> enemies and
+discover faults which derogate from the character we have been taught to
+admire and venerate; they may even point out spots, which we can not
+disprove, in that sun of glorious brightness which shed its beneficent
+rays over a century of darkness&mdash;but this we know, that whatever may be
+the force of detraction, his fame has been steadily increasing, even on
+the admission of his slanderers, for three centuries, and that he now
+shines as a fixed star in the constellation of the great lights of
+modern times, not only because he succeeded in crossing the ocean when
+once embarked on it, but for surmounting the moral difficulties which
+lay in his way before he could embark upon it, and for being finally
+instrumental in conferring the greatest boon that our world has received
+from any mortal man since Noah entered into the ark.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BY THE GRACE OF GOD HE WAS WHAT HE WAS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Rossely de Lorgues</span>, a Catholic biographer.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus did not owe his great celebrity to his genius or conscience,
+but only to his vocation, to his faith, and to the Divine grace.</p>
+
+
+<h4>IN HONOR OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>Archbishop Janssens of New Orleans has issued a letter to his diocese
+directing a general observance of the 400th anniversary of the discovery
+of America. The opening paragraph reads:</p>
+
+<p>"Christopher Columbus was a sincere and devout Catholic; his remarkable
+voyage was made possible by the intercession of a holy monk and by the
+patronage and liberality of the pious Queen Isabella. The cross of
+Christ, the emblem of our holy religion, was planted on America's virgin
+soil, and the <i>Te Deum</i> and the holy mass were the first religious
+services held on the same. It is, therefore,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> just and proper that this
+great event and festival should be celebrated in a religious as well as
+a civil manner."</p>
+
+<p>The Pope having set the Julian date of October 12th for the celebration,
+and the President October 21st, the archbishop directs that exercises be
+held on both these days&mdash;the first of a religious character, the second
+civic. October 12th a solemn votive mass will be sung in all the
+churches of the diocese, with an exhortation, and October 21st in the
+city of New Orleans the clergy will assemble at the archiepiscopal
+residence early in the morning and march to the cathedral, where
+services will be held at 7.30 o'clock. Sermons of ten minutes each are
+to be preached in English, French, Spanish, German, and Italian.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE IMPREGNABLE WILL OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">James Russell Lowell</span>, an American poet. Born in Boston, 1819; died
+in Cambridge, 1891. From "W. L. Garrison." Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co.,
+Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Such earnest natures are the fiery pith,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The compact nucleus, round which systems grow.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mass after mass becomes inspired therewith,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And whirls impregnate with the central glow.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O Truth! O Freedom! how are ye still born</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In the rude stable, in the manger nursed.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What humble hands unbar those gates of morn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Through which the splendors of the new day burst.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whatever can be known of earth we know,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sneered Europe's wise men, in their snail-shells curled;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No! said one man in Genoa, and that no</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Out of the dark created this New World.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Men of a thousand shifts and wiles, look here;</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">See one straightforward conscience put in pawn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To win a world; see the obedient sphere</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">By bravery's simple gravitation drawn.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall we not heed the lesson taught of old,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And by the Present's lips repeated still,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In our own single manhood to be bold,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fortressed in conscience and impregnable will?</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS THE KING OF DISCOVERERS.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He in the palace-aisles of untrod woods</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doth walk a king; for him the pent-up cell</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Widens beyond the circles of the stars,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And all the sceptered spirits of the past</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come thronging in to greet him as their peer;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While, like an heir new-crowned, his heart o'erleaps</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The blazing steps of his ancestral throne.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Columbus, seeking the back door of Asia, found himself knocking at the
+front door of America.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PATIENCE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From "Columbus," a poem by the same author. Published by Houghton,
+Mifflin &amp; Co.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chances have laws as fixed as planets have;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And disappointment's dry and bitter root,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Envy's harsh berries, and the choking pool</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of the world's scorn are the right mother-milk</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To the tough hearts that pioneer their kind,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And break a pathway to those unknown realms</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That in the earth's broad shadow lie enthralled;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Endurance is the crowning quality,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And patience all the passion of great hearts;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">These are their stay, and when the leaden world</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sets its hard face against their fateful thought,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">And brute strength, like a scornful conqueror,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clangs his huge mace down in the other scale,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The inspired soul but flings his patience in,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And slowly that outweighs the ponderous globe&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One faith against a whole world's unbelief,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One soul against the flesh of all mankind.</span><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I know not when this hope enthralled me first,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But from my boyhood up I loved to hear</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The tall pine forests of the Apennine</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murmur their hoary legends of the sea;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which hearing, I in vision clear beheld</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sudden dark of tropic night shut down</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'er the huge whisper of great watery wastes.</span><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I brooded on the wise Athenian's tale</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of happy Atlantis, and heard Bj&ouml;rne's keel</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crunch the gray pebbles of the Vinland shore.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thus ever seems it when my soul can hear</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The voice that errs not; then my triumph gleams,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'er the blank ocean beckoning, and all night</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My heart flies on before me as I sail;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Far on I see my life-long enterprise!</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lytton</span> (Lord). See <i>post</i>, "Schiller."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+
+<h4>VESPUCCI AN ADVENTURER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Thomas Babington</span>, Baron <span class="smcap">Macaulay</span>, one of England's most celebrated
+historians. Born at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, October 25,
+1800; died, December 28, 1859.</p></div>
+
+<p>Vespucci, an adventurer who accidentally landed in a rich and unknown
+island, and who, though he only set up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> an ill-shaped cross upon the
+shore, acquired possession of its treasures and gave his name to a
+continent which should have derived its appellation from Columbus.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS NEITHER A VISIONARY NOR AN IMBECILE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Charles P. Mackie</span>, an American author. From his "With the Admiral
+of the Ocean Sea." Published by Messrs. A. C. McClurg &amp; Co.,
+Chicago.</p></div>
+
+<p>Whatever were his mistakes and shortcomings, Colon was neither a
+visionary nor an imbecile. Had he been perfect in all things and wise to
+the point of infallibility, we could not have claimed him as the
+glorious credit he was to the common humanity to which we all belong.
+His greatness was sufficient to cover with its mantle far more of the
+weaknesses of frail mortality than he had to draw under its protection;
+and it becomes us who attempt to analyze his life in these later days,
+to bear in mind that, had his lot befallen ourselves, the natives of the
+western world would still, beyond a peradventure, be wandering in
+undraped peace through their tangled woods, and remain forever ignorant
+of the art of eating meat. In his trials and distresses the Admiral
+encountered only the portion of the sons of Adam; but to him was also
+given, as to few before or since, to say with the nameless shepherd of
+Tempe's classic vale, "I, too, have lived in Arcady."</p>
+
+<p>Colon did not merely discover the New World. He spent seven years and
+one month among the islands and on the coasts of the hemisphere now
+called after the ship-chandler who helped to outfit his later
+expeditions. For the greater part of that time he was under the constant
+burden of knowing that venomous intrigue and misrepresentation were
+doing their deadly work at home while he did what he believed was his
+Heaven-imposed duty on this side the Atlantic.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT IN MADRID.</h4>
+
+<p>At the top of the Paseo de Recoletos is a monument to Columbus in the
+debased Gothic style of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was unveiled in 1885.
+The sides are ornamented with reliefs and the whole surmounted by a
+white marble statue. Among the sculptures are a ship and a globe, with
+the inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>&Aacute; Castilla y &aacute; Leon<br />
+Nuevo mundo di&oacute; Colon.</i><br />
+<br />
+(<i>Translation.</i>)<br />
+<br />
+To Castille and Leon<br />
+Columbus gave a new world.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>VISIT OF COLUMBUS TO ICELAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Finn Magnusen</span>, an Icelandic historian and antiquary. Born at
+Skalholt, 1781; died, 1847.</p></div>
+
+<p>The English trade with Iceland certainly merits the consideration of
+historians, if it furnished Columbus with the opportunity of visiting
+that island, there to be informed of the historical evidence respecting
+the existence of important lands and a large continent in the west. If
+Columbus should have acquired a knowledge of the accounts transmitted to
+us of the discoveries of the Northmen in conversations held in Latin
+with the Bishop of Skalholt and the learned men of Iceland, we may the
+more readily conceive his firm belief in the possibility of
+rediscovering a western continent, and his unwearied zeal in putting his
+plans in execution. The discovery of America, so momentous in its
+results, may therefore be regarded as the mediate consequence of its
+previous discovery by the Scandinavians, which may be thus placed among
+the most important events of former ages.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 345px;">
+<a name="illus239" id="illus239"></a>
+<img src="images/illus239.jpg" width="345" height="600" alt="STATUE OF COLUMBUS, BY SENOR G. SU&Ntilde;OL, ON THE MONUMENT IN
+THE PASEO DE RECOLETOS (DEVOTEES&#39; PROMENADE), MADRID, SPAIN." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STATUE OF COLUMBUS, BY SENOR G. SU&Ntilde;OL, ON THE MONUMENT IN
+THE PASEO DE RECOLETOS (DEVOTEES&#39; PROMENADE), MADRID, SPAIN.<br />Erected,
+1885. (See page <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>SYMPATHY FOR COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Richard Henry Major, F. S. A.</span>, late keeper of the printed books in
+the British Museum; a learned antiquary. Born in London, 1810; died
+June 25, 1891.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is impossible to read without the deepest sympathy the occasional
+murmurings and half-suppressed complaints which are uttered in the
+course of his letter to Ferdinand and Isabella describing his fourth
+voyage. These murmurings and complaints were rung from his manly spirit
+by sickness and sorrow, and though reduced almost to the brink of
+despair by the injustice of the King, yet do we find nothing harsh or
+disrespectful in his language to the sovereign. A curious contrast is
+presented to us. The gift of a world could not move the monarch to
+gratitude; the infliction of chains, as a recompense for that gift,
+could not provoke the subject to disloyalty. The same great heart which
+through more than twenty wearisome years of disappointment and chagrin
+gave him strength to beg and buffet his way to glory, still taught him
+to bear with majestic meekness the conversion of that glory into
+unmerited shame.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+
+<p>We look back with astonishment and admiration at the stupendous
+achievement effected a whole lifetime later by the immortal Columbus&mdash;an
+achievement which formed the connecting link between the Old World and
+the New; yet the explorations instituted by Prince Henry of Portugal
+were in truth the anvil upon which that link was forged.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+
+<p>He arrived in a vessel as shattered as his own broken and careworn
+frame.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS HEARD OF NORSE DISCOVERIES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Conrad Malte-Brun</span>, a Danish author and geographer of great merit.
+Born at Thister in Jutland, 1775; died, December, 1826.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus, when in Italy, had heard of the Norse discoveries beyond
+Iceland, for Rome was then the world's center, and all information of
+importance was sent there.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS AND COPERNICUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Helen P. Margesson</span>, in an article entitled "Marco Polo's
+Explorations, and their Influence upon Columbus" (being the Old
+South First Prize Essay, 1891), published in the <i>New England
+Magazine</i>, August, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus performed his vast undertaking in an age of great deeds and
+great men, when Ficino taught the philosophy of Plato, when Florence was
+thrilled by the luring words and martyrdom of Savonarola, when Michael
+Angelo wrought his everlasting marvels of art. While Columbus, in his
+frail craft, was making his way to "worlds unknown, and isles beyond the
+deep," on the shores of the Baltic a young novitiate, amid the rigors of
+a monastic life, was tracing the course of the planets, and solving the
+problem in which Virgil delighted<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>&mdash;problems which had baffled
+Chaldean and Persian, Egyptian and Saracen. Columbus explained the
+earth, Copernicus explained the heavens. Neither of the great
+discoverers lived to see the result of his labors, for the Prussian
+astronomer died on the day that his work was published. But the
+centuries that have come and gone have only increased the fame of
+Columbus and Copernicus, and proven the greatness of their genius.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS AND THE FOURTH CENTENARY OF HIS DISCOVERY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Commander <span class="smcap">Clements Robert Markham</span>, R. N., C. B., F. R. S., a noted
+explorer and talented English author. Midshipman in H. M. S.
+Assistance in the Franklin Search Expedition, 1850-51. Born July
+20, 1830, at Stillingfleet, near York. From a paper read before the
+Royal Geographical Society of England, June 20, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the present year the fourth centenary of the discovery of America by
+Columbus will be celebrated with great enthusiasm in Spain, in Italy,
+and in America. That discovery was, without any doubt, the most
+momentous event since the fall of the Roman Empire in its effect on the
+world's history. In its bearings on our science, the light thrown across
+the sea of darkness by the great Genoese was nothing less than the
+creation of modern geography. It seems fitting, therefore, that this
+society should take some share in the commemoration, and that we should
+devote one evening in this session to a consideration of some leading
+points in the life of the foremost of all geographers. * * *</p>
+
+<p>Much new light has been thrown upon the birth and early life of
+Columbus, of late years, by the careful examination of monastic and
+notarial records at Genoa and Savona. At Genoa the original documents
+are still preserved. At Savona they no longer exist, and we are
+dependent on copies made two centuries ago by Salinerius. But both the
+Genoa and Savona records may be safely accepted, and we are thus
+furnished with a new and more interesting view of the early life of
+Columbus. Our thanks for this new light are mainly due to the laborious
+and scholarly researches of the Marchese Marcello Staglieno of Genoa,
+and to the work of Mr. Harrisse. We may take it as fully established
+that the original home of Giovanni Colombo, the grandfather of the great
+discoverer, was at Terrarossa, a small<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> stone house, the massive walls
+of which are still standing on a hillside forming the northern slope of
+the beautiful valley of Fontanabuona. Here, no doubt, the father of
+Columbus was born; but the family moved to Quinto-al-Mare, then a
+fishing village about five miles east of Genoa. Next we find the father,
+Domenico Colombo, owning a house at Quinto, but established at Genoa as
+a wool weaver, with an apprentice. This was in 1439. A few years
+afterward Domenico found a wife in the family of a silk weaver who lived
+up a tributary valley of the Bisagno, within an easy walk of Genoa.
+Quezzi is a little village high up on the west side of a ravine, with
+slopes clothed to their summits in olive and chestnut foliage, whence
+there is a glorious view of the east end of Genoa, including the church
+of Carignano and the Mediterranean. On the opposite slope are the
+scattered houses of the hamlet of Ginestrato. From this village of
+Quezzi Domenico brought his wife, Susanna Fontanarossa, to Genoa, her
+dowry consisting of a small property, a house or a field, at Ginestrato.</p>
+
+<p>About the home of Domenico and his wife at Genoa during at least twenty
+years there is absolute certainty. The old gate of San Andrea is still
+standing, with its lofty arch across the street, and its high flanking
+towers. A street with a rapid downward slope, called the Vico Dritto di
+Ponticelli, leads from the gate of San Andrea to the Church of S.
+Stefano; and the house of Domenico Colombo was in this street, a few
+doors from the gate. It was the weavers' quarter, and S. Stefano was
+their parish church, where they had a special altar. Domenico's house
+had two stories besides the ground floor; and there was a back garden,
+with a well between it and the city wall. It was battered down during
+the bombardment of Genoa in the time of Louis XIV., was rebuilt with two
+additional stories, and is now the property of the city of Genoa.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This was the house of the parents of Columbus, and at a solemn moment,
+shortly before his death, Columbus stated that he was born in the city
+of Genoa. No. 39 Vico Dritto di Ponticelli was therefore, in all
+probability, the house where the great discoverer was born, and the old
+Church of San Stefano, with its fa&ccedil;ade of alternate black and white
+courses of marble, and its quaint old campanile, was the place of his
+baptism. The date of his birth is fixed by three statements of his own,
+and by a justifiable inference from the notarial records. He said that
+he went to sea at the age of fourteen, and that when he came to Spain in
+1485 he had led a sailor's life for twenty-three years. He was,
+therefore, born in 1447. In 1501 he again said that it was forty years
+since he first went to sea when he was fourteen; the same result&mdash;1447.
+In 1503 he wrote that he first came to serve for the discovery of the
+Indies&mdash;that is, that he left his home at the age of twenty-eight. This
+was in 1474, and the result is again 1447. The supporting notarial
+evidence is contained in two documents, in which the mother of Columbus
+consented to the sale of property by her husband. For the first deed, in
+May, 1471, the notary summoned her brothers to consent to the execution
+of the deed, as the nearest relations of full age. The second deed is
+witnessed by her son Cristoforo in August, 1473. He must have attained
+the legal age of twenty-five in the interval. This again makes 1447 the
+year of his birth.</p>
+
+<p>The authorities who assign 1436 as the year of his birth rely
+exclusively on the guess of a Spanish priest, Dr. Bernaldez, Cura of
+Palacios, who made the great discoverer's acquaintance toward the end of
+his career. Bernaldez, judging from his aged appearance, thought that he
+might be seventy years of age, more or less, when he died. The use of
+the phrase "more or less" proves that Bernaldez<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> had no information from
+Columbus himself, and that he merely guessed the years of the
+prematurely aged hero. This is not evidence. The three different
+statements of Columbus, supported by the corroborative testimony of the
+deeds of sale, form positive evidence, and fix the date of the birth at
+1447.</p>
+
+<p>We know the place and date of the great discoverer's birth, thanks to
+the researches of the Marchese Staglieno. The notarial records, combined
+with incidental statements of Columbus himself, also tell us that he was
+brought up, with his brothers and sister, in the Vico Dritto at Genoa;
+that he worked at his father's trade and became a "lanerio," or wool
+weaver; that he moved with his father and mother to Savona in 1472; and
+that the last document connecting Cristoforo Colombo with Italy is dated
+on August 7, 1473. After that date&mdash;doubtless very soon after that date,
+when he is described as a wool weaver of Genoa&mdash;Columbus went to
+Portugal, at the age of twenty-eight. But we also know that, in spite of
+his regular business as a weaver, he first went to sea in 1461, at the
+age of fourteen, and that he continued to make frequent voyages in the
+Mediterranean and the Archipelago&mdash;certainly as far as Chios&mdash;although
+his regular trade was that of a weaver.</p>
+
+<p>This is not a mere question of places and dates. These facts enable us
+to form an idea of the circumstances surrounding the youth and early
+manhood of the future discoverer, of his training, of the fuel which
+lighted the fire of his genius, and of the difficulties which surrounded
+him. Moreover, a knowledge of the real facts serves to clear away all
+the misleading fables about student life at Pavia, about service with
+imaginary uncles who were corsairs or admirals, and about galleys
+commanded for King R&eacute;n&eacute;. Some of these fables are due to the mistaken
+piety of the great discoverer's son Hernando, and to others, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> seem
+to have thought that they were doing honor to the memory of the Admiral
+by surrounding his youth with romantic stories. But the simple truth is
+far more honorable, and, indeed, far more romantic. It shows us the
+young weaver loving his home and serving his parents with filial
+devotion, but at the same time preparing, with zeal and industry, to
+become an expert in the profession for which he was best fitted, and
+even in his earliest youth making ready to fulfill his high destiny.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that Columbus had conceived the idea of sailing westward to
+the Indies even before he left his home at Savona. My reason is, that
+his correspondence with Toscanelli on the subject took place in the very
+year of his arrival in Portugal. That fact alone involves the position
+that the young weaver had not only become a practical seaman&mdash;well
+versed in all the astronomical knowledge necessary for his profession&mdash;a
+cosmographer, and a draughtsman, but also that he had carefully digested
+what he had learned, and had formed original conceptions. It seems
+wonderful that a humble weaver's apprentice could have done all this in
+the intervals of his regular work. Assuredly it is most wonderful; but I
+submit that his correspondence with Toscanelli in 1474 proves it to be a
+fact. We know that there were the means of acquiring such knowledge at
+Genoa in those days; that city was indeed the center of the nautical
+science of the day. Benincasa, whose beautiful <i>Portolani</i> may still be
+seen at the British Museum, and in other collections, was in the height
+of his fame as a draughtsman at Genoa during the youth of Columbus; so
+was Pareto. In the workrooms of these famous cartographers the young
+aspirant would see the most accurate charts that could then be produced,
+very beautifully executed; and his imagination would be excited by the
+appearance of all the fabulous islands on the verge of the unknown
+ocean.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When the time arrived for Columbus to leave his home, he naturally chose
+Lisbon as the point from whence he could best enlarge his experience and
+mature his plans. Ever since he could remember he had seen the
+inscriptions respecting members of the Pasagni family, as we may see
+them now, carved on the white courses of the west front of San Stefano,
+his parish church. These Genoese Pasagni had been hereditary Admirals of
+Portugal; they had brought many Genoese seamen to Lisbon; the Cross of
+St. George marked their exploits on the <i>Portolani</i>, and Portugal was
+thus closely connected with the tradition of Genoese enterprise. So it
+was to Lisbon that Columbus and his brother made their way, and it was
+during the ten years of his connection with Portugal that his
+cosmographical studies, and his ocean voyages from the equator to the
+arctic circle, <i>combined with his genius to make Columbus the greatest
+seaman of his age</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Capt. Duro, of the Spanish navy, has investigated all questions relating
+to the ships of the Columbian period and their equipment with great
+care; and the learning he has brought to bear on the subject has
+produced very interesting results. The two small caravels provided for
+the voyage of Columbus by the town of Palos were only partially decked.
+The Pinta was strongly built, and was originally lateen-rigged on all
+three masts, and she was the fastest sailer in the expedition; but she
+was only fifty tons burden, with a complement of eighteen men. The Ni&ntilde;a,
+so-called after the Ni&ntilde;o family of Palos, who owned her, was still
+smaller, being only forty tons. These two vessels were commanded by the
+Pinzons, and entirely manned by natives of the province of Huelva. The
+third vessel was much larger, and did not belong to Palos. She was
+called a "nao," or ship, and was of about one hundred tons burden,
+completely decked, with a high poop and forecastle. Her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> length has been
+variously estimated. Two of her masts had square sails, the mizzen being
+lateen-rigged. The foremast had a square foresail, the mainmast a
+mainsail and maintopsail, and there was a spritsail on the bowsprit. The
+courses were enlarged, in fair weather, by lacing strips of canvas to
+their leeches, called <i>bonetas</i>. There appear to have been two boats,
+one with a sail, and the ship was armed with lombards. The rigs of these
+vessels were admirably adapted for their purpose. The large courses of
+the caravels enabled their commanders to lay their courses nearer to the
+wind than any clipper ship of modern times. The crew of the ship Santa
+Maria numbered fifty-two men all told, including the Admiral. She was
+owned by the renowned pilot Juan de la Cosa of Santo&ntilde;a, who sailed with
+Columbus on both his first and second voyages, and was the best
+draughtsman in Spain. Mr. Harrisse, and even earlier writers, such as
+Vianello, call him a Basque pilot, apparently because he came from the
+north of Spain; but Santo&ntilde;a, his birthplace, although on the coast of
+the Bay of Biscay, is not in the Basque provinces; and if Juan de la
+Cosa was a native of Santo&ntilde;a he was not a Basque. While the crews of the
+two caravels all came from Palos or its neighborhood, the men of the
+Santa Maria were recruited from all parts of Spain, two from Santo&ntilde;a
+besides Juan de la Cosa, which was natural enough, and several others
+from northern ports, likewise attracted, in all probability, by the fame
+of the Santo&ntilde;a pilot. Among these it is very interesting to find an
+Englishman, who came from the little town of Lajes, near Coru&ntilde;a.</p>
+
+<p>Our countryman is called in the list, "Tallarte de Lajes" (Ingl&eacute;s). It
+is not unlikely that an English sailor, making voyages from Bristol or
+from one of the Cinque Ports to Coru&ntilde;a, may have married and settled at
+Lajes. But what can we make of "Tallarte"? Spaniards would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> likely
+enough to prefix a "T" to any English name beginning with a vowel, and
+they would be pretty sure to give the word a vowel termination. So,
+getting rid of these initial and terminal superfluities, there remains
+Allart, or Alard. This was a famous name among the sailors of the Cinque
+Ports. Gervaise Alard of Winchelsea in 1306 was the first English
+admiral; and there were Alards of Winchelsea for several generations,
+who were renowned as expert and daring sailors. One of them, I believe,
+sailed with Columbus on his first voyage, and perished at Navidad.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus took with him the map furnished by Toscanelli. It is
+unfortunately lost. But the globe of Martin Behaim, drawn in 1492&mdash;the
+very year of the sailing of Columbus&mdash;shows the state of knowledge on
+the eve of the discovery of America. The lost map of Toscanelli must
+have been very like it, with its islands in mid-Atlantic, and its
+archipelago grouped round Cipango, near the coast of Cathay. This globe
+deserves close attention, for its details must be impressed on the minds
+of all who would understand what were the ideas and hopes of Columbus
+when he sailed from Palos.</p>
+
+<p>Friday, August 3, 1492, when the three little vessels sailed over the
+bar of Saltes, was a memorable day in the world's history. It had been
+prepared for by many years of study and labor, by long years of
+disappointment and anxiety, rewarded at length by success. The proof was
+to be made at last. To the incidents of that famous voyage nothing can
+be added. But we may, at least, settle the long-disputed question of the
+landfall of Columbus. It is certainly an important question. There are
+the materials for a final decision, and we ought to know for certain on
+what spot of land it was that the Admiral knelt when he sprang from the
+boat on that famous 12th of October, 1492.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The learned have disputed over the matter for a century, and no less
+than five islands of the Bahama group have had their advocates. This is
+not the fault of Columbus, albeit we only have an abstract of his
+journal. The island is there fully and clearly described, and courses
+and distances are given thence to Cuba, which furnish data for fixing
+the landfall with precision. Here it is not a case for the learning and
+erudition of Navarretes, Humboldts, and Varnhagens. It is a sailor's
+question. If the materials from the journal were placed in the hands of
+any midshipman in her Majesty's navy, he would put his finger on the
+true landfall within half an hour. When sailors took the matter in hand,
+such as Admiral Becher, of the Hydrographic Office, and Lieut. Murdoch,
+of the United States navy, they did so.</p>
+
+<p>Our lamented associate, Mr. R. H. Major, read a paper on this
+interesting subject on May 8, 1871, in which he proved that Watling's
+Island was the Guanahani, or San Salvador, of Columbus. He did so by two
+lines of argument&mdash;the first being the exact agreement between the
+description of Guanahani, in the journal of Columbus, and Watling's
+Island, a description which can not be referred to any other island in
+the Bahama group; and the second being a comparison of the maps of Juan
+de la Cosa and of Herrera with modern charts. He showed that out of
+twenty-four islands on the Herrera map of 1600, ten retain the same
+names as they then had, thus affording stations for comparison; and the
+relative bearings of these ten islands lead us to the accurate
+identification of the rest. The shapes are not correct, but the relative
+bearings are, and the Guanahani of the Herrera map is thus identified
+with the present Watling's Island. Mr. Major, by careful and minute
+attention to the words of the journal of Columbus, also established the
+exact position of the first anchorage as having been a little to the
+west of the southeast point of Watling's Island.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I can not leave the subject of Mr. Major's admirable paper without
+expressing my sense of the loss sustained by comparative geography when
+his well-known face, so genial and sympathetic, disappeared from among
+us. The biographer of Prince Henry the Navigator, Major did more than
+any other Englishman of this century to bring the authentic history of
+Columbus within the reach of his countrymen. His translations of the
+letters of the illustrious Genoese, and the excellent critical essay
+which preceded them, are indispensable to every English student of the
+history of geographical discovery who is not familiar with the Spanish
+language, and most useful even to Spanish scholars. His knowledge of the
+history of cartography, his extensive and accurate scholarship, and his
+readiness to impart his knowledge to others, made him a most valuable
+member of the council of this society, and one whose place is not easy
+to fill; while there are not a few among the Fellows who, like myself,
+sincerely mourn the loss of a true and warmhearted friend.</p>
+
+<p>When we warmly applauded the close reasoning and the unassailable
+conclusions of Major's paper, we supposed that the question was at
+length settled; but as time went on, arguments in favor of other islands
+continued to appear, and an American in a high official position even
+started a new island, contending that Samana was the landfall. But Fox's
+Samana and Varnhagen's Mayaguana must be ruled out of court without
+further discussion, for they both occur on the maps of Juan de la Cosa
+and Herrera, on which Guanahani also appears. It is obvious that they
+can not be Guanahani and themselves at the same time; and it is perhaps
+needless to add that they do not answer to the description of Guanahani
+by Columbus, and meet none of the other requirements.</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion it may be well to identify the landfall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> by another
+method, and thus furnish some further strength to the arguments which
+ought to put an end to the controversy. Major established the landfall
+by showing the identity between the Guanahani of Columbus and Watling's
+Island, and by the evidence of early maps. There is still another
+method, which was adopted by Lieut. Murdoch, of the United States navy,
+in his very able paper. Columbus left Guanahani and sailed to his second
+island, which he called Santa Maria de la Concepcion; and he gives the
+bearing and distance. He gives the bearing and distance from this second
+island to the north end of a third, which he called Fernandina. He gives
+the length of Fernandina. He gives the bearing and distance from the
+south end of Fernandina to a fourth island named Isabella, from Isabella
+to some rocks called Islas de Arena, and from Islas de Arena to Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>It is obvious that if we trace these bearings and distances backward
+from Cuba, they will bring us to an island which must necessarily be the
+Guanahani, or San Salvador, of Columbus. This is the sailor's method: On
+October 27th, when Columbus sighted Cuba at a distance of 20 miles, the
+bearing of his anchorage at sunrise of the same day, off the Islas de
+Arena, was N. E. 58 miles, and from the point reached in Cuba it was N.
+E. 75 miles. The Ragged Islands are 75 miles from Cuba, therefore the
+Islas de Arena of Columbus are identified with the Ragged Islands of
+modern charts. The Islas de Arena were sighted when Columbus was 56
+miles from the south end of Fernandina, and E.N.E. from Isabella. These
+bearings show that Fernandina was Long Island, and that Isabella was
+Crooked Island, of modern charts. Fernandina was 20 leagues long N. N.
+W. and S. S. E.; Long Island is 20 leagues long N. N. W. and S. S. E.
+Santa Maria de la Concepcion was several miles east of the north end of
+Fernandina, but in sight. Rum<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> Cay is several miles east of the north
+end of Long Island, but in sight. Rum Cay is, therefore, the Santa Maria
+of Columbus. San Salvador, or Guanahani, was 21 miles N. W. from Santa
+Maria de la Concepcion. Watling's Island is 21 miles N. W. from Rum Cay;
+Watling's Island is, therefore, proved to be the San Salvador, or
+Guanahani, of Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>The spot where Columbus first landed in the New World is the eastern end
+of the south side of Watling's Island. This has been established by the
+arguments of Major, and by the calculations of Murdoch, beyond all
+controversy. The evidence is overwhelming. Watling's Island answers to
+every requirement and every test, whether based on the Admiral's
+description of the island itself, on the courses and distances thence to
+Cuba, or on the evidence of early maps. We have thus reached a final and
+satisfactory conclusion, and we can look back on that momentous event in
+the world's history with the certainty that we know the exact spot on
+which it occurred&mdash;on which Columbus touched the land when he sprang
+from his boat with the standard waving over his head.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The discoveries of Columbus during his first voyage, as recorded in his
+journal, included part of the north coast of Cuba, and the whole of the
+north coast of Espa&ntilde;ola. The journal shows the care with which the
+navigation was conducted, how observations for latitude were taken, how
+the coasts were laid down&mdash;every promontory and bay receiving a
+name&mdash;and with what diligence each new feature of the land and its
+inhabitants was examined and recorded. The genius of Columbus would not
+have been of the same service to mankind if it had not been combined
+with great capacity for taking trouble, and with habits of order and
+accuracy. In considering the qualities of the great Genoese as a seaman
+and an explorer, we can not fail to be impressed with this accuracy, the
+result of incessant watchfulness and of orderly habits. Yet it is his
+accuracy which has been called in question by some modern writers, on
+the ground of passages in his letters which they have misinterpreted, or
+failed to understand. In every instance the blunder has not been
+committed by Columbus, but by his critics.</p>
+
+<p>The Admiral's letters do not show him to be either careless or
+inaccurate. On the contrary, they bear witness to his watchfulness, to
+his methodical habits, and to his attention to details; although at the
+same time they are full of speculations, and of the thoughts which
+followed each other so rapidly in his imaginative brain. It was, indeed,
+the combination of these two qualities, of practical and methodical
+habits of thought with a vivid imagination, which constituted his
+genius&mdash;a combination as rare as it is valuable. It created the thoughts
+which conceived the great discovery, as well as the skill and ability
+which achieved it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, the journals and charts of Columbus are lost. But we have
+the full abstract of the journal of his first voyage, made by Las Casas,
+we have his letters and dispatches, and we have the map of his
+discoveries, except those made during his last voyage, drawn by his own
+pilot and draughtsman, Juan de la Cosa. We are thus able to obtain a
+sufficient insight into the system on which his exploring voyages were
+conducted, and into the sequence in which his discoveries followed each
+other. This is the point of view from which the labors of the Admiral
+are most interesting to geographers. The deficient means at the disposal
+of a navigator in the end of the fifteenth century increase the
+necessity for a long apprenticeship. It is much easier to become a
+navigator with the aid of modern instruments constructed with extreme
+accuracy, and with tables of logarithms, nautical almanacs, and
+admiralty charts. With ruder appliances Columbus and his contemporaries
+had to trust far more to their own personal skill and watchfulness, and
+to ways of handling and using such instruments as they possessed, which
+could only be acquired by constant practice and the experience of a
+lifetime. <i>Even then, an insight and ability which few men possess were
+required to make such a navigator as Columbus.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="illus257" id="illus257"></a>
+<img src="images/illus-257.jpg" width="600" height="401" alt="MAP OF ANTONIO DE HERRERA, THE HISTORIAN OF COLUMBUS.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">MAP OF ANTONIO DE HERRERA, THE HISTORIAN OF COLUMBUS.
+<br />(See page <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.)</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/illus-257-full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The first necessity for a pilot who conducts a ship across the ocean,
+when he is for many days out of sight of land, is the means of checking
+his dead reckoning by observations of the heavenly bodies. But in the
+days of Columbus such appliances were very defective, and, at times,
+altogether useless. There was an astrolabe adapted for use at sea by
+Martin Behaim, but it was very difficult to get a decent sight with it,
+and Vasco da Gama actually went on shore and rigged a triangle when he
+wanted to observe for latitude. If this was necessary, the instrument
+was useless as a guide across the pathless ocean. Columbus, of
+course,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> used it, but he seems to have relied more upon the old
+quadrant which he had used for long years before Behaim invented his
+adaption of the astrolabe. It was this instrument, the value of which
+received such warm testimony from Diogo Gomez, one of Prince Henry's
+navigators; and it was larger and easier to handle than the astrolabe.
+But the difficulty, as regards both these instruments,<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> was the
+necessity for keeping them perpendicular to the horizon when the
+observation is taken, in one case by means of a ring working freely, and
+in the other by a plummet line. The instruction of old Martin Cortes was
+to sit down with your back against the mainmast; but in reality the only
+man who obtained results of any use from such instruments was he who had
+been constantly working with them from early boyhood. In those days, far
+more than now, a good pilot had to be brought up at sea from his youth.
+Long habit could alone make up, to a partial extent, for defective
+means.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus regularly observed for latitude when the weather rendered it
+possible, and he occasionally attempted to find the longitude by
+observing eclipses of the moon with the aid of tables calculated by old
+Regiomontanus, whose declination tables also enabled the Admiral to work
+out his meridian altitudes. But the explorer's main reliance was on the
+skill and care with which he calculated his dead reckoning, watching
+every sign offered by sea and sky by day and night, allowing for
+currents, for leeway, for every cause that could affect the movement of
+his ship, noting with infinite pains the bearings and the variation of
+his compass, and constantly recording all phenomena on his card and in
+his journal. <i>Columbus was the true father of what we call proper
+pilotage.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is most interesting to watch the consequences of this seaman-like and
+most conscientious care in the results of his voyages of discovery. We
+have seen with what accuracy he made his landfall at the Azores, on his
+return from his first and most memorable voyage. The incidents of his
+second voyage are equally instructive. He had heard from the natives of
+the eastern end of Espa&ntilde;ola that there were numerous islands to the
+southeast inhabited by savage tribes of Caribs, and when he sailed from
+Spain on his second voyage he resolved to ascertain the truth of the
+report before proceeding to his settlement at Navidad. He shaped such a
+course as to hit upon Dominica, and within a few weeks he discovered the
+whole of the Windward Islands, thence to Puerto Rico. On his return his
+spirit of investigation led him to try the possibility of making a
+passage in the teeth of the trade-wind. It was a long voyage, and his
+people were reduced to the last extremity, even threatening to eat the
+Indians who were on board. One night, to the surprise of all the
+company, the Admiral gave the order to shorten sail. Next morning, at
+dawn, Cape St. Vincent was in sight. This is a remarkable proof of the
+care with which his reckoning must have been kept, and of his consummate
+skill as a navigator. On his third voyage he decided, for various
+reasons, to make further discoveries nearer to the equator, the result
+of his decision being the exploration of the Gulf of Paria, including
+the coast of Trinidad and of the continent. His speculations, although
+sometimes fantastic, and originating in a too vivid imagination, were
+usually shrewd and carefully thought out. Thus they led from one
+discovery to another; and even when, through want of complete knowledge,
+there was a flaw in the chain of his reasoning, the results were equally
+valuable.</p>
+
+<p>A memorable example of an able and acute train of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> thought, based on
+observations at sea, was that which led to his last voyage in search of
+a strait. He had watched the gulf stream constantly flowing in a
+westerly direction, and he thought that he had ascertained, as the
+result of careful observation, that the islands in the course of the
+current had their lengths east and west, owing to erosion on their north
+and south sides. From this fact he deduced the constancy of the current.
+His own pilot, Juan de la Cosa, serving under Ojeda and Bastidas, had
+established the continuity of land from the Gulf of Paria to Darien. The
+Admiral himself had explored the coast of Cuba, both on the north and
+south sides, for so great a distance that he concluded it must surely be
+a promontory connected with the continent. The conclusion was that, as
+it could not turn to north or south, this current, ever flowing in one
+direction, must pass through a strait. The argument was perfectly sound
+except in one point&mdash;the continental character of Cuba was an
+hypothesis, not an ascertained fact.</p>
+
+<p>Still, it was a brilliant chain of reasoning, and it led to a great
+result, though not to the expected result. Just as the search for the
+philosopher's stone led to valuable discoveries in chemistry, and as the
+search for El Dorado revealed the courses of the two largest rivers in
+South America, so the Admiral's heroic effort to discover a strait in
+the face of appalling difficulties, in advancing years and failing
+health, made known the coast of the continent from Honduras to Darien.</p>
+
+<p>All the discoveries made by others, in the lifetime of Columbus, on the
+coasts of the western continent (except that of Cabral) were directly
+due to the first voyage of the Admiral, to his marvelous prevision in
+boldly sailing westward across the sea of darkness, and are to be
+classed as Columbian discoveries. This was clearly laid down by Las
+Casas, in a noble passage. "The Admiral was the first to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> open the gates
+of that ocean which had been closed for so many thousands of years
+before," exclaimed the good bishop. "He it was who gave the light by
+which all others might see how to discover. It can not be denied to the
+Admiral, except with great injustice, that <i>as</i> he was the first
+discoverer of those Indies, <i>so</i> he was really of all the mainland; and
+to him the credit is due. For it was he that put the thread into the
+hands of the rest by which they found the clew to more distant parts. It
+was not necessary for this that he should personally visit every part,
+any more than it is necessary to do so in taking possession of an
+estate; as the jurists hold." This generous protest by Las Casas should
+receive the assent of all geographers. The pupils and followers of
+Columbus, such as Pinzon, Ojeda, Ni&ntilde;o, and La Cosa, discovered all the
+continent from 8 deg. S. of the equator to Darien, thus supplementing
+their great master's work; while he himself led the way, and showed the
+light both to the islands and to the continent.</p>
+
+<p>Although none of the charts of Columbus have come down to us, there
+still exists a map of all discoveries up to the year 1500, drawn by the
+pilot Juan de la Cosa, who accompanied him in his first and second
+voyages, and sailed with Ojeda on a separate expedition in 1499, when
+the coast of the continent was explored from the Gulf of Paria to Cabo
+de la Vela. Juan de la Cosa drew this famous map of the world (which is
+preserved at Madrid) at Santa Maria, in the Bay of Cadiz, when he
+returned from his expedition with Ojeda in 1500. It is drawn in color,
+on oxhide, and measures 5 feet 9 inches by 3 feet 2 inches. La Cosa
+shows the islands discovered by Columbus, but it is difficult to
+understand what he could have been thinking about in placing them north
+of the tropic of cancer. The continent is delineated from 8 deg. S. of
+the equator to Cabo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> de la Vela, which was the extreme point to which
+discovery had reached in 1500; and over the undiscovered part to the
+west, which the Admiral himself was destined to bring to the knowledge
+of the world a few years afterward, Juan de la Cosa painted a vignette
+of St. Christopher bearing the infant Christ across the ocean. But the
+most important part of the map is that on which the discoveries of John
+Cabot are shown, for this is the only map which shows them. It is true
+that a map, or a copy of a map, of 1542, by Sebastian Cabot, was
+discovered of late years, and is now at Paris, and that it indicates the
+"Prima Vista," the first land seen by Cabot on his voyage of 1497; but
+it shows the later work of Jacques Cartier and other explorers, and does
+not show what part was due to Cabot. Juan de la Cosa, however, must have
+received, through the Spanish ambassador in London, the original chart
+of Cabot, showing his discoveries during his second voyage in 1498, and
+was enabled thus to include the new coast-line on his great map.</p>
+
+<p>The gigantic labor wore out his body. But his mind was as active as
+ever. He had planned an attempt to recover the Holy Sepulcher. He had
+thought out a scheme for an Arctic expedition, including a plan for
+reaching the north pole, which he deposited in the monastery of
+Mejorada. It was not to be. When he returned from his last voyage, he
+came home to die. We gather some idea of the Admiral's personal
+appearance from the descriptions of Las Casas and Oviedo. He was a man
+of middle height, with courteous manners and noble bearing. His face was
+oval, with a pleasing expression; the nose aquiline, the eyes blue, and
+the complexion fair and inclined to ruddiness. The hair was red, though
+it became gray soon after he was thirty. Only one authentic portrait of
+Columbus is known to have been painted. The Italian historian, Paulus
+Jovius,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> who was his contemporary, collected a gallery of portraits of
+worthies of his time at his villa on the Lake of Como. Among them was a
+portrait of the Admiral. There is an early engraving from it, and very
+indifferent copies in the Uffizi at Florence, and at Madrid. But until
+quite recently I do not think that the original was known to exist. It,
+however, never left the family, and when the last Giovio died it was
+inherited by her grandson, the Nobile de Orch&eacute;, who is the present
+possessor. We have the head of a venerable man, with thin gray hair, the
+forehead high, the eyes pensive and rather melancholy. It was thus that
+he doubtless appeared during the period that he was in Spain, after his
+return in chains, or during the last year of his life.</p>
+
+<p>In his latter years we see Columbus, although as full as ever of his
+great mission, thinking more and more of the transmission of his rights
+and his property intact to his children. He had always loved his home,
+and his amiable and affectionate disposition made many and lasting
+friendships in all ranks of life, from Queen Isabella and Archbishop
+Deza to the humblest <i>grumete</i>. We find his shipmates serving with him
+over and over again. Terreros, the Admiral's steward, and Salcedo, his
+servant, were with him in his first voyage and in his last. His faithful
+captains, Mendez and Fieschi, risked life and limb for him, and attended
+him on his deathbed. Columbus was also blessed with two loving and
+devoted brothers. In one of his letters to his son Diego, he said,
+"Never have I found better friends, on my right hand and on my left,
+than my brothers." Bartholomew, especially, was his trusty and gallant
+defender and counselor in his darkest hours of difficulty and distress,
+his nurse in sickness, and his helpful companion in health. The enduring
+affection of these two brothers, from the cradle to the grave, is most
+touching. Columbus was happy too in his handsome, promising young sons,
+who were ever dutiful,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> and whose welfare was his fondest care; they
+fulfilled all his hopes. One recovered the Admiral's rights, while the
+other studied his father's professional work, preserved his memorials,
+and wrote his life. Columbus never forgot his old home at Genoa, and the
+most precious treasures of the proud city are the documents which her
+illustrious son confided to her charge, and the letters in which he
+expressed his affection for his native town. Columbus was a man to
+reverence, but he was still more a man to love.</p>
+
+<p>The great discoverer's genius was a gift which is only produced once in
+an age, and it is that which has given rise to the enthusiastic
+celebration of the fourth centenary of his achievement. To geographers
+and sailors the careful study of his life will always be useful and
+instructive. They will be led to ponder over the deep sense of duty and
+responsibility which produced his unceasing and untiring watchfulness
+when at sea, over the long training which could alone produce so
+consummate a navigator, and over that perseverance and capacity for
+taking trouble which we should all not only admire but strive to
+imitate. I can not better conclude this very inadequate attempt to do
+justice to a great subject than by quoting the words of a geographer,
+whose loss from among us we still continue to feel&mdash;the late Sir Henry
+Yule. He said of Columbus: "His genius and lofty enthusiasm, his ardent
+and justified previsions, mark the great Admiral as one of the lights of
+the human race."</p>
+
+
+<h4>A DISCOVERY GREATER THAN THE LABORS OF HERCULES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Pietro Martire de Anghiera</span> (usually called Peter Martyr), an
+Italian scholar, statesman, and historian. Born at Arona, on Lake
+Maggiore, in 1455; died at Granada, Spain, 1526.</p></div>
+
+<p>To declare my opinion herein, whatsoever hath heretofore been discovered
+by the famous travayles of Saturnus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> and Hercules, with such other whom
+the antiquitie for their heroical acts honoured as Gods, seemeth but
+little and obscure if it be compared to the victorious labours of the
+Spanyards.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+&mdash;Decad. ii, cap. 4, Lok's Translation.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>GENIUS TRAVELED WESTWARD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Mason</span>, an English poet. Born at Hull, 1725; died in 1797.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Old England's genius turns with scorn away,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ascends his sacred bark, the sails unfurled,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And steers his state to the wide Western World.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>MISSION AND REWARD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">J. N. Matthews</span>, in Chicago <i>Tribune</i>, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sailing before the silver shafts of morn,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He bore the White Christ over alien seas&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The swart Columbus&mdash;into "lands forlorn,"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That lay beyond the dim Hesperides.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Humbly he gathered up the broken chain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of human knowledge, and, with sails unfurled,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He drew it westward from the coast of Spain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And linked it firmly to another world.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tho' blinding tempests drove his ships astray,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And on the decks conspiring Spaniards grew</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">More mutinous and dangerous, day by day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Than did the deadly winds that round him blew,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet the bluff captain, with his bearded lip,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His lordly purpose, and his high disdain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stood like a master with uplifted whip,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And urged his mad sea-horses o'er the main.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Onward and onward thro' the blue profound,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Into the west a thousand leagues or more,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His caravels cut the billows till they ground</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Upon the shallows of San Salvador.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then, robed in scarlet like a rising morn,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He climbed ashore and on the shining sod</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He gave to man a continent new-born;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Then, kneeling, gave his gratitude to God.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And his reward? In all the books of fate</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">There is no page so pitiful as this&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A cruel dungeon, and a monarch's hate,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And penury and calumny were his;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robbed of his honors in his feeble age,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Despoiled of glory, the old Genoese</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Withdrew at length from life's ungrateful stage,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To try the waves of other unknown seas.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>EAGER TO SHARE THE REWARD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Letter written by the Duke of <span class="smcap">Medina Celi</span> to the Grand Cardinal of
+Spain, Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, dated March 19, 1493.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Most Reverend Sir</span>: I am not aware whether your Lordship knows that I had
+Cristoforo Colon under my roof for a long time when he came from
+Portugal, and wished to go to the King of France, in order that he might
+go in search of the Indies with his Majesty's aid and countenance. I
+myself wished to make the venture, and to dispatch him from my port
+[Santa Maria], where I had a good equipment of three or four caravels,
+<i>since he asked no more from me</i>; but as I recognized that this was an
+undertaking for the Queen, our sovereign, I wrote about the matter to
+her Highness from Rota, and she replied that I should send him to her.
+Therefore I sent him, and asked her Highness that, since I did not
+desire to pursue the enterprise but had arranged it for her service, she
+should direct that compensation be made to me, and that I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> might have a
+share in it by having the loading and unloading of the commerce done in
+the port.</p>
+
+<p>Her Highness received him [Colon], and referred him to Alonso de
+Quintanilla, who, in turn, <i>wrote me that he did not consider this
+affair to be very certain</i>; but that if it should go through, her
+Highness would give me a reward and part in it. After having well
+studied it, she agreed to send him in search of the Indies. Some eight
+months ago he set out, and now has arrived at Lisbon on his return
+voyage, and has found all which he sought and very completely; which, as
+soon as I knew, in order to advise her Highness of such good tidings, I
+am writing by Inares and sending him to beg that she grant me the
+privilege of sending out there each year some of my own caravels.</p>
+
+<p>I entreat your Lordship that you may be pleased to assist me in this,
+and also ask it in my behalf; since on my account, and through my
+keeping him [Colon] <i>two years in my house</i>, and having placed him at
+her Majesty's service, so great a thing as this has come to pass; and
+because Inares will inform your Lordship more in detail, I beg you to
+hearken to him.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS STATUE, CITY OF MEXICO.</h4>
+
+<p>The Columbus monument, in the Paseo de la Reforma, in the City of
+Mexico, was erected at the charges of Don Antonio Escandon, to whose
+public spirit and enterprise the building of the Vera Cruz &amp; Mexico
+Railway was due. The monument is the work of the French sculptor
+Cordier. The base is a large platform of basalt, surrounded by a
+balustrade of iron, above which are five lanterns. From this base rises
+a square mass of red marble, ornamented with four <i>basso-relievos</i>; the
+arms of Columbus, surrounded with garlands of laurels; the rebuilding of
+the monastery of Santa Maria de la R&aacute;bida; the discovery of the Island<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+of San Salvador; a fragment of a letter from Columbus to Raphael
+Sanchez, beneath which is the dedication of the monument by Se&ntilde;or
+Escandon. Above the <i>basso-relievos</i>, surrounding the pedestals, are
+four life-size figures in bronze; in front and to the right of the
+statue of Columbus (that stands upon a still higher plane), Padre Juan
+Perez de la Marchena, prior of the Monastery of Santa Maria de la
+R&aacute;bida, at Huelva, Spain; in front and to the left, Padre Fray Diego de
+Deza, friar of the Order of Saint Dominic, professor of theology at the
+Convent of St. Stephen, and afterward archbishop of Seville. He was also
+confessor of King Ferdinand, to the support of which two men Columbus
+owed the royal favor; in the rear, to the right, Fray Pedro de Gante; in
+the rear, to the left, Fray Bartolom&eacute; de las Casas&mdash;the two missionaries
+who most earnestly gave their protection to the Indians, and the latter
+the historian of Columbus. Crowning the whole, upon a pedestal of red
+marble, is the figure of Columbus, in the act of drawing aside the veil
+that hides the New World. In conception and in treatment this work is
+admirable; charming in sentiment, and technically good. The monument
+stands in a little garden inclosed by iron chains hung upon posts of
+stone, around which extends a large <i>glorieta</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE TRIBUTE OF JOAQUIN MILLER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Joaquin (Cincinnatus Heine) Miller</span>, "the Poet of the Sierras." Born
+in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 10, 1842. From a poem in the New York
+<i>Independent</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Behind him lay the gray Azores,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Behind the gates of Hercules;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Before him not the ghost of shores,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Before him only shoreless seas.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The good mate said, "Now must we pray,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For lo! the very stars are gone.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brave Adm'ral, speak; what shall I say?"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Why say, 'Sail on! sail on! and on!'"</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"My men grow mutinous day by day;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">My men grow ghastly, wan and weak."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The stout mate thought of home; a spray</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of salt wave washed his swarthy cheek.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"What shall I say, brave Adm'ral, say,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">If we sight naught but seas at dawn?"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Why, you shall say, at break of day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Sail on! sail on! sail on! and on!'"</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They sailed and sailed, as winds might blow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Until at last the blanched mate said,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Why, now not even God would know</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Should I and all my men fall dead.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">These very winds forget their way,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For God from these dread seas is gone.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now speak, brave Adm'ral, speak and say&mdash;"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He said, "Sail on! sail on! and on!"</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They sailed. They sailed. Then spoke the mate,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"This mad sea shows its teeth to-night.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He curls his lip, he lies in wait,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With lifted teeth as if to bite.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brave Adm'ral, say but one good word;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">What shall we do when hope is gone?"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The words leapt as a leaping sword,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Sail on! sail on! sail on! and on!"</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then, pale and worn, he kept his deck,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And peered through darkness. Ah, that night</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of all dark nights! And then a speck&mdash;</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A light! A light! A light! A light!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">It grew, a starlit flag unfurled,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">It grew to be Time's burst of dawn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He gained a world; he gave that world</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Its grandest lesson&mdash;"On! and on!"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>ADMIRAL OF MOSQUITO LAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">D. H. Montgomery</span>, author of "The Leading Facts of American
+History."</p></div>
+
+<p>Loud was the outcry against Columbus. The rabble nicknamed him the
+"Admiral of Mosquito Land." They pointed at him as the man who had
+promised everything, and ended by discovering nothing but "a wilderness
+peopled with naked savages."</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS AND THE INDIANS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Gen. <span class="smcap">Thomas J. Morgan</span>, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In an
+article, "Columbus and the Indians," in the New York <i>Independent</i>,
+June 2, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus, when he landed, was confronted with an Indian problem, which
+he handed down to others, and they to us. Four hundred years have rolled
+by, and it is still unsolved. Who were the strange people who met him at
+the end of his long and perilous voyage? He guessed at it and missed it
+by the diameter of the globe. He called them Indians&mdash;people of
+India&mdash;and thus registered the fifteenth century attainments in
+geography and anthropology. How many were there of them? Alas! there was
+no census bureau here then, and no record has come down to us of any
+count or enumeration. Would they have lived any longer if they had been
+counted? Would a census have strengthened them to resist the threatened
+tide of invaders that the coming of Columbus heralded? If instead of
+corn they had presented census rolls to their strange visitors, and
+exhibited maps to show that the continent was already occupied, would
+that have changed the whole<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> course of history and left us without any
+Mayflower or Plymouth Rock, Bunker Hill or Appomattox?</p>
+
+
+<h4>INTENSE UNCERTAINTY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Charles Morris</span>, an American writer of the present day. In "Half
+Hours with American History."</p></div>
+
+<p>The land was clearly seen about two leagues distant, whereupon they took
+in sail and waited impatiently for the dawn. The thoughts and feelings
+of Columbus in this little space of time must have been tumultuous and
+intense. At length, in spite of every difficulty and danger, he had
+accomplished his object. The great mystery of the ocean was revealed;
+his theory, which had been the scoff of sages, was triumphantly
+established; he secured to himself a glory durable as the world itself.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to conceive the feelings of such a man at such a moment,
+or the conjectures which must have thronged upon his mind as to the land
+before him, covered with darkness. A thousand speculations must have
+swarmed upon him, as with his anxious crews he waited for the night to
+pass away, wondering whether the morning light would reveal a savage
+wilderness, or dawn upon spicy groves and glittering fanes and gilded
+cities, and all the splendor of oriental civilization.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST TO GREET COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Emma Huntington Nason.</span> A poem in <i>St. Nicholas</i>, July, 1892,
+founded upon the incident of Columbus' finding a red thorn bush
+floating in the water a few days before sighting Watling's Island.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When the feast is spread in our country's name,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When the nations are gathered from far and near,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When East and West send up the same</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Glad shout, and call to the lands, "Good cheer!"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When North and South shall give their bloom,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The fairest and best of the century born.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, then for the king of the feast make room!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Make room, we pray, for the scarlet thorn!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Not the golden-rod from the hillsides blest,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Not the pale arbutus from pastures rare,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor the waving wheat from the mighty West,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nor the proud magnolia, tall and fair,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall Columbia unto the banquet bring.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">They, willing of heart, shall stand and wait,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For the thorn, with his scarlet crown, is king.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Make room for him at the splendid f&ecirc;te!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Do we not remember the olden tale?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And that terrible day of dark despair,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When Columbus, under the lowering sail,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sent out to the hidden lands his prayer?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And was it not he of the scarlet bough</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Who first went forth from the shore to greet</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That lone grand soul at the vessel's prow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Defying fate with his tiny fleet?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grim treachery threatened, above, below,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And death stood close at the captain's side,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When he saw&mdash;Oh, joy!&mdash;in the sunset glow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The thorn-tree's branch o'er the waters glide.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Land! Land ahead!" was the joyful shout;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The vesper hymn o'er the ocean swept;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The mutinous sailors faced about;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Together they fell on their knees and wept.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At dawn they landed with pennons white;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">They kissed the sod of San Salvador;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But dearer than gems on his doublet bright</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Were the scarlet berries their leader bore;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thorny and sharp, like his future crown,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Blood-red, like the wounds in his great heart made,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet an emblem true of his proud renown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Whose glorious colors shall never fade.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBA CHRISTUM-FERENS&mdash;WHAT'S IN A NAME?</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>New Orleans <i>Morning Star and Catholic Messenger</i>, August 13, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The poet says that a rose by any other name would smell as sweet, but
+there is no doubt that certain names are invested with a peculiar
+significance. It would appear also that this significance is not always
+a mere chance coincidence, but is intended, sometimes, to carry the
+evidence of an overruling prevision. Christopher Columbus was not so
+named <i>after</i> his achievements, like Scipio Africanus. The name was his
+from infancy, though human ingenuity could not have conceived one more
+wonderfully suggestive of his after career.</p>
+
+<p>Columba means a dove. Was there anything dove-like about Columbus?
+Perhaps not, originally, but his many years of disappointment and
+humiliation, of poverty and contempt, of failure and hopelessness, were
+the best school in which to learn patience and sweetness under the
+guiding hand of such teachers as faith and piety. Was anything wanting
+to perfect him in the unresisting gentleness of the dove? If so, his
+guardian angel saw to it when he sent him back in chains from the scenes
+of his triumph. He then and there, by his meekness, established his
+indefeasible right to the name <i>Columbus</i>&mdash;the right of conquest.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="illus276" id="illus276"></a>
+
+<img src="images/illus-276.jpg" width="600" height="374" alt="THE WEST INDIES." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE WEST INDIES.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/illus-276-full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>And Christopher&mdash;<i>Christum-ferens</i>&mdash;the Christ-bearer? A saint of old
+was so called because one day he carried the child Christ on his
+shoulders across a dangerous ford. People called him <i>Christo-pher</i>. But
+what shall we say of the man who carried Christ across the stormy
+terrors of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> unknown sea? Wherever the modern Christopher landed,
+there he planted the cross; his first act was always one of devout
+worship. And now that cross and that worship are triumphant from end to
+end, and from border to border, of that New World. The very fairest
+flower of untrammeled freedom in the diadem of the Christian church is
+to-day blooming within the mighty domain which this instrument of
+Providence wrested from the malign sway of error. Shall not that New
+World greet him as the Christ-bearer? Indeed, there must have been more
+than an accidental coincidence when, half a century in advance of
+events, the priest, in pouring the sacred waters of baptism, proclaimed
+the presence of one who was to be truly a Christopher&mdash;one who should
+carry Christ on the wings of a dove.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CIRCULAR LETTER OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF NEW ORLEANS ON THE CHRISTOPHER
+COLUMBUS CELEBRATION.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From the <i>Morning Star and Catholic Messenger</i>, New Orleans, August
+13, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reverend and Dear Father</span>: The fourth centenary of the discovery of
+America by Christopher Columbus is at hand. It is an event of the
+greatest importance. It added a new continent to the world for
+civilization and Christianity; it gave our citizens a home of liberty
+and freedom, a country of plenty and prosperity, a fatherland which has
+a right to our deepest and best feelings of attachment and affection.
+Christopher Columbus was a sincere and devout Catholic; his remarkable
+voyage was made possible by the intercession of a holy monk; and by the
+patronage and liberality of the pious Queen Isabella, the cross of
+Christ, the emblem of our holy religion, was planted on America's virgin
+soil, and the <i>Te Deum</i> and the holy mass were the first religious
+services held on the same; it is therefore just and proper that this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>
+great event and festival should be celebrated in a religious as well as
+in a civil manner.</p>
+
+<p>Our Holy Father the Pope has appointed the 12th of October, and His
+Excellency the President of the United States has assigned the 21st of
+October, as the day of commemoration. The discrepancy of dates is based
+on the difference of the two calendars. When Columbus discovered this
+country, the old Julian calendar was in vogue, and the date of discovery
+was marked the 12th; but Pope Gregory XIII. introduced the Gregorian
+calendar, according to which the 21st would now be the date. We will
+avail ourselves of both dates&mdash;the first date to be of a religious, the
+second of a civil, character. We therefore order that on the 12th of
+October a solemn votive mass (<i>pro gratiarum actione dicendo Missam
+votivam de S. S. Trinitate</i>), in honor of the Blessed Trinity, be sung
+in all the churches of the diocese, at an hour convenient to the parish,
+with an exhortation to the people, as thanksgiving to God for all his
+favors and blessings, and as a supplication to Him for the continuance
+of the same, and that all the citizens of this vast country may ever
+dwell in peace and union.</p>
+
+<p>Let the 21st be a public holiday. We desire that the children of our
+schools assemble in their Sunday clothes at their school-rooms or halls,
+and that after a few appropriate prayers some exercises be organized to
+commemorate the great event, and at the same time to fire their young
+hearts with love of country, and with love for the religion of the cross
+of Christ, which Columbus planted on the American shore. We further
+desire that the different Catholic organizations and societies arrange
+some programme by which the day may be spent in an agreeable and
+instructive manner.</p>
+
+<p>For our archiepiscopal city we make these special arrangements: On the
+12th, at half-past 7 o'clock <span class="smcap">P. M.</span>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> the cathedral will be open to the
+public; the clergy of the city is invited to assemble at 7 o'clock, at
+the archbishopric, to march in procession to the cathedral, where short
+sermons of ten minutes each will be preached in five different
+languages&mdash;Spanish, French, English, German, and Italian. The ceremony
+will close with Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament and the solemn
+singing of the <i>Te Deum</i>. In order to celebrate the civil solemnity of
+the 21st, we desire that a preliminary meeting be held at St. Alphonsus'
+Hall, on Monday evening, the 22d of August, at 8 o'clock. The meeting
+will be composed of the pastors of the city, of two members of each
+congregation&mdash;to be appointed by them&mdash;and of the presidents of the
+various Catholic societies. This body shall arrange the plan how to
+celebrate the 21st of October.</p>
+
+<p>May God, who has been kind and merciful to our people in the past,
+continue his favors in the future and lead us unto life everlasting.</p>
+
+<p>The pastors will read this letter to their congregations.</p>
+
+<p>Given from our archiepiscopal residence, Feast of St. Dominic, August
+the 4th, 1892.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 22px;">
+<img src="images/illus278.jpg" width="22" height="35" alt="" title="symbol" />
+</div>
+
+<p><br />
+<span class="smcap">Francis Janssens</span>,<br />
+<i>Archbishop of New Orleans</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">By order of His Grace:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">J. Bogaerts</span>, <i>Vicar-general</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBUS STATUE IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK</h4>
+
+<p>Stands at the Eighth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street entrance to Central
+Park, and was erected October 12, 1892, by subscription among the
+Italian citizens of the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central
+America. From a base forty-six feet square springs a beautiful shaft of
+great height, the severity of outline being broken by alternating lines
+of figures, in relief, of the prows, or rostra,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> of the three ships of
+Columbus, and medallions composed of an anchor and a coil of rope. In
+July, 1889, Chevalier Charles Barsotti, proprietor of the <i>Progresso
+Italo-Americano</i>, published in New York City, started a subscription to
+defray the cost, which was liberally added to by the Italian government.
+On December 10, 1890, a number of models were placed on exhibition at
+the rooms of the Palace of the Exposition of Arts in Rome, and the
+commission finally chose that of Prof. Gaetano Russo.</p>
+
+<p>The monument is seventy-five feet high, including the three great
+blocks, or steps, which form the foundation; and, aside from the
+historical interest it may have, as a work of art alone its possession
+might well be envied by any city or nation. The base, of Baveno granite,
+has two beautiful bas-relief pictures in bronze, representing on one
+side the moment when Columbus first saw land, and on the other the
+actual landing of the party on the soil. Two inscriptions, higher up on
+the monument, one in English and one in Italian, contain the dedication.
+The column is also of Baveno granite, while the figure of the Genius of
+Geography and the statue proper of Columbus are of white Carrara marble,
+the former being ten feet high and the latter fourteen. There is also a
+bronze eagle, six feet high, on the side opposite the figure of Genius
+of Geography, holding in its claws the shields of the United States and
+of Genoa. The rostra and the inscription on the column are in bronze.</p>
+
+<p>This great work was designed by Prof. Gaetano Russo, who was born in
+Messina, Sicily, fifty-seven years ago. Craving opportunities for study
+and improvement, he made his way to Rome when a mere lad but ten years
+old. In this great art center his genius developed early, and his later
+years have been filled with success. Senator Monteverde of Italy, one of
+the best sculptors of modern times,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> says that this is one of the finest
+monuments made during the last twenty-five years. On accepting the
+finished monument from the artist, the commission tendered him the
+following: "The monument of Columbus made by you will keep great in
+America the name of Italian art. It is very pleasant to convey to the
+United States&mdash;a strong, free, and independent people&mdash;the venerated
+resemblance of the man who made the civilization of America possible."</p>
+
+<p>On the sides of the base, between the massive posts which form the
+corners, are found the inscriptions in Italian and English, composed by
+Prof. Ugo Fleres of Rome, and being as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+TO<br />
+CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS,<br />
+THE ITALIANS RESIDENT IN AMERICA.<br /></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p class="center">SCOFFED AT BEFORE;<br />
+DURING THE VOYAGE, MENACED;<br />
+AFTER IT, CHAINED;<br />
+AS GENEROUS AS OPPRESSED,<br />
+TO THE WORLD HE GAVE A WORLD.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 15%; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p class="center">JOY AND GLORY<br />
+NEVER UTTERED A MORE THRILLING CALL<br />
+THAN THAT WHICH RESOUNDED<br />
+FROM THE CONQUERED OCEAN<br />
+IN SIGHT OF THE FIRST AMERICAN ISLAND,<br />
+LAND! LAND!<br /></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p class="center">
+ON THE XII. OF OCTOBER, MDCCCXCII<br />
+THE FOURTH CENTENARY<br />
+OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA,<br />
+IN IMPERISHABLE REMEMBRANCE.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Near the base of the monument, on the front of the pedestal, is a
+representation of the Genius of Geography in white Carrara marble. It is
+a little over eleven feet high, and is represented as a winged angel
+bending over the globe, which it is intently studying while held beneath
+the open hand.</p>
+
+<p>On the front and back of the base the corresponding spaces are filled
+with two magnificent allegorical pictures in bas-relief representing the
+departure from Spain and the landing in America of Columbus. The latter
+one is particularly impressive, and the story is most graphically told
+by the strongly drawn group, of which he is the principal figure,
+standing in at attitude of prayer upon the soil of the New World he has
+just discovered. To the left are his sailors drawing the keel of a boat
+upon the sand, and on the right the Indians peep cautiously out from a
+thicket of maize at the strange creatures whom they mistake for the
+messengers of the Great Spirit. Towering over all, at the apex of the
+column, stands the figure of the First Admiral himself, nobly portrayed
+in snowiest marble. The figure is fourteen feet in height and represents
+the bold navigator wearing the dress of the period, the richly
+embroidered doublet, or waistcoat, thrown back, revealing a kilt that
+falls in easy folds from a bodice drawn tightly over the broad chest
+beneath. Not only the attitude of the figure but the expression of the
+face is commanding, and as you look upon the clearly cut features you
+seem to feel instinctively the presence of the man of genius and power,
+which the artist has forcibly chiseled.</p>
+
+<p>The Italian government decided to send the monument here in the royal
+transport Garigliano. Also, as a token of their good-will to the United
+States, they ordered their first-class cruiser, Giovanni Bausan, to be
+in New York in time to take part in the ceremonies attending the
+unveil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>ing and also the ceremonies by the city and State of New York.</p>
+
+<p>All the work on the foundation was directed gratuitously by the
+architect V. Del Genoese and Italian laborers. The materials were
+furnished free by Messrs. Crimmins, Navarro, Smith &amp; Sons, and others.</p>
+
+<p>The executive committee in New York was composed of Chevalier C.
+Barsotti, president; C. A. Barattoni and E. Spinetti, vice-presidents;
+G. Starace, treasurer; E. Tealdi and G. N. Malferrari, secretaries; of
+the presidents of the Italian societies of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey
+City, and Hoboken; and of sixty-five members chosen from the subscribers
+as trustees.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBUS MEMORIAL ARCH IN NEW YORK.</h4>
+
+<p>Richard M. Hunt, John Lafarge, Augustus St. Gaudens, L. P. di Cesnola,
+and Robert J. Hoguet of the Sub-Committee on Art of the New York
+Columbian Celebration, awarded on September 1, 1892, the prizes offered
+for designs for an arch to be erected at the entrance to Central Park at
+Fifty-ninth Street and Fifth Avenue.</p>
+
+<p>The committee chose, from the numerous designs submitted, four which
+were of special excellence. That which was unanimously acknowledged to
+be the best was submitted with the identification mark, "Columbia," and
+proved to be the work of Henry B. Hertz of 22 West Forty-third Street.
+Mr. Hertz will receive a gold medal, and the arch which he has designed
+will be erected in temporary form for the Columbian celebration in
+October, 1892, and will be constructed as a permanent monument of marble
+and bronze to the Genius of Discovery if $350,000 can be secured to
+build it. The temporary structure is estimated to cost $7,500.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The design which the committee decided should receive the second prize
+was offered by Franklin Crosby Butler and Paul Emil Dubois of 80
+Washington Square, East, and was entitled, "The Santa Maria." A silver
+medal will be given to the architects. The designs selected for
+honorable mention were one of Moorish character, submitted by Albert
+Wahle of 320 East Nineteenth Street, and one entitled "Liberty," by J.
+C. Beeckman of 160 Fifth Avenue.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hertz' design was selected by the committee not alone for its
+artistic beauty, but because of its peculiar fitness. The main body of
+the arch is to be built of white marble, and with its fountains, its
+polished monolithic columns of pigeon-blood marble, its mosaic and gold
+inlaying, and the bas-relief work and surmounting group of bronze, the
+committee say it will be a monument to American architecture of which
+the city will be proud.</p>
+
+<p>From the ground to the top of the bronze caravel in the center of the
+allegorical group with which the arch will be surmounted the distance
+will be 160 feet, and the entire width of the arch will be 120 feet. The
+opening from the ground to the keystone will be eighty feet high and
+forty feet wide. On the front of each pier will be two columns of
+pigeon-blood-red marble. Between each pair of columns and at the base of
+each pier will be large marble fountains, the water playing about
+figures representing Victory and Immortality. These fountains will be
+lighted at night with electric lights. The surface of the piers between
+the columns will be richly decorated in bas-relief with gold and mosaic.
+Above each fountain will be a panel, one representing Columbus at the
+court of Spain, and the other the great discoverer at the Convent of
+R&aacute;bida, just before his departure on the voyage which resulted in the
+discovery of America. In the spaces on either side of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> crown of the
+arch will be colossal reclining figures of Victory in bas-relief.</p>
+
+<p>The highly decorated frieze will be of polished red marble, and
+surmounting the projecting keystone of the arch will be a bronze
+representation of an American eagle. On the central panel of the attic
+will be the inscription: "The United States of America, in Memorial
+Glorious to Christopher Columbus, Discoverer of America." The
+ornamentation of the attic consists of representations of Columbus'
+entrance into Madrid. Crowning all is to be a group in bronze symbolical
+of Discovery. In this group there will be twelve figures of heroic size,
+with a gigantic figure representing the Genius of Discovery heralding to
+the world the achievements of her children.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hertz, the designer, is only twenty-one years old, and is a student
+in the department of architecture of Columbia College.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SPANISH FOUNTAIN IN NEW YORK.</h4>
+
+<p>The Spanish-American citizens also wish to present a monument to the
+city in honor of the discovery. It is proposed to have a Columbus
+fountain, to be located on the Grand Central Park plaza, at Fifth Avenue
+and Fifty-ninth Street, in the near future. The statuary group of the
+fountain represents Columbus standing on an immense globe, and on either
+side of him is one of the Pinzon brothers, who commanded the Pinta and
+Ni&ntilde;a. Land has been discovered, and on the face of Columbus is an
+expression of prayerful thanksgiving. The brother Pinzon who discovered
+the land is pointing to it, while the other, with hand shading his eyes,
+anxiously seeks some sign of the new continent.</p>
+
+<p>It is proposed to cast the statuary group in New York of cannon donated
+by Spain and Spanish-American coun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>tries. The first of the cannon has
+already arrived, the gift of the republic of Spanish Honduras.</p>
+
+<p>The proposed inscription reads:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>A<br />
+COLON<br />
+y Los<br />
+PINZONES<br />
+Los Espa&ntilde;oles<br />
+E Hispa&ntilde;o-Americanos<br />
+De<br />
+Nueva York.</i><br />
+<br />
+To <span class="smcap">Columbus</span> and the <span class="smcap">Pinzons</span>, the Spaniards<br />
+and Spanish-Americans of New York.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>FESTIVAL ALLEGORY FOR THE NEW YORK CELEBRATION OF THE 400TH<br />ANNIVERSARY
+OF COLUMBUS' DISCOVERY, 1892.</h4>
+
+<p>One of the features of the New York celebration of the Columbus
+Quadro-Centennial is to be the production, October 10th, in the
+Metropolitan Opera House, of "The Triumph of Columbus," a festival
+allegory, by S. G. Pratt.</p>
+
+<p>The work is written for orchestra, chorus, and solo voices, and is in
+six scenes or parts, the first of which is described as being "in the
+nature of a prologue, wherein a dream of Columbus is pictured. Evil
+spirits and sirens hover about the sleeping mariner threatening and
+taunting him. The Spirit of Light appears, the tormentors vanish, and a
+chorus of angels join the Spirit of Light in a song of 'Hope and
+Faith.'"</p>
+
+<p>Part II. shows "the historical council at Salamanca; Dominican monks
+support Columbus, but Cardinal Talavera and other priests ridicule him."
+Columbus, to disprove their accusations of heresy on his part, quotes
+"sentence after sentence of the Bible in defense of his theory."</p>
+
+<p>Part III. represents Columbus and his boy Diego in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> poverty before the
+Convent La R&aacute;bida. They pray for aid, and are succored by Father Juan
+Perez and his monks.</p>
+
+<p>Part IV. contains a Spanish dance by the courtiers and ladies of Queen
+Isabella's court; a song by the Queen, wherein she tells of her
+admiration for Columbus; the appearance of Father Juan, who pleads for
+the navigator and his cause; the discouraging arguments of Talavera; the
+hesitation of the Queen; her final decision to help Columbus in his
+undertaking, and her prayer for the success of the voyage.</p>
+
+<p>Part V. is devoted to the voyage. Mr. Pratt has here endeavored to
+picture in a symphonic prelude "the peaceful progress upon the waters,
+the jubilant feeling of Columbus, and a flight of birds"&mdash;subjects
+dissimilar enough certainly to lend variety to any orchestral
+composition. The part, in addition to this prelude, contains the
+recitation by a sailor of "The Legend of St. Brandon's Isle"; a song by
+Columbus; the mutiny of the sailors, and Columbus' vain attempts to
+quell it; his appeal to Christ and the holy cross for aid, following
+which "the miraculous appearance takes place and the sailors are awed
+into submission"; the chanting of evening vespers; the firing of the
+signal gun which announces the discovery of land, and the singing of a
+<i>Gloria in Excelsis</i> by Columbus, the sailors, and a chorus of angels.</p>
+
+<p>Part VI. is the "grand pageantry of Columbus' reception at Barcelona. A
+triumphal march by chorus, band, and orchestra forms an accompaniment to
+a procession and the final reception."</p>
+
+
+<h4>STRANGE AND COLOSSAL MAN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From an introduction to "The Story of Columbus," in the New York
+<i>Herald</i>, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>What manner of man was this Columbus, this admiral of the seas and lord
+of the Indies, who gave to Castille and Leon a new world?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Was he the ill-tempered and crack-brained adventurer of the skeptic
+biographer, who weighed all men by the sum of ages and not by the age in
+which they lived, or the religious hero who carried a flaming cross into
+the darkness of the unknown West, as his reverential historians have
+painted him?</p>
+
+<p>There have been over six hundred biographers of this strange and
+colossal man, advancing all degrees of criticism, from filial affection
+to religious and fanatical hate, yet those who dwell in the lands he
+discovered know him only by his achievements, caring nothing about the
+trivial weaknesses of his private life.</p>
+
+<p>One of his fairest critics has said he was the conspicuous developer of
+a great world movement, the embodiment of the ripened aspirations of his
+time.</p>
+
+<p>His life is enveloped in an almost impenetrable veil of obscurity; in
+fact, the date and the place of his birth are in dispute. There are no
+authentic portraits of him, though hundreds have been printed.</p>
+
+<p>There are in existence many documents written by Columbus about his
+discoveries. When he set sail on his first voyage he endeavored to keep
+a log similar to the commentaries of C&aelig;sar. It is from this log that
+much of our present knowledge has been obtained, but it is a lamentable
+fact that, while Columbus was an extraordinary executive officer, his
+administrative ability was particularly poor, and in all matters of
+detail he was so careless as to be untrustworthy. Therefore, there are
+many statements in the log open to violent controversy.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TALES OF THE EAST.</h4>
+
+<p>It is probable that the letters of Toscanelli made a greater impression
+on the mind of Columbus than any other information he possessed. The
+aged Florentine entertained the brightest vision of the marvelous worth
+of the Asiatic region. He spoke of two hundred towns whose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> bridges
+spanned a single river, and whose commerce would excite the cupidity of
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>These were tales to stir circles of listeners wherever wandering mongers
+of caravels came and went. All sorts of visionary discoveries were made
+in those days. Islands were placed in the Atlantic that never existed,
+and wonderful tales were told of the great Island of Antilla, or the
+Seven Cities.</p>
+
+<p>The sphericity of the earth was becoming a favorite belief, though it
+must be borne in mind that education in those days was confined to the
+cloister, and any departure from old founded tenets was regarded as
+heresy. It was this peculiar doctrine that caused Columbus much
+embarrassment in subsequent years. His greatest enemies were the narrow
+minds that regarded religion as the <i>Ultima Thule</i> of intellectual
+endeavor. In spite of these facts, however, it was becoming more and
+more the popular belief that the world was not flat. One of the
+arguments used against Columbus was, that if the earth was not flat, and
+was round, he might sail down to the Indies, but he could certainly not
+sail up. Thus it was that fallacy after fallacy was thrown in
+argumentative form in his way, and the character of the man grows more
+wonderful as we see the obstacles over which he fought.</p>
+
+<p>From utter obscurity, from poverty, derision, and treachery, this
+unflinching spirit fought his way to a most courageous end, and in all
+the vicissitudes of his wonderful life he never compromised one iota of
+that dignity which he regarded as consonant with his lofty
+aspirations.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>A PROTEST AGAINST IGNORANCE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>New York <i>Tribune</i>, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The voyage of Columbus was a protest against the ignorance of the
+medi&aelig;val age. The discovery of the New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> World was the first sign of the
+real renaissance of the Old World. It created new heavens and a new
+earth, broadened immeasurably the horizon of men and nations, and
+transformed the whole order of European thought. Columbus was the
+greatest educator who ever lived, for he emancipated mankind from the
+narrowness of its own ignorance, and taught the great lesson that human
+destiny, like divine mercy, arches over the whole world. If a
+perspective of four centuries of progress could have floated like a
+mirage before the eyes of the great discoverer as he was sighting San
+Salvador, the American school-house would have loomed up as the greatest
+institution of the New World's future. Behind him he had left medi&aelig;val
+ignorance, encumbered with superstition, and paralyzed by an
+ecclesiastical pedantry which passed for learning. Before him lay a new
+world with the promise of the potency of civil and religious liberty,
+free education, and popular enlightenment. Because the school-house,
+like his own voyage, has been a protest against popular ignorance, and
+has done more than anything else to make our free America what it is, it
+would have towered above everything else in the mirage-like vision of
+the world's progress.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE EARTH'S ROTUNDITY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. Father <span class="smcap">Nugent</span> of Iowa. From an address printed in the
+Denver <i>Republican</i>, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The theory of the rotundity of the earth was not born with Columbus. It
+had been announced centuries before Christ, but the law of gravitation
+had not been discovered and the world found it impossible to think of
+another hemisphere in which trees would grow downward into the air and
+men walk with their heads suspended from their feet. The theologians and
+scholars who scoffed at Columbus' theory had better grounds for opposing
+him, according to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> the received knowledge of the time, than he for
+upholding his ideal. They were scientifically wrong and he was
+unscientifically correct.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HANDS ACROSS THE SEA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The President responds to a message from the Alcalde of Palos.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following cable messages were exchanged this day:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La R&aacute;bida</span>, August 3d. The President: To-day, 400 years ago, Columbus
+sailed from Palos, discovering America. The United States flag is being
+hoisted this moment in front of the Convent La R&aacute;bida, along with
+banners of all the American States. Batteries and ships saluting,
+accompanied by enthusiastic acclamations of the people, army, and navy.
+God bless America.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+<span class="smcap">Prieto</span>,<br />
+<i>Alcalde of Palos</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Department of State, Washington, D. C.</span>, August 3, 1892. Se&ntilde;or Prieto,
+Alcalde de Palos, La R&aacute;bida, Spain: The President of the United States
+directs me to cordially acknowledge your message of greeting. On this
+memorable day, thus fittingly celebrated, the people of the new western
+world, in grateful reverence to the name and fame of Columbus, join
+hands with the sons of the brave sailors of Palos and Huelva who manned
+the discoverer's caravels.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+<span class="smcap">Foster</span>,<br />
+<i>Secretary of State</i>.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PAN-AMERICAN TRIBUTE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The nations of North, South, and Central America in conference
+assembled, at Washington, D. C., from October 2, 1889, to April 19,
+1890.</p></div>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That in homage to the memory of the immortal discoverer of
+America, and in gratitude for the unparalleled service rendered by him
+to civilization and humanity, the International Conference hereby offers
+its hearty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> co-operation in the manifestations to be made in his honor
+on the occasion of the fourth centennial anniversary of the discovery of
+America.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GIFT OF SPAIN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Theodore Parker</span>, a distinguished American clergyman and scholar.
+Born at Lexington, Mass., August 24, 1810; died in Florence, Italy,
+May 10, 1860. From "New Assault upon Freedom in America."</p></div>
+
+<p>To Columbus, adventurous Italy's most venturous son, Spain gave,
+grudgingly, three miserable ships, wherewith that daring genius sailed
+through the classic and medi&aelig;val darkness which covered the great
+Atlantic deep, opening to mankind a new world, and new destination
+therein. No queen ever wore a diadem so precious as those pearls which
+Isabella dropped into the western sea, a bridal gift, whereby the Old
+World, well endowed with art and science, and the hoarded wealth of
+experience, wed America, rich only in her gifts from Nature and her
+hopes in time. The most valuable contribution Spain has made to mankind
+is three scant ships furnished to the Genoese navigator, whom the
+world's instinct pushed westward in quest of continents.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS THE BOLDEST NAVIGATOR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Capt. <span class="smcap">William H. Parker</span>, an American naval officer of the
+nineteenth century. From "Familiar Talks on Astronomy."<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Let us turn our attention to Christopher Columbus, the boldest navigator
+of his day; indeed, according to my view, the boldest man of whom we
+have any account in history.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> While all the other seamen of the known
+world were creeping along the shore, he heroically sailed forth on the
+broad ocean.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>When I look back upon my own voyages and recall the many anxious moments
+I have passed when looking for a port at night, and when I compare my
+own situation, supplied with accurate charts, perfect instruments, good
+sailing directions, everything, in short, that science can supply, and
+then think of Columbus in his little bark, his only instruments an
+imperfect compass and a rude astrolabe, <i>sailing forth upon an unknown
+sea</i>, I must award to him the credit of being the boldest seaman that
+ever "sailed the salt ocean."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Columbus, then, had made three discoveries before he discovered
+land&mdash;the trade-winds, the Sargasso Sea, and the variation of the
+compass.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="illus293" id="illus293"></a>
+
+<img src="images/illus-293.jpg" width="600" height="358" alt="THE MAP OF COLUMBUS&#39; PILOT, JUAN DE LA COSA.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE MAP OF COLUMBUS&#39; PILOT, JUAN DE LA COSA.<br />
+From the original in the Marine Museum, Madrid.<br />(See page <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>)</span>
+<br /><span class="link"><a href="images/illus-293-full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS THE PATRON SAINT OF REAL-ESTATE DEALERS.</h4>
+
+<p>At a banquet in Chicago of the real-estate brokers, a waggish orator
+remarked that Columbus, with his cry of "Land! Land!" was clearly the
+patron saint of American real-estate dealers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE MUTINY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Horatio J. Perry</span>, an American author. From "Reminiscences."</p></div>
+
+<p>When those Spanish mutineers leaped upon their Admiral's deck and
+advanced upon him sword in hand, every man of them was aware that
+according to all ordinary rules the safety of his own head depended on
+their going clean through and finishing their work. No compromise that
+should leave Columbus alive could possibly have suited them then.
+Nevertheless, at the bottom of it all, the moving impulse of those men
+was terror. They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> were banded for that work by a common fear and a
+common superstition, and it was only when they looked in the clear face
+of one wholly free from the influences which enslaved themselves, when
+they felt in their marrow that supreme expression of Columbus at the
+point of a miserable death&mdash;only then the revulsion of confidence in him
+suddenly relieved their own terrors. It was instinctive. This man knows!
+He does not deceive us! We fools are compromising the safety of all by
+quenching this light. He alone can get us through this business&mdash;that
+was the human instinct which responded to the look and bearing of
+Columbus at the moment when he was wholly lost, and when his life's
+work, his great voyage almost accomplished, was also to all appearance
+lost. The instinct was sure, the response was certain, from the instinct
+that its motive was also there sure and certain; but no other man in
+that age could have provoked it, no other but Columbus could be sure of
+what he was then doing.</p>
+
+<p>The mutineers went back to their work, and the ships went on. For three
+days previous, the Admiral, following some indications he had noted from
+the flight of birds, had steered southwest. Through that night of the
+10th and through the day of the 11th he still kept that course; but just
+at evening of the 11th he ordered the helm again to be put due west. The
+squadron had made eighty-two miles that day, and his practiced senses
+now taught him that land was indeed near. Without any hesitation he
+called together his chief officers, and announced to them that the end
+of their voyage was at hand; and he ordered the ships to sail well
+together, and to keep a sharp lookout through the night, as he expected
+land before the morning. Also, they had strict orders to shorten sail at
+midnight, and not to advance beyond half speed. Then he promised a
+velvet doublet of his own as a present to the man who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> should first make
+out the land. These details are well known, and they are authentic; and
+it is true also that these dispositions of the Admiral spread life
+throughout the squadron. Nobody slept that night. It was only
+twenty-four hours since they were ready to throw him overboard; but they
+now believed in him and bitterly accused one another.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE TRACK OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From a paper in <i>New England Magazine</i>, 1892, taken originally from
+a volume of "Reminiscences" left by <span class="smcap">Horatio J. Perry</span>, who made a
+voyage from Spain to New Orleans in 1847.</p></div>
+
+<p>A fortnight out at sea! We are upon the track of Christopher Columbus.
+Only three centuries and a half ago the keels of his caravels plowed for
+the first time these very waters, bearing the greatest heart and wisest
+head of his time, and one of the grandest figures in all history.</p>
+
+<p>To conceive Columbus at his true value requires some effort in our age,
+when the earth has been girdled and measured, when the sun has been
+weighed and the planets brought into the relation of neighbors over the
+way, into whose windows we are constantly peeping in spite of the social
+gulf which keeps us from visiting either Mars or Venus. It is not easy
+to put ourselves back into the fifteenth century and limit ourselves as
+those men were limited.</p>
+
+<p>I found it an aid to my comprehension of Columbus, this chance which
+sent me sailing over the very route of his great voyage. It is not, even
+now, a frequented route. The bold Spanish and Portuguese navigators of
+the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are no longer found upon it. The
+trade of the Indies has passed into other hands, and this is not the
+road from England to the West Indies or to America.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Thus you may still sail for weeks in these seas without ever meeting a
+ship. Leaving Madeira or the Canaries, you may even reach those western
+lands he reached without having seen or felt any other sign or incident
+except precisely such as were noted by him.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DEATH WAS COLUMBUS' FRIEND.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Oskar Ferdinand Peschel</span>, a noted German geographer. Born at
+Dresden, March 17, 1826; died, August 31, 1875.</p></div>
+
+<p>Death saved Columbus the infliction of a blow which he probably would
+have felt more than Bobadilla's fetters. He was allowed to carry to the
+grave the glorious illusion that Cuba was a province of the Chinese
+Empire, that Hispaniola was the Island Zipangu, and that only a narrow
+strip of land, instead of a hemisphere covered by water, intervened
+between the Caribbean Sea and the Bay of Bengal.</p>
+
+<p>The discoverer of America died without suspecting that he had found a
+new continent. He regarded the distance between Spain and Jamaica as a
+third part of the circumference of the globe, and announced, "The earth
+is by no means as large as is popularly supposed."</p>
+
+<p>The extension of the world by a new continent had no place in his
+conceptions, and the greatness of his achievement would have been
+lessened in his eyes if he had been permitted to discover a second vast
+ocean beyond that which he had traversed, for he would have seen that he
+had but half accomplished his object, the connection of Europe with the
+East.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PETRARCH'S TRIBUTE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Francesco Petrarch</span>, Italian poet. Born at Arezzo, in Tuscany, July
+20, 1304; died at Arqu&aacute;, near Padua, July 19, 1374.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The daylight hastening with wing&eacute;d steps,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perchance to gladden the expectant eyes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of far-off nations in a world remote.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS A VOLUMINOUS WRITER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Barnet Phillips</span>, in <i>Harper's Weekly</i>, June 25, 1892, on "The
+Columbus Festival at Genoa."<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It can not be questioned but that Christopher Columbus was a voluminous
+writer. Mr. Justin Winsor, who has made careful researches, says that
+"ninety-seven distinct pieces of writing by the hand of Columbus either
+exist or are known to have existed. Of such, whether memoirs, relations,
+or letters, sixty-four are preserved in their entirety." Columbus seems
+to have written all his letters in Spanish. Genoa is fortunate in
+possessing a number of authentic letters, and these are preserved in a
+marble custodia, surmounted by a head of Columbus. In the pillar which
+forms the pedestal there is a bronze door, and the precious Columbus
+documents have been placed there. (See p. 54, <i>ante</i>.)</p>
+
+
+<h4>HIS LIFE WAS A PATH OF THORNS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Robert Pollok</span>, a Scottish poet of some note. Born at Muirhouse,
+Renfrewshire, 1798; died near Southampton, September, 1827.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, who can tell what days, what nights, he spent,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of tideless, waveless, sailless, shoreless woe!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And who can tell how many glorious once,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To him, of brilliant promise full&mdash;wasted,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And pined, and vanished from the earth!</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>UNWEPT, UNHONORED, AND UNSUNG.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">W. F. Poole, LL. D</span>., Librarian of the Newberry Library, Chicago.
+From "Christopher Columbus," in <i>The Dial</i> for April, 1892.
+Published by <i>The Dial</i> Company, Chicago.</p></div>
+
+<p>It had been well for the reputation of Columbus if he had died in 1493,
+when he returned from his first voyage. He had found a pathway to a land
+beyond the western ocean; and although he had no conception of what he
+had discovered, it was the most important event in the history<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> of the
+fifteenth century. There was nothing left for him to do to increase his
+renown. A coat-of-arms had been assigned him, and he rode on horseback
+through the streets of Barcelona, with the King on one side of him and
+Prince Juan on the other. His enormous claims for honors and emoluments
+had been granted. His first letter of February, 1493, printed in several
+languages, had been read in the courts of Europe with wonder and
+amazement. "What delicious food for an ingenious mind!" wrote Peter
+Martyr. In England, it was termed "a thing more divine than human." No
+other man ever rose to such a pinnacle of fame so suddenly; and no other
+man from such a height ever dropped out of sight so quickly. His three
+later voyages were miserable failures; a pitiful record of misfortunes,
+blunders, cruelties, moral delinquencies, quarrels, and impotent
+complainings. They added nothing to the fund of human knowledge, or to
+his own. On the fourth voyage he was groping about to find the River
+Ganges, the great Khan of China, and the earthly paradise. His two
+subsequent years of disappointment and sickness and poverty were
+wretchedness personified. Other and more competent men took up the work
+of discovery, and in thirteen years after the finding of a western route
+to India had been announced, the name and personality of Columbus had
+almost passed from the memory of men. He died at Valladolid, May 20,
+1506; and outside of a small circle of relatives, his body was committed
+to the earth with as little notice and ceremony as that of an unknown
+beggar on its way to the potter's field. Yet the Spanish court was in
+the town at the time. Peter Martyr was there, writing long letters of
+news and gossip; and in five that are still extant there is no mention
+of the sickness and death of Columbus. Four weeks later an official
+document had the brief mention that "the Admiral is dead." Two Italian
+authors,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> making, one and two years later, some corrections pertaining
+to his early voyages, had not heard of his death.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NEW STAMPS FOR WORLD'S FAIR YEAR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From the New York <i>Commercial Advertiser</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Third Assistant Postmaster-General Hazen is preparing the designs for a
+set of "Jubilee" stamps, to be issued by the Postoffice Department in
+honor of the quadri-centennial. That is, he is getting together material
+which will suggest to him the most appropriate subjects to be
+illustrated on these stamps. He has called on the Bureau of American
+Republics for some of the Columbian pictures with which it is
+overflowing, and he recently took a big portfolio of them down into the
+country to examine at his leisure.</p>
+
+<p>One of the scenes to be illustrated, undoubtedly, will be the landing of
+Columbus. The Convent of La R&aacute;bida, where Columbus is supposed to have
+been housed just before his departure from Spain on his voyage of
+discovery, will probably be the chief figure of another. The head of
+Columbus will decorate one of the stamps&mdash;probably the popular 2-cent
+stamp. Gen. Hazen resents the suggestion that the 5-cent, or foreign,
+stamp be made the most ornate in the collection. He thinks that the
+American public is entitled to the exclusive enjoyment of the most
+beautiful of the new stamps.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, the stamps will be of chief value to the Exposition, as they
+advertise it among the people of America. The Jubilee stamps will be one
+of the best advertisements the World's Fair will have. It would not be
+unfair if the Postoffice Department should demand that the managers of
+the World's Fair pay the additional expense of getting out the new
+issue. But the stamp collectors will save the department the necessity
+of doing that.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It may be that the issue of the current stamps will not be suspended
+when the Jubilee stamps come in; but it is altogether likely that the
+issue will be suspended for a year, and that at the end of that time the
+dies and plates for the Jubilee stamps will be destroyed and the old
+dies and plates will be brought out and delivered to the contractor
+again. These dies and plates are always subject to the order of the
+Postmaster-general. He can call for them at any time, and the contractor
+must deliver them into his charge.</p>
+
+<p>While they are in use they are under the constant supervision of a
+government agent, and the contractor is held responsible for any plate
+that might be made from his dies and for any stamps that might be
+printed surreptitiously from such plates.</p>
+
+<p>An oddity in the new series will be the absence of the faces of
+Washington and Franklin. The first stamps issued by the Postoffice
+Department were the 5 and 10 cent stamps of 1847. One of these bore the
+head of Washington and the other that of Franklin. From that day to this
+these heads have appeared on some two of the stamps of the United
+States. In the Jubilee issue they will be missing, unless Mr. Wanamaker
+or Mr. Hazen changes the present plan. It is intended now that only one
+portrait shall appear on any of the stamps, and that one will be of
+Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>It will take some time to prepare the designs for the new stamps, after
+the selection of the subjects, but Gen. Hazen expects to have them on
+sale the 1st of January next. The subjects will be sent to the American
+Bank Note Company, which will prepare the designs and submit them for
+approval. When they are approved, the dies will be prepared and proofs
+sent to the department. Five engravings were made before an acceptable
+portrait of Gen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> Grant was obtained for use on the current 5-cent
+stamp. Gen. Grant, by the way, was the only living American whose
+portrait during his lifetime was under consideration in getting up stamp
+designs.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CHARACTER OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Hickling Prescott</span>, an eminent American historian. Born at
+Salem, Mass., May 4, 1796; died January 28, 1859. From "Ferdinand
+and Isabella."</p></div>
+
+<p>There are some men in whom rare virtues have been closely allied, if not
+to positive vice, to degrading weakness. Columbus' character presented
+no such humiliating incongruity. Whether we contemplate it in its public
+or private relations, in all its features it wears the same noble
+aspect. It was in perfect harmony with the grandeur of his plans and
+their results, more stupendous than those which heaven has permitted any
+other mortal to achieve.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FROM PALOS TO BARCELONA&mdash;HIS TRIUMPH.</h4>
+
+<p>The bells sent forth a joyous peal in honor of his arrival; but the
+Admiral was too desirous of presenting himself before the sovereigns to
+protract his stay long at Palos. His progress through Seville was an
+ovation. It was the middle of April before Columbus reached Barcelona.
+The nobility and cavaliers in attendance on the court, together with the
+authorities of the city, came to the gates to receive him, and escorted
+him to the royal presence. Ferdinand and Isabella were seated with their
+son, Prince John, under a superb canopy of state, awaiting his arrival.
+On his approach they rose from their seats, and, extending their hands
+to him to salute, caused him to be seated before them. These were
+unprecedented marks of condescension to a person of Columbus' rank in
+the haughty and ceremonious court of Castille. It was, indeed, the
+proudest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> moment in the life of Columbus. He had fully established the
+truth of his long-contested theory, in the face of argument, sophistry,
+sneer, skepticism, and contempt. After a brief interval the sovereigns
+requested from Columbus a recital of his adventures; and when he had
+done so, the King and Queen, together with all present, prostrated
+themselves on their knees in grateful thanksgivings, while the solemn
+strains of the <i>Te Deum</i> were poured forth by the choir of the royal
+chapel, as in commemoration of some glorious victory.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CLAIM OF THE NORSEMEN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From an editorial in <i>Public Opinion</i>, Washington.</p></div>
+
+<p>Modern historians are pretty generally agreed that America was actually
+first made known to the Eastern world by the indefatigable Norsemen.
+Yet, in spite of this fact, Columbus has been, and still continues to
+be, revered as the one man to whose genius and courage the discovery of
+the New World is due. Miss Brown, in her "Icelandic Discoverers," justly
+says it should be altogether foreign to American institutions and ideas
+of liberty and honor to countenance longer the worship of a false idol.
+The author first proceeds to set forth the evidence upon which the
+claims of the Norsemen rest. The author charges that the heads of the
+Roman Catholic church were early cognizant of this discovery of the
+Norsemen, but that they suppressed this information. The motives for
+this concealment are charged to their well-known reluctance to allow any
+credit to non-Catholic believers, under which head, at that time, the
+Norsemen were included. They preferred that the New World should first
+be made known to Southern Europe by adherents to the Roman Catholic
+faith. Most damaging evidence against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> Columbus' having originated,
+unaided, the idea of a western world or route to India is furnished by
+the fact that he visited Iceland in person in the spring of 1477, when
+he must have heard rumors of the early voyages. He is known to have
+visited the harbor at Hvalfjord, on the south coast of Iceland, at a
+time when that harbor was most frequented, and also at the same time
+when Bishop Magnus is known to have been there. They must have met, and,
+as they had means of communicating through the Latin language, would
+naturally have spoken of these distant countries. We have no hint of the
+object of this visit of Columbus, for he scrupulously avoids subsequent
+mention of it; but the author pleases to consider it as a secret
+mission, instigated by the Church for the purpose of obtaining all
+available information concerning the Norse discoveries. Certain it is
+that soon after his return to Spain we find him petitioning the King and
+Queen for a grant of ships and men to further the enterprise; and he was
+willing to wait for more than fourteen years before he obtained them.
+His extravagant demands of the King and Queen concerning the rights,
+titles, and percentage of all derived from the countries "he was about
+to discover," can hardly be viewed in any other light than that of
+positive knowledge concerning their existence.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PULCI'S PROPHECY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Luigi Pulci</span>, an Italian poet. Born at Florence in 1431; died about
+1487.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Men shall descry another hemisphere,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Since to one common center all things tend;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So earth, by curious mystery divine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Well balanced hangs amid the starry spheres.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At our antipodes are cities, states,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And thronged empires ne'er divined of yore.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHRISTOPHER, THE CHRIST-BEARER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">George Payne Quackenbos</span>, an American teacher and educational
+writer. Born in New York, 1826; died December 24, 1881.</p></div>
+
+<p>Full of religious enthusiasm, he regarded this voyage to the western
+seas as his peculiar mission, and himself&mdash;as his name, <span class="smcap">Christopher</span>,
+imports&mdash;the appointed <i>Christ-bearer</i>, or <i>gospel-bearer</i>, to the
+natives of the new lands he felt that he was destined to discover.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PLEADING WITH KINGS FOR A NEW WORLD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">Myron Reed</span>, a celebrated American clergyman of the present
+day.</p></div>
+
+<p>Here is Columbus. Somehow I think he is more of a man while he is
+begging for ships and a crew, when he is in mid-ocean sailing to
+discover America, than when he found it.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LAST DAYS OF THE VOYAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>The last days of the voyage of Columbus were lonesome days. He had to
+depend on his own vision. I do not know what he had been&mdash;probably a
+buccaneer. We know that he was to be a trader in slaves. But in spite of
+what he had been and was to become, once he was great.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>ROLL OF THE CREWS OF THE THREE CARAVELS.</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Crew of the Santa Maria</span>.&mdash;<i>Admiral</i>, Cristoval Colon; <i>Master and
+owner</i>, Juan de la Cosa of Santo&ntilde;a; <i>Pilot</i>, Sancho Ruiz; <i>Boatswain</i>,
+Maestre Diego; <i>Surgeon</i>, Maestre Alonzo of Moguer; <i>Assistant Surgeon</i>,
+Maestre Juan; <i>Overseer</i>, Rodrigo Sanchez of Segovia; <i>Secretary</i>,
+*Rodrigo de Escobedo<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>; <i>Master at Arms</i>, *Diego de Arana<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> of Cordova;
+<i>Volunteer</i>, *Pedro Gutierrez, (A gentleman of the King's bedchamber);
+<i>Volunteer</i>, *Bachiller Bernardo de Tapia of Ledesma; <i>Steward</i>, Pedro
+Terreros; <i>Admiral's Servant</i>, Diego de Salcedo; <i>Page</i>, Pedro de
+Acevedo; <i>Interpreter</i>, Luis de Torres, (A converted Jew); <i>Seamen</i>,
+Rodrigo de Jerez, Garcia Ruiz of Santo&ntilde;a, Pedro de Villa of Santo&ntilde;a,
+Rodrigo Escobar, Francisco of Huelva, Ruy Fernandez of Huelva, Pedro
+Bilbao of Larrabezua, *Alonzo Velez of Seville, *Alonzo Perez Osorio;
+<i>Assayer and Silversmith</i>, *Castillo of Seville; <i>Seamen of the Santa
+Maria</i>, *Antonio of Jaen, *Alvaro Perez Osorio, *Cristoval de Alamo of
+Niebla, *Diego Garcia of Jerez, *Diego de Tordoya of Cabeza de Vaca,
+*Diego de Capilla of Almeden, *Diego of Mambles, *Diego de Mendoza,
+*Diego de Montalvan of Jaen, *Domingo de Bermeo, *Francisco de Godoy of
+Seville, *Francisco de Vergara of Seville, *Francisco of Aranda,
+*Francisco Henao of Avila, *Francisco Jimenes of Seville, *Gabriel
+Baraona of Belmonte, *Gonzalo Fernandez of Segovia, *Gonzalo Fernandez
+of Leon, *Guillermo Ires of Galway, *Jorge Gonzalez of Trigueros, *Juan
+de Cueva, *Juan Pati&ntilde;o of La Serena, *Juan del Barco of Avila, *Pedro
+Carbacho of Caceres, *Pedro of Talavera, *Sebastian of Majorca,
+*Tallarte de Lajes (Ingles).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Crew of the Pinta.</span>&mdash;<i>Captain of the Pinta</i>, Martin Alonzo Pinzon;
+<i>Master</i>, Francisco Martin Pinzon; <i>Pilot of the vessel</i>, Cristoval
+Garcia Sarmiento; <i>Boatswain</i>, Bartolom&egrave; Garcia; <i>Surgeon</i>, Garci
+Hernandez; <i>Purser</i>, Juan de Jerez; <i>Caulker</i>, Juan Perez; <i>Seamen</i>,
+Rodrigo Bermudez de Triana of Alcala de la Guadaira, Juan Rodriguez
+Bermejo of Molinos, Juan de Sevilla, Garcia Alonzo, Gomez Rascon
+(owner), Cristoval Quintero (owner), Diego Bermudez, Juan Bermudez,
+Francisco Garcia Gal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>legos of Moguer, Francisco Garcia Vallejo, Pedro de
+Arcos.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Crew of the Ni&ntilde;a</span>.&mdash;<i>Captain of the Ni&ntilde;a</i>, Vicente Ya&ntilde;ez Pinzon; <i>Master
+and part owner of the vessel</i>, Juan Ni&ntilde;o; <i>Pilots</i>, Pero Alonzo Ni&ntilde;o,
+Bartolom&egrave; Roldan; <i>Seamen</i> <i>of the Ni&ntilde;a</i>, Francisco Ni&ntilde;o, Gutierrez
+Perez, Juan Ortiz, Alonso Gutierrez Querido, *Diego de Torpa<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>,
+*Francisco Fernandez, *Hernando de Porcuna, *Juan de Urniga, *Juan
+Morcillo, *Juan del Villar, *Juan de Mendoza, *Martin de Logrosan,
+*Pedro de Foronda, *Tristan de San Jorge.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS A THEORETICAL CIRCUMNAVIGATOR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Clark Ridpath, LL. D.</span>, an American author and educator. Born
+in Putnam County, Indiana, April 26, 1840. From "History of United
+States," 1874.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir John Mandeville had declared in the very first English book that
+ever was written (A. D. 1356) that the world is a sphere, and that it
+was both possible and practicable for a man to sail around the world and
+return to the place of starting; but neither Sir John himself nor any
+other seaman of his times was bold enough to undertake so hazardous an
+enterprise. Columbus was, no doubt, the first <i>practical</i> believer in
+the theory of circumnavigation, and although he never sailed around the
+world himself, he demonstrated the possibility of doing so.</p>
+
+<p>The great mistake with Columbus and others who shared his opinions was
+not concerning the figure of the earth, but in regard to its size. He
+believed the world to be no more than 10,000 or 12,000 miles in
+circumference. He therefore confidently expected that after sailing
+about 3,000 miles to the westward he should arrive at the East Indies,
+and to do that was the one great purpose of his life.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>AN IMPORTANT FIND OF MSS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Juan F. Ria&ntilde;o.</span> "Review of Continental Literature," July, 1891, to
+July, 1892. From "<i>The Athen&aelig;um</i>" (England), July 2, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The excitement about Columbus has rather been heightened by the
+accidental discovery of three large holograph volumes, in quarto, of Fr.
+Bartolom&eacute; de Las Casas, the Bishop of Chiapa, who, as is well known,
+accompanied the navigator in his fourth voyage to the West Indies. The
+volumes were deposited by Las Casas in San Gregorio de Valladolid, where
+he passed the last years of his life in retirement. There they remained
+until 1836, when, owing to the suppression of the monastic orders, the
+books of the convent were dispersed, and the volumes of the Apostle of
+the Indies, as he is still called, fell into the hands of a collector of
+the name of Acosta, from whom a grandson named Arcos inherited them.
+Though written in the bishop's own hand, they are not of great value, as
+they only contain his well-known "Historia Apologetica de las Indias,"
+of which no fewer than three different copies, dating from the sixteenth
+century, are to be found here at Madrid, and the whole was published
+some years ago in the "Documentos In&eacute;ditos para la Historia de Espa&ntilde;a."</p>
+
+<p>The enthusiasm for Columbus and his companions has not in the least
+damped the ardor of my countrymen for every sort of information
+respecting their former colonies, in America or their possessions in the
+Indian Archipelago and on the northern coast of Africa. Respecting the
+former I may mention the second volume of the "Historia del Nuevo
+Mundo," by Cobo, 1645; the third and fourth volume of the "Origen de los
+Indios del Peru, Mexico, Santa F&eacute;y Chile," by Diego Andr&eacute;s Rocha; "De
+las Gentes del Peru," forming part of the "Historia Apologetica," by
+Bartolom&eacute; de las Casas, though not found in his three holograph volumes
+recently discovered.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHILDREN OF THE SUN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Robertson</span> (usually styled Principal <span class="smcap">Robertson</span>), a
+celebrated Scottish historian. Born at Bosthwick, Mid-Lothian,
+September 19, 1721; died June, 1793.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus was the first European who set foot in the New World which he
+had discovered. He landed in a rich dress, and with a naked sword in his
+hand. His men followed, and, kneeling down, they all kissed the ground
+which they had long desired to see. They next erected a crucifix, and
+prostrating themselves before it returned thanks to God for conducting
+their voyage to such a happy issue.</p>
+
+<p>The Spaniards while thus employed were surrounded by many of the
+natives, who gazed in silent admiration upon actions which they could
+not comprehend, and of which they could not foresee the consequences.
+The dress of the Spaniards, the whiteness of their skins, their beards,
+their arms, appeared strange and surprising. The vast machines in which
+the Spaniards had traversed the ocean, that seemed to move upon the
+water with wings, and uttered a dreadful sound, resembling thunder,
+accompanied with lightning and smoke, struck the natives with such
+terror that they began to respect their new guests as a superior order
+of beings, and concluded that they were children of the sun, who had
+descended to visit the earth.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>To all the kingdoms of Europe, Christopher Columbus, by an effort of
+genius and of intrepidity the boldest and most successful that is
+recorded in the annals of mankind, added a new world.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="illus311" id="illus311"></a>
+<img src="images/illus311.jpg" width="600" height="367" alt="THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT," title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT, Paseo de la Reforma, City of
+Mexico. Sculptor, M, Cordier.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>THE BRONZE DOOR AT WASHINGTON.</h4>
+
+<p>This is the main central door of the Capitol at Washington, D. C., and
+on it is a pictured history of events<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> connected with the life of
+Columbus and the discovery of America.</p>
+
+
+<p>The door weighs 20,000 pounds; is seventeen feet high and nine feet
+wide; it is folding or double, and stands sunk back inside of a bronze
+casing, which projects about a foot forward from the leaves or valves.
+On this casing are four figures at the top and bottom, representing
+Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. A border, emblematic of conquest and
+navigation, runs along the casing between them.</p>
+
+<p>The door has eight panels besides the semicircular one at the top. In
+each panel is a picture in <i>alto-relievo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It was designed by Randolph Rogers, an American, and modeled by him in
+Rome, in 1858; and was cast by F. Von Muller, at Munich, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>The story the door tells is the history of Columbus and the discovery of
+America.</p>
+
+<p>The panel containing the earliest event in the life of the discoverer is
+the lowest one on the south side, and represents "Columbus undergoing an
+examination before the Council of Salamanca."</p>
+
+<p>The panel above it contains "Columbus' departure from the Convent of
+Santa Maria de la R&aacute;bida," near Palos. He is just setting out to visit
+the Spanish court.</p>
+
+<p>The one above it is his "audience at the court of Ferdinand and
+Isabella."</p>
+
+<p>The next panel is the top one of this half of the door, and represents
+the "starting of Columbus from Palos on his first voyage."</p>
+
+<p>The transom panel occupies the semicircular sweep over the whole door.
+The extended picture here is the "first landing of the Spaniards at San
+Salvador."</p>
+
+<p>The top panel on the other leaf of the door represents the "first
+encounter of the discoverers with the natives." In it one of the sailors
+is seen bringing an Indian girl on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> his shoulders a prisoner. The
+transaction aroused the stern indignation of Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>The panel next below this one has in it "the triumphal entry of Columbus
+into Barcelona."</p>
+
+<p>The panel below this represents a very different scene, and is "Columbus
+in chains."</p>
+
+<p>In the next and last panel is the "death scene." Columbus lies in bed;
+the last rites of the Catholic church have been administered; friends
+and attendants are around him; and a priest holds up a crucifix for him
+to kiss, and upon it bids him fix his dying eyes.</p>
+
+<p>On the door, on the sides and between the panels, are sixteen small
+statues, set in niches, of eminent contemporaries of Columbus. Their
+names are marked on the door, and beginning at the bottom, on the side
+from which we started in numbering the panels, we find the figure in the
+lowest niche is Juan Perez de la Marchena, prior of La R&aacute;bida; then
+above him is Hernando Cortez; and again, standing over him, is Alonzo de
+Ojeda.</p>
+
+<p>Amerigo Vespucci occupies the next niche on the door.</p>
+
+<p>Then, opposite in line, across the door, standing in two niches, side by
+side, are Cardinal Mendoza and Pope Alexander VI.</p>
+
+<p>Then below them stand Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain;
+beneath them stands the Lady Beatrice Enriquez de Bobadilla; beside her
+is Charles VIII., King of France.</p>
+
+<p>The first figure of the lowest pair on the door is Henry VII. of
+England; beside him stands John II., King of Portugal.</p>
+
+<p>Then, in the same line with them, across the panel, is Alonzo Pinzon.</p>
+
+<p>In the niche above Alonzo Pinzon stands Bartolomeo Columbus, the brother
+of the great navigator.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then comes Vasco Nu&ntilde;ez de Balboa, and in the niche above, again at the
+top of the door, stands the figure of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror
+of Peru.</p>
+
+<p>Between the panels and at top and bottom of the valves of the door are
+ten projecting heads. Those between the panels are historians who have
+written Columbus' voyages from his own time down to the present day,
+ending with Washington Irving and William Hickling Prescott.</p>
+
+<p>The two heads at the tops of the valves are female heads, while the two
+next the floor possess Indian characteristics.</p>
+
+<p>Above, over the transom arch, looks down, over all, the serene grand
+head of Columbus. Beneath it, the American eagle spreads out his widely
+extended wings.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rogers<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> received $8,000 for his models, and Mr. Von Muller was
+paid $17,000 in gold for casting the door. To a large portion of this
+latter sum must be added the high premium on exchange which ruled during
+the war, the cost of storage and transportation, and the expense of the
+erection of the door in the Capitol after its arrival. These items
+would, added together, far exceed $30,000 in the then national currency.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SANTA MARIA R&Aacute;BIDA, THE CONVENT&mdash;R&Aacute;BIDA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Samuel Rogers</span>, the English banker-poet. Born near London, July 30,
+1763; died December, 1855. Translated from a Castilian MS., and
+printed as an introduction to his poem, "The Voyage of Columbus."
+It is stated that he spent $50,000 in the illustrations of this
+volume of his poems.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">In R&aacute;bida's monastic fane</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">I can not ask, and ask in vain;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The language of Castille I speak,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">'Mid many an Arab, many a Greek,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Old in the days of Charlemagne,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">When minstrel-music wandered round,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And science, waking, blessed the sound.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">No earthly thought has here a place,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The cowl let down on every face;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Yet here, in consecrated dust,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Here would I sleep, if sleep I must.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">From Genoa, when Columbus came</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">(At once her glory and her shame),</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">'T was here he caught the holy flame;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">'T was here the generous vow he made;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">His banners on the altar laid.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Here, tempest-worn and desolate,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">A pilot journeying through the wild</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stopped to solicit at the gate</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">A pittance for his child.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">'T was here, unknowing and unknown,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">He stood upon the threshold stone.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">But hope was his, a faith sublime,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">That triumphs over place and time;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And here, his mighty labor done,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And here, his course of glory run,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Awhile as more than man he stood,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">So large the debt of gratitude.</span><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who the great secret of the deep possessed,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And, issuing through the portals of the West,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fearless, resolved, with every sail unfurled,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Planted his standard on the unknown world.</span><br />
+</p>
+<p class="author">&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>GENOA.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy brave mariners,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They had fought so often by thy side,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Staining the mountain billows.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>LAUNCHED OUT INTO THE DEEP.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Russell</span>, American author and educationist. Born in
+Scotland, 1798; died, 1873. From his "Modern History."</p></div>
+
+<p>Transcendent genius and superlative courage experience almost equal
+difficulty in carrying their designs into execution when they depend on
+the assistance of others. Columbus possessed both&mdash;he exerted both; and
+the concurrence of other heads and other hearts was necessary to give
+success to either; he had indolence and cowardice to encounter, as well
+as ignorance and prejudice. He had formerly been ridiculed as a
+visionary, he was now pitied as a desperado. The Portuguese navigators,
+in accomplishing their first discoveries, had always some reference to
+the coast; cape had pointed them to cape; but Columbus, with no landmark
+but the heavens, nor any guide but the compass, boldly launched into the
+ocean, without knowing what shore should receive him or where he could
+find rest for the sole of his foot.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STATUARY AT SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA.</h4>
+
+<p>One of the principal features in the State capitol at Sacramento is a
+beautiful and artistic group of statuary, cut from a solid block of
+purest white marble. It represents Columbus pleading the cause of his
+project before Queen Isabella of Spain. The Spanish sovereign is seated;
+at her left hand kneels the First Admiral, while an attendant page<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> on
+the right watches with wonder the nobly generous action of the Queen.
+Columbus, with a globe in his hand, contends that the world is round,
+and pleads for assistance to fit out an expedition to discover the New
+World. The royal reply is, "I will assume the undertaking for my own
+crown of Castille, and am ready to pledge my jewels to defray its
+expense, if the funds in the treasury shall be found inadequate," The
+group, which is said to be a masterpiece of work, the only piece of its
+kind in the United States, was executed in Florence, Italy, by Larkin G.
+Mead of Vermont, an American artist of known reputation. Costing
+$60,000, it was presented to the State of California, in 1883, by Mr. D.
+O. Mills.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A MONUMENT NEAR SALAMANCA.</h4>
+
+<p>At Valcuebo, a country farm once belonging to the Dominicans of
+Salamanca, Columbus was entertained by Diego de Deza&mdash;prior of the great
+Dominican convent of San Esteban and professor of theology at
+Salamanca&mdash;while the Junta [committee] of Spanish ecclesiastics
+considered his prospects. His residence there was a peaceful oasis in
+the stormy life of the great discoverer. The little grange still stands
+at a distance of about three miles west of Salamanca, and the country
+people have a tradition that on the crest of a small hill near the
+house, now called "Teso de Colon" (i. e., Columbus' Peak), the future
+discoverer used to pass long hours conferring with his visitors or
+reading in solitude. The present owner, Don Martin de Solis, has erected
+a monument on this hill, consisting of a stone pyramid surmounted by a
+globe; it commemorates the spot where the storm-tossed hero enjoyed a
+brief interval of peace and rest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Manoel Francisco de Barros y Souza, Viscount Santarem</span>, a noted
+Portuguese diplomatist and writer. Born at Lisbon, 1790; died,
+1856.</p></div>
+
+<p>If Columbus was not the first to discover America, he was, at least, the
+man who <i>re</i>discovered it, and in a positive and definite shape
+communicated the knowledge of it. For, if he verified what the Egyptian
+priest indicated to Solon, the Athenian, as is related by Plato in the
+Tim&oelig;us respecting the Island of Atlantis; if he realized the
+hypothesis of Actian; if he accomplished the prophecy of Seneca in the
+Medea; if he demonstrated that the story of the mysterious Carthaginian
+vessel, related by Aristotle and Theophrastus, was not a dream; if he
+established by deeds that there was nothing visionary in what St.
+Gregory pointed at in one of his letters to St. Clement; if, in a word,
+Columbus proved by his discovery the existence of the land which Madoc
+had visited before him, as Hakluyt and Powell pretended; and ascertained
+for a certainty that which for the ancients had always been so
+uncertain, problematical, and mysterious&mdash;his glory becomes only the
+more splendid, and more an object to command admiration.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SANTIAGO BUST.</h4>
+
+<p>At Santiago, Chili, a marble bust of Columbus is to be found, with a
+face modeled after the De Bry portrait, an illustration of which latter
+appears in these pages. The bust has a Dutch cap and garments.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ST. LOUIS STATUE.</h4>
+
+<p>In the city of St. Louis, Mo., a statue of Columbus has been erected as
+the gift of Mr. Henry D. Shaw. It consists of a heroic-sized figure of
+Columbus in gilt bronze,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> upon a granite pedestal, which has four bronze
+<i>basso relievos</i> of the principal events in his career. The face of the
+statue follows the Genoa model, and the statue was cast at Munich.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOUTHERN AMERICA'S TRIBUTE.</h4>
+
+<p>At Lima, Peru, a fine group of statuary was erected in 1850,
+representing Columbus in the act of raising an Indian girl from the
+ground. Upon the front of the marble pedestal is the simple dedication:
+"&Aacute; Cristoval Colon" (To Christopher Columbus), and upon the other three
+faces are appropriate nautical designs.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE STATUE IN BOSTON.</h4>
+
+<p>In addition to the Iasigi statue, Boston boasts of one of the most
+artistic statues to Columbus, and will shortly possess a third. "The
+First Inspiration of the Boy Columbus" is a beautiful example of the
+work of Signor G. Monteverde, a celebrated Italian sculptor. It was made
+in Rome, in 1871, and, winning the first prize of a gold medal at Parma,
+in that year, was presented to the city of Boston by Mr. A. P.
+Chamberlain of Concord, Mass. It represents Columbus as a youth, seated
+upon the capstan of a vessel, with an open book in his hand, his foot
+carelessly swinging in an iron ring. In addition to this statue, a
+<i>replica</i> of the Old Isabella statue (described on page 171, <i>ante</i>),
+is, it is understood, to be presented to the city.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STATUE AT GENOA.</h4>
+
+<p>In the Red Palace, Genoa, a statue of Columbus has been erected
+representing him standing on the deck of the Santa Maria, behind a padre
+with a cross. The pedestal of the statue is ornamented with prows of
+caravels, and on each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> side a mythological figure represents Discovery
+and Industry.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE STATUE AT PALOS.</h4>
+
+<p>Now in course of erection to commemorate the discovery, and under the
+auspices of the Spanish government, is a noble statue at Palos, Spain.
+It consists of a fluted column of the Corinthian order of architecture,
+capped by a crown, supporting an orb, surmounted by a cross. The orb
+bears two bands, one about its equator and the other representing the
+zodiac. On the column are the names of the Pinzon brothers, Martin and
+Vicente Ya&ntilde;ez; and under the prows of the caravels, "Colon," with a list
+of the persons who accompanied him. The column rests upon a prismatic
+support, from which protrude four prows, and the pedestal of the whole
+is in the shape of a tomb, with an Egyptian-like appearance.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE STATUE IN PHILADELPHIA.</h4>
+
+<p>In Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., there is placed a statue of
+Columbus, which, originally exhibited at the Centennial Exposition, at
+Philadelphia, in 1876, was presented to the Centennial Commission by the
+combined Italian societies of Philadelphia.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE STEBBINS STATUE.</h4>
+
+<p>In Central Park, New York City, is located an artistic statue, the gift
+of Mrs. Marshall O. Roberts, and the work of Miss Emma Stebbins. The
+figure of Columbus is seven feet high, and represents him as a sailor
+with a mantle thrown over his shoulder. The face is copied from accepted
+portraits of the Giovian type.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>SANTO DOMINGOAN CANNON.</h4>
+
+<p>When Columbus was made a prisoner in Santo Domingo, the governor, who
+arrested him, feared there might be an attempt at rescue, so he trained
+a big gun on the entrance of the citadel, or castle, in which Columbus
+was confined. That cannon laid in the same place until Mr. Ober, a
+World's Fair representative, recovered it, and, with the permission of
+the Governor of Santo Domingo, brought it to the United States. It is on
+exhibition at the World's Fair.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.</h4>
+
+<p>A very novel feature of the historical exhibit at the Chicago World's
+Columbian Exposition will be a fac-simile reproduction of the little
+ship Santa Maria, in which Columbus sailed. Lieut. McCarty Little of the
+United States navy was detailed to go to Spain to superintend the
+construction of the ship by the Spanish government at the Carraca yard
+at Cadiz. The keel was laid on March 1, 1892. The caravel's dimensions
+are: Length at keel, 62 feet 4 inches; length between perpendiculars, 75
+feet 5 inches; beam, 22 feet; draught, 14 feet 8 inches. Great care is
+being taken with details. It is manned by Spanish sailors in the costume
+of the time of Columbus, and is rigged as Columbus rigged his ship.
+There are on board copies of the charts that Columbus used, and
+fac-similes of his nautical instruments. The crew are of the same
+number, and included in it are an Englishman and an Irishman, for it is
+a well-founded historical fact that William Harris, an Englishman, and
+Arthur Lake, an Irishman, were both members of Columbus' crew. In fact,
+the reproduction is as exact as possible in every detail. The little
+ship, in company with her sisters, the Pinta and the Ni&ntilde;a, which were
+reproduced by American capital, will make its first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> appearance at the
+naval review in New York, where the trio will be saluted by the great
+cruisers and war-ships of modern invention from all of the navies of the
+world. They will then be presented by the government of Spain to the
+President of the United States, and towed through the lakes to Chicago,
+being moored at the Exposition. It is proposed that the vessels be taken
+to Washington after the Exposition, and there anchored in the park of
+the White House.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish committee having the matter in charge have made careful
+examinations of all obtainable data to insure that the vessels shall be,
+in every detail which can be definitely determined, exact copies of the
+original Columbus vessels. In connection with this subject, <i>La
+Ilustracion National</i> of Madrid, to whom we are indebted for our
+first-page illustration, says:</p>
+
+<p>"A great deal of data of very varied character has been obtained, but
+nothing that would give the exact details sought, because, doubtless,
+the vessels of that time varied greatly, not only in the form of their
+hulls, but also in their rigging, as will be seen by an examination of
+the engravings and paintings of the fifteenth century; and as there was
+no ship that could bear the generic name of 'caravel,' great confusion
+was caused when the attempt was made to state, with a scientific
+certainty, what the caravels were. The word 'caravel' comes from the
+Italian <i>cara bella</i>, and with this etymology it is safe to suppose that
+the name was applied to those vessels on account of the grace and beauty
+of their form, and finally was applied to the light vessels which went
+ahead of the ships as dispatch boats. Nevertheless, we think we have
+very authentic data, perhaps all that is reliable, in the letter of Juan
+de la Cosa, Christopher Columbus' pilot. Juan de la Cosa used many
+illustrations, and with his important hydrographic letter, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> is in
+the Naval Museum, we can appreciate his ability in drawing both
+landscapes and figures. As he was both draughtsman and mariner, we feel
+safe in affirming that the caravels drawn in said letter of the
+illustrious mariner form the most authentic document in regard to the
+vessels of his time that is in existence. From these drawings and the
+descriptions of the days' runs in the part marked 'incidents' of
+Columbus' log, it is ascertained that these vessels had two sets of
+sails, lateens for sailing with bowlines hauled, and with lines for
+sailing before the wind.</p>
+
+<p>"The same lateens serve for this double object, unbending the sails half
+way and hoisting them like yards by means of top ropes. Instead of
+having the points now used for reefing, these sails had bands of canvas
+called bowlines, which were unfastened when it was unnecessary to
+diminish the sails."</p>
+
+
+<h4>AT PALOS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">From the <i>Saturday Review</i>, August 6, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>It was a happy notion, and creditable to the ingenuity of the Spaniards,
+to celebrate the auspicious event, which made Palos famous four hundred
+years ago, by a little dramatic representation. The caravel Maria,
+manned by appropriately dressed sailors, must be a sight better than
+many eloquent speeches. She has, we are told, been built in careful
+imitation of the flagship of Columbus' little squadron. If the fidelity
+of the builders has been thorough, if she has not been coppered, has no
+inner skin, and has to trust mainly to her caulking to keep out the
+water, we hope that she will have unbroken good weather on her way to
+New York. The voyage to Havana across the "Ladies' Sea" is a simple
+business; but the coast of the United States in early autumn will be
+trying to a vessel which will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> buoyant enough as long as she is
+water-tight, but is not to be trusted to remain so under a severe
+strain. She will not escape the strain wholly by being towed. We are not
+told whether the Maria is to make the landfall of Columbus as well as
+take his departure. The disputes of the learned as to the exact spot
+might make it difficult to decide for which of the Bahamas the captain
+ought to steer. On the other hand, if it were left to luck, to the wind,
+and the currents, the result might throw some light on a vexed question.
+It might be interesting to see whether the Maria touched at Turk Island,
+Watling's Island, or Mariguana, or at none of the three.</p>
+
+<p>The event which the Spaniards are celebrating with natural pride is
+peculiarly fitted to give an excuse for a centenary feast. The
+complaints justly made as to the artificial character of the excuses
+often chosen for these gatherings and their eloquence do not apply here.
+Beyond all doubt, when Columbus sailed from Palos on August 3, 1492, he
+did something by which the history of the world was profoundly
+influenced. Every schoolboy of course knows that if Columbus had never
+lived America would have been discovered all the same, when Pedro
+Alvarez Cabral, the Portuguese admiral, was carried by the trade-winds
+over to the coast of Brazil in 1500. But in that case it would not have
+been discovered by Spain, and the whole course of the inevitable
+European settlement on the continent must have been modified.</p>
+
+<p>When that can be said of any particular event there can be no question
+as to its importance. There is a kind of historical critic, rather
+conspicuous in these latter days, who finds a peculiar satisfaction in
+pointing out that Columbus discovered America without knowing it&mdash;which
+is true. That he believed, and died in the belief, that he had reached
+Asia is certain. It is not less sure that Amerigo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> Vespucci, from whom
+the continent was named, by a series of flukes, misprints, and
+misunderstandings, went to his grave in the same faith. He thought that
+he had found an island of uncertain size to the south of the equator,
+and that what Columbus had found to the north was the eastern extremity
+of Asia. But the world which knows that Columbus did, as a matter of
+fact, do it the service of finding America, and is aware that without
+him the voyage from Palos would never have been undertaken, has refused
+to belittle him because he did not know beforehand what was only found
+out through his exertions.</p>
+
+<p>The learned who have written very largely about Columbus have their
+serious doubts as to the truth of the stories told of his connection
+with Palos. Not that there is any question as to whether he sailed from
+there. The dispute is as to the number and circumstances of his visits
+to the Convent of Santa Maria R&aacute;bida, and the exact nature of his
+relations to the Prior Juan Perez de Marchena. There has, in fact, been
+a considerable accumulation of what that very rude man, Mr. Carlyle,
+called the marine stores of history about the life of Columbus, as about
+most great transactions. He certainly had been at La R&aacute;bida, and the
+prior was his friend. But, with or without Juan Perez, Columbus as a
+seafaring man would naturally have been in Palos. It lies right in the
+middle of the coast, which has always been open to attack from Africa
+and has been the starting point for attack on Africa. It is in the way
+of trade for the same reason that it is in the way of war. What are now
+fishing villages were brisk little trading towns in the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries. Palos did not only send out Columbus. It received
+Cortez when he came back from the conquest of Mexico. Palos does very
+well to remember its glories. And Spain does equally well to remember
+that she sent out Columbus. In spite of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> platitudes talked by
+painfully thoughtful persons as to the ruinous consequences of the
+discovery to herself, it was, take it altogether, the greatest thing she
+has done in the world. She owes to it her unparalleled position in the
+sixteenth century, and the opportunity to become "a mother of nations."
+The rest of the world has to thank her for the few magnificent and
+picturesque passages which enliven the commonly rather colorless, not to
+say Philistine, history of America.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A REMINISCENCE OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Randall N. Saunders</span>, Claverack, N. Y., in the <i>School Journal</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>* * * What boy has not felt a thrill of pride, for the sex, at the
+dogged persistence with which Columbus clung to his purpose and to
+Isabella after Ferdinand had flung to him but stony replies.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Methinks I am starting from Palos. I see the pale, earnest face set in
+its steadfast resolution from prophetic knowledge. I see the stern lines
+of care, deeper from the contrast of the hair, a silver mantle refined
+by the worry; the "midnight oil" that burned in the fiery furnace of his
+ambition. I see the flush of pleasure at setting out to battle with the
+perilous sea toward the consummation of life's grand desire. I feel the
+waverings between hope and despair as the journey lengthens, with but
+faint promise of reward, and with those around who would push us into
+the overwhelming waves of defeat and remorse. Amid all discouragements,
+amid the darkest gloom, I am inspired by his words, "Sail on, sail on";
+and sailing on with the grand old Genoese, I yet hope to know and feel
+his glorious success, and with him to return thanks on the golden strand
+of the San Salvador of life's success.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE DENSE IGNORANCE OF THOSE DAYS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Reverend <span class="smcap">Minot Judson Savage</span>, an American clergyman. Born at
+Norridgewock, Maine, June 10, 1841. Pastor of Unity Church, Boston.
+From his lecture, "The Religious Growth of Three Hundred Years."</p></div>
+
+<p>Stand beside Columbus a moment, and consider how much and how little
+there was known. It was commonly believed that the earth was flat and
+was flowed round by the ocean stream. Jerusalem was the center. With the
+exception of a little of Europe, a part of Asia, and a strip of North
+Africa, the earth was unknown country. In these unknown parts dwelt
+monsters of every conceivable description. Columbus indeed cherished the
+daring dream that he might reach the eastern coast of Asia by sailing
+west; but most of those who knew his dreams regarded him as crazy. And
+it is now known that even he was largely impelled by his confident
+expectation that he would be able to discover the Garden of Eden. The
+motive of his voyage was chiefly a religious one. And, as a hint of the
+kind of world in which people then lived, the famous Ponce de Leon
+searched Florida in the hope of discovering the Fountain of Perpetual
+Youth. At this time Copernicus and his system were unheard of. The
+universe was a little three-story affair. Heaven, with God on his throne
+and his celestial court about him, was only a little way overhead&mdash;just
+beyond the blue dome. Hell was underneath the surface of the earth.
+Volcanoes and mysterious caverns were vent-holes or gate-ways of the
+pit; and devils came and went at will. Even after it was conceded that
+the earth revolved, there were found writers who accounted for the
+diurnal revolution by attributing it to the movements of damned souls
+confined within, like restless squirrels in a revolving cage. On the
+earth's surface, between heaven and hell, was man, the common
+battle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>ground of celestial and infernal hosts. At this time, of
+course, there was none of our modern knowledge of the heavens, nor of
+the age or structure of the earth.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<a name="illus328" id="illus328"></a>
+<img src="images/illus328.jpg" width="450" height="600" alt="THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Weekly.<br />
+
+Copyright, 1892, by Harper &amp; Brothers.<br />
+THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY.<br />
+Presented by the Italian Citizens.<br />
+(See page <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>.)
+
+
+</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>SENECA'S PROPHECY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Lucius Ann&aelig;us Seneca</span>, an eminent Roman stoic, philosopher, and
+moralist. Born at Corduba, Spain, about 5 B. C.; committed suicide
+65 A. D.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 7em;"><i>Venient annis</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S&aelig;cula seris, quibus Oceanus</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Vincula rerum laxet, et ingens</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Pateat teilus, Tethysque novos</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Detegat orbes, nec sit terris</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Ultima Thule.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE TOMB IN SEVILLE.</h4>
+
+<p>The following inscription is placed on the tomb of Hernando Columbus in
+the pavement of the Cathedral of Seville, Spain:</p>
+
+<p>Aqui yaze el. M. Magnifico S. D. Hernando Colon, el qual aplic&oacute; y gast&oacute;
+toda su vida y hazienda en aumento de las letras, y juntar y perpetuar
+en esta ciudad todas sus libros de todas las ciencias, que en su tiempo
+hall&oacute; y en reducirlo a quatro libros.</p>
+
+<p>Falleci&oacute; en esta ciudad a 12 de Julio de 1539 de edad de 50 a&ntilde;os 9 meses
+y 14 dias, fue hijo del valeroso y memor&aacute;ble S. D. Christ. Colon primero
+Almirante que descubri&oacute; las Yndias y nuevo mundo en vida de los Cat. R.
+D. Fernando, y. D. Ysabel de gloriosa memoria a. 11 de Oct. de 1492, con
+tres galeras y 90 personas, y parti&oacute; del puerto de Palos a descubrirlas
+&aacute; 3 de Agosto ant&eacute;s, y Bolvi&oacute; a Castilla con victoria &aacute; 7 de Maio del
+A&ntilde;o Siguente y torn&oacute; despues otras dos veces &aacute; poblar lo que descubri&oacute;.
+Falleci&oacute; en Valladolid &aacute; 20 de Agosto de 1506 anos&mdash;<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rogad &aacute; Dios por ellos.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>(<i>In English.</i>) Here rests the most magnificent Se&ntilde;or Don Hernando
+Colon, who applied and spent all his life and estate in adding to the
+letters, and collecting and perpetuating in this city all his books, of
+all the sciences which he found in his time, and in reducing them to
+four books. He died in this city on the 12th of July, 1539, at the age
+of 50 years, 9 months, and 14 days. He was son of the valiant and
+memorable Se&ntilde;or Don Christopher Colon, the First Admiral, who discovered
+the Indies and the New World, in the lifetime of their Catholic
+Majesties Don Fernando and Do&ntilde;a Isabel of glorious memory, on the 11th
+of October, 1492, with three galleys and ninety people, having sailed
+from the port of Palos on his discovery on the 3d of August previous,
+and returned to Castille, with victory, on the 7th of May of the
+following year. He returned afterward twice to people that which he had
+discovered. He died in Valladolid on the 20th of August, 1506, aged
+----.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Entreat the Lord for them.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Beneath this is described, in a circle, a globe, presenting the western
+and part of the eastern hemispheres, surmounted by a pair of compasses.
+Within the border of the circle is inscribed:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>&Aacute; Castillo, y &aacute; Leon</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Mundo nuevo di&oacute; Colon.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>(To Castille and Leon, Columbus gave a new world.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ONWARD! PRESS ON!</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller</span>, one of Germany's greatest
+poets. Born at Marbach (about eight miles from Stuttgart), November
+11, 1759; died, May 9, 1805, at Weimar.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p class="center">(1795.)</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Steure, muthiger Segler! Es mag der Witz dich verh&ouml;hen</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Und der Schiffer am Steur senken die l&auml;ssige Hand.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Immer, immer nach West! Dort muss die K&uuml;ste sich zeigen,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liegt sie doch deutlich und liegt schimmernd vor deinen Verstand.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Traue dem leitenden Gott und folge dem schweigenden Weltmeer!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">War sie noch nicht, sie stieg' jetzt aus dem Fluten empor.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mit dem Genius steht die Natur in ewigem Bunde</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Was der Eine verspricht leistet die Andre gewiss.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Metrically translated (1843) by <span class="smcap">Sir Edward George Earle Lytton</span>,
+<span class="smcap">Bulwer-Lytton</span>, Baronet (afterward first Lord Lytton. Born at Heydon
+Hall, Norfolk, May 25, 1803; died, January 18, 1873), in the
+following noble lines:</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Steer</span> on, bold sailor! Wit may mock thy soul that sees the land,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And hopeless at the helm may droop the weak and weary hand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Yet ever, ever to the West</span>, for there the coast must lie,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And dim it dawns, and glimmering dawns before thy reason's eye;</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yea, trust the guiding God&mdash;and go along the floating grave,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Though hid till now&mdash;yet now, behold the New World o'er the wave.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With Genius Nature ever stands in solemn union still,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And ever what the one foretells the other shall fulfill.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Se&ntilde;or <span class="smcap">Emilio Castelar</span>, the talented Spanish orator and statesman,
+in the fourth of a series of most erudite and interesting articles
+upon Christopher Columbus, in the <i>Century Magazine</i> for August,
+1892, thus masterly refers to the above passages:</p></div>
+
+<p>He who pens these words, on reading the lines of the great poet Schiller
+upon Columbus, found therein a philosophical thought, as original as
+profound, calling upon the discoverer to press ever onward, for a new
+world will surely arise for him, inasmuch as whatever is promised by
+Genius is always fulfilled by Nature. To cross the seas of Life, naught
+suffices save the bark of Faith. In that bark the undoubting Columbus
+set sail, and at his journey's end found a new world. Had that world not
+then existed, God would have created it in the solitude of the Atlantic,
+if to no other end than to reward the faith and constancy of that great
+man. America was discovered because Columbus possessed a living faith in
+his ideal, in himself, and in his God.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE NORSEMAN'S CLAIM TO PRIORITY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. <span class="smcap">John B. Shipley's</span> "Leif Erikson."</p></div>
+
+<p>Father Bodfish, of the cathedral in Boston, in his paper, read a year
+ago before the Bostonian Society, on the discovery of America by the
+Northmen, is reported to have quoted, "as corroborative authority, the
+account given in standard history of the Catholic Church of the
+establishment of a bishopric in Greenland in 1112 A. D., and he added
+the interesting suggestion that as it is the duty of a bishop so placed
+at a distance to report from time to time to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> Pope, not only on
+ecclesiastical matters, but of the geography of the country and
+character of the people, it is probable that Columbus had the benefit of
+the knowledge possessed. It is [he said] stated in different biographies
+of Columbus that when the voyage was first proposed by him he found
+difficulty in getting Spanish sailors to go with him in so doubtful an
+undertaking. After Columbus returned from a visit to Rome with
+information there obtained, these sailors, or enough of them, appear to
+have had their doubts or fears removed, and no difficulty in enlistment
+was experienced."</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Lydia Huntley Sigourney</span>, an American poet and miscellaneous writer.
+Born at Norwich, Conn., September 1, 1791; died, June 10, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Stephen's cloistered hall was proud</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In learning's pomp that day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For there a robed and stately crowd</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pressed on in long array.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A mariner with simple chart</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Confronts that conclave high,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While strong ambition stirs his heart,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And burning thoughts of wonder part</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From lip and sparkling eye.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What hath he said? With frowning face,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In whispered tones they speak;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And lines upon their tablet's trace</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Which flush each ashen cheek.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Inquisition's mystic doom</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sits on their brows severe,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And bursting forth in visioned gloom,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sad heresy from burning tomb</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Groans on the startled ear.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Courage, thou Genoese! Old Time</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thy splendid dream shall crown.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yon western hemisphere sublime,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Where unshorn forests frown;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The awful Andes' cloud-rapt brow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Indian hunter's bow.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bold streams untamed by helm or prow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And rocks of gold and diamonds thou</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To thankless Spain shalt show.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Courage, world-finder, thou hast need.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In Fate's unfolding scroll,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dark woes and ingrate wrongs I read,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That rack the noble soul.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On, on! Creation's secrets probe.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Then drink thy cup of scorn,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And wrapped in fallen C&aelig;sar's robe,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sleep like that master of the globe,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">All glorious, yet forlorn.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS A MARTYR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Samuel Smiles</span>, the celebrated British biographer. Born at
+Haddington, Scotland, about 1815. From his volume, "Duty."</p></div>
+
+<p>Even Columbus may be regarded in the light of a martyr. He sacrificed
+his life to the discovery of a new world. The poor wool-carder's son of
+Genoa had long to struggle unsuccessfully with the petty conditions
+necessary for the realization of his idea. He dared to believe, on
+grounds sufficing to his reason, that which the world disbelieved, and
+scoffed and scorned at. He believed that the earth was round, while the
+world believed that it was flat as a plate. He believed that the whole
+circle of the earth, outside the known world, could not be wholly
+occupied by sea; but that the probability was that continents<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> of land
+might be contained within it. It was certainly a Probability; But the
+Noblest Qualities of the Soul Are Often Brought Forth by the Strength of
+Probabilities That Appear Slight To Less Daring Spirits. In the Eyes of
+His Countrymen, Few Things Were More Improbable Than That Columbus
+Should Survive the Dangers of Unknown Seas, and Land On The Shores of a
+New Hemisphere.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DIFFICULTIES BY THE WAY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Royall Bascom Smithey</span>, in an article. "The Voyage of Columbus," in
+<i>St. Nicholas</i>, July, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>So the voyage progressed without further incident worthy of remark till
+the 13th of September, when the magnetic needle, which was then believed
+always to point to the pole-star, stood some five degrees to the
+northwest. At this the pilots lost courage. "How," they thought, "was
+navigation possible in seas where the compass, that unerring guide, had
+lost its virtue?" When they carried the matter to Columbus, he at once
+gave them an explanation which, though not the correct one, was yet very
+ingenious, and shows the philosophic turn of his mind. The needle, he
+said, pointed not to the north star, but to a fixed place in the
+heavens. The north star had a motion around the pole, and in following
+its course had moved from the point to which the needle was always
+directed.</p>
+
+<p>Hardly had the alarm caused by the variation of the needle passed away,
+when two days later, after nightfall, the darkness that hung over the
+water was lighted up by a great meteor, which shot down from the sky
+into the sea. Signs in the heavens have always been a source of terror
+to the uneducated; and this "flame of fire," as Columbus called it,
+rendered his men uneasy and apprehensive. Their vague fears were much
+increased when, on the 16th of September, they reached the Sargasso Sea,
+in which floating weeds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> were so densely matted that they impeded the
+progress of the ships. Whispered tales now passed from one sailor to
+another of legends they had heard of seas full of shoals and treacherous
+quicksands upon which ships had been found stranded with their sails
+flapping idly in the wind, and manned by skeleton crews. Columbus, ever
+cheerful and even-tempered, answered these idle tales by sounding the
+ocean and showing that no bottom could be reached.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DESIGN FOR THE SOUVENIR COINS.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></h4>
+
+<p>A decision has been reached by the World's Fair management in relation
+to the designs for the souvenir coins authorized by Congress at its last
+session, and a radical change has been determined upon regarding these
+coins. Several days ago Secretary Leach of the United States Mint sent
+to the Fair officials a copy of the medal struck recently at Madrid,
+Spain, in commemoration of Columbus' discovery of America. This medal
+was illustrated in a Spanish-American paper of July, 1892, and showed a
+remarkably fine profile head of the great explorer. It was deemed
+superior to the Lotto portrait previously submitted for the obverse of
+the coin, and the Fair directors have concluded that the Madrid medal
+furnishes the best head obtainable, and have accordingly adopted it. For
+the reverse of the coin a change has also been decided upon by the
+substitution of a representation of the western continent instead of a
+fac-simile of the Government building at Jackson Park, as originally
+intended. It was suggested by experts, artists, and designers at the
+Philadelphia mint that the representation of a building would not make a
+very good showing on a coin, and in consequence of these expressions of
+opinion it was decided to make the change proposed. Now that the
+Director of the Mint knows what the Fair management wishes for a
+souvenir coin, he will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> inaugurate the preparations of the dies and
+plates as promptly as possible. Just as soon as the designs are
+finished, work will be begun on the coins, which can be struck at the
+rate of 60,000 daily, and it is quite likely that the deliveries of the
+souvenir coins will be completed early in the spring.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<a name="illus338" id="illus338"></a>
+<img src="images/illus338.jpg" width="650" height="228" alt="BAS-RELIEF&mdash;THE SIGHTING OF THE NEW WORLD." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Weekly.<br />
+
+Copyright, 1892, by Harper &amp; Brothers.<br />
+
+BAS-RELIEF&mdash;THE SIGHTING OF THE NEW WORLD.<br />From the Columbus Monument in
+New York City.<br />(See page <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The announcement that the Director of the Mint has decided upon the
+Madrid portrait of Columbus for the obverse side of the souvenir coin,
+with this hemisphere on the reverse, was a surprise to many interested
+in the designs. When the design was first presented, C. F. Gunther's
+portrait, by Moro, and James W. Ellsworth's, by Lotto, were also
+presented. Then a controversy opened between the owners of the two
+last-named portraits, and, rather than extend this, Mr. Ellsworth
+withdrew his portrait, with the suggestion that whatever design was
+decided upon should first be submitted to the artists at the World's
+Fair grounds. This was done, and they severely criticised the Madrid
+picture. Notwithstanding this, the design was approved and sent to
+Washington to be engraved. While Mr. Ellsworth, who is a director of the
+Fair, will not push his portrait to the front in this matter, he regrets
+that the Madrid portrait was selected. He said, "I think that the
+opinion of the World's Fair artists should have had some weight in this
+matter and that a portrait of authenticity should have been selected."</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE DARKNESS BEFORE DISCOVERY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Charles Sumner</span>, an American lawyer and senator. Born in Boston,
+Mass., January 6, 1811; died, March 11, 1874. From his "Prophetic
+Voices Concerning America." By permission of Messrs. Lee &amp; Shepard,
+Publishers, Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>Before the voyage of Columbus in 1492, nothing of America was really
+known. Scanty scraps from antiquity,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> vague rumors from the resounding
+ocean, and the hesitating speculations of science were all that the
+inspired navigator found to guide him.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GREATEST EVENT.</h4>
+
+<p>The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus is the greatest event
+of secular history. Besides the potato, the turkey, and maize, which it
+introduced at once for the nourishment and comfort of the Old World, and
+also tobacco&mdash;which only blind passion for the weed could place in the
+beneficent group&mdash;this discovery opened the door to influences infinite
+in extent and beneficence. Measure them, describe them, picture them,
+you can not. While yet unknown, imagination invested this continent with
+proverbial magnificence. It was the Orient, and the land of Cathay.
+When, afterward, it took a place in geography, imagination found another
+field in trying to portray its future history. If the golden age is
+before, and not behind, as is now happily the prevailing faith, then
+indeed must America share, at least, if it does not monopolize, the
+promised good.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE DOUBTS OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Prof. <span class="smcap">David Swing</span>, a celebrated American preacher. Born in
+Cincinnati in 1830; graduated at Miami University in 1852; was for
+twelve years Professor of Languages at this university. In 1866 he
+became pastor of a Presbyterian church in Chicago. He was tried for
+heresy in 1874, was acquitted, and then withdrew from the
+Presbyterian church, being now independent of denominational
+relations.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus was not a little troubled all through his early life lest there
+might be over the sea some land greater than Spain, a land unused; a
+garden where flowers came and went unseen for ages, and where gold
+sparkled in the sand.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ERROR OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From a sermon by Prof. <span class="smcap">Swing</span>, printed in Chicago <i>Inter
+Ocean</i>,1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The present rejoices in the remembrance that Columbus was a student, a
+thinker; that he loved maps and charts; that he was a dreamer about new
+continents; but after enumerating all these attractive forms of mental
+activity, it comes with pain upon the thought that he was also a kind of
+modified pirate. His thoughts and feelings went away from his charts and
+compasses and touched upon vice and crime. Immorality ruins man's
+thought. Let the name be Columbus, or Aaron Burr, or Byron, a touch of
+immorality is the death of thought. "Whatsoever things are true,
+whatsoever things are beautiful, whatsoever things are of good report,"
+these seek, say, and do, but when the man who would discover a continent
+robs a merchant ship or steals a cargo of slaves, or when a poet teaches
+gross vulgarity, then the thinker is hemmed and degraded by criminality.
+It is the glory of our age that it is washing white much of old thought.
+What is the emancipation of woman but the filtration of old thought? Did
+not Columbus study and read and think, and then go out and load his ship
+with slaves? Did not the entire man&mdash;man the thinker, the philosopher,
+the theologian&mdash;cover himself with intellectual glory and then load his
+ship with enslaved womanhood? Was not the scholar Columbus part pirate?
+What was in that atmosphere of the fifteenth century which could have
+given peculiar thoughts to Columbus alone? Was he alone in his piracy?
+It is much more certain that the chains that held the negro held also
+all womanhood. All old thought thus awaited the electric process that
+should weed ideas from crime. Our later years are active in
+disentangling thought from injustice and vulgarity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE TRIBUTE OF TASSO.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Torquato Tasso</span>, a celebrated Italian epic poet. Born at Sorrento
+March 11, 1544; died in Rome, April, 1595.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tu spiegherai, Colombo, a un novo polo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lontane s&igrave; le fortunate antenne,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ch'a pena seguir&agrave; con gli occhi il volo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">La Fama ch' h&agrave; mille occhi e mille penne</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canti ella Alcide, e Bacco, e di te solo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Basti a i posteri tuoi ch' alquanto accenne;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ch&egrave; quel poco dar&agrave;, lunga memoria</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Di poema degnissima e d'istoria.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;">&mdash;Gerusalemme Liberata, canto <span class="smcap">XV</span></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>KNOWLEDGE OF ICELANDIC VOYAGES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bayard Taylor</span>, a distinguished American traveler, writer, and poet.
+Born in Chester County, Pa., in 1825; died at Berlin, December 19,
+1878. From a description of Iceland.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is impossible that the knowledge of these voyages should not have
+been current in Iceland in 1477, when Columbus, sailing in a ship from
+Bristol, England, visited the island. As he was able to converse with
+the priests and learned men in Latin, he undoubtedly learned of the
+existence of another continent to the west and south; and this
+knowledge, not the mere fanaticism of a vague belief, supported him
+during many years of disappointment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GLORY TO GOD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">George L. Taylor</span>, an American clergyman of the present
+century. From "The Atlantic Telegraph."</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glory to God above,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Lord of life and love!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Who makes His curtains clouds and waters dark;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who spreads His chambers on the deep,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While all its armies silence keep;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Whose hand of old, world-rescuing, steered the ark;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who led Troy's bands exiled,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Genoa's god-like child,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Mayflower, grandly wild,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And <i>now</i> has guided safe a grander bark;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who, from her iron loins,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Has spun the thread that joins</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Two yearning worlds made one with lightning spark.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>TENNYSON'S TRIBUTE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Alfred Tennyson</span>, Baron Tennyson D'Eyncourt of Aldworth, the poet
+laureate of England. Born, 1809, at Somerby, Lincolnshire; raised
+to the peerage in 1883.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> From his poem, "Columbus."</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There was a glimmering of God's hand. And God</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hath more than glimmer'd on me. O my lord,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I swear to you I heard his voice between</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The thunders in the black Veragua nights,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"O soul of little faith, slow to believe,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Have I not been about thee from thy birth?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Given thee the keys of the great ocean-sea?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Set thee in light till time shall be no more?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is it I who have deceived thee or the world?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Endure! Thou hast done so well for men, that men</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cry out against thee; was it otherwise</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With mine own son?"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And more than once in days</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of doubt and cloud and storm, when drowning hope</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sank all but out of sight, I heard his voice,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Be not cast down. I lead thee by the hand,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fear not." And I shall hear his voice again&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I know that he has led me all my life,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I am not yet too old to work His will&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His voice again.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sir, in that flight of ages which are God's</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Own voice to justify the dead&mdash;perchance</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, once the most chivalric race on earth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, then the mightiest, wealthiest realm on earth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So made by me, may seek to unbury me,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To lay me in some shrine of this old Spain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or in that vaster Spain I leave to Spain.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then some one standing by my grave will say,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Behold the bones of Christopher Col&ograve;n,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Ay, but the chains, what do <i>they</i> mean&mdash;the chains?"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I sorrow for that kindly child of Spain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who then will have to answer, "These same chains</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bound these same bones back thro' the Atlantic sea,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which he unchain'd for all the world to come."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The golden guess is morning star to the full round of truth.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h4>NEW YORK CELEBRATED THE TERCENTENARY.</h4>
+
+<p>The managers of the World's Columbian Exposition have prided themselves
+upon being the first to celebrate any anniversary of the Columbian
+discovery, but this credit really belongs to the Tammany Society of New
+York, and the second place of honor belongs to the Massachusetts
+Historical Society of Boston. The Tammany Society met in the great
+wigwam on the 12th day of October, 1792 (old style), and exhibited a
+monumental obelisk, and an animated oration was delivered by J. B.
+Johnson, Esq.</p>
+
+<p>The Massachusetts Historical Society met at the house of the Rev. Dr.
+Peter Thacher, in Boston, the 23d day of October, 1792, and, forming in
+procession, proceeded to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> meeting-house in Brattle Street, where a
+discourse was delivered by the Rev. Jeremy Belknap upon the subject of
+the "Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus." He gave a concise
+and comprehensive narrative of the most material circumstances which led
+to, attended, or were consequent on the discovery of America. The
+celebration commenced with an anthem. Mr. Thacher made an excellent
+prayer. Part of a psalm was then sung, and then Mr. Belknap delivered
+his discourse, which was succeeded by a prayer from Mr. Eliot. Mr.
+Thacher then read an ode composed for the occasion by Mr. Belknap, which
+was sung by the choir. This finished the ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>The facts were brought to light by World's Fair Commissioner John Boyd
+Thacher, New York. The account is taken from "a journal of a gentleman
+visiting Boston in 1792." The writer is said to have been Nathaniel
+Cutting, a native of Brookline, Mass., and who, in the following year,
+was appointed by Washington, upon the recommendation of Thomas
+Jefferson, on a mission to the Dey of Algiers.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to note that the Massachusetts Historical Society, in
+assuming to correct the old style date, October 12th, was guilty of the
+error of dropping two unnecessary days. It dropped eleven days from the
+calendar instead of nine, and at a subsequent meeting it determined to
+correct the date to October 21st, "and that thereafter all celebrations
+of the Columbian discovery should fall on the 21st day of October."</p>
+
+<p>The proclamation of the President establishing October 21st as the day
+of general observance of the anniversary of the Columbian discovery, and
+the passage of Senator Hill's bill fixing the date for the dedication of
+the buildings at Chicago, it is believed will forevermore fix October
+21st as the Columbian day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS' SUPREME SUSPENSE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Maurice Thompson</span>, an American poet and novelist. Born at Fairfield,
+Ind., September 9, 1844. From his "Byways and Bird-notes."</p></div>
+
+<p>What a thrill is dashed through a moment of expectancy, a point of
+supreme suspense, when by some time of preparation the source of
+sensation is ready for a consummation &mdash;a catastrophe! At such a time
+one's soul is isolated so perfectly that it feels not the remotest
+influence from any other of all the universe. The moment preceding the
+old patriarch's first glimpse of the promised land; that point of time
+between certainty and uncertainty, between pursuit and capture,
+whereinto are crowded all the hopes of a lifetime, as when the brave old
+sailor from Genoa first heard the man up in the rigging utter the shout
+of discovery; the moment of awful hope, like that when Napoleon watched
+the charge of the Old Guard at Waterloo, is not to be described. There
+is but one such crisis for any man. It is the yes or no of destiny. It
+comes, he lives a lifetime in its span; it goes, and he never can pass
+that point again.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<a name="illus349" id="illus349"></a>
+<img src="images/illus349.jpg" width="650" height="198" alt="
+THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Harper&#39;s Weekly.<br />
+
+Copyright, 1892, by Harper &amp; Brothers.<br />
+
+THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS.<br /> Bas-relief on the New York Monument.<br />(See page
+<a href='#Page_244'>244</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>GREAT WEST.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Henry David Thoreau</span>, an American author and naturalist. Born in
+Concord, Mass., in 1817; died, 1862. From his "Excursions,"
+published by Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co.</p></div>
+
+<p>Every sunset which I witness inspires me with the desire to go to a west
+as distant and as far as that into which the sun goes down. He appears
+to migrate westward daily, and tempt us to follow him. He is the Great
+Western Pioneer whom the nations follow. We dream all night of those
+mountain ridges in the horizon, though they may be of vapor only, which
+were last gilded by his rays. The Island of Atlantis, and the islands
+and gardens of the Hesper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>ides, a sort of terrestrial paradise, appear
+to have been the Great West of the ancients, enveloped in mystery and
+poetry. Who has not seen in imagination, when looking into the sunset
+sky, the gardens of the Hesperides, and the foundation of all those
+fables?</p>
+
+
+<p>Columbus felt the westward tendency more strongly than any before. He
+obeyed it, and found a new world for Castille and Leon. The herd of men
+in those days scented fresh pastures from afar.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And now the sun had stretched out all the hills,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And now was dropped into the western bay;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At last <i>he</i> rose, and twitched his mantle blue;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ROUTE TO THE SPICE INDIES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli</span>, a celebrated Italian astronomer. Born
+at Florence, 1397; died, 1482. From a letter to Columbus in 1474.</p></div>
+
+<p>I praise your desire to navigate toward the west; the expedition you
+wish to undertake is not easy, but the route from the west coasts of
+Europe to the spice Indies is certain if the tracks I have marked be
+followed.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A VISIT TO PALOS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">George Alfred Townsend</span>. In a letter to the Philadelphia <i>Times</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>From one of the hillocks behind the hotel at Huelva you can see in the
+distance East R&aacute;bida, Palos, Moguer, San Juan del Porto, and the sea,
+where the three birds of good omen went skimming past in the vague
+morning light 400 years ago, lest they might be seen by the Portuguese.
+Columbus means dove, and the arms of Columbus contained three doves.
+From Huelva I sailed to R&aacute;bida first. R&aacute;bida is on the last point of the
+promontory, nearest the sea, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> Palos is inland from it three miles
+north, and is near half a mile from the Tinto. Passing down the oozy
+Odiel, we soon saw a watering place on the beach outside just where
+Columbus put to sea. We could also see the scaffolding around the
+Columbus monument they were building by R&aacute;bida.</p>
+
+<p>After inspecting the convent at R&aacute;bida, I bade my skipper wait for flood
+tide to sail round to Palos, while I proceeded by land.</p>
+
+<p>They brought me at Palos an old man who was extremely polite, but not
+one word could we understand of each other, until finally I took him by
+the arm and walked him in the direction of the church, whereupon
+suppressed exclamations of delight broke forth; the American savage had
+guessed the old man out. In point of fact, this old man was waiting all
+the time to take me to the church, and was the father of the boy behind
+whom I had ridden. Between the church and the beach rose a high hillock
+covered with grass, and as high as the church tower. In old times this
+was a mosque of military work, and it had not very long been Christian
+when Columbus came here; possibly it had been Christian in his day 150
+years. It stands quite alone, is of rude construction, and has at the
+back of it some few graves&mdash;perhaps of priests. In the back part is a
+very good Moorish arch, which they still show with admiration. The front
+proper has a big door, barred strongly, as if the church might have been
+in piratical times a place of refuge for the population up in the hills.
+To the right of the entrance is the tower, which is buttressed, and its
+spire is made of blue and colored tiles, which have thoroughly kept
+their colors. A bell in this tower may have rung the inhabitants to
+church when Columbus announced that he meant to impress the Palos people
+to assist him in his voyage. I entered the church, which was all
+whitewashed, and felt, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> I did at R&aacute;bida, that it was a better
+monument than I had reason to expect.</p>
+
+<p>Its walls were one yard thick, its floors of tiles laid in an L form. As
+I measured the floor it seemed to me to be sixty-six feet wide and
+sixty-six feet long, but to the length must be added the altar chapel,
+bringing it up to ninety feet, and to the width must be added the side
+chapels, making the total width about eighty feet. The nave has a
+sharper arched top than the two aisles, which have round arches. The
+height of the roof is about thirty-five feet. The big door by which I
+entered the church is fifteen feet high by eight feet wide. Some very
+odd settees which I coveted were in the nave. The chief feature,
+however, is the pulpit, which stands at the cross of the church, so that
+persons gathered in the transepts, nave, or aisles can hear the
+preacher. It has an iron pulpit of a round form springing from one stem
+and railed in, and steps lead up to it which are inclosed. It looks old,
+and worn by human hands, and is supposed to be the identical pulpit from
+which the notary announced that, as a punishment of their offenses, the
+Queen's subjects must start with this unknown man upon his unknown
+venture. Those were high times in Palos, and it took Columbus a long
+while to get his expedition ready, and special threats as of high
+treason had to be made against the heads of families and women. But when
+Columbus returned, and the same day Pinzon came back after their
+separation of weeks, Palos church was full of triumph and hosannas. The
+wild man had been successful, and Spain found another world than the
+apostle knew of.</p>
+
+<p>The grown boy, as he showed the building, went into an old lumber room,
+or dark closet, at one corner of the church, and when I was about to
+enter he motioned me back with his palm, as if I might not enter there
+with my heretic feet. He then brought out an image of wood from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> four to
+five feet high, or, I might say, the full size of a young woman. It was
+plain that she had once been the Virgin worshiped here, but age and
+moisture had taken most of the color from her, and washed the gilt from
+her crown, and now we could only see that in her arm she bore a child,
+and this child held in its hand a dove or pigeon. The back of the female
+was hollow, and in there were driven hooks by which she had once been
+suspended at some height. This was the image, I clearly understood,
+which Columbus' men had knelt to when they were about to go forth upon
+the high seas.</p>
+
+<p>Strangely enough, the church is named St. George, and St. George was the
+patron saint of Genoa, where Columbus was born; and the Genoese who took
+the Crusaders to Jaffa had the satisfaction of seeing England annex
+their patron saint.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BIBLE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">Luther Tracy Townsend, D. D.</span>, an American divine. Born at
+Orono, Maine, September 27, 1838. From "The Bible and the
+Nineteenth Century."</p></div>
+
+<p>When Luther in the sixteenth century brought the truths of the Bible
+from the convent of Erfurth, and gave them to the people, he roused to
+mental and moral life not only the slumbering German nationality, but
+gave inspiration to every other country in Europe. "Gutenburg with his
+printing press, Columbus with his compass, Galileo with his telescope,
+Shakspere with his dramas, and almost every other man of note figuring
+during those times, are grouped, not around some distinguished man of
+science, or man of letters, or man of mechanical genius, or man famous
+in war; but around that monk of Wittenberg, who stood with an unchained
+Bible in his hand."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>TESTIMONY OF A CONTEMPORARY AS TO THE TREATMENT OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From a letter of <span class="smcap">Angelo Trivigiano</span>, of Granada, Spain, dated August
+1, 1501.</p></div>
+
+<p>I have seen so much of Columbus that we are now on a footing of great
+friendship. He is experiencing at present a streak of bad luck, being
+deprived of the King's favor, and with but little money.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE VALPARAISO STATUE.</h4>
+
+<p>At Valparaiso, Chili, a bronze statue of Columbus has been erected on a
+marble pedestal. The figure, which is of heroic size, stands in an
+advancing attitude, holding a cross in the right hand.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS AND THE EGG.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. P. H. <span class="smcap">Van der Weyde</span>. In an article in the <i>Scientific
+American</i>, June, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The stupid anecdote of the egg was a mere trifling invention, in fact a
+trick, and it is surprising that intelligent men have for so many years
+thoughtlessly been believing and repeating such nonsense. For my part, I
+can not believe that Columbus did ever lower himself so far as to
+compare the grand discovery to a trick. Surely it was no trick by which
+he discovered a new world, but it was the result of his earnest
+philosophical convictions that our earth is a globe, floating in space,
+and it could be circumnavigated by sailing westward, which most likely
+would lead to the discovery of new lands in the utterly unknown
+hemisphere beyond the western expanse of the great and boisterous
+Atlantic Ocean; while thus far no navigator ever had the courage to sail
+toward its then utterly unknown, apparently limitless, western expanse.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE MAN OF THE CHURCH.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Padre <span class="smcap">Giocchino Ventura</span>, an eloquent Italian preacher and
+theologian. Born at Palermo, 1792; died at Versailles, August,
+1861.</p></div>
+
+<p>Columbus is the man of the Church.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ATTENDANT FAME SHALL BLESS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Venerable <span class="smcap">George Waddington</span>, Dean of Durham, an English divine
+and writer. Died, July 20, 1869. From a poem read in Cambridge in
+1813.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And when in happier days one chain shall bind,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One pliant fetter shall unite mankind;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When war, when slav'ry's iron days are o'er,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When discords cease and av'rice is no more,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And with one voice remotest lands conspire,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To hail our pure religion's seraph fire;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then fame attendant on the march of time,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fed by the incense of each favored clime,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall bless the man whose heav'n-directed soul</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Form'd the vast chain which binds the mighty whole.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+
+<p>Columbus continued till death eager to extend his discoveries, and by so
+doing to promote the glory of his persecutors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>VANDERLYN'S PICTURE AT WASHINGTON.</h4>
+
+<p>The first of the eight pictures in the rotunda of the Capitol at
+Washington, D. C., and the first in point of event, is the "Landing of
+Columbus at San Salvador in 1492," by John Vanderlyn; its cost was
+$12,000. This picture represents the scene Washington Irving so
+admirably describes in his "Voyages of Columbus," occurring the morning
+the boats brought the little Spanish band from the ships to the shore of
+Guanahani. "Columbus first threw himself upon his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> knees; then, rising,
+drew his sword, displayed the royal standard, and, assembling around him
+the two captains, with Rodrigo de Escobedo, notary of the armament;
+Rodrigo Sanchez (the royal inspector), and the rest who had landed, he
+took solemn possession of the island in the name of the Castilian
+sovereigns." The picture contains the picture of Columbus, the two
+Pinzons, Escobedo, all bearing standards; Sanchez, inspector; Diego de
+Arana, with an old-fashioned arquebus on his shoulder; a cabin-boy
+kneeling, a mutineer in a suppliant attitude, a sailor in an attitude of
+veneration for Columbus, a soldier whose attention is diverted by the
+appearance of the natives, and a friar bearing a crucifix.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS STATUE AT WASHINGTON, D. C.</h4>
+
+<p>The Columbus statue stands at the east-central portico of the Capitol,
+at Washington, D. C., above the south end of the steps, on an elevated
+block. It consists of a marble group, by Signor Persico, called "The
+Discovery," on which he worked five years, and is composed of two
+figures: Columbus holding the globe in his hand, triumphant, while
+beside him, wondering, almost terror-stricken, is a female figure,
+symbolizing the Indian race. The suit of armor worn by Columbus is said
+to be a faithful copy of one he actually wore. The group cost $24,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE WATLING'S ISLAND MONUMENT RAISED BY THE CHICAGO "HERALD."</h4>
+
+<p>With true Chicago enterprise, the wideawake Chicago <i>Herald</i> dispatched
+an expedition to the West Indies in 1891 to search out the landing place
+of Columbus. The members of the party, after careful search and inquiry,
+erected a monument fifteen feet high on Watling's Island bearing the
+following inscription:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+ON THIS SPOT<br />
+CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS<br />
+FIRST SET FOOT ON THE SOIL OF THE NEW WORLD.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+
+<p class="center">Erected by<br />
+The Chicago <i>Herald</i>,<br />
+June 15, 1891.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+
+<p class="center">COLUMBUS.<br />
+FOR THE FESTIVAL AT HUELVA.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>&Aacute; Castillo, y &aacute; Leon<br />
+Nuevo Mundo di&oacute; Colon.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Theodore Watts</span>, in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> (England).</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To Christ he cried to quell Death's deafening measure,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sung by the storm to Death's own chartless sea;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To Christ he cried for glimpse of grass or tree</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When, hovering o'er the calm, Death watch'd at leisure;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And when he showed the men, now dazed with pleasure,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Faith's new world glittering star-like on the lee,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"I trust that by the help of Christ," said he,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"I presently shall light on golden treasure."</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What treasure found he? Chains and pains and sorrow.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Yea, all the wealth those noble seekers find</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Whose footfalls mark the music of mankind.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Twas his to lend a life; 'twas man's to borrow;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Twas his to make, but not to share, the morrow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Who in love's memory lives this morn enshrined.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>WEST INDIAN STATUES.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cardenas, Cuba</span>.&mdash;At Cardenas, Cuba, a statue by Piguer of Madrid has
+been erected by a Cuban lady, an authoress, and wife of a former
+governor.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 354px;">
+<a name="illus358" id="illus358"></a>
+<img src="images/illus358.jpg" width="354" height="600" alt="STATUE OF COLUMBUS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">STATUE OF COLUMBUS<br />In the Courtyard of the
+Captain-General&#39;s Palace, Havana, Cuba<br />(See page <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cathedral of Havana, Cuba</span>.&mdash;In the Cathedral of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> Havana there is a
+plain marble bas-relief, about four feet high, representing in a
+medallion a very apocryphal portrait of Columbus, with an inscription as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>O restos &eacute; Ymajen del grande Colon!</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Mil siglos durad guardados en la urna</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Y en la remembranza de nuestra Nacion.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(O remains and image of the great Columbus!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For a thousand ages endure guarded within this urn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And in the remembrance of our nation.)</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Proposed Tomb&mdash;Havana Cathedral.</span>&mdash;In February, 1891, by royal decree,
+all Spanish artists were invited to compete for a design for a sepulcher
+in which to preserve the Havana remains of Columbus; several were
+submitted to a jury, who awarded the first prize to Arthur Melida, with
+a premium of $5,000.</p>
+
+<p>The sepulcher is now being erected in the cathedral. The design
+represents a bier covered with a heavily embroidered pall, borne upon
+the shoulders of four heralds, in garments richly carved to resemble
+lace and embroidered work. The two front figures bear scepters
+surmounted by images of the Madonna and St. James, the patron saint of
+Spain. On the front of their garments are the arms of Castille and Leon.</p>
+
+<p>The two bearers represent Aragon and Navarre, the former being indicated
+by four red staffs on a gold field, and the fourth has gold-linked
+chains on a red field. The group is supported on a pedestal ornamented
+about its edge with a Greek fret.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Havana, Cuba.</span>&mdash;In the court-yard of the Captain-General's palace, in
+Havana, is a full-length figure of Columbus, the face modeled after
+accepted portraits at Madrid.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Havana, Cuba.</span>&mdash;In the inclosure of the "Templete," the little chapel on
+the site of which the first mass was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> celebrated in Cuba, there is a
+bust of Columbus which has the solitary merit of being totally unlike
+all others.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nassau.</span>&mdash;At Nassau, in the Bahamas, a statue of Christopher Columbus
+stands in front of Government House. The statue, which is nine feet
+high, is placed upon a pedestal six feet in altitude, on the north or
+seaward face of which is inscribed:</p>
+
+<h4>
+COLUMBUS, 1492.
+</h4>
+
+<p>It was presented to the colony by Sir James Carmichael Smyth, Governor
+of the Bahamas, 1829-1833, was modeled in London in 1831, is made of
+metal and painted white, and was erected May, 1832.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Santo Domingo Cathedral.</span>&mdash;Above the <i>boveda</i>, or vault, in the Cathedral
+of Santo Domingo, from which the remains of Columbus were taken in 1877,
+is a marble slab with the following:</p>
+
+<p><i>Reposaron en este sitio los restos de Don Cristobal Colon el c&eacute;lebre
+descrubridor del Nuevo Mundo, desde el a&ntilde;o de 1536, en que fueron
+trasladados de Espa&ntilde;a, hasta el 10 de Setiembre 1877, en que se
+desenterraron para constatar su autenticidad. Y &aacute; posteridad la dedica
+el Presbitero Billini.</i></p>
+
+<p>(There reposed in this place the remains of Christopher Columbus, the
+celebrated discoverer of the New World, from the year 1536, in which
+they were transferred from Spain, until the 10th September, 1877, in
+which year they were disinterred for the purpose of identification.
+Dedicated to posterity by Padre Billini) (curate in charge when the
+vault was opened.)</p>
+
+<p>In the cathedral there is also preserved a large cross of mahogany,
+rough and uneven, as though hewn with an adze out of a log, and then
+left in the rough. This, it is claimed, is the cross made by Columbus
+and erected on the opposite bank of the Ozama River, where the first
+settlement in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> West Indies was made. In a little room by itself they
+keep a leaden casket, which Santo Domingoans claim contains the bones of
+Christopher Columbus, and, in another, those of his brother.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Plaza of Santo Domingo</span>.&mdash;Humboldt once wrote that America could boast of
+no worthy monument to its discoverer, but since his time many memorials
+have been erected, not only in the New World, but the Old. In the plaza
+in front of the cathedral, in the city of Santo Domingo, stands a
+statue, heroic, in bronze, representing Columbus pointing to the
+westward. Crouched at his feet is the figure of a female Indian,
+supposed to be the unfortunate Anacaona, the caciquess of Xaragua,
+tracing an inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Yllustre y Esclarecido Varon Don Cristoval Colon.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>The statue was cast in France, a few years ago, and stands in the center
+of the plaza, in front of the cathedral.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS LORD NORTH'S "B&Ecirc;TE NOIR."</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edwin Percy Whipple</span>, a distinguished American critic and essayist.
+Born at Gloucester, Mass., 1819; died, June 16, 1886.</p></div>
+
+<p>Lord North more than once humorously execrated the memory of Columbus
+for discovering a continent which gave him and his ministry so much
+trouble.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HARDY MARINERS HAVE BECOME GREAT HEROES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Daniel Appleton White</span>, a distinguished American jurist and scholar.
+Born at Lawrence, Mass., June 7, 1776; died, March 30, 1861.</p></div>
+
+<p>Hardy seamen, too, who have spent their days in conflict with the storms
+of the ocean, have found means to make themselves distinguished in
+science and literature, as well as by achievements in their profession.
+The life of Columbus gloriously attests this fact.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>TASSO'S TRIBUTE IN ENGLISH SPENSERIAN STANZA.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen</span>, an English writer and translator. Born at
+Woburn, 1792. Many years librarian and private secretary to the Duke of
+Bedford. Died, 1836. From his translation of Tasso's "Jerusalem
+Delivered" (1830). (See <i>ante</i>, <span class="smcap">TASSO</span>.)</p>
+
+
+<h4>CANTO XV.</h4>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">XXX.</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The time shall come when ship-boys e'en shall scorn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To have Alcides' fable on their lips,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seas yet unnamed and realms unknown adorn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Your charts, and with their fame your pride eclipse;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Then the bold Argo of all future ships</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall circumnavigate and circle sheer</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Whate'er blue Tethys in her girdle clips,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victorious rival of the sun's career,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And measure e'en of earth the whole stupendous sphere.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">XXXI.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Genoese knight shall first the idea seize</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And, full of faith, the untracked abyss explore.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No raving winds, inhospitable seas,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thwart planets, dubious calms, or billows' roar,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nor whatso'er of risk or toil may more</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Terrific show or furiously assail,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shall make that mighty mind of his give o'er</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The wonderful adventure, or avail</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In close Abyla's bounds his spirit to impale.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">XXXII.</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Tis thou, Columbus, in new zones and skies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That to the wind thy happy sails must raise,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till fame shall scarce pursue thee with her eyes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Though she a thousand eyes and wings displays;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Let her of Bacchus and Alcides praise</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The savage feats, and do thy glory wrong</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With a few whispers tossed to after days;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">These shall suffice to make thy memory long</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In history's page endure, or some divinest song.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>NOAH AND COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Emma Hart Willard</span>, an American teacher and educational writer. Born
+at Berlin, Conn., 1787; died, 1870.</p></div>
+
+<p>Since the time when Noah left the ark to set his foot upon a recovered
+world, a landing so sublime as that of Columbus had never occurred.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A GRAND PROPHETIC VISION.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">Elhanan Winchester</span>, an American divine. Born at Brookline,
+Mass., 1751; died, 1797. From an oration delivered in London,
+October 12, 1792, the 300th anniversary of the landing of Columbus
+in the New World. The orator, previous to a call to a pastorate in
+London, had lived many years in America, being at one time pastor
+of a large church in the city of Philadelphia. This oration should
+be prized, so to speak, for its "ancient simplicity." It is a relic
+of the style used in addresses one hundred years ago.</p></div>
+
+<p>I have for some years had it upon my mind that if Providence preserved
+my life to the close of the third century from the discovery of America
+by Columbus, that I would celebrate that great event by a public
+discourse upon the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>And although I sincerely wish that some superior genius would take up
+the subject and treat it with the attention that it deserves, yet,
+conscious as I am of my own inability, I am persuaded that America has
+not a warmer friend in the world than myself.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery of America by Columbus was situated, in point of time,
+between two great events, which have caused it to be much more noticed,
+and have rendered it far more important than it would otherwise have
+been. I mean <i>the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> art of printing</i>, which was discovered about the year
+1440, and which has been and will be of infinite use to mankind, and
+<i>the Reformation</i> from popery, which began about the year 1517, the
+effects of which have already been highly beneficial in a political as
+well as in a religious point of view, and will continue and increase.</p>
+
+<p>These three great events&mdash;<i>the art of printing</i>, the discovery of
+America, and <i>the Reformation</i>&mdash;followed each other in quick succession;
+and, combined together, have already produced much welfare and happiness
+to mankind, and certainly will produce abundance more.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>By the discovery of America there was much room given to the inhabitants
+of the Old World; an asylum was prepared for the persecuted of all
+nations to fly to for safety, and a grand theater was erected where
+Liberty might safely lift up her standard, and triumph over all the foes
+of freedom. America may be called <i>the very birthplace of civil and
+religious liberty</i>, which had never been known to mankind until since
+the discovery of that country.</p>
+
+<p>But the importance of the discovery will appear greater and greater
+every year, and one century to come will improve America far more than
+the three centuries past.</p>
+
+<p>The prospect opens; it extends itself upon us. "The wilderness and
+solitary place shall rejoice, the desert shall rejoice and blossom as
+the rose." I look forward to that glorious era when that vast continent
+shall be fully populated with civilized and religious people; when
+heavenly wisdom and virtue, and all that can civilize, adorn, and bless
+the children of men, shall cover that part of the globe as the waters
+cover the seas.</p>
+
+<p>Transported at the thought, I am borne forward to days of distant
+renown. In my expanded view, the United States rise in all their ripened
+glory before me. I look<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> through and beyond every yet peopled region of
+the New World, and behold period still brightening upon period. Where
+one contiguous depth of gloomy wilderness now shuts out even the beams
+of day, I see new states and empires, new seats of wisdom and knowledge,
+new religious domes, spreading around. In places now untrod by any but
+savage beasts, or men as savage as they, I hear the voice of happy
+labor, and behold beautiful cities rising to view.</p>
+
+<p>Lo, in this happy picture, I behold the native Indian exulting in the
+works of peace and civilization; his bloody hatchet he buries deep under
+ground, and his murderous knife he turns into a pruning fork, to lop the
+tender vine and teach the luxuriant shoot to grow. No more does he form
+to himself a heaven after death (according to the poet), in company with
+his faithful dog, behind the cloud-topped hill, to enjoy solitary quiet,
+far from the haunts of faithless men; but, better instructed by
+Christianity, he views his everlasting inheritance&mdash;"a house not made
+with hands, eternal in the heavens."</p>
+
+<p>Instead of recounting to his offspring, round the blazing fire, the
+bloody exploits of their ancestors, and wars of savage death, showing
+barbarous exultation over every deed of human woe, methinks I hear him
+pouring forth his eulogies of praise, in memory of those who were the
+instruments of heaven in raising his tribes from darkness to light, in
+giving them the blessings of civilized life, and converting them from
+violence and blood to meekness and love.</p>
+
+<p>Behold the whole continent highly cultivated and fertilized, full of
+cities, towns, and villages, beautiful and lovely beyond expression. I
+hear the praises of my great Creator sung upon the banks of those rivers
+unknown to song. Behold the delightful prospect! see the silver and gold
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> America employed in the service of the Lord of the whole earth! See
+slavery, with all its train of attendant evil, forever abolished! See a
+communication opened through the whole continent, from north to south,
+and from east to west, through a most fruitful country! Behold the glory
+of God extending, and the gospel spreading, through the whole land!</p>
+
+<p>O my native country! though I am far distant from thy peaceful shores,
+which probably mine eyes may never more behold, yet I can never forget
+thee. May thy great Creator bless thee, and make thee a happy land,
+while thy rivers flow and thy mountains endure. And, though He has
+spoken nothing plainly in His word concerning thee, yet has he blest
+thee abundantly, and given thee good things in possession, and a
+prospect of more glorious things in time to come. His name shall be
+known, feared, and loved through all thy western regions, and to the
+utmost bounds of thy vast extensive continent.</p>
+
+<p>O America! land of liberty, peace, and plenty, in thee I drew my first
+breath, in thee all my kindred dwell. I beheld thee in thy lowest state,
+crushed down under misfortunes, struggling with poverty, war, and
+disgrace. I have lived to behold thee free and independent, rising to
+glory and extensive empire, blessed with all the good things of this
+life, and a happy prospect of better things to come. I can say, "Lord,
+now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, for mine eyes have seen
+thy salvation," which thou hast made known to my native land, in the
+sight, and to the astonishment, of all the nations of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>I die; but God will surely visit America, and make it a vast flourishing
+and extensive empire; will take it under His protection, and bless it
+abundantly&mdash;but the prospect is too glorious for my pen to describe. I
+add no more.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 351px;">
+<a name="illus368" id="illus368"></a>
+<img src="images/illus368.jpg" width="351" height="600" alt="STATUE OF COLUMBUS, IN FAIRMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">STATUE OF COLUMBUS, IN FAIRMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA.<br />
+Presented by Italian Citizens.<br />(See page <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>.)</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>DE MORTUIS, NIL NISI BONUM.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Justin Winsor</span>, a celebrated American critical historian. Born,
+1831.</p></div>
+
+<p>No man craves more than Columbus to be judged with all the palliations
+demanded of his own age and ours. It would have been well for his memory
+if he had died when his master work was done.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>His discovery was a blunder; his blunder was a new world; the New World
+is his monument.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ON A PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">George E. Woodberry</span>, in the <i>Century Magazine</i>, May, 1892. By
+permission of the author and the Century Company.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Was this his face, and these the finding eyes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That plucked a new world from the rolling seas?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Who, serving Christ, whom most he sought to please,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willed his one thought until he saw arise</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Man's other home and earthly paradise&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His early vision, when with stalwart knees</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He pushed the boat from his young olive trees</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And sailed to wrest the secret of the skies?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He on the waters dared to set his feet,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And through believing planted earth's last race.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What faith in man must in our new world beat,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thinking how once he saw before his face</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The west and all the host of stars retreat</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Into the silent infinite of space.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Joseph Emerson Worcester</span>, a celebrated American lexicographer. Born
+at Bedford, N. H., 1758; died, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<p>The discovery of America was the greatest achievement of the kind ever
+performed by man; and, considered in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> connection with its consequences,
+it is the greatest event of modern times. It served to wake up the
+unprecedented spirit of enterprise; it opened new sources of wealth, and
+exerted a powerful influence on commerce by greatly increasing many
+important articles of trade, and also by bringing into general use
+others before unknown; by leading to the discovery of the rich mines of
+this continent, it has caused the quantity of the precious metals in
+circulation throughout the world to be exceedingly augmented; it also
+gave a new impulse to colonization, and prepared the way for the
+advantages of civilized life and the blessings of <b>Christianity</b> to be
+extended over vast regions which before were the miserable abodes of
+barbarism and pagan idolatry.</p>
+
+<p>The man to whose genius and enterprise the world is indebted for this
+discovery was Christopher Columbus of Genoa. He conceived that in order
+to complete the balance of the terraqueous globe another continent
+necessarily existed, which might be reached by sailing to the west from
+Europe; but he erroneously connected it with India. Being persuaded of
+the truth of his theory, his adventurous spirit made him eager to verify
+it by experiment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FATE OF DISCOVERERS.</h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>It is remarkable how few of the eminent men of the discoverers and
+conquerors of the New World died in peace. Columbus died broken-hearted;
+Roldan and Bobadilla were drowned; Ojeda died in extreme poverty;
+Encisco was deposed by his own men; Nicuesa perished miserably by the
+cruelty of his party; Balboa was disgracefully beheaded; Narvaez was
+imprisoned in a tropical dungeon, and afterward died of hardship; Cortez
+was dishonored; Alvarado was destroyed in ambush; Pizarro was murdered,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>
+and his four brothers cut off; Sir Walter Raleigh was beheaded by an
+ungrateful king; the noble and adventurous Robert La Salle, the explorer
+of the Mississippi Valley, was murdered by his mutinous crew; Sir Martin
+Frobisher died of a wound received at Brest; Sir Humphrey Gilbert,
+Raleigh's noble half-brother, "as near to God by sea as by land," sank
+with the crew of the little Squirrel in the deep green surges of the
+North Atlantic; Sir Francis Drake, "the terror of the Spanish Main," and
+the explorer of the coast of California, died of disease near Puerto
+Bello, in 1595. The frozen wilds of the North hold the bones of many an
+intrepid explorer. Franklin and Bellot there sleep their last long
+sleep. The bleak snow-clad <i>tundra</i> of the Lena delta saw the last
+moments of the gallant De Long. Afric's burning sands have witnessed
+many a martyrdom to science and religion. Livingston, Hannington,
+Gordon, Jamieson, and Barttelot are golden names on the ghastly roll.
+Australia's scrub-oak and blue-gum plains have contributed their quota
+of the sad and sudden deaths on the earth-explorers' roll.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Columbus and Columbia.</h2>
+
+<h4>COLUMBIA.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hail, Columbia! happy land!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hail, ye heroes! heaven-born band!</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;"><i>Joseph Hopkinson</i>, 1770-1842.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;"><i>Robert Treat Paine</i>, 1772-1811.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbia, Columbia, to glory arise.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The queen of the world, and child of the skies!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy genius commands thee; with rapture behold</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While ages on ages thy splendors unfold.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 11em;"><i>Timothy Dwight</i>, 1752-1817.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="COLUMBIA" id="COLUMBIA"></a>COLUMBIA</h2>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICAN FUTURITY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Adams</span>, second President of the United States. Born October 19,
+1735; died July 4, 1826.</p></div>
+
+<p>A prospect into futurity in America is like contemplating the heavens
+through the telescopes of Herschel. Objects stupendous in their
+magnitudes and motions strike us from all quarters, and fill us with
+amazement.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICA THE OLD WORLD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Louis Jean Rodolophe Agassiz</span>, the distinguished naturalist. Born in
+Motier, near the Lake of Neufch&acirc;tel, Switzerland, in 1807; died at
+Cambridge, Mass., December 14, 1873. From his "Geological
+Sketches." By permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co.,
+Publishers, Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>First-born among the continents, though so much later in culture and
+civilization than some of more recent birth, America, so far as her
+physical history is concerned, has been falsely denominated the <i>New
+World</i>. Hers was the first dry land lifted out of the waters, hers the
+first shore washed by the ocean that enveloped all the earth beside; and
+while Europe was represented only by islands rising here and there above
+the sea, America already stretched an unbroken line of land from Nova
+Scotia to the far West.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DISCOVERY OF THE BIRD OF WASHINGTON.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John James Audubon</span>, an American ornithologist. Born in Louisiana
+May 4, 1780. Died in New York January, 1851. From his "Adventures
+and Discoveries."</p></div>
+
+<p>My commercial expeditions, rich in attraction for scientific<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>
+observation, were attended also with the varied pleasures which delight
+a passenger on the waters of the glorious Mississippi. Fresh scenes are
+continually disclosed by the frequent windings of the river, as you
+speed along its rapid current. Thousands of birds in the adjacent woods
+gratify the ear with their sweet mellow notes, or dazzle the sight, as
+in their gorgeous attire they flash by. It was while ascending the Upper
+Mississippi, during the month of February, 1814, that I first caught
+sight of the beautiful Bird of Washington. My delight was extreme. Not
+even Herschel, when he discovered the planet which bears his name, could
+have experienced more rapturous feelings. Convinced that the bird was
+extremely rare, if not altogether unknown, I felt particularly anxious
+to learn its species. I next observed it whilst engaged in collecting
+cray fish on one of the flats of the Green River, at its junction with
+the Ohio, where it is bounded by a range of high cliffs. I felt assured,
+by certain indications, that the bird frequented that spot. Seated about
+a hundred yards from the foot of the rock, I eagerly awaited its
+appearance as it came to visit its nest with food for its young. I was
+warned of its approach by the loud hissing of the eaglets, which crawled
+to the extremity of the cavity to seize the prey&mdash;a fine fish. Presently
+the female, always the larger among rapacious birds, arrived, bearing
+also a fish. With more shrewd suspicion than her mate, glaring with her
+keen eye around, she at once perceived the nest had been discovered.
+Immediately dropping her prey, with a loud shriek she communicated the
+alarm, when both birds, soaring aloft, kept up a growling to intimidate
+the intruders from their suspected design.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 382px;">
+<a name="illus378" id="illus378"></a>
+<img src="images/illus378.jpg" width="382" height="600" alt="PART OF COLUMBUS STATUE, NEW YORK MONUMENT.
+" title="" />"
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Weekly.<br />Copyright, 1892, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers<br />
+
+PART OF COLUMBUS STATUE, NEW YORK MONUMENT.<br />
+
+(See page <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not until two years later was I gratified by the capture of this
+magnificent bird. Considering the bird the noblest of its kind, I
+dignified it with the great name to which this country owed her
+salvation, and which must be imperish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>able therefore among her people.
+Like the eagle, Washington was brave; like it, he was the terror of his
+foes, and his fame, extending from pole to pole, resembles the majestic
+soarings of the mightiest of the feathered tribe. America, proud of her
+Washington, has also reason to be so of her Great Eagle.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ONE VAST WESTERN CONTINENT.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir <span class="smcap">Edwin Arnold</span>, C. S. I., an English poet and journalist. Born,
+June 10, 1832.</p></div>
+
+<p>I reserve as the destiny of these United States the control of all the
+lands to the south, of the whole of the South American continent. Petty
+troubles will die away, and all will be yours. In South America alone
+there is room for 500,000,000 more people. Some day it will have that
+many, and all will acknowledge the government at Washington. We in
+England will not grudge you this added power. It is rightfully yours.
+With the completion of the canal across the Isthmus of Nicaragua you
+must have control of it, and of all the surrounding Egypt of the New
+World.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE RISING OF THE WESTERN STAR.</h4>
+
+<p class="center">(ANONYMOUS.)</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Land of the mighty! through the nations</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thy fame shall live and travel on;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And all succeeding generations</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shall bless the name of Washington.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While year by year new triumphs bringing,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sons of Freedom shall be singing&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Ever happy, ever free,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Land of light and liberty.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus, on his dauntless mission,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Beheld his lovely isle afar;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Did he not see, in distant vision,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The rising of this western star&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This queen, who now, in state befitting,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Between two ocean floods is sitting?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Ever happy, ever free,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Land of light and liberty.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE AMERICAN FLAG.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Henry Ward Beecher</span>, a distinguished American writer and preacher.
+Born in Litchfield, Conn., June 24, 1813; died, March 8, 1887, in
+Brooklyn, N. Y. From his "Patriotic Addresses." By permission of
+Messrs. Fords, Howard &amp; Hulbert, Publishers, New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>When a man of thoughtful mind sees a nation's flag, he sees not the flag
+only, but the nation itself; and whatever may be its symbols, he reads
+chiefly in the flag the government, the principles, the truth, the
+history, which belong to the nation which sets it forth. When the French
+tricolor rolls out to the wind, we see France. When the newfound
+Italian flag is unfurled, we see Italy restored. When the other
+three-cornered Hungarian flag shall be lifted to the wind, we shall see
+in it the long-buried, but never dead, principles of Hungarian liberty.
+When the united crosses of St. Andrew and St. George on a fiery ground
+set forth the banner of old England, we see not the cloth merely; there
+rises up before the mind the noble aspect of that monarchy which, more
+than any other on the globe, has advanced its banner for liberty, law,
+and national prosperity. This nation has a banner, too, and wherever it
+streamed abroad men saw daybreak bursting on their eyes, for the
+American flag has been the symbol of liberty, and men rejoiced in it.
+Not another flag on the globe had such an errand, or went forth upon the
+seas carrying everywhere, the world around, such hope for the captive
+and such glorious tidings. The stars upon it were to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> pining nations
+like the morning stars of God, and the stripes upon it were beams of
+morning light. As at early dawn the stars stand first, and then it grows
+light, and then, as the sun advances, that light breaks into banks and
+streaming lines of color, the glowing red and intense white striving
+together and ribbing the horizon with bars effulgent, so on the American
+flag stars and beams of many-colored lights shine out together. And
+wherever the flag comes, and men behold it, they see in its sacred
+emblazonry no rampant lion and fierce eagle, but only light, and every
+fold indicative of liberty. It has been unfurled from the snows of
+Canada to the plains of New Orleans; in the halls of the Montezumas and
+amid the solitude of every sea; and everywhere, as the luminous symbol
+of resistless and beneficent power, it has led the brave to victory and
+to glory. It has floated over our cradles; let it be our prayer and our
+struggle that it shall float over our graves.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NATIONAL SELF-RESPECT.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel S. S. Beman</span>, an American Presbyterian divine. Born in New
+Lebanon, N. Y., 1785; died at Carbondale, Ill., August 8, 1871. For
+forty years pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Troy, N. Y.</p></div>
+
+<p>The western continent has, at different periods, been the subject of
+every species of transatlantic abuse. In former days, some of the
+naturalists of Europe told us that everything here was constructed upon
+a small scale. The frowns of nature were represented as investing the
+whole hemisphere we inhabit. It has been asserted that the eternal
+storms which are said to beat upon the brows of our mountains, and to
+roll the tide of desolation at their bases; the hurricanes which sweep
+our vales, and the volcanic fires which issue from a thousand flaming
+craters; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> thunderbolts which perpetually descend from heaven, and
+the earthquakes, whose trepidations are felt to the very center of our
+globe, have superinduced a degeneracy through all the productions of
+nature. Men have been frightened into intellectual dwarfs, and the
+beasts of the forest have not attained more than half their ordinary
+growth.</p>
+
+<p>While some of the lines and touches of this picture have been blotted
+out by the reversing hand of time, others have been added, which have,
+in some respects, carried the conceit still farther. In later days, and,
+in some instances, even down to the present period, it has been
+published and republished from the enlightened presses of the Old World,
+that so strong is the tendency to deterioration on this continent that
+the descendants of European ancestors are far inferior to the original
+stock from which they sprang. But inferior in what? In national spirit
+and patriotic achievement? Let the revolutionary conflict&mdash;the opening
+scenes at Boston and the catastrophe at Yorktown&mdash;furnish the reply. Let
+Bennington and Saratoga support their respective claims. Inferior in
+enterprise? Let the sail that whitens every ocean, and the commercial
+spirit that braves every element and visits every bustling mart, refute
+the unfounded aspersion. Inferior in deeds of zeal and valor for the
+Church? Let our missionaries in the bosom of our own forest, in the
+distant regions of the East, and on the islands of the great Pacific,
+answer the question. Inferior in science and letters and the arts? It is
+true our nation is young; but we may challenge the world to furnish a
+national maturity which, in these respects, will compare with ours.</p>
+
+<p>The character and institutions of this country have already produced a
+deep impression upon the world we inhabit. What but our example has
+stricken the chains of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> despotism from the provinces of South
+America&mdash;giving, by a single impulse, freedom to half a hemisphere? A
+Washington here has created a Bolivar there. The flag of independence,
+which has waved from the summit of our Alleghany, has now been answered
+by a corresponding signal from the heights of the Andes. And the same
+spirit, too, that came across the Atlantic wave with the Pilgrims, and
+made the rock of Plymouth the corner-stone of freedom, and of this
+republic, is traveling back to the East. It has already carried its
+influence into the cabinets of princes, and it is at this moment sung by
+the Grecian bard and emulated by the Grecian hero.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBIA&mdash;A PROPHECY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">St. George Best.</span> In Kate Field's <i>Washington</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puissant land! where'er I turn my eyes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I see thy banner strewn upon the breeze;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each past achievement only prophesies</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of triumphs more unheard of. These</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Are shadows yet, but time will write thy name</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In letters golden as the sun</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That blazed upon the sight of those who came</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To worship in the temple of the Delphic One.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FINAL STAGE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Henry Hugh Brackenridge</span>, a writer and politician. Born near
+Campbellton, Scotland, 1748; died, 1816. From his "Rising Glory of
+America," a commencement poem.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This is thy praise, America, thy power,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou best of climes by science visited,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By freedom blest, and richly stored with all</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The luxuries of life! Hail, happy land,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The seat of empire, the abode of kings,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The final stage where time shall introduce</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Renowned characters, and glorious works</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of high invention and of wondrous art,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which not the ravages of time shall waste,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Till he himself has run his long career!</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>BRIGHT'S BEATIFIC VISION.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Right Honorable <span class="smcap">John Bright</span>, the celebrated English orator and
+radical statesman. Born at Greenbank, Rochdale, Lancashire,
+November 16, 1811; died, March 27, 1889. From a speech delivered at
+Birmingham, England, 1862.</p></div>
+
+<p>I have another and a far brighter vision before my gaze. It may be but a
+vision, but I will cherish it. I see one vast confederation stretching
+from the frozen North in unbroken line to the glowing South, and from
+the wild billows of the Atlantic westward to the calmer waters of the
+Pacific main; and I see one people and one language, and one faith and
+one law, and, over all that wide continent, the home of freedom, and a
+refuge for the oppressed of every race and every clime.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BROTHERS ACROSS THE SEA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Elizabeth Barrett Browning</span>, one of the most gifted female poets.
+Born near Ledbury, Herefordshire, England, in 1807; died at
+Florence, Italy, in June, 1861.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I heard an angel speak last night,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">And he said, "Write&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Write a nation's curse for me,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And send it over the western sea."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I faltered, taking up the word:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">"Not so, my lord!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">If curses must be, choose another</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">To send thy curse against my brother.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">For I am bound by gratitude,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 7em;">By love and blood,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">To brothers of mine across the sea,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Who stretch out kindly hands to me."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Therefore," the voice said, "shalt thou write</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">My curse to-night;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">From the summits of love a curse is driven,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">As lightning is from the tops of heaven."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GRANDEUR OF DESTINY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Cullen Bryant</span>, an eminent American poet. Born at
+Cummington, Mass., November 3, 1794; died, June 12, 1878.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, Mother of a mighty race,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet lovely in thy youthful grace!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The elder dames, thy haughty peers,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Admire and hate thy blooming years;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">With words of shame</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And taunts of scorn they join thy name.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They know not, in their hate and pride,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What virtues with thy children bide;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How true, how good, thy graceful maids</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Make bright, like flowers, the valley shades;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">What generous men</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring, like thine oaks, by hill and glen;</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What cordial welcomes greet the guest</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By the lone rivers of the West;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How faith is kept, and truth revered,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And man is loved, and God is feared,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">In woodland homes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And where the solemn ocean foams.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, fair young Mother! on thy brow</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall sit a nobler grace than now.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deep in the brightness of thy skies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The thronging years in glory rise,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">And, as they fleet,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drop strength and riches at thy feet.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICAN NATIONAL HASTE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">James Bryce</span>, M. P. Born at Belfast, Ireland, May 10, 1838.
+Appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law to the University of
+Oxford, England, 1870. From his "American Commonwealth."</p></div>
+
+<p>Americans seem to live in the future rather than in the present; not
+that they fail to work while it is called to-day, but that they see the
+country, not merely as it is, but as it will be twenty, fifty, a hundred
+years hence, when the seedlings shall have grown to forest trees. Time
+seems too brief for what they have to do, and result always to come
+short of their desire. One feels as if caught and whirled along in a
+foaming stream chafing against its banks, such is the passion of these
+men to accomplish in their own lifetimes what in the past it took
+centuries to effect. Sometimes, in a moment of pause&mdash;for even the
+visitor finds himself infected by the all-pervading eagerness&mdash;one is
+inclined to ask them: "Gentlemen, why in heaven's name this haste? You
+have time enough. No enemy threatens you. No volcano will rise from
+beneath you. Ages and ages lie before you. Why sacrifice the present to
+the future, fancying that you will be happier when your fields teem with
+wealth and your cities with people? In Europe we have cities wealthier
+and more populous than yours, and we are not happy. You dream of your
+posterity; but your posterity will look back to yours as the golden age,
+and envy those who first burst into this silent, splendid nature, who
+first lifted up their axes upon these tall trees, and lined these waters
+with busy wharves. Why, then,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> seek to complete in a few decades what
+the other nations of the world took thousands of years over in the older
+continents? Why do rudely and ill things which need to be done well,
+seeing that the welfare of your descendants may turn upon them? Why, in
+your hurry to subdue and utilize nature, squander her splendid gifts?
+Why allow the noxious weeds of Eastern politics to take root in your new
+soil, when by a little effort you might keep it pure? Why hasten the
+advent of that threatening day when the vacant spaces of the continent
+shall all have been filled, and the poverty or discontent of the older
+States shall find no outlet? You have opportunities such as mankind has
+never had before, and may never have again. Your work is great and
+noble; it is done for a future longer and vaster than our conceptions
+can embrace. Why not make its outlines and beginnings worthy of these
+destinies, the thought of which gilds your hopes and elevates your
+purposes?"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="illus389" id="illus389"></a>
+<img src="images/illus389.jpg" width="600" height="351" alt="VIEW OF THE CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA DE LA R&Aacute;BIDA (HUELVA),
+SPAIN, WHERE COLUMBUS TOOK REFUGE.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">VIEW OF THE CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA DE LA R&Aacute;BIDA (HUELVA),
+SPAIN, WHERE COLUMBUS TOOK REFUGE.<br />
+
+This convent has been restored and preserved as a National Museum since
+1846.<br />
+
+(See pages <a href='#Page_17'>17</a> and <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICA'S UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edmund Burke</span>, an illustrious orator, statesman, and philanthropist.
+Born in Dublin, 1730; died, July 9, 1797. To Burke's eternal credit
+and renown be it said, that, had his advice and counsels been
+listened to, the causes which produced the American Revolution
+would have been removed.</p></div>
+
+<p>I can not prevail on myself to hurry over this great consideration&mdash;the
+value of America to England. It is good for us to be here. We stand
+where we have an immense view of what is, and what is past. Clouds,
+indeed, and darkness, rest upon the future. Let us, however, before we
+descend from this noble eminence, reflect that this growth of our
+national prosperity has happened within the short period of the life of
+man. It has happened within sixty-eight years. There are those alive
+whose memory might touch the two extremities. For instance, my Lord
+Bathurst<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> might remember all the stages of the progress. He was, in
+1704, of an age, at least, to be made to comprehend such things. Suppose
+that the angel of this auspicious youth, foreseeing the many virtues
+which made him one of the most amiable, as he is one of the most
+fortunate, men of his age, had opened to him in vision, that when, in
+the fourth generation, the third prince of the house of Brunswick had
+sat twelve years on the throne of that nation, which by the happy issue
+of moderate and healing councils was to be made Great Britain, he should
+see his son, Lord Chancellor of England, turn back the current of
+hereditary dignity to its fountain, and raise him to a higher rank of
+peerage, whilst he enriched the family with a new one. If amidst these
+bright and happy scenes of domestic honor and prosperity that angel
+should have drawn up the curtain and unfolded the rising glories of his
+country; and, whilst he was gazing with admiration on the then
+commercial grandeur of England, the genius should point out to him a
+little speck, scarce visible in the mass of the national interest, a
+small seminal principle, rather than a formed body, and should tell him,
+"Young man, there is America, which at this day serves for little more
+than to amuse you with stories of savage men and uncouth manners; yet
+shall, before you taste of death, show itself equal to the whole of that
+commerce which now attracts the envy of the world. Whatever England has
+been growing to by a progressive increase of improvement, brought in by
+varieties of people, by succession of civilizing conquests and
+civilizing settlements in a series of 1,700 years, you shall see as much
+added to her by America in the course of a single life!" If this state
+of his country had been foretold to him, would it not have required all
+the sanguine credulity of youth, and all the fervid glow of enthusiasm,
+to make him believe it? Fortunate man, he has lived to see it!
+Fortunate,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> indeed, if he live to see nothing to vary the prospect, and
+cloud the setting of his day!</p>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICA THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Emilio Castelar</span>, one of Spain's most noted orators and statesmen.
+His masterly articles on Columbus in the <i>Century Magazine</i> alone
+would insure an international reputation. From a speech in the
+Spanish Cortes, 1871.</p></div>
+
+<p>America, and especially Saxon America, with its immense virgin
+territories, with its republic, with its equilibrium between stability
+and progress, with its harmony between liberty and democracy, is the
+continent of the future&mdash;the immense continent stretched by God between
+the Atlantic and Pacific, where mankind may plant, essay, and resolve
+all social problems. Europe has to decide whether she will confound
+herself with Asia, placing upon her lands old altars, and upon the
+altars old idols, and upon the idols immovable theocracies, and upon the
+theocracies despotic empires; or whether she will go by labor, by
+liberty, and by the republic, to co-operate with America in the grand
+work of universal civilization.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NOBLE CONCEPTIONS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Ellery Channing, D. D.</span>, a distinguished American Unitarian
+divine, and one of the most eloquent writers America has produced.
+Born at Newport, R. I., April 7, 1780; died, October 2, 1842. From
+an address on "The Annexation of Texas to the United States."</p></div>
+
+<p>When we look forward to the probable growth of this country; when we
+think of the millions of human beings who are to spread over our present
+territory; of the career of improvement and glory opened to this new
+people; of the impulse which free institutions, if prosperous, may be
+expected to give to philosophy, religion, science,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> literature, and
+arts; of the vast field in which the experiment is to be made; of what
+the unfettered powers of man may achieve; of the bright page of history
+which our fathers have filled, and of the advantages under which their
+toils and virtues have placed us for carrying on their work. When we
+think of all this, can we help, for a moment, surrendering ourselves to
+bright visions of our country's glory, before which all the glories of
+the past are to fade away? Is it presumption to say that if just to
+ourselves and all nations we shall be felt through this whole continent;
+that we shall spread our language, institutions, and civilization
+through a wider space than any nation has yet filled with a like
+beneficent influence? And are we prepared to barter these hopes, this
+sublime moral empire, for conquests by force? Are we prepared to sink to
+the level of unprincipled nations; to content ourselves with a vulgar,
+guilty greatness; to adopt in our youth maxims and ends which must brand
+our future with sordidness, oppression, and shame? Why can not we rise
+to noble conceptions of our destiny? Why do we not feel that our work as
+a nation is to carry freedom, religion, science, and a nobler form of
+human nature over this continent? And why do we not remember that to
+diffuse these blessings we must first cherish them in our own borders,
+and that whatever deeply and permanently corrupts us will make our
+spreading influence a curse, not a blessing, to this New World? It is a
+common idea in Europe that we are destined to spread an inferior
+civilization over North America; that our absorption in gain and outward
+interests mark us out as fated to fall behind the Old World in the
+higher improvements of human nature&mdash;in the philosophy, the refinements,
+the enthusiasm of literature and the arts, which throw a luster round
+other countries. I am not prophet enough to read our fate.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GRAND SCOPE OF THE COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Chicago <i>Inter Ocean</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Columbian Exposition should be an exhibition worthy of the fame of
+Columbus and of the great republic that has taken root in the New World,
+which the Genoese discoverer not only "to Castille and to Aragon gave,"
+but to the struggling, the oppressed, the aspiring, and the resolute of
+all humanity in all its conditions.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICAN NATIONALITY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Rufus Choate,</span>, the most eminent advocate of New England. Born at
+Essex, Mass., October 1, 1799; died at Halifax, N. S., July 13,
+1858. From an Independence Day oration delivered in Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>But now there rises colossal the fine sweet spirit of nationality&mdash;the
+nationality of America. See there the pillar of fire which God has
+kindled, and lighted, and moved, for our hosts and our ages. Under such
+an influence you ascend above the smoke and stir of this small local
+strife; you tread upon the high places of the earth and of history; you
+think and feel as an American for America; her power, her eminence, her
+consideration, her honor are yours; your competitors, like hers, are
+kings; your home, like hers, is the world; your path, like hers, is on
+the highway of empires; your charge, her charge, is of generations and
+ages; your record, her record, is of treaties, battles, voyages, beneath
+all the constellations; her image&mdash;one, immortal, golden&mdash;rises on your
+eye as our western star at evening rises on the traveler from his home;
+no lowering cloud, no angry river, no lingering spring, no broken
+crevasse, no inundated city or plantation, no tracts of sand, arid and
+burning, on that surface, but all blended and softened into one beam of
+kindred rays, the image, harbinger, and promise of love, hope, and a
+brighter day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But if you would contemplate nationality as an active virtue, look
+around you. Is not our own history one witness and one record of what it
+can do? This day, the 4th of July, and all which it stands for&mdash;did it
+not give us these? This glory of the fields of that war, this eloquence
+of that revolution, this one wide sheet of flame, which wrapped tyrant
+and tyranny, and swept all that escaped from it away, forever and
+forever; the courage to fight, to retreat, to rally, to advance, to
+guard the young flag by the young arm and the young heart's blood, to
+hold up and hold on till the magnificent consummation crown the
+work&mdash;were not all these imparted or inspired by this imperial
+sentiment.</p>
+
+<p>Look at it! It has kindled us to no aims of conquest. It has involved us
+in no entangling alliances. It has kept our neutrality dignified and
+just. The victories of peace have been our prized victories. But the
+larger and truer grandeur of the nations, for which they are created,
+and for which they must one day, before some tribunal, give account,
+what a measure of these it has enabled us already to fulfill! It has
+lifted us to the throne, and has set on our brow the name of the Great
+Republic. It has taught us to demand nothing wrong and to submit to
+nothing wrong; it has made our diplomacy sagacious, wary, and
+accomplished; it has opened the iron gate of the mountain, and planted
+our ensign on the great tranquil sea. It has made the desert to bud and
+blossom as the rose; it has quickened to life the giant brood of useful
+arts; it has whitened lake and ocean with the sails of a daring, new,
+and lawful trade; it has extended to exiles, flying as clouds, the
+asylum of our better liberty. It has kept us at rest within our borders;
+it has scattered the seeds of liberty, under law and under order,
+broadcast; it has seen and helped American feeling to swell into a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>
+fuller flood; from many a field and many a deck, though it seeks not
+war, makes not war, and fears not war, it has borne the radiant flag,
+all unstained.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE LOVE OF COUNTRY.</h4>
+
+<p>There is a love of country which comes uncalled for, one knows not how.
+It comes in with the very air, the eye, the ear, the instinct, the first
+beatings of the heart. The faces of brothers and sisters, and the loved
+father and mother, the laugh of playmates, the old willow tree and well
+and school-house, the bees at work in the spring, the note of the robin
+at evening, the lullaby, the cows coming home, the singing-book, the
+visits of neighbors, the general training&mdash;all things which make
+childhood happy, begin it.</p>
+
+<p>And then, as the age of the passions and the age of the reason draw on,
+and the love of home, and the sense of security and property under the
+law come to life, and as the story goes round, and as the book or the
+newspaper relates the less favored lot of other lands, and the public
+and private sense of the man is forming and formed, there is a type of
+patriotism already. Thus they have imbibed it who stood that charge at
+Concord, and they who hung on the deadly retreat, and they who threw up
+the hasty and imperfect redoubt at Bunker Hill by night, set on it the
+blood-red provincial flag, and passed so calmly with Prescott and Putnam
+and Warren through the experiences of the first fire.</p>
+
+<p>To direct this spontaneous sentiment of hearts to our great Union, to
+raise it high, to make it broad and deep, to instruct it, to educate it,
+is in some things harder, and in some things easier; but it may be, it
+must be, done. Our country has her great names; she has her food for
+patriotism, for childhood, and for man.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE UNITED STATES STEAMSHIP COLUMBIA.</h4>
+
+<p>An appropriate addition to the White Squadron of the United States navy
+was launched from the Cramps' ship-yard at Philadelphia, July 26, 1892,
+and was most appropriately christened the Columbia. The launch was in
+every way a success, and was witnessed by many thousand people,
+including Secretary Tracy, Vice-President Morton, and others prominent
+in the navy and in public life.</p>
+
+<p>This new vessel is designed to be swifter than any other large war
+vessel now afloat, and she will have a capacity possessed by no other
+war vessel yet built, in that of being able to steam at a ten-knot speed
+26,240 miles, or for 109 days, without recoaling. She also possesses
+many novel features, the principal of which is the application of triple
+screws. She is one of two of the most important ships designed for the
+United States navy, her sister ship, No. 13, now being built at the same
+yards.</p>
+
+<p>The dimensions of the Columbia are: Length on mean load line, 412 feet;
+beam, 58 feet. Her normal draught will be 23 feet; displacement, 7,550
+tons; maximum speed, 22 knots an hour; and she will have the enormous
+indicated horse-power of 20,000. As to speed, the contractor guarantees
+an average speed, in the open sea, under conditions prescribed by the
+Navy Department, of twenty-one knots an hour, maintained for four
+consecutive hours, during which period the air-pressure in the fire-room
+must be kept within a prescribed limit. For every quarter of a knot
+developed above the required guaranteed speed the contractor is to
+receive a premium of $50,000 over and above the contract price; and for
+each quarter of a knot that the vessel may fail of reaching the
+guaranteed speed there is to be deducted from the contract price the sum
+of $25,000. There seems to be no doubt among the naval<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> experts that she
+will meet the conditions as to speed, and this is a great desideratum,
+since her chief function is to be to sweep the seas of an enemy's
+commerce. To do her work she must be able to overhaul, in an ocean race,
+the swiftest transatlantic passenger steamships afloat.</p>
+
+<p>The triple-screw system is a most decided novelty. One of these screws
+will be placed amidships, or on the line of the keel, as in ordinary
+single-screw vessels, and the two others will be placed about fifteen
+feet farther forward and above, one on each side, as is usual in
+twin-screw vessels. The twin screws will diverge as they leave the hull,
+giving additional room for the uninterrupted motion upon solid water of
+all three simultaneously. There is one set of triple expansion engines
+for each screw independently, thus allowing numerous combinations of
+movements. For ordinary cruising the central screw alone will be used,
+giving a speed of about fourteen knots; with the two side-screws alone,
+a speed of seventeen knots can be maintained, and with all three screws
+at work, at full power, a high speed of from twenty to twenty-two knots
+can be got out of the vessel. This arrangement will allow the machinery
+to be worked at its most economical number of revolutions at all rates
+of the vessel's speed, and each engine can be used independently of the
+others in propelling the vessel. The full steam pressure will be 160
+pounds. The shafting is made of forged steel, 16&frac12; inches in diameter.
+In fact, steel has been used wherever possible, so as to secure the
+lightest, in weight, of machinery. There are ten boilers, six of which
+are double-ended&mdash;that is, with furnaces in each end&mdash;21&frac14; feet long
+and 15&frac12; feet in diameter. Two others are 18&frac14; feet long and 11&#8532;
+feet in diameter, and the two others, single-ended, are 8 feet long and
+10 feet in diameter. Eight of the largest boilers are set in
+watertight compartments.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In appearance the Columbia will closely resemble, when ready for sea, an
+ordinary merchantman, the sides being nearly free from projections or
+sponsons, which ordinarily appear on vessels of war. She will have two
+single masts, but neither of them will have a military top, such as is
+now provided upon ordinary war vessels. This plan of her merchantman
+appearance is to enable her to get within range of any vessel she may
+wish to encounter before her character or purpose is discovered. The
+vitals of the ship will be well protected with armor plating and the gun
+stations will be shielded against the firing of machine guns. Her
+machinery, boilers, magazines, etc., are protected by an armored deck
+four inches thick on the slope and 2&frac12; inches thick on the flat. The
+space between this deck and the gun-deck is minutely subdivided with
+coal-bunkers and storerooms, and in addition to these a coffer-dam, five
+feet in width, is worked next to the ship's side for the whole length of
+the vessel. In the bunkers the space between the inner and outer skins
+of the vessel will be filled with woodite, thus forming a wall five feet
+thick against machine gun fire. This filling can also be utilized as
+fuel in an emergency. Forward and abaft of the coal bunkers the
+coffer-dam will be filled with some water-excluding substance similar to
+woodite. In the wake of the four-inch and the machine guns, the ship's
+side will be armored with four-inch and two-inch nickel steel plates.</p>
+
+<p>The vessel will carry no big guns, for the reason that the uses for
+which she is intended will not require them. Not a gun will be in sight,
+and the battery will be abnormally light. There will be four six-inch
+breech-loading rifles, mounted in the open, and protected with heavy
+shields attached to the gun carriages; eight four-inch breech-loading
+rifles; twelve six-pounder, and four one-pounder rapid-firing guns; four
+machine or Gatling guns, and six torpedo-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>launching tubes. Besides these
+she has a ram bow. The Columbia is to be completed, ready for service,
+by May 19, 1893.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST AMERICAN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Eliza Cook</span>, a popular English poetess. Born in Southwark, London,
+1817.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Land of the West! though passing brief the record of thine age,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou hast a name that darkens all on history's wide page.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let all the blasts of fame ring out&mdash;thine shall be loudest far;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let others boast their satellites&mdash;thou hast the planet star.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou hast a name whose characters of light shall ne'er depart;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Tis stamped upon the dullest brain, and warms the coldest heart;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A war-cry fit for any land where freedom's to be won:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Land of the West! it stands alone&mdash;it is thy Washington!</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBIA THE MONUMENT OF COLUMBUS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Kinahan Cornwallis.</span> In "The Song of America and Columbus," 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of the Great Republic of the West,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With shining stars and stripes upon thy breast,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The emblems of our land of liberty,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou namesake of Columbus&mdash;hail to thee!</span><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No fitter queen could now Columbus crown,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or voice to all the world his great renown.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His fame in thee personified we see&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sequel of his grand discovery;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yea, here, in thee, his monument behold.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whose splendor dims his golden dreams of old.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And standing by Chicago's inland sea,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The nations of the earth will vie with thee</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In twining laurel wreaths for him of yore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who found the New World in San Salvador.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%; Margin-left: 2em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" />
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Columbia</span>! to Columbus give thy hand.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And, as ye on a sea of glory stand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The world will read anew the story grand</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of thee, <span class="smcap">Columbia</span>, and Columbus, too&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The matchless epic of the Old and New&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The tale that grows more splendid with the years&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The pride and wonder of the hemispheres.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In vast magnificence it stands alone,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With thee&mdash;Columbus greeting&mdash;on thy throne.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICAN IDEA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Hon. <span class="smcap">Shelby M. Cullom</span>, U. S. Senator from Illinois. In a speech
+delivered in Chicago, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>From the altitude of now, from this zenith of history, look out upon the
+world. Behold! the American idea is everywhere prominent. The world
+itself is preparing to take an American holiday. The wise men, not only
+of the Orient, but everywhere, are girding up their loins, and will
+follow the star of empire until it rests above this city of
+Chicago&mdash;this civic Hercules; this miracle of accomplishment; the
+throbbing heart of all the teeming life and activity of our American
+commonwealth. The people of the world are soon to receive an object
+lesson in the stupendous kindergarten we are instituting for their
+benefit. Even Chile will be here, and will learn, I trust, something of
+Christian forbearance and good-fellowship.</p>
+
+<p>Now, is it possible that monarchy, plutarchy, or any other archy, can
+long withstand this curriculum of instruction? No! I repeat, the
+American idea is everywhere triumphant.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> England is a monarchy, to be
+sure, but only out of compliment to an impotent and aged Queen. The Czar
+of Russia clings to his throne. It is a hen-coop in the m&auml;elstrom! The
+crumbling monarchies of the earth are held together only by the force of
+arms. Standing armies are encamped without each city. The sword and
+bayonet threaten and retard, but the seeds of liberty have been caught
+up by the winds of heaven and scattered broadcast throughout the earth.
+Tyranny's doom is sounded! The people's millennium is at hand! And
+this&mdash;this, under God, is the mission of America.</p>
+
+
+<h4>YOUNG AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">George William Curtis</span>, a popular American author and lecturer. Born
+at Providence, R. I., February 24, 1824; died at West Brighton,
+Staten Island, N. Y., August 31, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>I know the flower in your hand fades while you look at it. The dream
+that allures you glimmers and is gone. But flower and dream, like youth
+itself, are buds and prophecies. For where, without the perfumed
+blossoming of the spring orchards all over the hills and among all the
+valleys of New England and New York, would the happy harvests of New
+York and New England be? And where, without the dreams of the young men
+lighting the future with human possibility, would be the deeds of the
+old men, dignifying the past with human achievement? How deeply does it
+become us to believe this, who are not only young ourselves, but living
+with the youth of the youngest nation in history. I congratulate you
+that you are young; I congratulate you that you are Americans. Like you,
+that country is in its flower, not yet in its fruit, and that flower is
+subject to a thousand chances before the fruit is set. Worms may destroy
+it, frosts may wither it, fires may blight it, gusts may whirl it away;
+but how gorgeously it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> still hangs blossoming in the garden of time,
+while its penetrating perfume floats all round the world, and
+intoxicates all other nations with the hope of liberty.</p>
+
+<p>Knowing that the life of every nation, as of each individual, is a
+battle, let us remember, also, that the battle is to those who fight
+with faith and undespairing devotion. Knowing that nothing is worth
+fighting for at all unless God reigns, let us, at least, believe as much
+in the goodness of God as we do in the dexterity of the devil. And,
+viewing this prodigious spectacle of our country&mdash;this hope of humanity,
+this young America, <i>our</i> America&mdash;taking the sun full in its front, and
+making for the future as boldly and blithely as the young David for
+Goliath, let us believe with all our hearts, and from that faith shall
+spring the fact that David, and not Goliath, is to win the day; and
+that, out of the high-hearted dreams of wise and good men about our
+country, Time, however invisibly and inscrutably, is, at this moment,
+slowly hewing the most colossal and resplendent result in history.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A HIDDEN WORLD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Olive E. Dana</span>, an American journalist. In the <i>New England
+Journal</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The hidden world lies in the hand of God,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waiting, like seed, to fall on the sod;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tranquil its lakes were, and lovely its shores,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While idly each stream o'er the fretting rocks pours.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Its forests are fair and its mines fathomless,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand are its mountains in their loftiness;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Its fields wait the plow, and its harbors the ships,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No sail down the blue of the water-way slips.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God keeps in his palm, through centuries dim,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This hid, idle seed. It belongeth to him.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Away in a corner, where God only knows,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The seed when he plants it quickens and grows.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The pale buds unfold as the nations pass by,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The fragrance is grateful, the blooms multiply,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But it is blossom time, this what we see;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who knows what the fullness of harvest will be.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBIA THE QUEEN OF THE WORLD.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Timothy Dwight</span>, an American divine and scholar. Born at
+Northampton, Mass., May 14, 1752; died at New Haven, Conn., January
+11, 1817.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbia, Columbia, to glory arise,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The queen of the world and the child of the skies.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>A DEFINITION OF PATRIOTISM.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">T. M. Eddy</span>, an eloquent speaker and profound scholar. Born, 1823;
+died, 1874. From an oration delivered on Independence Day.</p></div>
+
+<p>Patriotism is the love of country. It has ever been recognized among the
+cardinal virtues of true men, and he who was destitute of it has been
+considered an ingrate. Even among the icy desolations of the far north
+we expect to find, and <i>do</i> find, an ardent affection for the land of
+nativity, the home of childhood, youth, and age. There is much in our
+country to create and foster this sentiment. It is a country of imperial
+dimensions, reaching from sea to sea, and almost "from the rivers to the
+ends of the earth." None of the empires of old could compare with it in
+this regard. It is washed by two great oceans, while its lakes are vast
+inland seas. Its rivers are silver lines of beauty and commerce. Its
+grand mountain chains are the links of God's forging and welding,
+binding together North and South, East and West. It is a land of
+glorious memories. It was peopled by the picked men of Europe, who came
+hither, "not for wrath, but conscience' sake." Said the younger Winthrop
+to his father, "I shall call that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> my country where I may most glorify
+God and enjoy the presence of my dearest friends." And so came godly men
+and devoted women, flying from oppressive statutes, where they might
+find</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Freedom to worship God.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>There are spots on the sun, and the microscope reveals flaws in
+burnished steel, and so there were spots and flaws in the character of
+the early founders of this land; but with them all, our colonial history
+is one that stirs the blood and quickens the pulse of him who reads. It
+is the land of the free school, the free press, and the free pulpit. It
+is impossible to compute the power of this trio. The free schools, open
+to rich and poor, bind together the people in educational bonds, and in
+the common memories of the recitation-room and the playground; and how
+strong <i>they</i> are, you, reader, well know, as some past recollection
+tugs at your heart-strings. The free press may not always be altogether
+as dignified or elevated as the more highly cultivated may desire, but
+it is ever open to complaints of the people; is ever watchful of popular
+rights and jealous of class encroachments, and the highest in authority
+know that it is above President or Senate. The free pulpit, sustained
+not by legally exacted tithes wrung from an unwilling people, but by the
+free-will offerings of loving supporters, gathers about it the millions,
+inculcates the highest morality, points to brighter worlds, and when
+occasion demands will not be silent before political wrongs. Its power,
+simply as an educating agency, can scarcely be estimated. In this
+country its freedom gives a competition so vigorous that it must remain
+in direct popular sympathy. How strong it is, the country saw when its
+voice was lifted in the old cry, "Rebellion is as the sin of
+witchcraft." Its words started the slumbering, roused the careless, and
+called the "sacramental host," as well as the "men of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> world, to
+arms." These three grand agencies are not rival, but supplementary, each
+doing an essential work in public culture.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<a name="illus406" id="illus406"></a>
+
+<img src="images/illus406.jpg" width="650" height="462" alt="THE SHIP OF COLUMBUS&mdash;THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE SHIP OF COLUMBUS&mdash;THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.
+
+(See pages <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, and <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICA&mdash;OPPORTUNITY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ralph Waldo Emerson</span>, a noted American essayist, poet, and
+speculative philosopher. Born in Boston, Mass., May 25, 1803; died,
+April 27, 1882.</p></div>
+
+<p>America is another name for opportunity.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SEQUEL OF THE DISCOVERY.</h4>
+
+<p>There is a Columbia of thought and art and character which is the last
+and endless sequel of Columbus' adventure.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>YOUNG AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Alexander Hill Everett</span>, an American scholar and diplomatist. Born
+in Boston, Mass., 1792; died at Canton, China, May, 1847.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scion of a mighty stock!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hands of iron&mdash;hearts of oak&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Follow with unflinching tread</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the noble fathers led.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Craft and subtle treachery,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gallant youth, are not for thee;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Follow thou in words and deeds</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the God within thee leads.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Honesty, with steady eye,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Truth and pure simplicity,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Love, that gently winneth hearts,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">These shall be thy holy arts.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prudent in the council train,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dauntless on the battle plain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ready at thy country's need</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">For her glorious cause to bleed.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the dews of night distill</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upon Vernon's holy hill,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where above it gleaming far</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Freedom lights her guiding star,</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thither turn the steady eye,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flashing with a purpose high;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thither, with devotion meet,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Often turn the pilgrim feet.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let the noble motto be:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God&mdash;the <i>country</i>&mdash;<i>liberty</i>!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Planted on religion's rock,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou shalt stand in every shock.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laugh at danger, far or near;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spurn at baseness, spurn at fear.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Still, with persevering might,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speak the truth, and do the right.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So shall peace, a charming guest,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dove-like in thy bosom rest;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So shall honor's steady blaze</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beam upon thy closing days.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>RESPONSIBILITY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ezra Stiles Gannett</span>, an American Unitarian divine. Born at
+Cambridge, Mass., 1801; died, August 26, 1871. From a patriotic
+address delivered in Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>The eyes of Europe are upon us; the monarch, from his throne, watches us
+with an angry countenance; the peasant turns his gaze on us with joyful
+faith; the writers on politics quote our condition as a proof of the
+possibility of popular government; the heroes of freedom animate their
+followers by reminding them of our success. At no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> moment of the last
+half century has it been so important that we should send up a clear and
+strong light which may be seen across the Atlantic. An awful charge of
+unfaithfulness to the interests of mankind will be recorded against us
+if we suffer this light to be obscured by the mingling vapors of passion
+and misrule and sin. But not Europe alone will be influenced by the
+character we give to our destiny. The republics of the South have no
+other guide toward the establishment of order and freedom than our
+example. If this should fail them, the last stay would be torn from
+their hope. We are placed under a most solemn obligation, to keep before
+them this motive to perseverance in their endeavors to place free
+institutions on a sure basis. Shall we leave those wide regions to
+despair and anarchy? Better that they had patiently borne a foreign
+yoke, though it bowed their necks to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Citizens of the United States, it has been said of us, with truth, that
+we are at the head of the popular party of the world. Shall we be
+ashamed of so glorious a rank? or shall we basely desert our place and
+throw away our distinction? Forbid it! self-respect, patriotism,
+philanthropy. Christians, we believe that God has made us a name and a
+praise among the nations. We believe that our religion yields its best
+fruit in a free land. Shall we be regardless of our duty as creatures of
+the Divine Power and recipients of His goodness? Shall we be indifferent
+to the effects which our religion may work in the world? Forbid it! our
+gratitude, our faith, our piety. In one way only can we discharge our
+duty to the rest of mankind&mdash;by the purity and elevation of character
+that shall distinguish us as a people. If we sink into luxury, vice, or
+moral apathy, our brightness will be lost, our prosperity deprived of
+its vital element, and we shall appear disgraced before man, guilty
+before God.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">James A. Garfield</span>, American general and statesman; twentieth
+President of the United States. Born in Orange, Ohio, November 19,
+1831; shot by an assassin, July 2, 1881; died, September 19 in the
+same year, at Long Branch, New Jersey. From "Garfield's Words." By
+permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., Publishers.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Atlantic is still the great historic sea. Even in its sunken wrecks
+might be read the record of modern nations. Who shall say that the
+Pacific will not yet become the great historic sea of the future&mdash;the
+vast amphitheater around which shall sit in majesty and power the two
+Americas, Asia, Africa, and the chief colonies of Europe. God forbid
+that the waters of our national life should ever settle to the dead
+level of a waveless calm. It would be the stagnation of death, the ocean
+grave of individual liberty.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GREATEST CONTINUOUS EMPIRE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Right Hon. <span class="smcap">William Ewart Gladstone</span>, the noted English statesman
+and orator. Born at Liverpool, December 29, 1809. From his "Kin
+beyond the Sea."</p></div>
+
+<p>There is no parallel in all the records of the world to the case of that
+prolific British mother who has sent forth her innumerable children over
+all the earth to be the founders of half-a-dozen empires. She, with her
+progeny, may almost claim to constitute a kind of universal church in
+politics. But among these children there is one whose place in the
+world's eye and in history is superlative; it is the American Republic.
+She is the eldest born. She has, taking the capacity of her land into
+view as well as its mere measurement, a natural base for the greatest
+continuous empire ever established by man. And it may be well here to
+mention what has not always been sufficiently observed, that the
+distinction between continuous empire, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> empire severed and dispersed
+over sea is vital. The development which the Republic has effected has
+been unexampled in its rapidity and force. While other countries have
+doubled, or at most trebled, their population, she has risen during one
+single century of freedom, in round numbers, from two millions to
+forty-five. As to riches, it is reasonable to establish, from the
+decennial stages of the progress thus far achieved, a series for the
+future; and, reckoning upon this basis, I suppose that the very next
+census, in the year 1880, will exhibit her to the world as certainly the
+wealthiest of all the nations. The huge figure of a thousand millions
+sterling, which may be taken roundly as the annual income of the United
+Kingdom, has been reached at a surprising rate; a rate which may perhaps
+be best expressed by saying that, if we could have started forty or
+fifty years ago from zero, at the rate of our recent annual increment,
+we should now have reached our present position. But while we have been
+advancing with this portentous rapidity, America is passing us by as if
+in a canter. Yet even now the work of searching the soil and the bowels
+of the territory, and opening out her enterprise throughout its vast
+expanse, is in its infancy. The England and the America of the present
+are probably the two strongest nations of the world. But there can
+hardly be a doubt, as between the America and the England of the future,
+that the daughter, at some no very distant time, will, whether fairer or
+less fair, be unquestionably yet stronger than the mother.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TYPICAL AMERICAN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Henry W. Grady</span>, the late brilliant editor of the Atlanta
+<i>Constitution</i>. From an address delivered at the famous New England
+dinner in New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>With the Cavalier once established as a fact in your charming little
+books, I shall let him work out his own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> stratum, as he has always done,
+with engaging gallantry, and we will hold no controversy as to his
+merits. Why should we? Neither Puritan nor Cavalier long survived as
+such. The virtues and traditions of both happily still live for the
+inspiration of their sons and the saving of the old fashion. But both
+Puritan and Cavalier were lost in the storm of their first revolution,
+and the American citizen, supplanting both, and stronger than either,
+took possession of the republic bought by their common blood and
+fashioned to wisdom, and charged himself with teaching men government
+and establishing the voice of the people as the voice of God. Great
+types, like valuable plants, are slow to flower and fruit. But from the
+union of these colonists, from the straightening of their purposes and
+the crossing of their blood, slow perfecting through a century, came he
+who stands as the first typical American, the first who comprehended
+within himself all the strength and gentleness, all the majesty and
+grace of this Republic&mdash;Abraham Lincoln. He was the sum of Puritan and
+Cavalier, for in his ardent nature were fused the virtues of both, and
+in the depths of his great soul the faults of both were lost. He was
+greater than Puritan, greater than Cavalier, in that he was American,
+and that in his homely form were first gathered the vast and thrilling
+forces of this ideal government&mdash;charging it with such tremendous
+meaning and so elevating it above human suffering that martyrdom, though
+infamously aimed, came as a fitting crown to a life consecrated from the
+cradle to human liberty. Let us, each cherishing his traditions and
+honoring his fathers, build with reverent hands to the type of this
+simple but sublime life, in which all types are honored, and in the
+common glory we shall win as Americans there will be plenty and to spare
+for your forefathers and for mine.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>GRATITUDE AND PRIDE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Harrison</span>, American soldier, lawyer, and statesman. Born at
+North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. Grandson of General William
+Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States, and himself
+President, 1888-1892. From a speech at Sacramento, Cal., 1891.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fellow-citizens</span>: This fresh, delightful morning, this vast assemblage of
+contented and happy people, this building, dedicated to the uses of
+civil government&mdash;all things about us tend to inspire our hearts with
+pride and with gratitude. Gratitude to that overruling Providence that
+turned hither, after the discovery of this continent, the steps of those
+who had the capacity to organize a free representative government.
+Gratitude to that Providence that has increased the feeble colonies on
+an inhospitable coast to these millions of prosperous people, who have
+found another sea and populated its sunny shores with a happy and
+growing people.</p>
+
+<p>Gratitude to that Providence that led us through civil strife to a glory
+and a perfection of unity as a people that was otherwise impossible.
+Gratitude that we have to-day a Union of free States without a slave to
+stand as a reproach to that immortal declaration upon which our
+Government rests.</p>
+
+<p>Pride that our people have achieved so much; that, triumphing over all
+the hardships of those early pioneers, who struggled in the face of
+discouragement and difficulties more appalling than those that met
+Columbus when he turned the prows of his little vessels toward an
+unknown shore; that, triumphing over perils of starvation, perils of
+savages, perils of sickness, here on the sunny slope of the Pacific they
+have established civil institutions and set up the banner of the
+imperishable Union.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>NATURE SUPERIOR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir <span class="smcap">Francis Bond Head</span>, a popular English writer. Born near
+Rochester, Kent, January 1, 1893. Lieutenant-general of Upper
+Canada 1836-1838. Died, July 20, 1875.</p></div>
+
+<p>In both the northern and southern hemispheres of the New World, nature
+has not only outlined her works on a larger scale, but has painted the
+whole picture with brighter and more costly colors than she used in
+delineating and in beautifying the Old World. The heavens of America
+appear infinitely higher, the sky is bluer, the air is fresher, the cold
+is intenser, the moon looks larger, the stars are brighter, the thunder
+is louder, the lightning is vivider, the wind is stronger, the rain is
+heavier, the mountains are higher, the rivers longer, the forests
+bigger, the plains broader.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICA'S WELCOME.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Patrick Henry</span>, a celebrated American orator and patriot. Born at
+Studley, Hanover County, Virginia, May 29, 1736; died, June 6,
+1799. The author of the celebrated phrase, "Give me liberty or give
+me death," in speaking in the Virginia Convention, March, 1775.</p></div>
+
+<p>Cast your eyes over this extensive country; observe the salubrity of
+your climate, the variety and fertility of your soil, and see that soil
+intersected in every quarter by bold, navigable streams, flowing to the
+east and to the west, as if the finger of Heaven were marking out the
+course of your settlements, inviting you to enterprise, and pointing the
+way to wealth. You are destined, at some time or other, to become a
+great agricultural and commercial people; the only question is, whether
+you choose to reach this point by slow gradations, and at some distant
+period; lingering on through a long and sickly minority; subjected,
+meanwhile, to the machinations, insults, and oppressions,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> of enemies,
+foreign and domestic, without sufficient strength to resist and chastise
+them; or whether you choose rather to rush at once, as it were, to the
+full enjoyment of those high destinies, and be able to cope,
+single-handed, with the proudest oppressor of the Old World. If you
+prefer the latter course, as I trust you do, encourage immigration;
+encourage the husbandmen, the mechanics, the merchants, of the Old World
+to come and settle in this land of promise; make it the home of the
+skillful, the industrious, the fortunate, and happy, as well as the
+asylum of the distressed; fill up the measure of your population as
+speedily as you can, by the means which Heaven hath placed in your
+power; and I venture to prophesy there are those now living who will see
+this favored land amongst the most powerful on earth; able to take care
+of herself, without resorting to that policy, which is always so
+dangerous, though sometimes unavoidable, of calling in foreign aid. Yes,
+they will see her great in arts and in arms; her golden harvests waving
+over fields of immeasurable extent; her commerce penetrating the most
+distant seas, and her cannon silencing the vain boasts of those who now
+proudly affect to rule the waves.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<a name="illus416" id="illus416"></a>
+
+<img src="images/illus416.jpg" width="650" height="377" alt="THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Ni&ntilde;a.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Santa Maria.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pinta.<br />
+
+THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS<br />(See pages <a href='#Page_216'>216</a> and <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But you must have <i>men</i>; you can not get along without them; those heavy
+forests of valuable timber, under which your lands are growing, must be
+cleared away; those vast riches which cover the face of your soil, as
+well as those which lie hid in its bosom, are to be developed and
+gathered only by the skill and enterprise of men. Do you ask how you are
+to get them? Open your doors, and they will come in; the population of
+the Old World is full to overflowing; that population is ground, too, by
+the oppressions of the governments under which they live. They are
+already standing on tiptoe upon their native shores, and looking to your
+coasts with a wishful and longing eye; they see here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> a land blessed
+with natural and political advantages which are not equaled by those of
+any other country upon earth; a land on which a gracious Providence hath
+emptied the horn of abundance; a land over which peace hath now
+stretched forth her white wings, and where content and plenty lie down
+at every door. They see something still more attractive than all this;
+they see a land in which liberty hath taken up her abode; that liberty
+whom they had considered as a fabled goddess, existing only in the
+fancies of poets; they see her here a real divinity, her altars rising
+on every hand throughout these happy States, her glories chanted by
+three millions of tongues, and the whole region smiling under her
+blessed influence. Let but this our celestial goddess, Liberty, stretch
+forth her fair hand toward the people of the Old World, tell them to
+come, and bid them welcome, and you will see them pouring in from the
+north, from the south, from the east, and from the west; your
+wildernesses will be cleared and settled, your deserts will smile, your
+ranks will be filled, and you will soon be in a condition to defy the
+powers of any adversary.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OUR GREAT TRUST.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">George Stillman Hillard</span>, an eminent American writer, lawyer, and
+orator. Born at Machias, Maine, 1808; died, 1879. From an
+Independence Day oration.</p></div>
+
+<p>Our Rome can not fall, and we be innocent. No conqueror will chain us to
+the car of his triumph; no countless swarm of Huns and Goths will bury
+the memorials and trophies of civilized life beneath a living tide of
+barbarism. Our own selfishness, our own neglect, our own passions, and
+our own vices will furnish the elements of our destruction. With our own
+hands we shall tear down the stately edifice of our glory. We shall die
+by self-inflicted wounds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But we will not talk of themes like these. We will not think of failure,
+dishonor, and despair. We will elevate our minds to the contemplation of
+our high duties and the great trust committed to us. We will resolve to
+lay the foundations of our prosperity on that rock of private virtue
+which can not be shaken until the laws of the moral world are reversed.
+From our own breasts shall flow the salient springs of national
+increase. Then our success, our happiness, our glory, will be as
+inevitable as the inferences of mathematics. We may calmly smile at all
+the croakings of all the ravens, whether of native or foreign breed.</p>
+
+<p>The whole will not grow weak by the increase of its parts. Our growth
+will be like that of the mountain oak, which strikes its roots more
+deeply into the soil, and clings to it with a closer grasp, as its lofty
+head is exalted and its broad arms stretched out. The loud burst of joy
+and gratitude which, on this, the anniversary of our independence, is
+breaking from the full hearts of a mighty people, will never cease to be
+heard. No chasms of sullen silence will interrupt its course; no
+discordant notes of sectional madness mar the general harmony. Year
+after year will increase it by tributes from now unpeopled solitudes.
+The farthest West shall hear it and rejoice; the Oregon shall swell it
+with the voice of its waters; the Rocky Mountains shall fling back the
+glad sound from their snowy crests.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ON FREEDOM'S GENEROUS SOIL.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Oliver Wendell Holmes, M. D.</span>, the distinguished American author,
+wit, and poet. Born in Cambridge, Mass., August 29, 1809.</p></div>
+
+<p>America is the only place where man is full-grown.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>NATIONAL HERITAGE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">Thomas Starr King</span>, an American Unitarian divine. Born in
+New York in 1824; died, 1864. From an address on the "Privileges
+and Duties of Patriotism," delivered in November, 1862. By
+permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., Publishers, Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>Suppose that the continent could turn toward you to-morrow at sunrise,
+and show to you the whole American area in the short hours of the sun's
+advance from Eastport to the Pacific. You would see New England roll
+into light from the green plumes of Aroostook to the silver stripe of
+the Hudson; westward thence over the Empire State, and over the lakes,
+and over the sweet valleys of Pennsylvania, and over the prairies, the
+morning blush would run and would waken all the line of the Mississippi;
+from the frosts where it rises to the fervid waters in which it pours,
+for 3,000 miles it would be visible, fed by rivers that flow from every
+mile of the Alleghany slope, and edged by the green embroideries of the
+temperate and tropic zones; beyond this line another basin, too&mdash;the
+Missouri&mdash;catching the morning, leads your eye along its western slope
+till the Rocky Mountains burst upon the vision, and yet do not bar it;
+across its passes we must follow, as the stubborn courage of American
+pioneers has forced its way, till again the Sierras and their silver
+veins are tinted along the mighty bulwark with the break of day; and
+then over to the gold fields of the western slope, and the fatness of
+the California soil, and the beautiful valleys of Oregon, and the
+stately forests of Washington, the eye is drawn, as the globe turns out
+of the night shadow; and when the Pacific waves are crested with
+radiance, you have the one blending picture&mdash;nay, the reality&mdash;of the
+American domain. No such soil&mdash;so varied by climate, by products, by
+mineral riches, by forest and lake, by wild heights and buttresses,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> and
+by opulent plains, yet all bound into unity of configuration and
+bordered by both warm and icy seas&mdash;no such domain, was ever given to
+one people.</p>
+
+<p>And then suppose that you could see in a picture as vast and vivid the
+preparation for our inheritance of this land. Columbus, haunted by his
+round idea, and setting sail in a sloop, to see Europe sink behind him,
+while he was serene in the faith of his dream; the later navigators of
+every prominent Christian race who explored the upper coasts; the
+Mayflower, with her cargo of sifted acorns from the hardy stock of
+British puritanism, and the ship, whose name we know not, that bore to
+Virginia the ancestors of Washington; the clearing of the wilderness,
+and the dotting of its clearings with the proofs of manly wisdom and
+Christian trust; then the gradual interblending of effort and interest
+and sympathy into one life&mdash;the congress of the whole Atlantic slope&mdash;to
+resist oppression upon one member; the rally of every State around
+Washington and his holy sword, and again the nobler rally around him
+when he signed the Constitution, and after that the organization of the
+farthest West with North and South, into one polity and communion; when
+this was finished, the tremendous energy of free life, under the
+stimulus and with the aid of advancing science, in increasing wealth,
+subduing the wilds to the bonds of use, multiplying fertile fields and
+busy schools and noble work-shops and churches, hallowed by free-will
+offerings of prayer; and happy homes, and domes dedicated to the laws of
+States that rise by magic from the haunts of the buffalo and deer, all
+in less than a long lifetime; and if we could see also how, in achieving
+this, the flag which represents all this history is dyed in traditions
+of exploits, by land and sea, that have given heroes to American annals
+whose names are potent to conjure with, while the world's list of
+thinkers in matter is crowded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> with the names of American inventors, and
+the higher rolls of literary merit are not empty of the title of our
+"representative men"; if all that the past has done for us, and the
+present reveals, could thus stand apparent in one picture, and then if
+the promise of the future to the children of our millions under our
+common law, and with continental peace, could be caught in one vast
+spectral exhibition&mdash;the wealth in store, the power, the privilege, the
+freedom, the learning, the expansive and varied and mighty unity in
+fellowship, almost fulfilling the poet's dream of "the parliament of
+man, the federation of the world"&mdash;you would exclaim with exultation,
+"I, too, am an American!" You would feel that patriotism, next to your
+tie to the Divine Love, is the greatest privilege of your life; and you
+would devote yourselves, out of inspiration and joy, to the obligations
+of patriotism, that this land, so spread, so adorned, so colonized, so
+blessed, should be kept forever against all the assaults of traitors,
+one in polity, in spirit, and in aim.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SIFTED WHEAT.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.</span> From his "Courtship of Miles Standish,"
+<span class="smcap">IV</span>.</p></div>
+
+<p>God hath sifted three kingdoms to find the wheat for this planting.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CENTER OF CIVILIZATION.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From <i>North British Review</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is too late to disparage America. Accustomed to look with wonder on
+the civilization of the past, upon the unblest glories of Greece and of
+Rome, upon mighty empires that have risen but to fall, the English mind
+has never fixed itself on the grand phenomenon of a great nation at
+school. Viewing America as a forward child that has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> deserted its home
+and abjured its parent, we have ever looked upon her with a callous
+heart and with an evil eye, judicially blind to her progress.</p>
+
+<p>But how she has gone on developing the resources of a region teeming
+with vegetable life. How she has intrenched herself amid noble
+institutions, with temples enshrined in religious toleration, with
+universities of private bequest and public organization, with national
+and unshackled schools, and with all the improvements which science,
+literature, and philanthropy demand from the citizen or from the state.</p>
+
+<p>Supplied from the Old World with its superabundant life, the Anglo-Saxon
+tide has been carrying its multiplied population to the West, rushing
+onward through impervious forests, leveling their lofty pines and
+converting the wilderness into abodes of populous plenty, intelligence,
+and taste. Nor is this living flood the destroying scourge which
+Providence sometimes lets loose upon our species. It breathes in accents
+which are our own; it is instinct with English life; and it bears on its
+snowy crest the auroral light of the East, to gild the darkness of the
+West with the purple radiance of salvation, of knowledge, and of peace.</p>
+
+<p>Her empire of coal, her kingdom of cotton and of corn, her regions of
+gold and of iron, mark out America as the center of civilization, as the
+emporium of the world's commerce, as the granary and storehouse out of
+which the kingdoms of the East will be clothed and fed; and, we greatly
+fear, as the asylum in which our children will take refuge when the
+hordes of Asia and the semi-barbarians of Eastern Europe shall again
+darken and desolate the West.</p>
+
+<p>Though dauntless in her mien, and colossal in her strength, she displays
+upon her banner the star of peace, shedding its radiance upon us. Let us
+reciprocate the celestial light, and, strong and peaceful ourselves, we
+shall have nothing to fear from her power, but everything to learn from
+her example.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>A YOUTHFUL LAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">James Otis</span>, a celebrated American orator and patriot. Born at West
+Barnstable, Mass., February 5, 1725. Killed by lightning at
+Andover, Mass., May, 1783.</p></div>
+
+<p>England may as well dam up the waters of the Nile with bulrushes as to
+fetter the step of Freedom, more proud and firm in this youthful land
+than where she treads the sequestered glens of Scotland or couches
+herself among the magnificent mountains of Switzerland. We plunged into
+the wave with the great charter of freedom in our teeth because the
+faggot and torch were behind us. We have waked this new world from its
+savage lethargy; forests have been prostrated in our path, towns and
+cities have grown up suddenly as the flowers of the tropics, and the
+fires in our autumnal woods are scarcely more rapid than the increase of
+our wealth and population.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBIAN CHORUS.</h4>
+
+<p>Prof. John Knowles Paine of Harvard University has completed the music
+of his Columbian march and chorus, to be performed on the occasion of
+the dedication of the Exposition buildings, October 21, 1892, to write
+which he was especially commissioned by the Exposition management. Prof.
+Paine has provided these original words for the choral ending of his
+composition:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">All hail and welcome, nations of the earth!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Columbia's greeting comes from every State.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Proclaim to all mankind the world's new birth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of freedom, age on age shall consecrate.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let war and enmity forever cease,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Let glorious art and commerce banish wrong;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The universal brotherhood of peace</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shall be Columbia's high inspiring song.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<a name="illus427" id="illus427"></a>
+
+<img src="images/illus427.jpg" width="650" height="439" alt="THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS.<br />From the celebrated picture by
+John Vanderlyn,<br />in the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington, D. C.<br />(See
+page <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.)</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>SOVEREIGN OF THE ASCENDANT.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Charles Phillips</span>, an Irish barrister. Born at Sligo, about 1788. He
+practiced with success in criminal cases in London, and gained a
+wide reputation by his speeches, the style of which is rather
+florid. He was for many years a commissioner of the insolvent
+debtors' court in London. Died in 1859.</p></div>
+
+<p>Search creation round, where can you find a country that presents so
+sublime a view, so interesting an anticipation? Who shall say for what
+purpose mysterious Providence may not have designed her? Who shall say
+that when in its follies, or its crimes, the Old World may have buried
+all the pride of its power, and all the pomp of its civilization, human
+nature may not find its destined renovation in the New! When its temples
+and its trophies shall have moldered into dust; when the glories of its
+name shall be but the legend of tradition, and the light of its
+achievements live only in song, philosophy will revive again in the sky
+of her Franklin, and glory rekindle at the urn of her Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Is this the vision of romantic fancy? Is it even improbable? I appeal to
+History! Tell me, thou reverend chronicler of the grave, can all the
+illusions of ambition realized, can all the wealth of a universal
+commerce, can all the achievements of successful heroism, or all the
+establishments of this world's wisdom secure to empire the permanency of
+its possessions? Alas, Troy thought so once; yet the land of Priam lives
+only in song. Thebes thought so once; yet her hundred gates have
+crumbled, and her very tombs are but as the dust they were vainly
+intended to commemorate. So thought Palmyra; where is she? So thought
+the countries of Demosthenes and the Spartan; yet Leonidas is trampled
+by the timid slave, and Athens insulted by the servile, mindless, and
+enervate Ottoman. In his hurried march, Time has but looked at their
+imagined immortality, and all its vanities, from the palace to the tomb,
+have, with their ruins, erased the very impression of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> footsteps.
+The days of their glory are as if they had never been; and the island
+that was then a speck, rude and neglected, in the barren ocean, now
+rivals the ubiquity of their commerce, the glory of their arms, the fame
+of their philosophy, the eloquence of their senate, and the inspiration
+of their bards. Who shall say, then, contemplating the past, that
+England, proud and potent as she appears, may not one day be what Athens
+is, and the young America yet soar to be what Athens was. Who shall say,
+when the European column shall have moldered, and the night of barbarism
+obscured its very ruins, that that mighty continent may not emerge from
+the horizon, to rule, for its time, sovereign of the ascendant.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LAND OF LIBERTY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Wendell Phillips</span>, "the silver-tongued orator of America," and
+anti-slavery reformer. Born in Boston, Mass., November 29, 1811;
+died, February 2, 1884.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Carpathian Mountains may shelter tyrants. The slopes of Germany may
+bear up a race more familiar with the Greek text than the Greek phalanx.
+For aught I know, the wave of Russian rule may sweep so far westward as
+to fill once more with miniature despots the robber castles of the
+Rhine. But of this I am sure: God piled the Rocky Mountains as the
+ramparts of freedom. He scooped the Valley of the Mississippi as the
+cradle of free States. He poured Niagara as the anthem of free men.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SHIP COLUMBIA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edward G. Porter.</span> In an article entitled "The Ship Columbia and the
+Discovery of Oregon," in the <i>New England Magazine</i>, June, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>Few ships, if any, in our merchant marine, since the organ<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>ization of
+the republic, have acquired such distinction as the Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>By two noteworthy achievements, 100 years ago, she attracted the
+attention of the commercial world and rendered a service to the United
+States unparalleled in our history. <i>She was the first American vessel
+to carry the stars and stripes around the globe; and, by her discovery
+of "the great river of the West" to which her name was given, she
+furnished us with the title to our possession</i> of that magnificent
+domain which to-day is represented by the flourishing young States of
+Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.</p>
+
+<p>The famous ship was well-known and much talked about at the time, but
+her records have mostly disappeared, and there is very little knowledge
+at present concerning her.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBIA'S EMBLEM.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edna Dean Proctor.</span> In September <i>Century</i></p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The rose may bloom for England,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The lily for France unfold;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland may honor the shamrock,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scotland her thistle bold;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But the shield of the great Republic,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The glory of the West,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall bear a stalk of the tasseled corn&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of all our wealth the best.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The arbutus and the golden-rod</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The heart of the North may cheer;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the mountain laurel for Maryland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Its royal clusters rear;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And jasmine and magnolia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The crest of the South adorn;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But the wide Republic's emblem</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Is the bounteous, golden corn!</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>EAST AND WEST.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Thomas Buchanan Read</span>, a distinguished American artist and poet.
+Born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1822; died in New York, May
+11, 1872. From his "Emigrant's Song."<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Leave the tears to the maiden, the fears to the child, While the future
+stands beckoning afar in the wild; For there Freedom, more fair, walks
+the primeval land, Where the wild deer all court the caress of her hand.
+There the deep forests fall, and the old shadows fly, And the palace and
+temple leap into the sky. Oh, the East holds no place where the onward
+can rest, And alone there is room in the land of the West!</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PRIMITIVE PITCH.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">Myron W. Reed</span>, a distinguished American clergyman of
+Denver, Colo. From an address delivered in 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The best thing we can do for the world is to take care of America. Keep
+our country up to the primitive pitch. In front of my old home, in
+another city, is the largest elm in the county. It never talked, it
+never went about doing good. It stood there and made shade for an acre
+of children, and a shelter for all the birds that came. It stood there
+and preached strength in the air by wide-flung branches, and strength in
+the earth by as many and as long roots as limbs. It stood, one fearful
+night, the charge of a cyclone, and was serene in the March morning. It
+proclaimed what an elm could be. It set tree-planters to planting elms.
+So America preaches, man capable of self-government; preaches over the
+sea, a republic is safer than any kingdom. Men have outgrown kings. We
+shall remember Walt Whitman, if only for a line, "O America! we build
+for you because you build for the world."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>MORAL PROGRESS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Henry Seward</span>, an eminent American statesman. Born at
+Florida, Orange County, N. Y., May 16, 1801; died at Auburn, N. Y.,
+October 10, 1872.</p></div>
+
+<p>A kind of reverence is paid by all nations to antiquity. There is no one
+that does not trace its lineage from the gods, or from those who were
+especially favored by the gods. Every people has had its age of gold, or
+Augustine age, or historic age&mdash;an age, alas! forever passed. These
+prejudices are not altogether unwholesome. Although they produce a
+conviction of declining virtue, which is unfavorable to generous
+emulation, yet a people at once ignorant and irreverential would
+necessarily become licentious. Nevertheless, such prejudices ought to be
+modified. It is untrue that in the period of a nation's rise from
+disorder to refinement it is not able to continually surpass itself. We
+see the <i>present</i>, plainly, distinctly, with all its coarse outlines,
+its rough inequalities, its dark blots, and its glaring deformities. We
+hear all its tumultuous sounds and jarring discords. We see and hear the
+<i>past</i> through a distance which reduces all its inequalities to a plane,
+mellows all its shades into a pleasing hue, and subdues even its
+hoarsest voices into harmony. In our own case, the prejudice is less
+erroneous than in most others. The Revolutionary age was truly a heroic
+one. Its exigencies called forth the genius, and the talents, and the
+virtues of society, and they ripened amid the hardships of a long and
+severe trial. But there were selfishness and vice and factions then as
+now, although comparatively subdued and repressed. You have only to
+consult impartial history to learn that neither public faith, nor public
+loyalty, nor private virtue, culminated at that period in our own
+country; while a mere glance at the literature, or at the stage, or at
+the politics of any European country, in any previous age, reveals the
+fact<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> that it was marked, more distinctly than the present, by
+licentious morals and mean ambition. It is only just to infer in favor
+of the United States an improvement of morals from their established
+progress in knowledge and power; otherwise, the philosophy of society is
+misunderstood, and we must change all our courses, and henceforth seek
+safety in imbecility, and virtue in superstition and ignorance.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A PROPHETIC UTTERANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Samuel Sewell.</span> Born at Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England, March,
+1652. Died at Boston, Mass., January, 1730.</p></div>
+
+<p>Lift up your heads, O ye Gates of Columbia, and be ye lift up, ye
+Everlasting Doors, and the King of Glory shall come in.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NATIONAL INFLUENCE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Joseph Story</span>, a distinguished American jurist. Born in Marblehead,
+Mass., September 18, 1779; died at Cambridge, Mass., September 10,
+1845. By permission of Messrs. Little, Brown &amp; Co., Publishers.</p></div>
+
+<p>When we reflect on what has been, and is, how is it possible not to feel
+a profound sense of the responsibilities of this Republic to all future
+ages? What vast motives press upon us for lofty efforts! What brilliant
+prospects invite our enthusiasm! What solemn warnings at once demand our
+vigilance and moderate our confidence! We stand, the latest, and, if we
+fail, probably the last, experiment of self-government by the people. We
+have begun it under circumstances of the most auspicious nature. We are
+in the vigor of youth. Our growth has never been checked by the
+oppressions of tyranny. Our constitutions have never been enfeebled by
+the vices or luxuries of the Old World. Such as we are, we have been
+from the beginning&mdash;simple, hardy, intelligent, accustomed to
+self-government and self-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>respect. The Atlantic rolls between us and any
+formidable foe. Within our own territory, stretching through many
+degrees of latitude and longitude, we have the choice of many products
+and many means of independence. The government is mild. The press is
+free. Religion is free. Knowledge reaches, or may reach, every home.
+What fairer prospect of success could be presented? What means more
+adequate to accomplish the sublime end? What more is necessary than for
+the people to preserve what they themselves have created? Already has
+the age caught the spirit of our institutions. It has already ascended
+the Andes, and snuffed the breezes of both oceans. It has infused itself
+into the life-blood of Europe, and warmed the sunny plains of France and
+the lowlands of Holland. It has touched the philosophy of Germany and
+the north, and, moving to the south, has opened to Greece the lessons of
+her better days.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN ELECT NATION.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Stoughton</span>. From an election sermon at Boston, Mass., April
+29, 1669.</p></div>
+
+<p>God sifted a whole nation that he might send choice grain over into this
+wilderness.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE NAME "AMERICA."</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Moses F. Sweetser</span>, an American <i>litt&eacute;rateur</i>. Born in
+Massachusetts, 1848. From his "Hand-book of the United States."<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The name America comes from <i>amalric</i>, or <i>emmerich</i>, an old German word
+spread through Europe by the Goths, and softened in Latin to Americus,
+and in Italian to Amerigo. It was first applied to Brazil. Americus
+Vespucius, the son of a wealthy Florentine notary, made several voyages
+to the New World, a few years later than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> Columbus, and gave spirited
+accounts of his discoveries. About the year 1507, Hylacomylus, of the
+college at St. Di&eacute;, in the Vosges Mountains, brought out a book on
+cosmography, in which he said, "Now, truly, as these regions are more
+widely explored, and another fourth part is discovered, by Americus
+Vespucius, I see no reason why it should not be justly called
+<i>Amerigen</i>; that is, the land of Americus, or America, from Americus,
+its discoverer, a man of a subtle intellect." Hylacomylus invented the
+name America, and, as there was no other title for the New World, this
+came gradually into general use. It does not appear that Vespucius was a
+party to this almost accidental transaction, which has made him a
+monument of a hemisphere.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COLUMBINE AS THE EXPOSITION FLOWER.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">T. T. Swinburne</span>, the poet, has written to J. M. Samuels, chief of
+the Department of Horticulture at the World's Columbian Exposition,
+proposing the columbine as the Columbian Exposition and national
+flower. He gives as reasons:</p></div>
+
+<p>It is most appropriate in name, color, and form. Its name is suggestive
+of Columbia, and our country is often called by that name. Its botanical
+name, <i>aquilegia</i>, is derived from <i>aquila</i> (eagle), on account of the
+spur of the petals resembling the talons, and the blade, the beak, of
+the eagle, our national bird. Its colors are red, white, and blue, our
+national colors. The corolla is divided into five points resembling the
+star used to represent our States on our flag; its form also represents
+the Phrygian cap of liberty, and it is an exact copy of the horn of
+plenty, the symbol of the Columbian Exposition. The flowers cluster
+around a central stem, as our States around the central government.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SONG OF '76.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bayard Taylor</span>, the distinguished American traveler, writer, and
+poet. Born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1835; died at
+Berlin, December 19, 1878. From his "Song of '76." By permission of
+Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., Publishers, Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waken, voice of the land's devotion!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Spirit of freedom, awaken all!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ring, ye shores, to the song of ocean,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rivers answer, and mountains call!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">The golden day has come;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Let every tongue be dumb</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That sounded its malice or murmured its fears;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">She hath won her story;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">She wears her glory;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We crown her the Land of a Hundred Years!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Out of darkness and toil and danger</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Into the light of victory's day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Help to the weak, and home to the stranger,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Freedom to all, she hath held her way!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Now Europe's orphans rest</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Upon her mother-breast.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The voices of nations are heard in the cheers</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">That shall cast upon her</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">New love and honor,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And crown her the Queen of a Hundred Years!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North and South, we are met as brothers;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">East and West, we are wedded as one;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Right of each shall secure our mother's;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Child of each is her faithful son.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">We give thee heart and hand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Our glorious native land,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For battle has tried thee, and time endears.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">We will write thy story,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">And keep thy glory</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As pure as of old for a Thousand Years!</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>MAN SUPERIOR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Henry David Thoreau</span>, American author and naturalist. Born in
+Concord, Mass., 1817; died in 1862. From his "Excursions" (1863).
+By permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., Publishers,
+Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>If the moon looks larger here than in Europe, probably the sun looks
+larger also. If the heavens of America appear infinitely higher and the
+stars brighter, I trust that these facts are symbolical of the height to
+which the philosophy and poetry and religion of her inhabitants may one
+day soar. At length, perchance, the immaterial heaven will appear as
+much higher to the American mind, and the intimations that star it, as
+much brighter. For I believe that climate does thus react on man, as
+there is something in the mountain air that feeds the spirit and
+inspires. Will not man grow to greater perfection intellectually as well
+as physically under these influences? Or is it unimportant how many
+foggy days there are in his life? I trust that we shall be more
+imaginative, that our thoughts will be clearer, fresher, and more
+ethereal, as our sky; our understanding more comprehensive and broader,
+like our plains; our intellect generally on a grander scale, like our
+thunder and lightning, our rivers, and mountains, and forests, and our
+hearts shall even correspond in breadth and depth and grandeur to our
+inland seas. Else to what end does the world go on, and why was America
+discovered?</p>
+
+
+<h4>AMERICAN SCENERY.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Tudor</span>, an American <i>litt&eacute;rateur</i>. Born at Boston in 1779;
+died, 1830.</p></div>
+
+<p>Our numerous waterfalls and the enchanting beauty of our lakes afford
+many objects of the most picturesque<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> character; while the inland seas,
+from Superior to Ontario, and that astounding cataract, whose roar would
+hardly be increased by the united murmurs of all the cascades of Europe,
+are calculated to inspire vast and sublime conceptions. The effects,
+too, of our climate, composed of a Siberian winter and an Italian
+summer, furnish new and peculiar objects for description. The
+circumstances of remote regions are here blended, and strikingly
+opposite appearances witnessed, in the same spot, at different seasons
+of the year. In our winters, we have the sun at the same altitude as in
+Italy, shining on an unlimited surface of snow, which can only be found
+in the higher latitudes of Europe, where the sun, in the winter, rises
+little above the horizon. The dazzling brilliancy of a winter's day and
+a moonlight night, in an atmosphere astonishingly clear and frosty, when
+the utmost splendor of the sky is reflected from a surface of spotless
+white, attended with the most excessive cold, is peculiar to the
+northern part of the United States. What, too, can surpass the celestial
+purity and transparency of the atmosphere in a fine autumnal day, when
+our vision and our thought seem carried to the third heaven; the
+gorgeous magnificence of the close, when the sun sinks from our view,
+surrounded with various masses of clouds, fringed with gold and purple,
+and reflecting, in evanescent tints, all the hues of the rainbow.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LIBERTY HAS A CONTINENT OF HER OWN.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Horace Walpole</span>, fourth Earl of Oxford, a famous English literary
+gossip, amateur, and wit. Born in London, October, 1717; died,
+March, 1797.</p></div>
+
+<p>Liberty has still a continent to exist in.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>LOVE OF AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Daniel Webster</span>, the celebrated American statesman, jurist, and
+orator. Born at Salisbury, N. H., January 18, 1782; died at
+Marshfield, Mass., October 24, 1852.</p></div>
+
+<p>I profess to feel a strong attachment to the liberty of the United
+States; to the constitution and free institutions of the United States;
+to the honor, and I may say the glory, of this great Government and
+great country.</p>
+
+<p>I feel every injury inflicted upon this country almost as a personal
+injury. I blush for every fault which I think I see committed in its
+public councils as if they were faults or mistakes of my own.</p>
+
+<p>I know that, at this moment, there is no object upon earth so attracting
+the gaze of the intelligent and civilized nations of the earth as this
+great Republic. All men look at us, all men examine our course, all good
+men are anxious for a favorable result to this great experiment of
+republican liberty. We are on a hill and can not be hid. We can not
+withdraw ourselves either from the commendation or the reproaches of the
+civilized world. They see us as that star of empire which, half a
+century ago, was predicted as making its way westward. I wish they may
+see it as a mild, placid, though brilliant orb, making its way athwart
+the whole heavens, to the enlightening and cheering of mankind; and not
+a meteor of fire and blood, terrifying the nations.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GENIUS OF THE WEST.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Greenleaf Whittier</span>, the distinguished American poet. Born at
+Haverhill, Mass, December 17, 1807. From his poem, "On receiving an
+eagle's quill from Lake Superior." By permission of Messrs.
+Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., Publishers, Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I hear the tread of pioneers,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of nations yet to be;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The first low wash of waves, where soon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shall roll a human sea.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The rudiments of empire here</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Are plastic yet and warm;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The chaos of a mighty world</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Is rounding into form.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each rude and jostling fragment soon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Its fitting place shall find&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The raw material of a state,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Its muscle and its mind.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And, westering still, the star which leads</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The New World in its train</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Has tipped with fire the icy spears</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of many a mountain chain.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The snowy cones of Oregon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Are kindling on its way;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And California's golden sands</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gleam brighter in its ray.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>GOD SAVE AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Robert C. Winthrop</span>, an American statesman and orator. Born in
+Boston, Mass., May 12, 1809. From his "Centennial Oration,"
+delivered in Boston, 1876.</p></div>
+
+<p>Instruments and wheels of the invisible governor of the universe! This
+is indeed all which the greatest men ever have been, or ever can be. No
+flatteries of courtiers, no adulations of the multitude, no audacity of
+self-reliance, no intoxications of success, no evolutions or
+developments of science, can make more or other of them. This is "the
+sea-mark of their utmost sail," the goal of their farthest run, the very
+round and top of their highest soaring. Oh, if there could be to-day a
+deeper and more pervading<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> impression of this great truth throughout our
+land, and a more prevailing conformity of our thoughts and words and
+acts to the lessons which it involves; if we could lift ourselves to a
+loftier sense of our relations to the invisible; if, in surveying our
+past history, we could catch larger and more exalted views of our
+destinies and our responsibilities; if we could realize that the want of
+good men may be a heavier woe to a land than any want of what the world
+calls great men, our centennial year would not only be signalized by
+splendid ceremonials, and magnificent commemorations, and gorgeous
+expositions, but it would go far toward fulfilling something of the
+grandeur of that "acceptable year," which was announced by higher than
+human lips, and would be the auspicious promise and pledge of a glorious
+second century of independence and freedom for our country. For, if that
+second century of self-government is to go on safely to its close, or is
+to go on safely and prosperously at all, there must be some renewal of
+that old spirit of subordination and obedience to divine, as well as
+human, laws, which has been our security in the past. There must be
+faith in something higher and better than ourselves. There must be a
+reverent acknowledgment of an unseen, but all-seeing, all-controlling
+Ruler of the Universe. His word, His house, His day, His worship, must
+be sacred to our children, as they have been to their fathers; and His
+blessing must never fail to be invoked upon our land and upon our
+liberties. The patriot voice, which cried from the balcony of yonder old
+State House, when the declaration had been originally proclaimed,
+"stability and perpetuity to American independence," did not fail to
+add, "God save our American States." I would prolong that ancestral
+prayer. And the last phrase to pass my lips at this hour, and to take
+its chance for remembrance or oblivion in years to come, as the
+conclusion of this centen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>nial oration, and as the sum and summing up of
+all I can say to the present or the future, shall be: There is, there
+can be, no independence of God; in Him, as a nation, no less than in
+Him, as individuals, "we live, and move, and have our being!" <span class="smcap">God save
+our American States!</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>A VOICE OF WARNING.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From "Things that Threaten the Destruction of American
+Institutions," a sermon by <span class="smcap">T. De Witt Talmage</span>, delivered in
+Brooklyn Tabernacle, October 12, 1884.</p></div>
+
+<p>What! can a nation die? Yes; there has been great mortality among
+monarchies and republics. Like individuals, they are born, have a middle
+life and a decease, a cradle and a grave. Sometimes they are
+assassinated and sometimes they suicide. Call the roll, and let some one
+answer for them. Egyptian civilization, stand up! Dead, answer the ruins
+of Karnak and Luxor. Dead, respond in chorus the seventy pyramids on the
+east side the Nile. Assyrian Empire, stand up! Dead, answer the charred
+ruins of Nineveh. After 600 years of opportunity, dead. Israelitish
+Kingdom, stand up! After 250 years of miraculous vicissitude, and Divine
+intervention, and heroic achievement, and appalling depravity, dead.
+Ph&oelig;nicia, stand up! After inventing the alphabet and giving it to the
+world, and sending out her merchant caravans to Central Asia in one
+direction, and her navigators into the Atlantic Ocean in another
+direction, and 500 years of prosperity, dead. Dead, answer the "Pillars
+of Hercules" and the rocks on which the Tyrian fishermen spread their
+nets. Athens&mdash;after Phidias, after Demosthenes, after Miltiades, after
+Marathon&mdash;dead. Sparta&mdash;after Leonidas, after Eurybiades, after Salamis,
+after Thermopyl&aelig;&mdash;dead.</p>
+
+<p>Roman Empire, stand up and answer to the roll-call! Once bounded on the
+north by the British Channel and on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> the south by the Sahara Desert of
+Africa, on the east by the Euphrates and on the west by the Atlantic
+Ocean. Home of three civilizations. Owning all the then discovered world
+that was worth owning. Gibbon, in his "Rise and Fall of the Roman
+Empire," answers, "Dead." And the vacated seats of the ruined Coliseum,
+and the skeletons of the aqueduct, and the miasma of the Campagna, and
+the fragments of the marble baths, and the useless piers of the bridge
+Triumphalis, and the silenced forum, and the Mamertine dungeon, holding
+no more apostolic prisoners; and the arch of Titus, and Basilica of
+Constantine, and the Pantheon, lift up a nightly chorus of "Dead! dead!"
+Dead, after Horace, and Virgil, and Tacitus, and Livy, and Cicero; after
+Horatius of the bridge, and Cincinnatus, the farmer oligarch; after
+Scipio, and Cassius, and Constantine, and C&aelig;sar. Her war-eagle, blinded
+by flying too near the sun, came reeling down through the heavens, and
+the owl of desolation and darkness made its nest in the forsaken &aelig;rie.
+Mexican Empire, dead! French Empire, dead! You see it is no unusual
+thing for a government to perish. And in the same necrology of nations,
+and in the same cemetery of expired governments, will go the United
+States of America unless some potent voice shall call a halt, and
+through Divine interposition, by a purified ballot-box and an
+all-pervading moral Christian sentiment, the present evil tendency be
+stopped.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 353px;">
+<a name="illus444" id="illus444"></a>
+
+<img src="images/illus444.jpg" width="353" height="600" alt="STATUE OF COLUMBUS, ST LOUIS, MO." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STATUE OF COLUMBUS, ST LOUIS, MO.<br />First Bronze Statue to
+Columbus in America<br />(See page <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX_OF_AUTHORS" id="INDEX_OF_AUTHORS"></a>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>COLUMBUS.</h3>
+
+<ul class="none"><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">A</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, John, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alden, William Livingston, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anderson, John J., <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anonymous, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>-<a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anthony, The Hon. Elliott, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustine, Saint, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">B</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baillie, Joanna, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ballou, Maturin Murray, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baltimore <i>American</i>, The, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bancroft, George, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bancroft, Hubert Howe, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baring-Gould, The Rev. Sabine, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barlow, Joel, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barry, J. J., M. D., <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benzoni, Geronimo, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Berkeley, The Right Rev. George, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blaine, The Hon. J. G., <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bonnafoux, Baron, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boston <i>Journal</i>, The, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brobst, Flavius J., <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bryant, William C., <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buel, J. W., <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burroughs, John, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burton, Richard E., <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Butterworth, Hezekiah, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Byron, George Gordon Noel, Lord, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="none">
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">C</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cabot, Sebastian, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capitulations of Santa F&eacute;, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carlyle, Thomas, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carman, Bliss, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carpio, Lope de Vega, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castelar, Emilio, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chapin, E. H., <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago <i>Inter Ocean</i> <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago <i>Tribune</i>, The, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>-<a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cladera, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clarke, Hyde, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clarke, James Freeman, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clemencin, Diego, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coleman, James David, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Collyer, Robert, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus of Literature, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus of the Heavens, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus of Modern Times, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus of the Skies, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus, Hernando, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus, The Mantle of, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornwallis, Kinahan, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curtis, William Eleroy, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="none">
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">D</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dati, Giulio, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Delavigne, Jean Fran&ccedil;ois Casimir, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">De Costa, Rev. Dr. B. F., <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Depew, Chauncey M., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span>De Vere, Aubrey Thomas, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Draper, John William, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durier, Right Rev. Anthony, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dutto, L. A., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="none">
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">E</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eden, Charles Henry, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edrisi, Xerif Al, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Egan, Prof. Maurice Francis, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elliott, Samuel R, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emerson, Ralph Waldo, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Everett, Edward, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none"><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">F</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farrar, The Venerable Frederick William, D. D., <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fiske, John, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fothergill, John Milner, M. D. <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foster, John, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Freeman, Edward Augustus, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Friday, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none"><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">G</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaffarel, Paul, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galiani, The Abb&eacute; Fernando, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geikie, The Rev. Cunningham, D. D., <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gibbons, The Right Rev. James, D. D., <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gibson, William, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glasgow <i>Times</i>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goodrich, F. B., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guizot, Fran&ccedil;ois Pierre Guillaume, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gunsaulus, Rev. F. W., D. D., <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guyot, Arnold Henry, Ph. D., LL. D., <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">H</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale, Edward Everett, D. D., <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Halleck, Fitz-Greene, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Halstead, Murat, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harding, Edward J., <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hardouin, Jean, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison, Benjamin, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrisse, Henry, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hartley, David, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heine, Heinrich, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helps, Sir Arthur, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Herbert, George, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Herrera, Antonio y Tordesillas, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Herrera, Fernando, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hodgin, C. W., <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hurst, The Right Rev. John Fletcher. D. D., LL. D., <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irving, Washington, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italian, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">J</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Janssens, Archbishop, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jefferson, Samuel, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnston, Annie Fellows, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">K</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kennedy, John S., <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">King, Moses, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knight, Arthur G., <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">L</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lactantius, Lucius, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamartine, Alphonse, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lanier, Sidney, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawrence, Eugene, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leo XIII., Pope, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span>Lofft, Capel, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lorgues, Rossely de, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lowell, James Russell, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lytton, Lord, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">M</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macaulay, Thomas Babbington, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mackie, C. P., <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magnusen, Finn, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Major, R. H., <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Malte-Brun, Conrad, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margesson, Helen P., <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Markham, Clements Robert, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martyr, Peter, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mason, William, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Matthews, J. N., <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Medina-Celi, The Duke of, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miller, Joaquin, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montgomery, D. H., <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morgan, Gen. Thomas J., <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morris, Charles, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">N</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nason, Emma Huntingdon, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Orleans <i>Morning Star</i>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York <i>Herald</i>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York <i>Tribune</i>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nugent, Father, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">P</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palos, The Alcalde of, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pan-American Tribute, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parker, Theodore, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parker, Capt. W. H., <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perry, Horatio J., <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peschel, O. F., <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petrarch, F., <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phillips, Barnet, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pollok, R., <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poole, W. F., LL. D., <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prescott, W. H., <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pulci, Luigi, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Q</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quackenbos, G. P., <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">R</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Read, Thomas Buchanan</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reed, Myron, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roll of the Crew, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Redpath, John Clark, LL. D., <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ria&ntilde;o, Juan F., <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robertson, William, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rogers, Samuel, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russell, William, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">S</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Santarem, Manoel Francisco de Barros y Souza, Viscount, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Saturday Review</i>, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saunders, R. N., <a href='#Page_287'>287</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savage, Minot J., <a href='#Page_288'>288</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seneca, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shipley, Mrs. John B, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sigourney (Lydia Huntley), Mrs. <a href='#Page_293'>293</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smiles, Samuel, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smithey, Royall Bascom, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sumner, Charles, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swing, Prof. David, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">T</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tasso, Torquato, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, Bayard, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, Rev. George L., <a href='#Page_300'>300</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>Tennyson, Lord Alfred, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tercentenary, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thompson, Maurice, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thoreau, Henry D., <a href='#Page_304'>304</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Toscanelli, Paolo, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Townsend, G. A., <a href='#Page_305'>305</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Townsend, L. T., D. D., <a href='#Page_308'>308</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trivigiano, Angelo, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Van der Weyde, Dr. P. H., <a href='#Page_309'>309</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ventura, Padre Gioacchino, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">W</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waddington, The Venerable George, Dean of Durham, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watts, Theodore, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whipple, Edwin Percy, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">White, Daniel Appleton, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiffen, Jeremiah Holmes, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willard, Emma Hart, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winchester, The Rev. Elhanan, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winsor, Justin, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woodberry, George E., <a href='#Page_321'>321</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Worcester, Joseph Emerson, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a></span></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</h2>
+
+<h3>COLUMBIA.</h3>
+
+
+<ul class="none"><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">A</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, John, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Audubon, J. J., <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anonymous, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnold, Sir Edwin, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">B</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beecher, Henry Ward, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beman, Nathaniel S. S., <a href='#Page_331'>331</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Best, St. George, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brackenridge, Henry Hugh, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bright, The Right Hon. John, M. P., <a href='#Page_334'>334</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bryant, William Cullen, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bryce, James, M. P., <a href='#Page_356'>356</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burke, Edmund, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">C</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castelar, Emilio, <a href='#Page_339'>339</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Channing, William Ellery, <a href='#Page_339'>339</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago <i>Inter Ocean</i>, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choate, Rufus, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. S. Columbia, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cook, Eliza, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornwallis, Kinahan, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cullom, The Hon. Shelby M., <a href='#Page_348'>348</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curtis, George William, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">D</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dana, Olive E., <a href='#Page_350'>350</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dwight, Timothy, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">E</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eddy, T. M., <a href='#Page_351'>351</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emerson, Ralph Waldo, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Everett, Alexander Hill, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">G</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gannett, Ezra Stiles, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garfield, James A., <a href='#Page_356'>356</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gladstone, The Right Hon. William Ewart, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grady, Henry W., <a href='#Page_357'>357</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">H</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison, Benjamin, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Head, Sir Francis Bond, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, Patrick, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hillard, George Stillman, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holmes, Oliver Wendell, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">K</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">King, The Rev. Thomas Starr, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">L</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">N</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>North British Review</i>, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">O</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>Otis, James, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">P</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paine, Prof. J. K., <a href='#Page_368'>368</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phillips, Charles, <a href='#Page_369'>369</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phillips, Wendell, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porter, Edward G., <a href='#Page_370'>370</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Proctor, Edna Dean, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">R</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Read, Thos. Buchanan, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reed, The Rev. Myron W., <a href='#Page_372'>372</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">S</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seward, William Henry, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sewell, Samuel, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Storey, Joseph, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stoughton, William, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweetser, Moses F., <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swinburne, T. T., <a href='#Page_376'>376</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">T</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Talmage, The Rev. T. Dewitt, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, Bayard, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thoreau, Henry David, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tudor, William, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">W</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walpole, Horace, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Webster, Daniel, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whittier, John Greenleaf, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winthrop, Robert C., <a href='#Page_381'>381</a></span></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX_OF_HEAD_LINES" id="INDEX_OF_HEAD_LINES"></a>INDEX OF HEAD LINES.</h2>
+
+
+<ul class="none">
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">A</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Admiral of Mosquito Land, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Admiration of a Careful Critic, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">All within the Ken of Columbus, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">America&mdash;Opportunity, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Continent of the Future, <a href='#Page_339'>339</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Old World, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flag, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Futurity, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Idea, <a href='#Page_348'>348</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">National Haste, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nationality, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scenery, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Unprecedented Growth, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Welcome, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ancient Anchors, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">An Appropriate Hour, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arma Virumque Cano, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">At Palos, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlantic and Pacific, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Attendant Fame Shall Bless, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">B</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barcelona Statue, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bartolomeo Columbus, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beauties of the Bahama Sea, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Belief of Columbus, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bible, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boston Statue, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bright's Beatific Vision, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brilliants from Depew, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bronze Door at Washington, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brothers across the Sea, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">By Faith Columbus found America, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">By the Grace of God He Was What He Was, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">C</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cabot's Contemporaneous Utterance, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capitulations of Santa F&eacute;, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Captain and Seamen, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Care of the New World, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cause of the Discovery, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Celebration at Hamburg, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Center of Civilization, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Children of the Sun, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christopher, the Christ-Bearer, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Circular Letter, Archbishop of New Orleans, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claim of the Norsemen, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columba Christum-Ferens&mdash;What's in a Name, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbian Chorus, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbia, Columbus' Monument, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbia's Emblem, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbian Festival Allegory, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbia&mdash;A Prophecy, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbia, Queen of the World, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbia's Unguarded Gates, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbine as the Exposition Flower, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span>Aim not Merely Secular, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bank note, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bell, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Boldest Navigator, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Certain Convictions of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chains&mdash;His Crown, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Character of, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Civilizer, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Collection, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Conqueror, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">And the Convent of La R&aacute;bida, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">And Copernicus, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dared the Main, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Day, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>-<a href='#Page_269'>269</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">And the Egg, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The First Discoverer, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">And the Fourth Centenary of His Discovery, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Fulfiller of Prophecy, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Giant, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Glory of Catholicism, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Haven, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Heard of Norse Discoveries, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of the Heavens, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of the Heavens&mdash;Scorned, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Heretic and a Visionary to His Contemporaries, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">An Ideal Commander, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">And the Indians, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">King of Discoverers, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of Literature, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Mariner, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Martyr, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of Modern Times, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Neither a Visionary nor an Imbecile, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">No Chance Comer, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lord North's <i>B&ecirc;te Noir</i>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pathfinder of the Shadowy Sea, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Patron Saint of Real-Estate Dealers, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statue in Chicago, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statue, The City of Colon, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statue in Madrid, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statue, City of Mexico, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statue, New York, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Contemporary Italian Tribute, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Critical Days, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cuba's Caves, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Voluminous Writer, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">At Salamanca, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Sea-King, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of the Skies, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stamps, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Supreme Suspense of, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Theoretical Circumnavigator, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crew of Columbus, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">D</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dark Ages before Columbus, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Darkness before Discovery, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death was Columbus' Friend, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">De Mortuis, nil nisi Bonum, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dense Ignorance of Those Days, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Design for Souvenir Coins, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Difficulties by the Way, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Discoveries of Columbus and Americus, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Discovery Greater than the Labors of Hercules, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span>Doubts of Columbus, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dream, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">E</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each the Columbus of his own Soul, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eager to Share the Reward, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earnestness of Columbus, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earth's Rotundity, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">East and West, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">East longed for the West, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Effect of the Discovery, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elect Nation, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Error of Columbus, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Example of Columbus, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Excitement at the News of the Discovery, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">F</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fame, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fate of Discoverers, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Felipa, Wife of Columbus, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Final Stage, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">First American Monument to Columbus, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Catholic Knight, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Glimpse of Land, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">To Greet Columbus, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fleet of Columbus, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flight of Parrots was his Guiding Star, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Friday, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">From the Italian, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">G</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genoa, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genoa Inscription, The, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genoa Statue, The, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genoa&mdash;whence Grand Columbus Came, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genius Travels East to West, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genius of the West, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genius Traveled Westward, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geography of the Ancients, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germany and Columbus, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germany's Exhibit of Rarities, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gift of Spain, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glory to God, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">God Save America, <a href='#Page_381'>381</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand Prophetic Vision, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand Scope of the Celebration, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grandeur of Destiny, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gratitude and Pride, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great West, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greatest Achievement, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greatest Continuous Empire, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greatest Event, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greatness of Columbus, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">H</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hands across the Sea, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hardy Mariners Have become Great Heroes, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Herschel, the Columbus of the Skies, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hidden World, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">His Life Was a Path of Thorns, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Honor the Hardy Norsemen, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Honor to Whom Honor is Due, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ideas of the Ancients, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Important Find of MMS, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Impregnable Will of Columbus, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Incident of the Voyage, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Increasing Interest in Columbus, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span>Indomitable Courage of Columbus, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">In Honor of Columbus, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Intense Uncertainty, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italian Statue (Baltimore), <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">J</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jesuit Geographer, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">K</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knowledge of Icelandic Voyages, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">L</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lake Front Park Statue of Columbus, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Land of Liberty, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Last Days of the Voyage, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Launched out into the Deep, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Legend of Columbus, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Legend of a Western Island, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Legend of a Western Land, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liberty Has a Continent of her Own, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Life for Liberty, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Like Homer, a Beggar in the Gate, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Love of America, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Love of Country, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">M</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magnanimity, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Man of the Church, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Man's Ingratitude, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Man Superior, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Majesty of Grand Recollections, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecca of the Nation, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Memorial Arch, New York, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Memorial to Columbus at Old Isabella, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mission and Reward, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moral Progress, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morning Triumphant, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mutiny at Sea, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mystery of the Shadowy Sea, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">N</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Name America, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Heritage, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Influence, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Self-respect, <a href='#Page_331'>331</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nature Superior, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navigator and the Islands, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Life, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Light on Christopher Columbus, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York Statue, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Noah and Columbus, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nobility of Columbus in Adversity, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Noble Conceptions, <a href='#Page_339'>339</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Norsemen's Claim to Priority, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">O</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Observation like Columbus, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">On a Portrait of Columbus, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Once the Pillars of Hercules Were the End of the World, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">One Vast Western Continent, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">On Freedom's Generous Soil, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Only the Actions of the Just, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Onward! Press On!, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Our Great Trust, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Out-bound, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">P</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palos, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span>Palos to Barcelona&mdash;His Triumph, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palos&mdash;the Departure, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palos Statue, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pan-American Tribute, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Passion for Gold, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patience of Columbus, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patriotism Defined, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penetration and Extreme Accuracy of Columbus, The, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pen Picture from the South, A, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Period, The, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Personal Appearance of Columbus, The, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petrarch's Tribute, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philadelphia Statue, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pleading with Kings for a New World, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pope Reviews the Life of the Discoverer, The, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portraits of Columbus, The, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Practical and Poetical, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Previous Discovery, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primitive Pitch, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prophetic Utterance of Colonial Days, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Visions Urged Columbus On, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Protest against Ignorance, A, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Psalm of the West, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pulci's Prophecy, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Q</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen Isabella's Death, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">R</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Range of Enterprise, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reason for Sailors' Superstitions, The, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reasoning of Columbus, The, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Religion, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Religion Turns to Freedom's Land, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Religious Object of Columbus, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reminiscence of Columbus, A, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Responsibility, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reverence and Wonder, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ridicule with which the Views of Columbus were Received, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rising of the Western Star, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Route to the Spice Indies, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">S</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sacramento Statuary, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sagacity, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Louis Statue, The, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salamanca Monument, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">San Salvador or Watling's Island, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Santa Maria Caravel, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">R&aacute;bida, The Convent, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Santiago Bust, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Santo Domingoan Cannon, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scarlet Thorn, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Searcher of the Ocean, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Secret, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seeker and Seer, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seneca's Prophecy, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sequel of the Discovery, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seville Tomb, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ship Columbia, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sifted Wheat, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Song of America, The, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Song of '<a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southern America's Tribute, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sovereign of the Ascendant, <a href='#Page_369'>369</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spanish Fountain, New York, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speculation, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Standard of Modern Criticism, The, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span>Strange and Colossal Man, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stranger than Fiction, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Superior Soul, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sympathy for Columbus, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">T</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tales of the East, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tasso's Tribute (in English Spencerian Stanza), <a href='#Page_316'>316</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tendency, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tennyson's Tribute, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tercentenary in New York, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Testimony of a Contemporary, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Three Days, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">To Spain, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Track of Columbus, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Tribute of Heinrich Heine, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tribute of Joaquin Miller, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tributes of the Ph&oelig;nix of the Ages, The, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tribute and Testimony of the Pope, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tribute of Tasso, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trifling Incident, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Triumph of an Idea, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Typical American, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">U</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Undiscovered Country, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unwept, Unhonored, and Unsung, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. S. Columbia, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valparaiso Statue, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vanderlyn's Picture, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vespucci an Adventurer, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vinland, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Visit of Columbus to Iceland, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Visit to Palos, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Voice of the Sea, The, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Voice of Warning, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">W</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Statue, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watling's Island Monument, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">West Indian Statues, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Westward Religion's Banners Took their Way, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">When History Does Thee Wrong, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">World a Seaman's Hand Conferred, The, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wrapped in a Vision Glorious, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Y</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">You Can not Conquer America, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Young America, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>-<a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Youthful Land, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a></span></li>
+
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX_OF_STATUARY_AND_INSCRIPTIONS" id="INDEX_OF_STATUARY_AND_INSCRIPTIONS"></a>INDEX OF STATUARY AND INSCRIPTIONS.</h2>
+
+
+<ul class="none">
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">B</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baltimore Monument, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baltimore Italian Statue, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barcelona Statue, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boston, The Iasagi Statue, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">First Inspirations of Columbus, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Replica of Isabella Statue, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">C</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardenas (Cuba) Statue, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">City of Colon Statue, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago, Drake Fountain, Statue of Columbus, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Lake Front) Statue, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">G</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genoa Inscription, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Reel Palace Statue, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statue, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">H</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Havana Cathedral, Tomb, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cathedral, Inscription, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statue, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bust, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isabella Statue, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">L</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lima (Peru) Statuary, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">M</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madrid Statue, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mexico City Statue, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">N</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nassau (Bahamas) Statue, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York, Central Park Statue, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Italian Statue, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Memorial Arch, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Spanish Fountain, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">P</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palos Statue, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philadelphia Statue, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">R</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rogers Bronze Door, Washington, D. C., <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">S</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sacramento, Cal., Statuary in the Capitol, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salamanca Monument, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Santiago (Chili) Bust, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Santo Domingo, Inscription and Tomb, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statue, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Louis (Mo.) Statue, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seville Tomb and Inscription, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valparaiso (Chili) Statue, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vanderlyn's Picture at Washington, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></span></li></ul>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">W</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington (D. C.) Statue, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watling's Island Monument, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>THE RIALTO SERIES.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A series of books selected with the utmost care, bound in covers
+specially designed for each number, and admirably suited to the
+demands of the finer trade. The paper in this series is fine, and
+the books are admirably adapted for private library binding. Most
+of the numbers are profusely and beautifully illustrated, and all
+of them are either copyright works or possess special intrinsic
+merit. Each number <b>50</b> cents. This series is mailable at one cent a
+pound.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><b>The Iron Master (Le Ma&icirc;tre de Forges).</b> By <span class="smcap">Georges Ohnet</span>.
+Illustrated. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Immortal, or one of the "Forty" (L'Immortel).</b> By <span class="smcap">A. Daudet</span>.
+Illustrated. Paper and cloth. Cloth, $1.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Silence of Dean Maitland.</b> By <span class="smcap">Maxwell Grey</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nikanor.</b> By <span class="smcap">Henry Greville</span>. Translated by <span class="smcap">Mrs. E. E. Chase</span>.
+Typogravure Illustrations. Cloth and paper.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dr. Rameau.</b> By <span class="smcap">Georges Ohnet</span>. Illustrated. Paper and cloth. Half
+morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>Merze; The Story of an Actress.</b> By <span class="smcap">Marah Ellis Ryan</span>. Typogravure
+Illustrations. Cloth and paper.</p>
+
+<p><b>My Uncle Barbassou.</b> By <span class="smcap">Mario Uchard</span>. Illustrated. Paper and cloth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Jacob Valmont, Manager.</b> By <span class="smcap">Geo. A. Wall</span> and <span class="smcap">G. B. Heckel</span>.
+Illustrated. Cloth and paper.</p>
+
+<p><b>Herbert Severance.</b> By <span class="smcap">M. French-Sheldon</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kings in Exile.</b> By <span class="smcap">A. Daudet</span>. Illustrated. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Abb&eacute; Constantin.</b> By <span class="smcap">Ludovic Hal&egrave;vy</span>, with Thirty-six
+Illustrations by Madeleine Lemaire. Double number. Half morocco,
+gilt top, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ned Stafford's Experiences in the United States.</b> By <span class="smcap">Philip Milford</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>The New Prodigal.</b> By <span class="smcap">Stephen Paul Sheffield</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pere Goriot.</b> By <span class="smcap">Honore de Balzac</span>. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>A Strange Infatuation.</b> By <span class="smcap">Lewis Harrison</span>. Illustrated. Paper and
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff.</b> Only unabridged edition published.
+Cloth, $2.00; half morocco, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>Numa Roumestan.</b> By <span class="smcap">A. Daudet</span>. Illustrated. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fabian Dimitry.</b> By <span class="smcap">Edgar Fawcett</span>. Paper and cloth.</p>
+
+<p><b>In Love's Domains.</b> By <span class="smcap">Marah Ellis Ryan</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Spirite.</b> By <span class="smcap">Theophile Gautier</span>. Illustrated. Double number. Half
+morocco, gilt top, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Romance of a Spahi.</b> By <span class="smcap">Pierre Loti</span>. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Gladiators.</b> By <span class="smcap">G. J. Whyte-Melville</span>. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Chouans.</b> By <span class="smcap">Honore de Balzac</span>. Illustrated. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>Criquette.</b> By <span class="smcap">Ludovic Hal&egrave;vy</span>. Half morocco. $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>Told in the Hills.</b> By <span class="smcap">Marah Ellis Ryan</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>A Modern Rosalind.</b> By <span class="smcap">F. Xavier Calvert</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>A Fair American.</b> By <span class="smcap">Pierre Sales</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fontenay, the Swordsman.</b> By <span class="smcap">Fortune Du Boisgobey</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Sign-Board and other Stories.</b> By <span class="smcap">Masson, Souvestre, Gautier,
+Theuriet</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>A Pagan of the Alleghanies.</b> By <span class="smcap">Marah Ellis Ryan</span>. Half morocco,
+$1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>For the Old Sake's Sake.</b> By <span class="smcap">Alan St. Aubyn</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Into Morocco.</b> By <span class="smcap">Pierre Loti</span>. Illustrated. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Light of Asia.</b> By <span class="smcap">Sir Edwin Arnold</span>. Cloth, $1.50. Half morocco,
+$2.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wolverton; or, The Modern Arena.</b> By <span class="smcap">D. A. Reynolds.</span> Cloth, $1.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>All for Jack.</b> By <span class="smcap">Jules Claretie</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Arctic Alaska, and Siberia; or, Eight Months with the Arctic
+Whalemen.</b> By <span class="smcap">Herbert L. Aldrich</span>. With thirty-four half tone process
+illustrations, from photographs taken by the author, and a correct
+map of the Whaling Grounds. Cloth, $1.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sarchedon.</b> By <span class="smcap">G. J. Whyte-Melville</span>. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>Woe to the Conquered.</b> By <span class="smcap">Karl Berkow</span>. Half morocco, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p><b>Squaw &Eacute;louise.</b> By <span class="smcap">Marah Ellis Ryan</span>. Half morocco, $1.50.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>BY MARAH ELLIS RYAN</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Issued in the Rialto Series. 50 Cents Each.</i></p>
+
+<h4>FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.</h4>
+
+
+<h4>SQUAW &Eacute;LOUISE.</h4>
+
+<p>Vigorous, natural, entertaining.&mdash;<i>Boston Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>A notable performance.&mdash;<i>Chicago Tribune.</i></p>
+
+<p>No one can fail to become interested in the narrative.&mdash;<i>Chicago Mail.</i></p>
+
+<p>A very strong story indeed.&mdash;<i>Chicago Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>Marah Ellis Ryan is always interesting.&mdash;<i>Rocky Mountain News.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>A PAGAN OF THE ALLEGHANIES.</h4>
+
+<p>A story of mountain life of remarkable interest.&mdash;<i>Louisville Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>Full of exciting interest.&mdash;<i>Toledo Blade.</i></p>
+
+<p>A genuine art work.&mdash;<i>Chicago Tribune.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>TOLD IN THE HILLS.</h4>
+
+<p>Beautifully pictured.&mdash;<i>Chicago Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>The word-painting is superb.&mdash;<i>Lowell Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>One of the cleverest stories that has been issued in many a
+moon.&mdash;<i>Kansas City Times.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>IN LOVE'S DOMAINS. A TRILOGY.</h4>
+
+<p>It is an entertaining book, and by no means an unprofitable
+one.&mdash;<i>Boston Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>There are imagination and poetical expression in the stories, and
+readers will find them interesting.&mdash;<i>New York Sun.</i></p>
+
+<p>An unusually clever piece of work.&mdash;<i>Charleston News.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>MERZE; THE STORY OF AN ACTRESS.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Beautifully Illustrated</span>.</p>
+
+<p>We can not doubt that the author is one of the best living orators of
+her sex. The book will possess a strong attraction for women.&mdash;<i>Chicago
+Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p>This is the story of the life of an actress, told in the graphic style
+of Miss Ryan. It is very interesting.&mdash;<i>New Orleans Picayune.</i></p>
+
+<p>A book of decided literary merit, besides moral tone and vigor.&mdash;<i>Public
+Opinion</i>, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>It is an exciting tragical story.&mdash;<i>Chicago Inter Ocean.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Rand, McNally &amp; Co., Publishers</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">CHICAGO AND NEW YORK.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Markham, in his "Life of Columbus," advances the ingenious
+suggestion of a marriage invalidated by the pre-contract of Beatrix to
+one Enriquez. No authority is adduced for this theory.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The monastery has been restored and preserved as a national
+memorial since 1846.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The invention of the mariner's compass is claimed by the
+Chinese for the Emperor Hong-ti, a grandson of Noah, about 2634 B. C. A
+compass was brought from China to Queen Elizabeth A. D. 1260 by P.
+Venutus. By some the invention is ascribed to Marcus Paulus, a Venetian,
+A. D. 1260. The discovery of the compass was long attributed to Flavio
+Gioja, a Neapolitan sailor, A. D. 1302, who in reality made improvements
+on then existing patterns and brought them to the form now used. The
+variation of the needle was known to the Chinese, being mentioned in the
+works of the Chinese philosopher Keon-tsoung-chy, who flourished about
+A. D. 1111. The dip of the needle was discovered A. D. 1576 by Robert
+Norman of London. Time was measured on voyages by the hour-glass.
+Compare Shakespere:
+</p><p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or four and twenty times the pilot's glass</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hath told the thievish minutes how they pass.</span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Capt. Parker, in <i>Goldthwaithe's Geographical Monthly</i>,
+argues ably that the myth that a light was seen by Columbus at 8 <span class="smcap">P. M.</span>
+of the night of the discovery should be dropped simply as rubbish; it is
+incredible. More than one hundred men in the three vessels were
+anxiously looking for signs of land, and two "think" they see a light.
+To say that Columbus felt sure that he saw a light is to pronounce him
+an imbecile. For if ahead, he would have stopped; if abeam, stood for
+it. His log does not say where or in what direction the light was&mdash;an
+important omission&mdash;and Columbus <i>ran forty sea miles after he saw this
+mythical light</i>.
+</p><p>
+We may safely decide that Watling Island, named after a buccaneer or
+pirate of the seventeenth century, is best supported by investigation as
+the landfall of Columbus.
+</p><p>
+Cronau, who visited Watling Island in 1890, supposes that Columbus'
+ships, after making the land, continued on their course, under the
+reduced sail, at the rate of four or five miles an hour; and at daylight
+found themselves off the northwest end of the island. Mr. Cronau
+evidently is not a seafaring man or he would know that no navigator off
+an unknown island at night would stand on, even at the rate of one mile
+an hour, ignorant of what shoal or reefs might lie off the end of the
+island.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The following from Las Casas' epitome of the log is all the
+information we have concerning the "sighting" of the New World:
+</p><p>
+"<span class="smcap">Thursday</span>, October 11, 1492.&mdash;<i>Naveg&oacute; al Ouesudueste, turvieron mucho
+mar mas que en todo el viage habian tenido. Despues del sol puesto
+naveg&oacute; &aacute; su primer Camino al Oueste; andarian doce millas cada hora. A
+las dos horas despues de media noche pareci&oacute; la tierra, de la cual
+estarian dos leguas. Amainaron todas las velas y quedaron con el treo
+que es la vela grande sin bonetas, y pusi&eacute;rouse &aacute; la corda temporizando
+hasta el dia viernes que llegaron &aacute; un&aacute; isleta de los Lucayos que se
+llamaba en lengua de indios Guanahani.</i>"
+</p><p>
+That is: "They steered west-southwest and experienced a much heavier sea
+than they had had before in the whole voyage. After sunset they resumed
+their former course west, and sailed twelve miles an hour. At 2 o'clock
+in the morning the land appeared (was sighted), two leagues off. They
+lowered all the sails and remained under the storm sail, which is the
+main sail without bonnets, and hove to, waiting for daylight; and Friday
+[found they had] arrived at a small island of the Lucayos which the
+Indians called Guanahani."
+</p><p>
+It will be observed that these are the words of Las Casas, and they were
+evidently written some years after the event.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Helps refers to the island as "one of the Bahamas." It has
+been variously identified with Turks Island, by Navarette (1825); with
+Cat Island, by Irving (1828) and Humboldt (1836); with Mayaguara, by
+Varnhagen (1864); and finally, with greatest show of probability, with
+Watling Island, by Mu&ntilde;oz (1798), supported by Becher (1856), Peschel
+(1857), and Major (1871).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> See page 217, <i>post</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The greatest blot on the character of Columbus is contained
+in this and a succeeding letter. Under the shallow pretense of
+benefiting the souls of idolators, he suggested to the Spanish rulers
+the advisability of shipping the natives to Spain as slaves. He appeals
+to their cupidity by picturing the revenue to be derived therefrom, and
+stands convicted in the light of history as the prime author of that
+blood-drenched rule which exterminated millions of simple aborigines in
+the West Indian Archipelago.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The countries which he had discovered were considered as a
+part of India. In consequence of this notion the name of Indies is given
+to them by Ferdinand and Isabella in a ratification of their former
+agreement, which was granted to Columbus after his return.&mdash;Robertson's
+"History of America."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> The will of Diego Mendez, one of Columbus' most trusted
+followers, states that the Governor of Xaragua in seven months burned
+and hanged eighty-four chiefs, including the Queen of San Domingo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Owing to the difficulty in securing animals for the
+cavalry in Spain (about A. D. 1505), an edict had been published by the
+King forbidding the use of mules in traveling, except by royal
+permission.
+</p><p>
+While Columbus was in Seville he wished to make a journey to the court,
+then sitting at Granada, to plead his own cause. Cardinal Mendoza placed
+his litter at the disposal of the Admiral, but he preferred a mule, and
+wrote to Diego, asking him to petition the King for the privilege of
+using one. The request was granted in the following curious document:
+</p><p>
+<i>Decree granting to Don Cristoval Colon permission to ride on a mule,
+saddled and bridled, through any part of these Kingdoms.</i>
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The King</span>: As I am informed that you, Cristoval Colon, the Admiral,
+are in poor bodily health, owing to certain diseases which you had
+or have, and that you can not ride on horse-back without injury to
+your health; therefore, conceding this to your advanced age, I, by
+these presents, grant you leave to ride on a mule, saddled and
+bridled, through whatever parts of these kingdoms or realms you
+wish and choose, notwithstanding the law which I issued thereto;
+and I command the subjects of all parts of these kingdoms and
+realms not to offer you any impediment or allow any to be offered
+to you, under penalty of ten thousand maravedi in behalf of the
+treasury, of whoever does the contrary.
+</p><p>
+Given in the City of Toro, February 23, 1505.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+</p><p class="center">
+.s.<br />
+.s. s .s.<br />
+X&nbsp; M&nbsp; Y<br />
+<span class="smcap">Xpo FERENS.</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Columbus' Cipher.</span>&mdash;The interpretation of the seven-lettered cipher,
+accepting the smaller letters of the second line as the final ones of
+the words, seems to be <i>Servate-me, Xristus, Maria, Yosephus</i>. The name
+Christopher appears in the last line.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> See Washington Irving, Life and Voyages of Columbus,
+London, 1831; Humboldt, Examen Critique de l'Histoire de la Geographie
+du Nouveau Continent, Paris, 1836; Sportorno, Codice Diplomatico
+Colombo-Americano, Genoa, 1823; Hernan Colon, Vita dell' Ammiraglio,
+1571; (English translation in vol. xi of Churchill's Voyages and
+Travels, third edition, London, 1744; Spanish, 1745); Prescott, History
+of Ferdinand and Isabella, London, 1870; Major, Select Letters of
+Columbus, Hakluyt Society, London, 1847, and "On the Landfall of
+Columbus," in Journal of Royal Geographical Society for 1871; Sir Arthur
+Helps, Life of Columbus, London, 1868; Navarrete, Coleccion de Viages y
+Descubrimientos desde Fines del Siglo XV., Madrid, 1825; Ticknor,
+History of Spanish Literature, London, 1863.
+</p><p>
+See also Pietro Martire d'Anghiera, Opus Epistolarum, 1530, and De Rebus
+Oceanicis et de Orbe Novo, 1511; Gomora, in Historiadores Primitivos de
+Indias, vol. xxii of Rivadaneyra's collection; Oveido y Valdes, Cronica
+de las Indias, Salamanca, 1547; Ramusio, Raccolta delle Navigatione et
+viaggi iii, Venetia, 1575; Herrera de Tordesillas, Historia de las
+Indias Occidentales, 1601; Antonio Leon Pinelo, Epitome de la Biblioteca
+Oriental y Occidental, Madrid, 1623; Mu&ntilde;oz, Historia del Nuevo Mundo,
+Madrid, 1793; Cancellieri, Notizia di Christoforo Colombo, 1809; Bossi,
+Vita di Christoforo Colombo, 1819; Charlevoix, Histoire de San Domingo;
+Lamartine, Christoph Colomb, Paris, 1862 (Spanish translation, 1865);
+Crompton, Life of Columbus, London, 1859; Voyages and Discoveries of
+Columbus, sixth edition, London, 1857; H. R. St. John, Life of Columbus,
+London, 1850.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> This letter received no answer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Columbus left the Canary Isles September 8th, made the
+land October 11th&mdash;thirty-three days.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Watling's Island.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> These canes are probably the flowering stems of large
+grasses, similar to the bamboo or to the <i>arundinaria</i> used by the
+natives of Guiana for blowing arrows.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> An old Spanish coin, equal to the fiftieth part of a mark
+of gold.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Small copper coins, equal to about the quarter of a
+farthing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> One arroba weighs twenty-five pounds.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> There appears to be a doubt as to the exact number of men
+left by Columbus at Espa&ntilde;ola, different accounts variously giving it as
+thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, and forty. There is, however, a
+list of their names included in one of the diplomatic documents printed
+on Navarrete's work, which makes the number amount to forty, independent
+of the Governor Diego de Arana and his two lieutenants, Pedro Gutierrez
+and Rodrigo de Escobedo. All these men were Spaniards, with the
+exception of two; one an Irishman named William Ires, a native of
+Galway, and one an Englishman, whose name was given as Tallarte de
+Lajes, but whose native designation it is difficult to guess at. The
+document in question was a proclamation to the effect that the heirs of
+those men should, on presenting at the office of public business at
+Seville sufficient proof of their being the next of kin, receive payment
+in conformity with the royal order to that purpose, issued at Burgos on
+December 20, 1507.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Dominica.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Martinique.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Of Genoa. The Island of Chios belonged to the Genoese
+Republic from 1346 to 1566.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> This prayer of Columbus, which is printed by Padre Claudio
+Clementi in the "Tablas Chronologicas de los Descubridores" (Valencia,
+1689), was afterward repeated, by order of the Sovereigns of Castille,
+in subsequent discoveries. Hernando Cortez, Vasco Nu&ntilde;ez de Balboa,
+Pizarro, and others, had to use it officially.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> It is very much to be regretted that Christopher Columbus'
+intentions in this respect were not carried out because the Protectors
+would have certainly decreed that a marble statue should be erected to
+commemorate so great a gift, and we would then possess an authentic
+portrait of the discoverer of America, which does not exist anywhere.
+Nor do I believe that the portrait of Columbus ever was drawn, carved,
+or painted from the life.
+</p><p>
+There were doubtless painters already in Spain at the close of the
+fifteenth century, such, for instance, as Juan Sanchez de Castro, Pedro
+Berruguette, Juan de Borgona, Antonio del Rincon, and the five artists
+whom Cardinal Ximenes intrusted with the task of adorning the paranymph
+of the University of Alcala, but they painted only religious subjects.
+It is at a later period that portrait painting commenced in Spain. One
+of those artists may have thought of painting a portrait of Columbus,
+but there is no trace of any such intention in the writings of the time,
+nor of the existence of an authentic effigy of the great navigator in
+Spain or any other country.
+</p><p>
+We must recollect that the enthusiasm created by the news of the
+discovery of America was far from being as great as people now imagine,
+and if we may judge from the silence of Spanish poets and historians of
+the fifteenth century, it produced less effect in Spain than anywhere
+else. At all events, the popularity of Columbus lasted scarcely six
+months, as deceptions commenced with the first letters that were sent
+from Hispaniola, and they never ceased whilst he was living. In fact, it
+is only between April 20, 1493, which is the date of his arrival in
+Barcelona, and the 20th of May following, when he left that city to
+embark for the second expedition (during the short space of six weeks),
+that his portrait might have been painted; although it was not then a
+Spanish notion, by any means. Neither Boabdil nor Gonzalvo de Cordova,
+whose exploits were certainly much more admired by the Spaniards than
+those of Columbus, were honored in that form during their lifetime. Even
+the portraits of Ferdinand and Isabella, although attributed to Antonio
+del Rincon, are only fancy pictures of the close of the sixteenth
+century.
+</p><p>
+The popularity of Columbus was short-lived because he led the Spanish
+nation to believe that gold was plentiful and easily obtained in Cuba
+and Hispaniola, whilst the Spaniards who, seduced by his enthusiastic
+descriptions, crossed the Atlantic in search of wealth, found nothing
+but sufferings and poverty. Those who managed to return home arrived in
+Spain absolutely destitute. They were noblemen, who clamored at the
+court and all over the country, charging "the stranger" with having
+deceived them. (Historia de los Reyes Catolicos, cap. lxxxv, f. 188; Las
+Casas, lib. i, cap. cxxii, vol. ii, p. 176; Andres Bernaldez, cap.
+cxxxi, vol. ii, p. 77.) It was not under such circumstances that
+Spaniards would have caused his portrait to be painted. The oldest
+effigy of Columbus known (a rough wood-cut in <i>Jovius</i>, illustrium
+virorum vit&aelig;, Florenti&aelig;, 1549, folio), was made at least forty years
+after his death, and in Italy, where he never returned after leaving it
+as a poor and unknown artizan. Let it be enough for us to know that he
+was above the medium height, robust, with sandy hair, a face elongated,
+flushed and freckled, vivid light gray eyes, the nose shaped like the
+beak of an eagle, and that he always was dressed like a monk.
+(Bernaldez, Oviedo, Las Casas, and the author of the Libretto, all
+eye-witnesses.)&mdash;H. Harrisse's "Columbus, and the Bank of St. George, in
+Genoa."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> What strikes the paleographer, when studying the
+handwriting of Christopher Columbus, is the boldness of the penmanship.
+You can see at a glance that he was a very rapid caligrapher, and one
+accustomed to write a great deal. This certainly was his reputation. The
+numberless memoirs, petitions, and letters which flew from his pen gave
+even rise to jokes and bywords. Francesillo de Zu&ntilde;iga, Charles V.'s
+jester, in one of his jocular epistles exclaims: "I hope to God that
+Gutierrez will always have all the paper he wants, for he writes more
+than Ptolemy and than Columbus, the discoverer of the
+Indies."&mdash;Harrisse.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> By permission of Messrs. D. Appleton &amp; Co.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> For the above interesting particulars, and for the
+artistic illustration of this beautiful statue, the compiler desires to
+record his sincere obligations to the courteous kindness of Mr. William
+G. Williams of Rutherford, N. J.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Copyright 1892 and by permission of the author.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Lope de Vega has been variously termed the "Center of
+Fame," the "Darling of Fortune," and the "Ph&oelig;nix of the Ages," by his
+admiring compatriots. His was a most fertile brain; his a most fecund
+pen. A single day sufficed to compose a versified drama.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., Publishers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> For the above particulars and inscription the compiler
+desires to acknowledge his obligation to the Hon. Thomas Adamson, U. S.
+Consul General at Panama, and Mr. George W. Clamman, the able clerk of
+the U. S. Consulate in the city of Colon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Copernicus has also been so styled.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Se&ntilde;or Emilio Castelar, the celebrated Spanish author and
+statesman, in his most able series of articles on Columbus in the
+<i>Century Magazine</i>, derides the fact of an actual mutiny as a convenient
+fable which authors and dramatists have clothed with much choice
+diction.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Galileo, the great Italian natural philosopher, is here
+referred to by the author.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., Publishers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> By permission of Messrs. Ginn &amp; Co., Publishers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> The Rock of Gibraltar is referred to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> The location of the church at Old Isabella has been
+exactly determined, and a noble monument (fully described in these
+pages) has been erected there under the auspices of the <i>Sacred Heart
+Review</i> of Boston.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Since changed to a life-size statue of Columbus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> A replica is erected in Boston.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Copyright, 1892, by permission of the publishers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Copyright, 1892, by Harper &amp; Brothers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Copyright, and by permission of Chas. Scribner's Sons,
+Publishers, New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Copyright, 1892, by Harper &amp; Brothers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Docuit quae maximus Atlas. Hic canit errantem Lernam,
+Solisque labores. <i>Virgil, &AElig;neid</i>, I, 741.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Navarrete thought that Turk Island was the island, the
+most southern of the Bahama group, because he erroneously assumed that
+Columbus always shaped a westerly course in sailing from island to
+island; and Turk Island, being farthest east, would give most room for
+such a course. This island has large lagoons, and is surrounded by a
+reef. So far it resembles Guanahani. But the second island, according to
+Navarrete, is Caicos, bearing W. N. W., while the second island of
+Columbus bore S. W. from the first. The third island of Columbus was in
+sight from the second. Inagua Chica (Little Inagua), Navarrete's third
+island, is not in sight from Caicos. The third island of Columbus was 60
+miles long. Inagua Chica is only 12 miles long. The fourth island of
+Columbus bore east from the third. Inagua Grande (Great Inagua),
+Navarrete's fourth island, bears southwest from Inagua Chica.
+</p><p>
+Cat Island was the landfall advocated by Washington Irving and Humboldt,
+mainly on the ground that it was called San Salvador on the West India
+map in Blaeu's Dutch atlas of 1635. But this was done for no known
+reason but the caprice of the draughtsman. D'Anville copied from Blaeu
+in 1746, and so the name got into some later atlases. Cat Island does
+not meet a single one of the requirements of the case. Guanahani had a
+reef round it, and a large lagoon in the center. Cat Island has no reef
+and no lagoon. Guanahani was low; Cat Island is the loftiest of the
+Bahamas. The two islands could not be more different. Of course, in
+conducting Columbus from Cat Island to Cuba, Washington Irving is
+obliged to disregard all the bearings and distances given in the
+journal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The cross-staff had not then come into use, and it was
+never of much service in low latitudes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> It was also resolved to establish in the city of
+Washington a Latin-American Memorial Library, wherein should be
+collected all the historical, geographical, and literary works, maps,
+and manuscripts, and official documents relating to the history and
+civilization of America, <i>such library to be solemnly dedicated on the
+day on which the United States celebrates the fourth centennial of the
+discovery of America</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Published by A. C. McClurg &amp; Co., Chicago.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Copyright, 1892, by Harper &amp; Brothers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note</span>.&mdash;Those marked * were left behind, in the fort, at La
+Navidad, and perished there.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note</span>.&mdash;The names of the crew are on the Madrid monument.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Randolph Rogers, an American sculptor of eminence, was
+born in Waterloo, N. Y., in 1825; died at Rome, in the same State, aged
+sixty-seven, January 14, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Mr. George Sumner, a painstaking investigator, states that
+after diligent search he is unable to find any other inscription to the
+memory of Columbus in the whole of Spain.
+</p><p>
+At Valladolid, where he died, and where his body lay for some years,
+there is none, so far as he could discover; neither is there any trace
+of any at the Cartuja, near Seville, to which his body was afterward
+transferred, and in which his brother was buried. It is (he writes in
+1871) a striking confirmation of the reproach of negligence, in regard
+to the memory of this great man, that, in this solitary inscription in
+old Spain, the date of his death should be inaccurately given.&mdash;Major's
+"Letters of Columbus," 1871.
+</p><p>
+(The Madrid and Barcelona statues were erected in 1885 and 1888
+respectively.)&mdash;S. C. W.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Since writing this the Lotto portrait has been selected.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> For an English metrical translation, see <i>post</i>, <span class="smcap">Wiffen</span>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Died at Aldworth October 6, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Copyright, by permission of Messrs. Lippincott.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> By permission of The Matthews-Northrup Co., Publishers.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
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+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Christopher Columbus and His Monument
+Columbia, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Christopher Columbus and His Monument Columbia
+       being a concordance of choice tributes to the great Genoese,
+       his grand discovery, and his greatness of mind and purpose
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 23, 2009 [EBook #29496]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBUS MONUMENT, PIAZZA ACQUAVERDE, GENOA, ITALY.
+
+Sculptor, Signor Lanzio. Dedicated 1862.
+
+(See page 141.)]
+
+
+
+
+  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
+
+  AND HIS MONUMENT
+
+  COLUMBIA
+
+  BEING
+
+  A CONCORDANCE OF CHOICE TRIBUTES TO THE GREAT GENOESE, HIS GRAND
+  DISCOVERY, AND HIS GREATNESS OF MIND AND PURPOSE.
+
+
+  _THE TESTIMONY OF ANCIENT AUTHORS, THE TRIBUTES OF MODERN MEN._
+
+  ADORNED WITH THE SCULPTURES, SCENES, AND PORTRAITS OF THE OLD WORLD AND
+  THE NEW.
+
+  COMPILED BY J. M. DICKEY.
+
+
+  CHICAGO AND NEW YORK: RAND, MCNALLY & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1892.
+  COPYRIGHT, 1892, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.
+  Columbus.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+History places in prominence Columbus and America. They are the
+brightest jewels in her crown. Columbus is a permanent orb in the
+progress of civilization. From the highest rung of the ladder of fame,
+he has stepped to the skies. America "still hangs blossoming in the
+garden of time, while her penetrating perfume floats all round the
+world, and intoxicates all other nations with the hope of liberty." If
+possible, these tributes would add somewhat to the luster of fame which
+already encircles the Nation and the Man. Many voices here speak for
+themselves.
+
+Six hundred authors and more have written of Columbus or his great
+discovery. An endless task therefore would it be to attempt to
+enumerate, much less set out, the thousands who have incidentally, and
+even encomiastically, referred to him. Equally impossible would it be to
+hope to include a tithe of their utterances within the limits of any
+single volume, even were it of colossal proportions. This volume of
+tributes essays then to be but a concordance of some of the most choice
+and interesting extracts, and, artistically illustrated with statues,
+scenes, and inscriptions, is issued at an appropriate time and place.
+The compiler desires in this preface to acknowledge his sincere
+obligations and indebtedness to the many authors and publishers who so
+courteously and uniformly extended their consents to use copyright
+matter, and to express an equal sense of gratitude to his friend, Stuart
+C. Wade, for his valuable assistance in selecting, arranging, and
+indexing much of the matter herein contained.
+
+In one of the galleries of Florence there is a remarkable bust of
+Brutus, left unfinished by the great sculptor Michael Angelo. Some
+writer explained the incomplete condition by indicating that the artist
+abandoned his labor in despair, "overcome by the grandeur of the
+subject." With similar feeling, this little book is submitted to the
+admirers of Columbus and Columbia, wherever they may be found.
+
+                                                         J. M. D.
+
+  COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO., July, 1892.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    Page
+
+  Preface,                                                             5
+
+  Table of Contents,                                                   7
+
+  List of Illustrations,                                               9
+
+  Life of Columbus,                                                11-40
+
+  Selected letters of Columbus,                                    41-57
+
+  Tributes to Columbus,                                           61-323
+
+  Tributes to Columbia,                                          327-384
+
+  Index of Authors--Columbus,                                    385-388
+
+  Index of Authors--Columbia,                                    389-390
+
+  Index of Head Lines,                                           391-396
+
+  Index of Statuary and Inscriptions,                                397
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  The Columbus Statue, Genoa,                              _Frontispiece_
+
+  Columbus at Salamanca,                                              17
+
+  The De Bry Portrait,                                                24
+
+  The Embarkation at Palos,                                           32
+
+  Columbus in Chains,                                                 49
+
+  Fac-simile of Columbus' letter to the Bank of St.
+    George, Genoa,                                                    52
+
+  Columbus Statue, on Barcelona Monument,                             64
+
+  Columbus Monument, Barcelona,                                       81
+
+  The Paseo Colon, Barcelona,                                         96
+
+  Columbus Statue, City of Colon,                                    113
+
+  Zearing's Head of Columbus,                                        120
+
+  Park's Statue of Columbus, Chicago,                                128
+
+  House of Columbus, Genoa,                                          145
+
+  The Antonio Moro Portrait,                                         160
+
+  Toscanelli's Map,                                                  177
+
+  Samartin's Statue of Columbus, Madrid,                             192
+
+  Sunol's Statue of Columbus, Madrid,                                209
+
+  Map of Herrera (Columbus' Historian),                              224
+
+  Modern Map of the Bahamas,                                         241
+
+  Map of Columbus' Pilot,                                            256
+
+  Columbus Monument, Mexico,                                         273
+
+  Columbus Monument, New York City,                                  288
+
+  Bas-relief, New York Monument,                                     296
+
+  Bas-relief, New York Monument,                                     305
+
+  Columbus Statue, Havana,                                           312
+
+  Columbus Statue, Philadelphia,                                     320
+
+  Part of Columbus Statue, New York City,                            328
+
+  The Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida,                           337
+
+  The Santa Maria Caravel,                                           352
+
+  The Columbus Fleet,                                                360
+
+  Vanderlyn's Picture of the Landing of Columbus,                    369
+
+  Columbus Statue, St. Louis, Mo.,                                   384
+
+
+
+
+Columbus and His Monument Columbia.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+
+Christopher Columbus, the eldest son of Dominico Colombo and Suzanna
+Fontanarossa, was born at Genoa in 1435 or 1436, the exact date being
+uncertain. As to his birthplace there can be no legitimate doubt; he
+says himself of Genoa, in his will, "Della sali y en ella naci" (from
+there I came, and there was I born), though authorities, authors, and
+even poets differ. Some, like Tennyson, having
+
+  Stay'd the wheels at Cogoletto
+  And drank, and loyally drank, to him.
+
+His father was a wool-comber, of some small means, who was living two
+years after the discovery of the West Indies, and who removed his
+business from Genoa to Savona in 1469. Christopher, the eldest son, was
+sent to the University of Pavia, where he devoted himself to the
+mathematical and natural sciences, and where he probably received
+instruction in nautical astronomy from Antonio da Terzago and Stefano di
+Faenza. On his removal from the university it appears that he worked for
+some months at his father's trade; but on reaching his fifteenth year he
+made his choice of life, and became a sailor.
+
+Of his apprenticeship, and the first years of his career, no records
+exist. The whole of his earlier life, indeed, is dubious and
+conjectural, founded as it is on the half-dozen dark and evasive
+chapters devoted by Hernando, his son and biographer, to the first
+half-century of his father's times. It seems certain, however, that
+these unknown years were stormy, laborious, and eventful; "wherever ship
+has sailed," he writes, "there have I journeyed." He is known, among
+other places, to have visited England, "Ultima Thule" (Iceland), the
+Guinea Coast, and the Greek Isles; and he appears to have been some time
+in the service of Rene of Provence, for whom he is recorded to have
+intercepted and seized a Venetian galley with great bravery and
+audacity. According to his son, too, he sailed with Colombo el Mozo, a
+bold sea captain and privateer; and a sea fight under this commander was
+the means of bringing him ashore in Portugal. Meanwhile, however, he was
+preparing himself for greater achievements by reading and meditating on
+the works of Ptolemy and Marinus, of Nearchus and Pliny, the
+Cosmographia of Cardinal Aliaco, the travels of Marco Polo and
+Mandeville. He mastered all the sciences essential to his calling,
+learned to draw charts and construct spheres, and thus fitted himself to
+become a consummate practical seaman and navigator.
+
+In 1470 he arrived at Lisbon, after being wrecked in a sea fight that
+began off Cape St. Vincent, and escaping to land on a plank. In Portugal
+he married Felipa Moniz de Perestrello, daughter of Bartollomeu
+Perestrello, a captain in the service of Prince Henry, called the
+Navigator, one of the early colonists and the first governor of Porto
+Santo, an island off Madeira. Columbus visited the island, and employed
+his time in making maps and charts for a livelihood, while he pored over
+the logs and papers of his deceased father-in-law, and talked with old
+seamen of their voyages and of the mystery of the Western seas. About
+this time, too, he seems to have arrived at the conclusion that much of
+the world remained undiscovered, and step by step to have conceived
+that design of reaching Asia by sailing west which was to result in the
+discovery of America. In 1474 we find him expounding his views to Paolo
+Toscanelli, the Florentine physician and cosmographer, and receiving the
+heartiest encouragement.
+
+These views he supported with three different arguments, derived from
+natural reasons, from the theories of geographers, and from the reports
+and traditions of mariners. "He believed the world to be a sphere," says
+Helps; "he underestimated its size; he overestimated the size of the
+Asiatic continent. The farther that continent extended to the east, the
+nearer it came round toward Spain." And he had but to turn from the
+marvelous propositions of Mandeville and Aliaco to become the recipient
+of confidences more marvelous still. The air was full of rumors, and the
+weird imaginings of many generations of mediaeval navigators had taken
+shape and substance, and appeared bodily to men's eyes. Martin Vicente,
+a Portuguese pilot, had found, 450 leagues to the westward of Cape St.
+Vincent, and after a westerly gale of many days' duration, a piece of
+strange wood, sculptured very artistically, but not with iron. Pedro
+Correa, his own brother-in-law, had seen another such waif near the
+Island of Madeira, while the King of Portugal had information of great
+canes, capable of holding four quarts of wine between joint and joint,
+which Herrera declares the King received, preserved, and showed to
+Columbus. From the colonists on the Azores Columbus heard of two men
+being washed up at Flores, "very broad-faced, and differing in aspect
+from Christians." The transport of all these objects being attributed to
+the west winds and not to the gulf stream, the existence of which was
+then totally unsuspected. West of the Azores now and then there hove in
+sight the mysterious Islands of St. Brandan; and 200 leagues west of the
+Canaries lay somewhere the lost Island of the Seven Cities, that two
+valiant Genoese had vainly endeavored to discover, and in search of
+which, yearly, the merchants of Bristol sent expeditions, even before
+Columbus sailed. In his northern journey, too, some vague and formless
+traditions may have reached his ear of the voyages of Biorn and Lief,
+and of the pleasant coasts of Helleland, Markland, and Vinland that lay
+toward the setting sun. All were hints and rumors to bid the bold
+mariner sail westward, and this he at length determined to do. There is
+also some vague and unreliable tradition as to a Portuguese pilot
+discovering the Indies previous to Columbus, and on his deathbed
+revealing the secret to the Genoese explorer. It is at the best but a
+fanciful tale.
+
+The concurrence of some state or sovereign, however, was necessary for
+the success of this design. The Senate of Genoa had the honor to receive
+the first offer, and the responsibility of refusing it. Rejected by his
+native city, the projector turned next to John II. of Portugal. This
+King had already an open field for discovery and enterprise along the
+African coast; but he listened to the Genoese, and referred him to the
+Committee of Council for Geographical Affairs. The council's report was
+altogether adverse; but the King, who was yet inclined to favor the
+theory of Columbus, assented to the suggestion of the Bishop of Ceuta
+that the plan should be carried out in secret, and without Columbus'
+knowledge, by means of a caravel or light frigate. The caravel was
+dispatched, but it returned after a brief absence, the sailors having
+lost heart, and having refused to venture farther. Upon discovering this
+dishonorable transaction, Columbus felt so outraged and indignant that
+he sent off his brother Bartholomew to England with letters for Henry
+VII., to whom he had communicated his ideas. He himself left Lisbon
+many other friends, and here met with Beatrix Enriquez, the mother of
+his second son, Hernando, who was born August 15, 1488.
+
+A certain class of writers pretend that Beatrix Enriquez was the lawful
+wife of Columbus.[1] If so, when he died she would of right have been
+Vice-Queen Dowager of the Indies. Is it likely that $56 would have been
+the pension settled upon a lady of such rank? Senor Castelar, than whom
+there is no greater living authority, scouts the idea of a legal
+marriage; and, indeed, it is only a few irresponsible and peculiarly
+aggressive Catholic writers who have the hardihood to advance this more
+than improbable theory. Mr. Henry Harrisse, a most painstaking critic,
+thinks that Felipa Moniz died in 1488. She was buried in the Monastery
+do Carmo, at Lisbon, and some trace of her may hereafter be found in the
+archives of the Provedor or Registrar of Wills, at Lisbon, when these
+papers are arranged, as she must have bequeathed a sum to the poor,
+under the customs then prevailing.
+
+From Cordova, Columbus followed the court to Salamanca, where he was
+introduced to the notice of the grand cardinal, Pedro Gonzales de
+Mendoza, "the third King of Spain." The cardinal, while approving the
+project, thought that it savored strongly of heterodoxy; but an
+interview with the projector brought him over, and through his influence
+Columbus at last got audience of the King. The matter was finally
+referred, however, to Fernando de Talavera, who, in 1487, summoned a
+junta of astronomers and cosmographers to confer with Columbus, and
+examine his design and the arguments by which he supported it. The
+Dominicans of San Esteban in Salamanca entertained Columbus during the
+conference. The jurors, who were most of them ecclesiastics, were by no
+means unprejudiced, nor were they disposed to abandon their pretensions
+to for Spain (1484), taking with him his son Diego, the only issue of
+his marriage with Felipa Moniz. He departed secretly, according to some
+writers to give the slip to King John, according to others to escape his
+creditors. In one of his letters Columbus says: "When I came from such a
+great distance to serve these princes, I abandoned a wife and children,
+whom, for this cause, I never saw again." The first traces of Columbus
+at the court of Spain are on May 5, 1487, when an entry in some accounts
+reads: "Given to-day 3,000 maravedis (about $18) to Cristobal Colomo, a
+stranger." Three years after (March 20, 1488), a letter was sent by the
+King to "Christopher Colon, our especial friend," inviting him to
+return, and assuring him against arrest and proceedings of any kind; but
+it was then too late.
+
+Columbus next betook himself to the south of Spain, and seems to have
+proposed his plan first to the Duke of Medina Sidonia (who was at first
+attracted by it, but finally threw it up as visionary and
+impracticable), and next to the Duke of Medina Celi. The latter gave him
+great encouragement, entertained him for two years, and even determined
+to furnish him with the three or four caravels. Finally, however, being
+deterred by the consideration that the enterprise was too vast for a
+subject, he turned his guest from the determination he had come to, of
+making instant application to the court of France, by writing on his
+behalf to Queen Isabella; and Columbus repaired to the court at Cordova
+at her bidding.
+
+[Illustration: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS BEFORE THE DOMINICAN JUNTA AT
+SALAMANCA, SPAIN.
+
+From the celebrated painting by Senor V. Izquierdo.
+
+(See page 16.)]
+
+It was an ill moment for the navigator's fortune. Castille and Leon were
+in the thick of that struggle which resulted in the final defeat of the
+Moors; and neither Ferdinand nor Isabella had time to listen. The
+adventurer was indeed kindly received; he was handed over to the care of
+Alonzo de Quintanilla, whom he speedily converted into an enthusiastic
+supporter of his theory. He made knowledge without a struggle.
+Columbus argued his point, but was overwhelmed with Biblical texts, with
+quotations from the great divines, with theological objections, and in a
+short time the junta was adjourned. Senor Rodriguez Pinilla, the learned
+Salamantine writer, holds that the first refusal of Columbus' project
+was made in the official council at Cordova. In 1489, Columbus, who had
+been following the court from place to place (billeted in towns as an
+officer of the King and gratified from time to time with sums of money
+toward his expenses), was present at the siege of Malaga. In 1490 the
+junta decided that his project was vain and impracticable, and that it
+did not become their Highnesses to have anything to do with it; and this
+was confirmed, with some reservation, by their Highnesses themselves, at
+Seville.
+
+Columbus was now in despair. So reduced in circumstances was he that
+(according to the eminent Spanish statesman and orator, Emilio Castelar)
+he was jocularly and universally termed "the stranger with the
+threadbare coat." He at once betook himself to Huelva, where his
+brother-in-law resided, with the intention of taking ship to France. He
+halted, however, at Palos, a little maritime town in Andalusia. At the
+Monastery of Santa Maria de la Rabida[2] he knocked and asked for bread
+and water for his boy Diego, and presently got into conversation with
+Fray Juan Perez de Marchena, the prior, who invited him to take up his
+quarters in the monastery, and introduced him to Garci Fernandez, a
+physician and an ardent student of geography. To these good men did
+Columbus propound his theory and explain his plan. Juan Perez had been
+the Queen's confessor; he wrote to her and was summoned to her presence,
+and money was sent to Columbus to bring him once more to court. He
+reached Granada in time to witness the surrender of the city by the
+Moors, and negotiations were resumed. Columbus believed in his mission,
+and stood out for high terms; he asked the rank of admiral at once, the
+vice-royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of all the gain, by
+conquest or by trade. These conditions were rejected, and the
+negotiations were again interrupted. An interview with Mendoza appears
+to have followed, but nothing came of it, and in January, 1492, Columbus
+actually set out for France. At length, however, on the entreaty of Luis
+de Santangel, receiver of the ecclesiastical revenues of the crown of
+Aragon, Isabella was induced to determine on the expedition. A messenger
+was sent after Columbus, and overtook him at the Bridge of Pinos, about
+two leagues from Granada. He returned to the camp at Santa Fe, and on
+April 17, 1492, the agreement between him and their Catholic Majesties
+was signed and sealed. This agreement being familiarly known in Spanish
+history as "The Capitulations of Santa Fe."
+
+His aims were nothing less than the discovery of the marvelous province
+of Cipango and the conversion to Christianity of the Grand Khan, to whom
+he received a royal and curious blank letter of introduction. The town
+of Palos was, by forced levy, as a punishment for former rebellion,
+ordered to find him three caravels, and these were soon placed at his
+disposal. But no crews could be got together, Columbus even offering to
+throw open the jails and take all criminals and broken men who would
+serve on the expedition; and had not Juan Perez succeeded in interesting
+Martin Alonzo Pinzon and Vicente Yanez Pinzon in the cause, Columbus'
+departure had been long delayed. At last, however, men, ships, and
+stores were ready. The expedition consisted of the Gallega, rechristened
+the Santa Maria, a decked ship, with a crew of fifty men, commanded by
+the Admiral in person; and of two caravels--the Pinta, with thirty men,
+under Martin Pinzon, and the Nina, with twenty-four men, under his
+brother, Vicente Yanez Pinzon, afterward (1499) the first to cross the
+line in the American Atlantic. The adventurers numbered 120 souls, and
+on Friday, August 3, 1492, at 8 in the morning, the little fleet weighed
+anchor and stood out for the Canary Islands, sailing as it were "into a
+world unknown--the corner-stone of a nation."
+
+Deeply significant was one incident of their first few days' sail.
+Emilio Castelar tells us that these barks, laden with bright promises
+for the future, were sighted by other ships, laden with the hatreds and
+rancors of the past, for it chanced that one of the last vessels
+transporting into exile the Jews, expelled from Spain by the religious
+intolerance of which the recently created and odious Tribunal of the
+Faith was the embodiment, passed by the little fleet bound in search of
+another world, where creation should be newborn, a haven be afforded
+to the quickening principle of human liberty, and a temple be reared to
+the God of enfranchised and redeemed consciences.
+
+An abstract of the Admiral's diary made by the Bishop Las Casas is yet
+extant; and from it many particulars may be gleaned concerning this
+first voyage. Three days after the ships had set sail the Pinta lost her
+rudder. The Admiral was in some alarm, but comforted himself with the
+reflection that Martin Pinzon was energetic and ready-witted; they had,
+however, to put in (August 9th) at Teneriffe to refit the caravel. On
+September 6th they weighed anchor once more with all haste, Columbus
+having been informed that three Portuguese caravels were on the lookout
+for him. On September 13th the variations of the magnetic needle were
+for the first time observed;[3] and on the 15th a wonderful meteor fell
+into the sea at four or five leagues distance. On the 16th they arrived
+at those vast plains of seaweed called the Sargasso Sea; and
+thenceforward, writes the Admiral, they had most temperate breezes, the
+sweetness of the mornings being most delightful, the weather like an
+Andalusian April, and only the song of the nightingale wanting. On the
+17th the men began to murmur. They were frightened by the strange
+phenomena of the variations of the compass, but the explanation Columbus
+gave restored their tranquillity. On the 18th they saw many birds and a
+great ridge of low-lying cloud, and they expected to see land. On the
+20th they saw two pelicans, and they were sure the land must be near. In
+this, however, they were disappointed, and the men began to be afraid
+and discontented; and thenceforth Columbus, who was keeping all the
+while a double reckoning--one for the crew and one for himself--had
+great difficulty in restraining the men from the excesses which they
+meditated. On the 25th Alonzo Pinzon raised the cry of land, but it
+proved a false alarm; as did the rumor to the same effect on October
+7th, when the Nina hoisted a flag and fired a gun. On the 11th the Pinta
+fished up a cane, a log of wood, a stick wrought with iron, and a board,
+and the Nina sighted a branch of hawthorne laden with ripe luscious
+berries, "and with these signs all of them breathed and were glad." At
+8 o'clock on that night, Columbus perceived and pointed out a light
+ahead,[4] Pedro Gutierrez also seeing it; and at 2 in the morning of
+Friday, October 12, 1492, Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor aboard the Nina, a
+native of Seville, announced the appearance of what proved to be the New
+World.[5] The land sighted was an island called by the Indians
+Guanahani, and named by Columbus San Salvador.[6]
+
+The same morning Columbus landed, richly clad, and bearing the royal
+banner of Spain. He was accompanied by the brothers Pinzon, bearing
+banners of the Green Cross, a device of his own, and by great part of
+the crew. When they had all "given thanks to God, kneeling down upon the
+shore, and kissed the ground with tears of joy, for the great mercy
+received," the Admiral named the island, and took solemn possession of
+it for their Catholic Majesties of Castille and Leon. At the same time
+such of the crews as had shown themselves doubtful and mutinous sought
+his pardon weeping, and prostrated themselves at his feet. Had Columbus
+kept the course he laid on leaving Ferrol, says Castelar, his landfall
+would have been in the Florida of to-day, that is, upon the main
+continent; but, owing to the deflection suggested by the Pinzons, and
+tardily accepted by him, it was his hap to strike an island, very fair
+to look upon, but small and insignificant when compared with the vast
+island-world in whose waters he was already sailing.
+
+Into the details of this voyage, of highest interest as it is, it is
+impossible to go further. The letter of Columbus, hereinafter printed,
+gives further and most interesting details. It will be enough to say
+here that it resulted in the discovery of the islands of Santa Maria del
+Concepcion, Exuma, Isabella, Juana or Cuba, Bohio, the Cuban Archipelago
+(named by its finder the Jardin del Rey), the island of Santa Catalina,
+and that of Espanola, now called Haiti or San Domingo. Off the last of
+these the Santa Maria went aground, owing to the carelessness of the
+steersman. No lives were lost, but the ship had to be unloaded and
+abandoned; and Columbus, who was anxious to return to Europe with the
+news of his achievement, resolved to plant a colony on the island, to
+build a fort out of the material of the stranded hulk, and to leave the
+crew. The fort was called La Navidad; forty-three Europeans were placed
+in charge, including the Governor Diego de Arana; two lieutenants, Pedro
+Gutierrez and Rodrigo de Escobedo; an Irishman named William Ires
+(? Harris), a native of Galway; an Englishman whose name is given as
+Tallarte de Lajes,[7] and the remainder being Spaniards.
+
+On January 16, 1493, Columbus, who had lost sight of Martin Pinzon, set
+sail alone in the Nina for the east; and four days afterward the Pinta
+joined her sister ship off Monte Christo. A storm, however, separated
+the vessels, during which (according to Las Casas) Columbus, fearing the
+vessel would founder, cast his duplicate log-book, which was written on
+parchment and inclosed in a cake of wax, inside a barrel, into the sea.
+The log contained a promise of a thousand ducats to the finder on
+delivering it to the King of Spain. Then a long battle with the trade
+winds caused great delay, and it was not until February 18th that
+Columbus reached the Island of Santa Maria in the Azores. Here he was
+threatened with capture by the Portuguese governor, who could not for
+some time be brought to recognize his commission. On February 24th,
+however, he was allowed to proceed, and on March 4th the Nina dropped
+anchor off Lisbon. The King of Portugal received the Admiral with the
+highest honors; and on March 13th the Nina put out from the Tagus, and
+two days afterward, Friday, March 15th, dropped anchor off Palos.
+
+The court was at Barcelona, and thither, after dispatching a letter[8]
+announcing his arrival, Columbus proceeded in person. He entered the
+city in a sort of triumphal procession, and was received by their
+Majesties in full court, and, seated in their presence, related the
+story of his wanderings, exhibiting the "rich and strange" spoils of the
+new-found lands--the gold, the cotton, the parrots, the curious arms,
+the mysterious plants, the unknown birds and beasts, and the nine
+Indians he had brought with him for baptism. All his honors and
+privileges were confirmed to him; the title of Don was conferred on
+himself and his brothers; he rode at the King's bridle; he was served
+and saluted as a grandee of Spain. And, greatest honor of all, a new and
+magnificent escutcheon was blazoned for him (May 4, 1493), whereon the
+royal castle and lion of Castille and Leon were combined with the four
+anchors of his own old coat of arms. Nor were their Catholic Highnesses
+less busy on their own account than on that of their servant. On May 3d
+and 4th, Alexander VI. granted bulls confirming to the crowns of
+Castille and Leon all the lands discovered,[9] or to be discovered,
+beyond a certain line of demarcation, on the same terms as those on
+which the Portuguese held their colonies along the African coast. A new
+expedition was got in readiness with all possible dispatch to secure and
+extend the discoveries already made.
+
+[Illustration: THE DE BRY PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS.]
+
+After several delays the fleet weighed anchor on September 25th and
+steered westward. It consisted of three great carracks (galleons) and
+fourteen caravels (light frigates), having on board about 1,500 men,
+besides the animals and materials necessary for colonization. Twelve
+missionaries accompanied the expedition, under the orders of Bernardo
+Boyle, a Benedictine friar; and Columbus had been directed (May 29,
+1493) to endeavor by all means in his power to christianize the
+inhabitants of the islands, to make them presents, and to "honor them
+much," while all under him were commanded to treat them "well and
+lovingly," under pain of severe punishment. On October 13th the ships,
+which had put in at the Canaries, left Ferrol, and so early as Sunday,
+November 3d, after a single storm, "by the goodness of God and the wise
+management of the Admiral," land was sighted to the west, which was
+named Dominica. Northward from this new-found island the isles of Maria
+Galante and Guadaloupe were discovered and named; and on the
+northwestern course to La Navidad, those of Montserrat, Antigua, San
+Martin, and Santa Cruz were sighted, and the island now called Puerto
+Rico was touched at, hurriedly explored, and named San Juan. On November
+22d Columbus came in sight of Espanola, and, sailing eastward to La
+Navidad, found the fort burned and the colony dispersed. He decided on
+building a second fort, and, coasting on forty miles east of Cape
+Haytien, he pitched on a spot, where he founded the city and settlement
+of Isabella.
+
+It is remarkable that the first notice of india rubber on record is
+given by Herrera, who, in the second voyage of Columbus, observed that
+the natives of Haiti "played a game with balls made of the gum of a
+tree."
+
+The character in which Columbus had appeared had till now been that of
+the greatest of mariners; but from this point forward his claims to
+supremacy are embarrassed and complicated with the long series of
+failures, vexations, miseries, insults, that have rendered his career as
+a planter of colonies and as a ruler of men most pitiful and remarkable.
+
+The climate of Navidad proved unhealthy; the colonists were greedy of
+gold, impatient of control, and as proud, ignorant, and mutinous as
+Spaniards could be; and Columbus, whose inclinations drew him westward,
+was doubtless glad to escape the worry and anxiety of his post, and to
+avail himself of the instructions of his sovereigns as to further
+discoveries. In January, 1494, he sent home, by Antonio de Torres, that
+dispatch to their Catholic Highnesses by which he may be said to have
+founded the West Indian slave trade. He founded the mining camp of San
+Tomaso in the gold country; and on April 24, 1494, having nominated a
+council of regency under his brother Diego, and appointed Pedro de
+Margarite his captain-general, he put again to sea. After following the
+southern shore of Cuba for some days, he steered southward, and
+discovered the Island of Jamaica, which he named Santiago. He then
+resumed his exploration of the Cuban coast, threading his way through a
+labyrinth of islets supposed to be the Morant Keys, which he named the
+Garden of the Queen, and after coasting westward for many days he became
+convinced that he had discovered the mainland, and called Perez de Luna,
+the notary, to draw up a document attesting his discovery (June 12,
+1494), which was afterward taken round and signed, in presence of four
+witnesses, by the masters, mariners, and seamen of his three caravels,
+the Nina, the Cadera, and the San Juan. He then stood to the southeast
+and sighted the Island of Evangelista; and after many days of
+difficulties and anxieties he touched at and named the Island La Mona.
+Thence he had intended to sail eastward and complete the survey of the
+Carribbean Archipelago. But he was exhausted by the terrible wear and
+tear of mind and body he had undergone (he says himself that on this
+expedition he was three-and-thirty days almost without any sleep), and
+on the day following his departure from La Mona he fell into a lethargy
+that deprived him of sense and memory, and had well nigh proved fatal to
+life. At last, on September 29th, the little fleet dropped anchor off
+Isabella, and in his new city the great Admiral lay sick for five
+months.
+
+The colony was in a sad plight. Everyone was discontented, and many were
+sick, for the climate was unhealthy and there was nothing to eat.
+Margarite and Boyle had quitted Espanola for Spain; but ere his
+departure the former, in his capacity as captain-general, had done much
+to outrage and alienate the Indians. The strongest measures were
+necessary to undo this mischief; and, backed by his brother Bartholomew,
+a bold and skillful mariner, and a soldier of courage and resource, who
+had been with Diaz in his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope, Columbus
+proceeded to reduce the natives under Spanish sway.[10] Alonzo de Ojeda
+succeeded, by a brilliant _coup de main_, in capturing the Cacique
+Caonabo, and the rest submitted. Five ship-loads of Indians were sent
+off to Seville (June 24, 1495) to be sold as slaves; and a tribute was
+imposed upon their fellows, which must be looked upon as the origin of
+that system of _repartimientos_ or _encomiendas_ which was afterward to
+work such cruel mischief among the conquered. But the tide of court
+favor seemed to have turned against Columbus. In October, 1495, Juan
+Aguada arrived at Isabella, with an open commission from their Catholic
+Majesties, to inquire into the circumstances of his rule; and much
+interest and recrimination followed. Columbus found that there was no
+time to be lost in returning home; he appointed his brother Bartholomew
+"adelantado" of the island, and on March 10, 1496, he quitted Espanola
+in the Nina. The vessel, after a protracted and perilous voyage, reached
+Cadiz on June 11, 1496. The Admiral landed in great dejection, wearing
+the costume of a Franciscan. Reassured, however, by the reception of his
+sovereigns, he asked at once for eight ships more, two to be sent to the
+colony with supplies and six to be put under his orders for new
+discoveries. The request was not immediately granted, as the Spanish
+exchequer was not then well supplied. But principally owing to the
+interest of the Queen, an agreement was come to similar to that of 1492,
+which was now confirmed. By this royal patent, moreover, a tract of land
+in Espanola, of fifty leagues by twenty, was made over to him. He was
+offered a dukedom or a marquisate at his pleasure; for three years he
+was to receive an eighth of the gross and a tenth of the net profits on
+each voyage, the right of creating a mayorazgo or perpetual entail of
+titles and estates was granted him, and on June 24th his two sons were
+received into Isabella's service as pages. Meanwhile, however, the
+preparing of the fleet proceeded slowly, and it was not till May 30,
+1498, that he and his six ships set sail.
+
+From San Lucar he steered for Gomera, in the Canaries, and thence
+dispatched three of his ships to San Domingo. He next proceeded to the
+Cape Verde Islands, which he quitted on July 4th. On the 31st of the
+same month, being greatly in need of water, and fearing that no land lay
+westward as they had hoped, Columbus had turned his ship's head north,
+when Alonzo Perez, a mariner of Huelva, saw land about fifteen leagues
+to the southwest. It was crowned with three hilltops, and so, when the
+sailors had sung the _Salve Regina_, the Admiral named it Trinidad,
+which name it yet bears. On Wednesday, August 1st, he beheld for the
+first time, in the mainland of South America, the continent he had
+sought so long. It seemed to him but an insignificant island, and he
+called it Zeta. Sailing westward, next day he saw the Gulf of Paria,
+which was named by him the Golfo de la Belena, and was borne into it--an
+immense risk--on the ridge of breakers formed by the meeting with the
+sea of the great rivers that empty themselves, all swollen with rain,
+into the ocean. For many days he coasted the continent, esteeming as
+islands the several projections he saw and naming them accordingly; nor
+was it until he had looked on and considered the immense volume of fresh
+water poured out through the embouchure of the river now called the
+Orinoco, that he concluded that the so-called archipelago must be in
+very deed a great continent.
+
+Unfortunately at this time he was suffering intolerably from gout and
+ophthalmia; his ships were crazy; and he was anxious to inspect the
+infant colony whence he had been absent so long. And so, after touching
+at and naming the Island of Margarita, he bore away to the northeast,
+and on August 30th the fleet dropped anchor off Isabella.
+
+He found that affairs had not prospered well in his absence. By the
+vigor and activity of the adelantado, the whole island had been reduced
+under Spanish sway, but at the expense of the colonists. Under the
+leadership of a certain Roldan, a bold and unprincipled adventurer, they
+had risen in revolt, and Columbus had to compromise matters in order to
+restore peace. Roldan retained his office; such of his followers as
+chose to remain in the island were gratified with _repartimientos_ of
+land and labor; and some fifteen, choosing to return to Spain, were
+enriched with a number of slaves, and sent home in two ships, which
+sailed in the early part of October, 1499.
+
+Five ship-loads of Indians had been deported to Spain some little time
+before. On arrival of these living cargoes at Seville, the Queen, the
+stanch and steady friend of Columbus, was moved with compassion and
+indignation. No one, she declared, had authorized him to dispose of her
+vassals in any such manner; and proclamations at Seville, Granada, and
+other chief places ordered (June 20, 1499) the instant liberation and
+return of all the last gang of Indians. In addition to this, the
+ex-colonists had become incensed against Columbus and his brothers. They
+were wont to parade their grievances in the very court-yards of the
+Alhambra; to surround the King, when he came forth, with complaints and
+reclamations; to insult the discoverer's young sons with shouts and
+jeers. There was no doubt that the colony itself, whatever the cause,
+had not prospered so well as might have been desired. Historians do not
+hesitate to aver that Columbus' over-colored and unreliable statements
+as to the amount of gold to be found there were the chief causes of
+discontent.
+
+And, on the whole, it is not surprising that Ferdinand, whose support to
+Columbus had never been very hearty, should about this time have
+determined to suspend him. Accordingly, on March 21, 1499, Francisco de
+Bobadilla was ordered to "ascertain what persons had raised themselves
+against justice in the Island of Espanola, and to proceed against them
+according to law." On May 21st the government of the island was
+conferred on him, and he was accredited with an order that all arms and
+fortresses should be handed over to him; and on May 26th he received a
+letter, for delivery to Columbus, stating that the bearer would "speak
+certain things to him" on the part of their Highnesses, and praying him
+to "give faith and credence, and to act accordingly." Bobadilla left
+Spain in July, 1500, and landed in Espanola in October.
+
+Columbus, meanwhile, had restored such tranquillity as was possible in
+his government. With Roldan's help he had beaten off an attempt on the
+island by the adventurer Ojeda, his old lieutenant; the Indians were
+being collected into villages and christianized. Gold mining was
+actively and profitably pursued; in three years, he calculated, the
+royal revenues might be raised to an average of 60,000,000 reals. The
+arrival of Bobadilla, however, on August 23, 1500, speedily changed this
+state of affairs into a greater and more pitiable confusion than the
+island had ever before witnessed. On landing, he took possession of the
+Admiral's house, and summoned him and his brothers before him.
+Accusations of severity, of injustice, of venality even, were poured
+down on their heads, and Columbus anticipated nothing less than a
+shameful death. Bobadilla put all three in irons, and shipped them off
+to Spain.
+
+Andreas Martin, captain of the caravel in which the illustrious
+prisoners sailed, still retained a proper sense of the honor and respect
+due to Columbus, and would have removed the fetters; but to this
+Columbus would not consent. He would wear them until their Highnesses,
+by whose order they had been affixed, should order their removal; and he
+would keep them afterward "as relics and memorials of the reward of his
+services." He did so. His son Hernando "saw them always hanging in his
+cabinet, and he requested that when he died they might be buried with
+him." Whether this last wish was complied with is not known.
+
+A heart-broken and indignant letter from Columbus to Dona Juana de la
+Torres, the governess of the infant Don Juan, arrived at court before
+the dispatch of Bobadilla. It was read to the Queen, and its tidings
+were confirmed by communications from Alonso de Villejo and the alcaide
+of Cadiz. There was a great movement of indignation; the tide of
+popular and royal feeling turned once more in the Admiral's favor. He
+received a large sum to defray his expenses; and when he appeared at
+court, on December 17th, he was no longer in irons and disgrace, but
+richly appareled and surrounded with friends. He was received with all
+honor and distinction. The Queen is said to have been moved to tears by
+the narration of his story. Their Majesties not only repudiated
+Bobadilla's proceedings, but declined to inquire into the charges that
+he at the same time brought against his prisoners, and promised Columbus
+compensation for his losses and satisfaction for his wrongs. A new
+governor, Nicolas de Ovando, was appointed in Bobadilla's room, and left
+San Lucar on February 18, 1502, with a fleet of thirty ships. The latter
+was to be impeached and sent home. The Admiral's property was to be
+restored and a fresh start was to be made in the conduct of colonial
+affairs. Thus ended Columbus' history as viceroy and governor of the new
+Indies, which he had presented to the country of his adoption.
+
+[Illustration: DEPARTURE OF COLUMBUS TO DISCOVER AMERICA, FROM THE PORT
+OF PALOS, SPAIN, ON AUGUST 3, 1492.
+
+From the celebrated painting by Senor A. Gisbert.
+
+(See page 19.)]
+
+His hour of rest, however, was not yet come. Ever anxious to serve their
+Catholic Highnesses, "and particularly the Queen," he had determined to
+find a strait through which he might penetrate westward into Portuguese
+Asia. After the usual inevitable delays his prayers were granted, and on
+May 9, 1502, with four caravels and 150 men, he weighed anchor from
+Cadiz and sailed on his fourth and last great voyage. He first betook
+himself to the relief of the Portuguese fort of Arzilla, which had been
+besieged by the Moors, but the siege had been raised voluntarily before
+he arrived. He put to sea westward once more, and on June 13th
+discovered the Island of Martinique. He had received positive
+instructions from his sovereigns on no account to touch at Espanola, but
+his largest caravel was greatly in need of repairs, and he had no
+choice but to abandon her or disobey orders. He preferred the latter
+alternative, and sent a boat ashore to Ovando, asking for a new ship and
+for permission to enter the harbor to weather a hurricane which he saw
+was coming on. But his requests were refused, and he coasted the island,
+casting anchor under lee of the land. Here he weathered the storm, which
+drove the other caravels out to sea and annihilated the homeward-bound
+fleet, the richest till then that had been sent from Espanola. Roldan
+and Bobadilla perished with others of the Admiral's enemies; and
+Hernando Colon, who accompanied his father on this voyage, wrote, long
+years afterward, "I am satisfied it was the hand of God, for had they
+arrived in Spain they had never been punished as their crimes deserved,
+but rather been favored and preferred."
+
+After recruiting his flotilla at Azua, Columbus put in at Jaquimo and
+refitted his four vessels, and on July 14, 1502, he steered for Jamaica.
+For nine weeks the ships wandered painfully among the keys and shoals he
+had named the Garden of the Queen, and only an opportune easterly wind
+prevented the crews from open mutiny. The first land sighted was the
+Islet of Guanaja, about forty miles to the east of the coast of
+Honduras. Here he got news from an old Indian of a rich and vast country
+lying to the eastward, which he at once concluded must be the
+long-sought-for empire of the Grand Khan. Steering along the coast of
+Honduras great hardships were endured, but nothing approaching his ideal
+was discovered. On September 13th Cape Gracias-a-Dios was sighted. The
+men had become clamorous and insubordinate; not until December 5th,
+however, would he tack about and retrace his course. It now became his
+intention to plant a colony on the River Veragua, which was afterward to
+give his descendants a title of nobility; but he had hardly put about
+when he was caught in a storm which lasted eight days, wrenched and
+strained his crazy, worm-eaten ships severely, and finally, on the
+Epiphany, blew him into an embouchure, which he named Bethlehem. Gold
+was very plentiful in this place, and here he determined to found his
+settlement. By the end of March, 1503, a number of huts had been run up,
+and in these the adelantado, with eighty men, was to remain, while
+Columbus returned to Spain for men and supplies. Quarrels, however,
+arose with the natives, the adelantado made an attempt to seize on the
+person of the cacique and failed, and before Columbus could leave the
+coast he had to abandon a caravel to take the settlers on board, and to
+relinquish the enterprise. Steering eastward he left a second caravel at
+Porto Bello, and on May 31st he bore northward for Cuba, where he
+obtained supplies from the natives. From Cuba he bore up for Jamaica,
+and there, in the harbor of Santa Gloria, now St. Anne's Bay, he ran his
+ships aground in a small inlet called Don Christopher's Cove.
+
+The expedition was received with the greatest kindness by the natives,
+and here Columbus remained upward of a year awaiting the return of his
+lieutenant Diego Mendez, whom he had dispatched to Ovando for
+assistance. During his critical sojourn here the Admiral suffered much
+from disease and from the lawlessness of his followers, whose misconduct
+had alienated the natives, and provoked them to withhold their
+accustomed supplies, until he dexterously worked upon their
+superstitions by prognosticating an eclipse. Two vessels having at last
+arrived for their relief from Mendez and Ovando, Columbus set sail for
+Spain, after a tempestuous voyage landing once more at Seville on
+September 7, 1504.
+
+As he was too ill to go to court, his son Diego was sent thither in his
+place, to look after his interests and transact his business. Letter
+after letter followed the young man from Seville, one by the hands of
+Amerigo Vespucci. A license to ride on mule-back was granted him on
+February 23, 1505;[11] and in the following May he was removed to the
+court at Segovia, and thence again to Valladolid. On the landing of
+Philip and Juan at Coruna (April 25, 1506), although "much oppressed
+with the gout and troubled to see himself put by his rights," he is
+known to have sent the adelantado to pay them his duty and to assure
+them that he was yet able to do them extraordinary service. The last
+documentary note of him is contained in a codicil to the will of 1498,
+made at Valladolid on May 19, 1506; the principal portion is said,
+however, to have been signed at Segovia on August 25, 1506. By this the
+old will is confirmed; the mayorazgo is bequeathed to his son Diego and
+his heirs male; failing these to Hernando, his second son, and failing
+these to the heirs male of Bartholomew. Only in the event of the
+extinction of the male line, direct or collateral, is it to descend to
+the females of the family; and those into whose hands it may fall are
+never to diminish it, but always to increase and ennoble it by all means
+possible. The head of the house is to sign himself "The Admiral." A
+tenth of the annual income is to be set aside yearly for distribution
+among the poor relations of the house. A chapel is founded and endowed
+for the saying of masses. Beatrix Enriquez is left to the care of the
+young Admiral in most grateful terms. Among other legacies is one of
+"half a mark of silver to a Jew who used to live at the gate of the
+Jewry in Lisbon." The codicil was written and signed with the Admiral's
+own hand. Next day (May 20, 1506) he died.
+
+The body of Columbus was buried in the parish church of Santa Maria de
+la Antigua in Valladolid. It was transferred in 1513 to the Cartuja de
+las Cuevas, near Seville, where on the monument was inscribed that
+laconic but pregnant tribute:
+
+  _A Castilla y a Leon,
+  Nuevo mundo dio Colon._
+
+  (To Castille and Leon, Columbus gave a new world.)
+
+Here the bones of Diego, the second Admiral, were also laid. Exhumed in
+1536, the bodies of both father and son were taken over sea to Espanola
+(San Domingo), and interred in the cathedral. In 1795-96, on the cession
+of that island to the French, the august relics were re-exhumed, and
+were transferred with great state and solemnity to the cathedral of
+Havana, where, it is claimed, they yet remain. The male issue of the
+Admiral became extinct with the third generation, and the estates and
+titles passed by marriage to a scion of the house of Braganca.
+
+"In person, Columbus was tall and shapely, long-faced and aquiline,
+white-eyed and auburn-haired, and beautifully complexioned. At thirty
+his hair was quite gray. He was temperate in eating and drinking and in
+dress, and so strict in religious matters, that for fasting and saying
+all the divine office he might be thought possessed in some religious
+order." His piety, as his son has noted, was earnest and unwavering; it
+entered into and colored alike his action and his speech; he tries his
+pen in a Latin distich of prayer; his signature is a mystical pietistic
+device.[12] He was pre-eminently fitted for the task he created for
+himself. Through deceit and opprobrium and disdain he pushed on toward
+the consummation of his desire; and when the hour for action came, the
+man was not found wanting.
+
+Within the last seven years research and discovery have thrown some
+doubt upon two very important particulars regarding Columbus. One of
+these is the identity of the island which was his first discovery in the
+New World; the other, the final resting-place of his remains.
+
+There is no doubt whatever that Columbus died in Valladolid, and that
+his remains were interred in the church of the Carthusian Monastery at
+Seville, nor that, some time between the years 1537 and 1540, in
+accordance with a request made in his will, they were removed to the
+Island of Espanola (Santo Domingo). In 1795, when Spain ceded to France
+her portion of the island, Spanish officials obtained permission to
+remove to the cathedral at Havana the ashes of the discoverer of
+America. There seems to be a question whether the remains which were
+then removed were those of Columbus or his son Don Diego.
+
+In 1877, during the progress of certain work in the cathedral at Santo
+Domingo, a crypt was disclosed on one side of the altar, and within it
+was found a metallic coffin which contained human remains. The coffin
+bore the following inscription: "The Admiral Don Luis Colon, Duke of
+Veragua, Marquis of Jamaica," referring, undoubtedly, to the grandson of
+Columbus. The archbishop Senor Roque Cocchia then took up the search,
+and upon the other side of the altar were found two crypts, one empty,
+from which had been taken the remains sent to Havana, and the other
+containing a metallic case. The case bore the inscription: "D. de la A
+Per Ate," which was interpreted to mean: "Descubridor de la America,
+Primer Almirante" (Discoverer of America, the First Admiral). The box
+was then opened, and on the inside of the cover were the words: "Illtre
+y Esdo Varon, Dn Cristoval Colon"--Illustrissime y Esclarecido Varon Don
+Cristoval Colon (Illustrious and renowned man, Don Christopher
+Columbus). On the two ends and on the front were the letters,
+"C.C.A."--Cristoval Colon, Almirante (Christopher Columbus, Admiral).
+The box contained bones and bone-dust, a small bit of the skull, a
+leaden ball, and a silver plate two inches long. On one side of the
+plate was inscribed:
+
+  _Ua. pte. de los rtos
+  del pmr. alte D.
+  Cristoval Colon Desr._
+
+  (Urna perteneciente de los restos del Primer Almirante Don
+        Cristoval Colon, Descubridor--Urn containing the
+             remains of the First Admiral Don Christopher
+                   Columbus, Discoverer.)
+
+On the other side was: "U. Cristoval Colon" (The coffin of Christopher
+Columbus).
+
+
+These discoveries have been certified to by the archbishop Roque
+Cocchia, and by others, including Don Emiliana Tejera, a well-known
+citizen. The Royal Academy of History at Madrid, however, challenged the
+foregoing statements and declared that the remains of Columbus were
+elsewhere than at Havana. Tejera and the archbishop have since published
+replies affirming the accuracy of their discovery.[13]
+
+Regarding the identity of the island first seen by Columbus, Capt. G. V.
+Fox, in a paper published by the U. S. Coast Survey in 1882, discusses
+and reviews the evidence, and draws a different conclusion and inference
+from that heretofore commonly accepted. His paper is based upon the
+original journals and log-book of Columbus, which were published in 1790
+by Don M. F. Navarrete, from a manuscript of Bishop Las Casas, the
+contemporary and friend of Columbus, found in the archives of the Duke
+del Infanta. In this the exact words of the Admiral's diary are
+reproduced by Las Casas, extending from the 11th to the 29th of
+October, the landing being on the 12th. From the description the diary
+gives, and from a projection of a voyage of Columbus before and after
+landing, Capt. Fox concludes that the island discovered was neither
+Grand Turk's, Mariguana, Watling's, nor Cat Island (Guanahani), but
+Samana, lat. 23 deg. 05 min., N.; long. 75 deg. 35 min., W.
+
+If we accept the carefully drawn deductions of Capt. Fox there is reason
+to believe that the island discovered was Samana.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: Markham, in his "Life of Columbus," advances the ingenious
+suggestion of a marriage invalidated by the pre-contract of Beatrix to
+one Enriquez. No authority is adduced for this theory.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The monastery has been restored and preserved as a national
+memorial since 1846.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The invention of the mariner's compass is claimed by the
+Chinese for the Emperor Hong-ti, a grandson of Noah, about 2634 B. C. A
+compass was brought from China to Queen Elizabeth A. D. 1260 by P.
+Venutus. By some the invention is ascribed to Marcus Paulus, a Venetian,
+A. D. 1260. The discovery of the compass was long attributed to Flavio
+Gioja, a Neapolitan sailor, A. D. 1302, who in reality made improvements
+on then existing patterns and brought them to the form now used. The
+variation of the needle was known to the Chinese, being mentioned in the
+works of the Chinese philosopher Keon-tsoung-chy, who flourished about
+A. D. 1111. The dip of the needle was discovered A. D. 1576 by Robert
+Norman of London. Time was measured on voyages by the hour-glass.
+Compare Shakespere:
+
+  Or four and twenty times the pilot's glass
+  Hath told the thievish minutes how they pass.
+
+]
+
+[Footnote 4: Capt. Parker, in _Goldthwaithe's Geographical Monthly_,
+argues ably that the myth that a light was seen by Columbus at 8 P. M.
+of the night of the discovery should be dropped simply as rubbish; it is
+incredible. More than one hundred men in the three vessels were
+anxiously looking for signs of land, and two "think" they see a light.
+To say that Columbus felt sure that he saw a light is to pronounce him
+an imbecile. For if ahead, he would have stopped; if abeam, stood for
+it. His log does not say where or in what direction the light was--an
+important omission--and Columbus _ran forty sea miles after he saw this
+mythical light_.
+
+We may safely decide that Watling Island, named after a buccaneer or
+pirate of the seventeenth century, is best supported by investigation as
+the landfall of Columbus.
+
+Cronau, who visited Watling Island in 1890, supposes that Columbus'
+ships, after making the land, continued on their course, under the
+reduced sail, at the rate of four or five miles an hour; and at daylight
+found themselves off the northwest end of the island. Mr. Cronau
+evidently is not a seafaring man or he would know that no navigator off
+an unknown island at night would stand on, even at the rate of one mile
+an hour, ignorant of what shoal or reefs might lie off the end of the
+island.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The following from Las Casas' epitome of the log is all the
+information we have concerning the "sighting" of the New World:
+
+"THURSDAY, October 11, 1492.--_Navego al Ouesudueste, turvieron mucho
+mar mas que en todo el viage habian tenido. Despues del sol puesto
+navego a su primer Camino al Oueste; andarian doce millas cada hora. A
+las dos horas despues de media noche parecio la tierra, de la cual
+estarian dos leguas. Amainaron todas las velas y quedaron con el treo
+que es la vela grande sin bonetas, y pusierouse a la corda temporizando
+hasta el dia viernes que llegaron a una isleta de los Lucayos que se
+llamaba en lengua de indios Guanahani._"
+
+That is: "They steered west-southwest and experienced a much heavier sea
+than they had had before in the whole voyage. After sunset they resumed
+their former course west, and sailed twelve miles an hour. At 2 o'clock
+in the morning the land appeared (was sighted), two leagues off. They
+lowered all the sails and remained under the storm sail, which is the
+main sail without bonnets, and hove to, waiting for daylight; and Friday
+[found they had] arrived at a small island of the Lucayos which the
+Indians called Guanahani."
+
+It will be observed that these are the words of Las Casas, and they were
+evidently written some years after the event.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Helps refers to the island as "one of the Bahamas." It has
+been variously identified with Turks Island, by Navarette (1825); with
+Cat Island, by Irving (1828) and Humboldt (1836); with Mayaguara, by
+Varnhagen (1864); and finally, with greatest show of probability, with
+Watling Island, by Munoz (1798), supported by Becher (1856), Peschel
+(1857), and Major (1871).]
+
+[Footnote 7: See page 217, _post_.]
+
+[Footnote 8: The greatest blot on the character of Columbus is contained
+in this and a succeeding letter. Under the shallow pretense of
+benefiting the souls of idolators, he suggested to the Spanish rulers
+the advisability of shipping the natives to Spain as slaves. He appeals
+to their cupidity by picturing the revenue to be derived therefrom, and
+stands convicted in the light of history as the prime author of that
+blood-drenched rule which exterminated millions of simple aborigines in
+the West Indian Archipelago.]
+
+[Footnote 9: The countries which he had discovered were considered as a
+part of India. In consequence of this notion the name of Indies is given
+to them by Ferdinand and Isabella in a ratification of their former
+agreement, which was granted to Columbus after his return.--Robertson's
+"History of America."]
+
+[Footnote 10: The will of Diego Mendez, one of Columbus' most trusted
+followers, states that the Governor of Xaragua in seven months burned
+and hanged eighty-four chiefs, including the Queen of San Domingo.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Owing to the difficulty in securing animals for the
+cavalry in Spain (about A. D. 1505), an edict had been published by the
+King forbidding the use of mules in traveling, except by royal
+permission.
+
+While Columbus was in Seville he wished to make a journey to the court,
+then sitting at Granada, to plead his own cause. Cardinal Mendoza placed
+his litter at the disposal of the Admiral, but he preferred a mule, and
+wrote to Diego, asking him to petition the King for the privilege of
+using one. The request was granted in the following curious document:
+
+_Decree granting to Don Cristoval Colon permission to ride on a mule,
+saddled and bridled, through any part of these Kingdoms._
+
+     THE KING: As I am informed that you, Cristoval Colon, the Admiral,
+     are in poor bodily health, owing to certain diseases which you had
+     or have, and that you can not ride on horse-back without injury to
+     your health; therefore, conceding this to your advanced age, I, by
+     these presents, grant you leave to ride on a mule, saddled and
+     bridled, through whatever parts of these kingdoms or realms you
+     wish and choose, notwithstanding the law which I issued thereto;
+     and I command the subjects of all parts of these kingdoms and
+     realms not to offer you any impediment or allow any to be offered
+     to you, under penalty of ten thousand maravedi in behalf of the
+     treasury, of whoever does the contrary.
+
+     Given in the City of Toro, February 23, 1505.]
+
+[Footnote 12:
+
+      .s.
+   .s. s .s.
+    X  M  Y
+  XPO FERENS.
+
+COLUMBUS' CIPHER.--The interpretation of the seven-lettered cipher,
+accepting the smaller letters of the second line as the final ones of
+the words, seems to be _Servate-me, Xristus, Maria, Yosephus_. The name
+Christopher appears in the last line.]
+
+[Footnote 13: See Washington Irving, Life and Voyages of Columbus,
+London, 1831; Humboldt, Examen Critique de l'Histoire de la Geographie
+du Nouveau Continent, Paris, 1836; Sportorno, Codice Diplomatico
+Colombo-Americano, Genoa, 1823; Hernan Colon, Vita dell' Ammiraglio,
+1571; (English translation in vol. xi of Churchill's Voyages and
+Travels, third edition, London, 1744; Spanish, 1745); Prescott, History
+of Ferdinand and Isabella, London, 1870; Major, Select Letters of
+Columbus, Hakluyt Society, London, 1847, and "On the Landfall of
+Columbus," in Journal of Royal Geographical Society for 1871; Sir Arthur
+Helps, Life of Columbus, London, 1868; Navarrete, Coleccion de Viages y
+Descubrimientos desde Fines del Siglo XV., Madrid, 1825; Ticknor,
+History of Spanish Literature, London, 1863.
+
+See also Pietro Martire d'Anghiera, Opus Epistolarum, 1530, and De Rebus
+Oceanicis et de Orbe Novo, 1511; Gomora, in Historiadores Primitivos de
+Indias, vol. xxii of Rivadaneyra's collection; Oveido y Valdes, Cronica
+de las Indias, Salamanca, 1547; Ramusio, Raccolta delle Navigatione et
+viaggi iii, Venetia, 1575; Herrera de Tordesillas, Historia de las
+Indias Occidentales, 1601; Antonio Leon Pinelo, Epitome de la Biblioteca
+Oriental y Occidental, Madrid, 1623; Munoz, Historia del Nuevo Mundo,
+Madrid, 1793; Cancellieri, Notizia di Christoforo Colombo, 1809; Bossi,
+Vita di Christoforo Colombo, 1819; Charlevoix, Histoire de San Domingo;
+Lamartine, Christoph Colomb, Paris, 1862 (Spanish translation, 1865);
+Crompton, Life of Columbus, London, 1859; Voyages and Discoveries of
+Columbus, sixth edition, London, 1857; H. R. St. John, Life of Columbus,
+London, 1850.]
+
+
+
+
+Selected Letters of Columbus
+
+
+Translation of the letter of Christopher Columbus offering his services
+to King Ferdinand of Spain:
+
+     _Most Serene Prince: I have been engaged in navigating from my
+     youth. I have voyaged on the seas for nearly forty years. I have
+     visited all known quarters of the world and have conversed with a
+     great number of learned men--with ecclesiastics, with seculars,
+     with Latins, with Greeks, with Moors, and with persons of all sorts
+     of religions. I have acquired some knowledge of navigation, of
+     astronomy, and of geometry. I am sufficiently expert in designing
+     the chart of the earth to place the cities, the rivers, and the
+     mountains where they are situated. I have applied myself to the
+     study of works on cosmography, on history, and on philosophy. I
+     feel myself at present strongly urged to undertake the discovery of
+     the Indies; and I come to your Highness to supplicate you to favor
+     my enterprise. I doubt not that those who hear it will turn it into
+     ridicule; but if your Highness will give me the means of executing
+     it, whatever the obstacles may be I hope to be able to make it
+     succeed._[14]
+
+Translation of a letter written by Christopher Columbus from the court
+of Queen Isabella at Barcelona to Padre Juan Perez de Marchena, a
+Franciscan monk, Prior of the Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida,
+Huelva, Spain (Date, 1492):
+
+     _Our Lord God has heard the prayers of His servants. The wise and
+     virtuous Isabel, touched by the grace of Heaven, has kindly
+     listened to this poor man's words. All has turned out well. I have
+     read to them our plan, it has been accepted, and I have been called
+     to the court to state the proper means for carrying out the designs
+     of Providence. My courage swims in a sea of consolation, and my
+     spirit rises in praise to God. Come as soon as you can; the Queen
+     looks for you, and I much more than she. I commend myself to the
+     prayers of my dear sons and you._
+
+     _The grace of God be with you, and may our Lady of Rabida bless
+     you._
+
+
+COLUMBUS' OWN ACCOUNT OF HIS GREAT DISCOVERY.
+
+Translation of a letter sent by Columbus to Luis de Santangel,
+Chancellor of the Exchequer of Aragon, respecting the islands found in
+the Indies; inclosing another for their Highnesses (Ferdinand and
+Isabella).
+
+     R. H. Major, F. S. A., Keeper of the Department of Maps and Charts
+     in the British Museum and Honorary Secretary of the Royal
+     Geographical Society of England, states that the peculiar value of
+     the following letter, descriptive of the first important voyage of
+     Columbus, is that the events described are from the pen of him to
+     whom the events occurred. In it we have laid before us, as it were
+     from Columbus' own mouth, a clear statement of his opinions and
+     conjectures on what were to him great cosmical riddles--riddles
+     which have since been solved mainly through the light which his
+     illustrious deeds have shed upon the field of our observation:
+
+_Sir: Believing that you will take pleasure in hearing of the great
+success which our Lord has granted me in my voyage, I write you this
+letter, whereby you will learn how in thirty-three[15] days' time I
+reached the Indies with the fleet which the most illustrious King and
+Queen, our Sovereigns, gave to me, where I found very many islands
+thickly peopled, of all which I took possession, without resistance, for
+their Highnesses, by proclamation made and with the royal standard
+unfurled. To the first island that I found I gave the name of San
+Salvador,[16] in remembrance of His High Majesty, who hath marvelously
+brought all these things to pass; the Indians call it Guanahani. To the
+second island I gave the name of Santa Maria de Conception; the third I
+called Fernandina; the fourth, Isabella; the fifth, Juana; and so to
+each one I gave a new name._
+
+_When I reached Juana, I followed its coast to the westward, and found
+it so large that I thought it must be the mainland,--the province of
+Cathay; and as I found neither towns nor villages on the sea-coast, but
+only a few hamlets, with the inhabitants of which I could not hold
+conversation because they all immediately fled, I kept on the same
+route, thinking that I could not fail to light upon some large cities
+and towns._
+
+_At length, after proceeding of many leagues and finding that nothing
+new presented itself, and that the coast was leading me northward (which
+I wished to avoid, because winter had already set in, and it was my
+intention to move southward; and because, moreover, the winds were
+contrary), I resolved not to wait for a change in the weather, but
+returned to a certain harbor which I had remarked, and from which I sent
+two men ashore to ascertain whether there was any king or large cities
+in that part. They journeyed for three days and found countless small
+hamlets with numberless inhabitants, but with nothing like order; they
+therefore returned. In the meantime I had learned from some other
+Indians whom I had seized that this land was certainly an island;
+accordingly, I followed the coast eastward for a distance of 107
+leagues, where it ended in a cape. From this cape I saw another island
+to the eastward, at a distance of eighteen leagues from the former, to
+which I gave the name of "La Espanola." Thither I went, and followed its
+northern coast to the eastward (just as I had done with the coast of
+Juana) 178 full leagues due east. This island like all the others is
+extraordinarily large, and this one extremely so. In it are many
+seaports, with which none that I know in Christendom can bear
+comparison, so good and capacious that it is wonder to see. The lands
+are high, and there are many very lofty mountains with which the island
+of Cetefrey can not be compared. They are all most beautiful, of a
+thousand different shapes, accessible, and covered with trees of a
+thousand kinds, of such great height that they seemed to reach the
+skies. I am told that the trees never lose their foliage, and I can well
+understand it, for I observed that they were as green and luxuriant as
+in Spain in the month of May. Some were in bloom, others bearing fruit,
+and others otherwise, according to their nature. The nightingale was
+singing as well as other birds of a thousand different kinds; and that
+in November, the month in which I myself was roaming amongst them. There
+are palm trees of six or eight kinds, wonderful in their beautiful
+variety; but this is the case with all the other trees and fruits and
+grasses; trees, plants, or fruits filled us with admiration. It contains
+extraordinary pine groves and very extensive plains. There is also
+honey, a great variety of birds, and many different kinds of fruits. In
+the interior there are many mines of metals and a population
+innumerable. Espanola is a wonder. Its mountains and plains, and meadows
+and fields, are so beautiful and rich for planting and sowing, and
+rearing cattle of all kinds, and for building towns and villages. The
+harbors on the coast, and the number and size and wholesomeness of the
+rivers, most of them bearing gold, surpass anything that would be
+believed by one who had not seen them. There is a great difference
+between the trees, fruits, and plants of this island and those of Juana.
+In this island there are many spices and extensive mines of gold and
+other metals. The inhabitants of this and of all the other islands I
+have found or gained intelligence of, both men and women, go as naked as
+they were born, with the exception that some of the women cover one part
+only with a single leaf of grass or with a piece of cotton made for
+that purpose. They have neither iron nor steel nor arms, nor are they
+competent to use them; not that they are not well-formed and of handsome
+stature, but because they are timid to a surprising degree. Their only
+arms are reeds, cut in the seeding time,_[17] _to which they fasten
+small sharpened sticks, and even these they dare not use; for on several
+occasions it has happened that I have sent ashore two or three men to
+some village to hold a parley, and the people have come out in countless
+numbers, but as soon as they saw our men approach, would flee with such
+precipitation that a father would not even stop to protect his son; and
+this not because any harm had been done to any of them, for from the
+first, wherever I went and got speech with them, I gave them of all that
+I had, such as cloth and many other things, without receiving anything
+in return; but they are, as I have described, incurably timid. It is
+true that when they are reassured and thrown off this fear they are
+guileless, and so liberal of all they have that no one would believe it
+who had not seen it. They never refuse anything that they possess when
+it is asked of them; on the contrary, they offer it themselves, and they
+exhibit so much loving kindness that they would even give their hearts;
+and, whether it be something of value or of little worth that is offered
+to them, they are satisfied. I forbade that worthless things, such as
+pieces of broken porringers and broken glass, and ends of straps, should
+be given to them; although, when they succeeded in obtaining them, they
+thought they possessed the finest jewel in the world. It was ascertained
+that a sailor received for a leather strap a piece of gold weighing two
+castellanos_[18] _and a half, and others received for other objects, of
+far less value, much more. For new blancas_[19] _they would give all
+they had, whether it was two or three castellanos in gold or one or two
+arrobas[20] of spun cotton. They took even bits of the broken hoops of
+the wine barrels, and gave, like fools, all that they possessed in
+exchange, insomuch that I thought it was wrong and forbade it. I gave
+away a thousand good and pretty articles which I had brought with me in
+order to win their affection; and that they might be led to become
+Christians, and be well inclined to love and serve their Highnesses and
+the whole Spanish nation, and that they might aid us by giving us things
+of which we stand in need, but which they possess in abundance. They are
+not acquainted with any kind of worship, and are not idolaters; but
+believe that all power and, indeed, all good things are in heaven; and
+they are firmly convinced that I, with my vessels and crews, came from
+heaven, and with this belief received me at every place at which I
+touched, after they had overcome their apprehension. And this does not
+spring from ignorance, for they are very intelligent, and navigate all
+these seas, and relate everything to us, so that it is astonishing what
+a good account they are able to give of everything; but they have never
+seen men with clothes on, nor vessels like ours. On my reaching the
+Indies, I took by force, in the first island that I discovered, some of
+these natives, that they might learn our language and give me
+information in regard to what existed in these parts; and it so happened
+that they soon understood us and we them, either by words or signs, and
+they have been very serviceable to us. They are still with me, and, from
+repeated conversations that I have had with them, I find that they still
+believe that I come from heaven. And they were the first to say this
+wherever I went, and the others ran from house to house and to the
+neighboring villages, crying with a loud voice: "Come, come, and see the
+people from heaven!" And thus they all, men as well as women, after
+their minds were at rest about us, came, both large and small, and
+brought us something to eat and drink, which they gave us with
+extraordinary kindness. They have in all these islands very many canoes
+like our rowboats; some larger, some smaller, but most of them larger
+than a barge of eighteen seats. They are not so wide, because they are
+made of one single piece of timber; but a barge could not keep up with
+them in rowing, because they go with incredible speed, and with these
+canoes they navigate among these islands, which are innumerable, and
+carry on their traffic. I have seen in some of these canoes seventy and
+eighty men, each with his oar. In all these islands I did not notice
+much difference in the appearance of the inhabitants, nor in their
+manners, nor language, except that they all understood each other, which
+is very singular, and leads me to hope that their Highnesses will take
+means for their conversion to our holy faith, toward which they are very
+well disposed. I have already said how I had gone 107 leagues in
+following the seacoast of Juana in a straight line from west to east;
+and from that survey I can state that the island is larger than England
+and Scotland together, because beyond these 107 leagues there lie to the
+west two provinces which I have not yet visited, one of which is called
+Avan, where the people are born with a tail. These two provinces can not
+be less than from fifty to sixty leagues, from what can be learned from
+the Indians that I have with me, and who are acquainted with all these
+islands. The other, Espanola, has a greater circumference than all
+Spain, from Catalonia by the seacoast to Fuenterabia in Biscay, since on
+one of its four sides I made 188 great leagues in a straight line from
+west to east. This is something to covet, and, when found, not to be
+lost sight of. Although I have taken possession of all these islands in
+the name of their Highnesses, and they are all more abundant in wealth
+than I am able to express; and although I hold them all for their
+Highnesses, so that they can dispose of them quite as absolutely as they
+can of the kingdoms of Castille, yet there was one large town in
+Espanola of which especially I took possession, situated in a locality
+well adapted for the working of the gold mines, and for all kinds of
+commerce, either with the mainland on this side or with that beyond,
+which is the land of the Great Khan, with which there will be vast
+commerce and great profit. To that city I gave the name of Villa de
+Navidad, and fortified it with a fortress, which by this time will be
+quite completed, and I have left in it a sufficient number of men with
+arms,[21] artillery, and provisions for more than a year, a barge, and a
+sailing master skillful in the arts necessary for building others. I
+have also established the greatest friendship with the King of that
+country, so much so that he took pride in calling me his brother, and
+treating me as such. Even should these people change their intentions
+toward us and become hostile, they do not know what arms are, but, as I
+have said, go naked, and are the most timid people in the world; so that
+the men I have left could, alone, destroy the whole country, and this
+island has no danger for them, if they only know how to conduct
+themselves. In all those islands it seems to me that the men are content
+with one wife, except their chief or king, to whom they give twenty. The
+women seem to me to work more than the men. I have not been able to
+learn whether they have any property of their own. It seems to me that
+what one possessed belonged to all, especially in the matter of
+eatables. I have not found in those islands any monsters, as many
+imagined; but, on the contrary, the whole race is well formed, nor are
+they black as in Guinea, but their hair is flowing, for they do not
+dwell in that part where the force of the sun's rays is too powerful. It
+is true that the sun has very great power there, for the country is
+distant only twenty-six degrees from the equinoctial line. In the
+islands where there are high mountains, the cold this winter was very
+great, but they endure it, not only from being habituated to it, but by
+eating meat with a variety of excessively hot spices. As to savages, I
+did not even hear of any, except at an island which lies the second in
+one's way coming to the Indies._[22] _It is inhabited by a race which is
+regarded throughout these islands as extremely ferocious, and eaters of
+human flesh. These possess many canoes, in which they visit all the
+Indian islands, and rob and plunder whatever they can. They are no worse
+formed than the rest, except that they are in the habit of wearing their
+hair long, like women, and use bows and arrows made of reeds, with a
+small stick at the end, for want of iron, which they do not possess.
+They are ferocious amongst these exceedingly timid people; but I think
+no more of them than of the rest. These are they which have intercourse
+with the women of Matenino,[23] the first island one comes to on the way
+from Spain to the Indies, and in which there are no men. These women
+employ themselves in no labor suitable to their sex, but use bows and
+arrows made of reeds like those above described, and arm and cover
+themselves with plates of copper, of which metal they have a great
+quantity._
+
+[Illustration: THE RETURN OF COLUMBUS IN CHAINS TO SPAIN.
+
+Marble statuary by Senor V. Vallmitjana, formerly in the Ministry of the
+Colonies, Madrid; now in Havana, Cuba. (See page 31.)]
+
+_They assure me that there is another island larger than Espanola in
+which the inhabitants have no hair. It is extremely rich in gold; and I
+bring with me Indians taken from these different islands, who will
+testify to all these things. Finally, and speaking only of what has
+taken place in this voyage, which has been so hasty, their Highnesses
+may see that I shall give them all the gold they require, if they will
+give me but a very little assistance; spices also, and cotton, as much
+as their Highnesses shall command to be shipped; and mastic--hitherto
+found only in Greece, in the Island of Chios, and which the Signoria[24]
+sells at its own price--as much as their Highnesses shall command to be
+shipped; lign aloes, as much as their Highnesses shall command to be
+shipped; slaves, as many of these idolaters as their Highnesses shall
+command to be shipped. I think I have also found rhubarb and cinnamon,
+and I shall find a thousand other valuable things by means of the men
+that I have left behind me, for I tarried at no point so long as the
+wind allowed me to proceed, except in the town of Navidad, where I took
+the necessary precautions for the security and settlement of the men I
+had left there. Much more I would have done if my vessels had been in as
+good a condition as by rights they ought to have been. This is much, and
+praised be the eternal God, our Lord, who gives to all those who walk in
+his ways victory over things which seem impossible; of which this is
+signally one, for, although others have spoken or written concerning
+these countries, it was all mere conjecture, as no one could say that he
+had seen them--it amounting only to this, that those who heard listened
+the more, and regarded the matter rather as a fable than anything else.
+But our Redeemer has granted this victory to our illustrious King and
+Queen and their kingdoms, which have acquired great fame by an event of
+such high importance, in which all Christendom ought to rejoice, and
+which it ought to celebrate with great festivals and the offering of
+solemn thanks to the Holy Trinity with many solemn prayers, both for the
+great exaltation which may accrue to them in turning so many nations to
+our holy faith, and also for the temporal benefits which will bring
+great refreshment and gain, not only to Spain, but to all Christians.
+This, thus briefly, in accordance with the events._
+
+_Done on board the caravel, off the Canary Islands, on the fifteenth of
+February, fourteen hundred and ninety-three._
+
+                                           _At your orders,
+
+                                                THE ADMIRAL._
+
+_After this letter was written, as I was in the Sea of Castille, there
+arose a southwest wind, which compelled me to lighten my vessels, and
+run this day into this port of Lisbon, an event which I consider the
+most marvelous thing in the world, and whence I resolved to write to
+their Highnesses. In all the Indies I have always found the weather like
+that in the month of May. I reached them in thirty-three days, and
+returned in twenty-eight, with the exception that these storms detained
+me fourteen days knocking about in this sea. All seamen say that they
+have never seen such a severe winter nor so many vessels lost._
+
+_Done on the fourteenth day of March._
+
+The prayer of Columbus on landing at Guanahani on the morning of Friday,
+October 12, 1492:
+
+_Lord! Eternal and Almighty God! who by Thy sacred word hast created the
+heavens, the earth, and the seas, may Thy name be blessed and glorified
+everywhere. May Thy Majesty be exalted, who hast deigned to permit that
+by Thy humble servant Thy sacred name should be made known and preached
+in this other part of the world._[25]
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND GENOA.
+
+Columbus in bequeathing a large portion of his income to the Bank of St.
+George in Genoa, upon trust, to reduce the tax upon provisions, only
+did what Dario de Vivaldi had accomplished in 1471 and 1480, as we read
+on the pedestal of his statue, erected in the hall of the bank. This
+example was followed by Antonio Doria, Francesco Lomellini, Eliano
+Spinola, Ansaldo Grimaldo, and others, as the inscriptions on their
+statues testify. A fac-simile letter of Columbus, announcing the
+bequest, is shown on the opposite page.
+
+[Illustration: FAC-SIMILE OF COLUMBUS' LETTER TO THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE,
+GENOA
+
+Dated April 2, 1502.
+
+(See page 52.)]
+
+The letter in English is as follows:
+
+_High noble Lords: Although the body walks about here, the heart is
+constantly over there. Our Lord has conferred on me the greatest favor
+ever granted to any one since David. The results of my undertaking
+already appear, and would shine greatly, were they not concealed by the
+blindness of the government. I am going again to the Indies under the
+auspices of the Holy Trinity, soon to return, and since I am mortal I
+leave it with my son Diego that you receive every year, forever,
+one-tenth of the entire revenue, such as it may be, for the purpose of
+reducing the tax upon corn, wine, and other provisions.[26] If that
+tenth amounts to something, collect it. If not, take at least the
+will for the deed. I beg of you to entertain regard for the son I have
+recommended to you. Mr. Nicolo de Oderigo knows more about my own
+affairs than I do myself, and I have sent him the transcripts of my
+privileges and letters for safe keeping. I should be glad if you could
+see them. My lords, the King and Queen, endeavor to honor me more than
+ever. May the Holy Trinity preserve your noble persons and increase the
+most magnificent House (of St. George). Done in Sevilla on the second
+day of April, 1502._
+
+  _The Chief Admiral of the Ocean, Vice-Roy and
+    Governor-General of the islands and continent
+    of Asia, and the Indies of my lords, the King
+    and Queen, their Captain-General of the sea,
+    and of their Council._
+
+                  _"S."
+
+                "S. A. S."
+
+              "X. M. Y."
+
+            "Xpo. FERENS."_[27]
+
+
+HIS PATIENCE AND NOBILITY OF MIND UNDER SUFFERING AND IN THE MIDST OF
+UNDESERVED INDIGNITIES.
+
+The reply of Columbus to Andreas Martin, captain of the caravel
+conveying him a prisoner to Spain, upon an offer to remove his fetters:
+
+_Since the King has commanded that I should obey his Governor, he shall
+find me as obedient in this as I have been to all his other orders;
+nothing but his command shall release me. If twelve years' hardship and
+fatigue; if continual dangers and frequent famine; if the ocean first
+opened, and five times passed and repassed, to add a new world,
+abounding with wealth, to the Spanish monarchy; and if an infirm and
+premature old age, brought on by these services, deserve these chains as
+a reward, it is very fit I should wear them to Spain, and keep them by
+me as memorials to the end of my life._
+
+From a letter to the King and Queen:
+
+_This country (the Bahamas) excels all others as far as the day
+surpasses the night in splendor; the natives love their neighbors as
+themselves; their conversation is the sweetest imaginable, and their
+faces are always smiling. So gentle and so affectionate are they that I
+swear to your Highness there is no better people in the world._
+
+From the same:
+
+_The fish rival the birds in tropical brilliancy of color, the scales of
+some of them glancing back the rays of light like precious stones, as
+they sported about the ships and flashed gleams of gold and silver
+through the clear water._
+
+Speech of a West Indian chief to Columbus, on his arrival in Cuba:
+
+_Whether you are divinities or mortal men, we know not. You have come
+into these countries with a force, against which, were we inclined to
+resist, it would be folly. We are all therefore at your mercy; but if
+you are men, subject to mortality like ourselves, you can not be
+unapprised that after this life there is another, wherein a very
+different portion is allotted to good and bad men. If therefore you
+expect to die, and believe, with us, that every one is to be rewarded in
+a future state according to his conduct in the present, you will do no
+hurt to those who do none to you._
+
+
+SHIPWRECK AND MARRIAGE.
+
+From the "Life of Columbus," by his son Hernando:
+
+_I say, that whilst the Admiral sailed with the aforesaid "Columbus the
+Younger," which was a long time, it fell out that, understanding the
+before-mentioned four great Venetian galleys were coming from Flanders,
+they went out to seek, and found them beyond Lisbon, about Cape St.
+Vincent, which is in Portugal, where, falling to blows, they fought
+furiously and grappled, beating one another from vessel to vessel with
+the utmost rage, making use not only of their weapons but artificial
+fireworks; so that after they had fought from morning until evening, and
+abundance were killed on both sides, the Admiral's ship took fire, as
+did a great Venetian galley, which, being fast grappled together with
+iron hooks and chains used to this purpose by seafaring men, could
+neither of them be relieved because of the confusion there was among
+them and the fright of the fire, which in a short time was so increased
+that there was no other remedy but for all that could to leap into the
+water, so to die sooner, rather than bear the torture of the fire._
+
+_But the Admiral being an excellent swimmer, and seeing himself two
+leagues or a little farther from land, laying hold of an oar, which good
+fortune offered him, and, sometimes resting upon it, sometimes swimming,
+it pleased God, who had preserved him for greater ends, to give him
+strength to get to shore, but so tired and spent with the water that he
+had much ado to recover himself. And because it was not far from Lisbon,
+where he knew there were many Genoeses, his countrymen, he went away
+thither as fast as he could, where, being known by them, he was so
+courteously received and entertained that he set up house and married a
+wife in that city. And forasmuch as he behaved himself honorably, and
+was a man of comely presence, and did nothing but what was just, it
+happened that a lady whose name was Dona Felipa Moniz, of a good family,
+and pensioner in the Monastery of All Saints, whither the Admiral used
+to go to mass, was so taken with him that she became his wife._
+
+
+PUT NOT YOUR TRUST IN PRINCES.
+
+From a letter of Christopher Columbus to Ferdinand and Isabella:
+
+_Such is my fate that twenty years of service, through which I passed
+with so much toil and danger, have profited me nothing; and at this day
+I do not possess a roof in Spain that I can call my own. If I wish to
+eat or sleep, I have nowhere to go but to the inn or tavern, and I
+seldom have wherewith to pay the bill. I have not a hair upon me that is
+not gray; my body is infirm; and all that was left me, as well as to my
+brothers, has been taken away and sold, even to the frock that I wore,
+to my great dishonor. I implore your Highnesses to forgive my
+complaints. I am indeed in as ruined a condition as I have related.
+Hitherto I have wept over others; may Heaven now have mercy upon me, and
+may the earth weep for me._
+
+
+THE SELF-SACRIFICE AND DEVOTION OF COLUMBUS.
+
+From Columbus' own account of his discovery:
+
+_Such is my plan; if it be dangerous to execute, I am no mere theorist
+who would leave to another the prospect of perishing in carrying it out,
+but am ready to sacrifice my life as an example to the world in doing
+so. If I do not reach the shores of Asia by sea, it will be because the
+Atlantic has other boundaries in the west, and these boundaries I will
+discover._
+
+
+THE TRUST OF COLUMBUS.
+
+From a letter of Columbus to a friend:
+
+_For me to contend for the contrary, would be to contend with the wind.
+I have done all that I could do. I leave the rest to God, whom I have
+ever found propitious to me in my necessities._
+
+
+SIGNATURE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+  _S.           i. e.        Servidor_
+  _S. A. S.                     Sus Altezas Sacras_
+  _X. M. Y.                     Jesus Maria Ysabel_
+  _Xpo. FERENS                  Christo-pher_
+  _El Almirante                 El Almirante._
+
+In English: Servant--of their Sacred Highnesses--Jesus, Mary, and
+Isabella--Christopher--The Admiral.
+
+  --BECHER.
+
+
+THE LAST WORDS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+_Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit._
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 14: This letter received no answer.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Columbus left the Canary Isles September 8th, made the
+land October 11th--thirty-three days.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Watling's Island.]
+
+[Footnote 17: These canes are probably the flowering stems of large
+grasses, similar to the bamboo or to the _arundinaria_ used by the
+natives of Guiana for blowing arrows.]
+
+[Footnote 18: An old Spanish coin, equal to the fiftieth part of a mark
+of gold.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Small copper coins, equal to about the quarter of a
+farthing.]
+
+[Footnote 20: One arroba weighs twenty-five pounds.]
+
+[Footnote 21: There appears to be a doubt as to the exact number of men
+left by Columbus at Espanola, different accounts variously giving it as
+thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, and forty. There is, however, a
+list of their names included in one of the diplomatic documents printed
+on Navarrete's work, which makes the number amount to forty, independent
+of the Governor Diego de Arana and his two lieutenants, Pedro Gutierrez
+and Rodrigo de Escobedo. All these men were Spaniards, with the
+exception of two; one an Irishman named William Ires, a native of
+Galway, and one an Englishman, whose name was given as Tallarte de
+Lajes, but whose native designation it is difficult to guess at. The
+document in question was a proclamation to the effect that the heirs of
+those men should, on presenting at the office of public business at
+Seville sufficient proof of their being the next of kin, receive payment
+in conformity with the royal order to that purpose, issued at Burgos on
+December 20, 1507.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Dominica.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Martinique.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Of Genoa. The Island of Chios belonged to the Genoese
+Republic from 1346 to 1566.]
+
+[Footnote 25: This prayer of Columbus, which is printed by Padre Claudio
+Clementi in the "Tablas Chronologicas de los Descubridores" (Valencia,
+1689), was afterward repeated, by order of the Sovereigns of Castille,
+in subsequent discoveries. Hernando Cortez, Vasco Nunez de Balboa,
+Pizarro, and others, had to use it officially.]
+
+[Footnote 26: It is very much to be regretted that Christopher Columbus'
+intentions in this respect were not carried out because the Protectors
+would have certainly decreed that a marble statue should be erected to
+commemorate so great a gift, and we would then possess an authentic
+portrait of the discoverer of America, which does not exist anywhere.
+Nor do I believe that the portrait of Columbus ever was drawn, carved,
+or painted from the life.
+
+There were doubtless painters already in Spain at the close of the
+fifteenth century, such, for instance, as Juan Sanchez de Castro, Pedro
+Berruguette, Juan de Borgona, Antonio del Rincon, and the five artists
+whom Cardinal Ximenes intrusted with the task of adorning the paranymph
+of the University of Alcala, but they painted only religious subjects.
+It is at a later period that portrait painting commenced in Spain. One
+of those artists may have thought of painting a portrait of Columbus,
+but there is no trace of any such intention in the writings of the time,
+nor of the existence of an authentic effigy of the great navigator in
+Spain or any other country.
+
+We must recollect that the enthusiasm created by the news of the
+discovery of America was far from being as great as people now imagine,
+and if we may judge from the silence of Spanish poets and historians of
+the fifteenth century, it produced less effect in Spain than anywhere
+else. At all events, the popularity of Columbus lasted scarcely six
+months, as deceptions commenced with the first letters that were sent
+from Hispaniola, and they never ceased whilst he was living. In fact, it
+is only between April 20, 1493, which is the date of his arrival in
+Barcelona, and the 20th of May following, when he left that city to
+embark for the second expedition (during the short space of six weeks),
+that his portrait might have been painted; although it was not then a
+Spanish notion, by any means. Neither Boabdil nor Gonzalvo de Cordova,
+whose exploits were certainly much more admired by the Spaniards than
+those of Columbus, were honored in that form during their lifetime. Even
+the portraits of Ferdinand and Isabella, although attributed to Antonio
+del Rincon, are only fancy pictures of the close of the sixteenth
+century.
+
+The popularity of Columbus was short-lived because he led the Spanish
+nation to believe that gold was plentiful and easily obtained in Cuba
+and Hispaniola, whilst the Spaniards who, seduced by his enthusiastic
+descriptions, crossed the Atlantic in search of wealth, found nothing
+but sufferings and poverty. Those who managed to return home arrived in
+Spain absolutely destitute. They were noblemen, who clamored at the
+court and all over the country, charging "the stranger" with having
+deceived them. (Historia de los Reyes Catolicos, cap. lxxxv, f. 188; Las
+Casas, lib. i, cap. cxxii, vol. ii, p. 176; Andres Bernaldez, cap.
+cxxxi, vol. ii, p. 77.) It was not under such circumstances that
+Spaniards would have caused his portrait to be painted. The oldest
+effigy of Columbus known (a rough wood-cut in _Jovius_, illustrium
+virorum vitae, Florentiae, 1549, folio), was made at least forty years
+after his death, and in Italy, where he never returned after leaving it
+as a poor and unknown artizan. Let it be enough for us to know that he
+was above the medium height, robust, with sandy hair, a face elongated,
+flushed and freckled, vivid light gray eyes, the nose shaped like the
+beak of an eagle, and that he always was dressed like a monk.
+(Bernaldez, Oviedo, Las Casas, and the author of the Libretto, all
+eye-witnesses.)--H. Harrisse's "Columbus, and the Bank of St. George, in
+Genoa."]
+
+[Footnote 27: What strikes the paleographer, when studying the
+handwriting of Christopher Columbus, is the boldness of the penmanship.
+You can see at a glance that he was a very rapid caligrapher, and one
+accustomed to write a great deal. This certainly was his reputation. The
+numberless memoirs, petitions, and letters which flew from his pen gave
+even rise to jokes and bywords. Francesillo de Zuniga, Charles V.'s
+jester, in one of his jocular epistles exclaims: "I hope to God that
+Gutierrez will always have all the paper he wants, for he writes more
+than Ptolemy and than Columbus, the discoverer of the Indies."--Harrisse.]
+
+
+
+
+Columbus and Columbia.
+
+COLUMBUS.
+
+  Look up, look forth, and on.
+  There's light in the dawning sky.
+  The clouds are parting, the night is gone.
+  Prepare for the work of the day.
+
+  --_Bayard Taylor._
+
+    _A Castilla y Leon,
+  Nuevo mundo dio Colon._
+
+    To Castille and Leon
+  Columbus gave a New World.
+
+Inscription upon Hernando Columbus' tomb, in the pavement of the
+cathedral at Seville, Spain. Also upon the Columbus Monument in the
+Paseo de Recoletos, Madrid.
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBUS
+
+
+REVERENCE AND WONDER.
+
+     JOHN ADAMS, American lawyer and statesman, second President of the
+     United States. Born at Braintree (now Quincy), Norfolk County,
+     Mass., October 19, 1735. President, March 4, 1797-March 4, 1801.
+     Died at Braintree July 4, 1826.
+
+I always consider the discovery of America, with reverence and wonder,
+as the opening of a grand scene and design in Providence, for the
+illumination of the ignorant and the emancipation of the slavish part of
+mankind all over the earth.
+
+
+THE GREATNESS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     WILLIAM LIVINGSTON ALDEN, an American author. Born in Massachusetts
+     October 9, 1837. From his "Life of Columbus" (1882), published by
+     Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., New York City.
+
+Whatever flaws there may have been in the man, he was of a finer clay
+than his fellows, for he could dream dreams that their dull imaginations
+could not conceive. He belonged to the same land which gave birth to
+Garibaldi, and, like the Great Captain, the Great Admiral lived in a
+high, pure atmosphere of splendid visions, far removed from and above
+his fellow-men. The greatness of Columbus can not be argued away. The
+glow of his enthusiasm kindles our own even at the long distance of four
+hundred years, and his heroic figure looms grander through successive
+centuries.
+
+
+ANCIENT ANCHORS.
+
+Two anchors that Columbus carried in his ships are exhibited at the
+World's Fair. The anchors were found by Columbian Commissioner Ober near
+two old wells at San Salvador. He had photographs and accurate models
+made. These reproductions were sent to Paris, where expert antiquarians
+pronounced them to be fifteenth century anchors, and undoubtedly those
+lost by Columbus in his wreck off San Salvador. One of these has been
+presented to the United States and the other is loaned to the Fair.
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND THE CONVENT OF LA RABIDA.
+
+(ANONYMOUS.)
+
+It was at the door of the convent of La Rabida that Columbus,
+disappointed and down-hearted, asked for food and shelter for himself
+and his child. It was here that he found an asylum for a few years while
+he developed his plans, and prepared the arguments which he submitted to
+the council at Salamanca. It was in one of the rooms of this convent
+that he met the Dominican monks in debate, and it was here also that he
+conferred with Alonzo Pinzon, who afterward commanded one of the vessels
+of his fleet. In this convent Columbus lived while he was making
+preparations for his voyage, and on the morning that he sailed from
+Palos he attended himself the little chapel. There is no building in the
+world so closely identified with his discovery as this.
+
+
+THE EARNESTNESS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+(ANONYMOUS.)
+
+Look at Christopher Columbus. Consider the disheartening difficulties
+and vexatious delays he had to encounter; the doubts of the skeptical,
+the sneers of the learned, the cavils of the cautious, and the
+opposition, or at least the indifference, of nearly all. And then the
+dangers of an untried, unexplored ocean. Is it by any means probable he
+would have persevered had he not possessed that earnest enthusiasm which
+was characteristic of the great discoverer? What mind can conceive or
+tongue can tell the great results which have followed, and will continue
+to follow in all coming time, from what this single individual
+accomplished? A new continent has been discovered; nations planted whose
+wealth and power already begin to eclipse those of the Old World, and
+whose empires stretch far away beneath the setting sun. Institutions of
+learning, liberty, and religion have been established on the broad basis
+of equal rights to all. It is true, America might have been discovered
+by what we call some fortunate accident. But, in all probability, it
+would have remained unknown for centuries, had not some _earnest man_,
+like Columbus, arisen, whose adventurous spirit would be roused, rather
+than repressed, by difficulty and danger.
+
+
+EACH THE COLUMBUS OF HIS OWN SOUL.
+
+(ANONYMOUS.)
+
+Every man has within himself a continent of undiscovered character.
+Happy is he who acts the Columbus to his own soul.
+
+
+A SUPERIOR SOUL.
+
+(CLADERA. SPANISH.)
+
+His soul was superior to the age in which he lived. For him was reserved
+the great enterprise of traversing that sea which had given rise to so
+many fables, and of deciphering the mystery of his time.
+
+
+COLUMBUS DARED THE MAIN.
+
+SAMUEL ROGERS. (See _post_, page 275.)
+
+  When first Columbus dared the Western main,
+  Spanned the broad gulf, and gave a world to Spain,
+  How thrilled his soul with tumult of delight,
+  When through the silence of the sleepless night
+  Burst shouts of triumph.
+
+
+THE WORLD A SEAMAN'S HAND CONFERRED.
+
+J.R. LOWELL. (See _post_, page 204.)
+
+  Joy, joy for Spain! a seaman's hand confers
+  These glorious gifts, for a new world is hers.
+    But where is he, that light whose radiance glows,
+  The loadstone of succeeding mariners?
+    Behold him crushed beneath o'ermastering woes--
+    Hopeless, heart-broken, chained, abandoned to his foes.
+
+
+THE RIDICULE WITH WHICH THE VIEWS OF COLUMBUS WERE RECEIVED.
+
+     JOHN J. ANDERSON, American historical writer. Born in New York,
+     1821. From his "History of the United States" (1887).
+
+It is recorded that "Columbus had to beg his way from court to court to
+offer to princes the discovery of a world." Genoa was appealed to again,
+then the appeal was made to Venice. Not a word of encouragement came
+from either. Columbus next tried Spain. His theory was examined by a
+council of men who were supposed to be very wise about geography and
+navigation. The theory and its author were ridiculed. Said one of the
+wise men: "Is there any one so foolish as to believe that there are
+people living on the other side of the earth with their feet opposite to
+ours? people who walk with their heels upward and their heads hanging
+down?" His idea was that the earth was flat like a plate.
+
+
+THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE ANCIENTS.
+
+     From the third of a series of articles by the Hon. ELLIOTT ANTHONY,
+     Associate Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Chicago, in
+     the Chicago _Mail_.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS ON THE BARCELONA MONUMENT.
+
+(See page 81.)]
+
+Bancroft, the historian, says that nearly three centuries before the
+Christian era, Aristotle, following the lessons of the Pythagoreans, had
+taught that the earth is a sphere and that the water which bounds
+Europe on the west washes the eastern shores of Asia. Instructed by him,
+the Spaniard, Seneca, believed that a ship, with a fair wind, could sail
+from Spain to the Indies in a few days. The opinion was revived in the
+Middle Ages by Averroes, the Arab commentator of Aristotle. Science and
+observation assisted to confirm it; and poets of ancient and of more
+recent times had foretold that empires beyond the ocean would one day be
+revealed to the daring navigator. The genial country of Dante and
+Buonarotti gave birth to Christopher Columbus, by whom these lessons
+were so received and weighed that he gained the glory of fulfilling the
+prophecy.
+
+Accounts of the navigation from the eastern coast of Africa to Arabia
+had reached the western kingdoms of Europe, and adventurous Venetians,
+returning from travels beyond the Ganges, had filled the world with
+dazzling descriptions of the wealth of China, as well as marvelous
+reports of the outlying island empire of Japan. It began to be believed
+that the continent of Asia stretched over far more than a hemisphere,
+and that the remaining distance around the globe was comparatively
+short. Yet from the early part of the fifteenth century the navigators
+of Portugal had directed their explorations to the coast of Africa; and
+when they had ascertained that the torrid zone is habitable, even under
+the equator, the discovery of the islands of Madeira and the Azores
+could not divert them from the purpose of turning the southern capes of
+that continent and steering past them to the land of spices, which
+promised untold wealth to the merchants of Europe, new dominions to its
+princes, and heathen nations to the religion of the cross. Before the
+year 1474, and perhaps as early as 1470, Columbus was attracted to
+Lisbon, which was then the great center of maritime adventure. He came
+to insist with immovable resoluteness that the shortest route to the
+Indies lay across the Atlantic. By the words of Aristotle, received
+through Averroes, and by letters from Toscanelli, the venerable
+cosmographer of Florence--who had drawn a map of the world, with Eastern
+Asia rising over against Europe--he was riveted in his faith and lived
+only in the idea of laying open the western path to the Indies.
+
+After more than ten years of vain solicitations in Portugal, he left the
+banks of the Tagus to seek aid of Ferdinand and Isabella, rich in
+nautical experience, having watched the stars at sea from the latitude
+of Iceland to near the equator at Elmina. Though yet longer baffled by
+the skepticism which knew not how to comprehend the clearness of his
+conception, or the mystic trances which sustained his inflexibility of
+purpose, or the unfailing greatness of his soul, he lost nothing of his
+devotedness to the sublime office to which he held himself elected from
+his infancy by the promises of God. When, half resolved to withdraw from
+Spain, traveling on foot, he knocked at the gate of the monastery of La
+Rabida, at Palos, to crave the needed charity of food and shelter for
+himself and his little son, whom he led by the hand, the destitute and
+neglected seaman, in his naked poverty, was still the promiser of
+kingdoms, holding firmly in his grasp "the key of the ocean sea;"
+claiming, as it were from Heaven, the Indies as his own, and "dividing
+them as he pleased." It was then that through the prior of the convent
+his holy confidence found support in Isabella, the Queen of Castille;
+and in 1492, with three poor vessels, of which the largest only was
+decked, embarking from Palos for the Indies by way of the west, Columbus
+gave a new world to Castille and Leon, "the like of which was never done
+by any man in ancient or in later times."
+
+The jubilee of this great discovery is at hand, and now after the lapse
+of 400 years, as we look back over the vast ranges of human history,
+there is nothing in the order of Providence which can compare in
+interest with the condition of the American continent as it lay upon the
+surface of the globe, a hemisphere unknown to the rest of the world.
+
+There stretched the iron chain of its mountain barriers, not yet the
+boundary of political communities; there rolled its mighty rivers
+unprofitably to the sea; there spread out the measureless, but as yet
+wasteful, fertility of its uncultivated fields; there towered the gloomy
+majesty of its unsubdued primeval forests; there glittered in the secret
+caves of the earth the priceless treasures of its unsunned gold, and,
+more than all that pertains to material wealth, there existed the
+undeveloped capacity of 100 embryo states of an imperial confederacy of
+republics, the future abode of intelligent millions, unrevealed as yet
+to the "earnest" but unconscious "expectation" of the elder families of
+man, darkly hidden by the impenetrable veil of waters. There is, to my
+mind, says Everett, an overwhelming sadness in this long insulation of
+America from the brotherhood of humanity, not inappropriately reflected
+in the melancholy expression of the native races.
+
+The boldest keels of Phoenicia and Carthage had not approached its
+shores. From the footsteps of the ancient nations along the highways of
+time and fortune--the embattled millions of the old Asiatic despotisms,
+the iron phalanx of Macedonia, the living, crushing machinery of the
+Roman legion which ground the world to powder, the heavy tramp of
+barbarous nations from "the populous north"--not the faintest echo had
+aroused the slumbering West in the cradle of her existence. Not a thrill
+of sympathy had shot across the Atlantic from the heroic adventure, the
+intellectual and artistic vitality, the convulsive struggles for
+freedom, the calamitous downfalls of empire, and the strange new
+regenerations which fill the pages of ancient and mediaeval history.
+Alike when the oriental myriads, Assyrian, Chaldean, Median, Persian,
+Bactrian, from the snows of Syria to the Gulf of Ormus, from the Halys
+to the Indus, poured like a deluge upon Greece and beat themselves to
+idle foam on the sea-girt rock of Salamis and the lowly plain of
+Marathon; when all the kingdoms of the earth went down with her own
+liberties in Rome's imperial maelstrom of blood and fire, and when the
+banded powers of the west, beneath the ensign of the cross, as the
+pendulum of conquest swung backward, marched in scarcely intermitted
+procession for three centuries to the subjugation of Palestine, the
+American continent lay undiscovered, lonely and waste. That mighty
+action and reaction upon each other of Europe and America, the grand
+systole and diastole of the heart of nations, and which now constitutes
+so much of the organized life of both, had not yet begun to pulsate.
+
+The unconscious child and heir of the ages lay wrapped in the mantle of
+futurity upon the broad and nurturing bosom of divine Providence, and
+slumbered serenely like the infant Danae through the storms of fifty
+centuries.
+
+
+THE DARK AGES BEFORE COLUMBUS.
+
+     From the writings of SAINT AUGUSTINE, the most noted of the Latin
+     fathers. Born at Tagasta, Numidia, November 13, A. D. 354; died at
+     Hippo, August 28, A. D. 430. (This passage was relied on by the
+     ecclesiastical opponents of Columbus to show the heterodoxy of his
+     project.)
+
+They do not see that even if the earth were round it would not follow
+that the part directly opposite is not covered with water. Besides,
+supposing it not to be so, what necessity is there that it should be
+inhabited, since the Scriptures, in the first place, the fulfilled
+prophecies of which attest the truth thereof for the past, can not be
+suspected of telling tales; and, in the second place, it is really too
+absurd to say that men could ever cross such an immense ocean to implant
+in those parts a sprig of the family of the first man.
+
+
+THE LEGEND OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     JOANNA BAILLIE, a noted Scottish poetess. Born at Bothwell,
+     Scotland, 1762; died at Hampstead, near London, February 23, 1851.
+     From "The Legend of Columbus."
+
+  Is there a man that, from some lofty steep,
+  Views in his wide survey the boundless deep,
+  When its vast waters, lined with sun and shade,
+  Wave beyond wave, in serried distance, fade?
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE CONQUEROR.
+
+  No kingly conqueror, since time began
+  The long career of ages, hath to man
+  A scope so ample given for trade's bold range
+  Or caused on earth's wide stage such rapid, mighty change.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE EXAMPLE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+  Some ardent youth, perhaps, ere from his home
+  He launch his venturous bark, will hither come,
+  Read fondly o'er and o'er his graven name,
+  With feelings keenly touched, with heart aflame;
+  Till, wrapped in fancy's wild delusive dream,
+  Times past and long forgotten, present seem.
+  To his charmed ear the east wind, rising shrill,
+  Seems through the hero's shroud to whistle still.
+  The clock's deep pendulum swinging through the blast
+  Sounds like the rocking of his lofty mast;
+  While fitful gusts rave like his clam'rous band,
+  Mixed with the accents of his high command.
+  Slowly the stripling quits the pensive scene,
+  And burns and sighs and weeps to be what he has been.
+
+  Oh, who shall lightly say that fame
+  Is nothing but an empty name?
+  Whilst in that sound there is a charm
+  The nerves to brace, the heart to warm,
+  As, thinking of the mighty dead,
+    The young from slothful couch will start,
+  And vow, with lifted hands outspread,
+    Like them to act a noble part.
+
+  Oh, who shall lightly say that fame
+  Is nothing but an empty name?
+  When but for those, our mighty dead,
+    All ages past a blank would be,
+  Sunk in oblivion's murky bed,
+    A desert bare, a shipless sea!
+  They are the distant objects seen,
+  The lofty marks of what hath been.--_Ibid._
+
+
+PALOS--THE DEPARTURE.
+
+  On Palos' shore, whose crowded strand
+  Bore priests and nobles of the land,
+  And rustic hinds and townsmen trim,
+  And harnessed soldiers stern and grim,
+  And lowly maids and dames of pride,
+  And infants by their mother's side--
+  The boldest seaman stood that e'er
+  Did bark or ship through tempest steer;
+  And wise as bold, and good as wise;
+  The magnet of a thousand eyes,
+    That on his form and features cast,
+  His noble mien and simple guise,
+    In wonder seemed to look their last.
+  A form which conscious worth is gracing,
+  A face where hope, the lines effacing
+    Of thought and care, bestowed, in truth,
+  To the quick eyes' imperfect tracing
+    The look and air of youth.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  The signal given, with hasty strides
+  The sailors line their ships' dark sides,
+  Their anchors weighed, and from the shore
+  Each stately vessel slowly bore.
+  High o'er the deep and shadowed flood,
+  Upon his deck their leader stood,
+  And turned him to departed land,
+  And bowed his head and waved his hand.
+  And then, along the crowded strand,
+  A sound of many sounds combined,
+  That waxed and waved upon the wind,
+  Burst like heaven's thunder, deep and grand;
+  A lengthened peal, which paused, and then
+    Renewed, like that which loathly parts,
+  Oft on the ear returned again,
+    The impulse of a thousand hearts.
+  But as the lengthened shouts subside,
+    Distincter accents strike the ear,
+  Wafting across the current wide
+    Heart-uttered words of parting cheer:
+  "Oh, shall we ever see again
+  Those gallant souls across the main?
+  God keep the brave! God be their guide!
+  God bear them safe through storm and tide!
+  Their sails with favoring breezes swell!
+  O brave Columbus, fare thee well!"--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE NAVIGATOR AND THE ISLANDS.
+
+     MATURIN MURRAY BALLOU, American author. Compiler of "Pearls of
+     Thought" and similar works. Born in Boston, Mass., April 14, 1822.
+     From "Due South," published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston,
+     1887.
+
+The name of Columbus flashes a bright ray over the mental darkness of
+the period in which he lived, for the world was then but just awakening
+from the dull sleep of the Middle Ages. The discovery of printing
+heralded the new birth of the republic of letters, and maritime
+enterprise received a vigorous impulse. The shores of the Mediterranean,
+thoroughly explored and developed, had endowed the Italian states with
+extraordinary wealth, and built up a very respectable mercantile marine.
+The Portuguese mariners were venturing farther and farther from the
+peninsula, and traded with many distant ports on the extended coast of
+Africa.
+
+To the west lay what men supposed to be an illimitable ocean, full of
+mystery, peril, and death. A vague conception that islands hitherto
+unknown might be met afar off on that strange wilderness of waters was
+entertained by some minds, but no one thought of venturing in search of
+them. Columbus alone, regarded merely as a brave and intelligent seaman
+and pilot, conceived the idea that the earth was spherical, and that the
+East Indies, the great El Dorado of the century, might be reached by
+circumnavigating the globe. If we picture to ourselves the mental
+condition of the age and the state of science, we shall find no
+difficulty in conceiving the scorn and incredulity with which the theory
+of Columbus was received. We shall not wonder that he was regarded as a
+madman or a fool; we are not surprised to remember that he encountered
+repulse upon repulse as he journeyed wearily from court to court, and
+pleaded in vain to the sovereigns of Europe for aid to prosecute his
+great design. The marvel is that when door after door was closed against
+him, when all ears were deaf to his earnest importunities, when day by
+day the opposition to his views increased, when, weary and footsore, he
+was forced to beg a bit of bread and a cup of water for his fainting and
+famishing boy at the door of a Spanish convent, his reason did not give
+way, and his great heart did not break with disappointment.
+
+
+THE FIRST AMERICAN MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS.
+
+     From an article in the Baltimore _American_.
+
+To a patriotic Frenchman and to Baltimore belongs the credit of the
+erection of the first monument to the memory of Christopher Columbus.
+This shaft, though unpretentious in height and material, is the first
+ever erected in the "Monumental City" or in the whole United States. The
+monument was put up on his estate by Charles Francis Adrian le Paulmier,
+Chevalier d'Amour. The property is now occupied by the Samuel Ready
+Orphan Asylum, at North and Hartford avenues. It passed into the hands
+of the trustees from the executors of the late Zenus Barnum's will.
+
+It has ever been a matter of surprise, particularly among tourists, that
+among the thousand and one monuments which have been put up in the
+United States to the illustrious dead, that the daring navigator who
+first sighted an island which was part of a great continent which 400
+years later developed into the first nation of the world, should be so
+completely and entirely overlooked. It is on record that the only other
+monument in the world, up to 1863, which has been erected in the honor
+of Columbus is in Genoa. There is no authoritative account of the
+construction of the Baltimore monument. The fact that it was built in
+honor of Columbus is substantial, as the following inscription on the
+shaft shows:
+
+  Sacred
+  to the
+  Memory
+  of
+  CHRIS.
+  COLUMBUS,
+  OCT. XII,
+  MDCC VIIIC.
+
+It can be seen that the numerals are engrossed in the old English style,
+and show eight less than 1800, or 1792, and the date October 12th. The
+shaft towers among the boughs of a great oak tree which, like itself,
+has stood the storms and winds of nearly a hundred years. It has seen
+Baltimore develop from a little colonial town to a great city. The
+existence of the monument, strange to say, was known to only a few
+persons until the opening of North Avenue through the Barnum estate
+about twelve years ago. It looms up about fifty feet, and is attractive.
+Tradition says that it is built of brick which was brought from England,
+and covered with mortar or cement. At any rate it is substantial, and
+likely to stand the ravages of time for many more years. The Samuel
+Ready estate is on the east side of the Hartford turnpike and fronts on
+North Avenue. The old-fashioned country house, which was built many
+years ago, was occupied by the proprietor of Baltimore's famous
+hostelry, and is still in use. It is occupied by girls who are reared
+and educated by money left by the philanthropist Samuel Ready. Forty or
+fifty years ago the elder David Barnum resided there.
+
+In the southeast corner of the beautiful inclosure stands the monument.
+It is on an elevated terraced plateau. The plaster or cement coating is
+intact, and the inscription is plain. The shaft is quadrangular in form,
+sloping from a base six feet six inches in diameter to about two feet
+and a half at the top, which is a trifle over fifty feet from the
+ground. The pedestal comprises a base about thirty inches high, with
+well-rounded corners of molded brick work. The pedestal proper is five
+feet six inches in diameter, ten feet in height, and a cornice,
+ornamental in style, about three feet in height. From this rises a
+tapering shaft of about twenty-eight feet. The whole is surmounted by a
+capstone eighteen inches high. Three stories are told about the
+monument.
+
+Here is the first: Among the humble people who have lived in that
+section for years the legend is that the monument was erected to the
+memory of a favorite horse owned by the old Frenchman who was the first
+French consul to the United States. For years it was known as the "Horse
+Monument," and people with imaginative brains conjured up all sorts of
+tales, and retailed them _ad lib_. These stories were generally accepted
+without much inquiry as to their authenticity.
+
+This, however, is the true story: Gen. D'Amour, who was the first
+representative sent to the colonies from France, was extremely wealthy.
+He was a member of a society founded to perpetuate the memory of
+Columbus in his own land.
+
+It is said that Gen. D'Amour came to America with Count de Grasse, and
+after the fall of Yorktown retired to this city, where he remained until
+he was recalled to France in 1797. His reason for erecting the monument
+was because of his admiration for Columbus' bravery in the face of
+apparent failure. Tradition further says that one evening in the year
+1792, while he was entertaining a party of guests, the fact that it was
+then the tri-centennial of the discovery of America was the topic of
+conversation. During the evening it was mentioned incidentally that
+there was not in this whole country a monument to commemorate the deeds
+of Columbus. Thereupon, Gen. D'Amour is said to have made a solemn vow
+that this neglect should be immediately remedied by the erection of an
+enduring shaft upon his own estate.
+
+He bought the property around where the monument now stands, and lived
+in grand style, as befitted a man of his wealth and position. He
+entertained extensively. It is said that Lafayette was dined and feted
+by the Frenchman in the old brick house which is still standing behind
+the mansion. In the year and on the date which marked the 300th
+anniversary of the discovery of America the monument was unveiled. The
+newspapers in those days were not enterprising, and the journals
+published at that time do not mention the fact. Again, it is said that
+D'Amour died at the old mansion, and many people believe that his body
+was interred near the base of the shaft. It is related that about forty
+years ago two Frenchmen came to this country and laid claims on the
+property, which had, after the Frenchman's death, passed into other
+hands. The claim was disputed because of an unsettled mortgage on it,
+and they failed to prove their title. They tried to discover the
+burial-place of the former owner. In this they also failed, although
+large rewards were offered to encourage people to aid them in their
+search. It is said that an ingenious Irishman in the neighborhood
+undertook to earn the reward, and pointed out a grave in an old Quaker
+burying-ground close by.
+
+The grave was opened and the remains exhumed. Examination proved the
+bones those of a colored man. Old Mrs. Reilly, who was the wife of
+famous old Barnum's Hotel hackman Reilly, used to say that some years
+after the two Frenchmen had departed there came another mysterious
+Frenchman, who sat beside the monument for weeks, pleading to the then
+owners for permission to dig in a certain spot hard by. He was refused.
+Nothing daunted, he waited an opportunity and, when the coast was clear,
+he dug up a stone slab, which he had heard was to be found, and carried
+away the remains of a pet cat which had been buried there.
+
+Frequent inquiries were made of Mr. Samuel H. Tagart, who was the
+trustee in charge of the estate of Zenus Barnum, in regard to the old
+Frenchman. Antiquarians all over the country made application for
+permission to dig beneath the monument, and to remove the tablet from
+the face of the shaft. He felt, however, that he could not do it, and
+refused all requests.
+
+Early in the present century the Samuel Ready estate was owned by Thomas
+Tenant--in those days a wealthy, influential citizen. One of his
+daughters, now dead, became the wife of Hon. John P. Kennedy. Another
+daughter, who lived in New York, and who is supposed to be dead, paid a
+visit in 1878 to the old homestead, and sat beneath the shadow of the
+Columbus monument. She stated that the shaft has stood in her early
+girlhood as it stands now. It was often visited by noted Italians and
+Frenchmen, who seemed to have heard of the existence of the monument in
+Europe. She repeated the story of the wealthy Frenchman, and told of
+some of his eccentricities, and said he had put up the monument at a
+cost of L800, or $4,000.
+
+The old land records of Baltimore town were examined by a representative
+of the _American_ as far back as 1787. It appears that in that year
+Daniel Weatherly and his wife, Elizabeth; Samuel Wilson and wife,
+Hannah; Isaac Pennington and Jemima, his wife, and William Askew and
+Jonathan Rutter assigned to Rachel Stevenson four lots of ground,
+comprising the estate known as "Hanson's Woods," "Darley Hall,"
+"Rutter's Discovery," and "Orange." Later, in 1787 and 1788, additional
+lots were received from one Christopher Hughes, and in the following
+year the entire estate was assigned by Rachel Stevenson to Charles
+Francis Adrian le Paulmier, Chevalier d'Amour, the French consul, the
+eccentric Frenchman, and the perpetuator of Columbus' memory in
+Baltimore.
+
+The property remained in his possession up to 1796, when Archibald
+Campbell purchased it. In the year 1800 James Hindman bought it, and
+retained possession until 1802, when James Carere took hold. Thomas
+Tenant purchased the estate in 1809. At his death, in 1830, it changed
+hands several times, and was finally bought by David Barnum, about 1833.
+At his death, in 1854, the estate passed into the hands of Samuel W.
+McClellan, then to Zenus Barnum, and subsequently fell to his heirs, Dr.
+Zenus Barnum, Arthur C. Barnum, Annie and Maggie Barnum. After much
+litigation, about four years ago the estate passed into possession of
+the executors of Samuel Ready's will, and they have turned the once
+tumbled-down, deserted place into a beautiful spot. All the families
+mentioned have relatives living in this city now. In all the changes of
+time and owners, the monument to Columbus has remained intact, showing
+that it is always the fittest that survives, and that old things are
+best.
+
+Mr. E. G. Perine, one of the officers of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum,
+has collected most of the data relating to the monument.
+
+
+THE ITALIAN STATUE.
+
+The Italian citizens resident in Baltimore propose to donate a
+magnificent statue of Columbus to the "Monumental City," in
+commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America.
+
+
+COLUMBUS--THE FULFILLER OF PROPHECY.
+
+     GEORGE BANCROFT, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L., America's premier historian.
+     Born at Worcester, Mass. October 3, 1800; died January 17, 1891.
+     From "The History of the United States."[28]
+
+Imagination had conceived the idea that vast inhabited regions lay
+unexplored in the west; and poets had declared that empires beyond the
+ocean would one day be revealed to the daring navigator. But Columbus
+deserves the undivided glory of having realized that belief.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The writers of to-day are disposed to consider Magellan's voyage a
+greater feat than that of Columbus. I can not agree with them. Magellan
+was doubtless a remarkable man, and a very bold man. But when he crossed
+the Pacific Ocean he _knew_ he must come to land at last; whereas
+Columbus, whatever he may have heard concerning lands to the west, or
+whatever his theories may have led him to expect, must still have been
+in a state of uncertainty--to say nothing of the superstitious fears of
+his companions, and probably his own.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The enterprise of Columbus, the most memorable maritime enterprise in
+the history of the world, formed between Europe and America the
+communication which will never cease. The story of the colonization of
+America by Northmen rests on narratives mythological in form and obscure
+in meaning; ancient, yet not contemporary. The intrepid mariners who
+colonized Greenland could easily have extended their voyages to Labrador
+and have explored the coasts to the south of it. No clear historic
+evidence establishes the natural probability that they accomplished the
+passage; and no vestige of their presence on our continent has been
+found.
+
+Nearly three centuries before the Christian era, Aristotle, following
+the lessons of the Pythagoreans, had taught that the earth is a sphere,
+and that the water which bounds Europe on the west washes the eastern
+shores of Asia. Instructed by him, the Spaniard Seneca believed that a
+ship, with a fair wind, could sail from Spain to the Indies in the space
+of a very few days. The opinion was revived in the Middle Ages by
+Averroes, the Arab commentator of Aristotle; science and observation
+assisted to confirm it; and poets of ancient and of more recent times
+had foretold that empires beyond the ocean would one day be revealed to
+the daring navigator. The genial country of Dante and Buonarotti gave
+birth to Christopher Columbus, by whom these lessons were so received
+and weighed that he gained the glory of fulfilling the prophecy.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE MARINER.
+
+     HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT, an American historian. Born at Granville,
+     Ohio, 1832.
+
+As a mariner and discoverer Columbus had no superior; as a colonist and
+governor he proved himself a failure. Had he been less pretentious and
+grasping, his latter days would have been more peaceful. Discovery was
+his infatuation; but he lacked practical judgment, and he brought upon
+himself a series of calamities.
+
+
+A COLUMBUS BANK NOTE.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBUS MONUMENT, PASEO COLON, BARCELONA, SPAIN.
+
+Dedicated May 2, 1888]
+
+Since the Postoffice Department has decided to issue a set of stamps in
+honor of Columbus, it has been suggested that a Columbus bank note would
+also be in good taste at this time. Chief Meredith, of the Bureau of
+Engraving and Printing, originated the latter idea and will lay it
+before Secretary Foster when he returns to his desk at the Treasury.
+Issuing a whole set of Columbian notes would involve not only a great
+deal of preparation but cost as well, and hence it is proposed to choose
+one of the smaller denominations, probably the $1 note, for the change.
+There is an engraving of Columbus in the bureau made by Burt, who was
+considered the finest vignette engraver in the country. It is a
+full-face portrait, representing Columbus with a smooth face and wearing
+a brigandish-looking hat.
+
+
+THE BARCELONA STATUE.
+
+The historic Muralla del Mar (sea wall) of Barcelona has been effaced
+during the progress of harbor improvements, and its place supplied by a
+wide and handsome quay, which forms a delightful promenade, is planted
+with palms, and has been officially named the Paseo de Colon (Columbus
+Promenade). Here, at the foot of the Rambla in the Plaza de la Paz, is a
+marble statue of Columbus.
+
+This magnificent monument, erected in honor of the great Genoese
+mariner, was unveiled on May 2, 1888, in the presence of the Queen
+Regent, King Alfonzo XIII. of Spain, and the royal family; Senor
+Sagasta, President of the Council of Ministers, the chief Alcalde of
+Barcelona, many other Spanish notables, and the officers of the many
+European and American men-of-war then in the port of Barcelona.
+
+It was dedicated amid the thunders of more than 5,000 guns and the
+salutes of battalions of brave seamen. The ceremony was such and so
+imposing as to be without a parallel in the history of any other part of
+the world.
+
+The following ships of war, at anchor in the harbor of Barcelona, boomed
+out their homage to the First Admiral of the Shadowy Sea, and, landing
+detachments of officers, seamen, and marines, took part in the
+inauguration ceremonies.
+
+_American_--United States steamship Winnebago.
+
+_Austrian_--The imperial steamships Tegethoff, Custozz, Prinz Eugen,
+Kaiser Max, Kaiser John of Austria, Meteor, Panther, and Leopard.
+
+_British_--H.M.S. Alexandra, Dreadnought, Colossus, Thunderer, and
+Phaeton, and torpedo boats 99, 100, 101, and 108.
+
+_Dutch_--The Johann Wilhelm Friso.
+
+_French_--The Colbert, Duperre, Courbet, Devastation, Redoubtable,
+Indomptable, Milan, Condor, Falcon, the dispatch boat Coulevrine, and
+six torpedo boats.
+
+_German_--The imperial vessel Kaiser.
+
+_Italian_--The royal vessels Etna, Salta, Goito, Vesuvius, Archimedes,
+Tripoli, Folgore, Castellfidardo, Lepanto, and Italia.
+
+_Portuguese_--The Vasco da Gama.
+
+_Russian_--The Vestruch and Zabiaca.
+
+_Spanish_--The Numancia, Navarra, Gerona, Castilla, Blanca, Destructor,
+Pilar, and Piles.
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE MONUMENT.
+
+The monument was cast in the workshops of A. Wohlgemuth, engineer and
+constructor of Barcelona, and was made in eight pieces, the base
+weighing 31-1/2 tons. The first section, 22-1/2 tons; the second, 24-1/2
+tons; the third, 23-1/2 tons; the fourth, 23-1/8 tons; the capital,
+29-1/2 tons; the templete, 13-1/2 tons; the globe, 15-1/2 tons; the
+bronze ornaments, 13-1/2 tons; the statue of Columbus, 41 tons; the
+pedestal of the column, 31-1/2 tons; the total weight of bronze employed
+in the column being 210-1/2 tons; its height, 198 feet.
+
+The total cost of the monument amounted to 1,000,000 pesetas. Of these,
+350,000 were collected by public subscription, and the remaining 650,000
+pesetas were contributed by the city of Barcelona.
+
+The monument is 198 feet in height, and is ascended by means of an
+hydraulic elevator; five or six persons have room to stand on the
+platform. On the side facing the sea there opens a staircase of a single
+flight, which leads to a small resting room richly ornamented, and lit
+by a skylight, which contains the elevator. The grand and beautiful city
+of Barcelona, the busiest center of industry, commerce, and shipping,
+and mart of the arts and sciences, is not likely to leave in oblivion he
+who enriched the Old World with a new one, opening new arteries of trade
+which immensely augmented its renowned commercial existence; and less is
+it likely to forget that the citizens of Barcelona who were
+contemporaneous with Columbus were among the first to greet the unknown
+mariner when he returned from America, for the first time, with the
+enthusiasm which his colossal discovery evoked.
+
+If for this alone, in one of her most charming squares, in full view of
+the ocean whose bounds the immortal sailor fixed and discovered, they
+have raised his statue upon a monument higher than the most celebrated
+ones of the earth. This statue, constructed under the supervision of the
+artist Don Cayetano Buigas, is composed of a base one meter in height
+and twenty meters wide, and of three sections. The first part is a
+circular section, eighteen meters in diameter, ten feet in height; it is
+composed of carved stone with interspersed bas-reliefs in bronze,
+representing episodes in the life of Columbus.
+
+The second story takes the form of a cross, and is of the height of
+thirty-three feet, being of carved stone decorated with bronzes. On the
+arms of the cross are four female figures, representing Catalonia,
+Aragon, Castille, and Leon, and in the angles of the same are figures of
+Father Boyle, Santangel, Margarite and Ferrer de Blanes.
+
+On the sides of the cross are grouped eight medallions of bronze, on
+which are placed the busts of Isabella I., Ferdinand V., Father Juan
+Flores, Andres de Cabrera, Padre Juan de la Marchena, the Marchioness of
+Moya, Martin Pinzon, and his brother, Vicente Yanez Pinzon.
+
+This section upholds the third part of the monument, which takes the
+form of an immense globe, on top of which stands the statue of Columbus,
+a noble conception of a great artist, grandly pointing toward the
+conquered confines of the Mysterious Sea.[29]
+
+
+LEGEND OF A WESTERN LAND.
+
+     Rev. SABINE BARING-GOULD, vicar of Looe Trenchard, Devonshire,
+     England. Born at Exeter, England, 1834. An antiquarian,
+     archaeological and historical writer, no mean poet, and a novelist.
+     From his "Curious Myths of the Middle Ages."
+
+According to a Keltic legend, in former days there lived in Skerr a
+Druid of renown. He sat with his face to the west on the shore, his eye
+following the declining sun, and he blamed the careless billows which
+tumbled between him and the distant Isle of Green. One day, as he sat
+musing on a rock, a storm arose on the sea; a cloud, under whose squally
+skirts the foaming waters tossed, rushed suddenly into the bay, and from
+its dark womb emerged a boat with white sails bent to the wind and banks
+of gleaming oars on either side. But it was destitute of mariners,
+itself seeming to live and move. An unusual terror seized on the aged
+Druid; he heard a voice call, "Arise, and see the Green Isle of those
+who have passed away!" Then he entered the vessel. Immediately the wind
+shifted, the cloud enveloped him, and in the bosom of the vapor he
+sailed away. Seven days gleamed on him through the mist; on the eighth,
+the waves rolled violently, the vessel pitched, and darkness thickened
+around him, when suddenly he heard a cry, "The Isle! the Isle!" The
+clouds parted before him, the waves abated, the wind died away, and the
+vessel rushed into dazzling light. Before his eyes lay the Isle of the
+Departed, basking in golden light. Its hills sloped green and tufted
+with beauteous trees to the shore, the mountain tops were enveloped in
+bright and transparent clouds, from which gushed limpid streams, which,
+wandering down the steep hill-sides with pleasant harp-like murmur
+emptied themselves into the twinkling blue bays. The valleys were open
+and free to the ocean; trees loaded with leaves, which scarcely waved to
+the light breeze, were scattered on the green declivities and rising
+ground; all was calm and bright; the pure sun of autumn shone from his
+blue sky on the fields; he hastened not to the west for repose, nor was
+he seen to rise in the east, but hung as a golden lamp, ever illumining
+the Fortunate Isles.
+
+
+LEGEND OF A WESTERN ISLAND.
+
+There is a Phoenician legend that a large island was discovered in the
+Atlantic Ocean, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, several days' sail from
+the coast of Africa. This island abounded in all manner of riches. The
+soil was exceedingly fertile; the scenery was diversified by rivers,
+mountains, and forests. It was the custom of the inhabitants to retire
+during the summer to magnificent country houses, which stood in the
+midst of beautiful gardens. Fish and game were found in great abundance,
+the climate was delicious, and the trees bore fruit at all seasons of
+the year.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS AN IDEAL COMMANDER.
+
+     JOEL BARLOW, American poet, patriot, and politician. Born at
+     Reading, Conn., 1755; died near Cracow, in Poland, 1812. From the
+     introduction to "Columbiad" (1807).
+
+Every talent requisite for governing, soothing, and tempering the
+passions of men is conspicuous in the conduct of Columbus on the
+occasion of the mutiny of his crew. The dignity and affability of his
+manners, his surprising knowledge and experience in naval affairs, his
+unwearied and minute attention to the duties of his command, gave him a
+great ascendancy over the minds of his men, and inspired that degree of
+confidence which would have maintained his authority in almost any
+circumstances.
+
+
+MAN'S INGRATITUDE.
+
+  Long had the sage, the first who dared to brave
+  The unknown dangers of the western wave;
+  Who taught mankind where future empires lay
+  In these confines of descending day;
+  With cares o'erwhelmed, in life's distressing gloom,
+  Wish'd from a thankless world a peaceful tomb,
+  While kings and nations, envious of his name,
+  Enjoyed his toils and triumphed o'er his fame,
+  And gave the chief, from promised empire hurl'd,
+  Chains for a crown, a prison for a world.
+
+  --_Barlow_, "Columbus" (1787).
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 28: By permission of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co.]
+
+[Footnote 29: For the above interesting particulars, and for the
+artistic illustration of this beautiful statue, the compiler desires to
+record his sincere obligations to the courteous kindness of Mr. William
+G. Williams of Rutherford, N. J.]
+
+
+
+"ONLY THE ACTIONS OF THE JUST."
+
+  Ages unborn shall bless the happy day
+  When thy bold streamers steer'd the trackless way.
+  O'er these delightful realms thy sons shall tread,
+  And following millions trace the path you led.
+  Behold yon isles, where first the flag unfurled
+  Waved peaceful triumph o'er the new-found world.
+  Where, aw'd to silence, savage bands gave place,
+  And hail'd with joy the sun-descended race.
+
+  --_Barlow_, "The Vision of Columbus,"
+  a poem in nine books (1787).
+
+
+QUEEN ISABELLA'S DEATH.
+
+  Truth leaves the world and Isabella dies.
+
+  --_Ibid._
+
+
+
+COLUMBUS' CHAINS HIS CROWN.
+
+  I sing the mariner who first unfurl'd
+  An eastern banner o'er the western world,
+  And taught mankind where future empires lay
+  In these fair confines of descending day;
+  Who swayed a moment, with vicarious power,
+  Iberia's scepter on the new-found shore;
+  Then saw the paths his virtuous steps had trod
+  Pursued by avarice and defiled with blood;
+  The tribes he fostered with paternal toil
+  Snatched from his hand and slaughtered for their spoil.
+  Slaves, kings, adventurers, envious of his name,
+  Enjoyed his labors and purloined his fame,
+  And gave the viceroy, from his high seat hurl'd,
+  Chains for a crown, a prison for a world.
+
+  --_Barlow_, The "Columbiad," Book I; lines 1-14.
+
+
+PROPHETIC VISIONS URGED COLUMBUS ON.
+
+  The bliss of unborn nations warm'd his breast,
+  Repaid his toils, and sooth'd his soul to rest;
+  Thus o'er thy subject wave shall thou behold
+  Far happier realms their future charms unfold,
+  In nobler pomp another Pisgah rise,
+  Beneath whose foot thy new-found Canaan lies.
+  There, rapt in vision, hail my favorite clime
+  And taste the blessings of remotest time.
+
+  --_Barlow_, The "Columbiad," Book 1; lines 176-184.
+
+
+COLUMBUS, THE PATHFINDER OF THE SHADOWY SEA.
+
+  He opened calm the universal cause
+  To give each realm its limit and its laws,
+  Bid the last breath of tired contention cease,
+  And bind all regions in the leagues of peace.
+
+  To yon bright borders of Atlantic day
+  His swelling pinions led the trackless way,
+  And taught mankind such useful deeds to dare,
+  To trace new seas and happy nations rear;
+  Till by fraternal hands their sails unfurled
+  Have waved at last in union o'er the world.
+
+  --_Ibid._
+
+
+RELIGIOUS OBJECT OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     J. J. BARRY, M. D., "Life of Columbus."
+
+The first object of the discovery, disengaged from every human
+consideration, was the glorification of the Redeemer and the extension
+of His Church.
+
+
+THE NOBILITY OF COLUMBUS IN ADVERSITY.
+
+
+The accumulations of his reverses exceed human proportions. His
+misfortunes almost surpass his glory. Still this man does not murmur. He
+accuses, he curses nobody; and does not regret that he was born. The
+people of ancient times would never have conceived this type of a hero.
+Christianity alone, whose creation he was, can comprehend him. * * * The
+example of Columbus shows that nobody can completely obtain here below
+the objects of his desires. The man who doubled the known space of the
+earth was not able to attain his object; he proposed to himself much
+more than he realized.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS BELL.
+
+The congregation of the little colored church at Haleyville, in
+Cumberland County, N. J., contributes an interesting historical relic to
+the World's Fair. It is the bell that has for years called them to
+church. In the year 1445, the bell, it is said, hung in one of the
+towers of the famous mosque at the Alhambra. After the siege of Granada,
+the bell was taken away by the Spanish soldiers and presented to Queen
+Isabella, who, in turn, presented it to Columbus, who brought it to
+America on his fourth voyage and presented it to a community of Spanish
+monks who placed it in the Cathedral of Carthagena, on the Island of New
+Granada. In 1697 buccaneers looted Carthagena, and carried the bell on
+board the French pirate ship La Rochelle, but the ship was wrecked on
+the Island of St. Andreas shortly afterward, and the wreckers secured
+the bell as part of their salvage. Capt. Newell of Bridgeton purchased
+it, brought it to this country, and presented it to the colored
+congregation of the Haleyville church. The bell weighs sixty-four
+pounds, and is of fine metal.
+
+
+THE PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     GERONIMO BENZONI of Milan, Italy. Born about 1520. From his
+     "History of the New World" (1565).
+
+He was a man of a good, reasonable stature, with sound, strong limbs; of
+good judgment, high talent, and gentlemanlike aspect. His eyes were
+bright, his hair red, his nose aquiline, his mouth somewhat large; but
+above all he was a friend to justice, though rather passionate when
+angry.
+
+
+WESTWARD RELIGION'S BANNERS TOOK THEIR WAY.
+
+     The Right Rev. GEORGE BERKELEY, Bishop of Cloyne, Ireland. Born at
+     Kilcrin, Kilkenny, March 12, 1684; died at Oxford, England, January
+     14, 1754. The author of the celebrated line, "Westward the course
+     of Empire takes its way."
+
+But all things of heavenly origin, like the glorious sun, move westward;
+and Truth and Art have their periods of shining and of night. Rejoice,
+then, O venerable Rome, in thy divine destiny! for, though darkness
+overshadow thy seats, and though thy mitred head must descend into the
+dust, thy spirit, immortal and undecayed, already spreads toward a new
+world.
+
+
+COLUMBUS NO CHANCE COMER.
+
+     The Hon. JAMES GILLESPIE BLAINE, one of America's leading
+     statesmen. Born in Washington County, Pa., in 1830.
+
+Columbus was no chance comer. The time was full. He was not premature;
+he was not late. He came in accordance with a scientifically formed if
+imperfect theory, whether his own or another's--a theory which had a
+logical foundation, and which projected logical sequences. * * * Had not
+Columbus discovered America in 1492, a hundred Columbuses would have
+discovered it in 1493.
+
+
+THE CERTAIN CONVICTIONS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     BARON BONNAFOUX, a French author. From "La Vie de Christophe
+     Colombe" (1853).
+
+He was as certain of the truth of his theory as if he had seen and
+trodden on the very ground which his imagination had called into
+existence. * * * There was an air of authority about him, and a dignity
+in his manner, that struck all who saw him. He considered himself, on
+principle, above envy and slander, and in calm and serious discussion
+always had the superiority in argument on the subjects of his schemes.
+To refuse to assist him in his projects was one thing; but it was
+impossible to reply to his discourse in refutation of his arguments,
+and, above all, not to respect him.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF MODERN TIMES.
+
+     From an editorial in the Boston _Journal_, July 13, 1892.
+
+When John Bright, in Parliament, shortly after the successful laying of
+the Atlantic cable, called Cyrus W. Field _the Columbus of modern
+times_, he made no inappropriate comparison. Mr. Field, in the early
+days of the great undertaking that has made his name immortal, had to
+contend against the same difficulties as the intrepid Genoese. The
+lineal descendants of the fifteenth century pundits, who vexed the soul
+of Columbus by insisting that the world was flat, were very sure that a
+cable could never be laid across the boisterous Atlantic; that sea
+monsters would bite it off and huge waves destroy it. Both men finally
+prevailed over a doubting world by sheer force of indomitable
+enthusiasm.
+
+Many men in Mr. Field's place, having amassed a fortune comparatively
+early in life, would have devoted themselves to ease and recreation. But
+there was too much of the New England spirit of restless energy in Mr.
+Field to permit him to pass the best years of his life thus
+ingloriously. The great thought of his cable occurred to him, and he
+became a man of one fixed idea, and ended by becoming a popular hero. No
+private American citizen, probably, has received such distinguished
+honors as Mr. Field when his cable was laid in 1867, and the undertaking
+of his lifetime was successfully accomplished. And Mr. Field was
+honestly entitled to all the glory and to all the financial profit that
+he reaped. His project was one that only a giant mind could conceive,
+and a giant mind and a giant will could carry on to execution.
+
+As if to make the parallel with Columbus complete, Mr. Field passed his
+last few days under the heavy shadow of misfortune. His son's failure,
+and the sensational developments attending it, were probably the
+occasion of his fatal illness. It is a melancholy termination of a
+remarkable career to which the nations of the earth owe a vast debt of
+gratitude.
+
+
+Chicago _Tribune_, July 13, 1892.
+
+The story of the twelve years' struggle to lay an Atlantic cable from
+Ireland to Newfoundland is the story of one of the greatest battles with
+the fates that any one man was ever called on to wage. It was a fight
+not only against the ocean, jealous of its rights as a separator of the
+continents, and against natural obstacles which seemed absolutely
+unsurpassable, but a fight against stubborn Parliaments and Congresses,
+and all the stumbling blocks of human disbelief. But the courage of
+Cyrus W. Field was indomitable. _His patience and zeal were
+inexhaustible, and so it came to pass, on July 27, 1866, that this man
+knelt down in his cabin, like a second Columbus, and gave thanks to God,
+for his labors were crowned with success at last._
+
+He had lost his health. He had worn out his nervous forces by the
+tremendous strain, and he paid in excruciating suffering the debt he
+owed to nature. But he had won a fortune and a lasting fame.
+
+
+THE BOSTON STATUE.
+
+In 1849 the Italian merchants of Boston, under the presidency of Mr.
+Iasigi, presented to the city a statue of Columbus, which was placed
+inside the inclosure of Louisburg Square, at the Pinckney Street end of
+the square. The statue, which is of inferior merit, bears no
+inscription, and is at the present date forgotten, dilapidated, and fast
+falling into decay.
+
+
+YOU CAN NOT CONQUER AMERICA.
+
+     FLAVIUS J. BROBST in an article on Westminster Abbey, in the
+     _Mid-Continent Magazine_, August, 1892.
+
+Sublimest of all, the incomparable Earl of Chatham, whose prophetic ken
+foresaw the independence of the American nation even before the battles
+of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill had been fought; and who, from
+the first, in Parliament, rose with his eagle beak, and raised his
+clarion voice with all the vehemence of his imperial soul in behalf of
+the American colonies, reaching once a climax of inspiration, when, in
+thunderous tones, he declared to the English nation, "_You can not
+conquer America._"
+
+
+THE INDOMITABLE COURAGE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     WILLIAM C. BRYANT, an eminent American poet. Born at Cummington,
+     Mass., November 3, 1794; died June 12, 1878. From his "History of
+     the United States."
+
+With a patience that nothing could wear out, and a perseverance that,
+was absolutely unconquerable, Columbus waited and labored for eighteen
+years, appealing to minds that wanted light and to ears that wanted
+hearing. His ideas of the possibilities of navigation were before his
+time. It was one thing to creep along the coast of Africa, where the
+hold upon the land need never be lost, another to steer out boldly into
+that wilderness of waters, over which mystery and darkness brooded.
+
+
+THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.
+
+     J. W. BUEL, a celebrated American author.
+
+Oh, thou Santa Maria, thou famous remembrancer of the centuries! The
+names of none of those that sailed in search of the Golden Fleece are so
+well preserved among the eternities of history as is thine. No vessel of
+Rome, of Greece, of Carthage, of Egypt, that carried conquering Caesar,
+triumphant Alexander, valiant Hannibal, or beauteous Cleopatra, shall be
+so well known to coming ages as thou art. No ship of the Spanish Armada,
+or of Lord Howard, who swept it from the sea; no looming monster; no
+Great Eastern or frowning ironclad of modern navies, shall be held like
+thee in perpetual remembrance by all the sons of men. For none ever bore
+such a hero on such a mission, that has glorified all nations by giving
+the greatest of all countries to the world.
+
+
+THE SCARLET THORN.
+
+     JOHN BURROUGHS, an American essayist and naturalist. Born at
+     Roxbury, New York, April 3, 1837. From a letter in the _St.
+     Nicholas Magazine_ of July, 1892. (See _post_, NASON.)
+
+There are a great many species of the thorn distributed throughout the
+United States. All the Northern species, so far as I know, have white
+flowers. In the South they are more inclined to be pink or roseate. If
+Columbus picked up at sea a spray of the thorn, it was doubtless some
+Southern species. Let us believe it was the Washington thorn, which
+grows on the banks of streams from Virginia to the Gulf, and loads
+heavily with small red fruit.
+
+The thorn belongs to the great family of trees that includes the apple,
+peach, pear, raspberry, strawberry, etc., namely, the rose family, or
+_Rosaceae_. Hence the apple, pear, and plum are often grafted on the
+white thorn.
+
+A curious thing about the thorns is that they are suppressed or
+abortive branches. The ancestor of this tree must have been terribly
+abused sometime to have its branches turn to thorns.
+
+I have an idea that persistent cultivation and good treatment would
+greatly mollify the sharp temper of the thorn, if not change it
+completely.
+
+The flower of the thorn would become us well as a National flower. It
+belongs to such a hardy, spunky, unconquerable tree, and to such a
+numerous and useful family. Certainly, it would be vastly better than
+the merely delicate and pretty wild flowers that have been so generally
+named.
+
+
+CAPTAIN AND SEAMEN.
+
+     RICHARD E. BURTON, in the Denver (Colo.) _Times_, 1892.
+
+  I see a galleon of Spanish make,
+    That westward like a winged creature flies,
+    Above a sea dawn-bright, and arched with skies
+  Expectant of the sun and morning-break.
+  The sailors from the deck their land-thirst slake
+    With peering o'er the waves, until their eyes
+    Discern a coast that faint and dream-like lies,
+  The while they pray, weep, laugh, or madly take
+  Their shipmates in their arms and speak no word.
+    And then I see a figure, tall, removed
+    A little from the others, as behooved,
+  That since the dawn has neither spoke nor stirred;
+  A noble form, the looming mast beside,
+  Columbus, calm, his prescience verified.
+
+
+THE BEAUTIES OF THE BAHAMA SEA.
+
+     HEZEKIAH BUTTERWORTH, American author. Born in Rhode Island, 1839.
+     From an article, "The Sea of Discovery," in _The Youth's
+     Companion_, June 9, 1892.
+
+The Bahama Sea is perhaps the most beautiful of all waters. Columbus
+beheld it and its islands with a poet's eye.
+
+"It only needed the singing of the nightingale," said the joyful
+mariner, "to make it like Andalusia in April;" and to his mind Andalusia
+was the loveliest place on earth. In sailing among these gardens of the
+seas in the serene and transparent autumn days after the great
+discovery, the soul of Columbus was at times overwhelmed and entranced
+by a sense of the beauty of everything in it and about it. Life seemed,
+as it were, a spiritual vision.
+
+"I know not," said the discoverer, "where first to go; nor are my eyes
+ever weary of gazing on the beautiful verdure. The singing of the birds
+is such that it seems as if one would never desire to depart hence."
+
+He speaks in a poet's phrases of the odorous trees, and of the clouds of
+parrots whose bright wings obscured the sun. His descriptions of the sea
+and its gardens are full of glowing and sympathetic colorings, and all
+things to him had a spiritual meaning.
+
+"God," he said, on reviewing his first voyage over these western waters,
+"God made me the messenger of the new heavens and earth, and told me
+where to find them. Charts, maps, and mathematical knowledge had nothing
+to do with the case."
+
+On announcing his discovery on his return, he breaks forth into the
+following highly poetic exhortation: "Let processions be formed, let
+festivals be held, let lauds be sung. Let Christ rejoice on earth."
+
+Columbus was a student of the Greek and Latin poets, and of the poetry
+of the Hebrew Scriptures. The visions of Isaiah were familiar to him,
+and he thought that Isaiah himself at one time appeared to him in a
+vision. He loved nature. To him the outer world was a garment of the
+Invisible; and it was before his great soul had suffered
+disappointment that he saw the sun-flooded waters of the Bahama Sea
+and the purple splendors of the Antilles.
+
+[Illustration: THE PASEO COLON (COLUMBUS PROMENADE), BARCELONA, SPAIN.
+
+With the Columbus Monument in the background.
+
+See page 81]
+
+There is scarcely an adjective in the picturesque report of Columbus in
+regard to this sea and these islands that is not now as appropriate and
+fitting as in the days when its glowing words delighted Isabella 400
+years ago.
+
+
+WHEN HISTORY DOES THEE WRONG.
+
+     GEORGE GORDON NOEL, LORD BYRON, one of England's famous poets. Born
+     in London, January 22, 1788; died at Missolonghi, Greece, April 19,
+     1824.
+
+  Teems not each ditty with the glorious tale?
+    Ah! such, alas, the hero's amplest fate.
+  When granite molders and when records fail,
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Pride! bend thine eye from heaven to thine estate,
+    See how the mighty shrink into a song.
+  Can volume, pillar, pile, preserve thee great?
+    Or must thou trust Tradition's simple tongue,
+    When Flattery sleeps with thee, and History does thee wrong.
+
+
+
+
+CABOT'S CONTEMPORANEOUS UTTERANCE.
+
+     SEBASTIAN CABOT, a navigator of great eminence. Born at Bristol,
+     England, about 1477. Discovered the mainland of North America. Died
+     about 1557.
+
+When newes were brought that Don Christopher Colonus, the Genoese, had
+discovered the coasts of India, whereof was great talke in all the Court
+of King Henry the VII. who then raigned, * * * all men with great
+admiration affirmed it to be a thing more divine than humane to saile by
+the West into the Easte, where the spices growe, by a chart that was
+never before knowen.
+
+
+THE CAPITULATIONS OF SANTA FE--AGREEMENT OF COLUMBUS WITH FERDINAND AND
+ISABELLA.
+
+     Sir ARTHUR HELPS. From "The Life of Columbus." [See other extracts,
+     _post_, _sub nomine_ HELPS.]
+
+1. Christopher Columbus wishes to be made Admiral of the seas and
+countries which he is about to discover. He desires to hold this dignity
+during his life, and that it should descend to his heirs.
+
+_This request is granted by the King and Queen._
+
+2. Christopher Columbus wishes to be made Viceroy of all the continents
+and islands.
+
+_Granted by the King and Queen._
+
+3. He wishes to have a share amounting to a tenth part of the profits of
+all merchandise--be it pearls, jewels, or any other thing--that may be
+found, gained, bought, or exported from the countries which he is to
+discover.
+
+_Granted by the King and Queen._
+
+4. He wishes, in his quality of Admiral, to be made sole judge of all
+mercantile matters that may be the occasion of dispute in the countries
+which he is to discover.
+
+_Granted by the King and Queen, on condition that this jurisdiction
+should belong to the office of Admiral, as held by Don Enriques and
+other Admirals._
+
+5. Christopher Columbus wishes to have the right to contribute the
+eighth part of the expenses of all ships which traffic with the new
+countries, and in return to earn the eighth part of the profits.
+
+_Granted by the King and Queen._
+
+Santa Fe, in the Vega of Granada, April 17, 1492.
+
+
+COLUMBUS, THE SEA-KING.
+
+     THOMAS CARLYLE, "the Sage of Chelsea," celebrated English
+     philosophic writer. Born at Ecclefechan, Scotland, December 4,
+     1795; died at Cheyne walk, Chelsea, London, February 5, 1881. From
+     "Past and Present."
+
+Brave Sea-captain, Norse Sea-king, Columbus, my hero, royalest Sea-king
+of all! it is no friendly environment this of thine, in the waste deep
+waters; around thee, mutinous, discouraged souls; behind thee, disgrace
+and ruin; before thee, the unpenetrated veil of Night. Brother, these
+wild water-mountains, bounding from their deep basin--ten miles deep, I
+am told--are not entirely there on thy behalf! Meseems they have other
+work than floating thee forward; and the huge winds that sweep from Ursa
+Major to the Tropics and Equator, dancing their giant waltz through the
+kingdoms of Chaos and Immensity, they care little about filling rightly
+or filling wrongly the small shoulder-of-mutton sails in this
+cockle-skiff of thine. Thou art not among articulate-speaking friends,
+my brother; thou art among immeasurable dumb monsters, tumbling,
+howling, wide as the world here. Secret, far off, invisible to all
+hearts but thine, there lies a help in them; see how thou wilt get at
+that. Patiently thou wilt wait till the mad southwester spend itself,
+saving thyself by dextrous science of defense the while; valiantly, with
+swift decision, wilt thou strike in, when the favoring east, the
+Possible, springs up. Mutiny of men thou wilt entirely repress;
+weakness, despondency, thou wilt cheerily encourage; thou wilt swallow
+down complaint, unreason, weariness, weakness of others and thyself.
+There shall be a depth of silence in thee deeper than this sea, which is
+but ten miles deep; a silence unsoundable, known to God only. Thou shalt
+be a great man. Yes, my World-soldier, thou wilt have to be greater than
+this tumultuous, unmeasured world here around thee; thou, in thy strong
+soul, as with wrestler's arms, shalt embrace it, harness it down, and
+make it bear thee on--to new Americas.
+
+
+OUTBOUND.
+
+     BLISS CARMAN, from a poem in the _Century Magazine_, 1892.[30]
+
+  A lonely sail in the vast sea-room,
+  I have put out for the port of gloom.
+
+  The voyage is far on the trackless tide,
+  The watch is long, and the seas are wide.
+
+  The headlands, blue in the sinking day,
+  Kiss me a hand on the outward way.
+
+  The fading gulls, as they dip and veer,
+  Lift me a voice that is good to hear.
+
+  The great winds come, and the heaving sea,
+  The restless mother, is calling me.
+
+  The cry of her heart is lone and wild,
+  Searching the night for her wandered child.
+
+  Beautiful, weariless mother of mine,
+  In the drift of doom I am here, I am thine.
+
+  Beyond the fathom of hope or fear,
+  From bourn to bourn of the dusk I steer.
+
+  Swept on in the wake of the stars, in the stream
+  Of a roving tide, from dream to dream.
+
+
+THE TRIBUTES OF THE PHOENIX OF THE AGES.
+
+     LOPE DE VEGA CARPIO, a celebrated Spanish poet and dramatist. Born
+     at Madrid, November 25, 1562; died, 1635.[31]
+
+Lope puts into the mouth of Columbus, in a dialogue with Ferdinand, who
+earnestly invites the discoverer to ask of him the wherewithal to
+prosecute the discovery, the following verses:
+
+  Sire, give me gold, for gold is all in all;
+  'Tis master, 'tis the goal and course alike,
+  The way, the means, the handicraft, and power,
+  The sure foundation and the truest friend.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Referring to the results of the great discovery, Lope beautifully says
+that it gave--
+
+  _Al Rey infinitas terras
+  Y a Dios infinitas almas._
+
+  (To the King boundless lands, and to God souls without
+  number.)
+
+HERSCHEL, THE COLUMBUS OF THE SKIES.
+
+     E. H. CHAPIN, American author of the nineteenth century.
+
+Man was sent into the world to be a growing and exhaustless force; the
+world was spread out around him to be seized and conquered. Realms of
+infinite truth burst open above him, inviting him to tread those shining
+coasts along which Newton dropped his plummet and Herschel sailed, a
+Columbus of the skies.
+
+
+THE DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS AND AMERICUS.
+
+     From Chicago _Tribune_, August, 1892. [See also _ante_, Boston
+     _Journal_.]
+
+The suggestion has been made by Mr. John Boyd Thacher, commissioner from
+New York to the World's Fair, that a tribute be paid to the memory of
+Amerigo Vespucci by opening the Fair May 5, 1893, that being the
+anniversary of America's christening day. Mr. Thacher's suggestion is
+based upon the fact that May 5, 1507, there was published at the
+College of Saint-Die, in Lorraine, the "Cosmographic Introductio," by
+Waldseemuller, in which the name of America "for the fourth part of the
+world" (Europe, Asia, and Africa being the other three parts) was first
+advocated, in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. As Mr. Thacher's suggestion
+already has aroused considerable jealous opposition among the Italians
+of New York, who claim all the glory for Columbus, a statement of what
+was really discovered by the two great explorers will be of interest at
+the present time.
+
+No writer of the present day has shed a clearer light upon this question
+than John Fiske, and it may be incidentally added, no student has done
+more than he to relieve Amerigo Vespucci from the reproach which has
+been fastened upon his reputation as an explorer, by critics, who, as
+Mr. Fiske clearly shows, have been misled by the sources of their
+authority and have judged him from erroneous standpoints. In making a
+statement of what the two explorers really discovered, the _Tribune_
+follows on the lines of Prof. Fiske's investigation as the clearest,
+most painstaking, and most authoritative that has yet been made.
+
+Christopher Columbus made four voyages. On the first he sailed from
+Palos, Friday, August 3, 1492, and Friday, October 12th (new style,
+October 21st), discovered land in the West Indies. It was one of the
+islands of the Bahamas, called by the natives Guanahani, and named by
+him San Salvador; which name, after the seventeenth century, was applied
+to Cat Island, though which one of the islands is the true San Salvador
+is still a matter of dispute.
+
+After spending ten days among the Bahamas Columbus (October 25th)
+steered south and reached the great Island of Cuba. He cruised around
+the east coast of the big island, and December 6th landed at Haiti,
+another immense island. A succession of disasters ended his voyage and
+he thereupon returned to Spain, arriving there March 15, 1493.
+
+Columbus sailed on his second voyage September 25, 1493, and November 3d
+landed at Dominica in the Caribbean Sea. During a two-weeks' cruise he
+discovered the islands of Marigalante, Guadaloupe, and Antigua, and
+lastly the large Island of Puerto Rico. April 24th he set out on another
+cruise of discovery. He followed the south coast of Cuba and came to
+Jamaica, the third largest of the West Indies, thence returning to Cuba,
+and from there to Spain, where he arrived June 11, 1494. On his third
+voyage he sailed May 30, 1498. Following a more southerly course, he
+arrived at Trinidad, and in coasting along saw the delta of the Orinoco
+River of South America and went into the Gulf of Paria. Thence he
+followed the north coast of Venezuela and finally arrived at Santo
+Domingo.
+
+The story of his arrest there is well known. He was taken in chains to
+Cadiz, Spain, arriving there in December, 1500.
+
+On his fourth and last voyage he sailed May 11, 1502. On June 15th he
+was at Martinique. He touched at Santo Domingo, thence sailed across to
+Cape Honduras, doubled that cape, and skirted the coast of Nicaragua,
+where he heard of the Pacific Ocean, though the name had not its present
+meaning for him. It was during his attempt to find the Isthmus of
+Darien, which he thought was a strait of water, that he was shipwrecked
+on the coast of Jamaica. He remained there a year and then went back to
+Spain, reaching home November 7, 1504. It was the last voyage of the
+great navigator, and it will be observed that he never saw or stepped
+foot on the mainland of _North_ America, though he saw South America in
+1498, as stated. In 1506 he died in Spain.
+
+Amerigo Vespucci, like Columbus, made four voyages, some of the details
+of which are known. His letter, written to his friend Piero Soderini,
+September 4, 1504, gives us information concerning his famous first
+voyage. Hitherto the only copy of this letter known was a Latin
+translation of it published at the College of Saint-Die, April 25, 1507,
+but the primitive text from which the translation was made has been
+found, and by that text Americus' reputation has been saved from the
+discredit critics and biographers have cast upon it, and his true
+laurels have been restored to him. The mistake of changing one word, the
+Indian name "Lariab," in the original, to "Parias," in the Latin
+version, is accountable for it all. The scene of his explorations is now
+transferred from Parias, in South America, to Lariab, in North America,
+and his entire letter is freed from mystery or inconsistency with the
+claims which have been made for him.
+
+It is now established beyond controversy that Americus sailed on the
+first voyage, not as commander, but as astronomer, of the expedition,
+May 10, 1497, and first ran to the Grand Canaries. Leaving there May
+25th, the first landfall was on the northern coast of Honduras of North
+America. Thence he sailed around Yucatan and up the Mexican coast to
+Tampico ("Lariab," not "Parias"). After making some inland explorations
+he followed the coast line 870 leagues (2,610 miles), which would take
+him along our Southern gulf coast, around Florida, and north along the
+Atlantic coast until "they found themselves in a fine harbor." Was this
+Charleston harbor or Hampton Roads? In any event, when he started back
+to Spain he sailed from the Atlantic coast somewhere between Capes
+Charles and Canaveral. The outcome of this voyage was the first
+discovery of Honduras, parts of the Mexican and Florida coasts, the
+insularity of Cuba--which Columbus thought was part of the mainland of
+Asia--and 4,000 miles of the coast line of North America. The remaining
+three voyages have no bearing upon North American discovery. On the
+second, he explored the northern coast of Brazil to the Gulf of
+Maracaibo; on the third, he went again to the Brazilian coast and found
+the Island of South Georgia, and on the fourth returned to Brazil, but
+without making any discoveries of importance.
+
+Mr. Fiske's luminous narrative lends significance to Mr. Thacher's
+suggestion, for Vespucci discovered a large portion of the mainland of
+the North American continent which Columbus had never seen. To this
+extent his first voyage gave a new meaning to Columbus' work, without
+diminishing, however, the glory of the latter's great achievement.
+Americus, indeed, had his predecessors, for John and Sebastian Cabot,
+sent out by Henry VII. of England a short time before his discovery, had
+set foot upon Labrador, and probably had visited Nova Scotia. And even
+before Cabot, the Northern Vikings, among them Leif Ericcson, had found
+their way to this continent and perhaps set up their Vineland in
+Massachusetts. And before the Vikings there may have been other
+migrants, and before the migrants the aborigines, who were the victims
+of all the explorers from the Vikings to the Puritans. But their
+achievements had no meaning and left no results. As Prof. Fiske says:
+"In no sense was any real contact established between the eastern and
+western halves of our planet until the great voyage of Columbus in
+1492." It was that voyage which inspired the great voyage of Americus in
+1497. He followed the path marked out by Columbus, and he invested the
+latter's discovery with a new significance. Upon the basis of merit and
+historical fact, therefore, Mr. Thacher's suggestion deserves
+consideration; and why should Italians be jealous, when Christopher
+Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, and John Cabot were all of Italian birth?
+
+
+ALL WITHIN THE KEN OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     HYDE CLARKE, Vice-President Royal Historical Society of England, in
+     his "Examination of the Legend of Atlantis," etc. London: Longmans,
+     Green & Co., 1886.
+
+At the time when Columbus, as well as others, was discussing the subject
+of new lands to be discovered, literary resources had become available.
+The Latin writers could be examined; but, above all, the fall of
+Constantinople had driven numbers of Greeks into Italy. The Greek
+language was studied, and Greek books were eagerly bought by the Latin
+nations, as before they had been by the Arabs. Thus, all that had been
+written as to the four worlds was within the ken of Columbus.
+
+
+COLUMBUS A HERETIC AND A VISIONARY TO HIS CONTEMPORARIES.
+
+     JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE, an American writer and Unitarian minister.
+     Born at Hanover, N. H., in 1810; died at Jamaica Plain, June 8,
+     1888.[32]
+
+We think of Columbus as the great discoverer of America; we do not
+remember that his actual life was one of disappointment and failure.
+Even his discovery of America was a disappointment; he was looking for
+India, and utterly failed of this. He made maps and sold them to support
+his old father. Poverty, contumely, indignities of all sorts, met him
+wherever he turned. His expectations were considered extravagant, his
+schemes futile; the theologians exposed him with texts out of the Bible;
+he wasted seven years waiting in vain for encouragement at the court of
+Spain. He applied unsuccessfully to the governments of Venice, Portugal,
+Genoa, France, England. Practical men said, "It can't be done. He is a
+visionary." Doctors of divinity said, "He is a heretic; he contradicts
+the Bible." Isabella, being a woman, and a woman of sentiment, wished
+to help him; but her confessor said no. We all know how he was compelled
+to put down mutiny in his crew, and how, after his discovery was made,
+he was rewarded with chains and imprisonment, how he died in neglect,
+poverty, and pain, and only was rewarded by a sumptuous funeral. His
+great hope, his profound convictions, were his only support and
+strength.
+
+
+LIKE HOMER--A BEGGAR IN THE GATE.
+
+     DIEGO CLEMENCIN, a Spanish statesman and author of merit. Born at
+     Murcia, 1765; died, 1834. From his "Elogio de la Reina Catolica,
+     Isabella de Castilla" (1851).
+
+A man obscure, and but little known, followed at this time the court.
+Confounded in the crowd of unfortunate applicants, feeding his
+imagination in the corners of antechambers with the pompous project of
+discovering a world, melancholy and dejected in the midst of the general
+rejoicing, he beheld with indifference, and almost with contempt, the
+conclusion of a conquest which swelled all bosoms with jubilee, and
+seemed to have reached the utmost bounds of desire. That man was
+Christopher Columbus.
+
+
+THE FIRST CATHOLIC KNIGHT.
+
+     JAMES DAVID COLEMAN, Supreme President of the Catholic Knights of
+     America, in an address to the members of that body, September 10,
+     1892.
+
+History tells that the anxious journey was begun by Columbus and his
+resolute band, approaching Holy Communion at Palos, on August 3, 1492;
+that its prosecution, through sacrifices and perils, amid harrowing
+uncertainties, was stamped with an exalted faith and unyielding trust in
+God, and that its marvelous and glorious consummation, in October, 1492,
+was acknowledged by the chivalrous knight, in tearful gratitude, on
+bended knee, at the foot of the cross of Christ, as the merciful gift of
+his omnipotent Master. Then it was that Christopher Columbus, the first
+Catholic knight of America, made the gracious Christian tribute of
+grateful recognition of Divine assistance by planting upon the soil of
+his newly discovered land the true emblem of Christianity and of man's
+redemption--the cross of our Savior. And then, reverently kneeling
+before the cross, and with eyes and hearts uplifted to their immolated
+God, this valiant band of Christian knights uttered from the virgin sod
+of America the first pious supplication that He would abundantly bless
+His gift to Columbus; and the unequaled grandeur of our civil structure
+of to-day tells the manifest response to those prayers of 400 years ago.
+
+
+BY FAITH COLUMBUS FOUND AMERICA.
+
+     ROBERT COLLYER, a distinguished pulpit orator. Born at Keighley,
+     Yorkshire, December 8, 1823.
+
+The successful men in the long fight with fortune are the cheerful men,
+or those, certainly, who find the fair background of faith and hope.
+Columbus, but for this, had never found our New World.
+
+
+THE CITY OF COLON STATUE.
+
+In the city of Colon, Department of Panama, Colombia, stands a statue to
+the memory of Columbus, of some artistic merit. The great Genoese is
+represented as encircling the neck of an Indian youth with his
+protecting arm, a representation somewhat similar to the pose of the
+statue in the plaza of the city of Santo Domingo. This statue was
+donated by the ex-Empress of the French, and on a wooden tablet
+attached to the concrete pedestal the following inscription appears:
+
+  Statue de
+  CHRISTOPHE COLOMB
+  Donnee par
+  L'Imperatrice Eugenie
+  Erigee a Colon
+  Par Decret de la Legislature de
+  Colombie
+  Au 29 Juin, 1866,
+  Par les soins de la Compagnie
+  Universelle du Canal Maritime
+  De Panama
+  Le 21 Fevrier, 1886.[33]
+
+  Translation:
+
+  Statue of
+  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
+  Presented by
+  The Empress Eugenie
+  Erected in honor of Columbus
+  By Decree of the Legislature of
+  Colombia
+  The 29th of June, 1866,
+  Under the Supervision of the Universal
+  Company of the Maritime Canal
+  Of Panama
+  The 21st of February, 1886.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF LITERATURE.
+
+Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, commonly called Lord
+Bacon, is generally so called. Born in London January 22, 1561; died
+April 19, 1626.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF THE HEAVENS.
+
+Sir William Herschel, one of the greatest astronomers that any age or
+nation has produced, is generally so termed. Born at Hanover November
+15, 1738; died August, 1822.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF MODERN TIMES.
+
+Cyrus W. Field was termed "_the Columbus of modern times, who, by his
+cable, had moored the New World alongside of the Old_," by the Rt. Hon.
+John Bright, in a debate in the British Parliament soon after the
+successful completion of the Atlantic cable.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF THE SKIES.
+
+Galileo, the illustrious Italian mathematician and natural philosopher,
+is so styled by Edward Everett (_post_). He was born at Pisa February
+15, 1564; died near Florence in January, 1642.[34]
+
+
+THE PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     HERNANDO COLUMBUS, son of Christopher. Born at Cordova, 1488; died
+     at Valladolid, 1539.
+
+He was tall, well formed, muscular, and of an elevated and dignified
+demeanor. His visage was long, neither full nor meager; his complexion
+fair and freckled, and inclined to ruddy; his nose aquiline; his cheek
+bones were rather high, his eyes light gray, and apt to enkindle; his
+whole countenance had an air of authority. His hair, in his youthful
+days, was of a light color, but care and trouble, according to Las
+Casas, soon turned it gray, and at thirty years of age it was quite
+white. He was moderate and simple in diet and apparel, eloquent in
+discourse, engaging and affable with strangers, and his amiability and
+suavity in domestic life strongly attached his household to his person.
+His temper was naturally irritable, but he subdued it by the
+magnanimity of his spirits, comporting himself with a courteous and
+gentle gravity, and never indulging in any intemperance of language.
+Throughout his life he was noted for strict attention to the offices of
+religion, observing rigorously the fasts and ceremonies of the church;
+nor did his piety consist in mere forms, but partook of that lofty and
+solemn enthusiasm with which his whole character was strongly tinctured.
+
+
+THE SONG OF AMERICA.
+
+     KINAHAN CORNWALLIS. From his "Song of America and Columbus; or, The
+     Story of the New World." New York, 1892. Published by the _Daily
+     Investigator_.
+
+  Hail! to this New World nation; hail!
+    That to Columbus tribute pays;
+  That glorifies his name, all hail,
+    And crowns his memory with bays.
+
+  Hail! to Columbia's mighty realm,
+    Which all her valiant sons revere,
+  And foemen ne'er can overwhelm.
+    Well may the world its prowess fear.
+
+  Hail! to this richly favored land,
+    For which the patriot fathers fought.
+  Forever may the Union stand,
+    To crown the noble deeds they wrought.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Hail! East and West, and North and South,
+    From Bunker Hill to Mexico;
+  The Lakes to Mississippi's mouth,
+    And the Sierras crowned with snow.
+
+  Hail! to the wondrous works of man,
+    From Maine to California's shores;
+  From ocean they to ocean span,
+    And over all the eagle soars.
+
+
+THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS.
+
+  Six sail were in the squadron he possessed,
+  And these he felt the Lord of Hosts had blessed,
+  For he was ever faithful to the cross,
+  With which compared, all else was earthly dross.
+  Southwestward toward the equinoctial line
+  He steered his barks, for vast was his design.
+  There, like a mirror, the Atlantic lay,
+  White dolphins on its breast were seen to play,
+  And lazily the vessels rose and fell,
+  With flapping sails, upon the gentle swell;
+  While panting crews beneath the torrid sun
+  Lost strength and spirits--felt themselves undone.
+  Day after day the air a furnace seemed,
+  And fervid rays upon them brightly beamed,
+  The burning decks displayed their yawning seams,
+  And from the rigging tar ran down in streams.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS COLLECTION.
+
+Rudolph Cronau, the eminent author and scientist of Leipsic, Germany,
+has contributed to the World's Fair his extensive collection of
+paintings, sketches, and photographs, representing scenes in the life of
+Columbus, and places visited by Columbus during his voyages to the New
+World. Doctor Cronau has spent a great part of his life in the study of
+early American history, and has published a work on the subject, based
+entirely upon his personal investigations.
+
+
+COLUMBUS' HAVEN.
+
+An indentation of the coast of Watling's Island, in the Bahamas, is
+known to this day as Columbus' Haven.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS IN THE CITY OF COLON, DEPARTMENT OF
+PANAMA, COLOMBIA.
+
+The gift of the ex-Empress of the French. (See page 109.)]
+
+
+CUBA'S CAVES--THE MANTLE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+In the caves of Bellamar, near Matanzas, Cuba, are sparkling columns of
+crystal 150 feet high; one is called the "Mantle of Columbus."
+
+
+THE PORTRAITS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     The Hon. WILLIAM ELEROY CURTIS, an American journalist, Secretary
+     of the Bureau of the American Republics, Washington, D. C. Born at
+     Akron, Ohio. From an article, "The Columbus Portraits," in the
+     _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, January, 1892.
+
+Although Columbus twice mentioned in his alleged will that he was a
+native of Genoa, a dozen places still demand the honor of being
+considered his birthplace, and two claim to possess his bones. Nothing
+is certain about his parentage, and his age is the subject of dispute.
+The stories of his boyhood adventures are mythical, and his education at
+the University of Pavia is denied.
+
+The same doubt attends the various portraits that pretend to represent
+his features. The most reliable authorities--and the subject has been
+under discussion for two centuries--agree that there is no tangible
+evidence to prove that the face of Columbus was ever painted or sketched
+or graven, during his life. His portrait has been painted, like that of
+the Madonna and those of the saints, by many famous artists, each
+dependent upon verbal descriptions of his appearance by contemporaneous
+writers, and each conveying to the canvas his own conception of what the
+great seaman's face must have been; but it may not be said that any of
+the portraits are genuine, and it is believed that all of them are more
+or less fanciful.
+
+It must be considered that the art of painting portraits was in its
+infancy when Columbus lived. The honor was reserved for kings and queens
+and other dignitaries, and Columbus was regarded as an importunate
+adventurer, who at the close of his first voyage enjoyed a brief
+triumph, but from the termination of his second voyage was the victim of
+envy and misrepresentation to the close of his life. He was derided and
+condemned, was brought in chains like a common felon from the continent
+he had discovered, and for nearly two hundred years his descendants
+contested in the courts for the dignities and emoluments he demanded of
+the crown of Spain before undertaking what was then the most perilous
+and uncertain of adventures. Even the glory of giving his name to the
+lands he discovered was transferred to another--a man who followed in
+his track; and it is not strange, under such circumstances, that the
+artists of Spain did not leave the religious subjects upon which they
+were engaged to paint the portrait of one who said of himself that he
+was a beggar "without a penny to buy food."
+
+
+THE STANDARD OF MODERN CRITICISM.
+
+     The Hon. WILLIAM ELEROY CURTIS, in an able article in the
+     _Chautauquan Magazine_, September, 1892.
+
+Whether the meager results of recent investigation are more reliable
+than the testimony of earlier pens is a serious question, and the
+sympathetic and generous reader will challenge the right of modern
+historians to destroy and reject traditions to which centuries have paid
+reverence. The failure to supply evidence in place of that which has
+been discarded is of itself sufficient to impair faith in the modern
+creation, and simply demonstrates the fallacy of the theory that what
+can not be proven did not exist. If the same analysis to which the
+career of Columbus has been subjected should be applied to every
+character in sacred and secular history, there would be little left
+among the world's great heroes to admire. So we ask permission to retain
+the old ideal, and remember the discoverer of our hemisphere as a man
+of human weaknesses but of stern purpose, inflexible will, undaunted
+courage, patience, and professional theories most of which modern
+science has demonstrated to be true.
+
+
+AN ITALIAN CONTEMPORARY TRIBUTE.
+
+     GIULIO DATI, a Florentine poet. Born, 1560; died about 1630.
+
+A lengthy poem, in _ottava rima_ (founded upon the first letter of
+Columbus announcing his success), was composed in 1493, by Giulio Dati,
+the famous Florentine poet, and was sung in the streets of that city to
+publish the discovery of the New World. The full Italian text is to be
+found in R. H. Major's "Select Letters of Christopher Columbus," Hakluyt
+Society, 1871.
+
+
+THE MUTINY AT SEA.[35]
+
+     JEAN FRANCOIS CASIMIR DELAVIGNE, a popular French poet and
+     dramatist. Born at Havre, April 4, 1793; died at Lyons, December,
+     1843.
+
+THREE DAYS.
+
+  On the deck stood Columbus; the ocean's expanse,
+  Untried and unlimited, swept by his glance.
+  "Back to Spain!" cry his men; "put the vessel about!
+  We venture no farther through danger and doubt."
+  "Three days, and I give you a world," he replied;
+  "Bear up, my brave comrades--three days shall decide."
+  He sails--but no token of land is in sight;
+  He sails--but the day shows no more than the night;
+  On, onward he sails, while in vain o'er the lee
+  The lead is plunged down through a fathomless sea.
+  The second day's past, and Columbus is sleeping,
+  While mutiny near him its vigil is keeping.
+  "Shall he perish?" "Ay, death!" is the barbarous cry.
+  "He must triumph to-morrow, or, perjured, must die!"
+  Ungrateful and blind! shall the world-linking sea,
+  He traced, for the future his sepulcher be?
+  Shall that sea, on the morrow, with pitiless waves,
+  Fling his corse on that shore which his patient eye craves?
+  The corse of a humble adventurer, then.
+  One day later--Columbus, the first among men.
+
+  But, hush! he is dreaming! A veil on the main,
+  At the distant horizon, is parted in twain;
+  And now on his dreaming eye--rapturous sight--
+  Fresh bursts the New World from the darkness of night.
+  O vision of glory! how dazzling it seems;
+  How glistens the verdure! how sparkle the streams!
+  How blue the far mountains! how glad the green isles!
+  And the earth and the ocean, how dimpled with smiles!
+  "Joy! joy!" cries Columbus, "this region is mine!"
+  Ah, not e'en its name, wondrous dreamer, is thine.
+
+
+HONOR THE HARDY NORSEMEN.
+
+     The Rev. B. F. DE COSTA, D. D., a well-known New York divine and
+     social reformer of the present day. Founder of the White Cross
+     Society.
+
+Prof. Rafri, in "Antiquitates Americanae," gives notices of numerous
+Icelandic voyages to American and other lands of the West. The existence
+of a great country southwest of Greenland is referred to, not as a
+matter of speculation merely, but as something perfectly well known. Let
+us remember that in vindicating the Northmen we honor those who not only
+give us the first knowledge possessed of the American continent, but to
+whom we are indebted besides for much that we esteem valuable.
+
+
+BRILLIANTS FROM DEPEW.
+
+     CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, one of the leading American orators of the
+     nineteenth century. From an oration on "Columbus and the
+     Exposition," delivered in Chicago in 1890.
+
+It is not sacrilege to say that the two events to which civilization
+to-day owes its advanced position are the introduction of Christianity
+and the discovery of America.
+
+When Columbus sailed from Palos, types had been discovered, but church
+and state held intelligence by the throat.
+
+Sustained enthusiasm has been the motor of every movement in the
+progress of mankind.
+
+Genius, pluck, endurance, and faith can be resisted by neither kings nor
+cabinets.
+
+Columbus stands deservedly at the head of that most useful band of
+men--the heroic cranks in history.
+
+The persistent enthusiast whom one generation despises as a lunatic with
+one idea, succeeding ones often worship as a benefactor.
+
+This whole country is ripe and ready for the inspection of the world.
+
+
+GENOA--WHENCE GRAND COLUMBUS CAME.
+
+     AUBREY THOMAS DE VERE, an English poet and political writer. Born,
+     1814. In a sonnet, "Genoa."
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+  Whose prow descended first the Hesperian Sea,
+    And gave our world her mate beyond the brine,
+  Was nurtured, whilst an infant, at thy knee.
+
+
+THE VISION OF COLUMBUS.
+
+  The crimson sun was sinking down to rest,
+    Pavilioned on the cloudy verge of heaven;
+  And ocean, on her gently heaving breast,
+    Caught and flashed back the varying tints of even;
+  When, on a fragment from the tall cliff riven,
+    With folded arms, and doubtful thoughts opprest,
+  Columbus sat, till sudden hope was given--
+    A ray of gladness shooting from the West.
+  Oh, what a glorious vision for mankind
+  Then dawned upon the twilight of his mind;
+    Thoughts shadowy still, but indistinctly grand.
+  There stood his genie, face to face, and signed
+    (So legends tell) far seaward with her hand,
+    Till a new world sprang up, and bloomed beneath her wand.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  He was a man whom danger could not daunt,
+    Nor sophistry perplex, nor pain subdue;
+  A stoic, reckless of the world's vain taunt,
+    And steeled the path of honor to pursue.
+  So, when by all deserted, still he knew
+    How best to soothe the heart-sick, or confront
+  Sedition; schooled with equal eye to view
+    The frowns of grief and the base pangs of want.
+  But when he saw that promised land arise
+  In all its rare and beautiful varieties,
+    Lovelier than fondest fancy ever trod,
+  Then softening nature melted in his eyes;
+    He knew his fame was full, and blessed his God,
+    And fell upon his face and kissed the virgin sod!
+
+                                            --_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS' STATUE IN CHICAGO.
+
+The Drake Fountain, Chicago, presented to the city by Mr. John B. Drake,
+a prominent and respected citizen, is to occupy a space between the city
+hall and the court house buildings, on the Washington Street frontage.
+The monument is to be Gothic in style, and the base will be composed of
+granite from Baveno, Italy. The design includes a pedestal, on the front
+of which will be placed a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus, seven
+feet high, which is to be cast in the royal foundry at Rome. The statue
+will be the production of an American artist of reputation, Mr. R. H.
+Park of Chicago. The fountain is to be provided with an ice-chamber
+capable of holding two tons of ice, and is to be surrounded with a
+water-pipe containing ten faucets, each supplied with a bronze cup. The
+entire cost will be $15,000. Mr. Drake's generous gift to Chicago is to
+be ready for public use in 1892, and it will, therefore, be happily
+commemorative of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by
+Columbus. The inscription on the fountain reads: "Ice-water drinking
+fountain presented to the City of Chicago by John B. Drake 1892." At the
+feet of the statue of Columbus, who is represented as a student of
+geography in his youth at the University of Pavia, is inscribed,
+"Christopher Columbus, 1492-1892."
+
+The fountain is a very handsome piece of bronze art work, and
+Commissioner Aldrich has decided to place it in a conspicuous place,
+being none other than the area between the court house and the city
+hall, facing Washington Street. This central and accessible spot of
+public ground has been an unsightly stabling place for horses ever since
+the court house was built. It will now be sodded, flower-beds will be
+laid out, and macadamized walks will surround the Drake Fountain. The
+new feature will be a relief to weary eyes, and an ornament to
+Washington Street and the center of the city.
+
+The red granite base for the fountain has been received at the custom
+house. It was made in Turin, Italy, and cost $3,300. Under the law, the
+stone came in duty free, as it is intended as a gift to the
+municipality.
+
+
+DREAM.
+
+     JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, a celebrated American chemist and scientist.
+     Born near Liverpool, England, 1811; died January 4, 1882. From his
+     "Intellectual Development of Europe," 1876. By permission of
+     Messrs. Harper & Brothers, Publishers, New York.
+
+Columbus appears to have formed his theory that the East Indies could be
+reached by sailing to the west about A. D. 1474. He was at that time in
+correspondence with Toscanelli, the Florentine astronomer, who held the
+same doctrine, and who sent him a map or chart constructed on the
+travels of Marco Polo. He offered his services first to his native city,
+then to Portugal, then to Spain, and, through his brother, to England;
+his chief inducement, in each instance, being that the riches of India
+might be thus secured. In Lisbon he had married. While he lay sick near
+Belem, an unknown voice whispered to him in a dream, "God will cause thy
+name to be wonderfully resounded through the earth, and will give thee
+the keys of the gates of the ocean which are closed with strong chains."
+The death of his wife appears to have broken the last link which held
+him to Portugal, where he had been since 1470. One evening, in the
+autumn of 1485, a man of majestic presence, pale, careworn, and, though
+in the meridian of life, with silver hair, leading a little boy by the
+hand, asked alms at the gate of the Franciscan convent near Palos--not
+for himself, but only a little bread and water for his child. This was
+that Columbus destined to give to Europe a new world.
+
+
+A PEN-PICTURE FROM THE SOUTH.
+
+     The Right Rev. ANTHONY DURIER, Bishop of Natchitoches, La., in a
+     circular letter to the clergy and laity of the diocese, printed in
+     the New Orleans _Morning Star_, September 10, 1892.
+
+We cherish the memory of the illustrious sailor, also of the lady and of
+the monk who were providential instruments in opening a new world to
+religion and civilization.
+
+[Illustration: HEAD OF COLUMBUS.
+
+Designed by H. H. Zearing of Chicago.]
+
+Honor to the sailor, Christopher Columbus, the Christ-bearing dove, as
+his name tells, gentle as a dove of hallowed memory as Christ-bearer. In
+fact, he brought Christ to the New World. Look back at that sailor, 400
+years ago, on bended knees, with hands uplifted in prayer, on the shores
+of Guanahani, first to invoke the name of Jesus in the New World; in
+fact, as in name, behold the Christ-bearing dove. Columbus was a knight
+of the cross, with his good cross-hilted sword, blessed by the church.
+The first aim and ambition of a knight of the cross, at that time, was
+to plant the cross in the midst of heathen nations, and to have them
+brought from "the region of the shadow of death" into the life-giving
+bosom of Mother Church.
+
+Listen to the prayer of Columbus, as he brings his lips to, and kneels
+on, the blessed land he has discovered, that historic prayer which he
+had prepared long in advance, and which all Catholic discoverers
+repeated after him: "O Lord God, eternal and omnipotent, who by Thy
+divine word hast created the heavens, the earth, and the sea! Blessed
+and glorified be thy name and praised Thy majesty, who hast deigned by
+me, thy humble servant, to have that sacred name made known and preached
+in this other part of the world."
+
+Behold the true knight of the cross, with cross-hilted sword in hand,
+the name of Jesus on his lips, the glory of Jesus in his heart. He does
+not say a word of the glory which, from the discovery, is bound to
+accrue to the name of Spain and to his own name; every word is directed
+to, and asking for, the glory of the name of Jesus.
+
+The great discoverer has knelt down, kissed the ground, and said his
+prayer; now, look at that Catholic Spanish sailor standing up, in
+commanding dignity, and planting his Catholic cross and his Spanish flag
+on the discovered land; what does it mean? It means--the Spanish flag in
+America for a time, and the Catholic cross in America forever.
+
+Hail, flag of the discoverer! Spanish flag, the flag of the noble and
+the daring. That Spanish flag came here first, had its glorious day, and
+still in glory went back. Hail, Catholic cross! the cross of the
+discoverer. That cross is not to go back, as the Spanish flag; no, not
+even in glory. About that cross, only two simple words, and that settles
+it; that Catholic cross is here to stay. Hail, American flag!
+star-spangled banner; the banner of the brave and of the free. That one,
+our own flag, came long after the Spanish flag, but we trust came to
+stay as long as the Catholic cross--until doom's-day.
+
+Honor to the lady, Queen Isabella the Catholic. Among all illustrious
+women, Isabella alone has been graced with the title of "the
+Catholic,"--a peerless title! And truly did she deserve the peerless
+title, the lady who threw heart and soul, and, over and above, her gold,
+in the discovery by which, out of the spiritual domains of the Catholic
+church, the sun sets no more; the lady who paved the way over the
+bounding sea to the great discoverer. Bright and energetic lady! She at
+once understood Columbus and stood resolute, ready to pave him the way
+even with her jewels. Listen to her words: "I undertake the enterprise
+for my own crown of Castille, and I will pledge my jewels to raise the
+necessary funds."
+
+The generous lady had not to pledge her jewels; yet her gold was freely
+spent, lavished on the expedition; and she stood by Columbus, in storm
+and sunshine, as long as she lived. Isabella stood by Columbus, in his
+success, with winsome gentleness, keeping up his daring spirit of
+enterprise; and, in his reverses, with the balm of unwavering devotion
+healing his bruised, bleeding heart. Isabella stood by Columbus, as a
+mother by her son, ever, ever true to her heroic son.
+
+Honor to the humble monk, John Perez, Father John, as he was called in
+his convent. That monk whose name will live as long as the names of
+Columbus and Isabella; that monk, great by his learning and still better
+by his heart; that humble, plain man inspired the sailor with
+perseverance indomitable, the lady with generosity unlimited, and
+sustained in both sailor and lady that will power and mount-removing
+faith the result of which was to give "to the Spanish King innumerable
+countries and to God innumerable souls." As the Spanish poet, Lope de
+Vega, beautifully puts it:
+
+  _Al Rey infinitas tierras,
+  Y a Dios infinitas almas._
+
+It is the Spanish throne which backed Columbus; but, mind! that monk was
+"the power behind the throne."
+
+We Louisianians live, may be, in the fairest part of the New World
+discovered by Columbus. When Chevalier La Salle had explored the land,
+he gave it the beautiful name of Louisiana, and he wrote to his king,
+Louis XIV., these words: "The land we have explored and named Louisiana,
+after your Majesty's name, is a paradise, the Eden of the New World."
+Thanks be to God who has cast our lot in this paradise, the Eden of the
+New World, fair Louisiana! Let us honor and ever cherish the memory of
+the hero who led the way and opened this country to our forefathers.
+Louisiana was never blessed with the footprints of Columbus, yet by him
+it was opened to the onward march of the Christian nations.
+
+To the great discoverer, Christopher Columbus, the gratitude of
+Louisiana, the Eden of the New World.
+
+
+BARTOLOMEO COLUMBUS.
+
+     REV. L. A. DUTTO of Jackson, Miss., in an article, "Columbus in
+     Portugal," in the _Catholic World_, April, 1892.
+
+Columbus in 1492, accompanied by a motley crew of sailors of different
+nationalities, crossed the Atlantic and discovered America. Hence the
+glory of that event, second only in importance to the incarnation of
+Christ, is attributed very generally solely to him. As reflex lights of
+that glory, history mentions the names of Queen Isabella, of the Pinzon
+brothers, the friar Juan Perez. There is another name that should be
+placed at head of the list. That is, Bartolomeo Columbus, the brother of
+Christopher. From the beginning there existed a partnership between the
+two in the mighty undertaking; the effect of a common conviction that
+the land of spices, Cipango and Cathay, the East, could be reached by
+traveling west. Both of them spent the best years of their life in
+privation, hardship, and poverty, at times the laughing stock of the
+courts of Europe, in humbly begging from monarchies and republics the
+ships necessary to undertake their voyage. While Christopher patiently
+waited in the antechambers of the Catholic monarchs of Spain,
+Bartolomeo, map in hand, explained to Henry VII. of England the
+rotundity of the earth, and the feasibility of traveling to the
+antipodes. Having failed in his mission to the English king, he passed
+to France to ask of her what had been refused by Portugal, Spain,
+Venice, England, and Genoa. While he was there, Columbus, who had no
+means of communicating with him, sailed from Palos. Had there been, as
+now, a system of international mails, Bartolomeo would now share with
+his brother the title of Discoverer of America. Las Casas represents him
+as little inferior to Christopher in the art of navigation, and as a
+writer and in things pertaining to cartography as his superior. Gallo,
+the earliest biographer of Columbus, and writing during his lifetime,
+has told us that Bartolomeo settled in Lisbon, and there made a living
+by drawing mariners' charts. Giustiniani, another countryman of
+Columbus, says in his polyglot Psalter, published in 1537, that
+Christopher learned cartography from his brother Bartolomeo, who had
+learned it himself in Lisbon. But what may appear more surprising is the
+plain statement of Gallo that Bartolomeo was the first to conceive the
+idea of reaching the East by way of the West, by a transatlantic voyage,
+and that he communicated it to his brother, who was more experienced
+than himself in nautical affairs.
+
+
+FIRST GLIMPSE OF LAND.
+
+     CHARLES H. EDEN, English historical writer and traveler. From "The
+     West Indies."
+
+Nearly four centuries ago, in the year 1492, before the southern point
+of the great African continent had been doubled, and when the barbaric
+splendor of Cathay and the wealth of Hindustan were only known to
+Europeans through the narratives of Marco Polo or Sir John
+Mandeville--early on the morning of Friday, October 12th, a man stood
+bareheaded on the deck of a caravel and watched the rising sun lighting
+up the luxuriant tropical vegetation of a level and beautiful island
+toward which the vessel was gently speeding her way. Three-and-thirty
+days had elapsed since the last known point of the Old World, the Island
+of Ferrol, had faded away over the high poop of his vessel; eventful
+weeks, during which he had to contend against the natural fears of the
+ignorant and superstitious men by whom he was surrounded, and by the
+stratagem of a double reckoning, together with promises of future
+wealth, to allay the murmuring which threatened to frustrate the project
+that for so many years had been nearest his heart. Never, in the darkest
+hour, did the courage of that man quail or his soul admit a single
+doubt of success. When the terrified mariners remarked with awe that the
+needle deviated from the pole star, their intrepid Admiral, by an
+ingenious theory of his own, explained the cause of the phenomenon and
+soothed the alarm that had arisen. When the steady trade-winds were
+reached, and the vessels flew rapidly for days toward the west, the
+commander hailed as a godsend the mysterious breeze that his followers
+regarded with awe as imposing an insuperable barrier to their return to
+sunny Spain. When the prow of the caravel was impeded, and her way
+deadened by the drifting network of the Sargasso Sea, the leader saw
+therein only assured indications of land, and resolutely shut his ears
+against those prophets who foresaw evil in every incident.
+
+Now his hopes were fulfilled, the yearnings of a lifetime realized.
+During the night a light had been seen, and at 2 o'clock in the morning
+land became, beyond all doubt, visible. Then the three little vessels
+laid to, and with the earliest streak of dawn made sail toward the
+coast. A man stood bareheaded on the deck of the leading caravel and
+feasted his eyes upon the wooded shore; the man was Christopher
+Columbus, the land he gazed on the "West Indies."
+
+
+SAN SALVADOR, OR WATLING'S ISLAND.
+
+San Salvador, or Watling's Island, is about twelve miles in length by
+six in breadth, having its interior largely cut up by salt-water
+lagoons, separated from each other by low woody hills. Being one of the
+most fertile of the group, it maintains nearly 2,000 inhabitants, who
+are scattered about over its surface. Peculiar interest will always
+attach itself to this spot as being the first land on which the
+discoverer of the New World set foot.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE MYSTERY OF THE SHADOWY SEA.
+
+     XERIF AL EDRISI, surnamed "The Nubian," an eminent Arabian
+     geographer. Born at Ceuta, Africa, about 1100. In "A Description of
+     Spain" (Conde's Spanish translation, Madrid, 1799). He wrote a
+     celebrated treatise of geography, and made a silver terrestrial
+     globe for Roger II., King of Sicily, at whose court he lived.
+
+The ocean encircles the ultimate bounds of the inhabited earth, and all
+beyond it is unknown. No one has been able to verify anything concerning
+it, on account of its difficult and perilous navigation, its great
+obscurity, its profound depth, and frequent tempests; through fear of
+its mighty fishes and its haughty winds; yet there are many islands in
+it, some peopled, others uninhabited. There is no mariner who dares to
+enter into its deep waters; or, if any have done so, they have merely
+kept along its coasts, fearful of departing from them. The waves of this
+ocean, although they roll as high as mountains, yet maintain themselves
+without breaking, for if they broke it would be impossible for ship to
+plow them.
+
+
+PALOS.
+
+     Prof. MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN. From an article, "Columbus the
+     Christ-Bearer," in the New York _Independent_, June 2, 1892.
+
+The caravels equipped at Palos were so unseaworthy, judged by the
+dangers of the Atlantic, that no crew in our time would have trusted in
+them. The people of Palos disliked this foreigner, Columbus. No man of
+Palos, except the Pinzons, ancient mariners, sympathized with him in his
+hopes. The populace overrated the risks of the voyage; the court,
+fortunately for Columbus, underrated them. The Admiral's own ships and
+his crew were not such as to inspire confidence. His friends, the
+friars, had somewhat calmed the popular feeling against the expedition;
+but ungrateful Palos never approved of it until it made her famous.
+
+
+AN UNDISCOVERED COUNTRY.
+
+     SAMUEL R. ELLIOTT, in the _Century Magazine_, September, 1892.
+
+  You have no heart? Ah, when the Genoese
+    Before Spain's monarchs his great voyage planned,
+  Small faith had they in worlds beyond the seas--
+    And _your_ Columbus yet may come to land!
+
+
+SAGACITY.
+
+     RALPH WALDO EMERSON, the well-known American essayist, poet, and
+     speculative philosopher. Born in Boston, May 25, 1803; died at
+     Concord, April 27, 1882. From his essay on "Success," in _Society
+     and Solitude_. Copyright, by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,
+     publishers, Boston, and with their permission.
+
+Columbus at Veragua found plenty of gold; but, leaving the coast, the
+ship full of one hundred and fifty skillful seamen, some of them old
+pilots, and with too much experience of their craft and treachery to
+him, the wise Admiral kept his private record of his homeward path. And
+when he reached Spain, he told the King and Queen, "That they may ask
+all the pilots who came with him, Where is Veragua? Let them answer and
+say, if they know, where Veragua lies. I assert that they can give no
+other account than that they went to lands where there was abundance of
+gold, but they do not know the way to return thither, but would be
+obliged to go on a voyage of discovery as much as if they had never been
+there before. There is a mode of reckoning," he proudly adds, "derived
+from astronomy, which is sure and safe to any who understands it."
+
+
+THE VOICE OF THE SEA.
+
+     From a poem, "Seashore," by RALPH WALDO EMERSON. Houghton, Mifflin
+     & Co., Boston.
+
+  I with my hammer pounding evermore
+  The rocky coast, smite Andes into dust,
+  Strewing my bed, and, in another age,
+  Rebuild a continent of better men.
+  Then I unbar the doors; my paths lead out
+  The exodus of nations; I disperse
+  Men to all shores that front the hoary main.
+  I too have arts and sorceries;
+  Illusion dwells forever with the wave.
+  I know what spells are laid. Leave me to deal
+  With credulous and imaginative man;
+  For, though he scoop my water in his palm,
+  A few rods off he deems it gems and clouds.
+  Planting strange fruits and sunshine on the shore,
+  I make some coast alluring, some lone isle,
+  To distant men, who must go there, or die.
+
+  [Illustration: COLUMBUS AS A STUDENT AT PAVIA.
+
+  From the Drake Drinking Fountain, Chicago.
+  (See page 118.)]
+
+THE REASONING OF COLUMBUS.
+
+Columbus alleged, as a reason for seeking a continent in the West, that
+the harmony of nature required a great tract of land in the western
+hemisphere to balance the known extent of land in the eastern.--_Ibid._
+
+
+STRANGER THAN FICTION.
+
+     EDWARD EVERETT, a distinguished American orator, scholar, and
+     statesman. Born at Dorchester, Mass., April 11, 1794; died,
+     January 15, 1865. From a lecture on "The Discovery of America,"
+     delivered at a meeting of the Historical Society of New York in
+     1853.
+
+No chapter of romance equals the interest of this expedition. The most
+fascinating of the works of fiction which have issued from the modern
+press have, to my taste, no attraction compared with the pages in which
+the first voyage of Columbus is described by Robertson, and still more
+by our own Irving and Prescott, the last two enjoying the advantage over
+the great Scottish historian of possessing the lately discovered
+journals and letters of Columbus himself. The departure from Palos,
+where a few years before he had begged a morsel of bread and a cup of
+water for his way-worn child; his final farewell to the Old World at the
+Canaries; his entrance upon the trade-winds, which then for the first
+time filled a European sail; the portentous variation of the needle,
+never before observed; the fearful course westward and westward, day
+after day and night after night, over the unknown ocean; the mutinous
+and ill-appeased crew; at length, when hope had turned to despair in
+every heart but one, the tokens of land--the cloud banks on the western
+horizon, the logs of driftwood, the fresh shrub floating with its leaves
+and berries, the flocks of land birds, the shoals of fish that inhabit
+shallow water, the indescribable smell of the shore; the mysterious
+presentment that seems ever to go before a great event; and finally, on
+that ever memorable night of October 12, 1492, the moving light seen by
+the sleepless eye of the great discoverer himself from the deck of the
+Santa Maria, and in the morning the real, undoubted land swelling up
+from the bosom of the deep, with its plains and forests, and hills and
+rocks and streams, and strange new races of men. These are incidents in
+which the authentic history of the discovery of our continent exceeds
+the specious wonders of romance, as much as gold excels tinsel, or the
+sun in the heavens outshines the flickering taper.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS OF THE HEAVENS--SCORNED.
+
+Dominicans may deride thy discoveries now; but the time will come when
+from two hundred observatories, in Europe and America, the glorious
+artillery of science shall nightly assault the skies; but they shall
+gain no conquests in those glittering fields before which thine shall be
+forgotten. Rest in peace, great Columbus of the heavens![36] like him
+scorned, persecuted, broken-hearted.--_Ibid._
+
+
+FAME.
+
+We find encouragement in every page of our country's history. Nowhere do
+we meet with examples more numerous and more brilliant of men who have
+risen above poverty and obscurity and every disadvantage to usefulness
+and honorable name. One whole vast continent was added to the geography
+of the world by the persevering efforts of a humble Genoese mariner, the
+great Columbus; who, by the steady pursuit of the enlightened conception
+he had formed of the figure of the earth, before any navigator had acted
+upon the belief that it was round, discovered the American continent. He
+was the son of a Genoese pilot, a pilot and seaman himself; and, at one
+period of his melancholy career, was reduced to beg his bread at the
+doors of the convents in Spain. But he carried within himself, and
+beneath a humble exterior, a _spirit_ for which there was not room in
+Spain, in Europe, nor in the then known world; and which led him on to a
+height of usefulness and fame beyond that of all the monarchs that ever
+reigned.--_Ibid._
+
+
+TRIFLING INCIDENT.
+
+     The Venerable FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR, D. D., F. R. S., Archdeacon
+     of Westminster. Born in Bombay, August 7, 1831. From his "Lectures
+     and Addresses."
+
+There are some who are fond of looking at the apparently trifling
+incidents of history, and of showing how the stream of centuries has
+been diverted in one or other direction by events the most
+insignificant. General Garfield told his pupils at Hiram that the roof
+of a certain court house was so absolute a watershed that the flutter
+of a bird's wing would be sufficient to decide whether a particular
+rain-drop should make its way into the Gulf of St. Lawrence or into the
+Gulf of Mexico. The flutter of a bird's wing may have affected all
+history. Some students may see an immeasurable significance in the
+flight of parrots, which served to alter the course of Columbus, and
+guided him to the discovery of North and not of South America.
+
+
+EXCITEMENT AT THE NEWS OF THE DISCOVERY.
+
+     JOHN FISKE, a justly celebrated American historian. Born at
+     Hartford, Conn., March 30, 1842. From "The Discovery of
+     America."[37]
+
+It was generally assumed without question that the Admiral's theory of
+his discovery must be correct, that the coast of Cuba must be the
+eastern extremity of China, that the coast of Hispaniola must be the
+northern extremity of Cipango, and that a direct route--much shorter
+than that which Portugal had so long been seeking--had now been found to
+those lands of illimitable wealth described by Marco Polo. To be sure,
+Columbus had not as yet seen the evidences of this oriental splendor,
+and had been puzzled at not finding them, but he felt confident that he
+had come very near them and would come full upon them in a second
+voyage. There was nobody who knew enough to refute these opinions, and
+really why should not this great geographer, who had accomplished so
+much already which people had scouted as impossible--why should he not
+know what he was about? It was easy enough now to get men and money for
+the second voyage. When the Admiral sailed from Cadiz on September 25,
+1493, it was with seventeen ships, carrying 1,500 men. Their dreams were
+of the marble palaces of Quinsay, of isles of spices, and the treasures
+of Prester John. The sovereigns wept for joy as they thought that such
+untold riches were vouchsafed them, by the special decree of Heaven, as
+a reward for having overcome the Moors at Granada and banished the Jews
+from Spain. Columbus shared these views, and regarded himself as a
+special instrument for executing the divine decrees. He renewed his vow
+to rescue the Holy Sepulcher, promising within the next seven years to
+equip at his own expense a crusading army of 50,000 foot and 4,000
+horse; within five years thereafter he would follow this with a second
+army of like dimensions.
+
+Thus nobody had the faintest suspicion of what had been done. In the
+famous letter to Santangel there is of course not a word about a new
+world. The grandeur of the achievement was quite beyond the ken of the
+generation that witnessed it. For we have since come to learn that in
+1492 the contact between the eastern and the western halves of our
+planet was first really begun, and the two streams of human life which
+had flowed on for countless ages, apart, were thenceforth to mingle
+together. The first voyage of Columbus is thus a unique event in the
+history of mankind. Nothing like it was ever done before, and nothing
+like it can ever be done again. No worlds are left for a future Columbus
+to conquer. The era of which this great Italian mariner was the most
+illustrious representative has closed forever.
+
+
+VINLAND.
+
+     JOHN FISKE, an American historian. Born in Connecticut, 1842. From
+     "Washington and his Country."[38]
+
+Learned men had long known that the earth is round, but people generally
+did not believe it, and it had not occurred to anybody that such a
+voyage would be practicable. People were afraid of going too far out
+into the ocean. A ship which disappears in the offing seems to be going
+down hill; and many people thought that if they were to get too far
+down hill, they could not get back. Other notions, as absurd as this,
+were entertained, which made people dread the "Sea of Darkness," as the
+Atlantic was often called. Accordingly, Columbus found it hard to get
+support for his scheme.
+
+About fifteen years before his first voyage, Columbus seems to have
+visited Iceland, and some have supposed that he then heard about the
+voyages of the Northmen, and was thus led to his belief that land would
+be found by sailing west. He may have thus heard about Vinland, and may
+have regarded the tale as confirming his theory. That theory, however,
+was based upon his belief in the rotundity of the earth. The best proof
+that he was not seriously influenced by the Norse voyages, even if he
+had heard of them, is the fact that he never used them as an argument.
+In persuading people to furnish money for his enterprise, it has been
+well said that an ounce of Vinland would have been worth a pound of talk
+about the shape of the earth.
+
+
+CRITICAL DAYS.
+
+     JOHN MILNER FOTHERGILL, M. D., an English physician. Born at
+     Morland in Westmoreland, April 11, 1841; died, 1888.
+
+Columbus was an Italian who possessed all that determination which came
+of Norse blood combined with the subtlety of the Italian character. He
+thought much of what the ancients said of a short course from Spain to
+India, of Plato's Atlantic Island; and conceived the idea of sailing to
+India over the Atlantic. He applied to the Genoese, who rejected his
+scheme as impracticable; then to Portugal; then to Spain. The fall of
+Granada led to his ultimate success; and at last he set out into the
+unknown sea with a small fleet, which was so ill-formed as scarcely to
+reach the Canaries in safety. Soon after leaving them, the spirits of
+his crew fell, and then Columbus perceived that the art of governing the
+minds of men would be no less requisite for accomplishing the
+discoveries he had in view than naval skill and undaunted courage. He
+could trust himself only. He regulated everything by his sole authority;
+he superintended the execution of every order. As he went farther
+westward the hearts of his crew failed them, and mutiny was imminent.
+But Columbus retained his serenity of mind even under these trying
+circumstances, and induced his crew to persevere for three days more.
+Three critical days in the history of the world.
+
+
+AN APPROPRIATE HOUR.
+
+     JOHN FOSTER, a noted English essayist and moralist. Born at
+     Halifax, September 17, 1770; died at Stapleton, October, 1843.
+
+The _hour_ just now begun may be exactly the period for finishing _some
+great plan_, or concluding _some great dispensation_, which thousands of
+years or ages have been advancing to its accomplishment. _This_ may be
+the _very hour_ in which a new world shall originate or an ancient one
+sink in ruins.
+
+
+RANGE OF ENTERPRISE.
+
+     EDWARD AUGUSTUS FREEMAN, a celebrated English historian. Born at
+     Harborne, Staffordshire, 1823; died at Alicante, Spain, March 16,
+     1892. From an article on "The Intellectual Development of the
+     English People," in the _Chautauquan Magazine_, May, 1891.
+
+The discovery of a new world was something so startling as to help very
+powerfully in the general enlargement of men's minds. And the phrase of
+a new world is fully justified. The discovery of a western continent,
+which followed on the voyage of Columbus, was an event differing in kind
+from any discovery that had ever been made before. And this though there
+is little reason to doubt that the western continent itself had been
+discovered before. The Northmen had certainly found their way to the
+real continent of North America ages before Columbus found his way to
+the West India Islands. But the same results did not come of it, and the
+discovery itself was not of the same kind. The Old World had grown a
+good deal before the discovery of the New. The range of men's thoughts
+and enterprise had gradually spread from the Mediterranean to the
+Atlantic, the Baltic, and the northern seas. To advance from Norway to
+the islands north of Britain, thence to Iceland, Greenland, and the
+American continent, was a gradual process. The great feature in the
+lasting discovery of America, which began at the end of the fifteenth
+century, was its suddenness. Nothing led to it; it was made by an
+accident; men were seeking one thing and then found another. Nothing
+like it has happened before or since.
+
+
+FRIDAY.
+
+     Of evil omen for the ancients. For America the day of glad tidings
+     and glorious deeds.
+
+Friday, the sixth day of the week, has for ages borne the obloquy of
+odium and ill-luck. Friday, October 5th, B. C. 105, was marked
+_nefastus_ in the Roman calendar because on that day Marcus Mallius and
+Caepio the Consul were slain and their whole army annihilated in Gallia
+Narbonensis by the Cimbrians. It was considered a very unlucky day in
+Spain and Italy; it is still deemed an ill-starred day among the
+Buddhists and Brahmins. The reason given by Christians for its ill-luck
+is, of course, because it was the day of Christ's crucifixion, though
+one would hardly term that an "unlucky event" for Christians. A Friday
+moon is considered unlucky for weather. It is the Mohammedan Sabbath and
+was the day on which Adam was created. The Sabeans consecrated it to
+Venus or Astarte. According to mediaeval romance, on this day fairies
+and all the tribes of elves of every description were converted into
+hideous animals and remained so until Monday. In Scotland it is a great
+day for weddings. In England it is not. Sir William Churchill says,
+"Friday is my lucky day. I was born, christened, married, and knighted
+on that day, and all my best accidents have befallen me on a Friday."
+Aurungzebe considered Friday a lucky day and used to say in prayer, "Oh,
+that I may die on a Friday, for blessed is he that dies on that day."
+British popular saying terms a trial, misfortune, or cross a "Friday
+tree," from the "accursed tree" on which the Savior was crucified on
+that day. Stow, the historian of London, states that "Friday Street" was
+so called because it was the street of fish merchants who served the
+Friday markets. In the Roman Catholic church Friday is a fast day, and
+is considered an unlucky day because it was the day of Christ's
+crucifixion. Soames ("Anglo-Saxon Church," page 255) says of it, "Adam
+and Eve ate the forbidden fruit on Friday and died on Friday." Shakspere
+refers to the ill-omened nature of the day as follows: "The duke, I say
+to thee again, would eat mutton Friday" ("Measure for Measure," Act 3,
+Scene 2).
+
+But to turn to the more pleasing side, great has been the good fortune
+of the land of freedom on this ill-starred day. On Friday, August 3,
+1492, Christopher Columbus set sail from the port of Palos on his great
+voyage of discovery. On Friday, October 12, 1492, he discovered land; on
+Friday, January 4, 1493, he sailed on his return voyage to Spain. On
+Friday, March 14, 1493, he arrived at Palos, Spain, in safety. On
+Friday, November 22, 1493, he arrived at Espanola on his second voyage
+to America. On Friday, June 12, 1494, he discovered the mainland of
+America. On Friday, March 5, 1496, Henry VIII. gave John Cabot his
+commission to pursue the discovery of America. On Friday, September 7,
+1565, Melendez founded St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest town in the
+United States. On Friday, November 10, 1620, the Mayflower, with the
+Pilgrim Fathers, reached the harbor of Provincetown. On Friday, December
+22, 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock. On Friday,
+February 22, 1732, George Washington was born. On Friday, June 16, 1755,
+Bunker Hill was seized and fortified. On Friday, October 17, 1777,
+Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. On Friday, September 22, 1780,
+Benedict Arnold's treason was discovered. On Friday, September 19, 1791,
+Lord Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. On Friday, July 7, 1776, a
+motion was made by John Adams that "the United States are and ought to
+be independent." On Friday, July 13, 1866, the Great Eastern steamship
+sailed from Valentia, Ireland, with the second and successful Atlantic
+cable, and completed the laying of this link of our civilization at
+Heart's Content, Newfoundland, on Friday, July 27, 1866. In Spanish
+history it is noteworthy that on Friday the Christians under Ferdinand
+and Isabella had won Granada from the Moors. On a Friday, also, the
+First Crusaders, under Geoffrey de Bouillon, took Jerusalem.
+
+
+A PREVIOUS DISCOVERY.
+
+     PAUL GAFFAREL. Summarized from "Les Decouvreurs Francais du XIVme
+     au XVIme Siecle," published at Paris in 1888.
+
+Jean Cousin, in 1488, sailed from Dieppe, then the great commercial and
+naval port of France, and bore out to sea, to avoid the storms so
+prevalent in the Bay of Biscay. Arrived at the latitude of the Azores,
+he was carried westward by a current, and came to an unknown country
+near the mouth of an immense river. He took possession of the
+continent, but, as he had not sufficient crew nor material resources
+adequate for founding a settlement, he re-embarked. Instead of returning
+directly to Dieppe, he took a southeasterly direction--that is, toward
+South Africa--discovered the cape which has since retained the name of
+Cap des Aiguilles (Cape Agulhas, the southern point of Africa), went
+north by the Congo and Guinea, and returned to Dieppe in 1489. Cousin's
+lieutenant was a Castilian, Pinzon by name, who was jealous of his
+captain, and caused him considerable trouble on the Gold Coast. On
+Cousin's complaint, the admiralty declared him unfit to serve in the
+marine of Dieppe. Pinzon then retired to Genoa, and afterward to
+Castille. Every circumstance tends toward the belief that this is the
+same Pinzon to whom Columbus afterward intrusted the command of the
+Pinta.
+
+
+GENIUS TRAVELS EAST TO WEST.
+
+     The Abbe FERNANDO GALIANI, an Italian political economist. Born at
+     Chieti, on the Abruzzi, 1728; died at Naples, 1787.
+
+For five thousand years genius has turned opposite to the diurnal
+motion, and traveled from east to west.
+
+
+OBSERVATION LIKE COLUMBUS.
+
+     The Rev. CUNNINGHAM GEIKIE, D. D., a noted English clergyman. Born
+     at Edinborough, October 26, 1826.
+
+Reading should be a Columbus voyage, in which nothing passes without
+note and speculation; the Sargasso Sea, mistaken for the New Indies; the
+branch with the fresh berries; the carved pole; the currents; the color
+of the water; the birds; the odor of the land; the butterflies; the
+moving light on the shore.
+
+
+THE GENOA INSCRIPTION.
+
+The following inscription is placed upon Columbus' house, No. 37, in the
+Vico Dritto Ponticello, Genoa, Italy:
+
+  _NVLLA. DOMVS. TITVLO. DIGNIOR.
+  HAEIC.
+  PATERNIS. IN. AEDIBVS.
+  CHRISTOPHVS. COLVMBVS.
+  PRIMAQVE. JVVENTAM. TRANSEGIT._
+
+  (No house deserved better an inscription.
+  This is the paternal home of Christopher Columbus, where
+  he passed his childhood and youth.)
+
+
+THE GENOA STATUE.
+
+"Genoa and Venice," writes Mr. Oscar Browning, in _Picturesque Europe_,
+"have much in common--both republics, both aristocracies, both
+commercial, both powerful maritime states; yet, while the Doge of Venice
+remains to us as the embodiment of stately and majestic pre-eminence, we
+scarcely remember, or have forgotten, that there ever was a Doge of
+Genoa. This surely can not be because Shakspere did not write of the
+Bank of St. George or because Genoa has no Rialto. It must be rather
+because, while Genoa devoted herself to the pursuits of riches and
+magnificence, Venice fought the battle of Europe against barbarism, and
+recorded her triumphs in works of art which will live forever. * * *
+Genoa has no such annals and no such art. As we wander along the narrow
+streets we see the courtyards of many palaces, the marble stairs, the
+graceful _loggia_, the terraces and the arches of which stand out
+against an Italian sky; but we look in vain for the magnificence of
+public halls, where the brush of Tintoretto or Carpaccio decorated the
+assembly-room of the rulers of the East or the chapter-house of a
+charitable fraternity."
+
+The artistic monument of Columbus, situated in the Piazza Acquaverde,
+facing the railway station, consists of a marble statue fitly embowered
+amid tropical palms, and is composed of a huge quadrangular pedestal, at
+the angles of which are seated allegorical figures of Religion,
+Geography, Strength, and Wisdom. Resting on this pedestal is a large
+cylindrical pedestal decorated with three ships' prows, on which stands
+a colossal figure of Columbus, his left hand resting on an anchor. At
+his feet, in a half-sitting, half-kneeling posture, is an allegorical
+figure of America in the act of adoring a crucifix, which she holds in
+her right hand. The four bas-reliefs on the sides of the pedestal
+represent the most important events in the life of the great discoverer:
+(1) Columbus before the Council of Salamanca; (2) Columbus taking formal
+possession of the New World; (3) his flattering reception at the court
+of Ferdinand and Isabella; (4) Columbus in chains. It is as well that
+this, the saddest of episodes, should be remembered, because great
+actions are as often as not emphasized by martyrdom.
+
+The first stone of the monument was laid September 27, 1846, and the
+completed statue formally dedicated in 1862. It bears the laconic but
+expressive dedication: "_A Cristoforo Colombo, La Patria_" (The Nation
+to Christopher Columbus).
+
+Genoa claims, with the largest presumption of truth, that Christopher
+Columbus was born there. The best of historical and antiquarian research
+tends to show that in a house, No. 37, in the Vico Dritto Ponticello,
+lived Domenico Colombo, the father of Christopher, and that in this
+house the Great Admiral was born. In 1887 the Genoese municipality
+bought the house, and an inscription has been placed over the door. To
+give the exact date of Christopher's birth is, however, difficult, but
+it is believed to have occurred sometime between March 15, 1446, and
+March 20, 1447.
+
+Whether Columbus was actually a native of Genoa or of Cogoletto--the
+latter is a sequestered little town a few miles west of the former--must
+ever remain a matter of conjecture. True enough, the house in which his
+father followed the trade of a wool-carder in Genoa is eagerly pointed
+out to a stranger; but the inscription on the marble tablet over the
+entrance does not state that the future discoverer was really born in
+it. This stands in a narrow alley designated the Vico di Morcento, near
+the prison of San Andrea.
+
+On the other hand, the little town hall at Cogoletto contains a portrait
+of Columbus, more than 300 years old, whose frame is completely covered
+with the names of enthusiastic travelers. The room in which he is
+believed to have been born resembles a cellar rather than aught else;
+while the broken pavement shows how visitors have at various times taken
+up the bricks to preserve as relics. As if this undoubted evidence of
+hero worship were insufficient, the old woman in charge of the place
+hastens to relate how a party of Americans one day lifted the original
+door off its hinges and carried it bodily away between them.
+
+As all the world knows, Columbus died at Valladolid on the 20th of May,
+1506. It has always been a matter of intense regret to the Genoese that
+his body should have been permitted to be shipped across the seas to its
+first resting-place in San Domingo. More fortunate, however, were they
+in securing the remains of their modern kinsman and national patriot,
+Mazzini.
+
+On the 29th of May, 1892, under the auspices of Ligurian Gymnastic
+Society Cristofore Columbo, a bronze wreath was placed at the base of
+the Columbus monument.
+
+The Ligurian Gymnastic Society Cristofore Columbo is an association
+which cultivates athletic exercises, music, and, above all, patriotism
+and charity. To awaken popular interest in the coming exhibition, the
+society had a bronze wreath made by the well-known sculptor Burlando,
+and fitting ceremonies took place, with a procession through the
+streets, before affixing the wreath at the base of the monument. The
+wreath, which weighed some 500 pounds, was carried by a figure
+representing Genoa seated on a triumphal car. There were 7,000 members
+of the society present, with not less than fifty bands of music. The
+ceremonies, beginning at 10 A. M., were concluded at 4 P. M. The last
+act was a hymn, sung by 2,000 voices, with superb effect. Then, by means
+of machinery, the bronze crown was put in its proper position. Never was
+Genoa in a gayer humor, nor could the day have been more propitious. The
+streets were decorated with flowers and banners. There were
+representatives from Rome, Florence, Milan, Turin, Venice, Naples,
+Leghorn, Palermo, and visitors from all parts of Europe and America. In
+the evening only did the festivities close with a grand dinner given by
+the Genoese municipality.
+
+In this, the glorification of the grand old city of Liguria, was united
+that of its most memorable man, Christopher Columbus, for that mediaeval
+feeling, when cities had almost individual personalities, is still a
+civic sense alive in Genoa. She rejoices in the illustrious men born
+within her walls with a sentiment akin to that of a mother for her son.
+
+In an artistic sense, nothing could have been more complete than this
+festival. Throwing the eye upward, beyond the figure of Columbus, the
+frame is perfect. The slanting ways leading up to the handsome houses on
+the background are wonderfully effective.
+
+Genoa is rich in the relics of Columbus. In the city hall of Genoa is,
+among other relics, a mosaic portrait of the Admiral, somewhat modified
+from the De Bry's Columbus. Genoa is fortunate in possessing a number of
+authentic letters of Columbus, and these are preserved in a marble
+custodia, surmounted by a head of Columbus. In the pillar which forms
+the pedestal there is a bronze door, and the precious Columbus documents
+have been placed there.
+
+
+GERMANY AND COLUMBUS.
+
+The Geographical Society of Germany will shortly publish a volume
+commemorative of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by
+Columbus, which will, it is said, be one of the most elaborate
+publications ever issued by the society. Dr. Konrad Kretschmer, the
+editor of the forthcoming work, has visited all the principal libraries
+of Italy in search of material, and has had access to many rare
+manuscripts hitherto unused. The memorial volume will contain forty-five
+maps relating to the discovery of America, thirty-one of which are said
+to have never been published. Emperor William has contributed 15,000
+marks toward the expenses of publication, etc., and the work will
+undoubtedly be a most valuable contribution to the early history of
+America. It is expected that it will leave the government printing
+office early in August.
+
+
+GERMANY'S EXHIBIT OF RARITIES.
+
+Germany proposes to loan a collection of Columbus rarities to the United
+States Government for exhibition at the Chicago Exposition, as will be
+seen by a communication to the State Department from Consul-general
+Edwards at Berlin. In his document, Mr. Edwards says:
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE OF COLUMBUS. No. 37 Vico Dritto Ponticelli, Genoa,
+Italy. (See page 140.)]
+
+The German government, appreciating the fact that no time is to be lost
+in this matter, has begun to carry its generous and friendly proposals
+into practical operation by instituting a thorough search in the various
+galleries, museums, and libraries throughout Germany for works of
+art, objects, and rarities which are in any way identified with the
+Columbus period, and which the German government believes would be
+likely to be of general interest to the authorities of the World's
+Columbian Exposition as well as the visitors at that great show.
+
+Among other works of art the German government consents to loan
+Pludderman's celebrated painting, "The Discovery of America by
+Columbus." Under the laws of Germany, as well as under the rules and
+regulations of the National Gallery, no person is permitted to
+lithograph, photograph, or make any sort of a copy of any picture or
+other work of art in the care or custody of any national gallery, in
+case when the artist has not been dead for a period of thirty years,
+without having first obtained the written permission of the legal
+representative of the deceased artist, coupled with the consent of the
+National Gallery authorities. Pludderman not having been dead thirty
+years, I have given assurances that this regulation will be observed by
+the United States Government.
+
+
+THE REASON FOR SAILORS' SUPERSTITIONS.
+
+     His Eminence JAMES GIBBONS, D.D., a celebrated American
+     ecclesiastic. Born in Baltimore, Md., July 23, 1834.
+
+There is but a plank between a sailor and eternity, and perhaps the
+realization of that fact may have something to do with the superstition
+lurking in his nature.
+
+
+ONCE THE PILLARS OF HERCULES WERE THE END OF THE WORLD.
+
+WILLIAM GIBSON.
+
+  Thus opening on that glooming sea,
+    Well seemed these walls[39] the ends of earth;
+  Death and a dark eternity
+    Sublimely symboled forth!
+
+  Ere to one eagle soul was given
+    The will, the wings, that deep to brave;
+  In the sun's path to find a heaven,
+    A New World--o'er the wave.
+
+  Retraced the path Columbus trod,
+    Our course was from the setting sun;
+  While all the visible works of God,
+    Though various else had one.
+
+
+NEW LIGHT ON CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.
+
+     From the Glasgow _Times_.
+
+The discovery by the Superintendent of the Military Archives at Madrid
+of documents probably setting at rest the doubts that formerly existed
+as to the birthplace of Columbus, must have awakened new interest in the
+history of the most renowned discoverer of the past. It is to be noted,
+however, that the documents only affirm tradition, for Genoa has always
+been the Admiral's accredited birthplace. But if the discovery should
+lead to nothing but a more careful investigation of the records of his
+later history it will have been of use.
+
+The character of Columbus has been greatly misunderstood, and his 600
+biographers have in turn invested him with the glory of the religious
+hero and the contumely of the ill-tempered and crack-brained adventurer.
+An impartial critic must admit, indeed, that he was something of both,
+though more of the hero than the adventurer, and that his biographers
+have erred considerably in what Mr. R. L. Stevenson would call their
+"point of view."
+
+Educated, as it is supposed, in the local schools of Genoa, and for a
+short period at the University of Pavia, the youthful Columbus must have
+come in close contact with the scholars of the day. Naturally of a
+religious temperament, the piety of the learned would early impress him,
+and to this may possibly be attributed the feeling that he had been
+divinely selected, which remained with him until his death.
+
+There is little doubt that he began his career as a sailor, at the age
+of fourteen, with the sole object of plunder. The Indies were the
+constant attraction for the natives of Venice and Genoa; the
+Mediterranean and the Adriatic were filled with treasure ships. In these
+circumstances it is not to be wondered that the sea possessed a
+wonderful fascination for the youth of those towns. This opulence was
+the constant envy of Spain and Portugal, and Columbus was soon attracted
+to the latter country by the desire of Prince Henry to discover a
+southern route to the Indies. It was while in Portugal that he began to
+believe that his mission on earth was to be the discoverer of a new
+route to the land of gold--"the white man's god." For two years he
+resided in Lisbon, from time to time making short voyages, but for the
+most part engaged drawing maps to procure himself a living. Here he
+married, here his son Diego was born, and here his wife, who died at an
+early age, was buried.
+
+Toscanelli at this time advanced the theory that the earth was round,
+and Columbus at once entered into correspondence with him on the
+subject, and was greatly impressed with the views of the Florentine
+scientist, both as to the sphericity of the world and the wonders of the
+Asiatic region. Heresy-hunting was then a favorite pastime, and
+Columbus in accepting these theories ran no small risk of losing his
+life. Portugal and France in turn rejected his offers to add to their
+dependencies by his discoveries; and, though his brother found many in
+England willing to give him the necessary ships to start on his
+adventures, Spain, after much importuning on the part of the explorer,
+forestalled our own country.
+
+Then followed his four eventful voyages with all their varying fortunes,
+and his death, when over seventy years of age, in a wretched condition
+of poverty. The ready consideration of theories, not only dangerous but
+so astounding in their character as to throw discredit on those who
+advanced them, shows him to have been a man of intellectual courage.
+Humility was another trait of his character, and in all his life it can
+not be said that he acted in any but an honest and straightforward
+manner toward his fellow-men.
+
+It is true, no doubt, that his recognition of slavery somewhat dims his
+reputation. He sold many Indians as slaves, but it should be remembered
+that slavery prevailed at the time, and it was only on his second
+voyage, when hard pressed for means to reimburse the Spanish treasury
+for the immense expense of the expedition, that he resorted to the
+barter in human flesh. Indeed, his friendly relations with the natives
+show that, as a rule, he must have treated them in the kindly manner
+which characterized all his actions.
+
+Throughout the reverses of his long career, whether received with
+sneers, lauded as a benefactor of his country, put in chains by crafty
+fellow-subjects, or defrauded, by an unscrupulous prince, of the profit
+of his discoveries, he continued a man of an eminently lovable
+character, kind to his family, his servants, and even his enemies.
+Americans are to do honor at the Columbian Exhibition to the name of him
+who, though not the first white man to land on the shores of the New
+World, was the first to colonize its fertile islands. Not only America,
+but the whole world, may emulate his virtues with advantage; for, even
+now, justice and mercy, courage and meekness, do not always abide
+together.
+
+
+SECRET.
+
+     FRANK B. GOODRICH, an American author of several popular books.
+     Born in Boston, 1826. From his "History of the Sea."
+
+John II. of Portugal applied for an increase of power, and obtained a
+grant of all the lands which his navigators could discover in sailing
+_from west to east_. The grand idea of sailing from east to west--one
+which implied a knowledge of the sphericity of the globe--had not yet,
+to outward appearance, penetrated the brain of either pope or layman.
+One Christopher Columbus, however, was already brooding over it in
+secret and in silence.
+
+
+THE PERIOD.
+
+     FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT, a distinguished French statesman
+     and historian. Born at Nimes, October 4, 1787; died September 12,
+     1874. From his "History of Civilization" (5 vols., 1845).
+
+The period in question was also one of the most remarkable for the
+display of physical activity among men. It was a period of voyages,
+travels, enterprises, discoveries, and inventions of every kind. It was
+the time of the great Portuguese expedition along the coast of Africa;
+of the discovery of the new passage to India, by Vasco de Gama; of the
+discovery of America, by Christopher Columbus; of the wonderful
+extension of European commerce. A thousand new inventions started up;
+others already known, but confined within a narrow sphere, became
+popular and in general use. Gunpowder changed the system of war; the
+compass changed the system of navigation. Painting in oil was invented,
+and filled Europe with masterpieces of art. Engraving on copper,
+invented in 1406, multiplied and diffused them. Paper made of linen
+became common. Finally, between 1436 and 1452, was invented
+printing--printing, the theme of so many declamations and commonplaces,
+but to whose merits and effect no commonplaces or declamations will ever
+be able to do justice.
+
+
+MORNING TRIUMPHANT.
+
+     Rev. F. W. GUNSAULUS, D. D., an American divine and able pulpit
+     orator; at present, pastor of Plymouth Church, Chicago. From "New
+     Testament and Liberty."
+
+Look again! It has become so light now that it is easy to see. Yonder in
+the West a man has been pleading before courts, praying to God,
+thinking, and dreaming. His brave heart sends forth hot tears, but it
+will not fail. The genius of God has seized him. The Holy Ghost has
+touched him as the spirit of liberty. Humanity cries through him for
+more room. Emperors will not hear. But he gains one ear, at last, and
+with the mariner's needle set out for the unknown. Civilization has
+always walked by faith and not by sight. And do not forget to note,
+that, in that log-book, the first mark is, "In the name of our Lord
+Jesus Christ." On! brave man, on! over wastes of ocean, in the midst of
+scorn, through hate, rage, mutiny, even death--and despair, worse than
+death. On! there is an America on the other side to balance. Cheerless
+nights, sad days, nights dark with woe, days hideous with the form of
+death, weeks sobbing with pity; but in that heart is He whose name is
+written in the log-book. "Land ahead!" And Columbus has discovered a
+continent. Humanity has another world. Light from the four corners of
+heaven. Glory touching firmament and planet. It is morning! Triumphant,
+beautiful dawn!
+
+
+TENDENCY.
+
+     ARNOLD HENRY GUYOT, Ph. D., LL. D., a meritorious writer on
+     physical geography. Born near Neufchatel, Switzerland, 1807.
+     Professor of geology and physical geography at Princeton College
+     from 1855 until his death, February 8, 1884. From "Earth and Man"
+     (1849).
+
+As the plant is made for the animal, as the vegetable world is made for
+the animal world, America is made for the man of the Old World. The man
+of the Old World sets out upon his way. Leaving the highlands of Asia,
+he descends from station to station toward Europe. Each of his steps is
+marked by a new civilization superior to the preceding, by a greater
+power of development. Arrived at the Atlantic, he pauses on the shore of
+this unknown ocean, the bounds of which he knows not, and turns upon his
+footprints for an instant; then recommences his adventurous career
+westward as in the earliest ages.
+
+
+NEW LIFE.
+
+     EDWARD EVERETT HALE, D. D., a celebrated American author. Born in
+     Boston, Mass., April 3, 1822. From an article, "Christopher
+     Columbus," in the _Independent_, June 2, 1892.
+
+What the world owes to him and to Isabella, who made his work possible,
+it is impossible in few words to say. The moment was one when Europe
+needed America as never before. She had new life, given by the fall of
+Constantinople, by the invention of printing, by the expulsion of the
+Moors; there was new life even seething in the first heats of the
+Reformation; and Europe must break her bonds, else she would die. Her
+outlet was found in America. Here it is that that Power who orders
+history could try, on a fit scale, the great experiments of the new
+life. Thus it was ordered, let us say reverently, that South America
+should show what the Catholic church could do in the line of civilizing
+a desert, and that North America should show what the coming church of
+the future could do. To us it is interesting to remember that Columbus
+personally led the first discovery of South America, and that he made
+the first effort for a colony on our half of the continent. Of these two
+experiments the North America of to-day and South America of to-day are
+the issue.
+
+
+TRIUMPH OF AN IDEA.
+
+The life of Columbus is an illustration constantly brought for the
+success which God gives to those who, having conceived of a great idea,
+bravely determine to carry it through. His singleness of purpose, his
+determination to succeed, have been cited for four centuries, and will
+be cited for centuries more among the noblest illustrations which
+history has given of success wrought out by the courage of one
+man.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE EAST LONGED FOR THE WEST.
+
+    EDWARD EVERETT HALE, in _Overland Monthly Magazine_. An article on
+    "A Visit to Palos."
+
+
+Lord Houghton, following Freiligrath, has sung to us how the
+
+  Palm tree dreameth of the pine,
+  The pine tree of the palm;
+
+and in his delicate imaginings the dream is of two continents--ocean
+parted--each of which longs for the other. Strange enough, as one pushes
+along the steep ascent from the landing at Rabida, up the high bluff on
+which the convent stands, the palm tree and the pine grow together, as
+in token of the dream of the great discoverer, who was to unite the
+continents.
+
+
+LIFE FOR LIBERTY.
+
+     FITZ-GREENE HALLECK, a noted American poet. Born in Guilford,
+     Conn., July 8, 1790; died November 19, 1867.
+
+  Thy voice sounds like a prophet's word,
+  And in its hollow tones are heard
+    The thanks of millions yet to be.
+  Come when his task of fame is wrought,
+  Come with her laurel-leaf, blood-bought,
+    Come in her crowning hour, and then
+  Thy sunken eye's unearthly light
+  To him is welcome as the sight
+    Of sky and stars to prison'd men;
+  Thy grasp is welcome as the hand
+  Of brother in a foreign land;
+  Thy summons welcome as the cry
+  That told the Indian isles were nigh
+    To the world-seeking Genoese,
+  When the land wind, from woods of palm,
+  And orange groves, and fields of balm,
+    Blew o'er the Haytian seas.
+
+
+GENOA.
+
+     MURAT HALSTEAD, an American journalist. Born at Ross, Ohio,
+     September 2, 1829. From "Genoa--the Home of Columbus," a paper in
+     _Cosmopolitan_, May, 1892.
+
+The Italian coast all around the Gulf of Genoa is mountainous, and the
+mountains crowd each other almost into the sea. Land that can be built
+upon or cultivated is scarce, and the narrow strips that are possible
+are on the sunny southern slopes. The air is delicious. The orange trees
+in December lean over the garden walls, heavy with golden spheres, and
+the grass is green on the hills, and when a light snow falls the roses
+blush through the soft veil of lace, and are modest but not ashamed, as
+they bow their heads. The mountains are like a wall of iron against the
+world, and from them issues a little river whose waters are pure as the
+dew, until the washerwomen use them and spread clothing on the wide
+spaces of clean gravel to dry. The harbor is easily defended, and with
+the same expensive equipment would be strong as Gibraltar. It is in this
+isolation that the individuality of Genoa, stamped upon so many chapters
+of world-famous history, grew. There is so little room for a city that
+the buildings are necessarily lofty. The streets are narrow and steep.
+The pavements are blocks of stone that would average from two to three
+feet in length, one foot in width, and of unknown depth. Evidently they
+are not constructed for any temporary purpose, but to endure forever.
+When, for a profound reason, a paving-stone is taken up it is speedily
+replaced, with the closest attention to exact restoration, and then it
+is again a rock of ages.
+
+
+THE CELEBRATION AT HAMBURG.
+
+Among the celebrations of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of
+America, that of the city of Hamburg, in Germany, will occupy a
+prominent place. On October 1st an exhibition will be opened at which
+objects will be on view that bear on the history of the act of
+discovery, on the condition of geographical science of the time, and on
+the conditions of the inhabitants of America at the time of the
+discovery. Side by side with these will be exhibited whatever can show
+the condition of America at the present time. On the date of the
+discovery of the little Island of Guanahani--that is, October 12th--the
+celebration proper will take place. The exercises will consist of songs
+and music and a goodly array of speeches. In the evening, tableaux and
+processions will be performed in the largest hall of the city. The
+scenery, costumes, and implements used will all be got up as they were
+at the time of the discovery, so as to furnish a real representation of
+the age of Columbus.
+
+
+SEEKER AND SEER--A RHYME FOR THE DEDICATION OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
+
+     EDWARD J. HARDING, in the Chicago _Tribune_, September 17, 1892.
+
+  I.
+
+      What came ye forth to see?
+  Why from the sunward regions of the palm,
+  And piney headlands by the northern main,
+  From Holland's watery ways, and parching Spain,
+  From pleasant France and storied Italy,
+  From India's patience, and from Egypt's calm,
+  To this far city of a soil new-famed
+      Come ye in festal guise to-day,
+      Charged with no fatal "gifts of Greece,"
+      Nor Punic treaties double-tongued,
+      But proffering hands of amity,
+      And speaking messages of peace,
+  With drum-beats ushered, and with shouts acclaimed,
+      While cannon-echoes lusty-lung'd
+          Reverberate far away?
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  IV.
+
+      Our errand here to-day
+      Hath warrant fair, ye say;
+      We come with you to consecrate
+  A hero's, ay a prophet's monument;
+      Yet needs he none, who was so great;
+  Vainly they build in Cuba's isle afar
+  His sepulcher beside the sapphire sea;
+  He hath for cenotaph a continent,
+  For funeral wreaths, the forests waving free,
+      And round his grave go ceaselessly
+      The morning and the evening star.
+  Yet is it fit that ye should praise him best,
+      For ye his true descendants are,
+      A spirit-begotten progeny;
+  Wherefore to thee, fair city of the West,
+      From elder lands we gladly came
+      To grace a prophet's fame.
+
+  V.
+
+  Beauteous upon the waters were the wings
+  That bore glad tidings o'er the leaping wave
+  Of sweet Hesperian isles, more bland and fair
+  Than lover's looks or bard's imaginings;
+      And blest was he, the hero brave,
+      Who first the tyrannous deeps defied,
+  And o'er the wilderness of waters wide
+  A sun-pursuing highway did prepare
+      For those true-hearted exiles few
+  The house of Liberty that reared anew.
+      Nor fails he here of honor due.
+      These goodly structures ye behold,
+      These towering piles in order brave,
+      From whose tall crests the pennons wave
+      Like tropic plumage, gules and gold;
+      These ample halls, wherein ye view
+      Whate'er is fairest wrought and best--
+      South with North vying, East with West,
+      And arts of yore with science new--
+  Bear witness for us how religiously
+      We cherish here his memory.
+
+  VI.
+
+      Yet sure, the adventurous Genoese
+  Did never in his most enlightened hours
+  Forecast the high, the immortal destinies
+      Of this dear land of ours.
+  Nay, could ye call him hither from his tomb,
+  Think ye that he would mark with soul elate
+  A kingless people, a schismatic State,
+  Nor on his work invoke perpetual doom?
+  Though the whole Sacred College o'er and o'er
+  Pronounce him sainted, prophet was he none
+  Who to Cathaia's legendary shore
+      Deemed that his bark a path had won.
+      In sooth, our Western pioneer
+      Was all as prescient as he
+      Who cried, "The desert shall exult,
+      The wild shall blossom as the rose,"
+      And to a passing rich result
+      Through summer heats and winter snows
+      Toiling to prove himself a seer,
+      Accomplished his own prophecy.
+      Lo, here a greater far than he,
+      A prophet nation hath its dwelling,
+      With multitudinous voice foretelling,
+          "Man shall be free!"
+
+  VII.
+
+  Hellas for Beauty, Rome for Order, stood,
+      And Israel for the Good;
+  Our message to the world is Liberty;
+  Not the rude freedom of anarchic hordes,
+  But reasoned kindness, whose benignant code
+  Upon the emblazoned walls of history
+      We carved with our good swords,
+      And crimsoned with our blood.
+  Last, from our eye we plucked the obscuring mote,
+  (Not without tears expelled, and sharpest pain,)
+      From swarthy limbs the galling chain
+      With shock on mighty shock we smote,
+      Whereby with clearer gaze we scan
+  The heaven-writ message that we bear for man.
+  Not ours to give, as erst the Genoese,
+      Of a new world the keys;
+  But of the prison-world ye knew before
+      Hewing in twain the door,
+  To thralls of custom and of circumstance
+      We preach deliverance.
+  O self-imprisoned ones, be free! be free!
+  These fetters frail, by doting ages wrought
+  Of basest metals--fantasy and fear,
+  And ignorance dull, and fond credulity--
+      Have moldered, lo! this many a year;
+  See, at a touch they part, and fall to naught!
+  Yours is the heirship of the universe,
+  Would ye but claim it, nor from eyes averse
+  Let fall the tears of needless misery;
+      Deign to be free!
+
+  VIII.
+
+  The prophets perish, but their word endures;
+  The word abides, the prophets pass away;
+  Far be the hour when Hellas' fate is yours,
+  O Nation of the newer day!
+      Unmeet it were that I,
+  Who sit beside your hospitable fire
+  A stranger born--though honoring as a sire
+  The land that binds me with a closer tie
+  Than hers that bore me--should from sullen throat
+  Send forth a raven's ominous note
+      Upon a day of jubilee.
+      Yet signs of coming ill I see,
+  Which Heaven avert! Nay, rather let me deem
+      That like a bright and broadening stream
+  Fed by a hundred affluents, each a river
+  Far-sprung and full, Columbia's life shall flow
+  By level meads majestically slow,
+      Blessing and blest forever!
+
+
+THE JESUIT GEOGRAPHER.
+
+     JEAN HARDOUIN, a French Jesuit. Born at Quimper, 1646; died, 1729.
+
+The rotation of the earth is due to the efforts of the damned to escape
+from their central fire. Climbing up the walls of hell, they cause the
+earth to revolve as a squirrel its cage.
+
+
+COLUMBUS DAY.
+
+     _By the President of the United States of America. A proclamation:_
+
+WHEREAS, By a joint resolution, approved June 29, 1892, it was resolved
+by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
+America, in Congress assembled, "That the President of the United States
+be authorized and directed to issue a proclamation recommending to the
+people the observance in all their localities of the 400th anniversary
+of the discovery of America, on the 21st day of October, 1892, by public
+demonstration and by suitable exercises in their schools and other
+places of assembly."
+
+Now, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, in pursuance of the aforesaid joint resolution, do hereby
+appoint Friday, October 21, 1892, the 400th anniversary of the discovery
+of America by Columbus, as a general holiday for the people of the
+United States. On that day let the people, so far as possible, cease
+from toil and devote themselves to such exercises as may best express
+honor to the discoverer and their appreciation of the great
+achievements of the four completed centuries of American life.
+
+Columbus stood in his age as the pioneer of progress and enlightenment.
+The system of universal education is in our age the most prominent and
+salutary feature of the spirit of enlightenment, and it is peculiarly
+appropriate that the schools be made by the people the center of the
+day's demonstration. Let the national flag float over every school-house
+in the country, and the exercises be such as shall impress upon our
+youth the patriotic duties of American citizenship.
+
+In the churches and in the other places of assembly of the people, let
+there be expressions of gratitude to Divine Providence for the devout
+faith of the discoverer, and for the Divine care and guidance which has
+directed our history and so abundantly blessed our people.
+
+IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 21st day of July, in the year of
+our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, and of the
+independence of the United States the one hundred and seventeenth.
+
+                                           BENJAMIN HARRISON.
+
+   ~~~~~    By the President.
+  {L. S.}
+  ~~~~~     JOHN W. FOSTER, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+THE ADMIRATION OF A CAREFUL CRITIC.
+
+     HENRY HARRISSE, a celebrated Columbian critic, in his erudite and
+     valuable work, "Columbus and the Bank of St. George."
+
+Nor must you believe that I am inclined to lessen the merits of the
+great Genoese or fail to admire him. But my admiration is the result of
+reflection, and not a blind hero-worship. Columbus removed out of the
+range of mere speculation the idea that beyond the Atlantic Ocean lands
+existed and could be reached by sea, made of the notion a fixed fact,
+and linked forever the two worlds. That event, which is unquestionably
+the greatest of modern times, secures to Columbus a place in the
+pantheon dedicated to the worthies whose courageous deeds mankind will
+always admire.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS, BY SIR ANTONIO MORO.
+
+Used by Washington Irving to illustrate his "Life of Columbus." From the
+original in the possession of Mr. C. F. Gunther of Chicago. (See pages
+52 and 113.)]
+
+But our gratitude must not carry us beyond the limits of an equitable
+appreciation. Indiscriminate praise works mischief and injustice. When
+tender souls represent Columbus as being constantly the laughing-stock
+of all, and leading a life of misery and abandonment in Spain, they do
+injustice to Deza, to Cabrera, to Quintanilla, to Mendoza, to Beatrice
+de Bobadilla, to Medina-Celi, to Ferdinand and Isabella, and probably a
+host of others who upheld him as much as they could from the start. When
+blind admirers imagine that the belief in the existence of transatlantic
+countries rushed out of Columbus' cogitations, complete, unaided, and
+alone, just as Minerva sprang in full armor from the head of Jupiter,
+they disregard the efforts of numerous thinkers who, from Aristotle and
+Roger Bacon to Toscanelli, evolved and matured the thought, until
+Columbus came to realize it. When dramatists, poets, and romancers
+expatiate upon the supposed spontaneous or independent character of the
+discovery of America, and ascribe the achievement exclusively to the
+genius of a single man, they adopt a theory which is discouraging and
+untrue.
+
+No man is, or ever was, ahead of his times. No human efforts are, or
+ever were, disconnected from a long chain of previous exertions; and
+this applies to all the walks of life. When a great event occurs, in
+science as in history, the hero who seems to have caused it is only the
+embodiment and resulting force of the meditations, trials, and
+endeavors of numberless generations of fellow-workers, conscious and
+unconscious, known and unknown.
+
+When this solemn truth shall have been duly instilled into the minds of
+men, we will no longer see them live in the constant expectation of
+Messiahs and providential beings destined to accomplish, as by a sort of
+miracle, the infinite and irresistible work of civilization. They will
+rely exclusively upon the concentrated efforts of the whole race, and
+cherish the encouraging thought that, however imperceptible and
+insignificant their individual contributions may seem to be, these form
+a part of the whole, and finally redound to the happiness and progress
+of mankind.
+
+
+THE CARE OF THE NEW WORLD.
+
+     DAVID HARTLEY, a celebrated English physician and philosopher. Born
+     at Armley, near Leeds, 1705; died, 1757.
+
+Those who have the first care of this New World will probably give it
+such directions and inherent influences as may guide and control its
+course and revolutions for ages to come.
+
+
+THE TRIBUTE OF HEINRICH HEINE.
+
+     HEINRICH HEINE. Born December 12, 1799, in the Bolkerstrasse at
+     Dusseldorf; died in Paris, February 17, 1856.
+
+  Mancher hat schon viel gegeben,
+  Aber jener hat der Welt
+  Eine ganze Welt geschenkt
+  Und sie heisst America.
+
+  Nicht befreien koennt'er uns
+  Aus dem orden Erdenkerker
+  Doch er wusst ihn zu erweitern
+  Und die Kette zu verlaengern
+
+  (_Translation._)
+
+  Some have given much already,
+  But this man he has presented
+  To the world an entire world,
+  With the name America.
+
+  He could not set us free, out
+  Of the dreary, earthly prison,
+  But he knew how to enlarge it
+  And to lengthen our chain.
+
+
+COLUMBUS' AIM NOT MERELY SECULAR.
+
+     GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL, one of the most eminent
+     philosophers of the German school of metaphysics. Born at Stuttgart
+     in 1770; died in Berlin, 1831. From his "Philosophy of History."
+
+A leading feature demanding our notice in determining the character of
+this period, might be mentioned that urging of the spirit outward, that
+desire on the part of man to become acquainted with his world. The
+chivalrous spirit of the maritime heroes of Portugal and Spain opened a
+new way to the East Indies and discovered America. This progressive step
+also involved no transgression of the limits of ecclesiastical
+principles or feeling. The aim of Columbus was by no means a merely
+secular one; it presented also a distinctly religious aspect; the
+treasures of those rich Indian lands which awaited his discovery were
+destined, in his intention, to be expended in a new crusade, and the
+heathen inhabitants of the countries themselves were to be converted to
+Christianity. The recognition of the spherical figure of the earth led
+man to perceive that it offered him a definite and limited object, and
+navigation had been benefited by the new-found instrumentality of the
+magnet, enabling it to be something better than mere coasting; thus
+technical appliances make their appearance when a need for them is
+experienced.
+
+These events--the so-called revival of learning, the flourishing of the
+fine arts, and the discovery of America--may be compared with that
+_blush of dawn_ which after long storms first betokens the return of a
+bright and glorious day. This day is the day of universality, which
+breaks upon the world after the long, eventful, and terrible night of
+the Middle Ages.
+
+
+THE BELIEF OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     SIR ARTHUR HELPS, a popular English essayist and historian. Born,
+     1813; died, March 7, 1875. From his "Life of Columbus" (1869).
+
+Columbus believed the world to be a sphere; he underestimated its size;
+he overestimated the size of the Asiatic continent. The farther that
+continent extended to the east, the nearer it came round to Spain.
+
+
+SPECULATION.
+
+It has always been a favorite speculation with historians, and, indeed,
+with all thinking men, to consider what would have happened from a
+slight change of circumstances in the course of things which led to
+great events. This may be an idle and a useless speculation, but it is
+an inevitable one. Never was there such a field for this kind of
+speculation as in the voyages, especially the first one, of Columbus.
+* * * The gentlest breeze carried with it the destinies of future empires.
+* * * Had some breeze big with the fate of nations carried Columbus
+northward, it would hardly have been left for the English, more than a
+century afterward, to found those colonies which have proved to be the
+seeds of the greatest nation that the world is likely to
+behold.--_Ibid._
+
+
+RELIGION TURNS TO FREEDOM'S LAND.
+
+     GEORGE HERBERT, an English poet. Born at Montgomery, Wales, 1593;
+     died, 1632.
+
+  Religion stands on tiptoe in our land,
+  Ready to pass to the American strand.
+
+
+THE PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     ANTONIO HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS, an eminent Spanish historian. Born
+     at Cuellar in 1549; died, 1625.
+
+Columbus was tall of stature, with a long and imposing visage. His nose
+was aquiline; his eyes blue; his complexion clear, and having a tendency
+to a glowing red; the beard and hair red in his youth, but his fatigues
+early turned them white.
+
+
+AN INCIDENT OF THE VOYAGE.
+
+     FERNANDO HERRERA, Spanish poet, 1534-1597.
+
+     Many sighed and wept, and every hour seemed a year.
+
+THE EFFECT OF THE DISCOVERY.
+
+     C. W. HODGIN, professor of history in Earlham College, Indiana.
+     From "Preparation for the Discovery of America."
+
+The discovery of America by Columbus stands out in history as an event
+of supreme importance, both because of its value in itself and because
+of its reflex action upon Europe. It swept away the hideous monsters and
+frightful apparitions with which a superstitious imagination had peopled
+the unknown Atlantic, and removed at once and forever the fancied
+dangers in the way of its navigation. It destroyed the old patristic
+geography and practically demonstrated the rotundity of the earth. It
+overthrew the old ideas of science and gave a new meaning to the
+Baconian method of investigation. It revolutionized the commerce of the
+world, and greatly stimulated the intellect of Europe, already awakening
+from the long torpor of the Dark Ages. It opened the doors of a new
+world, through which the oppressed and overcrowded population of the Old
+World might enter and make homes, build states, and develop a higher
+ideal of freedom than the world had before conceived.
+
+But this event did not come to pass by accident, neither was it the
+result of a single cause. It was the culmination of a series of events,
+each of which had a tendency, more or less marked, to concentrate into
+the close of the fifteenth century the results of an _instinct_ to
+search over unexplored seas for unknown lands.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE FIRST DISCOVERER.
+
+     FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, Baron VON HUMBOLDT, the illustrious
+     traveler, naturalist, and cosmographer. Born in Berlin, September
+     14, 1769; died there May 6, 1859. He has been well termed "The
+     Modern Aristotle."
+
+To say the truth, Vespucci shone only by reflection from an age of
+glory. When compared with Columbus, Sebastian Cabot, Bartolome Dias, and
+Da Gama, his place is an inferior one.
+
+The majesty of great memories seems concentrated in the name of
+Christopher Columbus. It is the originality of his vast idea, the
+largeness and fertility of his genius, and the courage which bore up
+against a long series of misfortunes, which have exalted the Admiral
+high above all his contemporaries.
+
+
+THE PENETRATION AND EXTREME ACCURACY OF COLUMBUS.
+
+Columbus preserved, amid so many material and minute cares, which freeze
+the soul and contract the character, a profound and poetic sentiment of
+the grandeur of nature. What characterizes Columbus is the penetration
+and extreme accuracy with which he seizes the phenomena of the external
+world. He is quite as remarkable as an observer of nature as he is an
+intrepid navigator.
+
+Arrived under new heavens, and in a new world, the configuration of
+lands, the aspect of vegetation, the habits of animals, the distribution
+of heat according to longitude, the pelagic currents, the variations of
+terrestrial magnetism--nothing escaped his sagacity. Columbus does not
+limit himself to collecting isolated facts, he combines them, he seeks
+their mutual relations to each other. He sometimes rises with boldness
+to the discovery of the general laws that govern the physical
+world.--_Ibid._
+
+
+A FLIGHT OF PARROTS WAS HIS GUIDING STAR.
+
+Columbus was guided in his opinion by a flight of parrots toward the
+southwest. Never had the flight of birds more important consequences. It
+may be said to have determined the first settlements on the new
+continent, and its distribution between the Latin and Germanic
+races.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS A GIANT.
+
+Columbus is a giant standing on the confines between mediaeval and modern
+times, and his existence marks one of the great epochs in the history of
+the world.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE MAJESTY OF GRAND RECOLLECTIONS.
+
+The majesty of grand recollections seems concentered on the illustrious
+name of Columbus.--_Ibid._
+
+
+RELIGION.
+
+     JOHN FLETCHER HURST, D. D., LL.D., a noted American Methodist
+     bishop. Born near Salem, Md., August 17, 1834. From his "Short
+     History of the Church in the United States." Copyright, 1889. By
+     permission of Messrs. Harper & Brothers, Publishers.
+
+When Columbus discovered the little West India Island of San Salvador,
+and raised upon the shore the cross, he dedicated it and the lands
+beyond to the sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella. The "_Gloria in
+Excelsis_" was sung by the discoverer and his weary crew with as much
+fervor as it had ever been chanted in the cathedrals of Spain. The faith
+was Roman Catholic. On his second voyage, in 1494, Columbus took with
+him a vicar apostolic and twelve priests, and on the island of Haiti
+erected the first chapel in the western world.[40] The success of
+Columbus in discovering a new world in the West awakened a wild
+enthusiasm throughout Europe. Visions of gold inflamed the minds alike
+of rulers, knights, and adventurers. To discover and gather treasures,
+and organize vast missionary undertakings, became the mania of the
+times. No European country which possessed a strip of seaboard escaped
+the delirium.
+
+
+ARMA VIRUMQUE CANO.
+
+     WASHINGTON IRVING, one of the most distinguished American authors
+     and humorists. Born in New York City, April 3, 1783. Died at
+     Sunnyside on the Hudson, N. Y., November 28, 1859. From his
+     "History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus" (4 vols.,
+     1828). "This is one of those works," says Alexander H. Everett,
+     "which are at the same time the delight of readers and the despair
+     of critics. It is as nearly perfect as any work well can be."
+
+It is my object to relate the deeds and fortunes of the mariner who
+first had the judgment to divine, and the intrepidity to brave, the
+mysteries of the perilous deep; and who, by his hardy genius, his
+inflexible constancy, and his heroic courage, brought the ends of the
+earth into communication with each other. The narrative of his troubled
+life is the link which connects the history of the Old World with that
+of the New.
+
+To his intellectual vision it was given to read the signs of the times
+in the conjectures and reveries of the past ages, the indications of an
+unknown world, as soothsayers were said to read predictions in the
+stars, and to foretell events from the visions of the night.
+
+
+PRACTICAL AND POETICAL.
+
+He who paints a great man merely in great and heroic traits, though he
+may produce a fine picture, will never present a faithful portrait.
+Great men are compounds of great and little qualities. Indeed, much of
+their greatness arises from their mastery over the imperfections of
+their nature, and their noblest actions are sometimes struck forth by
+the collision of their merits and their defects.
+
+In Columbus were singularly combined the practical and the poetical. His
+mind had grasped all kinds of knowledge, whether procured by study or
+observation, which bore upon his theories; impatient of the scanty
+aliment of the day, "his impetuous ardor threw him into the study of the
+fathers of the Church, the Arabian Jews, and the ancient geographers";
+while his daring but irregular genius, bursting from the limits of
+imperfect science, bore him to conclusions far beyond the intellectual
+vision of his contemporaries. If some of his conclusions were erroneous,
+they were at least ingenious and splendid; and their error resulted from
+the clouds which still hung over his peculiar path of enterprise. His
+own discoveries enlightened the ignorance of the age, guided conjecture
+to certainty, and dispelled that very darkness with which he had been
+obliged to struggle.
+
+In the progress of his discoveries, he has been remarked for the extreme
+sagacity and the admirable justness with which he seized upon the
+phenomena of the exterior world. As they broke upon him, these phenomena
+were discerned with wonderful quickness of perception, and made to
+contribute important principles to the stock of general knowledge. This
+lucidity of spirit, this quick convertibility of facts to principles,
+distinguish him from the dawn to the close of his sublime enterprise,
+insomuch that, with all the sallying ardor of his imagination, his
+ultimate success has been admirably characterized as a "conquest of
+reflection."--_Ibid._
+
+
+A VISIT TO PALOS.
+
+I can not express to you what were my feelings on treading the shore
+which had once been animated by the bustle of departure, and whose sands
+had been printed by the last footstep of Columbus. The solemn and
+sublime nature of the event that had followed, together with the fate
+and fortunes of those concerned in it, filled the mind with vague yet
+melancholy ideas. It was like viewing the silent and empty stage of some
+great drama when all the actors had departed. The very aspect of the
+landscape, so tranquilly beautiful, had an effect upon me, and as I
+paced the deserted shore by the side of a descendant of one of the
+discoverers I felt my heart swelling with emotion and my eyes filling
+with tears.--_Ibid._
+
+
+COLUMBUS AT SALAMANCA.
+
+Columbus appeared in a most unfavorable light before a select
+assembly--an obscure navigator, a member of no learned institution,
+destitute of all the trappings and circumstances which sometimes give
+oracular authority to dullness, and depending on the mere force of
+natural genius.
+
+Some of the junta entertained the popular notion that he was an
+adventurer, or at best a visionary; and others had that morbid
+impatience which any innovation upon established doctrine is apt to
+produce in systematic minds. What a striking spectacle must the hall of
+the old convent have presented at this memorable conference! A simple
+mariner standing forth in the midst of an imposing array of professors,
+friars, and dignitaries of the Church, maintaining his theory with
+natural eloquence, and, as it were, pleading the cause of the New
+World.--_Ibid._
+
+
+A MEMORIAL TO COLUMBUS AT OLD ISABELLA.
+
+     From the _Sacred Heart Review_ of Boston, Mass.
+
+Early in September, 1891, the proposition of erecting a monument to
+Columbus on the site of his first settlement in the New World, at Old
+Isabella, in Santo Domingo, was first broached to the _Sacred Heart
+Review_ of Boston by Mr. Thomas H. Cummings of that city. As the first
+house built by Columbus in the settlement was a church, it was suggested
+that such a monument would indeed fitly commemorate the starting-point
+and rise of Christian civilization in America. The _Review_ entered
+heartily into the project, and steps were at once taken to secure a
+suitable plot of ground for the site of the monument. Plans were also
+drawn of a monument whose estimated cost would be from $3,000 to $5,000.
+A design which included a granite plinth and ball three feet in
+diameter, surmounting a pyramid of coral and limestone twenty feet
+high,[41] was transmitted, through the Dominican consul-general at New
+York to the Dominican government in Santo Domingo. Accompanying this
+plan was a petition, of which the following is a copy, setting forth the
+purpose of the _Review_, and asking certain concessions in return:
+
+     "BOSTON, MASS., October 7, 1891.
+
+     "HON. FCO. LEONTE VAZQUES, _Dominican Consul-general_, "_New York
+     City_.
+
+     "SIR: The _Sacred Heart Review_ of Boston is anxious to mark the
+     spot with a suitable monument where Christian civilization took its
+     rise in the New World, commonly known as Ancienne Isabelle, on the
+     Island of Santo Domingo. We therefore beg the favor of your good
+     offices with the Dominican government for the following
+     concessions:
+
+     "_First._ Free entrance of party and material for monument at
+     ports of Puerto Plata or Monte Christi, and right of transportation
+     for same to Isabella free of all coast expense and duties.
+
+     "_Second._ Grant of suitable plot, not to contain more than 100 x
+     100 square yards, the present owner, Mr. C. S. Passailique of New
+     York having already signified his willingness to concede same to
+     us, so far as his rights under the Dominican government allowed him
+     to do so.
+
+     "_Third._ The right of perpetual care of monument, with access to
+     and permission to care for same at all times.
+
+     "_Fourth._ Would the government grant official protection to same;
+     i. e., allow its representatives to aid and protect in every
+     reasonable way the success of the enterprise, and when built guard
+     same as public property, without assuming any legal liability
+     therefor?
+
+     "Finally, in case that we find a vessel sailing to one of said
+     ports above named willing to take the monument to Isabella, would
+     government concede this favor--allowing vessel to make coast
+     service free of governmental duties?"
+
+     "In exchange for above concessions on the part of the Dominican
+     government, the undersigned hereby agree to erect, at their
+     expense, and free of all charge to said government, a granite
+     monument, according to plan herewith inclosed; estimated cost to be
+     from $3,000 to $5,000.
+
+     "Awaiting the favor of an early reply, and begging you to accept
+     the assurance of our highest respect and esteem, we have the honor
+     to be,
+
+                    "Very respectfully yours,
+
+                           "Rev. JOHN O'BRIEN and others in behalf of the
+                                 Sacred Heart Review Monument Committee."
+
+
+In reply to the above petition was received an official document, in
+Spanish, of which the following is a literal translation:
+
+     "ULISES HEUREAUX, _Division General-in-Chief of the National Army,
+     Pacificator of the Nation, and Constitutional President of the
+     Republic_:
+
+     "In view of the petition presented to the government by the
+     directors of the _Sacred Heart Review_ of Boston, United States of
+     America, dated October 7, 1891, and considering that the object of
+     the petitioners is to commemorate a historical fact of great
+     importance, viz.: the establishment of the Christian religion in
+     the New World by the erection of its first temple--an event so
+     closely identified with Santo Domingo, and by its nature and
+     results eminently American, indeed world-wide, in its
+     scope--therefore the point of departure for Christian civilization
+     in the western hemisphere, whose principal products were apostles
+     like Cordoba, Las Casas, and others, defending energetically and
+     resolutely the rights of the oppressed inhabitants of America, and
+     themselves the real founders of modern democracy, be it
+
+     "_Resolved_, Article 1. That it is granted to the _Sacred Heart
+     Review_ of Boston, United States of America, permission to erect a
+     monument on the site of the ruins of Old Isabella, in the district
+     of Puerto Plata, whose purpose shall be to commemorate the site
+     whereon was built the first Catholic church in the New World. This
+     monument shall be of stone, and wholly conformable to the plan
+     presented. It shall be erected within a plot of ground that shall
+     not exceed 10,000 square yards, and shall be at all times solidly
+     and carefully inclosed. If the site chosen belongs to the state,
+     said state concedes its proprietary rights to the petitioners while
+     the monument stands. If the site belongs to private individuals, an
+     understanding must be reached with them to secure possession.
+
+     "Article 2. The builders of said monument will have perpetual
+     control and ownership, and they assume the obligation of caring
+     for and preserving it in good condition. If the builders, as a
+     society, cease to exist, the property will revert to the
+     municipality to which belongs Old Isabella, and on them will revert
+     the obligation to preserve it in perfect repair.
+
+     "Article 3. The monument will be considered as public property, and
+     the local authorities will give it the protection which the law
+     allows to property of that class. * * * But on no condition and in
+     no way could the government incur any responsibility of damage that
+     might come to the monument situated in such a remote and exposed
+     location.
+
+     "Article 4. We declare free from municipal and coast duties the
+     materials and tools necessary for the construction of said
+     monument, and if it is introduced in a ship carrying only this as a
+     cargo, it will be permitted to said ship to make voyage from Monte
+     Christi or Puerto Plata without paying any of said coast imposts.
+     In view of these concessions the monument committee will present to
+     the mayor of the city a detailed statement of the material and
+     tools needed, so that this officer can accept or reject them as he
+     sees fit.
+
+     "Article 5. Wherefore the Secretary of State, Secretary of the
+     Interior, and other officers of the Cabinet are charged with the
+     execution of the present resolution.
+
+     "Given at the National Palace of Santo Domingo, Capital of the
+     Republic, on the twenty-fifth day of November, 1891, forty-eighth
+     year of independence and the twenty-ninth of the restoration.
+
+                                        (Signed)
+                                         "ULISES HEUREAUX, _President_.
+                       "W. FIGUEREO, _Minister of Interior and Police_.
+              "IGNACIO M. GONZALES, _Minister of Finance and Commerce_.
+                                         "SANCHEZ, _Minister of State_.
+
+
+
+     'Copy exactly conforming to the original given at Santo Domingo,
+     November 28, 1891.
+
+  "RAFAEL Y. RODRIGUEZ,
+  "_Official Mayor and Minister of Public Works and Foreign Affairs._"
+
+
+
+With these concessions in hand, a committee, consisting of Capt. Nathan
+Appleton and Thomas H. Cummings, was appointed to go to Washington and
+secure recognition from the United States Government for the enterprise.
+The committee was everywhere favorably received, and returned with
+assurances of co-operation and support. Hon. W. E. Curtis, head of the
+Bureau of Latin Republics in the State Department, was added to the
+general monument committee.
+
+Meanwhile the _Sacred Heart Review_, through Dr. Charles H. Hall of
+Boston, a member of the monument committee, put itself in communication
+with the leading citizens of Puerto Plata, requesting them to use every
+effort to locate the exact site of the ancient church, and make a
+suitable clearing for the monument, at its expense.
+
+In answer to this communication, a committee of prominent citizens was
+organized at Puerto Plata, to co-operate with the Boston Columbus
+Memorial Committee. The following extract is taken from a local paper,
+_El Porvenir_, announcing the organization of this committee:
+
+"On Saturday last, a meeting was held in this city (Puerto Plata) for
+the purpose of choosing a committee which should take part in the
+celebration. Those present unanimously resolved that such a body be
+immediately formed under the title of, 'Committee in Charge of the
+Centennial Celebration.'
+
+"This committee then proceeded to the election of a board of management,
+composed of a president, vice-president, secretary, and four directors.
+The following gentlemen were elected to fill the above offices in the
+order as named: Gen. Imbert, Dr. Llenas, Gen. Juan Guarrido, Presbitero
+Don Wenceslao Ruiz, Don Jose Thomas Jimenez, Don Pedro M. Villalon, and
+Don Jose Castellanos.
+
+"To further the object for which it was organized, the board counts upon
+the co-operation of such government officials and corporations of the
+republic as may be inclined to take part in this great apotheosis in
+preparation, to glorify throughout the whole world the work and name of
+the famous discoverer.
+
+"As this is the disinterested purpose for which the above-mentioned
+committee was formed, we do not doubt that the public, convinced that it
+is its duty to contribute in a suitable manner to the proposed
+celebration, will respond to the idea with enthusiasm, seeing in it only
+the desire which has guided its projectors--that of contributing their
+share to the glorification of the immortal navigator."
+
+The following official communication was received from this committee:
+
+                                      "PUERTO DE PLATA, March 19, 1892.
+
+       "Dr. CHARLES H. HALL, _Member Boston Columbus Memorial Committee,
+                                                 Boston, Mass., U. S. A._
+
+     "DEAR SIR: We have the honor of acquainting you that there exists
+     in this city a committee for the celebration of the
+     quadro-centennial whose purpose is to co-operate, to the extent of
+     its ability, in celebrating here the memorable event.
+
+     [Illustration: TOSCANELLI'S MAP.]
+
+     "This committee has learned with the greatest satisfaction that it
+     is proposed to erect a monument, on the site of Isabella, over the
+     ruins of the first Catholic church in the New World. Here, also, we
+     have had the same idea, and we rejoice that what we were unable to
+     accomplish through lack of material means, you have brought to a
+     consummation. And therefore we offer you our co-operation, and
+     beg your acceptance of our services in any direction in which you
+     may find them useful. With sentiments of high regard, we remain,
+
+                                          "Your very obedient servants,
+
+                                                "S. IMBERT, _President_.
+                                            "JUAN GUARRIDO, _Secretary_.
+
+  _Direction_, GEN. IMBERT, _President de la "Junta Para
+  de la Celebracion del Centenario._"
+
+
+The statue consists of a bronze figure of Columbus eight feet two inches
+high, including the plinth, mounted on a pyramid of coral and limestone
+twelve feet high, and which, in its turn, is crowned by a capstone of
+dressed granite, on which the statue will rest.[42] The figure
+represents Columbus in an attitude of thanksgiving to God, and pointing,
+on the globe near his right hand, to the site of the first settlement in
+the New World. The statue and pedestal were made from designs drawn at
+the Massachusetts State Normal Art School by Mr. R. Andrew, under the
+direction of Prof. George Jepson, and the statue was modeled by Alois
+Buyens of Ghent.
+
+The plaster cast of the monument, which has now been on exhibition at
+the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston for some time, has been removed to the
+foundry at Chicopee for casting. In a few months it will be transformed
+into enduring bronze, and the Columbus monument will no longer be a
+growing thought but a living reality. To say it has stood the critical
+test of art connoisseurs in the Boston public is to say but little; for,
+from every quarter, comments on the work of the sculptor have been
+highly commendatory--the bold and vigorous treatment of the Flemish
+school, of which Mr. Buyens is a disciple, being something of a novelty
+in these parts, and well calculated to strike the popular fancy, which
+always admires strength, especially when combined with gracefulness and
+high art. Not a few of the best critics have pronounced it superior to
+the average of similar statues to be found in and around Boston, and all
+unite in declaring it to be unquestionably a work of art, and one
+meriting great praise.
+
+A recent communication from United States Consul Simpson, at Puerto
+Plata, announces that he has lately visited Isabella, in the interest of
+the monument. He made a careful survey of the site of the ancient town,
+and cleared the grounds of the trees and masses of trailing vines that
+encumbered the ruins, and after a thorough examination, assisted by the
+people of the neighborhood, he found the remains of the first church.
+
+Other communications have been received from the Dominican government
+approving of the change of plan, substituting the statue for the simple
+stone monument, and offering the memorial committee the hospitalities of
+the island. And so the work goes on.
+
+The monument, when erected, will commemorate two things--the
+establishment of Christianity and the rise of civilization in the New
+World. On the spot where it will stand Columbus built the first church
+400 years ago.
+
+One bronze relief shows the great discoverer in the fore-ground on
+bended knees with a trowel in his hand, laying the corner-stone. On the
+right, sits an ideal female figure, representing Mother Church,
+fostering a little Indian child, and pointing with uplifted hand to the
+cross, the emblem of man's salvation. Crouching Indians are at her feet,
+listening with astonishment to the strange story, while on the left of
+the cross are monks with bowed heads and lighted tapers, and in the
+distance are Spanish cavaliers and hidalgos.
+
+The conception is thoroughly Catholic, Christian, simple, and artistic;
+it tells its own story with a pathos and directness not often found in
+works of this kind.
+
+The second tablet is more ideal and more severely classical than the
+first. The genius of civilization, bearing gifts, is carried in a
+chariot drawn by prancing horses. The Admiral, at the horses' heads,
+with one hand points the way for her to follow, while with the other he
+hands the reins to Columbia, the impersonation of the New World. An
+Indian at the chariot wheels stoops to gather the gifts of civilization
+as they fall from the cornucopia borne by the goddess. And thus is told
+in enduring bronze, by the genius of the artist, the symbolic story of
+the introduction of civilization to the New World.
+
+Upon the face of the pedestal, a third tablet bears the inscription
+which was written at the instance of Very Rev. Dr. Charles B. Rex,
+president of the Brighton Theological Seminary. Mgr. Schroeder, the
+author, interprets the meaning of the whole, in terse rhythmical Latin
+sentences, after the Roman lapidary style:
+
+  _Anno. claudente. saeculum XV._
+  _Ex. quo. coloni. Christiani. Columbo. Duce_
+  _Hic. post. oppidum. constitutum_
+  _Primum. in. mundo. novo. templum_
+  _Christo. Deo. dicarunt_
+  _Ephemeris. Bostoniensis_
+  _Cui. a. sacro. corde. est. nomen_
+  _Sub. auspice. civium. Bostoniae_
+  _Ne. rei. tantae. memoria. unquam. delabatur_
+  _Haec. marmori. commendavit._
+  _A. D. MDCCCLXXXXII._
+
+  (_Translation of the Inscription._)
+
+  Toward the close of the fifteenth century,
+  Christian colonists, under the leadership of Columbus,
+  Here on this spot built the first settlement,
+  And the first church dedicated
+  To Christ our Lord
+  In the new world.
+  A Boston paper, called the _Sacred Heart Review_,
+  Under the auspices of the citizens of Boston,
+  That the memory of so great an event might not be forgotten,
+  Hath erected this monument,
+  A. D. 1892.
+
+The question is sometimes asked why are Catholics specially interested,
+and why should the _Review_ trouble itself to erect this monument. The
+answer is this: We wish to locate the spot with some distinctive mark
+where civilization was first planted and where Christianity reared its
+first altar on this soil, 400 years ago. By this public act of
+commemoration we hope to direct public attention to this modest
+birthplace of our Mother Church, which stands to-day deserted and
+unhonored like a pauper's grave, a monument of shame to the carelessness
+and indifference of millions of American Catholics.
+
+Why should we be specially interested? Because here on this spot the
+Catholic church first saw the light of day in America; here the first
+important act of the white man was the celebration of the holy mass, the
+supreme act of Catholic worship; here the first instrument of
+civilization that pierced the virgin soil was a cross, and here the
+first Catholic anthems resounding through the forest primeval, and vying
+in sweetness and melody with the song of birds, were the _Te Deum
+Laudamus_ and the _Gloria in Excelsis_. Sculptured marble and engraved
+stone we have in abundance, and tablets without number bear record to
+deeds and historical events of far less importance than this. For, mark
+well what these ruins and this monument stand for.
+
+One hundred and twenty-six years before the Congregationalist church
+landed on Plymouth Rock, 110 years before the Anglican church came to
+Jamestown, and thirty-five years before the word Protestant was
+invented, this church was erected, and the gospel announced to the New
+World by zealous missionaries of the Catholic faith. No other
+denomination of Christians in America can claim priority or even equal
+duration with us in point of time. No other can show through all the
+centuries of history such generous self-sacrifice and heroic missionary
+efforts. No other has endured such misrepresentation and bitter
+persecution for justice's sake. If her history here is a valuable
+heritage, we to whom it has descended are in duty bound to keep it alive
+in the memory and hearts of her children. We have recently celebrated
+the centennial of the Church in the United States; but, for a still
+greater reason, we should now prepare to celebrate the quadro-centennial
+of the Church in America. And this is why Catholics should be specially
+interested in this monument. Columbus himself was a deeply religious
+man. He observed rigorously the fasts and ceremonies of the Church,
+reciting daily the entire canonical office. He began everything he wrote
+with the _Jesu cum Maria sit nobis in via_ (May Jesus and Mary be always
+with us). And as Irving, his biographer, says, his piety did not consist
+in mere forms, but partook of that lofty and solemn enthusiasm which
+characterized his whole life. In his letter to his sovereigns announcing
+his discovery he indulges in no egotism, but simply asks "Spain to
+exhibit a holy joy, for Christ rejoices on earth as in heaven seeing the
+future redemption of souls." And so his religion bursts out and seems to
+pervade everything he touches. With such a man to commemorate and honor,
+there is special reason why Catholics, and the _Review_, which
+represents them, should busy themselves with erecting a Columbus
+monument.
+
+But the name and fame and beneficent work of Columbus belong to the
+whole Christian world. While Catholics with gratitude recall his
+fortitude and heroism, and thank God, who inspired him with a firm faith
+and a burning charity for God and man, yet Protestants no less than
+Catholics share in the fruit of his work, and, we are glad to say, vie
+with Catholics in proclaiming and honoring his exalted character, his
+courage, fortitude, and the beneficent work he accomplished for mankind.
+Hence Dr. Edward Everett Hale, in his recent article on Columbus in the
+_Independent_, voices the sentiment of every thoughtful, intelligent
+Protestant when he says, "No wonder that the world of America loves and
+honors the hero whose faith and courage called America into being. No
+wonder that she celebrates the beginning of a new century with such
+tributes of pride and hope as the world has never seen before." It is
+this same becoming sentiment of gratitude which has prompted so many
+worthy Protestants to enroll their names on the list of gentlemen who
+are helping the _Review_ to mark and honor the spot Columbus chose for
+the first Christian settlement on this continent.
+
+Thus, so long as the bronze endures, the world will know that we
+venerate the character and achievements of Columbus, and the spot where
+Christian civilization took its rise in the New World.
+
+
+FROM THE ITALIAN.
+
+  The daring mariner shall urge far o'er
+  The western wave, a smooth and level plain,
+  Albeit the earth is fashioned like a wheel.
+
+
+SEARCHER OF THE OCEAN.
+
+     SAMUEL JEFFERSON, a British author. From his epic poem, "Columbus,"
+     published by S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago.[43]
+
+  Thou searcher of the ocean, thee to sing
+  Shall my devoted lyre awake each string!
+  Columbus! Hero! Would my song could tell
+  How great thy worth! No praise can overswell
+  The grandeur of thy deeds! Thine eagle eye
+  Pierced through the clouds of ages to descry
+  From empyrean heights where thou didst soar
+  With bright imagination winged by lore--
+  The signs of continents as yet unknown;
+  Across the deep thy keen-eyed glance was thrown;
+  Thou, with prevailing longing, still aspired
+  To reach the goal thy ardent soul desired;
+  Thy heavenward soaring spirit, bold, elate,
+  Scorned long delay and conquered chance and fate;
+  Thy valor followed thy far-searching eyes,
+  Until success crowned thy bold emprize.
+
+
+FELIPA, WIFE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON. From a poem published in _Harper's Weekly_,
+     June 25, 1892.[44]
+
+  More than the compass to the mariner
+  Wast thou, Felipa, to his dauntless soul.
+  Through adverse winds that threatened wreck, and nights
+  Of rayless gloom, thou pointed ever to
+  The north star of his great ambition. He
+  Who once has lost an Eden, or has gained
+  A paradise by Eve's sweet influence,
+  Alone can know how strong a spell lies in
+  The witchery of a woman's beckoning hand.
+  And thou didst draw him, tidelike, higher still,
+  Felipa, whispering the lessons learned
+  From thy courageous father, till the flood
+  Of his ambition burst all barriers,
+  And swept him onward to his longed-for goal.
+
+  Before the jewels of a Spanish queen
+  Built fleets to waft him on his untried way,
+  Thou gavest thy wealth of wifely sympathy
+  To build the lofty purpose of his soul.
+  And now the centuries have cycled by,
+  Till thou art all forgotten by the throng
+  That lauds the great Pathfinder of the deep.
+  It matters not, in that infinitude
+  Of space where thou dost guide thy spirit bark
+  To undiscovered lands, supremely fair.
+  If to this little planet thou couldst turn
+  And voyage, wraithlike, to its cloud-hung rim,
+  Thou wouldst not care for praise. And if, perchance,
+  Some hand held out to thee a laurel bough,
+  Thou wouldst not claim one leaf, but fondly turn
+  To lay thy tribute also at his feet.
+
+
+INCREASING INTEREST IN COLUMBUS.
+
+     JOHN S. KENNEDY, an American author.
+
+The near approach of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America
+has revived in all parts of the civilized world great interest in
+everything concerning that memorable event and the perilous voyage of
+the great navigator whom it has immortalized.
+
+
+THE MECCA OF THE NATION.
+
+     MOSES KING, an American geographer of the nineteenth century.
+
+I have read somewhere that in the northeastern part of Havana stands,
+facing an open square, a brown stone church, blackened by age, and
+dignified by the name of "cathedral." It is visited by every American,
+because within its walls lies buried all that remains of the great
+discoverer, Columbus.
+
+
+THE CAUSE OF THE DISCOVERY.
+
+Was it by the coarse law of demand and supply that a Columbus was
+haunted by the ghost of a round planet at the time when the New World
+was needed for the interests of civilization?--_Ibid._
+
+
+MAGNANIMITY.
+
+     ARTHUR G. KNIGHT, in his "Life of Columbus."
+
+Through all the slow martyrdom of long delays and bitter
+disappointments, he never faltered in his lofty purpose; in the hour of
+triumph he was self-possessed and unassuming; under cruel persecution he
+was patient and forgiving. For almost unexampled services he certainly
+received a poor reward on earth.
+
+
+THE IDEAS OF THE ANCIENTS.
+
+     LUCIUS LACTANTIUS, an eminent Christian author, 260-325 A. D.
+
+Is there any one so foolish as to believe that there are antipodes with
+their feet opposite to ours; that there is a part of the world in which
+all things are topsy-turvy, where the trees grow with their branches
+downward, and where it rains, hails, and snows upward?
+
+
+THE LAKE FRONT PARK STATUE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+The World's Fair city is a close competitor with the historic cities of
+the Old World for the grandest monument to Columbus and the fittest
+location for it. At Barcelona, on the Paseo Colon, seaward, a snowy
+marble Admiral looks toward the Shadowy Sea. At Genoa, 'mid the palms of
+the Piazza Acquaverde, a noble representation of the noblest Genoese
+faces the fitful gusts of the Mediterranean and fondly guards an Indian
+maid. A lofty but rude cairn marks the Admiral's first footprints on the
+shores of the wreck-strewn Bahamas, and many a monument or encomiastic
+inscription denotes spots sacred to the history of his indomitable
+resolve. These all commemorate, as it were, but the inception of the
+great discovery. It remains for Chicago to perpetuate the results, and
+most fitly to place an heroic figure of the first Admiral viewing, and
+in full view of all.
+
+On the Lake Front Park, in full view of the ceaseless commercial
+activity of the Great Lakes, and close by the hum of the hive of human
+industry, grandly will a bronze Columbus face the blasts from Michigan's
+bosom. There the greatest navigator stands,
+
+  Calm, his prescience verified,
+
+proudly through the ages watching the full fruits of that first and
+fateful voyage over the waves of the seas of mystery, to found a nation
+where Freedom alone should be supreme. Just where the big monument will
+be located on Lake Front Park has not been decided, but a site south of
+the Auditorium, midway between the Illinois Central tracks and Michigan
+Boulevard, will perhaps be chosen. The statue proper will be twenty feet
+high. It will be of bronze, mounted on a massive granite pedestal, of
+thirty feet in height, and will serve for all time as a memorial of the
+Exposition.
+
+The chosen artist, out of the many who submitted designs, was Mr. Howard
+Kretschmar, a Chicago sculptor of rare power and artistic talent.
+
+The massive figure of Columbus is represented at the moment the land,
+and the glorious future of his great discovery, burst upon his delighted
+gaze. No ascetic monk, no curled cavalier, looks down from the pedestal.
+The apocryphal portraits of Europe may peer out of their frames in this
+guise, but it has been the artist's aim here to chisel _a man, not a
+monk; and a noble man_, rather than a cringing courtier. Above the
+massive pedestal of simple design, which bears the terse legend,
+"Erected by the World's Columbian Exposition, A. D. 1893," stands the
+noble figure of the Noah of our nation. The open doublet discloses the
+massive proportions of a more than well-knit man. The left hand, pressed
+to the bosom, indicates the tension of his feelings, and the
+outstretched hand but further intensifies the dawning and gradually
+o'erwhelming sense of the future, the possibilities of his grand
+discovery. One of the noblest conceptions in bronze upon this continent
+is Mr. Howard Kretschmar's "Columbus," and of it may Chicago well be
+proud.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE CIVILIZER.
+
+     ALPHONSE LAMARTINE, the learned French writer and politician. Born
+     at Macon, 1792; died, 1869. From "Life of Columbus."
+
+All the characteristics of a truly great man are united in Columbus.
+Genius, labor, patience, obscurity of origin, overcome by energy of
+will; mild but persisting firmness, resignation toward heaven, struggle
+against the world; long conception of the idea in solitude, heroic
+execution of it in action; intrepidity and coolness in storms,
+fearlessness of death in civil strife; confidence in the destiny--not of
+an individual, but of the human race; a life risked without hesitation
+or retrospect in venturing into the unknown and phantom-peopled ocean,
+1,500 leagues across, and on which the first step no more allowed of
+second thoughts than Caesar's passage of the Rubicon; untiring study,
+knowledge as extensive as the science of his day, skillful but honorable
+management of courts to persuade them to truth; propriety of demeanor,
+nobleness, and dignity in outward bearing, which afford proof of
+greatness of mind and attracts eyes and hearts; language adapted to the
+grandeur of his thoughts; eloquence which could convince kings and quell
+the mutiny of crews; a natural poetry of style, which placed his
+narrative on a par with the wonders of his discoveries and the marvels
+of nature; an immense, ardent, and enduring love for the human race,
+piercing even into that distant future in which humanity forgets those
+that do it service; legislative wisdom and philosophic mildness in the
+government of his colonies; paternal compassion for those Indians,
+infants of humanity, whom he wished to give over to the
+guardianship--not to the tyranny and oppression--of the Old World;
+forgetfulness of injury and magnanimous forgiveness of his enemies; and
+lastly, piety, that virtue which includes and exalts all other virtues,
+when it exists as it did in the mind of Columbus--the constant presence
+of God in the soul, of justice in the conscience, of mercy in the heart,
+of gratitude in success, of resignation in reverses, of worship always
+and everywhere.
+
+Such was the man. We know of none more perfect. He contains several
+impersonations within himself. He was worthy to represent the ancient
+world before that unknown continent on which he was the first to set
+foot, and carry to these men of a new race all the virtues, without any
+of the vices, of the elder hemisphere. So great was his influence on the
+destiny of the earth, that none more than he ever deserved the name of a
+_Civilizer_.
+
+His influence in civilization was immeasurable. He completed the world.
+He realized the physical unity of the globe. He advanced, far beyond all
+that had been done before his time, the work of God--the SPIRITUAL UNITY
+OF THE HUMAN RACE. This work, in which Columbus had so largely assisted,
+was indeed too great to be worthily rewarded even by affixing his name
+to the fourth continent. America bears not that name, but the human
+race, drawn together and cemented by him, will spread his renown over
+the whole earth.
+
+
+THE PSALM OF THE WEST.
+
+     SIDNEY LANIER, an American poet of considerable talent. Born at
+     Macon, Ga., February 3, 1842; died at Lynn, N. C., September 8,
+     1881. From his "Psalm of the West."[45] Lanier was the author of
+     the "Centennial Ode."
+
+  Santa Maria, well thou tremblest down the wave,
+    Thy Pinta far abow, thy Nina nigh astern;
+  Columbus stands in the night alone, and, passing grave,
+    Yearns o'er the sea as tones o'er under-silence yearn.
+  Heartens his heart as friend befriends his friend less brave,
+    Makes burn the faiths that cool, and cools the doubts that burn.
+
+  "'Twixt this and dawn, three hours my soul will smite
+    With prickly seconds, or less tolerably
+    With dull-blade minutes flatwise slapping me.
+  Wait, heart! Time moves. Thou lithe young Western Night,
+  Just-crowned King, slow riding to thy right,
+    Would God that I might straddle mutiny
+    Calm as thou sitt'st yon never-managed sea,
+  Balk'st with his balking, fliest with his flight,
+  Giv'st supple to his rearings and his falls,
+    Nor dropp'st one coronal star about thy brow,
+      Whilst ever dayward thou art steadfast drawn
+  Yea, would I rode these mad contentious brawls,
+    No damage taking from their If and How,
+      Nor no result save galloping to my Dawn.
+
+  "My Dawn? my Dawn? How if it never break?
+    How if this West by other Wests is pierced.
+    And these by vacant Wests and Wests increased--
+  One pain of space, with hollow ache on ache,
+  Throbbing and ceasing not for Christ's own sake?
+    Big, perilous theorem, hard for king and priest;
+    'Pursue the West but long enough, 'tis East!'
+  Oh, if this watery world no turning take;
+  Oh, if for all my logic, all my dreams,
+  Provings of that which is by that which seems,
+  Fears, hopes, chills, heats, hastes, patiences, droughts, tears,
+  Wife-grievings, slights on love, embezzled years,
+  Hates, treaties, scorns, upliftings, loss, and gain,
+  This earth, no sphere, be all one sickening plain.
+
+  "Or, haply, how if this contrarious West,
+    That me by turns hath starved, by turns hath fed,
+    Embraced, disgraced, beat back, solicited,
+  Have no fixed heart of law within his breast;
+  Or with some different rhythm doth e'er contest,
+    Nature in the East? Why, 'tis but three weeks fled
+    I saw my Judas needle shake his head
+  And flout the Pole that, East, he lord confessed!
+  God! if this West should own some other Pole,
+  And with his tangled ways perplex my soul
+    Until the maze grow mortal, and I die
+  Where distraught Nature clean hath gone astray,
+  On earth some other wit than Time's at play,
+    Some other God than mine above the sky!
+
+  "Now speaks mine other heart with cheerier seeming;
+    'Ho, Admiral! o'er-defalking to thine crew
+    Against thyself, thyself far overfew
+  To front yon multitudes of rebel scheming?'
+  Come, ye wild twenty years of heavenly dreaming!
+    Come, ye wild weeks, since first this canvas drew
+    Out of vexed Palos ere the dawn was blue,
+  O'er milky waves about the bows full-creaming!
+  Come, set me round with many faithful spears
+    Of confident remembrance--how I crushed
+    Cat-lived rebellions, pitfalled treasons, hushed
+    Scared husbands' heart-break cries on distant wives,
+    Made cowards blush at whining for their lives;
+  Watered my parching souls and dried their tears.
+
+  "Ere we Gomera cleared, a coward cried:
+    'Turn, turn; here be three caravels ahead,
+    From Portugal, to take us; we are dead!'
+  'Hold westward, pilot,' calmly I replied.
+  So when the last land down the horizon died,
+    'Go back, go back,' they prayed, 'our hearts are lead.'
+    'Friends, we are bound into the West,' I said.
+  Then passed the wreck of a mast upon our side.
+  'See (so they wept) God's warning! Admiral, turn!'
+    'Steersman,' I said, 'hold straight into the West.'
+  Then down the night we saw the meteor burn.
+    So do the very heavens in fire protest.
+  'Good Admiral, put about! O Spain, dear Spain!'
+  'Hold straight into the West,' I said again.
+
+  "Next drive we o'er the slimy-weeded sea,
+    'Lo! here beneath,' another coward cries,
+    'The cursed land of sunk Atlantis lies;
+  This slime will suck us down--turn while thou'rt free!'
+  'But no!' I said, 'freedom bears West for me!'
+    Yet when the long-time stagnant winds arise,
+    And day by day the keel to westward flies,
+  My Good my people's Ill doth come to be;
+    Ever the winds into the west do blow;
+    Never a ship, once turned, might homeward go;
+  Meanwhile we speed into the lonesome main.
+    'For Christ's sake, parley, Admiral! Turn, before
+  We sail outside all bounds of help from pain.'
+    'Our help is in the West,' I said once more.
+
+  "So when there came a mighty cry of Land!
+    And we clomb up and saw, and shouted strong
+    '_Salve Regina!_' all the ropes along,
+  But knew at morn how that a counterfeit band
+  Of level clouds had aped a silver strand;
+    So when we heard the orchard-bird's small song,
+    And all the people cried, 'A hellish throng
+  To tempt us onward, by the Devil planned,
+  Yea, all from hell--keen heron, fresh green weeds,
+  Pelican, tunny-fish, fair tapering reeds,
+  Lie-telling lands that ever shine and die
+  In clouds of nothing round the empty sky.
+  'Tired Admiral, get thee from this hell, and rest!'
+  'Steersman,' I said, 'hold straight into the West.'
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "I marvel how mine eye, ranging the Night,
+    From its big circling ever absently
+    Returns, thou large, low star, to fix on thee.
+  Maria! Star? No star; a Light, a Light!
+  Wouldst leap ashore, Heart? Yonder burns a Light!
+    'Pedro Gutierrez, wake! come up to me.
+    I prithee stand and gaze about the sea;
+  What seest?' 'Admiral, like as land--a Light!'
+  'Well, Sanchez of Segovia come and try;
+  What seest?' 'Admiral, naught but sea and sky!'
+  'Well, but I saw it. Wait, the Pinta's gun!
+  Why, look! 'tis dawn! the land is clear; 'tis done!
+  Two dawns do break at once from Time's full hand--
+  God's East--mine, West! Good friends, behold my Land!'"
+
+
+PASSION FOR GOLD.
+
+     EUGENE LAWRENCE, an American historical writer. Born in New York,
+     1823. From "The Mystery of Columbus," in _Harper's Magazine_, May,
+     1892.[46]
+
+In Columbus the passion for gold raged with a violence seldom known. He
+dreamed of golden palaces, heaps of treasure, and mines teeming with
+endless wealth. His cry was everywhere for gold. Every moment, in his
+fierce avarice, he would fancy himself on the brink of boundless
+opulence; he was always about to seize the treasures of the East,
+painted by Marco Polo and Mandeville. "Gold," he wrote to the King and
+Queen, "is the most valuable thing in the world; it rescues souls from
+purgatory and restores them to the joys of paradise."
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS IN THE MARINOL (MINISTRY
+OF THE COLONIES), MADRID, SPAIN. Sculptor, Senor J. Samartin.]
+
+
+THE TRIBUTE AND TESTIMONY OF THE POPE.
+
+     POPE LEO XIII., the Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church.
+     From a letter in Chicago _Inter Ocean_, 1892.
+
+While we see on all sides the preparations that are eagerly being made
+for the celebration of the Columbian quadri-centenary feasts in memory
+of a man most illustrious, and deserving of Christianity and all
+cultured humanity, we hear with great pleasure that the United States
+has, among other nations, entered this competition of praise in such a
+manner as befits both the vastness and richness of the country and the
+memory of the man so great as he to whom these honors are being shown.
+The success of this effort will surely be another proof of the great
+spirit and active energy of this people, who undertake enormous and
+difficult tasks with such great and happy dealing. It is a testimony of
+honor and gratitude to that immortal man of whom we have spoken, who,
+desirous of finding a road by which the light and truth and all the
+adornments of civil culture might be carried to the most distant parts
+of the world, could neither be deterred by dangers nor wearied by
+labors, until, having in a certain manner renewed the bonds between two
+parts of the human race so long separated, he bestowed upon both such
+great benefits that he in justice must be said to have few equals or a
+superior.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE GLORY OF CATHOLICISM.
+
+The Pope held a reception at the Vatican on the occasion of the festival
+of his patron saint, St. Joachim. In an address he referred to Columbus
+as the glory of Catholicism, and thanked the donors of the new Church of
+St. Joachim for commemorating his jubilee.
+
+
+THE POPE REVIEWS THE LIFE OF THE DISCOVERER.
+
+     The following is the text of the letter addressed by Leo XIII. to
+     the archbishops and bishops of Spain, Italy, and the two Americas
+     on the subject of Christopher Columbus.
+
+     LETTER OF OUR VERY HOLY FATHER, LEO XIII., POPE BY DIVINE
+     PROVIDENCE, TO THE ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF SPAIN, ITALY, AND OF
+     THE TWO AMERICAS, UPON CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.
+
+     _To the Archbishops and Bishops of Spain and Italy, and of the two
+     Americas. Leo XIII., Pope._
+
+     VENERABLE BROTHERS, GREETING AND APOSTOLIC BENEDICTION: From the
+     end of the fifteenth century, since a man from Liguria first
+     landed, under the auspices of God, on the transatlantic shores,
+     humanity has been strongly inclined to celebrate with gratitude the
+     recollection of this event. It would certainly not be an easy
+     matter to find a more worthy cause to touch their hearts and to
+     inflame their zeal. The event, in effect, is such in itself that no
+     other epoch has seen a grander and more beautiful one accomplished
+     by man.
+
+     As to who accomplished it, there are few who can be compared to him
+     in greatness of soul and genius. By his work a new world flashed
+     forth from the unexplored ocean, thousands upon thousands of
+     mortals were returned to the common society of the human race, led
+     from their barbarous life to peacefulness and civilization, and,
+     which is of much more importance, recalled from perdition to
+     eternal life by the bestowal of the gifts which Jesus Christ
+     brought to the world.
+
+     Europe, astonished alike by the novelty and the prodigiousness of
+     this unexpected event, understood little by little, in due course
+     of time, what she owed to Columbus, when, by sending colonies to
+     America, by frequent communications, by exchange of services, by
+     the resources confided to the sea and received in return, there was
+     discovered an accession of the most favorable nature possible to
+     the knowledge of nature, to the reciprocal abundance of riches,
+     with the result that the prestige of Europe increased enormously.
+
+     Therefore, it would not be fitting, amid these numerous
+     testimonials on honor, and in these concerts of felicitations, that
+     the Church should maintain complete silence, since, in accordance
+     with her character and her institution, she willingly approves and
+     endeavors to favor all that appears, wherever it is, to be worthy
+     of honor and praise. Undoubtedly she receives particular and
+     supreme honors to the virtues pre-eminent in regard to morality,
+     inasmuch as they are united to the eternal salvation of souls;
+     nevertheless, she does not despise the rest, neither does she
+     abstain from esteeming them as they deserve; it is even her habit
+     to favor with all her power and to always have in honor those who
+     have well merited of human society and who have passed to
+     posterity.
+
+     Certainly, God is admirable in His saints, but the vestiges of His
+     divine virtues appear as imprinted in those in whom shines a
+     superior force of soul and mind, for this elevation of heart and
+     this spark of genius could only come from God, their author and
+     protector.
+
+     It is in addition an entirely special reason for which we believe
+     we should commemorate in a grateful spirit this immortal event. It
+     is that Columbus is one of us. When one considers with what motive
+     above all he undertook the plan of exploring the dark sea, and with
+     what object he endeavored to realize this plan, one can not doubt
+     that the Catholic faith superlatively inspired the enterprise and
+     its execution, so that by this title, also, humanity is not a
+     little indebted to the Church.
+
+     There are without doubt many men of hardihood and full of
+     experience who, before Christopher Columbus and after him, explored
+     with persevering efforts unknown lands across seas still more
+     unknown. Their memory is celebrated, and will be so by the renown
+     and the recollection of their good deeds, seeing that they have
+     extended the frontiers of science and of civilization, and that not
+     at the price of slight efforts, but with an exalted ardor of
+     spirit, and often through extreme perils. It is not the less true
+     that there is a great difference between them and him of whom we
+     speak.
+
+     The eminently distinctive point in Columbus is, that in crossing
+     the immense expanses of the ocean he followed an object more grand
+     and more elevated than the others. This does not say, doubtless,
+     that he was not in any way influenced by the very praiseworthy
+     desire to be master of science, to well deserve the approval of
+     society, or that he despised the glory whose stimulant is
+     ordinarily more sensitive to elevated minds, or that he was not at
+     all looking to his own personal interests. But above all these
+     human reasons, that of religion was uppermost by a great deal in
+     him, and it was this, without any doubt, which sustained his spirit
+     and his will, and which frequently, in the midst of extreme
+     difficulties, filled him with consolation. He learned in reality
+     that his plan, his resolution profoundly carved in his heart, was
+     to open access to the gospel in new lands and in new seas.
+
+     This may seem hardly probable to those who, concentrating all their
+     care, all their thoughts, in the present nature of things, as it is
+     perceived by the senses, refuse to look upon greater benefits. But,
+     on the other hand, it is the characteristic of eminent minds to
+     prefer to elevate themselves higher, for they are better disposed
+     than all others to seize the impulses and the inspirations of the
+     divine faith. Certainly, Columbus had united the study of nature to
+     the study of religion, and he had conformed his mind to the
+     precepts intimately drawn from the Catholic faith.
+
+     It is thus that, having learned by astronomy and ancient documents
+     that beyond the limits of the known world there were, in addition,
+     toward the west, large tracts of territory unexplored up to that
+     time by anybody, he considered in his mind the immense multitude of
+     those who were plunged in lamentable darkness, subject to insensate
+     rites and to the superstitions of senseless divinities. He
+     considered that they miserably led a savage life, with ferocious
+     customs; that, more miserably still, they were wanting in all
+     notion of the most important things, and that they were plunged in
+     ignorance of the only true God.
+
+     Thus, in considering this in himself, he aimed first of all to
+     propagate the name of Christianity and the benefits of Christian
+     charity in the West. As a fact, as soon as he presented himself to
+     the sovereigns of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, he explained the
+     cause for which they were not to fear taking a warm interest in the
+     enterprise, as their glory would increase to the point of becoming
+     immortal if they decided to carry the name and the doctrine of
+     Jesus Christ into such distant regions. And when, not long
+     afterward, his prayers were granted, he called to witness that he
+     wished to obtain from God that these sovereigns, sustained by His
+     help and His mercy, should persevere in causing the gospel to
+     penetrate upon new shores and in new lands.
+
+     He conceived in the same manner the plan of asking Alexander VI.
+     for apostolic men, by a letter in which these words are found: "I
+     hope that it will some day be given to me with the help of God to
+     propagate afar the very holy name of Jesus Christ and his gospel."
+     Also can one imagine him all filled with joy when he wrote to
+     Raphael Sanchez, the first who from the Indies had returned to
+     Lisbon, that immortal actions of grace must be rendered to God in
+     that he had deigned to cause to prosper the enterprise so well, and
+     that Jesus Christ could rejoice and triumph upon earth and in
+     heaven for the coming salvation of innumerable people who
+     previously had been going to their ruin. That, if Columbus also
+     asks of Ferdinand and Isabella to permit only Catholic Christians
+     to go to the New World, there to accelerate trade with the natives,
+     he supports this motive by the fact that by his enterprise and
+     efforts he has not sought for anything else than the glory and the
+     development of the Christian religion.
+
+     This was what was perfectly known to Isabella, who, better than any
+     other person, had penetrated the mind of such a great man; much
+     more, it appears that this same plan was fully adopted by this very
+     pious woman of great heart and manly mind. She bore witness, in
+     effect, of Columbus, that in courageously giving himself up to the
+     vast ocean, he realized, for the divine glory, a most signal
+     enterprise; and to Columbus himself, when he had happily returned,
+     she wrote that she esteemed as having been highly employed the
+     resources which she had consecrated and which she would still
+     consecrate to the expeditions in the Indies, in view of the fact
+     that the propagation of Catholicism would result from them.
+
+     Also, if he had not inspired himself from a cause superior to human
+     interests, where then would he have drawn the constancy and the
+     strength of soul to support what he was obliged to the end to
+     endure and to submit to; that is to say, the unpropitious advice of
+     the learned people, the repulses of princes, the tempests of the
+     furious ocean, the continual watches, during which he more than
+     once risked losing his sight.
+
+     To that add the combats sustained against the barbarians; the
+     infidelities of his friends, of his companions; the villainous
+     conspiracies, the perfidiousness of the envious, the calumnies of
+     the traducers, the chains with which, after all, though innocent,
+     he was loaded. It was inevitable that a man overwhelmed with a
+     burden of trials so great and so intense would have succumbed had
+     he not sustained himself by the consciousness of fulfilling a very
+     noble enterprise, which he conjectured would be glorious for the
+     Christian name and salutary for an infinite multitude.
+
+     And the enterprise so carried out is admirably illustrated by the
+     events of that time. In effect, Columbus discovered America at
+     about the period when a great tempest was going to unchain itself
+     against the Church. Inasmuch as it is permitted by the course of
+     events to appreciate the ways of divine Providence, it really seems
+     that the man for whom the Liguria honors herself was destined by
+     special plan of God to compensate Catholicism for the injury which
+     it was going to suffer in Europe.
+
+     To call the Indian race to Christianity, this was, without doubt,
+     the mission and the work of the Church in this mission. From the
+     beginning, she continued to fulfill it with an uninterrupted course
+     of charity, and she still continues it, having advanced herself
+     recently so far as the extremities of Patagonia.
+
+     Thus, when compelled by the Portuguese, by the Genoese, to leave
+     without having obtained any result, he went to Spain. He matured
+     the grand plan of the projected discovery in the midst of the walls
+     of a convent, with the knowledge of and with the advice of a monk
+     of the Order of St. Francis d'Assisi, after seven years had
+     revolved. When at last he goes to dare the ocean, he takes care
+     that the expedition shall comply with the acts of spiritual
+     expiation; he prays to the Queen of Heaven to assist the enterprise
+     and to direct its course, and before giving the order to make sail
+     he invokes the august divine Trinity. Then, once fairly at sea,
+     while the waters agitate themselves, while the crew murmurs, he
+     maintains, under God's care, a calm constancy of mind.
+
+     His plan manifests itself in the very names which he imposes on the
+     new islands, and each time that he is called upon to land upon one
+     of them he worships the Almighty God, and only takes possession of
+     it in the name of Jesus Christ. At whatever coast he approaches he
+     has nothing more as his first idea than the planting on the shore
+     of the sacred sign of the cross; and the divine name of the
+     Redeemer, which he had sung so frequently on the open sea to the
+     sound of the murmuring waves--he is the first to make it
+     reverberate in the new islands in the same way. When he institutes
+     the Spanish colony he causes it to be commenced by the construction
+     of a temple, where he first provides that the popular fetes shall
+     be celebrated by august ceremonies.
+
+     Here, then, is what Columbus aimed at and what he accomplished when
+     he went in search, over so great an expanse of sea and of land, of
+     regions up to that time unexplored and uncultivated, but whose
+     civilization, renown, and riches were to rapidly attain that
+     immense development which we see to-day.
+
+     In all this, the magnitude of the event, the efficacy and the
+     variety of the benefits which have resulted from it, tend assuredly
+     to celebrate he, who was the author of it, by a grateful
+     remembrance and by all sorts of testimonials of honor; but, in the
+     first place, we must recognize and venerate particularly the divine
+     project, to which the discoverer of the New World was subservient
+     and which he knowingly obeyed.
+
+     In order to celebrate worthily and in a manner suitable to the
+     truth of the facts the solemn anniversary of Columbus, the
+     sacredness of religion must be united to the splendor of the civil
+     pomp. This is why, as previously, at the first announcement of the
+     event, public actions of grace were rendered to the providence of
+     the immortal God, upon the example which the Supreme Pontiff gave;
+     the same also now, in celebrating the recollection of the
+     auspicious event, we esteem that we must do as much.
+
+     We decree to this effect, that the day of October 12th, or the
+     following Sunday, if the respective diocesan bishops judge it to be
+     opportune, that, after the office of the day, the solemn mass of
+     the very Holy Trinity shall be celebrated in the cathedral and
+     collegial churches of Spain, Italy, and the two Americas. In
+     addition to these countries, we hope that, upon the initiative of
+     the bishops, as much may be done in the others, for it is fitting
+     that all should concur in celebrating with piety and gratitude an
+     event which has been profitable to all.
+
+     In the meanwhile, as a pledge of the celestial favors and in
+     testimony of our fraternal good-will, we affectionately accord in
+     the Lord the Apostolic benediction to you, venerable brothers, to
+     your clergy, and to your people.
+
+     Given at Rome, near St. Peter's, July 16th of the year 1892, the
+     fifteenth of our Pontificate.
+
+                                                    LEO XIII., _Pope_.
+
+
+TO SPAIN.
+
+     CAPEL LOFFT.
+
+  O generous nation! to whose noble boast,
+    Illustrious Spain, the providence of Heaven
+    A radiant sky of vivid power hath given,
+  A land of flowers, of fruits, profuse; an host
+  Of ardent spirits; when deprest the most,
+    By great, enthusiastic impulse driven
+  To deeds of highest daring.
+
+
+WRAPPED IN A VISION GLORIOUS.
+
+     The Rev. JOHN LORD, LL. D., a popular American lecturer and
+     Congregational minister. Born in Portsmouth, N. H., December 27,
+     1810.
+
+Wrapped up in those glorious visions which come only to a man of
+superlative genius, and which make him insensible to heat and cold and
+scanty fare, even to reproach and scorn, this intrepid soul, inspired by
+a great and original idea, wandered from city to city, and country to
+country, and court to court, to present the certain greatness and wealth
+of any state that would embark in his enterprise. But all were alike
+cynical, cold, unbelieving, and even insulting. He opposes overwhelming
+universal and overpowering ideas. To have surmounted these amid such
+protracted opposition and discouragment constitutes his greatness; and
+finally to prove his position by absolute experiment and hazardous
+enterprise makes him one of the greatest of human benefactors, whose
+fame will last through all the generations of men. And as I survey that
+lonely, abstracted, disappointed, and derided man--poor and unimportant;
+so harassed by debt that his creditors seized even his maps and charts;
+obliged to fly from one country to another to escape imprisonment;
+without even listeners and still less friends, and yet with
+ever-increasing faith in his cause; utterly unconquerable; alone in
+opposition to all the world--I think I see the most persistent man of
+enterprise that I have read of in history. Critics ambitious to say
+something new may rake out slanders from the archives of enemies and
+discover faults which derogate from the character we have been taught to
+admire and venerate; they may even point out spots, which we can not
+disprove, in that sun of glorious brightness which shed its beneficent
+rays over a century of darkness--but this we know, that whatever may be
+the force of detraction, his fame has been steadily increasing, even on
+the admission of his slanderers, for three centuries, and that he now
+shines as a fixed star in the constellation of the great lights of
+modern times, not only because he succeeded in crossing the ocean when
+once embarked on it, but for surmounting the moral difficulties which
+lay in his way before he could embark upon it, and for being finally
+instrumental in conferring the greatest boon that our world has received
+from any mortal man since Noah entered into the ark.
+
+
+BY THE GRACE OF GOD HE WAS WHAT HE WAS.
+
+     ROSSELY DE LORGUES, a Catholic biographer.
+
+Columbus did not owe his great celebrity to his genius or conscience,
+but only to his vocation, to his faith, and to the Divine grace.
+
+
+IN HONOR OF COLUMBUS.
+
+Archbishop Janssens of New Orleans has issued a letter to his diocese
+directing a general observance of the 400th anniversary of the discovery
+of America. The opening paragraph reads:
+
+"Christopher Columbus was a sincere and devout Catholic; his remarkable
+voyage was made possible by the intercession of a holy monk and by the
+patronage and liberality of the pious Queen Isabella. The cross of
+Christ, the emblem of our holy religion, was planted on America's virgin
+soil, and the _Te Deum_ and the holy mass were the first religious
+services held on the same. It is, therefore, just and proper that this
+great event and festival should be celebrated in a religious as well as
+a civil manner."
+
+The Pope having set the Julian date of October 12th for the celebration,
+and the President October 21st, the archbishop directs that exercises be
+held on both these days--the first of a religious character, the second
+civic. October 12th a solemn votive mass will be sung in all the
+churches of the diocese, with an exhortation, and October 21st in the
+city of New Orleans the clergy will assemble at the archiepiscopal
+residence early in the morning and march to the cathedral, where
+services will be held at 7.30 o'clock. Sermons of ten minutes each are
+to be preached in English, French, Spanish, German, and Italian.
+
+
+THE IMPREGNABLE WILL OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, an American poet. Born in Boston, 1819; died
+     in Cambridge, 1891. From "W. L. Garrison." Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,
+     Boston.
+
+  Such earnest natures are the fiery pith,
+    The compact nucleus, round which systems grow.
+  Mass after mass becomes inspired therewith,
+    And whirls impregnate with the central glow.
+
+  O Truth! O Freedom! how are ye still born
+    In the rude stable, in the manger nursed.
+  What humble hands unbar those gates of morn
+    Through which the splendors of the new day burst.
+
+  Whatever can be known of earth we know,
+    Sneered Europe's wise men, in their snail-shells curled;
+  No! said one man in Genoa, and that no
+    Out of the dark created this New World.
+
+  Men of a thousand shifts and wiles, look here;
+    See one straightforward conscience put in pawn
+  To win a world; see the obedient sphere
+    By bravery's simple gravitation drawn.
+
+  Shall we not heed the lesson taught of old,
+    And by the Present's lips repeated still,
+  In our own single manhood to be bold,
+    Fortressed in conscience and impregnable will?
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE KING OF DISCOVERERS.
+
+  He in the palace-aisles of untrod woods
+  Doth walk a king; for him the pent-up cell
+  Widens beyond the circles of the stars,
+  And all the sceptered spirits of the past
+  Come thronging in to greet him as their peer;
+  While, like an heir new-crowned, his heart o'erleaps
+  The blazing steps of his ancestral throne.--_Ibid._
+
+Columbus, seeking the back door of Asia, found himself knocking at the
+front door of America.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE PATIENCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     From "Columbus," a poem by the same author. Published by Houghton,
+     Mifflin & Co.
+
+  Chances have laws as fixed as planets have;
+  And disappointment's dry and bitter root,
+  Envy's harsh berries, and the choking pool
+  Of the world's scorn are the right mother-milk
+  To the tough hearts that pioneer their kind,
+  And break a pathway to those unknown realms
+  That in the earth's broad shadow lie enthralled;
+  Endurance is the crowning quality,
+  And patience all the passion of great hearts;
+  These are their stay, and when the leaden world
+  Sets its hard face against their fateful thought,
+  And brute strength, like a scornful conqueror,
+  Clangs his huge mace down in the other scale,
+  The inspired soul but flings his patience in,
+  And slowly that outweighs the ponderous globe--
+  One faith against a whole world's unbelief,
+  One soul against the flesh of all mankind.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  I know not when this hope enthralled me first,
+  But from my boyhood up I loved to hear
+  The tall pine forests of the Apennine
+  Murmur their hoary legends of the sea;
+  Which hearing, I in vision clear beheld
+  The sudden dark of tropic night shut down
+  O'er the huge whisper of great watery wastes.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  I brooded on the wise Athenian's tale
+  Of happy Atlantis, and heard Bjoerne's keel
+  Crunch the gray pebbles of the Vinland shore.
+
+  Thus ever seems it when my soul can hear
+  The voice that errs not; then my triumph gleams,
+  O'er the blank ocean beckoning, and all night
+  My heart flies on before me as I sail;
+  Far on I see my life-long enterprise!
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+LYTTON (Lord). See _post_, "Schiller."
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VESPUCCI AN ADVENTURER.
+
+     THOMAS BABINGTON, Baron MACAULAY, one of England's most celebrated
+     historians. Born at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, October 25,
+     1800; died, December 28, 1859.
+
+Vespucci, an adventurer who accidentally landed in a rich and unknown
+island, and who, though he only set up an ill-shaped cross upon the
+shore, acquired possession of its treasures and gave his name to a
+continent which should have derived its appellation from Columbus.
+
+
+COLUMBUS NEITHER A VISIONARY NOR AN IMBECILE.
+
+     CHARLES P. MACKIE, an American author. From his "With the Admiral
+     of the Ocean Sea." Published by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co.,
+     Chicago.
+
+Whatever were his mistakes and shortcomings, Colon was neither a
+visionary nor an imbecile. Had he been perfect in all things and wise to
+the point of infallibility, we could not have claimed him as the
+glorious credit he was to the common humanity to which we all belong.
+His greatness was sufficient to cover with its mantle far more of the
+weaknesses of frail mortality than he had to draw under its protection;
+and it becomes us who attempt to analyze his life in these later days,
+to bear in mind that, had his lot befallen ourselves, the natives of the
+western world would still, beyond a peradventure, be wandering in
+undraped peace through their tangled woods, and remain forever ignorant
+of the art of eating meat. In his trials and distresses the Admiral
+encountered only the portion of the sons of Adam; but to him was also
+given, as to few before or since, to say with the nameless shepherd of
+Tempe's classic vale, "I, too, have lived in Arcady."
+
+Colon did not merely discover the New World. He spent seven years and
+one month among the islands and on the coasts of the hemisphere now
+called after the ship-chandler who helped to outfit his later
+expeditions. For the greater part of that time he was under the constant
+burden of knowing that venomous intrigue and misrepresentation were
+doing their deadly work at home while he did what he believed was his
+Heaven-imposed duty on this side the Atlantic.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT IN MADRID.
+
+At the top of the Paseo de Recoletos is a monument to Columbus in the
+debased Gothic style of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was unveiled in 1885.
+The sides are ornamented with reliefs and the whole surmounted by a
+white marble statue. Among the sculptures are a ship and a globe, with
+the inscription:
+
+  _A Castilla y a Leon
+  Nuevo mundo dio Colon._
+
+  (_Translation._)
+
+  To Castille and Leon
+  Columbus gave a new world.
+
+
+VISIT OF COLUMBUS TO ICELAND.
+
+     FINN MAGNUSEN, an Icelandic historian and antiquary. Born at
+     Skalholt, 1781; died, 1847.
+
+The English trade with Iceland certainly merits the consideration of
+historians, if it furnished Columbus with the opportunity of visiting
+that island, there to be informed of the historical evidence respecting
+the existence of important lands and a large continent in the west. If
+Columbus should have acquired a knowledge of the accounts transmitted to
+us of the discoveries of the Northmen in conversations held in Latin
+with the Bishop of Skalholt and the learned men of Iceland, we may the
+more readily conceive his firm belief in the possibility of
+rediscovering a western continent, and his unwearied zeal in putting his
+plans in execution. The discovery of America, so momentous in its
+results, may therefore be regarded as the mediate consequence of its
+previous discovery by the Scandinavians, which may be thus placed among
+the most important events of former ages.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS, BY SENOR G. SUNOL, ON THE MONUMENT IN
+THE PASEO DE RECOLETOS (DEVOTEES' PROMENADE), MADRID, SPAIN. Erected,
+1885. (See page 208.)]
+
+
+SYMPATHY FOR COLUMBUS.
+
+     RICHARD HENRY MAJOR, F. S. A., late keeper of the printed books in
+     the British Museum; a learned antiquary. Born in London, 1810; died
+     June 25, 1891.
+
+It is impossible to read without the deepest sympathy the occasional
+murmurings and half-suppressed complaints which are uttered in the
+course of his letter to Ferdinand and Isabella describing his fourth
+voyage. These murmurings and complaints were rung from his manly spirit
+by sickness and sorrow, and though reduced almost to the brink of
+despair by the injustice of the King, yet do we find nothing harsh or
+disrespectful in his language to the sovereign. A curious contrast is
+presented to us. The gift of a world could not move the monarch to
+gratitude; the infliction of chains, as a recompense for that gift,
+could not provoke the subject to disloyalty. The same great heart which
+through more than twenty wearisome years of disappointment and chagrin
+gave him strength to beg and buffet his way to glory, still taught him
+to bear with majestic meekness the conversion of that glory into
+unmerited shame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We look back with astonishment and admiration at the stupendous
+achievement effected a whole lifetime later by the immortal Columbus--an
+achievement which formed the connecting link between the Old World and
+the New; yet the explorations instituted by Prince Henry of Portugal
+were in truth the anvil upon which that link was forged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He arrived in a vessel as shattered as his own broken and careworn
+frame.
+
+
+COLUMBUS HEARD OF NORSE DISCOVERIES.
+
+     CONRAD MALTE-BRUN, a Danish author and geographer of great merit.
+     Born at Thister in Jutland, 1775; died, December, 1826.
+
+Columbus, when in Italy, had heard of the Norse discoveries beyond
+Iceland, for Rome was then the world's center, and all information of
+importance was sent there.
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND COPERNICUS.
+
+     HELEN P. MARGESSON, in an article entitled "Marco Polo's
+     Explorations, and their Influence upon Columbus" (being the Old
+     South First Prize Essay, 1891), published in the _New England
+     Magazine_, August, 1892.
+
+Columbus performed his vast undertaking in an age of great deeds and
+great men, when Ficino taught the philosophy of Plato, when Florence was
+thrilled by the luring words and martyrdom of Savonarola, when Michael
+Angelo wrought his everlasting marvels of art. While Columbus, in his
+frail craft, was making his way to "worlds unknown, and isles beyond the
+deep," on the shores of the Baltic a young novitiate, amid the rigors of
+a monastic life, was tracing the course of the planets, and solving the
+problem in which Virgil delighted[47]--problems which had baffled
+Chaldean and Persian, Egyptian and Saracen. Columbus explained the
+earth, Copernicus explained the heavens. Neither of the great
+discoverers lived to see the result of his labors, for the Prussian
+astronomer died on the day that his work was published. But the
+centuries that have come and gone have only increased the fame of
+Columbus and Copernicus, and proven the greatness of their genius.
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND THE FOURTH CENTENARY OF HIS DISCOVERY.
+
+     Commander CLEMENTS ROBERT MARKHAM, R. N., C. B., F. R. S., a noted
+     explorer and talented English author. Midshipman in H. M. S.
+     Assistance in the Franklin Search Expedition, 1850-51. Born July
+     20, 1830, at Stillingfleet, near York. From a paper read before the
+     Royal Geographical Society of England, June 20, 1892.
+
+In the present year the fourth centenary of the discovery of America by
+Columbus will be celebrated with great enthusiasm in Spain, in Italy,
+and in America. That discovery was, without any doubt, the most
+momentous event since the fall of the Roman Empire in its effect on the
+world's history. In its bearings on our science, the light thrown across
+the sea of darkness by the great Genoese was nothing less than the
+creation of modern geography. It seems fitting, therefore, that this
+society should take some share in the commemoration, and that we should
+devote one evening in this session to a consideration of some leading
+points in the life of the foremost of all geographers. * * *
+
+Much new light has been thrown upon the birth and early life of
+Columbus, of late years, by the careful examination of monastic and
+notarial records at Genoa and Savona. At Genoa the original documents
+are still preserved. At Savona they no longer exist, and we are
+dependent on copies made two centuries ago by Salinerius. But both the
+Genoa and Savona records may be safely accepted, and we are thus
+furnished with a new and more interesting view of the early life of
+Columbus. Our thanks for this new light are mainly due to the laborious
+and scholarly researches of the Marchese Marcello Staglieno of Genoa,
+and to the work of Mr. Harrisse. We may take it as fully established
+that the original home of Giovanni Colombo, the grandfather of the great
+discoverer, was at Terrarossa, a small stone house, the massive walls
+of which are still standing on a hillside forming the northern slope of
+the beautiful valley of Fontanabuona. Here, no doubt, the father of
+Columbus was born; but the family moved to Quinto-al-Mare, then a
+fishing village about five miles east of Genoa. Next we find the father,
+Domenico Colombo, owning a house at Quinto, but established at Genoa as
+a wool weaver, with an apprentice. This was in 1439. A few years
+afterward Domenico found a wife in the family of a silk weaver who lived
+up a tributary valley of the Bisagno, within an easy walk of Genoa.
+Quezzi is a little village high up on the west side of a ravine, with
+slopes clothed to their summits in olive and chestnut foliage, whence
+there is a glorious view of the east end of Genoa, including the church
+of Carignano and the Mediterranean. On the opposite slope are the
+scattered houses of the hamlet of Ginestrato. From this village of
+Quezzi Domenico brought his wife, Susanna Fontanarossa, to Genoa, her
+dowry consisting of a small property, a house or a field, at Ginestrato.
+
+About the home of Domenico and his wife at Genoa during at least twenty
+years there is absolute certainty. The old gate of San Andrea is still
+standing, with its lofty arch across the street, and its high flanking
+towers. A street with a rapid downward slope, called the Vico Dritto di
+Ponticelli, leads from the gate of San Andrea to the Church of S.
+Stefano; and the house of Domenico Colombo was in this street, a few
+doors from the gate. It was the weavers' quarter, and S. Stefano was
+their parish church, where they had a special altar. Domenico's house
+had two stories besides the ground floor; and there was a back garden,
+with a well between it and the city wall. It was battered down during
+the bombardment of Genoa in the time of Louis XIV., was rebuilt with two
+additional stories, and is now the property of the city of Genoa.
+
+This was the house of the parents of Columbus, and at a solemn moment,
+shortly before his death, Columbus stated that he was born in the city
+of Genoa. No. 39 Vico Dritto di Ponticelli was therefore, in all
+probability, the house where the great discoverer was born, and the old
+Church of San Stefano, with its facade of alternate black and white
+courses of marble, and its quaint old campanile, was the place of his
+baptism. The date of his birth is fixed by three statements of his own,
+and by a justifiable inference from the notarial records. He said that
+he went to sea at the age of fourteen, and that when he came to Spain in
+1485 he had led a sailor's life for twenty-three years. He was,
+therefore, born in 1447. In 1501 he again said that it was forty years
+since he first went to sea when he was fourteen; the same result--1447.
+In 1503 he wrote that he first came to serve for the discovery of the
+Indies--that is, that he left his home at the age of twenty-eight. This
+was in 1474, and the result is again 1447. The supporting notarial
+evidence is contained in two documents, in which the mother of Columbus
+consented to the sale of property by her husband. For the first deed, in
+May, 1471, the notary summoned her brothers to consent to the execution
+of the deed, as the nearest relations of full age. The second deed is
+witnessed by her son Cristoforo in August, 1473. He must have attained
+the legal age of twenty-five in the interval. This again makes 1447 the
+year of his birth.
+
+The authorities who assign 1436 as the year of his birth rely
+exclusively on the guess of a Spanish priest, Dr. Bernaldez, Cura of
+Palacios, who made the great discoverer's acquaintance toward the end of
+his career. Bernaldez, judging from his aged appearance, thought that he
+might be seventy years of age, more or less, when he died. The use of
+the phrase "more or less" proves that Bernaldez had no information from
+Columbus himself, and that he merely guessed the years of the
+prematurely aged hero. This is not evidence. The three different
+statements of Columbus, supported by the corroborative testimony of the
+deeds of sale, form positive evidence, and fix the date of the birth at
+1447.
+
+We know the place and date of the great discoverer's birth, thanks to
+the researches of the Marchese Staglieno. The notarial records, combined
+with incidental statements of Columbus himself, also tell us that he was
+brought up, with his brothers and sister, in the Vico Dritto at Genoa;
+that he worked at his father's trade and became a "lanerio," or wool
+weaver; that he moved with his father and mother to Savona in 1472; and
+that the last document connecting Cristoforo Colombo with Italy is dated
+on August 7, 1473. After that date--doubtless very soon after that date,
+when he is described as a wool weaver of Genoa--Columbus went to
+Portugal, at the age of twenty-eight. But we also know that, in spite of
+his regular business as a weaver, he first went to sea in 1461, at the
+age of fourteen, and that he continued to make frequent voyages in the
+Mediterranean and the Archipelago--certainly as far as Chios--although
+his regular trade was that of a weaver.
+
+This is not a mere question of places and dates. These facts enable us
+to form an idea of the circumstances surrounding the youth and early
+manhood of the future discoverer, of his training, of the fuel which
+lighted the fire of his genius, and of the difficulties which surrounded
+him. Moreover, a knowledge of the real facts serves to clear away all
+the misleading fables about student life at Pavia, about service with
+imaginary uncles who were corsairs or admirals, and about galleys
+commanded for King Rene. Some of these fables are due to the mistaken
+piety of the great discoverer's son Hernando, and to others, who seem
+to have thought that they were doing honor to the memory of the Admiral
+by surrounding his youth with romantic stories. But the simple truth is
+far more honorable, and, indeed, far more romantic. It shows us the
+young weaver loving his home and serving his parents with filial
+devotion, but at the same time preparing, with zeal and industry, to
+become an expert in the profession for which he was best fitted, and
+even in his earliest youth making ready to fulfill his high destiny.
+
+I believe that Columbus had conceived the idea of sailing westward to
+the Indies even before he left his home at Savona. My reason is, that
+his correspondence with Toscanelli on the subject took place in the very
+year of his arrival in Portugal. That fact alone involves the position
+that the young weaver had not only become a practical seaman--well
+versed in all the astronomical knowledge necessary for his profession--a
+cosmographer, and a draughtsman, but also that he had carefully digested
+what he had learned, and had formed original conceptions. It seems
+wonderful that a humble weaver's apprentice could have done all this in
+the intervals of his regular work. Assuredly it is most wonderful; but I
+submit that his correspondence with Toscanelli in 1474 proves it to be a
+fact. We know that there were the means of acquiring such knowledge at
+Genoa in those days; that city was indeed the center of the nautical
+science of the day. Benincasa, whose beautiful _Portolani_ may still be
+seen at the British Museum, and in other collections, was in the height
+of his fame as a draughtsman at Genoa during the youth of Columbus; so
+was Pareto. In the workrooms of these famous cartographers the young
+aspirant would see the most accurate charts that could then be produced,
+very beautifully executed; and his imagination would be excited by the
+appearance of all the fabulous islands on the verge of the unknown
+ocean.
+
+When the time arrived for Columbus to leave his home, he naturally chose
+Lisbon as the point from whence he could best enlarge his experience and
+mature his plans. Ever since he could remember he had seen the
+inscriptions respecting members of the Pasagni family, as we may see
+them now, carved on the white courses of the west front of San Stefano,
+his parish church. These Genoese Pasagni had been hereditary Admirals of
+Portugal; they had brought many Genoese seamen to Lisbon; the Cross of
+St. George marked their exploits on the _Portolani_, and Portugal was
+thus closely connected with the tradition of Genoese enterprise. So it
+was to Lisbon that Columbus and his brother made their way, and it was
+during the ten years of his connection with Portugal that his
+cosmographical studies, and his ocean voyages from the equator to the
+arctic circle, _combined with his genius to make Columbus the greatest
+seaman of his age_.
+
+Capt. Duro, of the Spanish navy, has investigated all questions relating
+to the ships of the Columbian period and their equipment with great
+care; and the learning he has brought to bear on the subject has
+produced very interesting results. The two small caravels provided for
+the voyage of Columbus by the town of Palos were only partially decked.
+The Pinta was strongly built, and was originally lateen-rigged on all
+three masts, and she was the fastest sailer in the expedition; but she
+was only fifty tons burden, with a complement of eighteen men. The Nina,
+so-called after the Nino family of Palos, who owned her, was still
+smaller, being only forty tons. These two vessels were commanded by the
+Pinzons, and entirely manned by natives of the province of Huelva. The
+third vessel was much larger, and did not belong to Palos. She was
+called a "nao," or ship, and was of about one hundred tons burden,
+completely decked, with a high poop and forecastle. Her length has been
+variously estimated. Two of her masts had square sails, the mizzen being
+lateen-rigged. The foremast had a square foresail, the mainmast a
+mainsail and maintopsail, and there was a spritsail on the bowsprit. The
+courses were enlarged, in fair weather, by lacing strips of canvas to
+their leeches, called _bonetas_. There appear to have been two boats,
+one with a sail, and the ship was armed with lombards. The rigs of these
+vessels were admirably adapted for their purpose. The large courses of
+the caravels enabled their commanders to lay their courses nearer to the
+wind than any clipper ship of modern times. The crew of the ship Santa
+Maria numbered fifty-two men all told, including the Admiral. She was
+owned by the renowned pilot Juan de la Cosa of Santona, who sailed with
+Columbus on both his first and second voyages, and was the best
+draughtsman in Spain. Mr. Harrisse, and even earlier writers, such as
+Vianello, call him a Basque pilot, apparently because he came from the
+north of Spain; but Santona, his birthplace, although on the coast of
+the Bay of Biscay, is not in the Basque provinces; and if Juan de la
+Cosa was a native of Santona he was not a Basque. While the crews of the
+two caravels all came from Palos or its neighborhood, the men of the
+Santa Maria were recruited from all parts of Spain, two from Santona
+besides Juan de la Cosa, which was natural enough, and several others
+from northern ports, likewise attracted, in all probability, by the fame
+of the Santona pilot. Among these it is very interesting to find an
+Englishman, who came from the little town of Lajes, near Coruna.
+
+Our countryman is called in the list, "Tallarte de Lajes" (Ingles). It
+is not unlikely that an English sailor, making voyages from Bristol or
+from one of the Cinque Ports to Coruna, may have married and settled at
+Lajes. But what can we make of "Tallarte"? Spaniards would be likely
+enough to prefix a "T" to any English name beginning with a vowel, and
+they would be pretty sure to give the word a vowel termination. So,
+getting rid of these initial and terminal superfluities, there remains
+Allart, or Alard. This was a famous name among the sailors of the Cinque
+Ports. Gervaise Alard of Winchelsea in 1306 was the first English
+admiral; and there were Alards of Winchelsea for several generations,
+who were renowned as expert and daring sailors. One of them, I believe,
+sailed with Columbus on his first voyage, and perished at Navidad.
+
+Columbus took with him the map furnished by Toscanelli. It is
+unfortunately lost. But the globe of Martin Behaim, drawn in 1492--the
+very year of the sailing of Columbus--shows the state of knowledge on
+the eve of the discovery of America. The lost map of Toscanelli must
+have been very like it, with its islands in mid-Atlantic, and its
+archipelago grouped round Cipango, near the coast of Cathay. This globe
+deserves close attention, for its details must be impressed on the minds
+of all who would understand what were the ideas and hopes of Columbus
+when he sailed from Palos.
+
+Friday, August 3, 1492, when the three little vessels sailed over the
+bar of Saltes, was a memorable day in the world's history. It had been
+prepared for by many years of study and labor, by long years of
+disappointment and anxiety, rewarded at length by success. The proof was
+to be made at last. To the incidents of that famous voyage nothing can
+be added. But we may, at least, settle the long-disputed question of the
+landfall of Columbus. It is certainly an important question. There are
+the materials for a final decision, and we ought to know for certain on
+what spot of land it was that the Admiral knelt when he sprang from the
+boat on that famous 12th of October, 1492.
+
+The learned have disputed over the matter for a century, and no less
+than five islands of the Bahama group have had their advocates. This is
+not the fault of Columbus, albeit we only have an abstract of his
+journal. The island is there fully and clearly described, and courses
+and distances are given thence to Cuba, which furnish data for fixing
+the landfall with precision. Here it is not a case for the learning and
+erudition of Navarretes, Humboldts, and Varnhagens. It is a sailor's
+question. If the materials from the journal were placed in the hands of
+any midshipman in her Majesty's navy, he would put his finger on the
+true landfall within half an hour. When sailors took the matter in hand,
+such as Admiral Becher, of the Hydrographic Office, and Lieut. Murdoch,
+of the United States navy, they did so.
+
+Our lamented associate, Mr. R. H. Major, read a paper on this
+interesting subject on May 8, 1871, in which he proved that Watling's
+Island was the Guanahani, or San Salvador, of Columbus. He did so by two
+lines of argument--the first being the exact agreement between the
+description of Guanahani, in the journal of Columbus, and Watling's
+Island, a description which can not be referred to any other island in
+the Bahama group; and the second being a comparison of the maps of Juan
+de la Cosa and of Herrera with modern charts. He showed that out of
+twenty-four islands on the Herrera map of 1600, ten retain the same
+names as they then had, thus affording stations for comparison; and the
+relative bearings of these ten islands lead us to the accurate
+identification of the rest. The shapes are not correct, but the relative
+bearings are, and the Guanahani of the Herrera map is thus identified
+with the present Watling's Island. Mr. Major, by careful and minute
+attention to the words of the journal of Columbus, also established the
+exact position of the first anchorage as having been a little to the
+west of the southeast point of Watling's Island.
+
+I can not leave the subject of Mr. Major's admirable paper without
+expressing my sense of the loss sustained by comparative geography when
+his well-known face, so genial and sympathetic, disappeared from among
+us. The biographer of Prince Henry the Navigator, Major did more than
+any other Englishman of this century to bring the authentic history of
+Columbus within the reach of his countrymen. His translations of the
+letters of the illustrious Genoese, and the excellent critical essay
+which preceded them, are indispensable to every English student of the
+history of geographical discovery who is not familiar with the Spanish
+language, and most useful even to Spanish scholars. His knowledge of the
+history of cartography, his extensive and accurate scholarship, and his
+readiness to impart his knowledge to others, made him a most valuable
+member of the council of this society, and one whose place is not easy
+to fill; while there are not a few among the Fellows who, like myself,
+sincerely mourn the loss of a true and warmhearted friend.
+
+When we warmly applauded the close reasoning and the unassailable
+conclusions of Major's paper, we supposed that the question was at
+length settled; but as time went on, arguments in favor of other islands
+continued to appear, and an American in a high official position even
+started a new island, contending that Samana was the landfall. But Fox's
+Samana and Varnhagen's Mayaguana must be ruled out of court without
+further discussion, for they both occur on the maps of Juan de la Cosa
+and Herrera, on which Guanahani also appears. It is obvious that they
+can not be Guanahani and themselves at the same time; and it is perhaps
+needless to add that they do not answer to the description of Guanahani
+by Columbus, and meet none of the other requirements.
+
+On this occasion it may be well to identify the landfall by another
+method, and thus furnish some further strength to the arguments which
+ought to put an end to the controversy. Major established the landfall
+by showing the identity between the Guanahani of Columbus and Watling's
+Island, and by the evidence of early maps. There is still another
+method, which was adopted by Lieut. Murdoch, of the United States navy,
+in his very able paper. Columbus left Guanahani and sailed to his second
+island, which he called Santa Maria de la Concepcion; and he gives the
+bearing and distance. He gives the bearing and distance from this second
+island to the north end of a third, which he called Fernandina. He gives
+the length of Fernandina. He gives the bearing and distance from the
+south end of Fernandina to a fourth island named Isabella, from Isabella
+to some rocks called Islas de Arena, and from Islas de Arena to Cuba.
+
+It is obvious that if we trace these bearings and distances backward
+from Cuba, they will bring us to an island which must necessarily be the
+Guanahani, or San Salvador, of Columbus. This is the sailor's method: On
+October 27th, when Columbus sighted Cuba at a distance of 20 miles, the
+bearing of his anchorage at sunrise of the same day, off the Islas de
+Arena, was N. E. 58 miles, and from the point reached in Cuba it was N.
+E. 75 miles. The Ragged Islands are 75 miles from Cuba, therefore the
+Islas de Arena of Columbus are identified with the Ragged Islands of
+modern charts. The Islas de Arena were sighted when Columbus was 56
+miles from the south end of Fernandina, and E.N.E. from Isabella. These
+bearings show that Fernandina was Long Island, and that Isabella was
+Crooked Island, of modern charts. Fernandina was 20 leagues long N. N.
+W. and S. S. E.; Long Island is 20 leagues long N. N. W. and S. S. E.
+Santa Maria de la Concepcion was several miles east of the north end of
+Fernandina, but in sight. Rum Cay is several miles east of the north
+end of Long Island, but in sight. Rum Cay is, therefore, the Santa Maria
+of Columbus. San Salvador, or Guanahani, was 21 miles N. W. from Santa
+Maria de la Concepcion. Watling's Island is 21 miles N. W. from Rum Cay;
+Watling's Island is, therefore, proved to be the San Salvador, or
+Guanahani, of Columbus.
+
+The spot where Columbus first landed in the New World is the eastern end
+of the south side of Watling's Island. This has been established by the
+arguments of Major, and by the calculations of Murdoch, beyond all
+controversy. The evidence is overwhelming. Watling's Island answers to
+every requirement and every test, whether based on the Admiral's
+description of the island itself, on the courses and distances thence to
+Cuba, or on the evidence of early maps. We have thus reached a final and
+satisfactory conclusion, and we can look back on that momentous event in
+the world's history with the certainty that we know the exact spot on
+which it occurred--on which Columbus touched the land when he sprang
+from his boat with the standard waving over his head.[48]
+
+The discoveries of Columbus during his first voyage, as recorded in his
+journal, included part of the north coast of Cuba, and the whole of the
+north coast of Espanola. The journal shows the care with which the
+navigation was conducted, how observations for latitude were taken, how
+the coasts were laid down--every promontory and bay receiving a
+name--and with what diligence each new feature of the land and its
+inhabitants was examined and recorded. The genius of Columbus would not
+have been of the same service to mankind if it had not been combined
+with great capacity for taking trouble, and with habits of order and
+accuracy. In considering the qualities of the great Genoese as a seaman
+and an explorer, we can not fail to be impressed with this accuracy, the
+result of incessant watchfulness and of orderly habits. Yet it is his
+accuracy which has been called in question by some modern writers, on
+the ground of passages in his letters which they have misinterpreted, or
+failed to understand. In every instance the blunder has not been
+committed by Columbus, but by his critics.
+
+The Admiral's letters do not show him to be either careless or
+inaccurate. On the contrary, they bear witness to his watchfulness, to
+his methodical habits, and to his attention to details; although at the
+same time they are full of speculations, and of the thoughts which
+followed each other so rapidly in his imaginative brain. It was, indeed,
+the combination of these two qualities, of practical and methodical
+habits of thought with a vivid imagination, which constituted his
+genius--a combination as rare as it is valuable. It created the thoughts
+which conceived the great discovery, as well as the skill and ability
+which achieved it.
+
+Unfortunately, the journals and charts of Columbus are lost. But we have
+the full abstract of the journal of his first voyage, made by Las Casas,
+we have his letters and dispatches, and we have the map of his
+discoveries, except those made during his last voyage, drawn by his own
+pilot and draughtsman, Juan de la Cosa. We are thus able to obtain a
+sufficient insight into the system on which his exploring voyages were
+conducted, and into the sequence in which his discoveries followed each
+other. This is the point of view from which the labors of the Admiral
+are most interesting to geographers. The deficient means at the disposal
+of a navigator in the end of the fifteenth century increase the
+necessity for a long apprenticeship. It is much easier to become a
+navigator with the aid of modern instruments constructed with extreme
+accuracy, and with tables of logarithms, nautical almanacs, and
+admiralty charts. With ruder appliances Columbus and his contemporaries
+had to trust far more to their own personal skill and watchfulness, and
+to ways of handling and using such instruments as they possessed, which
+could only be acquired by constant practice and the experience of a
+lifetime. _Even then, an insight and ability which few men possess were
+required to make such a navigator as Columbus._
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF ANTONIO DE HERRERA, THE HISTORIAN OF COLUMBUS.
+(See page 220.)]
+
+The first necessity for a pilot who conducts a ship across the ocean,
+when he is for many days out of sight of land, is the means of checking
+his dead reckoning by observations of the heavenly bodies. But in the
+days of Columbus such appliances were very defective, and, at times,
+altogether useless. There was an astrolabe adapted for use at sea by
+Martin Behaim, but it was very difficult to get a decent sight with it,
+and Vasco da Gama actually went on shore and rigged a triangle when he
+wanted to observe for latitude. If this was necessary, the instrument
+was useless as a guide across the pathless ocean. Columbus, of
+course, used it, but he seems to have relied more upon the old
+quadrant which he had used for long years before Behaim invented his
+adaption of the astrolabe. It was this instrument, the value of which
+received such warm testimony from Diogo Gomez, one of Prince Henry's
+navigators; and it was larger and easier to handle than the astrolabe.
+But the difficulty, as regards both these instruments,[49] was the
+necessity for keeping them perpendicular to the horizon when the
+observation is taken, in one case by means of a ring working freely, and
+in the other by a plummet line. The instruction of old Martin Cortes was
+to sit down with your back against the mainmast; but in reality the only
+man who obtained results of any use from such instruments was he who had
+been constantly working with them from early boyhood. In those days, far
+more than now, a good pilot had to be brought up at sea from his youth.
+Long habit could alone make up, to a partial extent, for defective
+means.
+
+Columbus regularly observed for latitude when the weather rendered it
+possible, and he occasionally attempted to find the longitude by
+observing eclipses of the moon with the aid of tables calculated by old
+Regiomontanus, whose declination tables also enabled the Admiral to work
+out his meridian altitudes. But the explorer's main reliance was on the
+skill and care with which he calculated his dead reckoning, watching
+every sign offered by sea and sky by day and night, allowing for
+currents, for leeway, for every cause that could affect the movement of
+his ship, noting with infinite pains the bearings and the variation of
+his compass, and constantly recording all phenomena on his card and in
+his journal. _Columbus was the true father of what we call proper
+pilotage._
+
+It is most interesting to watch the consequences of this seaman-like and
+most conscientious care in the results of his voyages of discovery. We
+have seen with what accuracy he made his landfall at the Azores, on his
+return from his first and most memorable voyage. The incidents of his
+second voyage are equally instructive. He had heard from the natives of
+the eastern end of Espanola that there were numerous islands to the
+southeast inhabited by savage tribes of Caribs, and when he sailed from
+Spain on his second voyage he resolved to ascertain the truth of the
+report before proceeding to his settlement at Navidad. He shaped such a
+course as to hit upon Dominica, and within a few weeks he discovered the
+whole of the Windward Islands, thence to Puerto Rico. On his return his
+spirit of investigation led him to try the possibility of making a
+passage in the teeth of the trade-wind. It was a long voyage, and his
+people were reduced to the last extremity, even threatening to eat the
+Indians who were on board. One night, to the surprise of all the
+company, the Admiral gave the order to shorten sail. Next morning, at
+dawn, Cape St. Vincent was in sight. This is a remarkable proof of the
+care with which his reckoning must have been kept, and of his consummate
+skill as a navigator. On his third voyage he decided, for various
+reasons, to make further discoveries nearer to the equator, the result
+of his decision being the exploration of the Gulf of Paria, including
+the coast of Trinidad and of the continent. His speculations, although
+sometimes fantastic, and originating in a too vivid imagination, were
+usually shrewd and carefully thought out. Thus they led from one
+discovery to another; and even when, through want of complete knowledge,
+there was a flaw in the chain of his reasoning, the results were equally
+valuable.
+
+A memorable example of an able and acute train of thought, based on
+observations at sea, was that which led to his last voyage in search of
+a strait. He had watched the gulf stream constantly flowing in a
+westerly direction, and he thought that he had ascertained, as the
+result of careful observation, that the islands in the course of the
+current had their lengths east and west, owing to erosion on their north
+and south sides. From this fact he deduced the constancy of the current.
+His own pilot, Juan de la Cosa, serving under Ojeda and Bastidas, had
+established the continuity of land from the Gulf of Paria to Darien. The
+Admiral himself had explored the coast of Cuba, both on the north and
+south sides, for so great a distance that he concluded it must surely be
+a promontory connected with the continent. The conclusion was that, as
+it could not turn to north or south, this current, ever flowing in one
+direction, must pass through a strait. The argument was perfectly sound
+except in one point--the continental character of Cuba was an
+hypothesis, not an ascertained fact.
+
+Still, it was a brilliant chain of reasoning, and it led to a great
+result, though not to the expected result. Just as the search for the
+philosopher's stone led to valuable discoveries in chemistry, and as the
+search for El Dorado revealed the courses of the two largest rivers in
+South America, so the Admiral's heroic effort to discover a strait in
+the face of appalling difficulties, in advancing years and failing
+health, made known the coast of the continent from Honduras to Darien.
+
+All the discoveries made by others, in the lifetime of Columbus, on the
+coasts of the western continent (except that of Cabral) were directly
+due to the first voyage of the Admiral, to his marvelous prevision in
+boldly sailing westward across the sea of darkness, and are to be
+classed as Columbian discoveries. This was clearly laid down by Las
+Casas, in a noble passage. "The Admiral was the first to open the gates
+of that ocean which had been closed for so many thousands of years
+before," exclaimed the good bishop. "He it was who gave the light by
+which all others might see how to discover. It can not be denied to the
+Admiral, except with great injustice, that _as_ he was the first
+discoverer of those Indies, _so_ he was really of all the mainland; and
+to him the credit is due. For it was he that put the thread into the
+hands of the rest by which they found the clew to more distant parts. It
+was not necessary for this that he should personally visit every part,
+any more than it is necessary to do so in taking possession of an
+estate; as the jurists hold." This generous protest by Las Casas should
+receive the assent of all geographers. The pupils and followers of
+Columbus, such as Pinzon, Ojeda, Nino, and La Cosa, discovered all the
+continent from 8 deg. S. of the equator to Darien, thus supplementing
+their great master's work; while he himself led the way, and showed the
+light both to the islands and to the continent.
+
+Although none of the charts of Columbus have come down to us, there
+still exists a map of all discoveries up to the year 1500, drawn by the
+pilot Juan de la Cosa, who accompanied him in his first and second
+voyages, and sailed with Ojeda on a separate expedition in 1499, when
+the coast of the continent was explored from the Gulf of Paria to Cabo
+de la Vela. Juan de la Cosa drew this famous map of the world (which is
+preserved at Madrid) at Santa Maria, in the Bay of Cadiz, when he
+returned from his expedition with Ojeda in 1500. It is drawn in color,
+on oxhide, and measures 5 feet 9 inches by 3 feet 2 inches. La Cosa
+shows the islands discovered by Columbus, but it is difficult to
+understand what he could have been thinking about in placing them north
+of the tropic of cancer. The continent is delineated from 8 deg. S. of
+the equator to Cabo de la Vela, which was the extreme point to which
+discovery had reached in 1500; and over the undiscovered part to the
+west, which the Admiral himself was destined to bring to the knowledge
+of the world a few years afterward, Juan de la Cosa painted a vignette
+of St. Christopher bearing the infant Christ across the ocean. But the
+most important part of the map is that on which the discoveries of John
+Cabot are shown, for this is the only map which shows them. It is true
+that a map, or a copy of a map, of 1542, by Sebastian Cabot, was
+discovered of late years, and is now at Paris, and that it indicates the
+"Prima Vista," the first land seen by Cabot on his voyage of 1497; but
+it shows the later work of Jacques Cartier and other explorers, and does
+not show what part was due to Cabot. Juan de la Cosa, however, must have
+received, through the Spanish ambassador in London, the original chart
+of Cabot, showing his discoveries during his second voyage in 1498, and
+was enabled thus to include the new coast-line on his great map.
+
+The gigantic labor wore out his body. But his mind was as active as
+ever. He had planned an attempt to recover the Holy Sepulcher. He had
+thought out a scheme for an Arctic expedition, including a plan for
+reaching the north pole, which he deposited in the monastery of
+Mejorada. It was not to be. When he returned from his last voyage, he
+came home to die. We gather some idea of the Admiral's personal
+appearance from the descriptions of Las Casas and Oviedo. He was a man
+of middle height, with courteous manners and noble bearing. His face was
+oval, with a pleasing expression; the nose aquiline, the eyes blue, and
+the complexion fair and inclined to ruddiness. The hair was red, though
+it became gray soon after he was thirty. Only one authentic portrait of
+Columbus is known to have been painted. The Italian historian, Paulus
+Jovius, who was his contemporary, collected a gallery of portraits of
+worthies of his time at his villa on the Lake of Como. Among them was a
+portrait of the Admiral. There is an early engraving from it, and very
+indifferent copies in the Uffizi at Florence, and at Madrid. But until
+quite recently I do not think that the original was known to exist. It,
+however, never left the family, and when the last Giovio died it was
+inherited by her grandson, the Nobile de Orche, who is the present
+possessor. We have the head of a venerable man, with thin gray hair, the
+forehead high, the eyes pensive and rather melancholy. It was thus that
+he doubtless appeared during the period that he was in Spain, after his
+return in chains, or during the last year of his life.
+
+In his latter years we see Columbus, although as full as ever of his
+great mission, thinking more and more of the transmission of his rights
+and his property intact to his children. He had always loved his home,
+and his amiable and affectionate disposition made many and lasting
+friendships in all ranks of life, from Queen Isabella and Archbishop
+Deza to the humblest _grumete_. We find his shipmates serving with him
+over and over again. Terreros, the Admiral's steward, and Salcedo, his
+servant, were with him in his first voyage and in his last. His faithful
+captains, Mendez and Fieschi, risked life and limb for him, and attended
+him on his deathbed. Columbus was also blessed with two loving and
+devoted brothers. In one of his letters to his son Diego, he said,
+"Never have I found better friends, on my right hand and on my left,
+than my brothers." Bartholomew, especially, was his trusty and gallant
+defender and counselor in his darkest hours of difficulty and distress,
+his nurse in sickness, and his helpful companion in health. The enduring
+affection of these two brothers, from the cradle to the grave, is most
+touching. Columbus was happy too in his handsome, promising young sons,
+who were ever dutiful, and whose welfare was his fondest care; they
+fulfilled all his hopes. One recovered the Admiral's rights, while the
+other studied his father's professional work, preserved his memorials,
+and wrote his life. Columbus never forgot his old home at Genoa, and the
+most precious treasures of the proud city are the documents which her
+illustrious son confided to her charge, and the letters in which he
+expressed his affection for his native town. Columbus was a man to
+reverence, but he was still more a man to love.
+
+The great discoverer's genius was a gift which is only produced once in
+an age, and it is that which has given rise to the enthusiastic
+celebration of the fourth centenary of his achievement. To geographers
+and sailors the careful study of his life will always be useful and
+instructive. They will be led to ponder over the deep sense of duty and
+responsibility which produced his unceasing and untiring watchfulness
+when at sea, over the long training which could alone produce so
+consummate a navigator, and over that perseverance and capacity for
+taking trouble which we should all not only admire but strive to
+imitate. I can not better conclude this very inadequate attempt to do
+justice to a great subject than by quoting the words of a geographer,
+whose loss from among us we still continue to feel--the late Sir Henry
+Yule. He said of Columbus: "His genius and lofty enthusiasm, his ardent
+and justified previsions, mark the great Admiral as one of the lights of
+the human race."
+
+
+A DISCOVERY GREATER THAN THE LABORS OF HERCULES.
+
+     PIETRO MARTIRE DE ANGHIERA (usually called Peter Martyr), an
+     Italian scholar, statesman, and historian. Born at Arona, on Lake
+     Maggiore, in 1455; died at Granada, Spain, 1526.
+
+To declare my opinion herein, whatsoever hath heretofore been discovered
+by the famous travayles of Saturnus and Hercules, with such other whom
+the antiquitie for their heroical acts honoured as Gods, seemeth but
+little and obscure if it be compared to the victorious labours of the
+Spanyards.
+
+  --Decad. ii, cap. 4, Lok's Translation.
+
+
+GENIUS TRAVELED WESTWARD.
+
+     WILLIAM MASON, an English poet. Born at Hull, 1725; died in 1797.
+
+  Old England's genius turns with scorn away,
+  Ascends his sacred bark, the sails unfurled,
+  And steers his state to the wide Western World.
+
+
+MISSION AND REWARD.
+
+     J. N. MATTHEWS, in Chicago _Tribune_, 1892.
+
+  Sailing before the silver shafts of morn,
+    He bore the White Christ over alien seas--
+  The swart Columbus--into "lands forlorn,"
+    That lay beyond the dim Hesperides.
+  Humbly he gathered up the broken chain
+    Of human knowledge, and, with sails unfurled,
+  He drew it westward from the coast of Spain,
+    And linked it firmly to another world.
+
+  Tho' blinding tempests drove his ships astray,
+    And on the decks conspiring Spaniards grew
+  More mutinous and dangerous, day by day,
+    Than did the deadly winds that round him blew,
+  Yet the bluff captain, with his bearded lip,
+    His lordly purpose, and his high disdain,
+  Stood like a master with uplifted whip,
+    And urged his mad sea-horses o'er the main.
+
+  Onward and onward thro' the blue profound,
+    Into the west a thousand leagues or more,
+  His caravels cut the billows till they ground
+    Upon the shallows of San Salvador.
+  Then, robed in scarlet like a rising morn,
+    He climbed ashore and on the shining sod
+  He gave to man a continent new-born;
+    Then, kneeling, gave his gratitude to God.
+
+  And his reward? In all the books of fate
+    There is no page so pitiful as this--
+  A cruel dungeon, and a monarch's hate,
+    And penury and calumny were his;
+  Robbed of his honors in his feeble age,
+    Despoiled of glory, the old Genoese
+  Withdrew at length from life's ungrateful stage,
+    To try the waves of other unknown seas.
+
+
+EAGER TO SHARE THE REWARD.
+
+     Letter written by the Duke of MEDINA CELI to the Grand Cardinal of
+     Spain, Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, dated March 19, 1493.
+
+MOST REVEREND SIR: I am not aware whether your Lordship knows that I had
+Cristoforo Colon under my roof for a long time when he came from
+Portugal, and wished to go to the King of France, in order that he might
+go in search of the Indies with his Majesty's aid and countenance. I
+myself wished to make the venture, and to dispatch him from my port
+[Santa Maria], where I had a good equipment of three or four caravels,
+_since he asked no more from me_; but as I recognized that this was an
+undertaking for the Queen, our sovereign, I wrote about the matter to
+her Highness from Rota, and she replied that I should send him to her.
+Therefore I sent him, and asked her Highness that, since I did not
+desire to pursue the enterprise but had arranged it for her service, she
+should direct that compensation be made to me, and that I might have a
+share in it by having the loading and unloading of the commerce done in
+the port.
+
+Her Highness received him [Colon], and referred him to Alonso de
+Quintanilla, who, in turn, _wrote me that he did not consider this
+affair to be very certain_; but that if it should go through, her
+Highness would give me a reward and part in it. After having well
+studied it, she agreed to send him in search of the Indies. Some eight
+months ago he set out, and now has arrived at Lisbon on his return
+voyage, and has found all which he sought and very completely; which, as
+soon as I knew, in order to advise her Highness of such good tidings, I
+am writing by Inares and sending him to beg that she grant me the
+privilege of sending out there each year some of my own caravels.
+
+I entreat your Lordship that you may be pleased to assist me in this,
+and also ask it in my behalf; since on my account, and through my
+keeping him [Colon] _two years in my house_, and having placed him at
+her Majesty's service, so great a thing as this has come to pass; and
+because Inares will inform your Lordship more in detail, I beg you to
+hearken to him.
+
+
+COLUMBUS STATUE, CITY OF MEXICO.
+
+The Columbus monument, in the Paseo de la Reforma, in the City of
+Mexico, was erected at the charges of Don Antonio Escandon, to whose
+public spirit and enterprise the building of the Vera Cruz & Mexico
+Railway was due. The monument is the work of the French sculptor
+Cordier. The base is a large platform of basalt, surrounded by a
+balustrade of iron, above which are five lanterns. From this base rises
+a square mass of red marble, ornamented with four _basso-relievos_; the
+arms of Columbus, surrounded with garlands of laurels; the rebuilding of
+the monastery of Santa Maria de la Rabida; the discovery of the Island
+of San Salvador; a fragment of a letter from Columbus to Raphael
+Sanchez, beneath which is the dedication of the monument by Senor
+Escandon. Above the _basso-relievos_, surrounding the pedestals, are
+four life-size figures in bronze; in front and to the right of the
+statue of Columbus (that stands upon a still higher plane), Padre Juan
+Perez de la Marchena, prior of the Monastery of Santa Maria de la
+Rabida, at Huelva, Spain; in front and to the left, Padre Fray Diego de
+Deza, friar of the Order of Saint Dominic, professor of theology at the
+Convent of St. Stephen, and afterward archbishop of Seville. He was also
+confessor of King Ferdinand, to the support of which two men Columbus
+owed the royal favor; in the rear, to the right, Fray Pedro de Gante; in
+the rear, to the left, Fray Bartolome de las Casas--the two missionaries
+who most earnestly gave their protection to the Indians, and the latter
+the historian of Columbus. Crowning the whole, upon a pedestal of red
+marble, is the figure of Columbus, in the act of drawing aside the veil
+that hides the New World. In conception and in treatment this work is
+admirable; charming in sentiment, and technically good. The monument
+stands in a little garden inclosed by iron chains hung upon posts of
+stone, around which extends a large _glorieta_.
+
+
+THE TRIBUTE OF JOAQUIN MILLER.
+
+     JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) MILLER, "the Poet of the Sierras." Born
+     in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 10, 1842. From a poem in the New York
+     _Independent_.
+
+  Behind him lay the gray Azores,
+    Behind the gates of Hercules;
+  Before him not the ghost of shores,
+    Before him only shoreless seas.
+  The good mate said, "Now must we pray,
+    For lo! the very stars are gone.
+  Brave Adm'ral, speak; what shall I say?"
+    "Why say, 'Sail on! sail on! and on!'"
+
+  "My men grow mutinous day by day;
+    My men grow ghastly, wan and weak."
+  The stout mate thought of home; a spray
+    Of salt wave washed his swarthy cheek.
+  "What shall I say, brave Adm'ral, say,
+    If we sight naught but seas at dawn?"
+  "Why, you shall say, at break of day,
+    'Sail on! sail on! sail on! and on!'"
+
+  They sailed and sailed, as winds might blow,
+    Until at last the blanched mate said,
+  "Why, now not even God would know
+    Should I and all my men fall dead.
+  These very winds forget their way,
+    For God from these dread seas is gone.
+  Now speak, brave Adm'ral, speak and say--"
+    He said, "Sail on! sail on! and on!"
+
+  They sailed. They sailed. Then spoke the mate,
+    "This mad sea shows its teeth to-night.
+  He curls his lip, he lies in wait,
+    With lifted teeth as if to bite.
+  Brave Adm'ral, say but one good word;
+    What shall we do when hope is gone?"
+  The words leapt as a leaping sword,
+    "Sail on! sail on! sail on! and on!"
+
+  Then, pale and worn, he kept his deck,
+    And peered through darkness. Ah, that night
+  Of all dark nights! And then a speck--
+    A light! A light! A light! A light!
+  It grew, a starlit flag unfurled,
+    It grew to be Time's burst of dawn.
+  He gained a world; he gave that world
+    Its grandest lesson--"On! and on!"
+
+
+ADMIRAL OF MOSQUITO LAND.
+
+     D. H. MONTGOMERY, author of "The Leading Facts of American
+     History."
+
+Loud was the outcry against Columbus. The rabble nicknamed him the
+"Admiral of Mosquito Land." They pointed at him as the man who had
+promised everything, and ended by discovering nothing but "a wilderness
+peopled with naked savages."
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND THE INDIANS.
+
+     Gen. THOMAS J. MORGAN, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In an
+     article, "Columbus and the Indians," in the New York _Independent_,
+     June 2, 1892.
+
+Columbus, when he landed, was confronted with an Indian problem, which
+he handed down to others, and they to us. Four hundred years have rolled
+by, and it is still unsolved. Who were the strange people who met him at
+the end of his long and perilous voyage? He guessed at it and missed it
+by the diameter of the globe. He called them Indians--people of
+India--and thus registered the fifteenth century attainments in
+geography and anthropology. How many were there of them? Alas! there was
+no census bureau here then, and no record has come down to us of any
+count or enumeration. Would they have lived any longer if they had been
+counted? Would a census have strengthened them to resist the threatened
+tide of invaders that the coming of Columbus heralded? If instead of
+corn they had presented census rolls to their strange visitors, and
+exhibited maps to show that the continent was already occupied, would
+that have changed the whole course of history and left us without any
+Mayflower or Plymouth Rock, Bunker Hill or Appomattox?
+
+
+INTENSE UNCERTAINTY.
+
+     CHARLES MORRIS, an American writer of the present day. In "Half
+     Hours with American History."
+
+The land was clearly seen about two leagues distant, whereupon they took
+in sail and waited impatiently for the dawn. The thoughts and feelings
+of Columbus in this little space of time must have been tumultuous and
+intense. At length, in spite of every difficulty and danger, he had
+accomplished his object. The great mystery of the ocean was revealed;
+his theory, which had been the scoff of sages, was triumphantly
+established; he secured to himself a glory durable as the world itself.
+
+It is difficult to conceive the feelings of such a man at such a moment,
+or the conjectures which must have thronged upon his mind as to the land
+before him, covered with darkness. A thousand speculations must have
+swarmed upon him, as with his anxious crews he waited for the night to
+pass away, wondering whether the morning light would reveal a savage
+wilderness, or dawn upon spicy groves and glittering fanes and gilded
+cities, and all the splendor of oriental civilization.
+
+
+THE FIRST TO GREET COLUMBUS.
+
+     EMMA HUNTINGTON NASON. A poem in _St. Nicholas_, July, 1892,
+     founded upon the incident of Columbus' finding a red thorn bush
+     floating in the water a few days before sighting Watling's Island.
+
+  When the feast is spread in our country's name,
+    When the nations are gathered from far and near,
+  When East and West send up the same
+    Glad shout, and call to the lands, "Good cheer!"
+  When North and South shall give their bloom,
+    The fairest and best of the century born.
+  Oh, then for the king of the feast make room!
+    Make room, we pray, for the scarlet thorn!
+
+  Not the golden-rod from the hillsides blest,
+    Not the pale arbutus from pastures rare,
+  Nor the waving wheat from the mighty West,
+    Nor the proud magnolia, tall and fair,
+  Shall Columbia unto the banquet bring.
+    They, willing of heart, shall stand and wait,
+  For the thorn, with his scarlet crown, is king.
+    Make room for him at the splendid fete!
+
+  Do we not remember the olden tale?
+    And that terrible day of dark despair,
+  When Columbus, under the lowering sail,
+    Sent out to the hidden lands his prayer?
+  And was it not he of the scarlet bough
+    Who first went forth from the shore to greet
+  That lone grand soul at the vessel's prow,
+    Defying fate with his tiny fleet?
+
+  Grim treachery threatened, above, below,
+    And death stood close at the captain's side,
+  When he saw--Oh, joy!--in the sunset glow,
+    The thorn-tree's branch o'er the waters glide.
+  "Land! Land ahead!" was the joyful shout;
+    The vesper hymn o'er the ocean swept;
+  The mutinous sailors faced about;
+    Together they fell on their knees and wept.
+
+  At dawn they landed with pennons white;
+    They kissed the sod of San Salvador;
+  But dearer than gems on his doublet bright
+    Were the scarlet berries their leader bore;
+  Thorny and sharp, like his future crown,
+    Blood-red, like the wounds in his great heart made,
+  Yet an emblem true of his proud renown
+    Whose glorious colors shall never fade.
+
+
+COLUMBA CHRISTUM-FERENS--WHAT'S IN A NAME?
+
+     New Orleans _Morning Star and Catholic Messenger_, August 13, 1892.
+
+The poet says that a rose by any other name would smell as sweet, but
+there is no doubt that certain names are invested with a peculiar
+significance. It would appear also that this significance is not always
+a mere chance coincidence, but is intended, sometimes, to carry the
+evidence of an overruling prevision. Christopher Columbus was not so
+named _after_ his achievements, like Scipio Africanus. The name was his
+from infancy, though human ingenuity could not have conceived one more
+wonderfully suggestive of his after career.
+
+Columba means a dove. Was there anything dove-like about Columbus?
+Perhaps not, originally, but his many years of disappointment and
+humiliation, of poverty and contempt, of failure and hopelessness, were
+the best school in which to learn patience and sweetness under the
+guiding hand of such teachers as faith and piety. Was anything wanting
+to perfect him in the unresisting gentleness of the dove? If so, his
+guardian angel saw to it when he sent him back in chains from the scenes
+of his triumph. He then and there, by his meekness, established his
+indefeasible right to the name _Columbus_--the right of conquest.
+
+[Illustration: THE WEST INDIES]
+
+And Christopher--_Christum-ferens_--the Christ-bearer? A saint of old
+was so called because one day he carried the child Christ on his
+shoulders across a dangerous ford. People called him _Christo-pher_. But
+what shall we say of the man who carried Christ across the stormy
+terrors of the unknown sea? Wherever the modern Christopher landed,
+there he planted the cross; his first act was always one of devout
+worship. And now that cross and that worship are triumphant from end to
+end, and from border to border, of that New World. The very fairest
+flower of untrammeled freedom in the diadem of the Christian church is
+to-day blooming within the mighty domain which this instrument of
+Providence wrested from the malign sway of error. Shall not that New
+World greet him as the Christ-bearer? Indeed, there must have been more
+than an accidental coincidence when, half a century in advance of
+events, the priest, in pouring the sacred waters of baptism, proclaimed
+the presence of one who was to be truly a Christopher--one who should
+carry Christ on the wings of a dove.
+
+
+CIRCULAR LETTER OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF NEW ORLEANS ON THE CHRISTOPHER
+COLUMBUS CELEBRATION.
+
+     From the _Morning Star and Catholic Messenger_, New Orleans, August
+     13, 1892.
+
+REVEREND AND DEAR FATHER: The fourth centenary of the discovery of
+America by Christopher Columbus is at hand. It is an event of the
+greatest importance. It added a new continent to the world for
+civilization and Christianity; it gave our citizens a home of liberty
+and freedom, a country of plenty and prosperity, a fatherland which has
+a right to our deepest and best feelings of attachment and affection.
+Christopher Columbus was a sincere and devout Catholic; his remarkable
+voyage was made possible by the intercession of a holy monk; and by the
+patronage and liberality of the pious Queen Isabella, the cross of
+Christ, the emblem of our holy religion, was planted on America's virgin
+soil, and the _Te Deum_ and the holy mass were the first religious
+services held on the same; it is therefore just and proper that this
+great event and festival should be celebrated in a religious as well as
+in a civil manner.
+
+Our Holy Father the Pope has appointed the 12th of October, and His
+Excellency the President of the United States has assigned the 21st of
+October, as the day of commemoration. The discrepancy of dates is based
+on the difference of the two calendars. When Columbus discovered this
+country, the old Julian calendar was in vogue, and the date of discovery
+was marked the 12th; but Pope Gregory XIII. introduced the Gregorian
+calendar, according to which the 21st would now be the date. We will
+avail ourselves of both dates--the first date to be of a religious, the
+second of a civil, character. We therefore order that on the 12th of
+October a solemn votive mass (_pro gratiarum actione dicendo Missam
+votivam de S. S. Trinitate_), in honor of the Blessed Trinity, be sung
+in all the churches of the diocese, at an hour convenient to the parish,
+with an exhortation to the people, as thanksgiving to God for all his
+favors and blessings, and as a supplication to Him for the continuance
+of the same, and that all the citizens of this vast country may ever
+dwell in peace and union.
+
+Let the 21st be a public holiday. We desire that the children of our
+schools assemble in their Sunday clothes at their school-rooms or halls,
+and that after a few appropriate prayers some exercises be organized to
+commemorate the great event, and at the same time to fire their young
+hearts with love of country, and with love for the religion of the cross
+of Christ, which Columbus planted on the American shore. We further
+desire that the different Catholic organizations and societies arrange
+some programme by which the day may be spent in an agreeable and
+instructive manner.
+
+For our archiepiscopal city we make these special arrangements: On the
+12th, at half-past 7 o'clock P. M., the cathedral will be open to the
+public; the clergy of the city is invited to assemble at 7 o'clock, at
+the archbishopric, to march in procession to the cathedral, where short
+sermons of ten minutes each will be preached in five different
+languages--Spanish, French, English, German, and Italian. The ceremony
+will close with Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament and the solemn
+singing of the _Te Deum_. In order to celebrate the civil solemnity of
+the 21st, we desire that a preliminary meeting be held at St. Alphonsus'
+Hall, on Monday evening, the 22d of August, at 8 o'clock. The meeting
+will be composed of the pastors of the city, of two members of each
+congregation--to be appointed by them--and of the presidents of the
+various Catholic societies. This body shall arrange the plan how to
+celebrate the 21st of October.
+
+May God, who has been kind and merciful to our people in the past,
+continue his favors in the future and lead us unto life everlasting.
+
+The pastors will read this letter to their congregations.
+
+Given from our archiepiscopal residence, Feast of St. Dominic, August
+the 4th, 1892.
+
+   FRANCIS JANSSENS,
+  _Archbishop of New Orleans_.
+
+  By order of His Grace:
+  J. BOGAERTS, _Vicar-general_.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS STATUE IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK
+
+Stands at the Eighth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street entrance to Central
+Park, and was erected October 12, 1892, by subscription among the
+Italian citizens of the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central
+America. From a base forty-six feet square springs a beautiful shaft of
+great height, the severity of outline being broken by alternating lines
+of figures, in relief, of the prows, or rostra, of the three ships of
+Columbus, and medallions composed of an anchor and a coil of rope. In
+July, 1889, Chevalier Charles Barsotti, proprietor of the _Progresso
+Italo-Americano_, published in New York City, started a subscription to
+defray the cost, which was liberally added to by the Italian government.
+On December 10, 1890, a number of models were placed on exhibition at
+the rooms of the Palace of the Exposition of Arts in Rome, and the
+commission finally chose that of Prof. Gaetano Russo.
+
+The monument is seventy-five feet high, including the three great
+blocks, or steps, which form the foundation; and, aside from the
+historical interest it may have, as a work of art alone its possession
+might well be envied by any city or nation. The base, of Baveno granite,
+has two beautiful bas-relief pictures in bronze, representing on one
+side the moment when Columbus first saw land, and on the other the
+actual landing of the party on the soil. Two inscriptions, higher up on
+the monument, one in English and one in Italian, contain the dedication.
+The column is also of Baveno granite, while the figure of the Genius of
+Geography and the statue proper of Columbus are of white Carrara marble,
+the former being ten feet high and the latter fourteen. There is also a
+bronze eagle, six feet high, on the side opposite the figure of Genius
+of Geography, holding in its claws the shields of the United States and
+of Genoa. The rostra and the inscription on the column are in bronze.
+
+This great work was designed by Prof. Gaetano Russo, who was born in
+Messina, Sicily, fifty-seven years ago. Craving opportunities for study
+and improvement, he made his way to Rome when a mere lad but ten years
+old. In this great art center his genius developed early, and his later
+years have been filled with success. Senator Monteverde of Italy, one of
+the best sculptors of modern times, says that this is one of the finest
+monuments made during the last twenty-five years. On accepting the
+finished monument from the artist, the commission tendered him the
+following: "The monument of Columbus made by you will keep great in
+America the name of Italian art. It is very pleasant to convey to the
+United States--a strong, free, and independent people--the venerated
+resemblance of the man who made the civilization of America possible."
+
+On the sides of the base, between the massive posts which form the
+corners, are found the inscriptions in Italian and English, composed by
+Prof. Ugo Fleres of Rome, and being as follows:
+
+  TO
+  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS,
+  THE ITALIANS RESIDENT IN AMERICA.
+
+  SCOFFED AT BEFORE;
+  DURING THE VOYAGE, MENACED;
+  AFTER IT, CHAINED;
+  AS GENEROUS AS OPPRESSED,
+  TO THE WORLD HE GAVE A WORLD.
+
+  JOY AND GLORY
+  NEVER UTTERED A MORE THRILLING CALL
+  THAN THAT WHICH RESOUNDED
+  FROM THE CONQUERED OCEAN
+  IN SIGHT OF THE FIRST AMERICAN ISLAND,
+  LAND! LAND!
+
+  ON THE XII. OF OCTOBER, MDCCCXCII
+  THE FOURTH CENTENARY
+  OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA,
+  IN IMPERISHABLE REMEMBRANCE.
+
+Near the base of the monument, on the front of the pedestal, is a
+representation of the Genius of Geography in white Carrara marble. It is
+a little over eleven feet high, and is represented as a winged angel
+bending over the globe, which it is intently studying while held beneath
+the open hand.
+
+On the front and back of the base the corresponding spaces are filled
+with two magnificent allegorical pictures in bas-relief representing the
+departure from Spain and the landing in America of Columbus. The latter
+one is particularly impressive, and the story is most graphically told
+by the strongly drawn group, of which he is the principal figure,
+standing in at attitude of prayer upon the soil of the New World he has
+just discovered. To the left are his sailors drawing the keel of a boat
+upon the sand, and on the right the Indians peep cautiously out from a
+thicket of maize at the strange creatures whom they mistake for the
+messengers of the Great Spirit. Towering over all, at the apex of the
+column, stands the figure of the First Admiral himself, nobly portrayed
+in snowiest marble. The figure is fourteen feet in height and represents
+the bold navigator wearing the dress of the period, the richly
+embroidered doublet, or waistcoat, thrown back, revealing a kilt that
+falls in easy folds from a bodice drawn tightly over the broad chest
+beneath. Not only the attitude of the figure but the expression of the
+face is commanding, and as you look upon the clearly cut features you
+seem to feel instinctively the presence of the man of genius and power,
+which the artist has forcibly chiseled.
+
+The Italian government decided to send the monument here in the royal
+transport Garigliano. Also, as a token of their good-will to the United
+States, they ordered their first-class cruiser, Giovanni Bausan, to be
+in New York in time to take part in the ceremonies attending the
+unveiling and also the ceremonies by the city and State of New York.
+
+All the work on the foundation was directed gratuitously by the
+architect V. Del Genoese and Italian laborers. The materials were
+furnished free by Messrs. Crimmins, Navarro, Smith & Sons, and others.
+
+The executive committee in New York was composed of Chevalier C.
+Barsotti, president; C. A. Barattoni and E. Spinetti, vice-presidents;
+G. Starace, treasurer; E. Tealdi and G. N. Malferrari, secretaries; of
+the presidents of the Italian societies of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey
+City, and Hoboken; and of sixty-five members chosen from the subscribers
+as trustees.
+
+
+THE COLUMBUS MEMORIAL ARCH IN NEW YORK.
+
+Richard M. Hunt, John Lafarge, Augustus St. Gaudens, L. P. di Cesnola,
+and Robert J. Hoguet of the Sub-Committee on Art of the New York
+Columbian Celebration, awarded on September 1, 1892, the prizes offered
+for designs for an arch to be erected at the entrance to Central Park at
+Fifty-ninth Street and Fifth Avenue.
+
+The committee chose, from the numerous designs submitted, four which
+were of special excellence. That which was unanimously acknowledged to
+be the best was submitted with the identification mark, "Columbia," and
+proved to be the work of Henry B. Hertz of 22 West Forty-third Street.
+Mr. Hertz will receive a gold medal, and the arch which he has designed
+will be erected in temporary form for the Columbian celebration in
+October, 1892, and will be constructed as a permanent monument of marble
+and bronze to the Genius of Discovery if $350,000 can be secured to
+build it. The temporary structure is estimated to cost $7,500.
+
+The design which the committee decided should receive the second prize
+was offered by Franklin Crosby Butler and Paul Emil Dubois of 80
+Washington Square, East, and was entitled, "The Santa Maria." A silver
+medal will be given to the architects. The designs selected for
+honorable mention were one of Moorish character, submitted by Albert
+Wahle of 320 East Nineteenth Street, and one entitled "Liberty," by J.
+C. Beeckman of 160 Fifth Avenue.
+
+Mr. Hertz' design was selected by the committee not alone for its
+artistic beauty, but because of its peculiar fitness. The main body of
+the arch is to be built of white marble, and with its fountains, its
+polished monolithic columns of pigeon-blood marble, its mosaic and gold
+inlaying, and the bas-relief work and surmounting group of bronze, the
+committee say it will be a monument to American architecture of which
+the city will be proud.
+
+From the ground to the top of the bronze caravel in the center of the
+allegorical group with which the arch will be surmounted the distance
+will be 160 feet, and the entire width of the arch will be 120 feet. The
+opening from the ground to the keystone will be eighty feet high and
+forty feet wide. On the front of each pier will be two columns of
+pigeon-blood-red marble. Between each pair of columns and at the base of
+each pier will be large marble fountains, the water playing about
+figures representing Victory and Immortality. These fountains will be
+lighted at night with electric lights. The surface of the piers between
+the columns will be richly decorated in bas-relief with gold and mosaic.
+Above each fountain will be a panel, one representing Columbus at the
+court of Spain, and the other the great discoverer at the Convent of
+Rabida, just before his departure on the voyage which resulted in the
+discovery of America. In the spaces on either side of the crown of the
+arch will be colossal reclining figures of Victory in bas-relief.
+
+The highly decorated frieze will be of polished red marble, and
+surmounting the projecting keystone of the arch will be a bronze
+representation of an American eagle. On the central panel of the attic
+will be the inscription: "The United States of America, in Memorial
+Glorious to Christopher Columbus, Discoverer of America." The
+ornamentation of the attic consists of representations of Columbus'
+entrance into Madrid. Crowning all is to be a group in bronze symbolical
+of Discovery. In this group there will be twelve figures of heroic size,
+with a gigantic figure representing the Genius of Discovery heralding to
+the world the achievements of her children.
+
+Mr. Hertz, the designer, is only twenty-one years old, and is a student
+in the department of architecture of Columbia College.
+
+
+THE SPANISH FOUNTAIN IN NEW YORK.
+
+The Spanish-American citizens also wish to present a monument to the
+city in honor of the discovery. It is proposed to have a Columbus
+fountain, to be located on the Grand Central Park plaza, at Fifth Avenue
+and Fifty-ninth Street, in the near future. The statuary group of the
+fountain represents Columbus standing on an immense globe, and on either
+side of him is one of the Pinzon brothers, who commanded the Pinta and
+Nina. Land has been discovered, and on the face of Columbus is an
+expression of prayerful thanksgiving. The brother Pinzon who discovered
+the land is pointing to it, while the other, with hand shading his eyes,
+anxiously seeks some sign of the new continent.
+
+It is proposed to cast the statuary group in New York of cannon donated
+by Spain and Spanish-American countries. The first of the cannon has
+already arrived, the gift of the republic of Spanish Honduras.
+
+The proposed inscription reads:
+
+  _A
+  COLON
+  y Los
+  PINZONES
+  Los Espanoles
+  E Hispano-Americanos
+  De
+  Nueva York._
+
+  To COLUMBUS and the PINZONS, the Spaniards
+  and Spanish-Americans of New York.
+
+
+FESTIVAL ALLEGORY FOR THE NEW YORK CELEBRATION OF THE 400TH ANNIVERSARY
+OF COLUMBUS' DISCOVERY, 1892.
+
+One of the features of the New York celebration of the Columbus
+Quadro-Centennial is to be the production, October 10th, in the
+Metropolitan Opera House, of "The Triumph of Columbus," a festival
+allegory, by S. G. Pratt.
+
+The work is written for orchestra, chorus, and solo voices, and is in
+six scenes or parts, the first of which is described as being "in the
+nature of a prologue, wherein a dream of Columbus is pictured. Evil
+spirits and sirens hover about the sleeping mariner threatening and
+taunting him. The Spirit of Light appears, the tormentors vanish, and a
+chorus of angels join the Spirit of Light in a song of 'Hope and
+Faith.'"
+
+Part II. shows "the historical council at Salamanca; Dominican monks
+support Columbus, but Cardinal Talavera and other priests ridicule him."
+Columbus, to disprove their accusations of heresy on his part, quotes
+"sentence after sentence of the Bible in defense of his theory."
+
+Part III. represents Columbus and his boy Diego in poverty before the
+Convent La Rabida. They pray for aid, and are succored by Father Juan
+Perez and his monks.
+
+Part IV. contains a Spanish dance by the courtiers and ladies of Queen
+Isabella's court; a song by the Queen, wherein she tells of her
+admiration for Columbus; the appearance of Father Juan, who pleads for
+the navigator and his cause; the discouraging arguments of Talavera; the
+hesitation of the Queen; her final decision to help Columbus in his
+undertaking, and her prayer for the success of the voyage.
+
+Part V. is devoted to the voyage. Mr. Pratt has here endeavored to
+picture in a symphonic prelude "the peaceful progress upon the waters,
+the jubilant feeling of Columbus, and a flight of birds"--subjects
+dissimilar enough certainly to lend variety to any orchestral
+composition. The part, in addition to this prelude, contains the
+recitation by a sailor of "The Legend of St. Brandon's Isle"; a song by
+Columbus; the mutiny of the sailors, and Columbus' vain attempts to
+quell it; his appeal to Christ and the holy cross for aid, following
+which "the miraculous appearance takes place and the sailors are awed
+into submission"; the chanting of evening vespers; the firing of the
+signal gun which announces the discovery of land, and the singing of a
+_Gloria in Excelsis_ by Columbus, the sailors, and a chorus of angels.
+
+Part VI. is the "grand pageantry of Columbus' reception at Barcelona. A
+triumphal march by chorus, band, and orchestra forms an accompaniment to
+a procession and the final reception."
+
+
+STRANGE AND COLOSSAL MAN.
+
+     From an introduction to "The Story of Columbus," in the New York
+     _Herald_, 1892.
+
+What manner of man was this Columbus, this admiral of the seas and lord
+of the Indies, who gave to Castille and Leon a new world?
+
+Was he the ill-tempered and crack-brained adventurer of the skeptic
+biographer, who weighed all men by the sum of ages and not by the age in
+which they lived, or the religious hero who carried a flaming cross into
+the darkness of the unknown West, as his reverential historians have
+painted him?
+
+There have been over six hundred biographers of this strange and
+colossal man, advancing all degrees of criticism, from filial affection
+to religious and fanatical hate, yet those who dwell in the lands he
+discovered know him only by his achievements, caring nothing about the
+trivial weaknesses of his private life.
+
+One of his fairest critics has said he was the conspicuous developer of
+a great world movement, the embodiment of the ripened aspirations of his
+time.
+
+His life is enveloped in an almost impenetrable veil of obscurity; in
+fact, the date and the place of his birth are in dispute. There are no
+authentic portraits of him, though hundreds have been printed.
+
+There are in existence many documents written by Columbus about his
+discoveries. When he set sail on his first voyage he endeavored to keep
+a log similar to the commentaries of Caesar. It is from this log that
+much of our present knowledge has been obtained, but it is a lamentable
+fact that, while Columbus was an extraordinary executive officer, his
+administrative ability was particularly poor, and in all matters of
+detail he was so careless as to be untrustworthy. Therefore, there are
+many statements in the log open to violent controversy.
+
+
+TALES OF THE EAST.
+
+It is probable that the letters of Toscanelli made a greater impression
+on the mind of Columbus than any other information he possessed. The
+aged Florentine entertained the brightest vision of the marvelous worth
+of the Asiatic region. He spoke of two hundred towns whose bridges
+spanned a single river, and whose commerce would excite the cupidity of
+the world.
+
+These were tales to stir circles of listeners wherever wandering mongers
+of caravels came and went. All sorts of visionary discoveries were made
+in those days. Islands were placed in the Atlantic that never existed,
+and wonderful tales were told of the great Island of Antilla, or the
+Seven Cities.
+
+The sphericity of the earth was becoming a favorite belief, though it
+must be borne in mind that education in those days was confined to the
+cloister, and any departure from old founded tenets was regarded as
+heresy. It was this peculiar doctrine that caused Columbus much
+embarrassment in subsequent years. His greatest enemies were the narrow
+minds that regarded religion as the _Ultima Thule_ of intellectual
+endeavor. In spite of these facts, however, it was becoming more and
+more the popular belief that the world was not flat. One of the
+arguments used against Columbus was, that if the earth was not flat, and
+was round, he might sail down to the Indies, but he could certainly not
+sail up. Thus it was that fallacy after fallacy was thrown in
+argumentative form in his way, and the character of the man grows more
+wonderful as we see the obstacles over which he fought.
+
+From utter obscurity, from poverty, derision, and treachery, this
+unflinching spirit fought his way to a most courageous end, and in all
+the vicissitudes of his wonderful life he never compromised one iota of
+that dignity which he regarded as consonant with his lofty
+aspirations.--_Ibid._
+
+
+A PROTEST AGAINST IGNORANCE.
+
+     New York _Tribune_, 1892.
+
+The voyage of Columbus was a protest against the ignorance of the
+mediaeval age. The discovery of the New World was the first sign of the
+real renaissance of the Old World. It created new heavens and a new
+earth, broadened immeasurably the horizon of men and nations, and
+transformed the whole order of European thought. Columbus was the
+greatest educator who ever lived, for he emancipated mankind from the
+narrowness of its own ignorance, and taught the great lesson that human
+destiny, like divine mercy, arches over the whole world. If a
+perspective of four centuries of progress could have floated like a
+mirage before the eyes of the great discoverer as he was sighting San
+Salvador, the American school-house would have loomed up as the greatest
+institution of the New World's future. Behind him he had left mediaeval
+ignorance, encumbered with superstition, and paralyzed by an
+ecclesiastical pedantry which passed for learning. Before him lay a new
+world with the promise of the potency of civil and religious liberty,
+free education, and popular enlightenment. Because the school-house,
+like his own voyage, has been a protest against popular ignorance, and
+has done more than anything else to make our free America what it is, it
+would have towered above everything else in the mirage-like vision of
+the world's progress.
+
+
+THE EARTH'S ROTUNDITY.
+
+     The Rev. Father NUGENT of Iowa. From an address printed in the
+     Denver _Republican_, 1892.
+
+The theory of the rotundity of the earth was not born with Columbus. It
+had been announced centuries before Christ, but the law of gravitation
+had not been discovered and the world found it impossible to think of
+another hemisphere in which trees would grow downward into the air and
+men walk with their heads suspended from their feet. The theologians and
+scholars who scoffed at Columbus' theory had better grounds for opposing
+him, according to the received knowledge of the time, than he for
+upholding his ideal. They were scientifically wrong and he was
+unscientifically correct.
+
+
+HANDS ACROSS THE SEA.
+
+     The President responds to a message from the Alcalde of Palos.
+
+The following cable messages were exchanged this day:
+
+LA RABIDA, August 3d. The President: To-day, 400 years ago, Columbus
+sailed from Palos, discovering America. The United States flag is being
+hoisted this moment in front of the Convent La Rabida, along with
+banners of all the American States. Batteries and ships saluting,
+accompanied by enthusiastic acclamations of the people, army, and navy.
+God bless America.
+
+  PRIETO,
+  _Alcalde of Palos_.
+
+DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D. C., August 3, 1892. Senor Prieto,
+Alcalde de Palos, La Rabida, Spain: The President of the United States
+directs me to cordially acknowledge your message of greeting. On this
+memorable day, thus fittingly celebrated, the people of the new western
+world, in grateful reverence to the name and fame of Columbus, join
+hands with the sons of the brave sailors of Palos and Huelva who manned
+the discoverer's caravels.
+
+  FOSTER,
+  _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+THE PAN-AMERICAN TRIBUTE.
+
+     The nations of North, South, and Central America in conference
+     assembled, at Washington, D. C., from October 2, 1889, to April 19,
+     1890.
+
+_Resolved_, That in homage to the memory of the immortal discoverer of
+America, and in gratitude for the unparalleled service rendered by him
+to civilization and humanity, the International Conference hereby offers
+its hearty co-operation in the manifestations to be made in his honor
+on the occasion of the fourth centennial anniversary of the discovery of
+America.[50]
+
+
+THE GIFT OF SPAIN.
+
+     THEODORE PARKER, a distinguished American clergyman and scholar.
+     Born at Lexington, Mass., August 24, 1810; died in Florence, Italy,
+     May 10, 1860. From "New Assault upon Freedom in America."
+
+To Columbus, adventurous Italy's most venturous son, Spain gave,
+grudgingly, three miserable ships, wherewith that daring genius sailed
+through the classic and mediaeval darkness which covered the great
+Atlantic deep, opening to mankind a new world, and new destination
+therein. No queen ever wore a diadem so precious as those pearls which
+Isabella dropped into the western sea, a bridal gift, whereby the Old
+World, well endowed with art and science, and the hoarded wealth of
+experience, wed America, rich only in her gifts from Nature and her
+hopes in time. The most valuable contribution Spain has made to mankind
+is three scant ships furnished to the Genoese navigator, whom the
+world's instinct pushed westward in quest of continents.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE BOLDEST NAVIGATOR.
+
+     Capt. WILLIAM H. PARKER, an American naval officer of the
+     nineteenth century. From "Familiar Talks on Astronomy."[51]
+
+Let us turn our attention to Christopher Columbus, the boldest navigator
+of his day; indeed, according to my view, the boldest man of whom we
+have any account in history. While all the other seamen of the known
+world were creeping along the shore, he heroically sailed forth on the
+broad ocean.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAP OF COLUMBUS' PILOT, JUAN DE LA COSA.
+
+From the original in the Marine Museum, Madrid. (See page 228)]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When I look back upon my own voyages and recall the many anxious moments
+I have passed when looking for a port at night, and when I compare my
+own situation, supplied with accurate charts, perfect instruments, good
+sailing directions, everything, in short, that science can supply, and
+then think of Columbus in his little bark, his only instruments an
+imperfect compass and a rude astrolabe, _sailing forth upon an unknown
+sea_, I must award to him the credit of being the boldest seaman that
+ever "sailed the salt ocean."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Columbus, then, had made three discoveries before he discovered
+land--the trade-winds, the Sargasso Sea, and the variation of the
+compass.
+
+
+COLUMBUS THE PATRON SAINT OF REAL-ESTATE DEALERS.
+
+At a banquet in Chicago of the real-estate brokers, a waggish orator
+remarked that Columbus, with his cry of "Land! Land!" was clearly the
+patron saint of American real-estate dealers.
+
+
+THE MUTINY.
+
+     HORATIO J. PERRY, an American author. From "Reminiscences."
+
+When those Spanish mutineers leaped upon their Admiral's deck and
+advanced upon him sword in hand, every man of them was aware that
+according to all ordinary rules the safety of his own head depended on
+their going clean through and finishing their work. No compromise that
+should leave Columbus alive could possibly have suited them then.
+Nevertheless, at the bottom of it all, the moving impulse of those men
+was terror. They were banded for that work by a common fear and a
+common superstition, and it was only when they looked in the clear face
+of one wholly free from the influences which enslaved themselves, when
+they felt in their marrow that supreme expression of Columbus at the
+point of a miserable death--only then the revulsion of confidence in him
+suddenly relieved their own terrors. It was instinctive. This man knows!
+He does not deceive us! We fools are compromising the safety of all by
+quenching this light. He alone can get us through this business--that
+was the human instinct which responded to the look and bearing of
+Columbus at the moment when he was wholly lost, and when his life's
+work, his great voyage almost accomplished, was also to all appearance
+lost. The instinct was sure, the response was certain, from the instinct
+that its motive was also there sure and certain; but no other man in
+that age could have provoked it, no other but Columbus could be sure of
+what he was then doing.
+
+The mutineers went back to their work, and the ships went on. For three
+days previous, the Admiral, following some indications he had noted from
+the flight of birds, had steered southwest. Through that night of the
+10th and through the day of the 11th he still kept that course; but just
+at evening of the 11th he ordered the helm again to be put due west. The
+squadron had made eighty-two miles that day, and his practiced senses
+now taught him that land was indeed near. Without any hesitation he
+called together his chief officers, and announced to them that the end
+of their voyage was at hand; and he ordered the ships to sail well
+together, and to keep a sharp lookout through the night, as he expected
+land before the morning. Also, they had strict orders to shorten sail at
+midnight, and not to advance beyond half speed. Then he promised a
+velvet doublet of his own as a present to the man who should first make
+out the land. These details are well known, and they are authentic; and
+it is true also that these dispositions of the Admiral spread life
+throughout the squadron. Nobody slept that night. It was only
+twenty-four hours since they were ready to throw him overboard; but they
+now believed in him and bitterly accused one another.
+
+
+THE TRACK OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     From a paper in _New England Magazine_, 1892, taken originally from
+     a volume of "Reminiscences" left by HORATIO J. PERRY, who made a
+     voyage from Spain to New Orleans in 1847.
+
+A fortnight out at sea! We are upon the track of Christopher Columbus.
+Only three centuries and a half ago the keels of his caravels plowed for
+the first time these very waters, bearing the greatest heart and wisest
+head of his time, and one of the grandest figures in all history.
+
+To conceive Columbus at his true value requires some effort in our age,
+when the earth has been girdled and measured, when the sun has been
+weighed and the planets brought into the relation of neighbors over the
+way, into whose windows we are constantly peeping in spite of the social
+gulf which keeps us from visiting either Mars or Venus. It is not easy
+to put ourselves back into the fifteenth century and limit ourselves as
+those men were limited.
+
+I found it an aid to my comprehension of Columbus, this chance which
+sent me sailing over the very route of his great voyage. It is not, even
+now, a frequented route. The bold Spanish and Portuguese navigators of
+the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are no longer found upon it. The
+trade of the Indies has passed into other hands, and this is not the
+road from England to the West Indies or to America.
+
+Thus you may still sail for weeks in these seas without ever meeting a
+ship. Leaving Madeira or the Canaries, you may even reach those western
+lands he reached without having seen or felt any other sign or incident
+except precisely such as were noted by him.
+
+
+DEATH WAS COLUMBUS' FRIEND.
+
+     OSKAR FERDINAND PESCHEL, a noted German geographer. Born at
+     Dresden, March 17, 1826; died, August 31, 1875.
+
+Death saved Columbus the infliction of a blow which he probably would
+have felt more than Bobadilla's fetters. He was allowed to carry to the
+grave the glorious illusion that Cuba was a province of the Chinese
+Empire, that Hispaniola was the Island Zipangu, and that only a narrow
+strip of land, instead of a hemisphere covered by water, intervened
+between the Caribbean Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
+
+The discoverer of America died without suspecting that he had found a
+new continent. He regarded the distance between Spain and Jamaica as a
+third part of the circumference of the globe, and announced, "The earth
+is by no means as large as is popularly supposed."
+
+The extension of the world by a new continent had no place in his
+conceptions, and the greatness of his achievement would have been
+lessened in his eyes if he had been permitted to discover a second vast
+ocean beyond that which he had traversed, for he would have seen that he
+had but half accomplished his object, the connection of Europe with the
+East.
+
+
+PETRARCH'S TRIBUTE.
+
+     FRANCESCO PETRARCH, Italian poet. Born at Arezzo, in Tuscany, July
+     20, 1304; died at Arqua, near Padua, July 19, 1374.
+
+  The daylight hastening with winged steps,
+  Perchance to gladden the expectant eyes
+  Of far-off nations in a world remote.
+
+
+COLUMBUS A VOLUMINOUS WRITER.
+
+     BARNET PHILLIPS, in _Harper's Weekly_, June 25, 1892, on "The
+     Columbus Festival at Genoa."[52]
+
+It can not be questioned but that Christopher Columbus was a voluminous
+writer. Mr. Justin Winsor, who has made careful researches, says that
+"ninety-seven distinct pieces of writing by the hand of Columbus either
+exist or are known to have existed. Of such, whether memoirs, relations,
+or letters, sixty-four are preserved in their entirety." Columbus seems
+to have written all his letters in Spanish. Genoa is fortunate in
+possessing a number of authentic letters, and these are preserved in a
+marble custodia, surmounted by a head of Columbus. In the pillar which
+forms the pedestal there is a bronze door, and the precious Columbus
+documents have been placed there. (See p. 54, _ante_.)
+
+
+HIS LIFE WAS A PATH OF THORNS.
+
+     ROBERT POLLOK, a Scottish poet of some note. Born at Muirhouse,
+     Renfrewshire, 1798; died near Southampton, September, 1827.
+
+  Oh, who can tell what days, what nights, he spent,
+  Of tideless, waveless, sailless, shoreless woe!
+  And who can tell how many glorious once,
+  To him, of brilliant promise full--wasted,
+  And pined, and vanished from the earth!
+
+
+UNWEPT, UNHONORED, AND UNSUNG.
+
+     W. F. POOLE, LL. D., Librarian of the Newberry Library, Chicago.
+     From "Christopher Columbus," in _The Dial_ for April, 1892.
+     Published by _The Dial_ Company, Chicago.
+
+It had been well for the reputation of Columbus if he had died in 1493,
+when he returned from his first voyage. He had found a pathway to a land
+beyond the western ocean; and although he had no conception of what he
+had discovered, it was the most important event in the history of the
+fifteenth century. There was nothing left for him to do to increase his
+renown. A coat-of-arms had been assigned him, and he rode on horseback
+through the streets of Barcelona, with the King on one side of him and
+Prince Juan on the other. His enormous claims for honors and emoluments
+had been granted. His first letter of February, 1493, printed in several
+languages, had been read in the courts of Europe with wonder and
+amazement. "What delicious food for an ingenious mind!" wrote Peter
+Martyr. In England, it was termed "a thing more divine than human." No
+other man ever rose to such a pinnacle of fame so suddenly; and no other
+man from such a height ever dropped out of sight so quickly. His three
+later voyages were miserable failures; a pitiful record of misfortunes,
+blunders, cruelties, moral delinquencies, quarrels, and impotent
+complainings. They added nothing to the fund of human knowledge, or to
+his own. On the fourth voyage he was groping about to find the River
+Ganges, the great Khan of China, and the earthly paradise. His two
+subsequent years of disappointment and sickness and poverty were
+wretchedness personified. Other and more competent men took up the work
+of discovery, and in thirteen years after the finding of a western route
+to India had been announced, the name and personality of Columbus had
+almost passed from the memory of men. He died at Valladolid, May 20,
+1506; and outside of a small circle of relatives, his body was committed
+to the earth with as little notice and ceremony as that of an unknown
+beggar on its way to the potter's field. Yet the Spanish court was in
+the town at the time. Peter Martyr was there, writing long letters of
+news and gossip; and in five that are still extant there is no mention
+of the sickness and death of Columbus. Four weeks later an official
+document had the brief mention that "the Admiral is dead." Two Italian
+authors, making, one and two years later, some corrections pertaining
+to his early voyages, had not heard of his death.
+
+
+NEW STAMPS FOR WORLD'S FAIR YEAR.
+
+     From the New York _Commercial Advertiser_.
+
+Third Assistant Postmaster-General Hazen is preparing the designs for a
+set of "Jubilee" stamps, to be issued by the Postoffice Department in
+honor of the quadri-centennial. That is, he is getting together material
+which will suggest to him the most appropriate subjects to be
+illustrated on these stamps. He has called on the Bureau of American
+Republics for some of the Columbian pictures with which it is
+overflowing, and he recently took a big portfolio of them down into the
+country to examine at his leisure.
+
+One of the scenes to be illustrated, undoubtedly, will be the landing of
+Columbus. The Convent of La Rabida, where Columbus is supposed to have
+been housed just before his departure from Spain on his voyage of
+discovery, will probably be the chief figure of another. The head of
+Columbus will decorate one of the stamps--probably the popular 2-cent
+stamp. Gen. Hazen resents the suggestion that the 5-cent, or foreign,
+stamp be made the most ornate in the collection. He thinks that the
+American public is entitled to the exclusive enjoyment of the most
+beautiful of the new stamps.
+
+Besides, the stamps will be of chief value to the Exposition, as they
+advertise it among the people of America. The Jubilee stamps will be one
+of the best advertisements the World's Fair will have. It would not be
+unfair if the Postoffice Department should demand that the managers of
+the World's Fair pay the additional expense of getting out the new
+issue. But the stamp collectors will save the department the necessity
+of doing that.
+
+It may be that the issue of the current stamps will not be suspended
+when the Jubilee stamps come in; but it is altogether likely that the
+issue will be suspended for a year, and that at the end of that time the
+dies and plates for the Jubilee stamps will be destroyed and the old
+dies and plates will be brought out and delivered to the contractor
+again. These dies and plates are always subject to the order of the
+Postmaster-general. He can call for them at any time, and the contractor
+must deliver them into his charge.
+
+While they are in use they are under the constant supervision of a
+government agent, and the contractor is held responsible for any plate
+that might be made from his dies and for any stamps that might be
+printed surreptitiously from such plates.
+
+An oddity in the new series will be the absence of the faces of
+Washington and Franklin. The first stamps issued by the Postoffice
+Department were the 5 and 10 cent stamps of 1847. One of these bore the
+head of Washington and the other that of Franklin. From that day to this
+these heads have appeared on some two of the stamps of the United
+States. In the Jubilee issue they will be missing, unless Mr. Wanamaker
+or Mr. Hazen changes the present plan. It is intended now that only one
+portrait shall appear on any of the stamps, and that one will be of
+Columbus.
+
+It will take some time to prepare the designs for the new stamps, after
+the selection of the subjects, but Gen. Hazen expects to have them on
+sale the 1st of January next. The subjects will be sent to the American
+Bank Note Company, which will prepare the designs and submit them for
+approval. When they are approved, the dies will be prepared and proofs
+sent to the department. Five engravings were made before an acceptable
+portrait of Gen. Grant was obtained for use on the current 5-cent
+stamp. Gen. Grant, by the way, was the only living American whose
+portrait during his lifetime was under consideration in getting up stamp
+designs.
+
+
+THE CHARACTER OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     WILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTT, an eminent American historian. Born at
+     Salem, Mass., May 4, 1796; died January 28, 1859. From "Ferdinand
+     and Isabella."
+
+There are some men in whom rare virtues have been closely allied, if not
+to positive vice, to degrading weakness. Columbus' character presented
+no such humiliating incongruity. Whether we contemplate it in its public
+or private relations, in all its features it wears the same noble
+aspect. It was in perfect harmony with the grandeur of his plans and
+their results, more stupendous than those which heaven has permitted any
+other mortal to achieve.
+
+
+FROM PALOS TO BARCELONA--HIS TRIUMPH.
+
+The bells sent forth a joyous peal in honor of his arrival; but the
+Admiral was too desirous of presenting himself before the sovereigns to
+protract his stay long at Palos. His progress through Seville was an
+ovation. It was the middle of April before Columbus reached Barcelona.
+The nobility and cavaliers in attendance on the court, together with the
+authorities of the city, came to the gates to receive him, and escorted
+him to the royal presence. Ferdinand and Isabella were seated with their
+son, Prince John, under a superb canopy of state, awaiting his arrival.
+On his approach they rose from their seats, and, extending their hands
+to him to salute, caused him to be seated before them. These were
+unprecedented marks of condescension to a person of Columbus' rank in
+the haughty and ceremonious court of Castille. It was, indeed, the
+proudest moment in the life of Columbus. He had fully established the
+truth of his long-contested theory, in the face of argument, sophistry,
+sneer, skepticism, and contempt. After a brief interval the sovereigns
+requested from Columbus a recital of his adventures; and when he had
+done so, the King and Queen, together with all present, prostrated
+themselves on their knees in grateful thanksgivings, while the solemn
+strains of the _Te Deum_ were poured forth by the choir of the royal
+chapel, as in commemoration of some glorious victory.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE CLAIM OF THE NORSEMEN.
+
+     From an editorial in _Public Opinion_, Washington.
+
+Modern historians are pretty generally agreed that America was actually
+first made known to the Eastern world by the indefatigable Norsemen.
+Yet, in spite of this fact, Columbus has been, and still continues to
+be, revered as the one man to whose genius and courage the discovery of
+the New World is due. Miss Brown, in her "Icelandic Discoverers," justly
+says it should be altogether foreign to American institutions and ideas
+of liberty and honor to countenance longer the worship of a false idol.
+The author first proceeds to set forth the evidence upon which the
+claims of the Norsemen rest. The author charges that the heads of the
+Roman Catholic church were early cognizant of this discovery of the
+Norsemen, but that they suppressed this information. The motives for
+this concealment are charged to their well-known reluctance to allow any
+credit to non-Catholic believers, under which head, at that time, the
+Norsemen were included. They preferred that the New World should first
+be made known to Southern Europe by adherents to the Roman Catholic
+faith. Most damaging evidence against Columbus' having originated,
+unaided, the idea of a western world or route to India is furnished by
+the fact that he visited Iceland in person in the spring of 1477, when
+he must have heard rumors of the early voyages. He is known to have
+visited the harbor at Hvalfjord, on the south coast of Iceland, at a
+time when that harbor was most frequented, and also at the same time
+when Bishop Magnus is known to have been there. They must have met, and,
+as they had means of communicating through the Latin language, would
+naturally have spoken of these distant countries. We have no hint of the
+object of this visit of Columbus, for he scrupulously avoids subsequent
+mention of it; but the author pleases to consider it as a secret
+mission, instigated by the Church for the purpose of obtaining all
+available information concerning the Norse discoveries. Certain it is
+that soon after his return to Spain we find him petitioning the King and
+Queen for a grant of ships and men to further the enterprise; and he was
+willing to wait for more than fourteen years before he obtained them.
+His extravagant demands of the King and Queen concerning the rights,
+titles, and percentage of all derived from the countries "he was about
+to discover," can hardly be viewed in any other light than that of
+positive knowledge concerning their existence.
+
+
+PULCI'S PROPHECY.
+
+     LUIGI PULCI, an Italian poet. Born at Florence in 1431; died about
+     1487.
+
+  Men shall descry another hemisphere,
+  Since to one common center all things tend;
+  So earth, by curious mystery divine,
+  Well balanced hangs amid the starry spheres.
+  At our antipodes are cities, states,
+  And thronged empires ne'er divined of yore.
+
+
+CHRISTOPHER, THE CHRIST-BEARER.
+
+     GEORGE PAYNE QUACKENBOS, an American teacher and educational
+     writer. Born in New York, 1826; died December 24, 1881.
+
+Full of religious enthusiasm, he regarded this voyage to the western
+seas as his peculiar mission, and himself--as his name, CHRISTOPHER,
+imports--the appointed _Christ-bearer_, or _gospel-bearer_, to the
+natives of the new lands he felt that he was destined to discover.
+
+
+PLEADING WITH KINGS FOR A NEW WORLD.
+
+     The Rev. MYRON REED, a celebrated American clergyman of the present
+     day.
+
+Here is Columbus. Somehow I think he is more of a man while he is
+begging for ships and a crew, when he is in mid-ocean sailing to
+discover America, than when he found it.
+
+
+LAST DAYS OF THE VOYAGE.
+
+The last days of the voyage of Columbus were lonesome days. He had to
+depend on his own vision. I do not know what he had been--probably a
+buccaneer. We know that he was to be a trader in slaves. But in spite of
+what he had been and was to become, once he was great.--_Ibid._
+
+
+ROLL OF THE CREWS OF THE THREE CARAVELS.
+
+CREW OF THE SANTA MARIA.--_Admiral_, Cristoval Colon; _Master and
+owner_, Juan de la Cosa of Santona; _Pilot_, Sancho Ruiz; _Boatswain_,
+Maestre Diego; _Surgeon_, Maestre Alonzo of Moguer; _Assistant Surgeon_,
+Maestre Juan; _Overseer_, Rodrigo Sanchez of Segovia; _Secretary_,
+*Rodrigo de Escobedo[53]; _Master at Arms_, *Diego de Arana of Cordova;
+_Volunteer_, *Pedro Gutierrez, (A gentleman of the King's bedchamber);
+_Volunteer_, *Bachiller Bernardo de Tapia of Ledesma; _Steward_, Pedro
+Terreros; _Admiral's Servant_, Diego de Salcedo; _Page_, Pedro de
+Acevedo; _Interpreter_, Luis de Torres, (A converted Jew); _Seamen_,
+Rodrigo de Jerez, Garcia Ruiz of Santona, Pedro de Villa of Santona,
+Rodrigo Escobar, Francisco of Huelva, Ruy Fernandez of Huelva, Pedro
+Bilbao of Larrabezua, *Alonzo Velez of Seville, *Alonzo Perez Osorio;
+_Assayer and Silversmith_, *Castillo of Seville; _Seamen of the Santa
+Maria_, *Antonio of Jaen, *Alvaro Perez Osorio, *Cristoval de Alamo of
+Niebla, *Diego Garcia of Jerez, *Diego de Tordoya of Cabeza de Vaca,
+*Diego de Capilla of Almeden, *Diego of Mambles, *Diego de Mendoza,
+*Diego de Montalvan of Jaen, *Domingo de Bermeo, *Francisco de Godoy of
+Seville, *Francisco de Vergara of Seville, *Francisco of Aranda,
+*Francisco Henao of Avila, *Francisco Jimenes of Seville, *Gabriel
+Baraona of Belmonte, *Gonzalo Fernandez of Segovia, *Gonzalo Fernandez
+of Leon, *Guillermo Ires of Galway, *Jorge Gonzalez of Trigueros, *Juan
+de Cueva, *Juan Patino of La Serena, *Juan del Barco of Avila, *Pedro
+Carbacho of Caceres, *Pedro of Talavera, *Sebastian of Majorca,
+*Tallarte de Lajes (Ingles).
+
+THE CREW OF THE PINTA.--_Captain of the Pinta_, Martin Alonzo Pinzon;
+_Master_, Francisco Martin Pinzon; _Pilot of the vessel_, Cristoval
+Garcia Sarmiento; _Boatswain_, Bartolome Garcia; _Surgeon_, Garci
+Hernandez; _Purser_, Juan de Jerez; _Caulker_, Juan Perez; _Seamen_,
+Rodrigo Bermudez de Triana of Alcala de la Guadaira, Juan Rodriguez
+Bermejo of Molinos, Juan de Sevilla, Garcia Alonzo, Gomez Rascon
+(owner), Cristoval Quintero (owner), Diego Bermudez, Juan Bermudez,
+Francisco Garcia Gallegos of Moguer, Francisco Garcia Vallejo, Pedro de
+Arcos.
+
+CREW OF THE NINA.--_Captain of the Nina_, Vicente Yanez Pinzon; _Master
+and part owner of the vessel_, Juan Nino; _Pilots_, Pero Alonzo Nino,
+Bartolome Roldan; _Seamen_ _of the Nina_, Francisco Nino, Gutierrez
+Perez, Juan Ortiz, Alonso Gutierrez Querido, *Diego de Torpa[54],
+*Francisco Fernandez, *Hernando de Porcuna, *Juan de Urniga, *Juan
+Morcillo, *Juan del Villar, *Juan de Mendoza, *Martin de Logrosan,
+*Pedro de Foronda, *Tristan de San Jorge.
+
+
+COLUMBUS A THEORETICAL CIRCUMNAVIGATOR.
+
+     JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, LL. D., an American author and educator. Born
+     in Putnam County, Indiana, April 26, 1840. From "History of United
+     States," 1874.
+
+Sir John Mandeville had declared in the very first English book that
+ever was written (A. D. 1356) that the world is a sphere, and that it
+was both possible and practicable for a man to sail around the world and
+return to the place of starting; but neither Sir John himself nor any
+other seaman of his times was bold enough to undertake so hazardous an
+enterprise. Columbus was, no doubt, the first _practical_ believer in
+the theory of circumnavigation, and although he never sailed around the
+world himself, he demonstrated the possibility of doing so.
+
+The great mistake with Columbus and others who shared his opinions was
+not concerning the figure of the earth, but in regard to its size. He
+believed the world to be no more than 10,000 or 12,000 miles in
+circumference. He therefore confidently expected that after sailing
+about 3,000 miles to the westward he should arrive at the East Indies,
+and to do that was the one great purpose of his life.
+
+
+AN IMPORTANT FIND OF MSS.
+
+     JUAN F. RIANO. "Review of Continental Literature," July, 1891, to
+     July, 1892. From "_The Athenaeum_" (England), July 2, 1892.
+
+The excitement about Columbus has rather been heightened by the
+accidental discovery of three large holograph volumes, in quarto, of Fr.
+Bartolome de Las Casas, the Bishop of Chiapa, who, as is well known,
+accompanied the navigator in his fourth voyage to the West Indies. The
+volumes were deposited by Las Casas in San Gregorio de Valladolid, where
+he passed the last years of his life in retirement. There they remained
+until 1836, when, owing to the suppression of the monastic orders, the
+books of the convent were dispersed, and the volumes of the Apostle of
+the Indies, as he is still called, fell into the hands of a collector of
+the name of Acosta, from whom a grandson named Arcos inherited them.
+Though written in the bishop's own hand, they are not of great value, as
+they only contain his well-known "Historia Apologetica de las Indias,"
+of which no fewer than three different copies, dating from the sixteenth
+century, are to be found here at Madrid, and the whole was published
+some years ago in the "Documentos Ineditos para la Historia de Espana."
+
+The enthusiasm for Columbus and his companions has not in the least
+damped the ardor of my countrymen for every sort of information
+respecting their former colonies, in America or their possessions in the
+Indian Archipelago and on the northern coast of Africa. Respecting the
+former I may mention the second volume of the "Historia del Nuevo
+Mundo," by Cobo, 1645; the third and fourth volume of the "Origen de los
+Indios del Peru, Mexico, Santa Fey Chile," by Diego Andres Rocha; "De
+las Gentes del Peru," forming part of the "Historia Apologetica," by
+Bartolome de las Casas, though not found in his three holograph volumes
+recently discovered.
+
+
+CHILDREN OF THE SUN.
+
+     WILLIAM ROBERTSON (usually styled Principal ROBERTSON), a
+     celebrated Scottish historian. Born at Bosthwick, Mid-Lothian,
+     September 19, 1721; died June, 1793.
+
+Columbus was the first European who set foot in the New World which he
+had discovered. He landed in a rich dress, and with a naked sword in his
+hand. His men followed, and, kneeling down, they all kissed the ground
+which they had long desired to see. They next erected a crucifix, and
+prostrating themselves before it returned thanks to God for conducting
+their voyage to such a happy issue.
+
+The Spaniards while thus employed were surrounded by many of the
+natives, who gazed in silent admiration upon actions which they could
+not comprehend, and of which they could not foresee the consequences.
+The dress of the Spaniards, the whiteness of their skins, their beards,
+their arms, appeared strange and surprising. The vast machines in which
+the Spaniards had traversed the ocean, that seemed to move upon the
+water with wings, and uttered a dreadful sound, resembling thunder,
+accompanied with lightning and smoke, struck the natives with such
+terror that they began to respect their new guests as a superior order
+of beings, and concluded that they were children of the sun, who had
+descended to visit the earth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To all the kingdoms of Europe, Christopher Columbus, by an effort of
+genius and of intrepidity the boldest and most successful that is
+recorded in the annals of mankind, added a new world.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE BRONZE DOOR AT WASHINGTON.
+
+This is the main central door of the Capitol at Washington, D. C., and
+on it is a pictured history of events connected with the life of
+Columbus and the discovery of America.
+
+[Illustration: THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT, Paseo de la Reforma, City of
+Mexico. Sculptor, M, Cordier.]
+
+The door weighs 20,000 pounds; is seventeen feet high and nine feet
+wide; it is folding or double, and stands sunk back inside of a bronze
+casing, which projects about a foot forward from the leaves or valves.
+On this casing are four figures at the top and bottom, representing
+Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. A border, emblematic of conquest and
+navigation, runs along the casing between them.
+
+The door has eight panels besides the semicircular one at the top. In
+each panel is a picture in _alto-relievo_.
+
+It was designed by Randolph Rogers, an American, and modeled by him in
+Rome, in 1858; and was cast by F. Von Muller, at Munich, 1861.
+
+The story the door tells is the history of Columbus and the discovery of
+America.
+
+The panel containing the earliest event in the life of the discoverer is
+the lowest one on the south side, and represents "Columbus undergoing an
+examination before the Council of Salamanca."
+
+The panel above it contains "Columbus' departure from the Convent of
+Santa Maria de la Rabida," near Palos. He is just setting out to visit
+the Spanish court.
+
+The one above it is his "audience at the court of Ferdinand and
+Isabella."
+
+The next panel is the top one of this half of the door, and represents
+the "starting of Columbus from Palos on his first voyage."
+
+The transom panel occupies the semicircular sweep over the whole door.
+The extended picture here is the "first landing of the Spaniards at San
+Salvador."
+
+The top panel on the other leaf of the door represents the "first
+encounter of the discoverers with the natives." In it one of the sailors
+is seen bringing an Indian girl on his shoulders a prisoner. The
+transaction aroused the stern indignation of Columbus.
+
+The panel next below this one has in it "the triumphal entry of Columbus
+into Barcelona."
+
+The panel below this represents a very different scene, and is "Columbus
+in chains."
+
+In the next and last panel is the "death scene." Columbus lies in bed;
+the last rites of the Catholic church have been administered; friends
+and attendants are around him; and a priest holds up a crucifix for him
+to kiss, and upon it bids him fix his dying eyes.
+
+On the door, on the sides and between the panels, are sixteen small
+statues, set in niches, of eminent contemporaries of Columbus. Their
+names are marked on the door, and beginning at the bottom, on the side
+from which we started in numbering the panels, we find the figure in the
+lowest niche is Juan Perez de la Marchena, prior of La Rabida; then
+above him is Hernando Cortez; and again, standing over him, is Alonzo de
+Ojeda.
+
+Amerigo Vespucci occupies the next niche on the door.
+
+Then, opposite in line, across the door, standing in two niches, side by
+side, are Cardinal Mendoza and Pope Alexander VI.
+
+Then below them stand Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain;
+beneath them stands the Lady Beatrice Enriquez de Bobadilla; beside her
+is Charles VIII., King of France.
+
+The first figure of the lowest pair on the door is Henry VII. of
+England; beside him stands John II., King of Portugal.
+
+Then, in the same line with them, across the panel, is Alonzo Pinzon.
+
+In the niche above Alonzo Pinzon stands Bartolomeo Columbus, the brother
+of the great navigator.
+
+Then comes Vasco Nunez de Balboa, and in the niche above, again at the
+top of the door, stands the figure of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror
+of Peru.
+
+Between the panels and at top and bottom of the valves of the door are
+ten projecting heads. Those between the panels are historians who have
+written Columbus' voyages from his own time down to the present day,
+ending with Washington Irving and William Hickling Prescott.
+
+The two heads at the tops of the valves are female heads, while the two
+next the floor possess Indian characteristics.
+
+Above, over the transom arch, looks down, over all, the serene grand
+head of Columbus. Beneath it, the American eagle spreads out his widely
+extended wings.
+
+Mr. Rogers[55] received $8,000 for his models, and Mr. Von Muller was
+paid $17,000 in gold for casting the door. To a large portion of this
+latter sum must be added the high premium on exchange which ruled during
+the war, the cost of storage and transportation, and the expense of the
+erection of the door in the Capitol after its arrival. These items
+would, added together, far exceed $30,000 in the then national currency.
+
+
+SANTA MARIA RABIDA, THE CONVENT--RABIDA.
+
+     SAMUEL ROGERS, the English banker-poet. Born near London, July 30,
+     1763; died December, 1855. Translated from a Castilian MS., and
+     printed as an introduction to his poem, "The Voyage of Columbus."
+     It is stated that he spent $50,000 in the illustrations of this
+     volume of his poems.
+
+      In Rabida's monastic fane
+      I can not ask, and ask in vain;
+      The language of Castille I speak,
+      'Mid many an Arab, many a Greek,
+      Old in the days of Charlemagne,
+      When minstrel-music wandered round,
+      And science, waking, blessed the sound.
+
+      No earthly thought has here a place,
+      The cowl let down on every face;
+      Yet here, in consecrated dust,
+      Here would I sleep, if sleep I must.
+      From Genoa, when Columbus came
+      (At once her glory and her shame),
+      'T was here he caught the holy flame;
+      'T was here the generous vow he made;
+      His banners on the altar laid.
+
+      Here, tempest-worn and desolate,
+        A pilot journeying through the wild
+      Stopped to solicit at the gate
+        A pittance for his child.
+
+      'T was here, unknowing and unknown,
+      He stood upon the threshold stone.
+      But hope was his, a faith sublime,
+      That triumphs over place and time;
+      And here, his mighty labor done,
+      And here, his course of glory run,
+      Awhile as more than man he stood,
+      So large the debt of gratitude.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Who the great secret of the deep possessed,
+  And, issuing through the portals of the West,
+  Fearless, resolved, with every sail unfurled,
+  Planted his standard on the unknown world.
+
+                                     --_Ibid._
+
+
+GENOA.
+
+  Thy brave mariners,
+  They had fought so often by thy side,
+  Staining the mountain billows.
+
+  --_Ibid._
+
+
+LAUNCHED OUT INTO THE DEEP.
+
+     WILLIAM RUSSELL, American author and educationist. Born in
+     Scotland, 1798; died, 1873. From his "Modern History."
+
+Transcendent genius and superlative courage experience almost equal
+difficulty in carrying their designs into execution when they depend on
+the assistance of others. Columbus possessed both--he exerted both; and
+the concurrence of other heads and other hearts was necessary to give
+success to either; he had indolence and cowardice to encounter, as well
+as ignorance and prejudice. He had formerly been ridiculed as a
+visionary, he was now pitied as a desperado. The Portuguese navigators,
+in accomplishing their first discoveries, had always some reference to
+the coast; cape had pointed them to cape; but Columbus, with no landmark
+but the heavens, nor any guide but the compass, boldly launched into the
+ocean, without knowing what shore should receive him or where he could
+find rest for the sole of his foot.
+
+
+STATUARY AT SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA.
+
+One of the principal features in the State capitol at Sacramento is a
+beautiful and artistic group of statuary, cut from a solid block of
+purest white marble. It represents Columbus pleading the cause of his
+project before Queen Isabella of Spain. The Spanish sovereign is seated;
+at her left hand kneels the First Admiral, while an attendant page on
+the right watches with wonder the nobly generous action of the Queen.
+Columbus, with a globe in his hand, contends that the world is round,
+and pleads for assistance to fit out an expedition to discover the New
+World. The royal reply is, "I will assume the undertaking for my own
+crown of Castille, and am ready to pledge my jewels to defray its
+expense, if the funds in the treasury shall be found inadequate," The
+group, which is said to be a masterpiece of work, the only piece of its
+kind in the United States, was executed in Florence, Italy, by Larkin G.
+Mead of Vermont, an American artist of known reputation. Costing
+$60,000, it was presented to the State of California, in 1883, by Mr. D.
+O. Mills.
+
+
+A MONUMENT NEAR SALAMANCA.
+
+At Valcuebo, a country farm once belonging to the Dominicans of
+Salamanca, Columbus was entertained by Diego de Deza--prior of the great
+Dominican convent of San Esteban and professor of theology at
+Salamanca--while the Junta [committee] of Spanish ecclesiastics
+considered his prospects. His residence there was a peaceful oasis in
+the stormy life of the great discoverer. The little grange still stands
+at a distance of about three miles west of Salamanca, and the country
+people have a tradition that on the crest of a small hill near the
+house, now called "Teso de Colon" (i. e., Columbus' Peak), the future
+discoverer used to pass long hours conferring with his visitors or
+reading in solitude. The present owner, Don Martin de Solis, has erected
+a monument on this hill, consisting of a stone pyramid surmounted by a
+globe; it commemorates the spot where the storm-tossed hero enjoyed a
+brief interval of peace and rest.
+
+
+HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE.
+
+     MANOEL FRANCISCO DE BARROS Y SOUZA, VISCOUNT SANTAREM, a noted
+     Portuguese diplomatist and writer. Born at Lisbon, 1790; died,
+     1856.
+
+If Columbus was not the first to discover America, he was, at least, the
+man who _re_discovered it, and in a positive and definite shape
+communicated the knowledge of it. For, if he verified what the Egyptian
+priest indicated to Solon, the Athenian, as is related by Plato in the
+Timoeus respecting the Island of Atlantis; if he realized the
+hypothesis of Actian; if he accomplished the prophecy of Seneca in the
+Medea; if he demonstrated that the story of the mysterious Carthaginian
+vessel, related by Aristotle and Theophrastus, was not a dream; if he
+established by deeds that there was nothing visionary in what St.
+Gregory pointed at in one of his letters to St. Clement; if, in a word,
+Columbus proved by his discovery the existence of the land which Madoc
+had visited before him, as Hakluyt and Powell pretended; and ascertained
+for a certainty that which for the ancients had always been so
+uncertain, problematical, and mysterious--his glory becomes only the
+more splendid, and more an object to command admiration.
+
+
+THE SANTIAGO BUST.
+
+At Santiago, Chili, a marble bust of Columbus is to be found, with a
+face modeled after the De Bry portrait, an illustration of which latter
+appears in these pages. The bust has a Dutch cap and garments.
+
+
+THE ST. LOUIS STATUE.
+
+In the city of St. Louis, Mo., a statue of Columbus has been erected as
+the gift of Mr. Henry D. Shaw. It consists of a heroic-sized figure of
+Columbus in gilt bronze, upon a granite pedestal, which has four bronze
+_basso relievos_ of the principal events in his career. The face of the
+statue follows the Genoa model, and the statue was cast at Munich.
+
+
+SOUTHERN AMERICA'S TRIBUTE.
+
+At Lima, Peru, a fine group of statuary was erected in 1850,
+representing Columbus in the act of raising an Indian girl from the
+ground. Upon the front of the marble pedestal is the simple dedication:
+"A Cristoval Colon" (To Christopher Columbus), and upon the other three
+faces are appropriate nautical designs.
+
+
+THE STATUE IN BOSTON.
+
+In addition to the Iasigi statue, Boston boasts of one of the most
+artistic statues to Columbus, and will shortly possess a third. "The
+First Inspiration of the Boy Columbus" is a beautiful example of the
+work of Signor G. Monteverde, a celebrated Italian sculptor. It was made
+in Rome, in 1871, and, winning the first prize of a gold medal at Parma,
+in that year, was presented to the city of Boston by Mr. A. P.
+Chamberlain of Concord, Mass. It represents Columbus as a youth, seated
+upon the capstan of a vessel, with an open book in his hand, his foot
+carelessly swinging in an iron ring. In addition to this statue, a
+_replica_ of the Old Isabella statue (described on page 171, _ante_),
+is, it is understood, to be presented to the city.
+
+
+STATUE AT GENOA.
+
+In the Red Palace, Genoa, a statue of Columbus has been erected
+representing him standing on the deck of the Santa Maria, behind a padre
+with a cross. The pedestal of the statue is ornamented with prows of
+caravels, and on each side a mythological figure represents Discovery
+and Industry.
+
+
+THE STATUE AT PALOS.
+
+Now in course of erection to commemorate the discovery, and under the
+auspices of the Spanish government, is a noble statue at Palos, Spain.
+It consists of a fluted column of the Corinthian order of architecture,
+capped by a crown, supporting an orb, surmounted by a cross. The orb
+bears two bands, one about its equator and the other representing the
+zodiac. On the column are the names of the Pinzon brothers, Martin and
+Vicente Yanez; and under the prows of the caravels, "Colon," with a list
+of the persons who accompanied him. The column rests upon a prismatic
+support, from which protrude four prows, and the pedestal of the whole
+is in the shape of a tomb, with an Egyptian-like appearance.
+
+
+THE STATUE IN PHILADELPHIA.
+
+In Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., there is placed a statue of
+Columbus, which, originally exhibited at the Centennial Exposition, at
+Philadelphia, in 1876, was presented to the Centennial Commission by the
+combined Italian societies of Philadelphia.
+
+
+THE STEBBINS STATUE.
+
+In Central Park, New York City, is located an artistic statue, the gift
+of Mrs. Marshall O. Roberts, and the work of Miss Emma Stebbins. The
+figure of Columbus is seven feet high, and represents him as a sailor
+with a mantle thrown over his shoulder. The face is copied from accepted
+portraits of the Giovian type.
+
+
+SANTO DOMINGOAN CANNON.
+
+When Columbus was made a prisoner in Santo Domingo, the governor, who
+arrested him, feared there might be an attempt at rescue, so he trained
+a big gun on the entrance of the citadel, or castle, in which Columbus
+was confined. That cannon laid in the same place until Mr. Ober, a
+World's Fair representative, recovered it, and, with the permission of
+the Governor of Santo Domingo, brought it to the United States. It is on
+exhibition at the World's Fair.
+
+
+THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.
+
+A very novel feature of the historical exhibit at the Chicago World's
+Columbian Exposition will be a fac-simile reproduction of the little
+ship Santa Maria, in which Columbus sailed. Lieut. McCarty Little of the
+United States navy was detailed to go to Spain to superintend the
+construction of the ship by the Spanish government at the Carraca yard
+at Cadiz. The keel was laid on March 1, 1892. The caravel's dimensions
+are: Length at keel, 62 feet 4 inches; length between perpendiculars, 75
+feet 5 inches; beam, 22 feet; draught, 14 feet 8 inches. Great care is
+being taken with details. It is manned by Spanish sailors in the costume
+of the time of Columbus, and is rigged as Columbus rigged his ship.
+There are on board copies of the charts that Columbus used, and
+fac-similes of his nautical instruments. The crew are of the same
+number, and included in it are an Englishman and an Irishman, for it is
+a well-founded historical fact that William Harris, an Englishman, and
+Arthur Lake, an Irishman, were both members of Columbus' crew. In fact,
+the reproduction is as exact as possible in every detail. The little
+ship, in company with her sisters, the Pinta and the Nina, which were
+reproduced by American capital, will make its first appearance at the
+naval review in New York, where the trio will be saluted by the great
+cruisers and war-ships of modern invention from all of the navies of the
+world. They will then be presented by the government of Spain to the
+President of the United States, and towed through the lakes to Chicago,
+being moored at the Exposition. It is proposed that the vessels be taken
+to Washington after the Exposition, and there anchored in the park of
+the White House.
+
+The Spanish committee having the matter in charge have made careful
+examinations of all obtainable data to insure that the vessels shall be,
+in every detail which can be definitely determined, exact copies of the
+original Columbus vessels. In connection with this subject, _La
+Ilustracion National_ of Madrid, to whom we are indebted for our
+first-page illustration, says:
+
+"A great deal of data of very varied character has been obtained, but
+nothing that would give the exact details sought, because, doubtless,
+the vessels of that time varied greatly, not only in the form of their
+hulls, but also in their rigging, as will be seen by an examination of
+the engravings and paintings of the fifteenth century; and as there was
+no ship that could bear the generic name of 'caravel,' great confusion
+was caused when the attempt was made to state, with a scientific
+certainty, what the caravels were. The word 'caravel' comes from the
+Italian _cara bella_, and with this etymology it is safe to suppose that
+the name was applied to those vessels on account of the grace and beauty
+of their form, and finally was applied to the light vessels which went
+ahead of the ships as dispatch boats. Nevertheless, we think we have
+very authentic data, perhaps all that is reliable, in the letter of Juan
+de la Cosa, Christopher Columbus' pilot. Juan de la Cosa used many
+illustrations, and with his important hydrographic letter, which is in
+the Naval Museum, we can appreciate his ability in drawing both
+landscapes and figures. As he was both draughtsman and mariner, we feel
+safe in affirming that the caravels drawn in said letter of the
+illustrious mariner form the most authentic document in regard to the
+vessels of his time that is in existence. From these drawings and the
+descriptions of the days' runs in the part marked 'incidents' of
+Columbus' log, it is ascertained that these vessels had two sets of
+sails, lateens for sailing with bowlines hauled, and with lines for
+sailing before the wind.
+
+"The same lateens serve for this double object, unbending the sails half
+way and hoisting them like yards by means of top ropes. Instead of
+having the points now used for reefing, these sails had bands of canvas
+called bowlines, which were unfastened when it was unnecessary to
+diminish the sails."
+
+
+AT PALOS.
+
+     From the _Saturday Review_, August 6, 1892.
+
+It was a happy notion, and creditable to the ingenuity of the Spaniards,
+to celebrate the auspicious event, which made Palos famous four hundred
+years ago, by a little dramatic representation. The caravel Maria,
+manned by appropriately dressed sailors, must be a sight better than
+many eloquent speeches. She has, we are told, been built in careful
+imitation of the flagship of Columbus' little squadron. If the fidelity
+of the builders has been thorough, if she has not been coppered, has no
+inner skin, and has to trust mainly to her caulking to keep out the
+water, we hope that she will have unbroken good weather on her way to
+New York. The voyage to Havana across the "Ladies' Sea" is a simple
+business; but the coast of the United States in early autumn will be
+trying to a vessel which will be buoyant enough as long as she is
+water-tight, but is not to be trusted to remain so under a severe
+strain. She will not escape the strain wholly by being towed. We are not
+told whether the Maria is to make the landfall of Columbus as well as
+take his departure. The disputes of the learned as to the exact spot
+might make it difficult to decide for which of the Bahamas the captain
+ought to steer. On the other hand, if it were left to luck, to the wind,
+and the currents, the result might throw some light on a vexed question.
+It might be interesting to see whether the Maria touched at Turk Island,
+Watling's Island, or Mariguana, or at none of the three.
+
+The event which the Spaniards are celebrating with natural pride is
+peculiarly fitted to give an excuse for a centenary feast. The
+complaints justly made as to the artificial character of the excuses
+often chosen for these gatherings and their eloquence do not apply here.
+Beyond all doubt, when Columbus sailed from Palos on August 3, 1492, he
+did something by which the history of the world was profoundly
+influenced. Every schoolboy of course knows that if Columbus had never
+lived America would have been discovered all the same, when Pedro
+Alvarez Cabral, the Portuguese admiral, was carried by the trade-winds
+over to the coast of Brazil in 1500. But in that case it would not have
+been discovered by Spain, and the whole course of the inevitable
+European settlement on the continent must have been modified.
+
+When that can be said of any particular event there can be no question
+as to its importance. There is a kind of historical critic, rather
+conspicuous in these latter days, who finds a peculiar satisfaction in
+pointing out that Columbus discovered America without knowing it--which
+is true. That he believed, and died in the belief, that he had reached
+Asia is certain. It is not less sure that Amerigo Vespucci, from whom
+the continent was named, by a series of flukes, misprints, and
+misunderstandings, went to his grave in the same faith. He thought that
+he had found an island of uncertain size to the south of the equator,
+and that what Columbus had found to the north was the eastern extremity
+of Asia. But the world which knows that Columbus did, as a matter of
+fact, do it the service of finding America, and is aware that without
+him the voyage from Palos would never have been undertaken, has refused
+to belittle him because he did not know beforehand what was only found
+out through his exertions.
+
+The learned who have written very largely about Columbus have their
+serious doubts as to the truth of the stories told of his connection
+with Palos. Not that there is any question as to whether he sailed from
+there. The dispute is as to the number and circumstances of his visits
+to the Convent of Santa Maria Rabida, and the exact nature of his
+relations to the Prior Juan Perez de Marchena. There has, in fact, been
+a considerable accumulation of what that very rude man, Mr. Carlyle,
+called the marine stores of history about the life of Columbus, as about
+most great transactions. He certainly had been at La Rabida, and the
+prior was his friend. But, with or without Juan Perez, Columbus as a
+seafaring man would naturally have been in Palos. It lies right in the
+middle of the coast, which has always been open to attack from Africa
+and has been the starting point for attack on Africa. It is in the way
+of trade for the same reason that it is in the way of war. What are now
+fishing villages were brisk little trading towns in the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries. Palos did not only send out Columbus. It received
+Cortez when he came back from the conquest of Mexico. Palos does very
+well to remember its glories. And Spain does equally well to remember
+that she sent out Columbus. In spite of the platitudes talked by
+painfully thoughtful persons as to the ruinous consequences of the
+discovery to herself, it was, take it altogether, the greatest thing she
+has done in the world. She owes to it her unparalleled position in the
+sixteenth century, and the opportunity to become "a mother of nations."
+The rest of the world has to thank her for the few magnificent and
+picturesque passages which enliven the commonly rather colorless, not to
+say Philistine, history of America.
+
+
+A REMINISCENCE OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     RANDALL N. SAUNDERS, Claverack, N. Y., in the _School Journal_.
+
+* * * What boy has not felt a thrill of pride, for the sex, at the
+dogged persistence with which Columbus clung to his purpose and to
+Isabella after Ferdinand had flung to him but stony replies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Methinks I am starting from Palos. I see the pale, earnest face set in
+its steadfast resolution from prophetic knowledge. I see the stern lines
+of care, deeper from the contrast of the hair, a silver mantle refined
+by the worry; the "midnight oil" that burned in the fiery furnace of his
+ambition. I see the flush of pleasure at setting out to battle with the
+perilous sea toward the consummation of life's grand desire. I feel the
+waverings between hope and despair as the journey lengthens, with but
+faint promise of reward, and with those around who would push us into
+the overwhelming waves of defeat and remorse. Amid all discouragements,
+amid the darkest gloom, I am inspired by his words, "Sail on, sail on";
+and sailing on with the grand old Genoese, I yet hope to know and feel
+his glorious success, and with him to return thanks on the golden strand
+of the San Salvador of life's success.
+
+
+THE DENSE IGNORANCE OF THOSE DAYS.
+
+     The Reverend MINOT JUDSON SAVAGE, an American clergyman. Born at
+     Norridgewock, Maine, June 10, 1841. Pastor of Unity Church, Boston.
+     From his lecture, "The Religious Growth of Three Hundred Years."
+
+Stand beside Columbus a moment, and consider how much and how little
+there was known. It was commonly believed that the earth was flat and
+was flowed round by the ocean stream. Jerusalem was the center. With the
+exception of a little of Europe, a part of Asia, and a strip of North
+Africa, the earth was unknown country. In these unknown parts dwelt
+monsters of every conceivable description. Columbus indeed cherished the
+daring dream that he might reach the eastern coast of Asia by sailing
+west; but most of those who knew his dreams regarded him as crazy. And
+it is now known that even he was largely impelled by his confident
+expectation that he would be able to discover the Garden of Eden. The
+motive of his voyage was chiefly a religious one. And, as a hint of the
+kind of world in which people then lived, the famous Ponce de Leon
+searched Florida in the hope of discovering the Fountain of Perpetual
+Youth. At this time Copernicus and his system were unheard of. The
+universe was a little three-story affair. Heaven, with God on his throne
+and his celestial court about him, was only a little way overhead--just
+beyond the blue dome. Hell was underneath the surface of the earth.
+Volcanoes and mysterious caverns were vent-holes or gate-ways of the
+pit; and devils came and went at will. Even after it was conceded that
+the earth revolved, there were found writers who accounted for the
+diurnal revolution by attributing it to the movements of damned souls
+confined within, like restless squirrels in a revolving cage. On the
+earth's surface, between heaven and hell, was man, the common
+battleground of celestial and infernal hosts. At this time, of
+course, there was none of our modern knowledge of the heavens, nor of
+the age or structure of the earth.
+
+[Illustration: From Harper's Weekly.
+
+Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.
+
+  THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY.
+  Presented by the Italian Citizens.
+  (See page 243.)]
+
+
+SENECA'S PROPHECY.
+
+     LUCIUS ANNAEUS SENECA, an eminent Roman stoic, philosopher, and
+     moralist. Born at Corduba, Spain, about 5 B. C.; committed suicide
+     65 A. D.
+
+              _Venient annis
+  Saecula seris, quibus Oceanus
+  Vincula rerum laxet, et ingens
+  Pateat teilus, Tethysque novos
+  Detegat orbes, nec sit terris
+  Ultima Thule._
+
+
+THE TOMB IN SEVILLE.
+
+The following inscription is placed on the tomb of Hernando Columbus in
+the pavement of the Cathedral of Seville, Spain:
+
+Aqui yaze el. M. Magnifico S. D. Hernando Colon, el qual aplico y gasto
+toda su vida y hazienda en aumento de las letras, y juntar y perpetuar
+en esta ciudad todas sus libros de todas las ciencias, que en su tiempo
+hallo y en reducirlo a quatro libros.
+
+Fallecio en esta ciudad a 12 de Julio de 1539 de edad de 50 anos 9 meses
+y 14 dias, fue hijo del valeroso y memorable S. D. Christ. Colon primero
+Almirante que descubrio las Yndias y nuevo mundo en vida de los Cat. R.
+D. Fernando, y. D. Ysabel de gloriosa memoria a. 11 de Oct. de 1492, con
+tres galeras y 90 personas, y partio del puerto de Palos a descubrirlas
+a 3 de Agosto antes, y Bolvio a Castilla con victoria a 7 de Maio del
+Ano Siguente y torno despues otras dos veces a poblar lo que descubrio.
+Fallecio en Valladolid a 20 de Agosto de 1506 anos--[56]
+
+  Rogad a Dios por ellos.
+
+(_In English._) Here rests the most magnificent Senor Don Hernando
+Colon, who applied and spent all his life and estate in adding to the
+letters, and collecting and perpetuating in this city all his books, of
+all the sciences which he found in his time, and in reducing them to
+four books. He died in this city on the 12th of July, 1539, at the age
+of 50 years, 9 months, and 14 days. He was son of the valiant and
+memorable Senor Don Christopher Colon, the First Admiral, who discovered
+the Indies and the New World, in the lifetime of their Catholic
+Majesties Don Fernando and Dona Isabel of glorious memory, on the 11th
+of October, 1492, with three galleys and ninety people, having sailed
+from the port of Palos on his discovery on the 3d of August previous,
+and returned to Castille, with victory, on the 7th of May of the
+following year. He returned afterward twice to people that which he had
+discovered. He died in Valladolid on the 20th of August, 1506, aged
+----.
+
+  Entreat the Lord for them.
+
+Beneath this is described, in a circle, a globe, presenting the western
+and part of the eastern hemispheres, surmounted by a pair of compasses.
+Within the border of the circle is inscribed:
+
+  _A Castillo, y a Leon
+  Mundo nuevo dio Colon._
+
+(To Castille and Leon, Columbus gave a new world.)
+
+
+ONWARD! PRESS ON!
+
+     JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH SCHILLER, one of Germany's greatest
+     poets. Born at Marbach (about eight miles from Stuttgart), November
+     11, 1759; died, May 9, 1805, at Weimar.
+
+
+COLUMBUS.
+
+(1795.)
+
+  Steure, muthiger Segler! Es mag der Witz dich verhoehen
+  Und der Schiffer am Steur senken die laessige Hand.
+  Immer, immer nach West! Dort muss die Kueste sich zeigen,
+  Liegt sie doch deutlich und liegt schimmernd vor deinen Verstand.
+  Traue dem leitenden Gott und folge dem schweigenden Weltmeer!
+  War sie noch nicht, sie stieg' jetzt aus dem Fluten empor.
+  Mit dem Genius steht die Natur in ewigem Bunde
+  Was der Eine verspricht leistet die Andre gewiss.
+
+     Metrically translated (1843) by SIR EDWARD GEORGE EARLE LYTTON,
+     BULWER-LYTTON, Baronet (afterward first Lord Lytton. Born at Heydon
+     Hall, Norfolk, May 25, 1803; died, January 18, 1873), in the
+     following noble lines:
+
+
+COLUMBUS.
+
+  STEER on, bold sailor! Wit may mock thy soul that sees the land,
+  And hopeless at the helm may droop the weak and weary hand,
+  YET EVER, EVER TO THE WEST, for there the coast must lie,
+  And dim it dawns, and glimmering dawns before thy reason's eye;
+  Yea, trust the guiding God--and go along the floating grave,
+  Though hid till now--yet now, behold the New World o'er the wave.
+  With Genius Nature ever stands in solemn union still,
+  And ever what the one foretells the other shall fulfill.
+
+     Senor EMILIO CASTELAR, the talented Spanish orator and statesman,
+     in the fourth of a series of most erudite and interesting articles
+     upon Christopher Columbus, in the _Century Magazine_ for August,
+     1892, thus masterly refers to the above passages:
+
+He who pens these words, on reading the lines of the great poet Schiller
+upon Columbus, found therein a philosophical thought, as original as
+profound, calling upon the discoverer to press ever onward, for a new
+world will surely arise for him, inasmuch as whatever is promised by
+Genius is always fulfilled by Nature. To cross the seas of Life, naught
+suffices save the bark of Faith. In that bark the undoubting Columbus
+set sail, and at his journey's end found a new world. Had that world not
+then existed, God would have created it in the solitude of the Atlantic,
+if to no other end than to reward the faith and constancy of that great
+man. America was discovered because Columbus possessed a living faith in
+his ideal, in himself, and in his God.
+
+
+THE NORSEMAN'S CLAIM TO PRIORITY.
+
+     Mrs. JOHN B. SHIPLEY'S "Leif Erikson."
+
+Father Bodfish, of the cathedral in Boston, in his paper, read a year
+ago before the Bostonian Society, on the discovery of America by the
+Northmen, is reported to have quoted, "as corroborative authority, the
+account given in standard history of the Catholic Church of the
+establishment of a bishopric in Greenland in 1112 A. D., and he added
+the interesting suggestion that as it is the duty of a bishop so placed
+at a distance to report from time to time to the Pope, not only on
+ecclesiastical matters, but of the geography of the country and
+character of the people, it is probable that Columbus had the benefit of
+the knowledge possessed. It is [he said] stated in different biographies
+of Columbus that when the voyage was first proposed by him he found
+difficulty in getting Spanish sailors to go with him in so doubtful an
+undertaking. After Columbus returned from a visit to Rome with
+information there obtained, these sailors, or enough of them, appear to
+have had their doubts or fears removed, and no difficulty in enlistment
+was experienced."
+
+
+COLUMBUS BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA.
+
+     LYDIA HUNTLEY SIGOURNEY, an American poet and miscellaneous writer.
+     Born at Norwich, Conn., September 1, 1791; died, June 10, 1865.
+
+  St. Stephen's cloistered hall was proud
+    In learning's pomp that day,
+  For there a robed and stately crowd
+    Pressed on in long array.
+  A mariner with simple chart
+    Confronts that conclave high,
+  While strong ambition stirs his heart,
+  And burning thoughts of wonder part
+    From lip and sparkling eye.
+
+  What hath he said? With frowning face,
+    In whispered tones they speak;
+  And lines upon their tablet's trace
+    Which flush each ashen cheek.
+  The Inquisition's mystic doom
+    Sits on their brows severe,
+  And bursting forth in visioned gloom,
+  Sad heresy from burning tomb
+    Groans on the startled ear.
+
+  Courage, thou Genoese! Old Time
+    Thy splendid dream shall crown.
+  Yon western hemisphere sublime,
+    Where unshorn forests frown;
+  The awful Andes' cloud-rapt brow,
+    The Indian hunter's bow.
+  Bold streams untamed by helm or prow,
+  And rocks of gold and diamonds thou
+    To thankless Spain shalt show.
+
+  Courage, world-finder, thou hast need.
+    In Fate's unfolding scroll,
+  Dark woes and ingrate wrongs I read,
+    That rack the noble soul.
+  On, on! Creation's secrets probe.
+    Then drink thy cup of scorn,
+  And wrapped in fallen Caesar's robe,
+  Sleep like that master of the globe,
+    All glorious, yet forlorn.
+
+
+COLUMBUS A MARTYR.
+
+     SAMUEL SMILES, the celebrated British biographer. Born at
+     Haddington, Scotland, about 1815. From his volume, "Duty."
+
+Even Columbus may be regarded in the light of a martyr. He sacrificed
+his life to the discovery of a new world. The poor wool-carder's son of
+Genoa had long to struggle unsuccessfully with the petty conditions
+necessary for the realization of his idea. He dared to believe, on
+grounds sufficing to his reason, that which the world disbelieved, and
+scoffed and scorned at. He believed that the earth was round, while the
+world believed that it was flat as a plate. He believed that the whole
+circle of the earth, outside the known world, could not be wholly
+occupied by sea; but that the probability was that continents of land
+might be contained within it. It was certainly a Probability; But the
+Noblest Qualities of the Soul Are Often Brought Forth by the Strength of
+Probabilities That Appear Slight To Less Daring Spirits. In the Eyes of
+His Countrymen, Few Things Were More Improbable Than That Columbus
+Should Survive the Dangers of Unknown Seas, and Land On The Shores of a
+New Hemisphere.
+
+
+DIFFICULTIES BY THE WAY.
+
+     ROYALL BASCOM SMITHEY, in an article. "The Voyage of Columbus," in
+     _St. Nicholas_, July, 1892.
+
+So the voyage progressed without further incident worthy of remark till
+the 13th of September, when the magnetic needle, which was then believed
+always to point to the pole-star, stood some five degrees to the
+northwest. At this the pilots lost courage. "How," they thought, "was
+navigation possible in seas where the compass, that unerring guide, had
+lost its virtue?" When they carried the matter to Columbus, he at once
+gave them an explanation which, though not the correct one, was yet very
+ingenious, and shows the philosophic turn of his mind. The needle, he
+said, pointed not to the north star, but to a fixed place in the
+heavens. The north star had a motion around the pole, and in following
+its course had moved from the point to which the needle was always
+directed.
+
+Hardly had the alarm caused by the variation of the needle passed away,
+when two days later, after nightfall, the darkness that hung over the
+water was lighted up by a great meteor, which shot down from the sky
+into the sea. Signs in the heavens have always been a source of terror
+to the uneducated; and this "flame of fire," as Columbus called it,
+rendered his men uneasy and apprehensive. Their vague fears were much
+increased when, on the 16th of September, they reached the Sargasso Sea,
+in which floating weeds were so densely matted that they impeded the
+progress of the ships. Whispered tales now passed from one sailor to
+another of legends they had heard of seas full of shoals and treacherous
+quicksands upon which ships had been found stranded with their sails
+flapping idly in the wind, and manned by skeleton crews. Columbus, ever
+cheerful and even-tempered, answered these idle tales by sounding the
+ocean and showing that no bottom could be reached.
+
+
+DESIGN FOR THE SOUVENIR COINS.[57]
+
+A decision has been reached by the World's Fair management in relation
+to the designs for the souvenir coins authorized by Congress at its last
+session, and a radical change has been determined upon regarding these
+coins. Several days ago Secretary Leach of the United States Mint sent
+to the Fair officials a copy of the medal struck recently at Madrid,
+Spain, in commemoration of Columbus' discovery of America. This medal
+was illustrated in a Spanish-American paper of July, 1892, and showed a
+remarkably fine profile head of the great explorer. It was deemed
+superior to the Lotto portrait previously submitted for the obverse of
+the coin, and the Fair directors have concluded that the Madrid medal
+furnishes the best head obtainable, and have accordingly adopted it. For
+the reverse of the coin a change has also been decided upon by the
+substitution of a representation of the western continent instead of a
+fac-simile of the Government building at Jackson Park, as originally
+intended. It was suggested by experts, artists, and designers at the
+Philadelphia mint that the representation of a building would not make a
+very good showing on a coin, and in consequence of these expressions of
+opinion it was decided to make the change proposed. Now that the
+Director of the Mint knows what the Fair management wishes for a
+souvenir coin, he will inaugurate the preparations of the dies and
+plates as promptly as possible. Just as soon as the designs are
+finished, work will be begun on the coins, which can be struck at the
+rate of 60,000 daily, and it is quite likely that the deliveries of the
+souvenir coins will be completed early in the spring.
+
+[Illustration: From Harper's Weekly.
+
+Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.
+
+BAS-RELIEF--THE SIGHTING OF THE NEW WORLD. From the Columbus Monument in
+New York City. (See page 244.)]
+
+The announcement that the Director of the Mint has decided upon the
+Madrid portrait of Columbus for the obverse side of the souvenir coin,
+with this hemisphere on the reverse, was a surprise to many interested
+in the designs. When the design was first presented, C. F. Gunther's
+portrait, by Moro, and James W. Ellsworth's, by Lotto, were also
+presented. Then a controversy opened between the owners of the two
+last-named portraits, and, rather than extend this, Mr. Ellsworth
+withdrew his portrait, with the suggestion that whatever design was
+decided upon should first be submitted to the artists at the World's
+Fair grounds. This was done, and they severely criticised the Madrid
+picture. Notwithstanding this, the design was approved and sent to
+Washington to be engraved. While Mr. Ellsworth, who is a director of the
+Fair, will not push his portrait to the front in this matter, he regrets
+that the Madrid portrait was selected. He said, "I think that the
+opinion of the World's Fair artists should have had some weight in this
+matter and that a portrait of authenticity should have been selected."
+
+
+THE DARKNESS BEFORE DISCOVERY.
+
+     CHARLES SUMNER, an American lawyer and senator. Born in Boston,
+     Mass., January 6, 1811; died, March 11, 1874. From his "Prophetic
+     Voices Concerning America." By permission of Messrs. Lee & Shepard,
+     Publishers, Boston.
+
+Before the voyage of Columbus in 1492, nothing of America was really
+known. Scanty scraps from antiquity, vague rumors from the resounding
+ocean, and the hesitating speculations of science were all that the
+inspired navigator found to guide him.
+
+
+GREATEST EVENT.
+
+The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus is the greatest event
+of secular history. Besides the potato, the turkey, and maize, which it
+introduced at once for the nourishment and comfort of the Old World, and
+also tobacco--which only blind passion for the weed could place in the
+beneficent group--this discovery opened the door to influences infinite
+in extent and beneficence. Measure them, describe them, picture them,
+you can not. While yet unknown, imagination invested this continent with
+proverbial magnificence. It was the Orient, and the land of Cathay.
+When, afterward, it took a place in geography, imagination found another
+field in trying to portray its future history. If the golden age is
+before, and not behind, as is now happily the prevailing faith, then
+indeed must America share, at least, if it does not monopolize, the
+promised good.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE DOUBTS OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     Prof. DAVID SWING, a celebrated American preacher. Born in
+     Cincinnati in 1830; graduated at Miami University in 1852; was for
+     twelve years Professor of Languages at this university. In 1866 he
+     became pastor of a Presbyterian church in Chicago. He was tried for
+     heresy in 1874, was acquitted, and then withdrew from the
+     Presbyterian church, being now independent of denominational
+     relations.
+
+Columbus was not a little troubled all through his early life lest there
+might be over the sea some land greater than Spain, a land unused; a
+garden where flowers came and went unseen for ages, and where gold
+sparkled in the sand.
+
+
+THE ERROR OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     From a sermon by Prof. SWING, printed in Chicago _Inter
+     Ocean_,1892.
+
+The present rejoices in the remembrance that Columbus was a student, a
+thinker; that he loved maps and charts; that he was a dreamer about new
+continents; but after enumerating all these attractive forms of mental
+activity, it comes with pain upon the thought that he was also a kind of
+modified pirate. His thoughts and feelings went away from his charts and
+compasses and touched upon vice and crime. Immorality ruins man's
+thought. Let the name be Columbus, or Aaron Burr, or Byron, a touch of
+immorality is the death of thought. "Whatsoever things are true,
+whatsoever things are beautiful, whatsoever things are of good report,"
+these seek, say, and do, but when the man who would discover a continent
+robs a merchant ship or steals a cargo of slaves, or when a poet teaches
+gross vulgarity, then the thinker is hemmed and degraded by criminality.
+It is the glory of our age that it is washing white much of old thought.
+What is the emancipation of woman but the filtration of old thought? Did
+not Columbus study and read and think, and then go out and load his ship
+with slaves? Did not the entire man--man the thinker, the philosopher,
+the theologian--cover himself with intellectual glory and then load his
+ship with enslaved womanhood? Was not the scholar Columbus part pirate?
+What was in that atmosphere of the fifteenth century which could have
+given peculiar thoughts to Columbus alone? Was he alone in his piracy?
+It is much more certain that the chains that held the negro held also
+all womanhood. All old thought thus awaited the electric process that
+should weed ideas from crime. Our later years are active in
+disentangling thought from injustice and vulgarity.
+
+
+THE TRIBUTE OF TASSO.
+
+     TORQUATO TASSO, a celebrated Italian epic poet. Born at Sorrento
+     March 11, 1544; died in Rome, April, 1595.
+
+  Tu spiegherai, Colombo, a un novo polo
+    Lontane si le fortunate antenne,
+  Ch'a pena seguira con gli occhi il volo
+    La Fama ch' ha mille occhi e mille penne
+  Canti ella Alcide, e Bacco, e di te solo
+    Basti a i posteri tuoi ch' alquanto accenne;
+  Che quel poco dara, lunga memoria
+  Di poema degnissima e d'istoria.[58]
+
+            --Gerusalemme Liberata, canto XV
+
+
+KNOWLEDGE OF ICELANDIC VOYAGES.
+
+     BAYARD TAYLOR, a distinguished American traveler, writer, and poet.
+     Born in Chester County, Pa., in 1825; died at Berlin, December 19,
+     1878. From a description of Iceland.
+
+It is impossible that the knowledge of these voyages should not have
+been current in Iceland in 1477, when Columbus, sailing in a ship from
+Bristol, England, visited the island. As he was able to converse with
+the priests and learned men in Latin, he undoubtedly learned of the
+existence of another continent to the west and south; and this
+knowledge, not the mere fanaticism of a vague belief, supported him
+during many years of disappointment.
+
+
+GLORY TO GOD.
+
+     The Rev. GEORGE L. TAYLOR, an American clergyman of the present
+     century. From "The Atlantic Telegraph."
+
+  Glory to God above,
+  The Lord of life and love!
+    Who makes His curtains clouds and waters dark;
+  Who spreads His chambers on the deep,
+  While all its armies silence keep;
+    Whose hand of old, world-rescuing, steered the ark;
+  Who led Troy's bands exiled,
+  And Genoa's god-like child,
+  And Mayflower, grandly wild,
+    And _now_ has guided safe a grander bark;
+  Who, from her iron loins,
+  Has spun the thread that joins
+    Two yearning worlds made one with lightning spark.
+
+
+TENNYSON'S TRIBUTE.
+
+     ALFRED TENNYSON, Baron Tennyson D'Eyncourt of Aldworth, the poet
+     laureate of England. Born, 1809, at Somerby, Lincolnshire; raised
+     to the peerage in 1883.[59] From his poem, "Columbus."
+
+  There was a glimmering of God's hand. And God
+  Hath more than glimmer'd on me. O my lord,
+  I swear to you I heard his voice between
+  The thunders in the black Veragua nights,
+  "O soul of little faith, slow to believe,
+  Have I not been about thee from thy birth?
+  Given thee the keys of the great ocean-sea?
+  Set thee in light till time shall be no more?
+  Is it I who have deceived thee or the world?
+  Endure! Thou hast done so well for men, that men
+  Cry out against thee; was it otherwise
+  With mine own son?"
+  And more than once in days
+  Of doubt and cloud and storm, when drowning hope
+  Sank all but out of sight, I heard his voice,
+  "Be not cast down. I lead thee by the hand,
+  Fear not." And I shall hear his voice again--
+  I know that he has led me all my life,
+  I am not yet too old to work His will--
+  His voice again.
+
+  Sir, in that flight of ages which are God's
+  Own voice to justify the dead--perchance
+  Spain, once the most chivalric race on earth,
+  Spain, then the mightiest, wealthiest realm on earth,
+  So made by me, may seek to unbury me,
+  To lay me in some shrine of this old Spain,
+  Or in that vaster Spain I leave to Spain.
+  Then some one standing by my grave will say,
+  "Behold the bones of Christopher Colon,
+  "Ay, but the chains, what do _they_ mean--the chains?"
+  I sorrow for that kindly child of Spain
+  Who then will have to answer, "These same chains
+  Bound these same bones back thro' the Atlantic sea,
+  Which he unchain'd for all the world to come."
+
+The golden guess is morning star to the full round of truth.--_Ibid._
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 30: Copyright 1892 and by permission of the author.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Lope de Vega has been variously termed the "Center of
+Fame," the "Darling of Fortune," and the "Phoenix of the Ages," by his
+admiring compatriots. His was a most fertile brain; his a most fecund
+pen. A single day sufficed to compose a versified drama.]
+
+[Footnote 32: By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 33: For the above particulars and inscription the compiler
+desires to acknowledge his obligation to the Hon. Thomas Adamson, U. S.
+Consul General at Panama, and Mr. George W. Clamman, the able clerk of
+the U. S. Consulate in the city of Colon.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Copernicus has also been so styled.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Senor Emilio Castelar, the celebrated Spanish author and
+statesman, in his most able series of articles on Columbus in the
+_Century Magazine_, derides the fact of an actual mutiny as a convenient
+fable which authors and dramatists have clothed with much choice
+diction.]
+
+[Footnote 36: Galileo, the great Italian natural philosopher, is here
+referred to by the author.]
+
+[Footnote 37: By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 38: By permission of Messrs. Ginn & Co., Publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 39: The Rock of Gibraltar is referred to.]
+
+[Footnote 40: The location of the church at Old Isabella has been
+exactly determined, and a noble monument (fully described in these
+pages) has been erected there under the auspices of the _Sacred Heart
+Review_ of Boston.]
+
+[Footnote 41: Since changed to a life-size statue of Columbus.]
+
+[Footnote 42: A replica is erected in Boston.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Copyright, 1892, by permission of the publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 44: Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Copyright, and by permission of Chas. Scribner's Sons,
+Publishers, New York.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Docuit quae maximus Atlas. Hic canit errantem Lernam,
+Solisque labores. _Virgil, AEneid_, I, 741.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Navarrete thought that Turk Island was the island, the
+most southern of the Bahama group, because he erroneously assumed that
+Columbus always shaped a westerly course in sailing from island to
+island; and Turk Island, being farthest east, would give most room for
+such a course. This island has large lagoons, and is surrounded by a
+reef. So far it resembles Guanahani. But the second island, according to
+Navarrete, is Caicos, bearing W. N. W., while the second island of
+Columbus bore S. W. from the first. The third island of Columbus was in
+sight from the second. Inagua Chica (Little Inagua), Navarrete's third
+island, is not in sight from Caicos. The third island of Columbus was 60
+miles long. Inagua Chica is only 12 miles long. The fourth island of
+Columbus bore east from the third. Inagua Grande (Great Inagua),
+Navarrete's fourth island, bears southwest from Inagua Chica.
+
+Cat Island was the landfall advocated by Washington Irving and Humboldt,
+mainly on the ground that it was called San Salvador on the West India
+map in Blaeu's Dutch atlas of 1635. But this was done for no known
+reason but the caprice of the draughtsman. D'Anville copied from Blaeu
+in 1746, and so the name got into some later atlases. Cat Island does
+not meet a single one of the requirements of the case. Guanahani had a
+reef round it, and a large lagoon in the center. Cat Island has no reef
+and no lagoon. Guanahani was low; Cat Island is the loftiest of the
+Bahamas. The two islands could not be more different. Of course, in
+conducting Columbus from Cat Island to Cuba, Washington Irving is
+obliged to disregard all the bearings and distances given in the
+journal.]
+
+[Footnote 49: The cross-staff had not then come into use, and it was
+never of much service in low latitudes.]
+
+[Footnote 50: It was also resolved to establish in the city of
+Washington a Latin-American Memorial Library, wherein should be
+collected all the historical, geographical, and literary works, maps,
+and manuscripts, and official documents relating to the history and
+civilization of America, _such library to be solemnly dedicated on the
+day on which the United States celebrates the fourth centennial of the
+discovery of America_.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Published by A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.]
+
+[Footnote 53: NOTE.--Those marked * were left behind, in the fort, at La
+Navidad, and perished there.]
+
+[Footnote 54: NOTE.--The names of the crew are on the Madrid monument.]
+
+[Footnote 55: Randolph Rogers, an American sculptor of eminence, was
+born in Waterloo, N. Y., in 1825; died at Rome, in the same State, aged
+sixty-seven, January 14, 1892.]
+
+[Footnote 56: Mr. George Sumner, a painstaking investigator, states that
+after diligent search he is unable to find any other inscription to the
+memory of Columbus in the whole of Spain.
+
+At Valladolid, where he died, and where his body lay for some years,
+there is none, so far as he could discover; neither is there any trace
+of any at the Cartuja, near Seville, to which his body was afterward
+transferred, and in which his brother was buried. It is (he writes in
+1871) a striking confirmation of the reproach of negligence, in regard
+to the memory of this great man, that, in this solitary inscription in
+old Spain, the date of his death should be inaccurately given.--Major's
+"Letters of Columbus," 1871.
+
+(The Madrid and Barcelona statues were erected in 1885 and 1888
+respectively.)--S. C. W.]
+
+[Footnote 57: Since writing this the Lotto portrait has been selected.]
+
+[Footnote 58: For an English metrical translation, see _post_, WIFFEN.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Died at Aldworth October 6, 1892.]
+
+
+
+NEW YORK CELEBRATED THE TERCENTENARY.
+
+The managers of the World's Columbian Exposition have prided themselves
+upon being the first to celebrate any anniversary of the Columbian
+discovery, but this credit really belongs to the Tammany Society of New
+York, and the second place of honor belongs to the Massachusetts
+Historical Society of Boston. The Tammany Society met in the great
+wigwam on the 12th day of October, 1792 (old style), and exhibited a
+monumental obelisk, and an animated oration was delivered by J. B.
+Johnson, Esq.
+
+The Massachusetts Historical Society met at the house of the Rev. Dr.
+Peter Thacher, in Boston, the 23d day of October, 1792, and, forming in
+procession, proceeded to the meeting-house in Brattle Street, where a
+discourse was delivered by the Rev. Jeremy Belknap upon the subject of
+the "Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus." He gave a concise
+and comprehensive narrative of the most material circumstances which led
+to, attended, or were consequent on the discovery of America. The
+celebration commenced with an anthem. Mr. Thacher made an excellent
+prayer. Part of a psalm was then sung, and then Mr. Belknap delivered
+his discourse, which was succeeded by a prayer from Mr. Eliot. Mr.
+Thacher then read an ode composed for the occasion by Mr. Belknap, which
+was sung by the choir. This finished the ceremony.
+
+The facts were brought to light by World's Fair Commissioner John Boyd
+Thacher, New York. The account is taken from "a journal of a gentleman
+visiting Boston in 1792." The writer is said to have been Nathaniel
+Cutting, a native of Brookline, Mass., and who, in the following year,
+was appointed by Washington, upon the recommendation of Thomas
+Jefferson, on a mission to the Dey of Algiers.
+
+It is interesting to note that the Massachusetts Historical Society, in
+assuming to correct the old style date, October 12th, was guilty of the
+error of dropping two unnecessary days. It dropped eleven days from the
+calendar instead of nine, and at a subsequent meeting it determined to
+correct the date to October 21st, "and that thereafter all celebrations
+of the Columbian discovery should fall on the 21st day of October."
+
+The proclamation of the President establishing October 21st as the day
+of general observance of the anniversary of the Columbian discovery, and
+the passage of Senator Hill's bill fixing the date for the dedication of
+the buildings at Chicago, it is believed will forevermore fix October
+21st as the Columbian day.
+
+
+COLUMBUS' SUPREME SUSPENSE.
+
+     MAURICE THOMPSON, an American poet and novelist. Born at Fairfield,
+     Ind., September 9, 1844. From his "Byways and Bird-notes."
+
+What a thrill is dashed through a moment of expectancy, a point of
+supreme suspense, when by some time of preparation the source of
+sensation is ready for a consummation --a catastrophe! At such a time
+one's soul is isolated so perfectly that it feels not the remotest
+influence from any other of all the universe. The moment preceding the
+old patriarch's first glimpse of the promised land; that point of time
+between certainty and uncertainty, between pursuit and capture,
+whereinto are crowded all the hopes of a lifetime, as when the brave old
+sailor from Genoa first heard the man up in the rigging utter the shout
+of discovery; the moment of awful hope, like that when Napoleon watched
+the charge of the Old Guard at Waterloo, is not to be described. There
+is but one such crisis for any man. It is the yes or no of destiny. It
+comes, he lives a lifetime in its span; it goes, and he never can pass
+that point again.
+
+
+GREAT WEST.
+
+     HENRY DAVID THOREAU, an American author and naturalist. Born in
+     Concord, Mass., in 1817; died, 1862. From his "Excursions,"
+     published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
+
+Every sunset which I witness inspires me with the desire to go to a west
+as distant and as far as that into which the sun goes down. He appears
+to migrate westward daily, and tempt us to follow him. He is the Great
+Western Pioneer whom the nations follow. We dream all night of those
+mountain ridges in the horizon, though they may be of vapor only, which
+were last gilded by his rays. The Island of Atlantis, and the islands
+and gardens of the Hesperides, a sort of terrestrial paradise, appear
+to have been the Great West of the ancients, enveloped in mystery and
+poetry. Who has not seen in imagination, when looking into the sunset
+sky, the gardens of the Hesperides, and the foundation of all those
+fables?
+
+[Illustration: Harper's Weekly.
+
+Copyright, 1892, by Harper & Brothers.
+
+THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS. Bas-relief on the New York Monument. (See page
+244.)]
+
+Columbus felt the westward tendency more strongly than any before. He
+obeyed it, and found a new world for Castille and Leon. The herd of men
+in those days scented fresh pastures from afar.
+
+  And now the sun had stretched out all the hills,
+  And now was dropped into the western bay;
+  At last _he_ rose, and twitched his mantle blue;
+  To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new.
+
+
+THE ROUTE TO THE SPICE INDIES.
+
+     PAOLO DEL POZZO TOSCANELLI, a celebrated Italian astronomer. Born
+     at Florence, 1397; died, 1482. From a letter to Columbus in 1474.
+
+I praise your desire to navigate toward the west; the expedition you
+wish to undertake is not easy, but the route from the west coasts of
+Europe to the spice Indies is certain if the tracks I have marked be
+followed.
+
+
+A VISIT TO PALOS.
+
+     GEORGE ALFRED TOWNSEND. In a letter to the Philadelphia _Times_.
+
+From one of the hillocks behind the hotel at Huelva you can see in the
+distance East Rabida, Palos, Moguer, San Juan del Porto, and the sea,
+where the three birds of good omen went skimming past in the vague
+morning light 400 years ago, lest they might be seen by the Portuguese.
+Columbus means dove, and the arms of Columbus contained three doves.
+From Huelva I sailed to Rabida first. Rabida is on the last point of the
+promontory, nearest the sea, and Palos is inland from it three miles
+north, and is near half a mile from the Tinto. Passing down the oozy
+Odiel, we soon saw a watering place on the beach outside just where
+Columbus put to sea. We could also see the scaffolding around the
+Columbus monument they were building by Rabida.
+
+After inspecting the convent at Rabida, I bade my skipper wait for flood
+tide to sail round to Palos, while I proceeded by land.
+
+They brought me at Palos an old man who was extremely polite, but not
+one word could we understand of each other, until finally I took him by
+the arm and walked him in the direction of the church, whereupon
+suppressed exclamations of delight broke forth; the American savage had
+guessed the old man out. In point of fact, this old man was waiting all
+the time to take me to the church, and was the father of the boy behind
+whom I had ridden. Between the church and the beach rose a high hillock
+covered with grass, and as high as the church tower. In old times this
+was a mosque of military work, and it had not very long been Christian
+when Columbus came here; possibly it had been Christian in his day 150
+years. It stands quite alone, is of rude construction, and has at the
+back of it some few graves--perhaps of priests. In the back part is a
+very good Moorish arch, which they still show with admiration. The front
+proper has a big door, barred strongly, as if the church might have been
+in piratical times a place of refuge for the population up in the hills.
+To the right of the entrance is the tower, which is buttressed, and its
+spire is made of blue and colored tiles, which have thoroughly kept
+their colors. A bell in this tower may have rung the inhabitants to
+church when Columbus announced that he meant to impress the Palos people
+to assist him in his voyage. I entered the church, which was all
+whitewashed, and felt, as I did at Rabida, that it was a better
+monument than I had reason to expect.
+
+Its walls were one yard thick, its floors of tiles laid in an L form. As
+I measured the floor it seemed to me to be sixty-six feet wide and
+sixty-six feet long, but to the length must be added the altar chapel,
+bringing it up to ninety feet, and to the width must be added the side
+chapels, making the total width about eighty feet. The nave has a
+sharper arched top than the two aisles, which have round arches. The
+height of the roof is about thirty-five feet. The big door by which I
+entered the church is fifteen feet high by eight feet wide. Some very
+odd settees which I coveted were in the nave. The chief feature,
+however, is the pulpit, which stands at the cross of the church, so that
+persons gathered in the transepts, nave, or aisles can hear the
+preacher. It has an iron pulpit of a round form springing from one stem
+and railed in, and steps lead up to it which are inclosed. It looks old,
+and worn by human hands, and is supposed to be the identical pulpit from
+which the notary announced that, as a punishment of their offenses, the
+Queen's subjects must start with this unknown man upon his unknown
+venture. Those were high times in Palos, and it took Columbus a long
+while to get his expedition ready, and special threats as of high
+treason had to be made against the heads of families and women. But when
+Columbus returned, and the same day Pinzon came back after their
+separation of weeks, Palos church was full of triumph and hosannas. The
+wild man had been successful, and Spain found another world than the
+apostle knew of.
+
+The grown boy, as he showed the building, went into an old lumber room,
+or dark closet, at one corner of the church, and when I was about to
+enter he motioned me back with his palm, as if I might not enter there
+with my heretic feet. He then brought out an image of wood from four to
+five feet high, or, I might say, the full size of a young woman. It was
+plain that she had once been the Virgin worshiped here, but age and
+moisture had taken most of the color from her, and washed the gilt from
+her crown, and now we could only see that in her arm she bore a child,
+and this child held in its hand a dove or pigeon. The back of the female
+was hollow, and in there were driven hooks by which she had once been
+suspended at some height. This was the image, I clearly understood,
+which Columbus' men had knelt to when they were about to go forth upon
+the high seas.
+
+Strangely enough, the church is named St. George, and St. George was the
+patron saint of Genoa, where Columbus was born; and the Genoese who took
+the Crusaders to Jaffa had the satisfaction of seeing England annex
+their patron saint.
+
+
+BIBLE.
+
+     The Rev. LUTHER TRACY TOWNSEND, D. D., an American divine. Born at
+     Orono, Maine, September 27, 1838. From "The Bible and the
+     Nineteenth Century."
+
+When Luther in the sixteenth century brought the truths of the Bible
+from the convent of Erfurth, and gave them to the people, he roused to
+mental and moral life not only the slumbering German nationality, but
+gave inspiration to every other country in Europe. "Gutenburg with his
+printing press, Columbus with his compass, Galileo with his telescope,
+Shakspere with his dramas, and almost every other man of note figuring
+during those times, are grouped, not around some distinguished man of
+science, or man of letters, or man of mechanical genius, or man famous
+in war; but around that monk of Wittenberg, who stood with an unchained
+Bible in his hand."
+
+
+TESTIMONY OF A CONTEMPORARY AS TO THE TREATMENT OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     From a letter of ANGELO TRIVIGIANO, of Granada, Spain, dated August
+     1, 1501.
+
+I have seen so much of Columbus that we are now on a footing of great
+friendship. He is experiencing at present a streak of bad luck, being
+deprived of the King's favor, and with but little money.
+
+
+THE VALPARAISO STATUE.
+
+At Valparaiso, Chili, a bronze statue of Columbus has been erected on a
+marble pedestal. The figure, which is of heroic size, stands in an
+advancing attitude, holding a cross in the right hand.
+
+
+COLUMBUS AND THE EGG.
+
+     Dr. P. H. VAN DER WEYDE. In an article in the _Scientific
+     American_, June, 1892.
+
+The stupid anecdote of the egg was a mere trifling invention, in fact a
+trick, and it is surprising that intelligent men have for so many years
+thoughtlessly been believing and repeating such nonsense. For my part, I
+can not believe that Columbus did ever lower himself so far as to
+compare the grand discovery to a trick. Surely it was no trick by which
+he discovered a new world, but it was the result of his earnest
+philosophical convictions that our earth is a globe, floating in space,
+and it could be circumnavigated by sailing westward, which most likely
+would lead to the discovery of new lands in the utterly unknown
+hemisphere beyond the western expanse of the great and boisterous
+Atlantic Ocean; while thus far no navigator ever had the courage to sail
+toward its then utterly unknown, apparently limitless, western expanse.
+
+
+THE MAN OF THE CHURCH.
+
+     Padre GIOCCHINO VENTURA, an eloquent Italian preacher and
+     theologian. Born at Palermo, 1792; died at Versailles, August,
+     1861.
+
+Columbus is the man of the Church.
+
+
+ATTENDANT FAME SHALL BLESS.
+
+     The Venerable GEORGE WADDINGTON, Dean of Durham, an English divine
+     and writer. Died, July 20, 1869. From a poem read in Cambridge in
+     1813.
+
+  And when in happier days one chain shall bind,
+  One pliant fetter shall unite mankind;
+  When war, when slav'ry's iron days are o'er,
+  When discords cease and av'rice is no more,
+  And with one voice remotest lands conspire,
+  To hail our pure religion's seraph fire;
+  Then fame attendant on the march of time,
+  Fed by the incense of each favored clime,
+  Shall bless the man whose heav'n-directed soul
+  Form'd the vast chain which binds the mighty whole.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+Columbus continued till death eager to extend his discoveries, and by so
+doing to promote the glory of his persecutors.
+
+
+VANDERLYN'S PICTURE AT WASHINGTON.
+
+The first of the eight pictures in the rotunda of the Capitol at
+Washington, D. C., and the first in point of event, is the "Landing of
+Columbus at San Salvador in 1492," by John Vanderlyn; its cost was
+$12,000. This picture represents the scene Washington Irving so
+admirably describes in his "Voyages of Columbus," occurring the morning
+the boats brought the little Spanish band from the ships to the shore of
+Guanahani. "Columbus first threw himself upon his knees; then, rising,
+drew his sword, displayed the royal standard, and, assembling around him
+the two captains, with Rodrigo de Escobedo, notary of the armament;
+Rodrigo Sanchez (the royal inspector), and the rest who had landed, he
+took solemn possession of the island in the name of the Castilian
+sovereigns." The picture contains the picture of Columbus, the two
+Pinzons, Escobedo, all bearing standards; Sanchez, inspector; Diego de
+Arana, with an old-fashioned arquebus on his shoulder; a cabin-boy
+kneeling, a mutineer in a suppliant attitude, a sailor in an attitude of
+veneration for Columbus, a soldier whose attention is diverted by the
+appearance of the natives, and a friar bearing a crucifix.
+
+
+COLUMBUS STATUE AT WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+The Columbus statue stands at the east-central portico of the Capitol,
+at Washington, D. C., above the south end of the steps, on an elevated
+block. It consists of a marble group, by Signor Persico, called "The
+Discovery," on which he worked five years, and is composed of two
+figures: Columbus holding the globe in his hand, triumphant, while
+beside him, wondering, almost terror-stricken, is a female figure,
+symbolizing the Indian race. The suit of armor worn by Columbus is said
+to be a faithful copy of one he actually wore. The group cost $24,000.
+
+
+THE WATLING'S ISLAND MONUMENT RAISED BY THE CHICAGO "HERALD."
+
+With true Chicago enterprise, the wideawake Chicago _Herald_ dispatched
+an expedition to the West Indies in 1891 to search out the landing place
+of Columbus. The members of the party, after careful search and inquiry,
+erected a monument fifteen feet high on Watling's Island bearing the
+following inscription:
+
+  ON THIS SPOT
+  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
+  FIRST SET FOOT ON THE SOIL OF THE NEW WORLD.
+
+    *       *       *
+
+  Erected by
+  The Chicago _Herald_,
+  June 15, 1891.
+
+    *       *       *
+
+  COLUMBUS.
+  FOR THE FESTIVAL AT HUELVA.
+
+  _A Castillo, y a Leon
+  Nuevo Mundo dio Colon._
+
+
+THEODORE WATTS, in the _Athenaeum_ (England).
+
+  To Christ he cried to quell Death's deafening measure,
+    Sung by the storm to Death's own chartless sea;
+    To Christ he cried for glimpse of grass or tree
+  When, hovering o'er the calm, Death watch'd at leisure;
+  And when he showed the men, now dazed with pleasure,
+    Faith's new world glittering star-like on the lee,
+    "I trust that by the help of Christ," said he,
+  "I presently shall light on golden treasure."
+
+  What treasure found he? Chains and pains and sorrow.
+    Yea, all the wealth those noble seekers find
+    Whose footfalls mark the music of mankind.
+  'Twas his to lend a life; 'twas man's to borrow;
+  'Twas his to make, but not to share, the morrow,
+    Who in love's memory lives this morn enshrined.
+
+
+WEST INDIAN STATUES.
+
+CARDENAS, CUBA.--At Cardenas, Cuba, a statue by Piguer of Madrid has
+been erected by a Cuban lady, an authoress, and wife of a former
+governor.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS In the Courtyard of the
+Captain-General's Palace, Havana, Cuba (See page 313.)]
+
+CATHEDRAL OF HAVANA, CUBA.--In the Cathedral of Havana there is a
+plain marble bas-relief, about four feet high, representing in a
+medallion a very apocryphal portrait of Columbus, with an inscription as
+follows:
+
+  _O restos e Ymajen del grande Colon!
+  Mil siglos durad guardados en la urna
+  Y en la remembranza de nuestra Nacion._
+
+  (O remains and image of the great Columbus!
+  For a thousand ages endure guarded within this urn
+  And in the remembrance of our nation.)
+
+PROPOSED TOMB--HAVANA CATHEDRAL.--In February, 1891, by royal decree,
+all Spanish artists were invited to compete for a design for a sepulcher
+in which to preserve the Havana remains of Columbus; several were
+submitted to a jury, who awarded the first prize to Arthur Melida, with
+a premium of $5,000.
+
+The sepulcher is now being erected in the cathedral. The design
+represents a bier covered with a heavily embroidered pall, borne upon
+the shoulders of four heralds, in garments richly carved to resemble
+lace and embroidered work. The two front figures bear scepters
+surmounted by images of the Madonna and St. James, the patron saint of
+Spain. On the front of their garments are the arms of Castille and Leon.
+
+The two bearers represent Aragon and Navarre, the former being indicated
+by four red staffs on a gold field, and the fourth has gold-linked
+chains on a red field. The group is supported on a pedestal ornamented
+about its edge with a Greek fret.
+
+
+HAVANA, CUBA.--In the court-yard of the Captain-General's palace, in
+Havana, is a full-length figure of Columbus, the face modeled after
+accepted portraits at Madrid.
+
+
+HAVANA, CUBA.--In the inclosure of the "Templete," the little chapel on
+the site of which the first mass was celebrated in Cuba, there is a
+bust of Columbus which has the solitary merit of being totally unlike
+all others.
+
+NASSAU.--At Nassau, in the Bahamas, a statue of Christopher Columbus
+stands in front of Government House. The statue, which is nine feet
+high, is placed upon a pedestal six feet in altitude, on the north or
+seaward face of which is inscribed:
+
+  COLUMBUS, 1492.
+
+It was presented to the colony by Sir James Carmichael Smyth, Governor
+of the Bahamas, 1829-1833, was modeled in London in 1831, is made of
+metal and painted white, and was erected May, 1832.
+
+SANTO DOMINGO CATHEDRAL.--Above the _boveda_, or vault, in the Cathedral
+of Santo Domingo, from which the remains of Columbus were taken in 1877,
+is a marble slab with the following:
+
+_Reposaron en este sitio los restos de Don Cristobal Colon el celebre
+descrubridor del Nuevo Mundo, desde el ano de 1536, en que fueron
+trasladados de Espana, hasta el 10 de Setiembre 1877, en que se
+desenterraron para constatar su autenticidad. Y a posteridad la dedica
+el Presbitero Billini._
+
+(There reposed in this place the remains of Christopher Columbus, the
+celebrated discoverer of the New World, from the year 1536, in which
+they were transferred from Spain, until the 10th September, 1877, in
+which year they were disinterred for the purpose of identification.
+Dedicated to posterity by Padre Billini) (curate in charge when the
+vault was opened.)
+
+In the cathedral there is also preserved a large cross of mahogany,
+rough and uneven, as though hewn with an adze out of a log, and then
+left in the rough. This, it is claimed, is the cross made by Columbus
+and erected on the opposite bank of the Ozama River, where the first
+settlement in the West Indies was made. In a little room by itself they
+keep a leaden casket, which Santo Domingoans claim contains the bones of
+Christopher Columbus, and, in another, those of his brother.
+
+PLAZA OF SANTO DOMINGO.--Humboldt once wrote that America could boast of
+no worthy monument to its discoverer, but since his time many memorials
+have been erected, not only in the New World, but the Old. In the plaza
+in front of the cathedral, in the city of Santo Domingo, stands a
+statue, heroic, in bronze, representing Columbus pointing to the
+westward. Crouched at his feet is the figure of a female Indian,
+supposed to be the unfortunate Anacaona, the caciquess of Xaragua,
+tracing an inscription:
+
+  _Yllustre y Esclarecido Varon Don Cristoval Colon._
+
+The statue was cast in France, a few years ago, and stands in the center
+of the plaza, in front of the cathedral.
+
+
+COLUMBUS LORD NORTH'S "BETE NOIR."
+
+     EDWIN PERCY WHIPPLE, a distinguished American critic and essayist.
+     Born at Gloucester, Mass., 1819; died, June 16, 1886.
+
+Lord North more than once humorously execrated the memory of Columbus
+for discovering a continent which gave him and his ministry so much
+trouble.
+
+
+HARDY MARINERS HAVE BECOME GREAT HEROES.
+
+     DANIEL APPLETON WHITE, a distinguished American jurist and scholar.
+     Born at Lawrence, Mass., June 7, 1776; died, March 30, 1861.
+
+Hardy seamen, too, who have spent their days in conflict with the storms
+of the ocean, have found means to make themselves distinguished in
+science and literature, as well as by achievements in their profession.
+The life of Columbus gloriously attests this fact.
+
+
+TASSO'S TRIBUTE IN ENGLISH SPENSERIAN STANZA.
+
+JEREMIAH HOLMES WIFFEN, an English writer and translator. Born at
+Woburn, 1792. Many years librarian and private secretary to the Duke of
+Bedford. Died, 1836. From his translation of Tasso's "Jerusalem
+Delivered" (1830). (See _ante_, TASSO.)
+
+
+CANTO XV.
+
+XXX.
+
+  The time shall come when ship-boys e'en shall scorn
+    To have Alcides' fable on their lips,
+  Seas yet unnamed and realms unknown adorn
+    Your charts, and with their fame your pride eclipse;
+    Then the bold Argo of all future ships
+  Shall circumnavigate and circle sheer
+    Whate'er blue Tethys in her girdle clips,
+  Victorious rival of the sun's career,
+  And measure e'en of earth the whole stupendous sphere.
+
+XXXI.
+
+  A Genoese knight shall first the idea seize
+    And, full of faith, the untracked abyss explore.
+  No raving winds, inhospitable seas,
+    Thwart planets, dubious calms, or billows' roar,
+    Nor whatso'er of risk or toil may more
+  Terrific show or furiously assail,
+    Shall make that mighty mind of his give o'er
+  The wonderful adventure, or avail
+  In close Abyla's bounds his spirit to impale.
+
+XXXII.
+
+  'Tis thou, Columbus, in new zones and skies,
+    That to the wind thy happy sails must raise,
+  Till fame shall scarce pursue thee with her eyes,
+    Though she a thousand eyes and wings displays;
+    Let her of Bacchus and Alcides praise
+  The savage feats, and do thy glory wrong
+    With a few whispers tossed to after days;
+  These shall suffice to make thy memory long
+  In history's page endure, or some divinest song.
+
+
+NOAH AND COLUMBUS.
+
+     EMMA HART WILLARD, an American teacher and educational writer. Born
+     at Berlin, Conn., 1787; died, 1870.
+
+Since the time when Noah left the ark to set his foot upon a recovered
+world, a landing so sublime as that of Columbus had never occurred.
+
+
+A GRAND PROPHETIC VISION.
+
+     The Rev. ELHANAN WINCHESTER, an American divine. Born at Brookline,
+     Mass., 1751; died, 1797. From an oration delivered in London,
+     October 12, 1792, the 300th anniversary of the landing of Columbus
+     in the New World. The orator, previous to a call to a pastorate in
+     London, had lived many years in America, being at one time pastor
+     of a large church in the city of Philadelphia. This oration should
+     be prized, so to speak, for its "ancient simplicity." It is a relic
+     of the style used in addresses one hundred years ago.
+
+I have for some years had it upon my mind that if Providence preserved
+my life to the close of the third century from the discovery of America
+by Columbus, that I would celebrate that great event by a public
+discourse upon the occasion.
+
+And although I sincerely wish that some superior genius would take up
+the subject and treat it with the attention that it deserves, yet,
+conscious as I am of my own inability, I am persuaded that America has
+not a warmer friend in the world than myself.
+
+The discovery of America by Columbus was situated, in point of time,
+between two great events, which have caused it to be much more noticed,
+and have rendered it far more important than it would otherwise have
+been. I mean _the art of printing_, which was discovered about the year
+1440, and which has been and will be of infinite use to mankind, and
+_the Reformation_ from popery, which began about the year 1517, the
+effects of which have already been highly beneficial in a political as
+well as in a religious point of view, and will continue and increase.
+
+These three great events--_the art of printing_, the discovery of
+America, and _the Reformation_--followed each other in quick succession;
+and, combined together, have already produced much welfare and happiness
+to mankind, and certainly will produce abundance more.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By the discovery of America there was much room given to the inhabitants
+of the Old World; an asylum was prepared for the persecuted of all
+nations to fly to for safety, and a grand theater was erected where
+Liberty might safely lift up her standard, and triumph over all the foes
+of freedom. America may be called _the very birthplace of civil and
+religious liberty_, which had never been known to mankind until since
+the discovery of that country.
+
+But the importance of the discovery will appear greater and greater
+every year, and one century to come will improve America far more than
+the three centuries past.
+
+The prospect opens; it extends itself upon us. "The wilderness and
+solitary place shall rejoice, the desert shall rejoice and blossom as
+the rose." I look forward to that glorious era when that vast continent
+shall be fully populated with civilized and religious people; when
+heavenly wisdom and virtue, and all that can civilize, adorn, and bless
+the children of men, shall cover that part of the globe as the waters
+cover the seas.
+
+Transported at the thought, I am borne forward to days of distant
+renown. In my expanded view, the United States rise in all their ripened
+glory before me. I look through and beyond every yet peopled region of
+the New World, and behold period still brightening upon period. Where
+one contiguous depth of gloomy wilderness now shuts out even the beams
+of day, I see new states and empires, new seats of wisdom and knowledge,
+new religious domes, spreading around. In places now untrod by any but
+savage beasts, or men as savage as they, I hear the voice of happy
+labor, and behold beautiful cities rising to view.
+
+Lo, in this happy picture, I behold the native Indian exulting in the
+works of peace and civilization; his bloody hatchet he buries deep under
+ground, and his murderous knife he turns into a pruning fork, to lop the
+tender vine and teach the luxuriant shoot to grow. No more does he form
+to himself a heaven after death (according to the poet), in company with
+his faithful dog, behind the cloud-topped hill, to enjoy solitary quiet,
+far from the haunts of faithless men; but, better instructed by
+Christianity, he views his everlasting inheritance--"a house not made
+with hands, eternal in the heavens."
+
+Instead of recounting to his offspring, round the blazing fire, the
+bloody exploits of their ancestors, and wars of savage death, showing
+barbarous exultation over every deed of human woe, methinks I hear him
+pouring forth his eulogies of praise, in memory of those who were the
+instruments of heaven in raising his tribes from darkness to light, in
+giving them the blessings of civilized life, and converting them from
+violence and blood to meekness and love.
+
+Behold the whole continent highly cultivated and fertilized, full of
+cities, towns, and villages, beautiful and lovely beyond expression. I
+hear the praises of my great Creator sung upon the banks of those rivers
+unknown to song. Behold the delightful prospect! see the silver and gold
+of America employed in the service of the Lord of the whole earth! See
+slavery, with all its train of attendant evil, forever abolished! See a
+communication opened through the whole continent, from north to south,
+and from east to west, through a most fruitful country! Behold the glory
+of God extending, and the gospel spreading, through the whole land!
+
+O my native country! though I am far distant from thy peaceful shores,
+which probably mine eyes may never more behold, yet I can never forget
+thee. May thy great Creator bless thee, and make thee a happy land,
+while thy rivers flow and thy mountains endure. And, though He has
+spoken nothing plainly in His word concerning thee, yet has he blest
+thee abundantly, and given thee good things in possession, and a
+prospect of more glorious things in time to come. His name shall be
+known, feared, and loved through all thy western regions, and to the
+utmost bounds of thy vast extensive continent.
+
+O America! land of liberty, peace, and plenty, in thee I drew my first
+breath, in thee all my kindred dwell. I beheld thee in thy lowest state,
+crushed down under misfortunes, struggling with poverty, war, and
+disgrace. I have lived to behold thee free and independent, rising to
+glory and extensive empire, blessed with all the good things of this
+life, and a happy prospect of better things to come. I can say, "Lord,
+now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, for mine eyes have seen
+thy salvation," which thou hast made known to my native land, in the
+sight, and to the astonishment, of all the nations of the earth.
+
+I die; but God will surely visit America, and make it a vast flourishing
+and extensive empire; will take it under His protection, and bless it
+abundantly--but the prospect is too glorious for my pen to describe. I
+add no more.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS, IN FAIRMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA.
+Presented by Italian Citizens. (See page 281.)]
+
+
+DE MORTUIS, NIL NISI BONUM.
+
+     JUSTIN WINSOR, a celebrated American critical historian. Born,
+     1831.
+
+No man craves more than Columbus to be judged with all the palliations
+demanded of his own age and ours. It would have been well for his memory
+if he had died when his master work was done.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+His discovery was a blunder; his blunder was a new world; the New World
+is his monument.
+
+
+ON A PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     GEORGE E. WOODBERRY, in the _Century Magazine_, May, 1892. By
+     permission of the author and the Century Company.
+
+  Was this his face, and these the finding eyes
+    That plucked a new world from the rolling seas?
+    Who, serving Christ, whom most he sought to please,
+  Willed his one thought until he saw arise
+  Man's other home and earthly paradise--
+    His early vision, when with stalwart knees
+    He pushed the boat from his young olive trees
+  And sailed to wrest the secret of the skies?
+
+  He on the waters dared to set his feet,
+    And through believing planted earth's last race.
+  What faith in man must in our new world beat,
+    Thinking how once he saw before his face
+  The west and all the host of stars retreat
+    Into the silent infinite of space.
+
+
+GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT.
+
+     JOSEPH EMERSON WORCESTER, a celebrated American lexicographer. Born
+     at Bedford, N. H., 1758; died, 1865.
+
+The discovery of America was the greatest achievement of the kind ever
+performed by man; and, considered in connection with its consequences,
+it is the greatest event of modern times. It served to wake up the
+unprecedented spirit of enterprise; it opened new sources of wealth, and
+exerted a powerful influence on commerce by greatly increasing many
+important articles of trade, and also by bringing into general use
+others before unknown; by leading to the discovery of the rich mines of
+this continent, it has caused the quantity of the precious metals in
+circulation throughout the world to be exceedingly augmented; it also
+gave a new impulse to colonization, and prepared the way for the
+advantages of civilized life and the blessings of =Christianity= to be
+extended over vast regions which before were the miserable abodes of
+barbarism and pagan idolatry.
+
+The man to whose genius and enterprise the world is indebted for this
+discovery was Christopher Columbus of Genoa. He conceived that in order
+to complete the balance of the terraqueous globe another continent
+necessarily existed, which might be reached by sailing to the west from
+Europe; but he erroneously connected it with India. Being persuaded of
+the truth of his theory, his adventurous spirit made him eager to verify
+it by experiment.
+
+
+THE FATE OF DISCOVERERS.
+
+It is remarkable how few of the eminent men of the discoverers and
+conquerors of the New World died in peace. Columbus died broken-hearted;
+Roldan and Bobadilla were drowned; Ojeda died in extreme poverty;
+Encisco was deposed by his own men; Nicuesa perished miserably by the
+cruelty of his party; Balboa was disgracefully beheaded; Narvaez was
+imprisoned in a tropical dungeon, and afterward died of hardship; Cortez
+was dishonored; Alvarado was destroyed in ambush; Pizarro was murdered,
+and his four brothers cut off; Sir Walter Raleigh was beheaded by an
+ungrateful king; the noble and adventurous Robert La Salle, the explorer
+of the Mississippi Valley, was murdered by his mutinous crew; Sir Martin
+Frobisher died of a wound received at Brest; Sir Humphrey Gilbert,
+Raleigh's noble half-brother, "as near to God by sea as by land," sank
+with the crew of the little Squirrel in the deep green surges of the
+North Atlantic; Sir Francis Drake, "the terror of the Spanish Main," and
+the explorer of the coast of California, died of disease near Puerto
+Bello, in 1595. The frozen wilds of the North hold the bones of many an
+intrepid explorer. Franklin and Bellot there sleep their last long
+sleep. The bleak snow-clad _tundra_ of the Lena delta saw the last
+moments of the gallant De Long. Afric's burning sands have witnessed
+many a martyrdom to science and religion. Livingston, Hannington,
+Gordon, Jamieson, and Barttelot are golden names on the ghastly roll.
+Australia's scrub-oak and blue-gum plains have contributed their quota
+of the sad and sudden deaths on the earth-explorers' roll.
+
+
+
+
+Columbus and Columbia.
+
+COLUMBIA.
+
+  Hail, Columbia! happy land!
+  Hail, ye heroes! heaven-born band!
+
+  _Joseph Hopkinson_, 1770-1842.
+
+  And ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves,
+  While the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves.
+
+  _Robert Treat Paine_, 1772-1811.
+
+  Columbia, Columbia, to glory arise.
+  The queen of the world, and child of the skies!
+  Thy genius commands thee; with rapture behold
+  While ages on ages thy splendors unfold.
+
+  _Timothy Dwight_, 1752-1817.
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBIA
+
+
+AMERICAN FUTURITY.
+
+     JOHN ADAMS, second President of the United States. Born October 19,
+     1735; died July 4, 1826.
+
+A prospect into futurity in America is like contemplating the heavens
+through the telescopes of Herschel. Objects stupendous in their
+magnitudes and motions strike us from all quarters, and fill us with
+amazement.
+
+
+AMERICA THE OLD WORLD.
+
+     LOUIS JEAN RODOLOPHE AGASSIZ, the distinguished naturalist. Born in
+     Motier, near the Lake of Neufchatel, Switzerland, in 1807; died at
+     Cambridge, Mass., December 14, 1873. From his "Geological
+     Sketches." By permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,
+     Publishers, Boston.
+
+First-born among the continents, though so much later in culture and
+civilization than some of more recent birth, America, so far as her
+physical history is concerned, has been falsely denominated the _New
+World_. Hers was the first dry land lifted out of the waters, hers the
+first shore washed by the ocean that enveloped all the earth beside; and
+while Europe was represented only by islands rising here and there above
+the sea, America already stretched an unbroken line of land from Nova
+Scotia to the far West.
+
+
+DISCOVERY OF THE BIRD OF WASHINGTON.
+
+     JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, an American ornithologist. Born in Louisiana
+     May 4, 1780. Died in New York January, 1851. From his "Adventures
+     and Discoveries."
+
+My commercial expeditions, rich in attraction for scientific
+observation, were attended also with the varied pleasures which delight
+a passenger on the waters of the glorious Mississippi. Fresh scenes are
+continually disclosed by the frequent windings of the river, as you
+speed along its rapid current. Thousands of birds in the adjacent woods
+gratify the ear with their sweet mellow notes, or dazzle the sight, as
+in their gorgeous attire they flash by. It was while ascending the Upper
+Mississippi, during the month of February, 1814, that I first caught
+sight of the beautiful Bird of Washington. My delight was extreme. Not
+even Herschel, when he discovered the planet which bears his name, could
+have experienced more rapturous feelings. Convinced that the bird was
+extremely rare, if not altogether unknown, I felt particularly anxious
+to learn its species. I next observed it whilst engaged in collecting
+cray fish on one of the flats of the Green River, at its junction with
+the Ohio, where it is bounded by a range of high cliffs. I felt assured,
+by certain indications, that the bird frequented that spot. Seated about
+a hundred yards from the foot of the rock, I eagerly awaited its
+appearance as it came to visit its nest with food for its young. I was
+warned of its approach by the loud hissing of the eaglets, which crawled
+to the extremity of the cavity to seize the prey--a fine fish. Presently
+the female, always the larger among rapacious birds, arrived, bearing
+also a fish. With more shrewd suspicion than her mate, glaring with her
+keen eye around, she at once perceived the nest had been discovered.
+Immediately dropping her prey, with a loud shriek she communicated the
+alarm, when both birds, soaring aloft, kept up a growling to intimidate
+the intruders from their suspected design.
+
+[Illustration: From Harper's Weekly. Copyright, 1892, by Harper &
+Brothers
+
+PART OF COLUMBUS STATUE, NEW YORK MONUMENT.
+
+(See page 244.)]
+
+Not until two years later was I gratified by the capture of this
+magnificent bird. Considering the bird the noblest of its kind, I
+dignified it with the great name to which this country owed her
+salvation, and which must be imperishable therefore among her people.
+Like the eagle, Washington was brave; like it, he was the terror of his
+foes, and his fame, extending from pole to pole, resembles the majestic
+soarings of the mightiest of the feathered tribe. America, proud of her
+Washington, has also reason to be so of her Great Eagle.
+
+
+ONE VAST WESTERN CONTINENT.
+
+     Sir EDWIN ARNOLD, C. S. I., an English poet and journalist. Born,
+     June 10, 1832.
+
+I reserve as the destiny of these United States the control of all the
+lands to the south, of the whole of the South American continent. Petty
+troubles will die away, and all will be yours. In South America alone
+there is room for 500,000,000 more people. Some day it will have that
+many, and all will acknowledge the government at Washington. We in
+England will not grudge you this added power. It is rightfully yours.
+With the completion of the canal across the Isthmus of Nicaragua you
+must have control of it, and of all the surrounding Egypt of the New
+World.
+
+
+THE RISING OF THE WESTERN STAR.
+
+(ANONYMOUS.)
+
+  Land of the mighty! through the nations
+    Thy fame shall live and travel on;
+  And all succeeding generations
+    Shall bless the name of Washington.
+  While year by year new triumphs bringing,
+  The sons of Freedom shall be singing--
+        Ever happy, ever free,
+        Land of light and liberty.
+
+  Columbus, on his dauntless mission,
+    Beheld his lovely isle afar;
+  Did he not see, in distant vision,
+    The rising of this western star--
+  This queen, who now, in state befitting,
+  Between two ocean floods is sitting?
+        Ever happy, ever free,
+        Land of light and liberty.
+
+
+THE AMERICAN FLAG.
+
+     HENRY WARD BEECHER, a distinguished American writer and preacher.
+     Born in Litchfield, Conn., June 24, 1813; died, March 8, 1887, in
+     Brooklyn, N. Y. From his "Patriotic Addresses." By permission of
+     Messrs. Fords, Howard & Hulbert, Publishers, New York.
+
+When a man of thoughtful mind sees a nation's flag, he sees not the flag
+only, but the nation itself; and whatever may be its symbols, he reads
+chiefly in the flag the government, the principles, the truth, the
+history, which belong to the nation which sets it forth. When the French
+tricolor rolls out to the wind, we see France. When the newfound
+Italian flag is unfurled, we see Italy restored. When the other
+three-cornered Hungarian flag shall be lifted to the wind, we shall see
+in it the long-buried, but never dead, principles of Hungarian liberty.
+When the united crosses of St. Andrew and St. George on a fiery ground
+set forth the banner of old England, we see not the cloth merely; there
+rises up before the mind the noble aspect of that monarchy which, more
+than any other on the globe, has advanced its banner for liberty, law,
+and national prosperity. This nation has a banner, too, and wherever it
+streamed abroad men saw daybreak bursting on their eyes, for the
+American flag has been the symbol of liberty, and men rejoiced in it.
+Not another flag on the globe had such an errand, or went forth upon the
+seas carrying everywhere, the world around, such hope for the captive
+and such glorious tidings. The stars upon it were to the pining nations
+like the morning stars of God, and the stripes upon it were beams of
+morning light. As at early dawn the stars stand first, and then it grows
+light, and then, as the sun advances, that light breaks into banks and
+streaming lines of color, the glowing red and intense white striving
+together and ribbing the horizon with bars effulgent, so on the American
+flag stars and beams of many-colored lights shine out together. And
+wherever the flag comes, and men behold it, they see in its sacred
+emblazonry no rampant lion and fierce eagle, but only light, and every
+fold indicative of liberty. It has been unfurled from the snows of
+Canada to the plains of New Orleans; in the halls of the Montezumas and
+amid the solitude of every sea; and everywhere, as the luminous symbol
+of resistless and beneficent power, it has led the brave to victory and
+to glory. It has floated over our cradles; let it be our prayer and our
+struggle that it shall float over our graves.
+
+
+NATIONAL SELF-RESPECT.
+
+     NATHANIEL S. S. BEMAN, an American Presbyterian divine. Born in New
+     Lebanon, N. Y., 1785; died at Carbondale, Ill., August 8, 1871. For
+     forty years pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Troy, N. Y.
+
+The western continent has, at different periods, been the subject of
+every species of transatlantic abuse. In former days, some of the
+naturalists of Europe told us that everything here was constructed upon
+a small scale. The frowns of nature were represented as investing the
+whole hemisphere we inhabit. It has been asserted that the eternal
+storms which are said to beat upon the brows of our mountains, and to
+roll the tide of desolation at their bases; the hurricanes which sweep
+our vales, and the volcanic fires which issue from a thousand flaming
+craters; the thunderbolts which perpetually descend from heaven, and
+the earthquakes, whose trepidations are felt to the very center of our
+globe, have superinduced a degeneracy through all the productions of
+nature. Men have been frightened into intellectual dwarfs, and the
+beasts of the forest have not attained more than half their ordinary
+growth.
+
+While some of the lines and touches of this picture have been blotted
+out by the reversing hand of time, others have been added, which have,
+in some respects, carried the conceit still farther. In later days, and,
+in some instances, even down to the present period, it has been
+published and republished from the enlightened presses of the Old World,
+that so strong is the tendency to deterioration on this continent that
+the descendants of European ancestors are far inferior to the original
+stock from which they sprang. But inferior in what? In national spirit
+and patriotic achievement? Let the revolutionary conflict--the opening
+scenes at Boston and the catastrophe at Yorktown--furnish the reply. Let
+Bennington and Saratoga support their respective claims. Inferior in
+enterprise? Let the sail that whitens every ocean, and the commercial
+spirit that braves every element and visits every bustling mart, refute
+the unfounded aspersion. Inferior in deeds of zeal and valor for the
+Church? Let our missionaries in the bosom of our own forest, in the
+distant regions of the East, and on the islands of the great Pacific,
+answer the question. Inferior in science and letters and the arts? It is
+true our nation is young; but we may challenge the world to furnish a
+national maturity which, in these respects, will compare with ours.
+
+The character and institutions of this country have already produced a
+deep impression upon the world we inhabit. What but our example has
+stricken the chains of despotism from the provinces of South
+America--giving, by a single impulse, freedom to half a hemisphere? A
+Washington here has created a Bolivar there. The flag of independence,
+which has waved from the summit of our Alleghany, has now been answered
+by a corresponding signal from the heights of the Andes. And the same
+spirit, too, that came across the Atlantic wave with the Pilgrims, and
+made the rock of Plymouth the corner-stone of freedom, and of this
+republic, is traveling back to the East. It has already carried its
+influence into the cabinets of princes, and it is at this moment sung by
+the Grecian bard and emulated by the Grecian hero.
+
+
+COLUMBIA--A PROPHECY.
+
+     ST. GEORGE BEST. In Kate Field's _Washington_.
+
+  Puissant land! where'er I turn my eyes
+    I see thy banner strewn upon the breeze;
+  Each past achievement only prophesies
+    Of triumphs more unheard of. These
+  Are shadows yet, but time will write thy name
+    In letters golden as the sun
+  That blazed upon the sight of those who came
+    To worship in the temple of the Delphic One.
+
+
+THE FINAL STAGE.
+
+     HENRY HUGH BRACKENRIDGE, a writer and politician. Born near
+     Campbellton, Scotland, 1748; died, 1816. From his "Rising Glory of
+     America," a commencement poem.
+
+  This is thy praise, America, thy power,
+  Thou best of climes by science visited,
+  By freedom blest, and richly stored with all
+  The luxuries of life! Hail, happy land,
+  The seat of empire, the abode of kings,
+  The final stage where time shall introduce
+  Renowned characters, and glorious works
+  Of high invention and of wondrous art,
+  Which not the ravages of time shall waste,
+  'Till he himself has run his long career!
+
+
+BRIGHT'S BEATIFIC VISION.
+
+     The Right Honorable JOHN BRIGHT, the celebrated English orator and
+     radical statesman. Born at Greenbank, Rochdale, Lancashire,
+     November 16, 1811; died, March 27, 1889. From a speech delivered at
+     Birmingham, England, 1862.
+
+I have another and a far brighter vision before my gaze. It may be but a
+vision, but I will cherish it. I see one vast confederation stretching
+from the frozen North in unbroken line to the glowing South, and from
+the wild billows of the Atlantic westward to the calmer waters of the
+Pacific main; and I see one people and one language, and one faith and
+one law, and, over all that wide continent, the home of freedom, and a
+refuge for the oppressed of every race and every clime.
+
+
+BROTHERS ACROSS THE SEA.
+
+     ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING, one of the most gifted female poets.
+     Born near Ledbury, Herefordshire, England, in 1807; died at
+     Florence, Italy, in June, 1861.
+
+  I heard an angel speak last night,
+               And he said, "Write--
+      Write a nation's curse for me,
+      And send it over the western sea."
+  I faltered, taking up the word:
+               "Not so, my lord!
+       If curses must be, choose another
+       To send thy curse against my brother.
+
+      For I am bound by gratitude,
+              By love and blood,
+      To brothers of mine across the sea,
+      Who stretch out kindly hands to me."
+  "Therefore," the voice said, "shalt thou write
+                My curse to-night;
+      From the summits of love a curse is driven,
+      As lightning is from the tops of heaven."
+
+
+THE GRANDEUR OF DESTINY.
+
+     WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT, an eminent American poet. Born at
+     Cummington, Mass., November 3, 1794; died, June 12, 1878.
+
+  Oh, Mother of a mighty race,
+  Yet lovely in thy youthful grace!
+  The elder dames, thy haughty peers,
+  Admire and hate thy blooming years;
+          With words of shame
+  And taunts of scorn they join thy name.
+
+  They know not, in their hate and pride,
+  What virtues with thy children bide;
+  How true, how good, thy graceful maids
+  Make bright, like flowers, the valley shades;
+          What generous men
+  Spring, like thine oaks, by hill and glen;
+
+  What cordial welcomes greet the guest
+  By the lone rivers of the West;
+  How faith is kept, and truth revered,
+  And man is loved, and God is feared,
+         In woodland homes,
+  And where the solemn ocean foams.
+
+  Oh, fair young Mother! on thy brow
+  Shall sit a nobler grace than now.
+  Deep in the brightness of thy skies,
+  The thronging years in glory rise,
+          And, as they fleet,
+  Drop strength and riches at thy feet.
+
+
+AMERICAN NATIONAL HASTE.
+
+     JAMES BRYCE, M. P. Born at Belfast, Ireland, May 10, 1838.
+     Appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law to the University of
+     Oxford, England, 1870. From his "American Commonwealth."
+
+Americans seem to live in the future rather than in the present; not
+that they fail to work while it is called to-day, but that they see the
+country, not merely as it is, but as it will be twenty, fifty, a hundred
+years hence, when the seedlings shall have grown to forest trees. Time
+seems too brief for what they have to do, and result always to come
+short of their desire. One feels as if caught and whirled along in a
+foaming stream chafing against its banks, such is the passion of these
+men to accomplish in their own lifetimes what in the past it took
+centuries to effect. Sometimes, in a moment of pause--for even the
+visitor finds himself infected by the all-pervading eagerness--one is
+inclined to ask them: "Gentlemen, why in heaven's name this haste? You
+have time enough. No enemy threatens you. No volcano will rise from
+beneath you. Ages and ages lie before you. Why sacrifice the present to
+the future, fancying that you will be happier when your fields teem with
+wealth and your cities with people? In Europe we have cities wealthier
+and more populous than yours, and we are not happy. You dream of your
+posterity; but your posterity will look back to yours as the golden age,
+and envy those who first burst into this silent, splendid nature, who
+first lifted up their axes upon these tall trees, and lined these waters
+with busy wharves. Why, then, seek to complete in a few decades what
+the other nations of the world took thousands of years over in the older
+continents? Why do rudely and ill things which need to be done well,
+seeing that the welfare of your descendants may turn upon them? Why, in
+your hurry to subdue and utilize nature, squander her splendid gifts?
+Why allow the noxious weeds of Eastern politics to take root in your new
+soil, when by a little effort you might keep it pure? Why hasten the
+advent of that threatening day when the vacant spaces of the continent
+shall all have been filled, and the poverty or discontent of the older
+States shall find no outlet? You have opportunities such as mankind has
+never had before, and may never have again. Your work is great and
+noble; it is done for a future longer and vaster than our conceptions
+can embrace. Why not make its outlines and beginnings worthy of these
+destinies, the thought of which gilds your hopes and elevates your
+purposes?"
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA DE LA RABIDA (HUELVA),
+SPAIN, WHERE COLUMBUS TOOK REFUGE.
+
+This convent has been restored and preserved as a National Museum since
+1846.
+
+(See pages 17 and 275.)]
+
+
+AMERICA'S UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH.
+
+     EDMUND BURKE, an illustrious orator, statesman, and philanthropist.
+     Born in Dublin, 1730; died, July 9, 1797. To Burke's eternal credit
+     and renown be it said, that, had his advice and counsels been
+     listened to, the causes which produced the American Revolution
+     would have been removed.
+
+I can not prevail on myself to hurry over this great consideration--the
+value of America to England. It is good for us to be here. We stand
+where we have an immense view of what is, and what is past. Clouds,
+indeed, and darkness, rest upon the future. Let us, however, before we
+descend from this noble eminence, reflect that this growth of our
+national prosperity has happened within the short period of the life of
+man. It has happened within sixty-eight years. There are those alive
+whose memory might touch the two extremities. For instance, my Lord
+Bathurst might remember all the stages of the progress. He was, in
+1704, of an age, at least, to be made to comprehend such things. Suppose
+that the angel of this auspicious youth, foreseeing the many virtues
+which made him one of the most amiable, as he is one of the most
+fortunate, men of his age, had opened to him in vision, that when, in
+the fourth generation, the third prince of the house of Brunswick had
+sat twelve years on the throne of that nation, which by the happy issue
+of moderate and healing councils was to be made Great Britain, he should
+see his son, Lord Chancellor of England, turn back the current of
+hereditary dignity to its fountain, and raise him to a higher rank of
+peerage, whilst he enriched the family with a new one. If amidst these
+bright and happy scenes of domestic honor and prosperity that angel
+should have drawn up the curtain and unfolded the rising glories of his
+country; and, whilst he was gazing with admiration on the then
+commercial grandeur of England, the genius should point out to him a
+little speck, scarce visible in the mass of the national interest, a
+small seminal principle, rather than a formed body, and should tell him,
+"Young man, there is America, which at this day serves for little more
+than to amuse you with stories of savage men and uncouth manners; yet
+shall, before you taste of death, show itself equal to the whole of that
+commerce which now attracts the envy of the world. Whatever England has
+been growing to by a progressive increase of improvement, brought in by
+varieties of people, by succession of civilizing conquests and
+civilizing settlements in a series of 1,700 years, you shall see as much
+added to her by America in the course of a single life!" If this state
+of his country had been foretold to him, would it not have required all
+the sanguine credulity of youth, and all the fervid glow of enthusiasm,
+to make him believe it? Fortunate man, he has lived to see it!
+Fortunate, indeed, if he live to see nothing to vary the prospect, and
+cloud the setting of his day!
+
+
+AMERICA THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE.
+
+     EMILIO CASTELAR, one of Spain's most noted orators and statesmen.
+     His masterly articles on Columbus in the _Century Magazine_ alone
+     would insure an international reputation. From a speech in the
+     Spanish Cortes, 1871.
+
+America, and especially Saxon America, with its immense virgin
+territories, with its republic, with its equilibrium between stability
+and progress, with its harmony between liberty and democracy, is the
+continent of the future--the immense continent stretched by God between
+the Atlantic and Pacific, where mankind may plant, essay, and resolve
+all social problems. Europe has to decide whether she will confound
+herself with Asia, placing upon her lands old altars, and upon the
+altars old idols, and upon the idols immovable theocracies, and upon the
+theocracies despotic empires; or whether she will go by labor, by
+liberty, and by the republic, to co-operate with America in the grand
+work of universal civilization.
+
+
+NOBLE CONCEPTIONS.
+
+     WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING, D. D., a distinguished American Unitarian
+     divine, and one of the most eloquent writers America has produced.
+     Born at Newport, R. I., April 7, 1780; died, October 2, 1842. From
+     an address on "The Annexation of Texas to the United States."
+
+When we look forward to the probable growth of this country; when we
+think of the millions of human beings who are to spread over our present
+territory; of the career of improvement and glory opened to this new
+people; of the impulse which free institutions, if prosperous, may be
+expected to give to philosophy, religion, science, literature, and
+arts; of the vast field in which the experiment is to be made; of what
+the unfettered powers of man may achieve; of the bright page of history
+which our fathers have filled, and of the advantages under which their
+toils and virtues have placed us for carrying on their work. When we
+think of all this, can we help, for a moment, surrendering ourselves to
+bright visions of our country's glory, before which all the glories of
+the past are to fade away? Is it presumption to say that if just to
+ourselves and all nations we shall be felt through this whole continent;
+that we shall spread our language, institutions, and civilization
+through a wider space than any nation has yet filled with a like
+beneficent influence? And are we prepared to barter these hopes, this
+sublime moral empire, for conquests by force? Are we prepared to sink to
+the level of unprincipled nations; to content ourselves with a vulgar,
+guilty greatness; to adopt in our youth maxims and ends which must brand
+our future with sordidness, oppression, and shame? Why can not we rise
+to noble conceptions of our destiny? Why do we not feel that our work as
+a nation is to carry freedom, religion, science, and a nobler form of
+human nature over this continent? And why do we not remember that to
+diffuse these blessings we must first cherish them in our own borders,
+and that whatever deeply and permanently corrupts us will make our
+spreading influence a curse, not a blessing, to this New World? It is a
+common idea in Europe that we are destined to spread an inferior
+civilization over North America; that our absorption in gain and outward
+interests mark us out as fated to fall behind the Old World in the
+higher improvements of human nature--in the philosophy, the refinements,
+the enthusiasm of literature and the arts, which throw a luster round
+other countries. I am not prophet enough to read our fate.
+
+
+THE GRAND SCOPE OF THE COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION.
+
+     The Chicago _Inter Ocean_.
+
+The Columbian Exposition should be an exhibition worthy of the fame of
+Columbus and of the great republic that has taken root in the New World,
+which the Genoese discoverer not only "to Castille and to Aragon gave,"
+but to the struggling, the oppressed, the aspiring, and the resolute of
+all humanity in all its conditions.
+
+
+AMERICAN NATIONALITY.
+
+     RUFUS CHOATE,, the most eminent advocate of New England. Born at
+     Essex, Mass., October 1, 1799; died at Halifax, N. S., July 13,
+     1858. From an Independence Day oration delivered in Boston.
+
+But now there rises colossal the fine sweet spirit of nationality--the
+nationality of America. See there the pillar of fire which God has
+kindled, and lighted, and moved, for our hosts and our ages. Under such
+an influence you ascend above the smoke and stir of this small local
+strife; you tread upon the high places of the earth and of history; you
+think and feel as an American for America; her power, her eminence, her
+consideration, her honor are yours; your competitors, like hers, are
+kings; your home, like hers, is the world; your path, like hers, is on
+the highway of empires; your charge, her charge, is of generations and
+ages; your record, her record, is of treaties, battles, voyages, beneath
+all the constellations; her image--one, immortal, golden--rises on your
+eye as our western star at evening rises on the traveler from his home;
+no lowering cloud, no angry river, no lingering spring, no broken
+crevasse, no inundated city or plantation, no tracts of sand, arid and
+burning, on that surface, but all blended and softened into one beam of
+kindred rays, the image, harbinger, and promise of love, hope, and a
+brighter day.
+
+But if you would contemplate nationality as an active virtue, look
+around you. Is not our own history one witness and one record of what it
+can do? This day, the 4th of July, and all which it stands for--did it
+not give us these? This glory of the fields of that war, this eloquence
+of that revolution, this one wide sheet of flame, which wrapped tyrant
+and tyranny, and swept all that escaped from it away, forever and
+forever; the courage to fight, to retreat, to rally, to advance, to
+guard the young flag by the young arm and the young heart's blood, to
+hold up and hold on till the magnificent consummation crown the
+work--were not all these imparted or inspired by this imperial
+sentiment.
+
+Look at it! It has kindled us to no aims of conquest. It has involved us
+in no entangling alliances. It has kept our neutrality dignified and
+just. The victories of peace have been our prized victories. But the
+larger and truer grandeur of the nations, for which they are created,
+and for which they must one day, before some tribunal, give account,
+what a measure of these it has enabled us already to fulfill! It has
+lifted us to the throne, and has set on our brow the name of the Great
+Republic. It has taught us to demand nothing wrong and to submit to
+nothing wrong; it has made our diplomacy sagacious, wary, and
+accomplished; it has opened the iron gate of the mountain, and planted
+our ensign on the great tranquil sea. It has made the desert to bud and
+blossom as the rose; it has quickened to life the giant brood of useful
+arts; it has whitened lake and ocean with the sails of a daring, new,
+and lawful trade; it has extended to exiles, flying as clouds, the
+asylum of our better liberty. It has kept us at rest within our borders;
+it has scattered the seeds of liberty, under law and under order,
+broadcast; it has seen and helped American feeling to swell into a
+fuller flood; from many a field and many a deck, though it seeks not
+war, makes not war, and fears not war, it has borne the radiant flag,
+all unstained.
+
+
+THE LOVE OF COUNTRY.
+
+There is a love of country which comes uncalled for, one knows not how.
+It comes in with the very air, the eye, the ear, the instinct, the first
+beatings of the heart. The faces of brothers and sisters, and the loved
+father and mother, the laugh of playmates, the old willow tree and well
+and school-house, the bees at work in the spring, the note of the robin
+at evening, the lullaby, the cows coming home, the singing-book, the
+visits of neighbors, the general training--all things which make
+childhood happy, begin it.
+
+And then, as the age of the passions and the age of the reason draw on,
+and the love of home, and the sense of security and property under the
+law come to life, and as the story goes round, and as the book or the
+newspaper relates the less favored lot of other lands, and the public
+and private sense of the man is forming and formed, there is a type of
+patriotism already. Thus they have imbibed it who stood that charge at
+Concord, and they who hung on the deadly retreat, and they who threw up
+the hasty and imperfect redoubt at Bunker Hill by night, set on it the
+blood-red provincial flag, and passed so calmly with Prescott and Putnam
+and Warren through the experiences of the first fire.
+
+To direct this spontaneous sentiment of hearts to our great Union, to
+raise it high, to make it broad and deep, to instruct it, to educate it,
+is in some things harder, and in some things easier; but it may be, it
+must be, done. Our country has her great names; she has her food for
+patriotism, for childhood, and for man.--_Ibid._
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES STEAMSHIP COLUMBIA.
+
+An appropriate addition to the White Squadron of the United States navy
+was launched from the Cramps' ship-yard at Philadelphia, July 26, 1892,
+and was most appropriately christened the Columbia. The launch was in
+every way a success, and was witnessed by many thousand people,
+including Secretary Tracy, Vice-President Morton, and others prominent
+in the navy and in public life.
+
+This new vessel is designed to be swifter than any other large war
+vessel now afloat, and she will have a capacity possessed by no other
+war vessel yet built, in that of being able to steam at a ten-knot speed
+26,240 miles, or for 109 days, without recoaling. She also possesses
+many novel features, the principal of which is the application of triple
+screws. She is one of two of the most important ships designed for the
+United States navy, her sister ship, No. 13, now being built at the same
+yards.
+
+The dimensions of the Columbia are: Length on mean load line, 412 feet;
+beam, 58 feet. Her normal draught will be 23 feet; displacement, 7,550
+tons; maximum speed, 22 knots an hour; and she will have the enormous
+indicated horse-power of 20,000. As to speed, the contractor guarantees
+an average speed, in the open sea, under conditions prescribed by the
+Navy Department, of twenty-one knots an hour, maintained for four
+consecutive hours, during which period the air-pressure in the fire-room
+must be kept within a prescribed limit. For every quarter of a knot
+developed above the required guaranteed speed the contractor is to
+receive a premium of $50,000 over and above the contract price; and for
+each quarter of a knot that the vessel may fail of reaching the
+guaranteed speed there is to be deducted from the contract price the sum
+of $25,000. There seems to be no doubt among the naval experts that she
+will meet the conditions as to speed, and this is a great desideratum,
+since her chief function is to be to sweep the seas of an enemy's
+commerce. To do her work she must be able to overhaul, in an ocean race,
+the swiftest transatlantic passenger steamships afloat.
+
+The triple-screw system is a most decided novelty. One of these screws
+will be placed amidships, or on the line of the keel, as in ordinary
+single-screw vessels, and the two others will be placed about fifteen
+feet farther forward and above, one on each side, as is usual in
+twin-screw vessels. The twin screws will diverge as they leave the hull,
+giving additional room for the uninterrupted motion upon solid water of
+all three simultaneously. There is one set of triple expansion engines
+for each screw independently, thus allowing numerous combinations of
+movements. For ordinary cruising the central screw alone will be used,
+giving a speed of about fourteen knots; with the two side-screws alone,
+a speed of seventeen knots can be maintained, and with all three screws
+at work, at full power, a high speed of from twenty to twenty-two knots
+can be got out of the vessel. This arrangement will allow the machinery
+to be worked at its most economical number of revolutions at all rates
+of the vessel's speed, and each engine can be used independently of the
+others in propelling the vessel. The full steam pressure will be 160
+pounds. The shafting is made of forged steel, 16-1/2 inches in diameter.
+In fact, steel has been used wherever possible, so as to secure the
+lightest, in weight, of machinery. There are ten boilers, six of which
+are double-ended--that is, with furnaces in each end--21-1/4 feet long
+and 15-1/2 feet in diameter. Two others are 18-1/4 feet long and 11-2/3
+feet in diameter, and the two others, single-ended, are 8 feet long and
+10 feet in diameter. Eight of the largest boilers are set in
+watertight compartments.
+
+In appearance the Columbia will closely resemble, when ready for sea, an
+ordinary merchantman, the sides being nearly free from projections or
+sponsons, which ordinarily appear on vessels of war. She will have two
+single masts, but neither of them will have a military top, such as is
+now provided upon ordinary war vessels. This plan of her merchantman
+appearance is to enable her to get within range of any vessel she may
+wish to encounter before her character or purpose is discovered. The
+vitals of the ship will be well protected with armor plating and the gun
+stations will be shielded against the firing of machine guns. Her
+machinery, boilers, magazines, etc., are protected by an armored deck
+four inches thick on the slope and 2-1/2 inches thick on the flat. The
+space between this deck and the gun-deck is minutely subdivided with
+coal-bunkers and storerooms, and in addition to these a coffer-dam, five
+feet in width, is worked next to the ship's side for the whole length of
+the vessel. In the bunkers the space between the inner and outer skins
+of the vessel will be filled with woodite, thus forming a wall five feet
+thick against machine gun fire. This filling can also be utilized as
+fuel in an emergency. Forward and abaft of the coal bunkers the
+coffer-dam will be filled with some water-excluding substance similar to
+woodite. In the wake of the four-inch and the machine guns, the ship's
+side will be armored with four-inch and two-inch nickel steel plates.
+
+The vessel will carry no big guns, for the reason that the uses for
+which she is intended will not require them. Not a gun will be in sight,
+and the battery will be abnormally light. There will be four six-inch
+breech-loading rifles, mounted in the open, and protected with heavy
+shields attached to the gun carriages; eight four-inch breech-loading
+rifles; twelve six-pounder, and four one-pounder rapid-firing guns; four
+machine or Gatling guns, and six torpedo-launching tubes. Besides these
+she has a ram bow. The Columbia is to be completed, ready for service,
+by May 19, 1893.
+
+
+THE FIRST AMERICAN.
+
+     ELIZA COOK, a popular English poetess. Born in Southwark, London,
+     1817.
+
+  Land of the West! though passing brief the record of thine age,
+  Thou hast a name that darkens all on history's wide page.
+  Let all the blasts of fame ring out--thine shall be loudest far;
+  Let others boast their satellites--thou hast the planet star.
+  Thou hast a name whose characters of light shall ne'er depart;
+  'Tis stamped upon the dullest brain, and warms the coldest heart;
+  A war-cry fit for any land where freedom's to be won:
+  Land of the West! it stands alone--it is thy Washington!
+
+
+COLUMBIA THE MONUMENT OF COLUMBUS.
+
+     KINAHAN CORNWALLIS. In "The Song of America and Columbus," 1892.
+
+  Queen of the Great Republic of the West,
+  With shining stars and stripes upon thy breast,
+  The emblems of our land of liberty,
+  Thou namesake of Columbus--hail to thee!
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  No fitter queen could now Columbus crown,
+  Or voice to all the world his great renown.
+  His fame in thee personified we see--
+  The sequel of his grand discovery;
+  Yea, here, in thee, his monument behold.
+  Whose splendor dims his golden dreams of old.
+  And standing by Chicago's inland sea,
+  The nations of the earth will vie with thee
+  In twining laurel wreaths for him of yore
+  Who found the New World in San Salvador.
+
+   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  COLUMBIA! to Columbus give thy hand.
+  And, as ye on a sea of glory stand,
+  The world will read anew the story grand
+  Of thee, COLUMBIA, and Columbus, too--
+  The matchless epic of the Old and New--
+  The tale that grows more splendid with the years--
+  The pride and wonder of the hemispheres.
+  In vast magnificence it stands alone,
+  With thee--Columbus greeting--on thy throne.
+
+
+AMERICAN IDEA.
+
+     The Hon. SHELBY M. CULLOM, U. S. Senator from Illinois. In a speech
+     delivered in Chicago, 1892.
+
+From the altitude of now, from this zenith of history, look out upon the
+world. Behold! the American idea is everywhere prominent. The world
+itself is preparing to take an American holiday. The wise men, not only
+of the Orient, but everywhere, are girding up their loins, and will
+follow the star of empire until it rests above this city of
+Chicago--this civic Hercules; this miracle of accomplishment; the
+throbbing heart of all the teeming life and activity of our American
+commonwealth. The people of the world are soon to receive an object
+lesson in the stupendous kindergarten we are instituting for their
+benefit. Even Chile will be here, and will learn, I trust, something of
+Christian forbearance and good-fellowship.
+
+Now, is it possible that monarchy, plutarchy, or any other archy, can
+long withstand this curriculum of instruction? No! I repeat, the
+American idea is everywhere triumphant. England is a monarchy, to be
+sure, but only out of compliment to an impotent and aged Queen. The Czar
+of Russia clings to his throne. It is a hen-coop in the maeelstrom! The
+crumbling monarchies of the earth are held together only by the force of
+arms. Standing armies are encamped without each city. The sword and
+bayonet threaten and retard, but the seeds of liberty have been caught
+up by the winds of heaven and scattered broadcast throughout the earth.
+Tyranny's doom is sounded! The people's millennium is at hand! And
+this--this, under God, is the mission of America.
+
+
+YOUNG AMERICA.
+
+     GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS, a popular American author and lecturer. Born
+     at Providence, R. I., February 24, 1824; died at West Brighton,
+     Staten Island, N. Y., August 31, 1892.
+
+I know the flower in your hand fades while you look at it. The dream
+that allures you glimmers and is gone. But flower and dream, like youth
+itself, are buds and prophecies. For where, without the perfumed
+blossoming of the spring orchards all over the hills and among all the
+valleys of New England and New York, would the happy harvests of New
+York and New England be? And where, without the dreams of the young men
+lighting the future with human possibility, would be the deeds of the
+old men, dignifying the past with human achievement? How deeply does it
+become us to believe this, who are not only young ourselves, but living
+with the youth of the youngest nation in history. I congratulate you
+that you are young; I congratulate you that you are Americans. Like you,
+that country is in its flower, not yet in its fruit, and that flower is
+subject to a thousand chances before the fruit is set. Worms may destroy
+it, frosts may wither it, fires may blight it, gusts may whirl it away;
+but how gorgeously it still hangs blossoming in the garden of time,
+while its penetrating perfume floats all round the world, and
+intoxicates all other nations with the hope of liberty.
+
+Knowing that the life of every nation, as of each individual, is a
+battle, let us remember, also, that the battle is to those who fight
+with faith and undespairing devotion. Knowing that nothing is worth
+fighting for at all unless God reigns, let us, at least, believe as much
+in the goodness of God as we do in the dexterity of the devil. And,
+viewing this prodigious spectacle of our country--this hope of humanity,
+this young America, _our_ America--taking the sun full in its front, and
+making for the future as boldly and blithely as the young David for
+Goliath, let us believe with all our hearts, and from that faith shall
+spring the fact that David, and not Goliath, is to win the day; and
+that, out of the high-hearted dreams of wise and good men about our
+country, Time, however invisibly and inscrutably, is, at this moment,
+slowly hewing the most colossal and resplendent result in history.
+
+
+A HIDDEN WORLD.
+
+     OLIVE E. DANA, an American journalist. In the _New England
+     Journal_.
+
+  The hidden world lies in the hand of God,
+  Waiting, like seed, to fall on the sod;
+  Tranquil its lakes were, and lovely its shores,
+  While idly each stream o'er the fretting rocks pours.
+  Its forests are fair and its mines fathomless,
+  Grand are its mountains in their loftiness;
+  Its fields wait the plow, and its harbors the ships,
+  No sail down the blue of the water-way slips.
+  God keeps in his palm, through centuries dim,
+  This hid, idle seed. It belongeth to him.
+  Away in a corner, where God only knows,
+  The seed when he plants it quickens and grows.
+  The pale buds unfold as the nations pass by,
+  The fragrance is grateful, the blooms multiply,
+  But it is blossom time, this what we see;
+  Who knows what the fullness of harvest will be.
+
+
+COLUMBIA THE QUEEN OF THE WORLD.
+
+     TIMOTHY DWIGHT, an American divine and scholar. Born at
+     Northampton, Mass., May 14, 1752; died at New Haven, Conn., January
+     11, 1817.
+
+  Columbia, Columbia, to glory arise,
+  The queen of the world and the child of the skies.
+
+
+A DEFINITION OF PATRIOTISM.
+
+     T. M. EDDY, an eloquent speaker and profound scholar. Born, 1823;
+     died, 1874. From an oration delivered on Independence Day.
+
+Patriotism is the love of country. It has ever been recognized among the
+cardinal virtues of true men, and he who was destitute of it has been
+considered an ingrate. Even among the icy desolations of the far north
+we expect to find, and _do_ find, an ardent affection for the land of
+nativity, the home of childhood, youth, and age. There is much in our
+country to create and foster this sentiment. It is a country of imperial
+dimensions, reaching from sea to sea, and almost "from the rivers to the
+ends of the earth." None of the empires of old could compare with it in
+this regard. It is washed by two great oceans, while its lakes are vast
+inland seas. Its rivers are silver lines of beauty and commerce. Its
+grand mountain chains are the links of God's forging and welding,
+binding together North and South, East and West. It is a land of
+glorious memories. It was peopled by the picked men of Europe, who came
+hither, "not for wrath, but conscience' sake." Said the younger Winthrop
+to his father, "I shall call that my country where I may most glorify
+God and enjoy the presence of my dearest friends." And so came godly men
+and devoted women, flying from oppressive statutes, where they might
+find
+
+  Freedom to worship God.
+
+There are spots on the sun, and the microscope reveals flaws in
+burnished steel, and so there were spots and flaws in the character of
+the early founders of this land; but with them all, our colonial history
+is one that stirs the blood and quickens the pulse of him who reads. It
+is the land of the free school, the free press, and the free pulpit. It
+is impossible to compute the power of this trio. The free schools, open
+to rich and poor, bind together the people in educational bonds, and in
+the common memories of the recitation-room and the playground; and how
+strong _they_ are, you, reader, well know, as some past recollection
+tugs at your heart-strings. The free press may not always be altogether
+as dignified or elevated as the more highly cultivated may desire, but
+it is ever open to complaints of the people; is ever watchful of popular
+rights and jealous of class encroachments, and the highest in authority
+know that it is above President or Senate. The free pulpit, sustained
+not by legally exacted tithes wrung from an unwilling people, but by the
+free-will offerings of loving supporters, gathers about it the millions,
+inculcates the highest morality, points to brighter worlds, and when
+occasion demands will not be silent before political wrongs. Its power,
+simply as an educating agency, can scarcely be estimated. In this
+country its freedom gives a competition so vigorous that it must remain
+in direct popular sympathy. How strong it is, the country saw when its
+voice was lifted in the old cry, "Rebellion is as the sin of
+witchcraft." Its words started the slumbering, roused the careless, and
+called the "sacramental host," as well as the "men of the world, to
+arms." These three grand agencies are not rival, but supplementary, each
+doing an essential work in public culture.
+
+[Illustration: THE SHIP OF COLUMBUS--THE SANTA MARIA CARAVEL.
+
+(See pages 94, 216, and 282.)]
+
+
+AMERICA--OPPORTUNITY.
+
+     RALPH WALDO EMERSON, a noted American essayist, poet, and
+     speculative philosopher. Born in Boston, Mass., May 25, 1803; died,
+     April 27, 1882.
+
+America is another name for opportunity.
+
+
+THE SEQUEL OF THE DISCOVERY.
+
+There is a Columbia of thought and art and character which is the last
+and endless sequel of Columbus' adventure.--_Ibid._
+
+
+YOUNG AMERICA.
+
+     ALEXANDER HILL EVERETT, an American scholar and diplomatist. Born
+     in Boston, Mass., 1792; died at Canton, China, May, 1847.
+
+  Scion of a mighty stock!
+  Hands of iron--hearts of oak--
+  Follow with unflinching tread
+  Where the noble fathers led.
+
+  Craft and subtle treachery,
+  Gallant youth, are not for thee;
+  Follow thou in words and deeds
+  Where the God within thee leads.
+
+  Honesty, with steady eye,
+  Truth and pure simplicity,
+  Love, that gently winneth hearts,
+  These shall be thy holy arts.
+
+  Prudent in the council train,
+  Dauntless on the battle plain,
+  Ready at thy country's need
+  For her glorious cause to bleed.
+
+  Where the dews of night distill
+  Upon Vernon's holy hill,
+  Where above it gleaming far
+  Freedom lights her guiding star,
+
+  Thither turn the steady eye,
+  Flashing with a purpose high;
+  Thither, with devotion meet,
+  Often turn the pilgrim feet.
+
+  Let the noble motto be:
+  God--the _country_--_liberty_!
+  Planted on religion's rock,
+  Thou shalt stand in every shock.
+
+  Laugh at danger, far or near;
+  Spurn at baseness, spurn at fear.
+  Still, with persevering might,
+  Speak the truth, and do the right.
+
+  So shall peace, a charming guest,
+  Dove-like in thy bosom rest;
+  So shall honor's steady blaze
+  Beam upon thy closing days.
+
+
+RESPONSIBILITY.
+
+     EZRA STILES GANNETT, an American Unitarian divine. Born at
+     Cambridge, Mass., 1801; died, August 26, 1871. From a patriotic
+     address delivered in Boston.
+
+The eyes of Europe are upon us; the monarch, from his throne, watches us
+with an angry countenance; the peasant turns his gaze on us with joyful
+faith; the writers on politics quote our condition as a proof of the
+possibility of popular government; the heroes of freedom animate their
+followers by reminding them of our success. At no moment of the last
+half century has it been so important that we should send up a clear and
+strong light which may be seen across the Atlantic. An awful charge of
+unfaithfulness to the interests of mankind will be recorded against us
+if we suffer this light to be obscured by the mingling vapors of passion
+and misrule and sin. But not Europe alone will be influenced by the
+character we give to our destiny. The republics of the South have no
+other guide toward the establishment of order and freedom than our
+example. If this should fail them, the last stay would be torn from
+their hope. We are placed under a most solemn obligation, to keep before
+them this motive to perseverance in their endeavors to place free
+institutions on a sure basis. Shall we leave those wide regions to
+despair and anarchy? Better that they had patiently borne a foreign
+yoke, though it bowed their necks to the ground.
+
+Citizens of the United States, it has been said of us, with truth, that
+we are at the head of the popular party of the world. Shall we be
+ashamed of so glorious a rank? or shall we basely desert our place and
+throw away our distinction? Forbid it! self-respect, patriotism,
+philanthropy. Christians, we believe that God has made us a name and a
+praise among the nations. We believe that our religion yields its best
+fruit in a free land. Shall we be regardless of our duty as creatures of
+the Divine Power and recipients of His goodness? Shall we be indifferent
+to the effects which our religion may work in the world? Forbid it! our
+gratitude, our faith, our piety. In one way only can we discharge our
+duty to the rest of mankind--by the purity and elevation of character
+that shall distinguish us as a people. If we sink into luxury, vice, or
+moral apathy, our brightness will be lost, our prosperity deprived of
+its vital element, and we shall appear disgraced before man, guilty
+before God.
+
+
+ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC.
+
+     JAMES A. GARFIELD, American general and statesman; twentieth
+     President of the United States. Born in Orange, Ohio, November 19,
+     1831; shot by an assassin, July 2, 1881; died, September 19 in the
+     same year, at Long Branch, New Jersey. From "Garfield's Words." By
+     permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers.
+
+The Atlantic is still the great historic sea. Even in its sunken wrecks
+might be read the record of modern nations. Who shall say that the
+Pacific will not yet become the great historic sea of the future--the
+vast amphitheater around which shall sit in majesty and power the two
+Americas, Asia, Africa, and the chief colonies of Europe. God forbid
+that the waters of our national life should ever settle to the dead
+level of a waveless calm. It would be the stagnation of death, the ocean
+grave of individual liberty.
+
+
+GREATEST CONTINUOUS EMPIRE.
+
+     The Right Hon. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE, the noted English statesman
+     and orator. Born at Liverpool, December 29, 1809. From his "Kin
+     beyond the Sea."
+
+There is no parallel in all the records of the world to the case of that
+prolific British mother who has sent forth her innumerable children over
+all the earth to be the founders of half-a-dozen empires. She, with her
+progeny, may almost claim to constitute a kind of universal church in
+politics. But among these children there is one whose place in the
+world's eye and in history is superlative; it is the American Republic.
+She is the eldest born. She has, taking the capacity of her land into
+view as well as its mere measurement, a natural base for the greatest
+continuous empire ever established by man. And it may be well here to
+mention what has not always been sufficiently observed, that the
+distinction between continuous empire, and empire severed and dispersed
+over sea is vital. The development which the Republic has effected has
+been unexampled in its rapidity and force. While other countries have
+doubled, or at most trebled, their population, she has risen during one
+single century of freedom, in round numbers, from two millions to
+forty-five. As to riches, it is reasonable to establish, from the
+decennial stages of the progress thus far achieved, a series for the
+future; and, reckoning upon this basis, I suppose that the very next
+census, in the year 1880, will exhibit her to the world as certainly the
+wealthiest of all the nations. The huge figure of a thousand millions
+sterling, which may be taken roundly as the annual income of the United
+Kingdom, has been reached at a surprising rate; a rate which may perhaps
+be best expressed by saying that, if we could have started forty or
+fifty years ago from zero, at the rate of our recent annual increment,
+we should now have reached our present position. But while we have been
+advancing with this portentous rapidity, America is passing us by as if
+in a canter. Yet even now the work of searching the soil and the bowels
+of the territory, and opening out her enterprise throughout its vast
+expanse, is in its infancy. The England and the America of the present
+are probably the two strongest nations of the world. But there can
+hardly be a doubt, as between the America and the England of the future,
+that the daughter, at some no very distant time, will, whether fairer or
+less fair, be unquestionably yet stronger than the mother.
+
+
+TYPICAL AMERICAN.
+
+     HENRY W. GRADY, the late brilliant editor of the Atlanta
+     _Constitution_. From an address delivered at the famous New England
+     dinner in New York.
+
+With the Cavalier once established as a fact in your charming little
+books, I shall let him work out his own stratum, as he has always done,
+with engaging gallantry, and we will hold no controversy as to his
+merits. Why should we? Neither Puritan nor Cavalier long survived as
+such. The virtues and traditions of both happily still live for the
+inspiration of their sons and the saving of the old fashion. But both
+Puritan and Cavalier were lost in the storm of their first revolution,
+and the American citizen, supplanting both, and stronger than either,
+took possession of the republic bought by their common blood and
+fashioned to wisdom, and charged himself with teaching men government
+and establishing the voice of the people as the voice of God. Great
+types, like valuable plants, are slow to flower and fruit. But from the
+union of these colonists, from the straightening of their purposes and
+the crossing of their blood, slow perfecting through a century, came he
+who stands as the first typical American, the first who comprehended
+within himself all the strength and gentleness, all the majesty and
+grace of this Republic--Abraham Lincoln. He was the sum of Puritan and
+Cavalier, for in his ardent nature were fused the virtues of both, and
+in the depths of his great soul the faults of both were lost. He was
+greater than Puritan, greater than Cavalier, in that he was American,
+and that in his homely form were first gathered the vast and thrilling
+forces of this ideal government--charging it with such tremendous
+meaning and so elevating it above human suffering that martyrdom, though
+infamously aimed, came as a fitting crown to a life consecrated from the
+cradle to human liberty. Let us, each cherishing his traditions and
+honoring his fathers, build with reverent hands to the type of this
+simple but sublime life, in which all types are honored, and in the
+common glory we shall win as Americans there will be plenty and to spare
+for your forefathers and for mine.
+
+
+GRATITUDE AND PRIDE.
+
+     BENJAMIN HARRISON, American soldier, lawyer, and statesman. Born at
+     North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. Grandson of General William
+     Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States, and himself
+     President, 1888-1892. From a speech at Sacramento, Cal., 1891.
+
+FELLOW-CITIZENS: This fresh, delightful morning, this vast assemblage of
+contented and happy people, this building, dedicated to the uses of
+civil government--all things about us tend to inspire our hearts with
+pride and with gratitude. Gratitude to that overruling Providence that
+turned hither, after the discovery of this continent, the steps of those
+who had the capacity to organize a free representative government.
+Gratitude to that Providence that has increased the feeble colonies on
+an inhospitable coast to these millions of prosperous people, who have
+found another sea and populated its sunny shores with a happy and
+growing people.
+
+Gratitude to that Providence that led us through civil strife to a glory
+and a perfection of unity as a people that was otherwise impossible.
+Gratitude that we have to-day a Union of free States without a slave to
+stand as a reproach to that immortal declaration upon which our
+Government rests.
+
+Pride that our people have achieved so much; that, triumphing over all
+the hardships of those early pioneers, who struggled in the face of
+discouragement and difficulties more appalling than those that met
+Columbus when he turned the prows of his little vessels toward an
+unknown shore; that, triumphing over perils of starvation, perils of
+savages, perils of sickness, here on the sunny slope of the Pacific they
+have established civil institutions and set up the banner of the
+imperishable Union.
+
+
+NATURE SUPERIOR.
+
+     Sir FRANCIS BOND HEAD, a popular English writer. Born near
+     Rochester, Kent, January 1, 1893. Lieutenant-general of Upper
+     Canada 1836-1838. Died, July 20, 1875.
+
+In both the northern and southern hemispheres of the New World, nature
+has not only outlined her works on a larger scale, but has painted the
+whole picture with brighter and more costly colors than she used in
+delineating and in beautifying the Old World. The heavens of America
+appear infinitely higher, the sky is bluer, the air is fresher, the cold
+is intenser, the moon looks larger, the stars are brighter, the thunder
+is louder, the lightning is vivider, the wind is stronger, the rain is
+heavier, the mountains are higher, the rivers longer, the forests
+bigger, the plains broader.
+
+
+AMERICA'S WELCOME.
+
+     PATRICK HENRY, a celebrated American orator and patriot. Born at
+     Studley, Hanover County, Virginia, May 29, 1736; died, June 6,
+     1799. The author of the celebrated phrase, "Give me liberty or give
+     me death," in speaking in the Virginia Convention, March, 1775.
+
+Cast your eyes over this extensive country; observe the salubrity of
+your climate, the variety and fertility of your soil, and see that soil
+intersected in every quarter by bold, navigable streams, flowing to the
+east and to the west, as if the finger of Heaven were marking out the
+course of your settlements, inviting you to enterprise, and pointing the
+way to wealth. You are destined, at some time or other, to become a
+great agricultural and commercial people; the only question is, whether
+you choose to reach this point by slow gradations, and at some distant
+period; lingering on through a long and sickly minority; subjected,
+meanwhile, to the machinations, insults, and oppressions, of enemies,
+foreign and domestic, without sufficient strength to resist and chastise
+them; or whether you choose rather to rush at once, as it were, to the
+full enjoyment of those high destinies, and be able to cope,
+single-handed, with the proudest oppressor of the Old World. If you
+prefer the latter course, as I trust you do, encourage immigration;
+encourage the husbandmen, the mechanics, the merchants, of the Old World
+to come and settle in this land of promise; make it the home of the
+skillful, the industrious, the fortunate, and happy, as well as the
+asylum of the distressed; fill up the measure of your population as
+speedily as you can, by the means which Heaven hath placed in your
+power; and I venture to prophesy there are those now living who will see
+this favored land amongst the most powerful on earth; able to take care
+of herself, without resorting to that policy, which is always so
+dangerous, though sometimes unavoidable, of calling in foreign aid. Yes,
+they will see her great in arts and in arms; her golden harvests waving
+over fields of immeasurable extent; her commerce penetrating the most
+distant seas, and her cannon silencing the vain boasts of those who now
+proudly affect to rule the waves.
+
+[Illustration: Nina. Santa Maria. Pinta.
+
+THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS (See pages 216 and 282.)]
+
+But you must have _men_; you can not get along without them; those heavy
+forests of valuable timber, under which your lands are growing, must be
+cleared away; those vast riches which cover the face of your soil, as
+well as those which lie hid in its bosom, are to be developed and
+gathered only by the skill and enterprise of men. Do you ask how you are
+to get them? Open your doors, and they will come in; the population of
+the Old World is full to overflowing; that population is ground, too, by
+the oppressions of the governments under which they live. They are
+already standing on tiptoe upon their native shores, and looking to your
+coasts with a wishful and longing eye; they see here a land blessed
+with natural and political advantages which are not equaled by those of
+any other country upon earth; a land on which a gracious Providence hath
+emptied the horn of abundance; a land over which peace hath now
+stretched forth her white wings, and where content and plenty lie down
+at every door. They see something still more attractive than all this;
+they see a land in which liberty hath taken up her abode; that liberty
+whom they had considered as a fabled goddess, existing only in the
+fancies of poets; they see her here a real divinity, her altars rising
+on every hand throughout these happy States, her glories chanted by
+three millions of tongues, and the whole region smiling under her
+blessed influence. Let but this our celestial goddess, Liberty, stretch
+forth her fair hand toward the people of the Old World, tell them to
+come, and bid them welcome, and you will see them pouring in from the
+north, from the south, from the east, and from the west; your
+wildernesses will be cleared and settled, your deserts will smile, your
+ranks will be filled, and you will soon be in a condition to defy the
+powers of any adversary.
+
+
+OUR GREAT TRUST.
+
+     GEORGE STILLMAN HILLARD, an eminent American writer, lawyer, and
+     orator. Born at Machias, Maine, 1808; died, 1879. From an
+     Independence Day oration.
+
+Our Rome can not fall, and we be innocent. No conqueror will chain us to
+the car of his triumph; no countless swarm of Huns and Goths will bury
+the memorials and trophies of civilized life beneath a living tide of
+barbarism. Our own selfishness, our own neglect, our own passions, and
+our own vices will furnish the elements of our destruction. With our own
+hands we shall tear down the stately edifice of our glory. We shall die
+by self-inflicted wounds.
+
+But we will not talk of themes like these. We will not think of failure,
+dishonor, and despair. We will elevate our minds to the contemplation of
+our high duties and the great trust committed to us. We will resolve to
+lay the foundations of our prosperity on that rock of private virtue
+which can not be shaken until the laws of the moral world are reversed.
+From our own breasts shall flow the salient springs of national
+increase. Then our success, our happiness, our glory, will be as
+inevitable as the inferences of mathematics. We may calmly smile at all
+the croakings of all the ravens, whether of native or foreign breed.
+
+The whole will not grow weak by the increase of its parts. Our growth
+will be like that of the mountain oak, which strikes its roots more
+deeply into the soil, and clings to it with a closer grasp, as its lofty
+head is exalted and its broad arms stretched out. The loud burst of joy
+and gratitude which, on this, the anniversary of our independence, is
+breaking from the full hearts of a mighty people, will never cease to be
+heard. No chasms of sullen silence will interrupt its course; no
+discordant notes of sectional madness mar the general harmony. Year
+after year will increase it by tributes from now unpeopled solitudes.
+The farthest West shall hear it and rejoice; the Oregon shall swell it
+with the voice of its waters; the Rocky Mountains shall fling back the
+glad sound from their snowy crests.
+
+
+ON FREEDOM'S GENEROUS SOIL.
+
+     OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, M. D., the distinguished American author,
+     wit, and poet. Born in Cambridge, Mass., August 29, 1809.
+
+America is the only place where man is full-grown.
+
+
+NATIONAL HERITAGE.
+
+     The Rev. THOMAS STARR KING, an American Unitarian divine. Born in
+     New York in 1824; died, 1864. From an address on the "Privileges
+     and Duties of Patriotism," delivered in November, 1862. By
+     permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers, Boston.
+
+Suppose that the continent could turn toward you to-morrow at sunrise,
+and show to you the whole American area in the short hours of the sun's
+advance from Eastport to the Pacific. You would see New England roll
+into light from the green plumes of Aroostook to the silver stripe of
+the Hudson; westward thence over the Empire State, and over the lakes,
+and over the sweet valleys of Pennsylvania, and over the prairies, the
+morning blush would run and would waken all the line of the Mississippi;
+from the frosts where it rises to the fervid waters in which it pours,
+for 3,000 miles it would be visible, fed by rivers that flow from every
+mile of the Alleghany slope, and edged by the green embroideries of the
+temperate and tropic zones; beyond this line another basin, too--the
+Missouri--catching the morning, leads your eye along its western slope
+till the Rocky Mountains burst upon the vision, and yet do not bar it;
+across its passes we must follow, as the stubborn courage of American
+pioneers has forced its way, till again the Sierras and their silver
+veins are tinted along the mighty bulwark with the break of day; and
+then over to the gold fields of the western slope, and the fatness of
+the California soil, and the beautiful valleys of Oregon, and the
+stately forests of Washington, the eye is drawn, as the globe turns out
+of the night shadow; and when the Pacific waves are crested with
+radiance, you have the one blending picture--nay, the reality--of the
+American domain. No such soil--so varied by climate, by products, by
+mineral riches, by forest and lake, by wild heights and buttresses, and
+by opulent plains, yet all bound into unity of configuration and
+bordered by both warm and icy seas--no such domain, was ever given to
+one people.
+
+And then suppose that you could see in a picture as vast and vivid the
+preparation for our inheritance of this land. Columbus, haunted by his
+round idea, and setting sail in a sloop, to see Europe sink behind him,
+while he was serene in the faith of his dream; the later navigators of
+every prominent Christian race who explored the upper coasts; the
+Mayflower, with her cargo of sifted acorns from the hardy stock of
+British puritanism, and the ship, whose name we know not, that bore to
+Virginia the ancestors of Washington; the clearing of the wilderness,
+and the dotting of its clearings with the proofs of manly wisdom and
+Christian trust; then the gradual interblending of effort and interest
+and sympathy into one life--the congress of the whole Atlantic slope--to
+resist oppression upon one member; the rally of every State around
+Washington and his holy sword, and again the nobler rally around him
+when he signed the Constitution, and after that the organization of the
+farthest West with North and South, into one polity and communion; when
+this was finished, the tremendous energy of free life, under the
+stimulus and with the aid of advancing science, in increasing wealth,
+subduing the wilds to the bonds of use, multiplying fertile fields and
+busy schools and noble work-shops and churches, hallowed by free-will
+offerings of prayer; and happy homes, and domes dedicated to the laws of
+States that rise by magic from the haunts of the buffalo and deer, all
+in less than a long lifetime; and if we could see also how, in achieving
+this, the flag which represents all this history is dyed in traditions
+of exploits, by land and sea, that have given heroes to American annals
+whose names are potent to conjure with, while the world's list of
+thinkers in matter is crowded with the names of American inventors, and
+the higher rolls of literary merit are not empty of the title of our
+"representative men"; if all that the past has done for us, and the
+present reveals, could thus stand apparent in one picture, and then if
+the promise of the future to the children of our millions under our
+common law, and with continental peace, could be caught in one vast
+spectral exhibition--the wealth in store, the power, the privilege, the
+freedom, the learning, the expansive and varied and mighty unity in
+fellowship, almost fulfilling the poet's dream of "the parliament of
+man, the federation of the world"--you would exclaim with exultation,
+"I, too, am an American!" You would feel that patriotism, next to your
+tie to the Divine Love, is the greatest privilege of your life; and you
+would devote yourselves, out of inspiration and joy, to the obligations
+of patriotism, that this land, so spread, so adorned, so colonized, so
+blessed, should be kept forever against all the assaults of traitors,
+one in polity, in spirit, and in aim.
+
+
+SIFTED WHEAT.
+
+     HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. From his "Courtship of Miles Standish,"
+     IV.
+
+God hath sifted three kingdoms to find the wheat for this planting.
+
+
+CENTER OF CIVILIZATION.
+
+     From _North British Review_.
+
+It is too late to disparage America. Accustomed to look with wonder on
+the civilization of the past, upon the unblest glories of Greece and of
+Rome, upon mighty empires that have risen but to fall, the English mind
+has never fixed itself on the grand phenomenon of a great nation at
+school. Viewing America as a forward child that has deserted its home
+and abjured its parent, we have ever looked upon her with a callous
+heart and with an evil eye, judicially blind to her progress.
+
+But how she has gone on developing the resources of a region teeming
+with vegetable life. How she has intrenched herself amid noble
+institutions, with temples enshrined in religious toleration, with
+universities of private bequest and public organization, with national
+and unshackled schools, and with all the improvements which science,
+literature, and philanthropy demand from the citizen or from the state.
+
+Supplied from the Old World with its superabundant life, the Anglo-Saxon
+tide has been carrying its multiplied population to the West, rushing
+onward through impervious forests, leveling their lofty pines and
+converting the wilderness into abodes of populous plenty, intelligence,
+and taste. Nor is this living flood the destroying scourge which
+Providence sometimes lets loose upon our species. It breathes in accents
+which are our own; it is instinct with English life; and it bears on its
+snowy crest the auroral light of the East, to gild the darkness of the
+West with the purple radiance of salvation, of knowledge, and of peace.
+
+Her empire of coal, her kingdom of cotton and of corn, her regions of
+gold and of iron, mark out America as the center of civilization, as the
+emporium of the world's commerce, as the granary and storehouse out of
+which the kingdoms of the East will be clothed and fed; and, we greatly
+fear, as the asylum in which our children will take refuge when the
+hordes of Asia and the semi-barbarians of Eastern Europe shall again
+darken and desolate the West.
+
+Though dauntless in her mien, and colossal in her strength, she displays
+upon her banner the star of peace, shedding its radiance upon us. Let us
+reciprocate the celestial light, and, strong and peaceful ourselves, we
+shall have nothing to fear from her power, but everything to learn from
+her example.
+
+
+A YOUTHFUL LAND.
+
+     JAMES OTIS, a celebrated American orator and patriot. Born at West
+     Barnstable, Mass., February 5, 1725. Killed by lightning at
+     Andover, Mass., May, 1783.
+
+England may as well dam up the waters of the Nile with bulrushes as to
+fetter the step of Freedom, more proud and firm in this youthful land
+than where she treads the sequestered glens of Scotland or couches
+herself among the magnificent mountains of Switzerland. We plunged into
+the wave with the great charter of freedom in our teeth because the
+faggot and torch were behind us. We have waked this new world from its
+savage lethargy; forests have been prostrated in our path, towns and
+cities have grown up suddenly as the flowers of the tropics, and the
+fires in our autumnal woods are scarcely more rapid than the increase of
+our wealth and population.
+
+
+THE COLUMBIAN CHORUS.
+
+Prof. John Knowles Paine of Harvard University has completed the music
+of his Columbian march and chorus, to be performed on the occasion of
+the dedication of the Exposition buildings, October 21, 1892, to write
+which he was especially commissioned by the Exposition management. Prof.
+Paine has provided these original words for the choral ending of his
+composition:
+
+  All hail and welcome, nations of the earth!
+    Columbia's greeting comes from every State.
+  Proclaim to all mankind the world's new birth
+    Of freedom, age on age shall consecrate.
+  Let war and enmity forever cease,
+    Let glorious art and commerce banish wrong;
+  The universal brotherhood of peace
+    Shall be Columbia's high inspiring song.
+
+[Illustration: THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS. From the celebrated picture by
+John Vanderlyn, in the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington, D. C. (See
+page 310.)]
+
+
+SOVEREIGN OF THE ASCENDANT.
+
+     CHARLES PHILLIPS, an Irish barrister. Born at Sligo, about 1788. He
+     practiced with success in criminal cases in London, and gained a
+     wide reputation by his speeches, the style of which is rather
+     florid. He was for many years a commissioner of the insolvent
+     debtors' court in London. Died in 1859.
+
+Search creation round, where can you find a country that presents so
+sublime a view, so interesting an anticipation? Who shall say for what
+purpose mysterious Providence may not have designed her? Who shall say
+that when in its follies, or its crimes, the Old World may have buried
+all the pride of its power, and all the pomp of its civilization, human
+nature may not find its destined renovation in the New! When its temples
+and its trophies shall have moldered into dust; when the glories of its
+name shall be but the legend of tradition, and the light of its
+achievements live only in song, philosophy will revive again in the sky
+of her Franklin, and glory rekindle at the urn of her Washington.
+
+Is this the vision of romantic fancy? Is it even improbable? I appeal to
+History! Tell me, thou reverend chronicler of the grave, can all the
+illusions of ambition realized, can all the wealth of a universal
+commerce, can all the achievements of successful heroism, or all the
+establishments of this world's wisdom secure to empire the permanency of
+its possessions? Alas, Troy thought so once; yet the land of Priam lives
+only in song. Thebes thought so once; yet her hundred gates have
+crumbled, and her very tombs are but as the dust they were vainly
+intended to commemorate. So thought Palmyra; where is she? So thought
+the countries of Demosthenes and the Spartan; yet Leonidas is trampled
+by the timid slave, and Athens insulted by the servile, mindless, and
+enervate Ottoman. In his hurried march, Time has but looked at their
+imagined immortality, and all its vanities, from the palace to the tomb,
+have, with their ruins, erased the very impression of his footsteps.
+The days of their glory are as if they had never been; and the island
+that was then a speck, rude and neglected, in the barren ocean, now
+rivals the ubiquity of their commerce, the glory of their arms, the fame
+of their philosophy, the eloquence of their senate, and the inspiration
+of their bards. Who shall say, then, contemplating the past, that
+England, proud and potent as she appears, may not one day be what Athens
+is, and the young America yet soar to be what Athens was. Who shall say,
+when the European column shall have moldered, and the night of barbarism
+obscured its very ruins, that that mighty continent may not emerge from
+the horizon, to rule, for its time, sovereign of the ascendant.
+
+
+LAND OF LIBERTY.
+
+     WENDELL PHILLIPS, "the silver-tongued orator of America," and
+     anti-slavery reformer. Born in Boston, Mass., November 29, 1811;
+     died, February 2, 1884.
+
+The Carpathian Mountains may shelter tyrants. The slopes of Germany may
+bear up a race more familiar with the Greek text than the Greek phalanx.
+For aught I know, the wave of Russian rule may sweep so far westward as
+to fill once more with miniature despots the robber castles of the
+Rhine. But of this I am sure: God piled the Rocky Mountains as the
+ramparts of freedom. He scooped the Valley of the Mississippi as the
+cradle of free States. He poured Niagara as the anthem of free men.
+
+
+THE SHIP COLUMBIA.
+
+     EDWARD G. PORTER. In an article entitled "The Ship Columbia and the
+     Discovery of Oregon," in the _New England Magazine_, June, 1892.
+
+Few ships, if any, in our merchant marine, since the organization of
+the republic, have acquired such distinction as the Columbia.
+
+By two noteworthy achievements, 100 years ago, she attracted the
+attention of the commercial world and rendered a service to the United
+States unparalleled in our history. _She was the first American vessel
+to carry the stars and stripes around the globe; and, by her discovery
+of "the great river of the West" to which her name was given, she
+furnished us with the title to our possession_ of that magnificent
+domain which to-day is represented by the flourishing young States of
+Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.
+
+The famous ship was well-known and much talked about at the time, but
+her records have mostly disappeared, and there is very little knowledge
+at present concerning her.
+
+
+COLUMBIA'S EMBLEM.
+
+     EDNA DEAN PROCTOR. In September _Century_
+
+  The rose may bloom for England,
+    The lily for France unfold;
+  Ireland may honor the shamrock,
+    Scotland her thistle bold;
+  But the shield of the great Republic,
+    The glory of the West,
+  Shall bear a stalk of the tasseled corn--
+    Of all our wealth the best.
+  The arbutus and the golden-rod
+    The heart of the North may cheer;
+  And the mountain laurel for Maryland
+    Its royal clusters rear;
+  And jasmine and magnolia
+    The crest of the South adorn;
+  But the wide Republic's emblem
+    Is the bounteous, golden corn!
+
+
+EAST AND WEST.
+
+     THOMAS BUCHANAN READ, a distinguished American artist and poet.
+     Born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1822; died in New York, May
+     11, 1872. From his "Emigrant's Song."[60]
+
+Leave the tears to the maiden, the fears to the child, While the future
+stands beckoning afar in the wild; For there Freedom, more fair, walks
+the primeval land, Where the wild deer all court the caress of her hand.
+There the deep forests fall, and the old shadows fly, And the palace and
+temple leap into the sky. Oh, the East holds no place where the onward
+can rest, And alone there is room in the land of the West!
+
+
+THE PRIMITIVE PITCH.
+
+     The Rev. MYRON W. REED, a distinguished American clergyman of
+     Denver, Colo. From an address delivered in 1892.
+
+The best thing we can do for the world is to take care of America. Keep
+our country up to the primitive pitch. In front of my old home, in
+another city, is the largest elm in the county. It never talked, it
+never went about doing good. It stood there and made shade for an acre
+of children, and a shelter for all the birds that came. It stood there
+and preached strength in the air by wide-flung branches, and strength in
+the earth by as many and as long roots as limbs. It stood, one fearful
+night, the charge of a cyclone, and was serene in the March morning. It
+proclaimed what an elm could be. It set tree-planters to planting elms.
+So America preaches, man capable of self-government; preaches over the
+sea, a republic is safer than any kingdom. Men have outgrown kings. We
+shall remember Walt Whitman, if only for a line, "O America! we build
+for you because you build for the world."
+
+
+MORAL PROGRESS.
+
+     WILLIAM HENRY SEWARD, an eminent American statesman. Born at
+     Florida, Orange County, N. Y., May 16, 1801; died at Auburn, N. Y.,
+     October 10, 1872.
+
+A kind of reverence is paid by all nations to antiquity. There is no one
+that does not trace its lineage from the gods, or from those who were
+especially favored by the gods. Every people has had its age of gold, or
+Augustine age, or historic age--an age, alas! forever passed. These
+prejudices are not altogether unwholesome. Although they produce a
+conviction of declining virtue, which is unfavorable to generous
+emulation, yet a people at once ignorant and irreverential would
+necessarily become licentious. Nevertheless, such prejudices ought to be
+modified. It is untrue that in the period of a nation's rise from
+disorder to refinement it is not able to continually surpass itself. We
+see the _present_, plainly, distinctly, with all its coarse outlines,
+its rough inequalities, its dark blots, and its glaring deformities. We
+hear all its tumultuous sounds and jarring discords. We see and hear the
+_past_ through a distance which reduces all its inequalities to a plane,
+mellows all its shades into a pleasing hue, and subdues even its
+hoarsest voices into harmony. In our own case, the prejudice is less
+erroneous than in most others. The Revolutionary age was truly a heroic
+one. Its exigencies called forth the genius, and the talents, and the
+virtues of society, and they ripened amid the hardships of a long and
+severe trial. But there were selfishness and vice and factions then as
+now, although comparatively subdued and repressed. You have only to
+consult impartial history to learn that neither public faith, nor public
+loyalty, nor private virtue, culminated at that period in our own
+country; while a mere glance at the literature, or at the stage, or at
+the politics of any European country, in any previous age, reveals the
+fact that it was marked, more distinctly than the present, by
+licentious morals and mean ambition. It is only just to infer in favor
+of the United States an improvement of morals from their established
+progress in knowledge and power; otherwise, the philosophy of society is
+misunderstood, and we must change all our courses, and henceforth seek
+safety in imbecility, and virtue in superstition and ignorance.
+
+
+A PROPHETIC UTTERANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS.
+
+     SAMUEL SEWELL. Born at Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England, March,
+     1652. Died at Boston, Mass., January, 1730.
+
+Lift up your heads, O ye Gates of Columbia, and be ye lift up, ye
+Everlasting Doors, and the King of Glory shall come in.
+
+
+NATIONAL INFLUENCE.
+
+     JOSEPH STORY, a distinguished American jurist. Born in Marblehead,
+     Mass., September 18, 1779; died at Cambridge, Mass., September 10,
+     1845. By permission of Messrs. Little, Brown & Co., Publishers.
+
+When we reflect on what has been, and is, how is it possible not to feel
+a profound sense of the responsibilities of this Republic to all future
+ages? What vast motives press upon us for lofty efforts! What brilliant
+prospects invite our enthusiasm! What solemn warnings at once demand our
+vigilance and moderate our confidence! We stand, the latest, and, if we
+fail, probably the last, experiment of self-government by the people. We
+have begun it under circumstances of the most auspicious nature. We are
+in the vigor of youth. Our growth has never been checked by the
+oppressions of tyranny. Our constitutions have never been enfeebled by
+the vices or luxuries of the Old World. Such as we are, we have been
+from the beginning--simple, hardy, intelligent, accustomed to
+self-government and self-respect. The Atlantic rolls between us and any
+formidable foe. Within our own territory, stretching through many
+degrees of latitude and longitude, we have the choice of many products
+and many means of independence. The government is mild. The press is
+free. Religion is free. Knowledge reaches, or may reach, every home.
+What fairer prospect of success could be presented? What means more
+adequate to accomplish the sublime end? What more is necessary than for
+the people to preserve what they themselves have created? Already has
+the age caught the spirit of our institutions. It has already ascended
+the Andes, and snuffed the breezes of both oceans. It has infused itself
+into the life-blood of Europe, and warmed the sunny plains of France and
+the lowlands of Holland. It has touched the philosophy of Germany and
+the north, and, moving to the south, has opened to Greece the lessons of
+her better days.
+
+
+AN ELECT NATION.
+
+     WILLIAM STOUGHTON. From an election sermon at Boston, Mass., April
+     29, 1669.
+
+God sifted a whole nation that he might send choice grain over into this
+wilderness.
+
+
+THE NAME "AMERICA."
+
+     MOSES F. SWEETSER, an American _litterateur_. Born in
+     Massachusetts, 1848. From his "Hand-book of the United States."[61]
+
+The name America comes from _amalric_, or _emmerich_, an old German word
+spread through Europe by the Goths, and softened in Latin to Americus,
+and in Italian to Amerigo. It was first applied to Brazil. Americus
+Vespucius, the son of a wealthy Florentine notary, made several voyages
+to the New World, a few years later than Columbus, and gave spirited
+accounts of his discoveries. About the year 1507, Hylacomylus, of the
+college at St. Die, in the Vosges Mountains, brought out a book on
+cosmography, in which he said, "Now, truly, as these regions are more
+widely explored, and another fourth part is discovered, by Americus
+Vespucius, I see no reason why it should not be justly called
+_Amerigen_; that is, the land of Americus, or America, from Americus,
+its discoverer, a man of a subtle intellect." Hylacomylus invented the
+name America, and, as there was no other title for the New World, this
+came gradually into general use. It does not appear that Vespucius was a
+party to this almost accidental transaction, which has made him a
+monument of a hemisphere.
+
+
+THE COLUMBINE AS THE EXPOSITION FLOWER.
+
+     T. T. SWINBURNE, the poet, has written to J. M. Samuels, chief of
+     the Department of Horticulture at the World's Columbian Exposition,
+     proposing the columbine as the Columbian Exposition and national
+     flower. He gives as reasons:
+
+It is most appropriate in name, color, and form. Its name is suggestive
+of Columbia, and our country is often called by that name. Its botanical
+name, _aquilegia_, is derived from _aquila_ (eagle), on account of the
+spur of the petals resembling the talons, and the blade, the beak, of
+the eagle, our national bird. Its colors are red, white, and blue, our
+national colors. The corolla is divided into five points resembling the
+star used to represent our States on our flag; its form also represents
+the Phrygian cap of liberty, and it is an exact copy of the horn of
+plenty, the symbol of the Columbian Exposition. The flowers cluster
+around a central stem, as our States around the central government.
+
+
+THE SONG OF '76.
+
+     BAYARD TAYLOR, the distinguished American traveler, writer, and
+     poet. Born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1835; died at
+     Berlin, December 19, 1878. From his "Song of '76." By permission of
+     Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers, Boston.
+
+  Waken, voice of the land's devotion!
+    Spirit of freedom, awaken all!
+  Ring, ye shores, to the song of ocean,
+    Rivers answer, and mountains call!
+        The golden day has come;
+        Let every tongue be dumb
+  That sounded its malice or murmured its fears;
+        She hath won her story;
+        She wears her glory;
+  We crown her the Land of a Hundred Years!
+
+  Out of darkness and toil and danger
+    Into the light of victory's day,
+  Help to the weak, and home to the stranger,
+    Freedom to all, she hath held her way!
+        Now Europe's orphans rest
+        Upon her mother-breast.
+  The voices of nations are heard in the cheers
+        That shall cast upon her
+        New love and honor,
+  And crown her the Queen of a Hundred Years!
+
+  North and South, we are met as brothers;
+    East and West, we are wedded as one;
+  Right of each shall secure our mother's;
+    Child of each is her faithful son.
+        We give thee heart and hand,
+        Our glorious native land,
+  For battle has tried thee, and time endears.
+        We will write thy story,
+        And keep thy glory
+  As pure as of old for a Thousand Years!
+
+
+MAN SUPERIOR.
+
+     HENRY DAVID THOREAU, American author and naturalist. Born in
+     Concord, Mass., 1817; died in 1862. From his "Excursions" (1863).
+     By permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers,
+     Boston.
+
+If the moon looks larger here than in Europe, probably the sun looks
+larger also. If the heavens of America appear infinitely higher and the
+stars brighter, I trust that these facts are symbolical of the height to
+which the philosophy and poetry and religion of her inhabitants may one
+day soar. At length, perchance, the immaterial heaven will appear as
+much higher to the American mind, and the intimations that star it, as
+much brighter. For I believe that climate does thus react on man, as
+there is something in the mountain air that feeds the spirit and
+inspires. Will not man grow to greater perfection intellectually as well
+as physically under these influences? Or is it unimportant how many
+foggy days there are in his life? I trust that we shall be more
+imaginative, that our thoughts will be clearer, fresher, and more
+ethereal, as our sky; our understanding more comprehensive and broader,
+like our plains; our intellect generally on a grander scale, like our
+thunder and lightning, our rivers, and mountains, and forests, and our
+hearts shall even correspond in breadth and depth and grandeur to our
+inland seas. Else to what end does the world go on, and why was America
+discovered?
+
+
+AMERICAN SCENERY.
+
+     WILLIAM TUDOR, an American _litterateur_. Born at Boston in 1779;
+     died, 1830.
+
+Our numerous waterfalls and the enchanting beauty of our lakes afford
+many objects of the most picturesque character; while the inland seas,
+from Superior to Ontario, and that astounding cataract, whose roar would
+hardly be increased by the united murmurs of all the cascades of Europe,
+are calculated to inspire vast and sublime conceptions. The effects,
+too, of our climate, composed of a Siberian winter and an Italian
+summer, furnish new and peculiar objects for description. The
+circumstances of remote regions are here blended, and strikingly
+opposite appearances witnessed, in the same spot, at different seasons
+of the year. In our winters, we have the sun at the same altitude as in
+Italy, shining on an unlimited surface of snow, which can only be found
+in the higher latitudes of Europe, where the sun, in the winter, rises
+little above the horizon. The dazzling brilliancy of a winter's day and
+a moonlight night, in an atmosphere astonishingly clear and frosty, when
+the utmost splendor of the sky is reflected from a surface of spotless
+white, attended with the most excessive cold, is peculiar to the
+northern part of the United States. What, too, can surpass the celestial
+purity and transparency of the atmosphere in a fine autumnal day, when
+our vision and our thought seem carried to the third heaven; the
+gorgeous magnificence of the close, when the sun sinks from our view,
+surrounded with various masses of clouds, fringed with gold and purple,
+and reflecting, in evanescent tints, all the hues of the rainbow.
+
+
+LIBERTY HAS A CONTINENT OF HER OWN.
+
+     HORACE WALPOLE, fourth Earl of Oxford, a famous English literary
+     gossip, amateur, and wit. Born in London, October, 1717; died,
+     March, 1797.
+
+Liberty has still a continent to exist in.
+
+
+LOVE OF AMERICA.
+
+     DANIEL WEBSTER, the celebrated American statesman, jurist, and
+     orator. Born at Salisbury, N. H., January 18, 1782; died at
+     Marshfield, Mass., October 24, 1852.
+
+I profess to feel a strong attachment to the liberty of the United
+States; to the constitution and free institutions of the United States;
+to the honor, and I may say the glory, of this great Government and
+great country.
+
+I feel every injury inflicted upon this country almost as a personal
+injury. I blush for every fault which I think I see committed in its
+public councils as if they were faults or mistakes of my own.
+
+I know that, at this moment, there is no object upon earth so attracting
+the gaze of the intelligent and civilized nations of the earth as this
+great Republic. All men look at us, all men examine our course, all good
+men are anxious for a favorable result to this great experiment of
+republican liberty. We are on a hill and can not be hid. We can not
+withdraw ourselves either from the commendation or the reproaches of the
+civilized world. They see us as that star of empire which, half a
+century ago, was predicted as making its way westward. I wish they may
+see it as a mild, placid, though brilliant orb, making its way athwart
+the whole heavens, to the enlightening and cheering of mankind; and not
+a meteor of fire and blood, terrifying the nations.
+
+
+GENIUS OF THE WEST.
+
+     JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER, the distinguished American poet. Born at
+     Haverhill, Mass, December 17, 1807. From his poem, "On receiving an
+     eagle's quill from Lake Superior." By permission of Messrs.
+     Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers, Boston.
+
+  I hear the tread of pioneers,
+    Of nations yet to be;
+  The first low wash of waves, where soon
+    Shall roll a human sea.
+
+  The rudiments of empire here
+    Are plastic yet and warm;
+  The chaos of a mighty world
+    Is rounding into form.
+
+  Each rude and jostling fragment soon
+    Its fitting place shall find--
+  The raw material of a state,
+    Its muscle and its mind.
+
+  And, westering still, the star which leads
+    The New World in its train
+  Has tipped with fire the icy spears
+    Of many a mountain chain.
+
+  The snowy cones of Oregon
+    Are kindling on its way;
+  And California's golden sands
+    Gleam brighter in its ray.
+
+
+GOD SAVE AMERICA.
+
+     ROBERT C. WINTHROP, an American statesman and orator. Born in
+     Boston, Mass., May 12, 1809. From his "Centennial Oration,"
+     delivered in Boston, 1876.
+
+Instruments and wheels of the invisible governor of the universe! This
+is indeed all which the greatest men ever have been, or ever can be. No
+flatteries of courtiers, no adulations of the multitude, no audacity of
+self-reliance, no intoxications of success, no evolutions or
+developments of science, can make more or other of them. This is "the
+sea-mark of their utmost sail," the goal of their farthest run, the very
+round and top of their highest soaring. Oh, if there could be to-day a
+deeper and more pervading impression of this great truth throughout our
+land, and a more prevailing conformity of our thoughts and words and
+acts to the lessons which it involves; if we could lift ourselves to a
+loftier sense of our relations to the invisible; if, in surveying our
+past history, we could catch larger and more exalted views of our
+destinies and our responsibilities; if we could realize that the want of
+good men may be a heavier woe to a land than any want of what the world
+calls great men, our centennial year would not only be signalized by
+splendid ceremonials, and magnificent commemorations, and gorgeous
+expositions, but it would go far toward fulfilling something of the
+grandeur of that "acceptable year," which was announced by higher than
+human lips, and would be the auspicious promise and pledge of a glorious
+second century of independence and freedom for our country. For, if that
+second century of self-government is to go on safely to its close, or is
+to go on safely and prosperously at all, there must be some renewal of
+that old spirit of subordination and obedience to divine, as well as
+human, laws, which has been our security in the past. There must be
+faith in something higher and better than ourselves. There must be a
+reverent acknowledgment of an unseen, but all-seeing, all-controlling
+Ruler of the Universe. His word, His house, His day, His worship, must
+be sacred to our children, as they have been to their fathers; and His
+blessing must never fail to be invoked upon our land and upon our
+liberties. The patriot voice, which cried from the balcony of yonder old
+State House, when the declaration had been originally proclaimed,
+"stability and perpetuity to American independence," did not fail to
+add, "God save our American States." I would prolong that ancestral
+prayer. And the last phrase to pass my lips at this hour, and to take
+its chance for remembrance or oblivion in years to come, as the
+conclusion of this centennial oration, and as the sum and summing up of
+all I can say to the present or the future, shall be: There is, there
+can be, no independence of God; in Him, as a nation, no less than in
+Him, as individuals, "we live, and move, and have our being!" GOD SAVE
+OUR AMERICAN STATES!
+
+
+A VOICE OF WARNING.
+
+     From "Things that Threaten the Destruction of American
+     Institutions," a sermon by T. DE WITT TALMAGE, delivered in
+     Brooklyn Tabernacle, October 12, 1884.
+
+What! can a nation die? Yes; there has been great mortality among
+monarchies and republics. Like individuals, they are born, have a middle
+life and a decease, a cradle and a grave. Sometimes they are
+assassinated and sometimes they suicide. Call the roll, and let some one
+answer for them. Egyptian civilization, stand up! Dead, answer the ruins
+of Karnak and Luxor. Dead, respond in chorus the seventy pyramids on the
+east side the Nile. Assyrian Empire, stand up! Dead, answer the charred
+ruins of Nineveh. After 600 years of opportunity, dead. Israelitish
+Kingdom, stand up! After 250 years of miraculous vicissitude, and Divine
+intervention, and heroic achievement, and appalling depravity, dead.
+Phoenicia, stand up! After inventing the alphabet and giving it to the
+world, and sending out her merchant caravans to Central Asia in one
+direction, and her navigators into the Atlantic Ocean in another
+direction, and 500 years of prosperity, dead. Dead, answer the "Pillars
+of Hercules" and the rocks on which the Tyrian fishermen spread their
+nets. Athens--after Phidias, after Demosthenes, after Miltiades, after
+Marathon--dead. Sparta--after Leonidas, after Eurybiades, after Salamis,
+after Thermopylae--dead.
+
+Roman Empire, stand up and answer to the roll-call! Once bounded on the
+north by the British Channel and on the south by the Sahara Desert of
+Africa, on the east by the Euphrates and on the west by the Atlantic
+Ocean. Home of three civilizations. Owning all the then discovered world
+that was worth owning. Gibbon, in his "Rise and Fall of the Roman
+Empire," answers, "Dead." And the vacated seats of the ruined Coliseum,
+and the skeletons of the aqueduct, and the miasma of the Campagna, and
+the fragments of the marble baths, and the useless piers of the bridge
+Triumphalis, and the silenced forum, and the Mamertine dungeon, holding
+no more apostolic prisoners; and the arch of Titus, and Basilica of
+Constantine, and the Pantheon, lift up a nightly chorus of "Dead! dead!"
+Dead, after Horace, and Virgil, and Tacitus, and Livy, and Cicero; after
+Horatius of the bridge, and Cincinnatus, the farmer oligarch; after
+Scipio, and Cassius, and Constantine, and Caesar. Her war-eagle, blinded
+by flying too near the sun, came reeling down through the heavens, and
+the owl of desolation and darkness made its nest in the forsaken aerie.
+Mexican Empire, dead! French Empire, dead! You see it is no unusual
+thing for a government to perish. And in the same necrology of nations,
+and in the same cemetery of expired governments, will go the United
+States of America unless some potent voice shall call a halt, and
+through Divine interposition, by a purified ballot-box and an
+all-pervading moral Christian sentiment, the present evil tendency be
+stopped.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS, ST LOUIS, MO. First Bronze Statue to
+Columbus in America (See page 279.)]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 60: Copyright, by permission of Messrs. Lippincott.]
+
+[Footnote 61: By permission of The Matthews-Northrup Co., Publishers.]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+COLUMBUS.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Adams, John, 61
+
+  Alden, William Livingston, 61
+
+  Anderson, John J., 64
+
+  Anonymous, 61-64
+
+  Anthony, The Hon. Elliott, 64
+
+  Augustine, Saint, 68
+
+
+  B
+
+  Baillie, Joanna, 69
+
+  Ballou, Maturin Murray, 72
+
+  Baltimore _American_, The, 73
+
+  Bancroft, George, 79
+
+  Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 80
+
+  Baring-Gould, The Rev. Sabine, 84
+
+  Barlow, Joel, 86
+
+  Barry, J. J., M. D., 88
+
+  Benzoni, Geronimo, 89
+
+  Berkeley, The Right Rev. George, 90
+
+  Blaine, The Hon. J. G., 90
+
+  Bonnafoux, Baron, 90
+
+  Boston _Journal_, The, 91
+
+  Brobst, Flavius J., 93
+
+  Bryant, William C., 93
+
+  Buel, J. W., 94
+
+  Burroughs, John, 94
+
+  Burton, Richard E., 95
+
+  Butterworth, Hezekiah, 95
+
+  Byron, George Gordon Noel, Lord, 97
+
+
+  C
+
+  Cabot, Sebastian, 97
+
+  Capitulations of Santa Fe, 98
+
+  Carlyle, Thomas, 99
+
+  Carman, Bliss, 100
+
+  Carpio, Lope de Vega, 100
+
+  Castelar, Emilio, 292
+
+  Chapin, E. H., 101
+
+  Chicago _Inter Ocean_ 193
+
+  Chicago _Tribune_, The, 92-101
+
+  Cladera, 63
+
+  Clarke, Hyde, 106
+
+  Clarke, James Freeman, 106
+
+  Clemencin, Diego, 107
+
+  Coleman, James David, 107
+
+  Collyer, Robert, 108
+
+  Columbus of Literature, 109
+
+  Columbus of the Heavens, 110
+
+  Columbus of Modern Times, 110
+
+  Columbus of the Skies, 110
+
+  Columbus, Hernando, 110
+
+  Columbus, The Mantle of, 113
+
+  Cornwallis, Kinahan, 111
+
+  Curtis, William Eleroy, 113
+
+
+  D
+
+  Dati, Giulio, 115
+
+  Delavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, 115
+
+  De Costa, Rev. Dr. B. F., 116
+
+  Depew, Chauncey M., 117
+
+  De Vere, Aubrey Thomas, 117
+
+  Draper, John William, 120
+
+  Durier, Right Rev. Anthony, 120
+
+  Dutto, L. A., 124
+
+
+  E
+
+  Eden, Charles Henry, 125
+
+  Edrisi, Xerif Al, 127
+
+  Egan, Prof. Maurice Francis, 127
+
+  Elliott, Samuel R, 128
+
+  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 128
+
+  Everett, Edward, 129
+
+
+  F
+
+  Farrar, The Venerable Frederick William, D. D., 131
+
+  Fiske, John, 132
+
+  Fothergill, John Milner, M. D. 134
+
+  Foster, John, 135
+
+  Freeman, Edward Augustus, 135
+
+  Friday, 136
+
+
+  G
+
+  Gaffarel, Paul, 138
+
+  Galiani, The Abbe Fernando, 139
+
+  Geikie, The Rev. Cunningham, D. D., 139
+
+  Gibbons, The Right Rev. James, D. D., 145
+
+  Gibson, William, 145
+
+  Glasgow _Times_, 146
+
+  Goodrich, F. B., 149
+
+  Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume, 149
+
+  Gunsaulus, Rev. F. W., D. D., 150
+
+  Guyot, Arnold Henry, Ph. D., LL. D., 151
+
+
+  H
+
+  Hale, Edward Everett, D. D., 151
+
+  Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 153
+
+  Halstead, Murat, 153
+
+  Harding, Edward J., 155
+
+  Hardouin, Jean, 159
+
+  Harrison, Benjamin, 159
+
+  Harrisse, Henry, 160
+
+  Hartley, David, 162
+
+  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 163
+
+  Heine, Heinrich, 162
+
+  Helps, Sir Arthur, 164
+
+  Herbert, George, 164
+
+  Herrera, Antonio y Tordesillas, 165
+
+  Herrera, Fernando, 165
+
+  Hodgin, C. W., 165
+
+  Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von, 166
+
+  Hurst, The Right Rev. John Fletcher. D. D., LL. D., 167
+
+
+  I
+
+  Irving, Washington, 168
+
+  Italian, 182
+
+
+  J
+
+  Janssens, Archbishop, 203
+
+  Jefferson, Samuel, 182
+
+  Johnston, Annie Fellows, 183
+
+
+  K
+
+  Kennedy, John S., 184
+
+  King, Moses, 184
+
+  Knight, Arthur G., 185
+
+
+  L
+
+  Lactantius, Lucius, 185
+
+  Lamartine, Alphonse, 187
+
+  Lanier, Sidney, 189
+
+  Lawrence, Eugene, 192
+
+  Leo XIII., Pope, 193, 194
+
+  Lofft, Capel, 201
+
+  Lord, Rev. John, 202
+
+  Lorgues, Rossely de, 203
+
+  Lowell, James Russell, 64, 204
+
+  Lytton, Lord, 291
+
+
+  M
+
+  Macaulay, Thomas Babbington, 206
+
+  Mackie, C. P., 207
+
+  Magnusen, Finn, 208
+
+  Major, R. H., 209
+
+  Malte-Brun, Conrad, 210
+
+  Margesson, Helen P., 210
+
+  Markham, Clements Robert, 211
+
+  Martyr, Peter, 231
+
+  Mason, William, 232
+
+  Matthews, J. N., 232
+
+  Medina-Celi, The Duke of, 233
+
+  Miller, Joaquin, 235
+
+  Montgomery, D. H., 237
+
+  Morgan, Gen. Thomas J., 237
+
+  Morris, Charles, 238
+
+
+  N
+
+  Nason, Emma Huntingdon, 238
+
+  New Orleans _Morning Star_, 240
+
+  New York _Herald_, 251
+
+  New York _Tribune_, 253
+
+  Nugent, Father, 254
+
+
+  P
+
+  Palos, The Alcalde of, 255
+
+  Pan-American Tribute, 255
+
+  Parker, Theodore, 256
+
+  Parker, Capt. W. H., 256
+
+  Perry, Horatio J., 257
+
+  Peschel, O. F., 260
+
+  Petrarch, F., 266
+
+  Phillips, Barnet, 261
+
+  Pollok, R., 261
+
+  Poole, W. F., LL. D., 261
+
+  Prescott, W. H., 265
+
+  Pulci, Luigi, 267
+
+
+  Q
+
+  Quackenbos, G. P., 268
+
+
+  R
+
+  Read, Thomas Buchanan
+
+  Reed, Myron, 268
+
+  Roll of the Crew, 269
+
+  Redpath, John Clark, LL. D., 270
+
+  Riano, Juan F., 271
+
+  Robertson, William, 272
+
+  Rogers, Samuel, 63, 275
+
+  Russell, William, 277
+
+
+  S
+
+  Santarem, Manoel Francisco de Barros y Souza, Viscount, 279
+
+  _Saturday Review_, 284
+
+  Saunders, R. N., 287
+
+  Savage, Minot J., 288
+
+  Seneca, 289
+
+  Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich, 292
+
+  Shipley, Mrs. John B, 292
+
+  Sigourney (Lydia Huntley), Mrs. 293
+
+  Smiles, Samuel, 294
+
+  Smithey, Royall Bascom, 295
+
+  Sumner, Charles, 297
+
+  Swing, Prof. David, 298
+
+
+  T
+
+  Tasso, Torquato, 300
+
+  Taylor, Bayard, 300
+
+  Taylor, Rev. George L., 300
+
+  Tennyson, Lord Alfred, 301
+
+  Tercentenary, 302
+
+  Thompson, Maurice, 304
+
+  Thoreau, Henry D., 304
+
+  Toscanelli, Paolo, 305
+
+  Townsend, G. A., 305
+
+  Townsend, L. T., D. D., 308
+
+  Trivigiano, Angelo, 309
+
+
+  V
+
+  Van der Weyde, Dr. P. H., 309
+
+  Ventura, Padre Gioacchino, 310
+
+
+  W
+
+  Waddington, The Venerable George, Dean of Durham, 310
+
+  Watts, Theodore, 312
+
+  Whipple, Edwin Percy, 315
+
+  White, Daniel Appleton, 315
+
+  Wiffen, Jeremiah Holmes, 316
+
+  Willard, Emma Hart, 317
+
+  Winchester, The Rev. Elhanan, 317
+
+  Winsor, Justin, 321
+
+  Woodberry, George E., 321
+
+  Worcester, Joseph Emerson, 321
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+COLUMBIA.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Adams, John, 327
+
+  Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, 327
+
+  Audubon, J. J., 327
+
+  Anonymous, 329
+
+  Arnold, Sir Edwin, 329
+
+
+  B
+
+  Beecher, Henry Ward, 330
+
+  Beman, Nathaniel S. S., 331
+
+  Best, St. George, 333
+
+  Brackenridge, Henry Hugh, 333
+
+  Bright, The Right Hon. John, M. P., 334
+
+  Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 334
+
+  Bryant, William Cullen, 335
+
+  Bryce, James, M. P., 536
+
+  Burke, Edmund, 337
+
+
+  C
+
+  Castelar, Emilio, 339
+
+  Channing, William Ellery, 339
+
+  Chicago _Inter Ocean_, 341
+
+  Choate, Rufus, 341
+
+  U. S. S. Columbia, 344
+
+  Cook, Eliza, 347
+
+  Cornwallis, Kinahan, 347
+
+  Cullom, The Hon. Shelby M., 348
+
+  Curtis, George William, 349
+
+
+  D
+
+  Dana, Olive E., 350
+
+  Dwight, Timothy, 351
+
+
+  E
+
+  Eddy, T. M., 351
+
+  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 353
+
+  Everett, Alexander Hill, 353
+
+
+  G
+
+  Gannett, Ezra Stiles, 354
+
+  Garfield, James A., 356
+
+  Gladstone, The Right Hon. William Ewart, 356
+
+  Grady, Henry W., 357
+
+
+  H
+
+  Harrison, Benjamin, 359
+
+  Head, Sir Francis Bond, 360
+
+  Henry, Patrick, 360
+
+  Hillard, George Stillman, 362
+
+  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 363
+
+
+  K
+
+  King, The Rev. Thomas Starr, 364
+
+
+  L
+
+  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 366
+
+
+  N
+
+  _North British Review_, 366
+
+
+  O
+
+  Otis, James, 368
+
+
+  P
+
+  Paine, Prof. J. K., 368
+
+  Phillips, Charles, 369
+
+  Phillips, Wendell, 370
+
+  Porter, Edward G., 370
+
+  Proctor, Edna Dean, 371
+
+
+  R
+
+  Read, Thos. Buchanan, 372
+
+  Reed, The Rev. Myron W., 372
+
+
+  S
+
+  Seward, William Henry, 373
+
+  Sewell, Samuel, 374
+
+  Storey, Joseph, 374
+
+  Stoughton, William, 375
+
+  Sweetser, Moses F., 375
+
+  Swinburne, T. T., 376
+
+
+  T
+
+  Talmage, The Rev. T. Dewitt, 383
+
+  Taylor, Bayard, 377
+
+  Thoreau, Henry David, 378
+
+  Tudor, William, 378
+
+
+  W
+
+  Walpole, Horace, 379
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 380
+
+  Whittier, John Greenleaf, 380
+
+  Winthrop, Robert C., 381
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF HEAD LINES.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Admiral of Mosquito Land, 237
+
+  Admiration of a Careful Critic, 160
+
+  All within the Ken of Columbus, 106
+
+  America--Opportunity, 353
+    The Continent of the Future, 339
+    The Old World, 327
+    Flag, 330
+    Futurity, 327
+    Idea, 348
+    National Haste, 336
+    Nationality, 341
+    Scenery, 378
+    Unprecedented Growth, 337
+    Welcome, 360
+
+  Ancient Anchors, 61
+
+  An Appropriate Hour, 135
+
+  Arma Virumque Cano, 168
+
+  At Palos, 284
+
+  Atlantic and Pacific, 356
+
+  Attendant Fame Shall Bless, 310
+
+
+  B
+
+  Barcelona Statue, 81
+
+  Bartolomeo Columbus, 124
+
+  Beauties of the Bahama Sea, 95
+
+  Belief of Columbus, 164
+
+  Bible, 308
+
+  Boston Statue, 93, 280
+
+  Bright's Beatific Vision, 334
+
+  Brilliants from Depew, 117
+
+  Bronze Door at Washington, 272
+
+  Brothers across the Sea, 334
+
+  By Faith Columbus found America, 108
+
+  By the Grace of God He Was What He Was, 203
+
+
+  C
+
+  Cabot's Contemporaneous Utterance, 97
+
+  Capitulations of Santa Fe, 98
+
+  Captain and Seamen, 95
+
+  Care of the New World, 162
+
+  Cause of the Discovery, 184
+
+  Celebration at Hamburg, 154
+
+  Center of Civilization, 356
+
+  Children of the Sun, 272
+
+  Christopher, the Christ-Bearer, 268
+
+  Circular Letter, Archbishop of New Orleans, 241
+
+  Claim of the Norsemen, 266
+
+  Columba Christum-Ferens--What's in a Name, 240
+
+  Columbian Chorus, 368
+
+  Columbia, Columbus' Monument, 347
+
+  Columbia's Emblem, 371
+
+  Columbian Festival Allegory, 250
+
+  Columbia--A Prophecy, 333
+
+  Columbia, Queen of the World, 351
+
+  Columbia's Unguarded Gates, 327
+
+  Columbine as the Exposition Flower, 376
+
+  Columbus, 73, 312
+    Aim not Merely Secular, 163
+    Bank note, 80
+    Bell, 89
+    Boldest Navigator, 256
+    Certain Convictions of, 90
+    Chains--His Crown, 87
+    Character of, 265
+    The Civilizer, 187
+    Collection, 112
+    The Conqueror, 69
+    And the Convent of La Rabida, 62
+    And Copernicus, 210
+    Dared the Main, 63
+    Day, 159, 268-269
+    And the Egg, 309
+    The First Discoverer, 166
+    And the Fourth Centenary of His Discovery, 211
+    The Fulfiller of Prophecy, 79
+    A Giant, 167
+    Glory of Catholicism, 194
+    Haven, 112
+    Heard of Norse Discoveries, 210
+    Of the Heavens, 110
+    Of the Heavens--Scorned, 130
+    A Heretic and a Visionary to His Contemporaries, 106
+    An Ideal Commander, 86
+    And the Indians, 237
+    King of Discoverers, 205
+    Of Literature, 109
+    The Mariner, 80
+    A Martyr, 294
+    Of Modern Times, 91, 110
+    Neither a Visionary nor an Imbecile, 207
+    No Chance Comer, 90
+    Lord North's _Bete Noir_, 315
+    Pathfinder of the Shadowy Sea, 88
+    Patron Saint of Real-Estate Dealers, 257
+    Statue in Chicago, 118
+    Statue, The City of Colon, 108
+    Statue in Madrid, 208
+    Statue, City of Mexico, 234
+    Statue, New York, 243
+    A Contemporary Italian Tribute, 115
+    Critical Days, 134
+    Cuba's Caves, 113
+    A Voluminous Writer, 261
+    At Salamanca, 170, 293
+    The Sea-King, 99
+    Of the Skies, 110
+    Stamps, 263
+    Supreme Suspense of, 304
+    A Theoretical Circumnavigator, 270
+
+  Crew of Columbus, 269
+
+
+  D
+
+  Dark Ages before Columbus, 68
+
+  Darkness before Discovery, 297
+
+  Death was Columbus' Friend, 260
+
+  De Mortuis, nil nisi Bonum, 321
+
+  Dense Ignorance of Those Days, 288
+
+  Design for Souvenir Coins, 296
+
+  Difficulties by the Way, 295
+
+  Discoveries of Columbus and Americus, 101
+
+  A Discovery Greater than the Labors of Hercules, 231
+
+  Doubts of Columbus, 298
+
+  Dream, 120
+
+
+  E
+
+  Each the Columbus of his own Soul, 63
+
+  Eager to Share the Reward, 233
+
+  Earnestness of Columbus, 62
+
+  Earth's Rotundity, 254
+
+  East and West, 372
+
+  East longed for the West, 152
+
+  Effect of the Discovery, 165
+
+  Elect Nation, 375
+
+  Error of Columbus, 299
+
+  Example of Columbus, 69
+
+  Excitement at the News of the Discovery, 132
+
+
+  F
+
+  Fame, 131
+
+  Fate of Discoverers, 322
+
+  Felipa, Wife of Columbus, 183
+
+  Final Stage, 333
+
+  First American Monument to Columbus, 347
+    Catholic Knight, 107
+    Glimpse of Land, 125
+    To Greet Columbus, 238
+
+  Fleet of Columbus, 112
+
+  Flight of Parrots was his Guiding Star, 167
+
+  Friday, 136
+
+  From the Italian, 182
+
+
+  G
+
+  Genoa, 153, 277
+
+  Genoa Inscription, The, 140
+
+  Genoa Statue, The, 140, 280
+
+  Genoa--whence Grand Columbus Came, 117
+
+  Genius Travels East to West, 139
+
+  Genius of the West, 380
+
+  Genius Traveled Westward, 232
+
+  Geography of the Ancients, 64
+
+  Germany and Columbus, 144
+
+  Germany's Exhibit of Rarities, 144
+
+  Gift of Spain, 256
+
+  Glory to God, 300
+
+  God Save America, 381
+
+  Grand Prophetic Vision, 317
+
+  Grand Scope of the Celebration, 341
+
+  Grandeur of Destiny, 335
+
+  Gratitude and Pride, 359
+
+  Great West, 304
+
+  Greatest Achievement, 321
+
+  Greatest Continuous Empire, 356
+
+  Greatest Event, 298
+
+  Greatness of Columbus, 61
+
+
+  H
+
+  Hands across the Sea, 255
+
+  Hardy Mariners Have become Great Heroes, 315
+
+  Herschel, the Columbus of the Skies, 101
+
+  Hidden World, 350
+
+  His Life Was a Path of Thorns, 261
+
+  Honor the Hardy Norsemen, 116
+
+  Honor to Whom Honor is Due, 279
+
+
+  I
+
+  Ideas of the Ancients, 185
+
+  Important Find of MMS, 271
+
+  Impregnable Will of Columbus, 204
+
+  Incident of the Voyage, 165
+
+  Increasing Interest in Columbus, 184
+
+  Indomitable Courage of Columbus, 93
+
+  In Honor of Columbus, 203
+
+  Intense Uncertainty, 238
+
+  Italian Statue (Baltimore), 78
+
+
+  J
+
+  Jesuit Geographer, 159
+
+
+  K
+
+  Knowledge of Icelandic Voyages, 300
+
+
+  L
+
+  Lake Front Park Statue of Columbus, 185
+
+  Land of Liberty, 370
+
+  Last Days of the Voyage, 269
+
+  Launched out into the Deep, 277
+
+  Legend of Columbus, 69
+
+  Legend of a Western Island, 85
+
+  Legend of a Western Land, 84
+
+  Liberty Has a Continent of her Own, 379
+
+  Life for Liberty, 153
+
+  Like Homer, a Beggar in the Gate, 106
+
+  Love of America, 380
+
+  Love of Country, 343
+
+
+  M
+
+  Magnanimity, 185
+
+  Man of the Church, 310
+
+  Man's Ingratitude, 86
+
+  Man Superior, 378
+
+  Majesty of Grand Recollections, 167
+
+  Mecca of the Nation, 184
+
+  Memorial Arch, New York, 247
+
+  Memorial to Columbus at Old Isabella, 171
+
+  Mission and Reward, 232
+
+  Moral Progress, 373
+
+  Morning Triumphant, 150
+
+  Mutiny at Sea, 115, 257
+
+  Mystery of the Shadowy Sea, 127
+
+
+  N
+
+  Name America, 375
+
+  National Heritage, 364
+
+  National Influence, 374
+
+  National Self-respect, 331
+
+  Nature Superior, 360
+
+  Navigator and the Islands, 72
+
+  New Life, 151
+
+  New Light on Christopher Columbus, 146
+
+  New York Statue, 281
+
+  Noah and Columbus, 317
+
+  Nobility of Columbus in Adversity, 86
+
+  Noble Conceptions, 339
+
+  Norsemen's Claim to Priority, 292
+
+
+  O
+
+  Observation like Columbus, 139
+
+  On a Portrait of Columbus, 321
+
+  Once the Pillars of Hercules Were the End of the World, 145
+
+  One Vast Western Continent, 329
+
+  On Freedom's Generous Soil, 363
+
+  Only the Actions of the Just, 86
+
+  Onward! Press On!, 291
+
+  Our Great Trust, 362
+
+  Out-bound, 100
+
+
+  P
+
+  Palos, 127
+
+  Palos to Barcelona--His Triumph, 261
+
+  Palos--the Departure, 70
+
+  Palos Statue, 281
+
+  Pan-American Tribute, 255
+
+  Passion for Gold, 192
+
+  Patience of Columbus, 205
+
+  Patriotism Defined, 351
+
+  Penetration and Extreme Accuracy of Columbus, The, 166
+
+  Pen Picture from the South, A, 121
+
+  Period, The, 149
+
+  Personal Appearance of Columbus, The, 89, 110, 165
+
+  Petrarch's Tribute, 260
+
+  Philadelphia Statue, 281
+
+  Pleading with Kings for a New World, 268
+
+  Pope Reviews the Life of the Discoverer, The, 194
+
+  Portraits of Columbus, The, 113
+
+  Practical and Poetical, 169
+
+  Previous Discovery, 138
+
+  Primitive Pitch, 372
+
+  Prophetic Utterance of Colonial Days, 374
+    Visions Urged Columbus On, 87
+
+  Protest against Ignorance, A, 253
+
+  Psalm of the West, 189
+
+  Pulci's Prophecy, 267
+
+
+  Q
+
+
+  Queen Isabella's Death, 87
+
+
+  R
+
+  Range of Enterprise, 135
+
+  Reason for Sailors' Superstitions, The, 145
+
+  Reasoning of Columbus, The, 128
+
+  Religion, 176
+
+  Religion Turns to Freedom's Land, 164
+
+  Religious Object of Columbus, 88
+
+  Reminiscence of Columbus, A, 287
+
+  Responsibility, 354
+
+  Reverence and Wonder, 61
+
+  Ridicule with which the Views of Columbus were Received, 64
+
+  Rising of the Western Star, 329
+
+  Route to the Spice Indies, 305
+
+
+  S
+
+  Sacramento Statuary, 277
+
+  Sagacity, 128
+
+  St. Louis Statue, The, 279
+
+  Salamanca Monument, 278
+
+  San Salvador or Watling's Island, 162
+
+  Santa Maria Caravel, 94, 282
+    Rabida, The Convent, 275
+
+  Santiago Bust, 279
+
+  Santo Domingoan Cannon, 282
+
+  Scarlet Thorn, 94
+
+  Searcher of the Ocean, 182
+
+  Secret, 149
+
+  Seeker and Seer, 155
+
+  Seneca's Prophecy, 289
+
+  Sequel of the Discovery, 353
+
+  Seville Tomb, 289
+
+  Ship Columbia, 370
+
+  Sifted Wheat, 356
+
+  Song of America, The, 111
+
+  Song of '76, 377
+
+  Southern America's Tribute, 280
+
+  Sovereign of the Ascendant, 369
+
+  Spanish Fountain, New York, 249
+
+  Speculation, 164
+
+  Standard of Modern Criticism, The, 114
+
+  Strange and Colossal Man, 251
+
+  Stranger than Fiction, 128
+
+  A Superior Soul, 63
+
+  Sympathy for Columbus, 209
+
+
+  T
+
+  Tales of the East, 252
+
+  Tasso's Tribute (in English Spencerian Stanza), 316
+
+  Tendency, 151
+
+  Tennyson's Tribute, 301
+
+  Tercentenary in New York, 302
+
+  Testimony of a Contemporary, 309
+
+  Three Days, 115
+
+  To Spain, 201
+
+  The Track of Columbus, 259
+
+  The Tribute of Heinrich Heine, 162
+
+  Tribute of Joaquin Miller, 235
+
+  Tributes of the Phoenix of the Ages, The, 100
+
+  Tribute and Testimony of the Pope, 193
+
+  Tribute of Tasso, 300
+
+  Trifling Incident, 131
+
+  Triumph of an Idea, 152
+
+  Typical American, 357
+
+
+  U
+
+  Undiscovered Country, 128
+
+  Unwept, Unhonored, and Unsung, 261
+
+  U. S. S. Columbia, 344
+
+
+  V
+
+  Valparaiso Statue, 309
+
+  Vanderlyn's Picture, 310
+
+  Vespucci an Adventurer, 206
+
+  Vinland, 133
+
+  Visit of Columbus to Iceland, 208
+
+  Visit to Palos, 170, 305
+
+  Voice of the Sea, The, 128
+
+  Voice of Warning, 383
+
+
+  W
+
+  Washington Statue, 311
+
+  Watling's Island Monument, 311
+
+  West Indian Statues, 312
+
+  Westward Religion's Banners Took their Way, 90
+
+  When History Does Thee Wrong, 97
+
+  World a Seaman's Hand Conferred, The, 64
+
+  Wrapped in a Vision Glorious, 202
+
+
+  Y
+
+  You Can not Conquer America, 93
+
+  Young America, 349-353
+
+  Youthful Land, 368
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF STATUARY AND INSCRIPTIONS.
+
+
+                 Page
+
+  B
+
+  Baltimore Monument, 73
+
+  Baltimore Italian Statue, 78
+
+  Barcelona Statue, 81
+
+  Boston, The Iasagi Statue, 92
+    First Inspirations of Columbus, 280
+    Replica of Isabella Statue, 280
+
+
+  C
+
+  Cardenas (Cuba) Statue, 312
+
+  City of Colon Statue, 108
+
+  Chicago, Drake Fountain, Statue of Columbus, 118
+    (Lake Front) Statue, 185
+
+
+  G
+
+  Genoa Inscription, 140
+    The Reel Palace Statue, 280
+    Statue, 140
+
+
+  H
+
+  Havana Cathedral, Tomb, 312
+    Cathedral, Inscription, 313
+    Statue, 313
+    Bust, 313
+
+
+  I
+
+  Isabella Statue, 171
+
+
+  L
+
+  Lima (Peru) Statuary, 280
+
+
+  M
+
+  Madrid Statue, 208
+
+  Mexico City Statue, 234
+
+
+  N
+
+  Nassau (Bahamas) Statue, 314
+
+  New York, Central Park Statue, 281
+    Italian Statue, 243
+    Memorial Arch, 247
+    Spanish Fountain, 249
+
+
+  P
+
+  Palos Statue, 281
+
+  Philadelphia Statue, 281
+
+
+  R
+
+  Rogers Bronze Door, Washington, D. C., 273
+
+
+  S
+
+  Sacramento, Cal., Statuary in the Capitol, 277
+
+  Salamanca Monument, 278
+
+  Santiago (Chili) Bust, 279
+
+  Santo Domingo, Inscription and Tomb, 38, 314
+    Statue, 315
+
+  St. Louis (Mo.) Statue, 279
+
+  Seville Tomb and Inscription, 36, 289
+
+
+  V
+
+  Valparaiso (Chili) Statue, 309
+
+  Vanderlyn's Picture at Washington, 310
+
+
+  W
+
+  Washington (D. C.) Statue, 311
+
+  Watling's Island Monument, 311
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE RIALTO SERIES.
+
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+
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+     =A Fair American.= By PIERRE SALES.
+
+     =Fontenay, the Swordsman.= By FORTUNE DU BOISGOBEY.
+
+     =The Sign-Board and other Stories.= By MASSON, SOUVESTRE, GAUTIER,
+     THEURIET.
+
+     =A Pagan of the Alleghanies.= By MARAH ELLIS RYAN. Half morocco,
+     $1.50.
+
+     =For the Old Sake's Sake.= By ALAN ST. AUBYN
+
+     =Into Morocco.= By PIERRE LOTI. Illustrated. Half morocco, $1.50.
+
+     =The Light of Asia.= By SIR EDWIN ARNOLD. Cloth, $1.50. Half morocco,
+     $2.50.
+
+     =Wolverton; or, The Modern Arena.= By D. A. REYNOLDS. Cloth, $1.00.
+
+     =All for Jack.= By JULES CLARETIE.
+
+     =Arctic Alaska, and Siberia; or, Eight Months with the Arctic
+     Whalemen.= By HERBERT L. ALDRICH. With thirty-four half tone process
+     illustrations, from photographs taken by the author, and a correct
+     map of the Whaling Grounds. Cloth, $1.00.
+
+     =Sarchedon.= By G. J. WHYTE-MELVILLE. Half morocco, $1.50.
+
+     =Woe to the Conquered.= By KARL BERKOW. Half morocco, $1.50.
+
+     =Squaw Elouise.= By MARAH ELLIS RYAN. Half morocco, $1.50.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BY MARAH ELLIS RYAN
+
+_Issued in the Rialto Series. 50 Cents Each._
+
+FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
+
+
+SQUAW ELOUISE.
+
+Vigorous, natural, entertaining.--_Boston Times._
+
+A notable performance.--_Chicago Tribune._
+
+No one can fail to become interested in the narrative.--_Chicago Mail._
+
+A very strong story indeed.--_Chicago Times._
+
+Marah Ellis Ryan is always interesting.--_Rocky Mountain News._
+
+
+A PAGAN OF THE ALLEGHANIES.
+
+A story of mountain life of remarkable interest.--_Louisville Times._
+
+Full of exciting interest.--_Toledo Blade._
+
+A genuine art work.--_Chicago Tribune._
+
+
+TOLD IN THE HILLS.
+
+Beautifully pictured.--_Chicago Times._
+
+The word-painting is superb.--_Lowell Times._
+
+One of the cleverest stories that has been issued in many a
+moon.--_Kansas City Times._
+
+
+IN LOVE'S DOMAINS. A TRILOGY.
+
+It is an entertaining book, and by no means an unprofitable
+one.--_Boston Times._
+
+There are imagination and poetical expression in the stories, and
+readers will find them interesting.--_New York Sun._
+
+An unusually clever piece of work.--_Charleston News._
+
+
+MERZE; THE STORY OF AN ACTRESS.
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED.
+
+We can not doubt that the author is one of the best living orators of
+her sex. The book will possess a strong attraction for women.--_Chicago
+Herald._
+
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+of Miss Ryan. It is very interesting.--_New Orleans Picayune._
+
+A book of decided literary merit, besides moral tone and vigor.--_Public
+Opinion_, Washington, D. C.
+
+It is an exciting tragical story.--_Chicago Inter Ocean._
+
+  RAND, MCNALLY & CO., PUBLISHERS,
+  CHICAGO AND NEW YORK.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Christopher Columbus and His Monument
+Columbia, by Various
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