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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, Vol. IX, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution, Vol. IX
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Jared Sparks
+
+Release Date: July 18, 2009 [EBook #29438]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Frank van Drogen, Chris Logan and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
+http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF THE
+
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+VOL. IX.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF THE
+
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION;
+
+BEING
+
+THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN JAY,
+ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM
+CARMICHAEL, HENRY LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M. DUMAS,
+AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
+DURING THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;
+
+TOGETHER WITH
+
+THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, AND THE
+SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+ALSO,
+
+THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS, GERARD AND LUZERNE,
+WITH CONGRESS.
+
+
+Published under the Direction of the President of the United States,
+from the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably
+to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.
+
+
+EDITED
+
+BY JARED SPARKS.
+
+
+VOL. IX.
+
+
+BOSTON:
+
+NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN;
+
+G. & C. & H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.
+
+
+1830.
+
+
+
+
+Steam Power Press--W. L. Lewis' Print.
+
+No. 6, Congress Street, Boston.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+OF THE
+
+NINTH VOLUME.
+
+
+WILLIAM CARMICHAEL'S CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                                                 Page.
+
+    To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Amsterdam,
+    November 2d, 1776,                                               5
+
+        Sent by Mr Deane on a mission to Berlin.--Disposition of
+        the Dutch.--Financial credit of the different
+        powers.--Credit of the United States.--Plan for
+        attacking the English coasts.--The conduct of Congress
+        in relation to Portugal has made a favorable
+        impression.--Offers of a House in Amsterdam to discount
+        bills of Congress, drawn on certain conditions.
+
+    To William Bingham, at Martinique. Paris, June 25th to July
+    6th, 1777,                                                      14
+
+        Reasons for opening a correspondence with him.--Causes
+        of the temporising policy of France.--The English loan
+        completed at home.--Dispute between Spain and
+        Portugal.--Warlike preparations of France and Spain.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Yorktown, June 17th, 1778,        19
+
+        Receives information of his appointment as Secretary to
+        the Commissioners.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Off Reedy Island, November
+    25th, 1779,                                                     19
+
+        Acknowledges the reception of certain resolutions of
+        Congress.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Martinique, December 27th,
+    1779,                                                           20
+
+        Naval operations of the English and French in the West
+        Indian Seas.
+
+    To John Jay. Madrid, February 18th, 1780,                       21
+
+        Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca, who promises
+        to answer Mr Jay's letter.--Advises Mr Jay to prepare
+        for a journey to Madrid.--Mr Lee's correspondence.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, February 19th, 1780,      23
+
+        Favorable reception.--Kindness of the French Ambassador
+        and of M. Gerard.--English forces.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, May 28th,
+    1780,                                                           24
+
+        Difficulty of communication.--Dispositions of the
+        Spanish Court.--English policy in Spain.--Dispositions
+        of the other European powers.--Bills on Mr Jay.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, July 17th,
+    1780,                                                           30
+
+        Mr Cumberland, English agent at Madrid.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, August
+    22d, 1780,                                                      32
+
+        Finances of Spain.--Mr Cumberland.--Armed
+        neutrality.--Naval forces and operations of France and
+        Spain.--M. Gardoqui succeeds M. Miralles.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, September
+    9th, 1780,                                                      38
+
+        Failure of the Spanish loan attributed to M.
+        Necker.--Scheme of the loan.--Unsettled policy of
+        Spain.--Armed neutrality.--The navigation of the
+        Mississippi the chief obstacle to the opening of
+        negotiations with Spain.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, September
+    25th, 1780,                                                     43
+
+        Supplies from Spain.--Conference with the Count de
+        Florida Blanca.--The Count declares that Spain will
+        never relinquish the exclusive navigation of the
+        Mississippi.--Finances of the belligerent powers.--The
+        Count de Montmorin.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, October 15th,
+    1780,                                                           47
+
+        The Spanish government finds it difficult to raise
+        money.--The armed neutrality and Holland.--Revolt in
+        Peru.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, November 28th,
+    1780,                                                           50
+
+        Finances and financial operations of Spain.--Vigorous
+        preparations of England.--Spain aims at the exclusive
+        possession of the Gulf of Mexico.--The European powers
+        are jealous of the House of Bourbon.--Suggests the
+        expediency in securing the alliance of Spain by further
+        concessions.--Proceedings in Holland.--The Count de
+        Vergennes informs Mr Jay that France cannot pay the
+        bills drawn on him.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, December 19th,
+    1780,                                                           56
+
+        Amount of bills drawn on Mr Jay.--Accession of Holland
+        to the armed neutrality.--Disposition of the
+        Emperor.--Mr Cumberland continues to reside at Madrid.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, January 4th,
+    1781,                                                           58
+
+        England declares war against Holland.--Supplies promised
+        by Spain.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, January 29th,
+    1781,                                                           59
+
+        Offer of mediation by the German Emperor and the Empress
+        of Russia.--Spanish policy in regard to America.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, February 22d,
+    1781,                                                           62
+
+        Supplies.--Imperial offer of mediation.--Russia
+        unfavorably disposed towards England.--English
+        preparations.--French preparations.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, March 4th,
+    1781,                                                           66
+
+        M. Gardoqui.--The correspondence of the American
+        Ministers is known to the European governments, by
+        opening the letters.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, March 11th,
+    1781,                                                           68
+
+        Mr Cumberland intends to leave Spain.--Naval forces of
+        the belligerents.--Bad consequences of the mutiny of the
+        Pennsylvania line.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, May 25th,
+    1781,                                                           69
+
+        Secret armament preparing at Cadiz.--Difficulty of
+        communicating safely with America.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, May 26th,
+    1781,                                                           70
+
+        Naval operations.--Supplies granted by France.--Probable
+        destination of the force raising in the South of Spain.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, June 2d,
+    1781,                                                           72
+
+        Dismission of M. Necker disagreeable to the Court of
+        Spain.--M. Necker not favorable to the granting of
+        supplies to the United States.--His character.--Proposed
+        mediation by the Court of Vienna.
+
+    James Lovell to William Carmichael. Philadelphia, June 15th,
+    1781,                                                           74
+
+        His communications have been valuable to Congress.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, August
+    16th, 1781,                                                     75
+
+        Progress of the negotiations.--Loans raised by
+        Spain.--Bills on Mr Jay.--Apprehensions that the demands
+        of Spain may delay the general peace.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, September
+    28th, 1781,                                                     78
+
+        The Court promises to appoint a person to treat.--M. Del
+        Campo.--Little prospect of a general negotiation.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, October 5th,
+    1781,                                                           81
+
+        No progress has been made in the
+        negotiation.--Complaints against Commodore Gillon.--The
+        rebellion in Peru quelled.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, November 17th,
+    1781,                                                           84
+
+        Arrest of an English agent.--No progress towards opening
+        a conference with Mr Jay.--Animosity of the Irish at the
+        Spanish Court against America.--Account of M.
+        Cabarrus.--Spanish expedition against their
+        Colonies.--French naval expeditions.--State of affairs
+        in Holland and France.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    December 20th, 1781,                                            91
+
+        Mr Carmichael's communications valuable to
+        Congress.--Commodore Gillon is not in a United States
+        ship.--Delays of Spain beget feelings of ill-will in
+        America.--Evacuation of Wilmington.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 20th, 1781,           94
+
+        Motives of his correspondence.--Delays of
+        Spain.--General satisfaction in Spain at the capture of
+        Lord Cornwallis.--Imperial and Swedish Ambassador desire
+        to favor the trade with America.--Advances by M.
+        Cabarrus.--State of the sieges of Gibraltar and
+        Mahon.--M. Cabarrus's plan of a new bank.--Spain
+        endeavors to discourage the commerce of foreigners in
+        her ports.--Attempt to exclude salt-fish, by the sale of
+        indulgences permitting the use of meat on fast
+        days.--Character of the Spanish Ministry.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 24th, 1781,          102
+
+        Mr Jay receives promises of supplies.--The Count de
+        Florida Blanca also promises to interfere with Portugal
+        in favor of the United States.--Probable consequences
+        of the death of the Empress.--Proceedings of England.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, Feb. 18th, 1782,              105
+
+        Difficulty of meeting the drafts.--Financial
+        embarrassments of the Spanish Court.--Capitulation of
+        Mahon.--Imperial mediation.--Reply of Lord Stormont to
+        the proposal.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, February 27th, 1782,          111
+
+        Mr Jay is unable to obtain supplies.--No progress made
+        toward negotiations.--The King of England is said to be
+        determined to push the war in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, April 14th, 1782,             113
+
+        Mr Jay obliged to protest bills.--Conduct of the Spanish
+        Minister on this occasion.--The Spanish Court delays
+        negotiations from policy.--Colonial
+        disturbances.--Reforms of the Emperor.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    May 1st, 1782,                                                 120
+
+        Desires a continuance of his correspondence.--Affair of
+        Captain Huddy.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, June 12th, 1782,              122
+
+        The Spanish Ministers show no inclination to
+        treat.--Jealousy of the House of Bourbon among the
+        European powers.--Financial difficulties of
+        Spain.--Siege of Gibraltar.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    July 6th, 1782,                                                124
+
+        Complains of want of information.--Payment of salaries.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, July 8th, 1782,         126
+
+        Interview with the Count de Florida
+        Blanca.--Conversation with M. Del Campo.--New offer of
+        mediation from the Imperial Courts.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, July 22d, 1782,         129
+
+        Count de Florida Blanca's answer to the proposed
+        mediation.--The neutral powers desire a Congress.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1782,    132
+
+        Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    September 12th, 1782,                                          135
+
+        State of affairs in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, September 29th, 1782,   137
+
+        Failure of the attack on Gibraltar.--Financial
+        embarrassments of Spain.--State of the negotiations at
+        Paris.--The preparations for war continue.
+
+    Count de Florida Blanca to William Carmichael. St Lorenzo,
+    October 14th, 1782,                                            141
+
+        The English frigate carried into Cadiz by American
+        seamen is ordered to be sold, and the proceeds to be
+        deposited to the credit of Congress.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, October 29th, 1782,           142
+
+        The progress of the negotiations will be impeded by
+        Spain.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    November 28th, 1782,                                           144
+
+        America will make no peace inconsistent with her
+        engagements to her allies.--State of the military forces
+        in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 10th, 1782,          147
+
+        Terms of the treaty between Great Britain and the United
+        States.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 30th, 1782,          149
+
+        Dissatisfaction of Spain with the conclusion of the
+        treaty.--Letter from M. de Lafayette.--Financial
+        operations in Spain.--Receives the ceremonial visits of
+        the _Corps Diplomatique_.--Intends to leave Spain, if
+        the Court does not change its conduct.--Divisions in
+        Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, January 18th, 1783,           154
+
+        Interruptions of the communication with
+        America.--Endeavors to induce the Ministry to receive
+        him formally.--M. Gardoqui will soon be despatched on a
+        mission.--The Ministry desires peace.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, February 21st, 1783,          158
+
+        Is formally received as _Chargé d'Affaires_ of the
+        United States, through the influence of M. de Lafayette.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, March 13th, 1783,             161
+
+        Dines with the Count de Florida Blanca.--Supposed
+        motives of the offer of mediation by the Imperial
+        Courts.--Reported confederacy of Russia, Austria, and
+        Prussia for the partition of Turkey.--State of affairs
+        in England.--Friendly propositions from other
+        powers.--The army and navy commissaries have agreed to
+        obtain supplies from America.--Proposes M. Josè Llanos
+        as Minister to the United States.--Recommends the
+        nomination of distinguished Spaniards as members of
+        American societies.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    May 7th, 1783,                                                 169
+
+        The past conduct of Spain has not been such as to
+        conciliate America.--She ought not to exclude America
+        from the privileges allowed to Great
+        Britain.--Operations of the provisional treaty.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, July 19th, 1783,              172
+
+        Receives assurances of the favorable disposition of the
+        King.--The Spanish-Americans treat him as their
+        countryman.--Plans of Austria and Russia.--Mr Fox raises
+        difficulties to the conclusion of the Definitive
+        Treaty.--Points in the treaty with Spain.--Spanish
+        expedition against Algiers.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, July 22d, 1783,               179
+
+        Dispersion of the armament against Algiers by stress of
+        weather.--Slow progress of the negotiations at Paris.
+
+    From the Saxon Minister in Spain to William Carmichael.
+    Madrid, July 28th, 1783,                                       181
+
+        Establishment of commercial relations with America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, July 29th, 1783,              183
+
+        Proceedings relative to the formation of commercial
+        connexions between Saxony and the United States.--Treaty
+        between France, Spain and Portugal.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, August 2d, 1783,              184
+
+        M. Thieriot appointed Saxon Commissary-General of
+        Commerce in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, August 30th, 1783,      185
+
+        Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca.--Objections
+        of that Minister to his presentation.--Second interview
+        on the same subject.--The King consents to fix a day for
+        his presentation.--The presentation.
+
+
+JOHN LAURENS'S CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+    Instructions to John Laurens. In Congress, December 23d,
+    1780,                                                          199
+
+    Additional Instructions to John Laurens. In Congress,
+    December 27th, 1780,                                           201
+
+    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January 3d,
+    1781,                                                          203
+
+        Method of obtaining supplies.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Boston, February 4th, 1781,      204
+
+        Delay of his departure.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Boston, February 7th, 1781,      206
+
+        Preparations for sailing completed.
+
+    To the President of Congress. L'Orient, March 11th, 1781,      207
+
+        Remains at L'Orient in expectation of an interview with
+        the Marquis de Castries.--Naval preparations at Brest.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Passy, March 20th, 1781,         208
+
+        Conversation with the Marquis de Castries.--Answer of
+        the Count de Vergennes to the application of Congress
+        for aid, granting six millions.--Urges the necessity of
+        further aid.--Naval forces of the belligerents at sea.
+
+    Memorial to the Count de Vergennes,                            211
+
+        On the necessity of further aid in money, and of a naval
+        superiority of the allies.--Answer to the objections
+        made to the raising of a loan in France by the United
+        States.
+
+    Questions proposed to Colonel Laurens, with his Answers to
+    them. Paris, March 29th, 1781,                                 218
+
+        Advantages of augmenting the army.--Causes of the
+        weakness of the southern army.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Versailles, April 9th, 1781,     220
+
+        France consents to guaranty a loan of ten millions to be
+        opened in Holland.--Solicitations for supplies.
+
+    Memorial from Colonel John Laurens to Count de Vergennes,      222
+
+        Represents the grant already made to be insufficient and
+        requests supplies in arms, &c. on credit.--Desires the
+        amount of the loan proposed to be raised in Holland may
+        be advanced by France.--Urges the necessity of
+        maintaining a naval superiority in the American seas.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, April 24th, 1781,         226
+
+        Remittance of the aid in specie.--Reasons for engaging
+        the South Carolina ship, the Indian, for the
+        conveyance.--Nature of supplies in arms, ammunition, &c.
+
+    Memorial from John Laurens to the Director-General of
+    Finance,                                                       230
+
+        Urging the increase of the intended remittance of
+        specie.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, May 15th, 1781,           231
+
+        Failure of the plan of obtaining remittances from Vera
+        Cruz.--Refusal of Holland to countenance the proposed
+        loan in that country.--Promises of additional succors
+        from France.
+
+    Count de Vergennes to John Laurens. Versailles, May 16th,
+    1781,                                                          233
+
+        Disposition of the six millions granted by
+        France.--Additional grant of four millions.--The
+        proposed loan of ten millions shall be advanced by
+        France.--Military and naval operations.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 2d,
+    1781,                                                          235
+
+        General account of his proceedings on his late mission
+        to France, as contained in the preceding letters.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 6th,
+    1781,                                                          247
+
+        Confinement of Henry Laurens in the Tower.
+
+
+CORRESPONDENCE OF C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+    B. Franklin to M. Dumas. Philadelphia, December 19th, 1775,    255
+
+        Acknowledges the reception of certain works of M.
+        Dumas.--Requests him to sound the Ministers to discover
+        if America can expect countenance from any of the
+        European powers in declaring independence.--State of the
+        country.--Desires that skilful engineers may be sent
+        out.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, March 22d,
+    1776,                                                          260
+
+        Introducing Mr Deane.
+
+    To B. Franklin, Chairman of the Committee of Secret
+    Correspondence. Utrecht, April 30th, 1776,                     260
+
+        Conversation with the French Minister relative to
+        rendering assistance to the Colonies.--Writings of M.
+        Dumas.--Receives a letter without signature, desiring a
+        meeting at the Hague.
+
+    To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Utrecht, May
+    14th, 1776,                                                    267
+
+        Interview with the writer of the letter from the
+        Hague.--Letter from Mr A. Lee recommending Hortalez.
+
+    To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. August 10th,
+    1776,                                                          271
+
+        Extract of a letter from Mr Lee, recommending Hortalez
+        to his confidence.--Correspondence with the person with
+        whom he had the interview at the Hague.--Interview with
+        the same person and with the Spanish Ambassador.--Mr
+        Ellis requests him to write to America that there is a
+        strong American party in England.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, July 6th, 1776,          276
+
+        Introducing Mr Ellis.--State of affairs in America.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, July 26th, 1776,         277
+
+        Desires to correspond with him.--Wishes to know if there
+        would be any personal risk in visiting Holland.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, August 13th, 1776,       278
+
+        The Colonial expenses of Great Britain were undertaken
+        for her own benefit.--Scotch hostile to America.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, August 18th, 1776,       280
+
+        Intends visiting Holland in a private character.--The
+        American Colonies do not desire aid nor alliances, but
+        only free commerce.
+
+    William Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, September 10th, 1776,   282
+
+        The declaration of Independence changes the character of
+        the contest between Great Britain and America.--England
+        uses every means to prevent the interference of France.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, September 11th, 1776,    283
+
+        If free commerce were allowed America, the Colonies
+        would need no assistance.--The English Ambassador is
+        acquainted with Mr Deane's official character.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, September 23d, 1776,     285
+
+        Sentiments of the English nation.--Character of the
+        English Ministry.
+
+    To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. September 30th,
+    1776,                                                          288
+
+        Communicates his letters from America in a certain
+        quarter.--Reasons for signing an assumed name.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, October 1st,
+    1776,                                                          290
+
+        Acknowledging the receipt of letters.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 3d, 1776,        291
+
+        Obtains an opportunity of sounding the sentiments of the
+        Prussian Cabinet.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 6th, 1776,       291
+
+        Disposition of the American people in regard to an
+        accommodation.--American commerce.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 9th, 1776,       294
+
+        Introducing Mr Carmichael.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 13th, 1776,      295
+
+        Treatment of an American citizen in Holland.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, October
+    22d, 1776,                                                     296
+
+        Informing him of his intended visit.
+
+    Committee of Secret Correspondence to C. W. F. Dumas.
+    Philadelphia, October 24th, 1776,                              297
+
+        Dr Franklin appointed Commissioner to the French
+        Court.--Committee of Secret Correspondence.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, October
+    27th, 1776,                                                    298
+
+        Requesting certain papers.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, November 15th, 1776,     299
+
+        Disposition of the British Court.--The Rockingham party
+        proposes to secede from Parliament.--Cause of the
+        advantage gained by the English on Long Island.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Without date,                   301
+
+        Difficulties of his situation.--Prospect of ultimate
+        success.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, December 13th, 1776,     304
+
+        Arrival of Dr Franklin in France.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Havre, January 21st,
+    1777,                                                          304
+
+        Return from a tour in Germany.--Impolicy of the present
+        measures of France.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 26th, 1777,       305
+
+        Want of intelligence from America.--Interest of Holland
+        to secure the commerce with America.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 29th, 1777,      307
+
+        Forwarding letters from America.
+
+    William Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, March 21st, 1777,       308
+
+        State of the British and American forces.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, April 2d, 1777,          309
+
+        Enclosing a remittance.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, April 12th,
+    1777,                                                          310
+
+        Inadequacy of the allowance hitherto made him.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, April 28th,
+    1777,                                                          312
+
+        Dangers of the temporizing policy of the European powers
+        toward America.--Mr Carmichael is offered a pension on
+        condition of bringing the Colonies to terms.--The
+        acknowledgment of the independence of America by the
+        European States is all that is necessary to her success.
+
+    The Committee of Foreign Affairs to C. W. F. Dumas.
+    Philadelphia, May 8th, 1777,                                   314
+
+        Desiring him to communicate information to the
+        Commissioners at Paris.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, May 9th, 1777,    315
+
+        English papers intercepted.--False rumors propagated by
+        the English Ministry.--Arrogant policy of that Court.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, near Paris, May 12th,
+    1777,                                                          317
+
+        Communicates advices from America.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Amsterdam, May 16th,
+    1777,                                                          318
+
+        The author of 'Advice to Hessians,' threatened with
+        arrest.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, June 7th, 1777,          319
+
+        Reports of reconciliation spread by English
+        agents.--There will be no accommodation without an
+        acknowledgment of independence.--The balance of power in
+        Europe is a mere chimera.--One power must finally
+        preponderate.--Growing importance of Russia.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, June 13th,
+    1777,                                                          323
+
+        American privateering.--Preparations for the war in
+        England.--Had the English operations been successful in
+        America, the same tone would have been assumed towards
+        France as Holland.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. June 14th, 1777,          326
+
+        Disposition of the Dutch towards America.--Success is
+        necessary to gain Holland.--The Dutch houses refuse to
+        take up the English loan.--Ignorance of American affairs
+        in Europe.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. August 22d, 1777,         327
+
+        Subject to persecutions on account of his agency in the
+        American service.--Dutch vessels captured by the
+        English.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, October
+    14th, 1777,                                                    329
+
+        Meeting and proceedings of the States-General.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. December 16th, 1777,      330
+
+        Impression produced by the news of Burgoyne's
+        capture.--Proceedings of the States-General.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, April 14th,
+    1778,                                                          332
+
+        Effect of the declaration of France in Holland.--The
+        Republic will maintain her neutrality.
+
+    To M. Van Berckel, Pensionary of Amsterdam. July 27th, 1778,   333
+
+        Communicating the treaty between France and the United
+        States.
+
+    M. Van Berckel to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, July 31st,
+    1778,                                                          334
+
+        Disposition of the Regency of Amsterdam to enter into
+        amicable and commercial relations with the United
+        States.
+
+    To M. Van Berckel. The Hague, August 17th, 1778,               335
+
+        Rejection of the propositions of the British
+        Commissioners by the United States.--Extract of a letter
+        from W. Lee, complaining of the indecision of Holland.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December 3d,
+    1778,                                                          337
+
+        Amsterdam protests against the resolution of the States,
+        refusing a convoy to ships carrying naval stores to
+        France.
+
+    Memorial, presented by his Excellency, the Duc de la
+    Vauguyon, Ambassador of France, to the States-General of the
+    United Provinces. The Hague, December 7th, 1778,               338
+
+        Necessity that Holland should protect her commerce, if
+        she desires to enjoy the privileges of neutrality.
+
+    To the Commissioners at Paris. The Hague, December 18th,
+    1778,                                                          340
+
+        The Admiralty gives an evasive answer to the Memorial of
+        the French Ambassador.--This answer adopted by the
+        States.--Amsterdam protests.--The English Court declares
+        its intention of seizing Dutch ships carrying munitions
+        of war to France.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December
+    25th, 1778,                                                    342
+
+        Resolution of the States and protest of
+        Amsterdam.--Desires letters of credence.--Inadequacy of
+        his compensation.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, January 1st,
+    1779,                                                          345
+
+        Containing a note of the Duc de la Vauguyon, explanatory
+        of his Memorial; the answer of the States of Holland to
+        the same, and the protest of Amsterdam against the
+        answer.--The answer adopted by the
+        States-General.--English influence at the Dutch
+        Court.--The French Ambassador has a declaration of his
+        Court excluding Holland from the French order in favor
+        of neutrals.
+
+    To the Commissioners at Paris. The Hague, January 12th,
+    1779,                                                          351
+
+        Proceedings of the States of Holland.--The American
+        interest gains ground.--The Duc de la Vauguyon presents
+        to the States-General the order excluding Holland from
+        the privileges of neutrals.--Proceedings in relation to
+        the same.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, March 1st,
+    1779,                                                          357
+
+        Desires to be invested with the character of _Chargé
+        d'Affaires_ of the United States.--His past services.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, April 29th,
+    1779,                                                          359
+
+        Assembly of the States of Holland.--Misrepresentations
+        on American affairs.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, May 15th,
+    1779,                                                          360
+
+        Naval force ordered to be equipped by the
+        States-General, for purposes of convoy.
+
+    M. Chaumont to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, September 2d, 1779,      364
+
+        Requesting him to render all necessary aid to the
+        squadron of Commodore Jones.--Catalogue of the vessels
+        composing the squadron.
+
+    To B. Franklin. The Hague, September 14th, 1779,               365
+
+        Proceedings in Holland and France relative to the
+        granting convoys to Dutch commerce.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, September
+    20th, 1779,                                                    366
+
+        Intends going to Texel to meet Commodore Jones.
+
+    Agreement between John Paul Jones and Captain Pearson,         367
+
+        Relative to British prisoners in the squadron of
+        Commodore Jones.
+
+    The College of Admiralty of Amsterdam to the States-General.
+    Amsterdam, Oct. 8th, 1779,                                     369
+
+        On the request of Commodore Jones to be permitted to
+        land his prisoners.
+
+    Placard of 1756, referred to in the above letter,              370
+
+        Containing directions for foreign vessels bringing
+        prizes into Dutch ports.
+
+    From the College of Admiralty of Amsterdam to the
+    States-General. Amsterdam, Oct. 12th, 1779,                    373
+
+        Proposing to grant permission to land the sick and
+        wounded from Commodore Jones's squadron.
+
+    Permission to land the sick and wounded of the English
+    vessels taken by Paul Jones. Extract from the records of
+    their High Mightinesses. October 15th, 1779,                   375
+
+    Instructions of Holland and West Friesland to their
+    Deputies,                                                      376
+
+        Directing them to order the squadron of Commodore Jones
+        to sail as soon as possible, according to the general
+        practice of Holland in regard to belligerents bringing
+        prizes into the Dutch ports.
+
+    The Duc de la Vauguyon to John Paul Jones. The Hague,
+    October 29th, 1779,                                            378
+
+        Informing him that he will receive instructions at
+        Dunkirk.
+
+    Sir Joseph Yorke to the States-General. The Hague, October
+    29th, 1779,                                                    379
+
+        Demanding the seizure of the King's vessels in the hands
+        of Paul Jones, a pirate and rebel.
+
+    John Paul Jones to Lieutenant Colonel Weibert, in the
+    service of the United States,                                  381
+
+        Instructions for the care and safe keeping of the
+        wounded prisoners landed on the island of Texel.
+
+    John Paul Jones to the Duc de la Vauguyon. Texel, November
+    4th, 1779,                                                     382
+
+        Interview with the Commandant of the Road.--Causes of
+        the delay of sailing.
+
+    M. Dumas to the Duc de la Vauguyon. Helder, November 9th,
+    1779,                                                          384
+
+        Proceedings of Commodore Jones.
+
+    To the Duc de la Vauguyon. On board the Serapis, November
+    11th, 1779,                                                    386
+
+        Visit to the Dutch Vice-Admiral in company with
+        Commodore Jones.
+
+    The Duc de la Vauguyon to C. W. F. Dumas. The Hague,
+    November 11th, 1779,                                           387
+
+        Landing of the prisoners.
+
+    The Duc de la Vauguyon to C. W. F. Dumas. The Hague,
+    November 12th, 1779,                                           388
+
+        Directing Commodore Jones not to sail till he has
+        received instructions.
+
+    To the Duc de la Vauguyon. Nov. 13th, 1779,                    388
+
+        The Dutch Vice-Admiral urges the departure of Commodore
+        Jones.
+
+    The Duc de la Vauguyon to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam,
+    November 17th, 1779,                                           389
+
+        The States of Holland adopt a resolution to compel
+        Commodore Jones to set sail.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December
+    9th, 1779,                                                     389
+
+        Urgency of the Dutch Vice-Admiral for the departure of
+        Commodore Jones.--M. Dumas reads to him a declaration,
+        promising to set sail with the first fair wind.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. December 10th, 1779,      391
+
+        Resolutions of the States-General relative to Sir Joseph
+        Yorke's demand of the seizure of Commodore Jones and his
+        prizes.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December
+    11th, 1779,                                                    395
+
+        Further proceedings relative to the squadron of
+        Commodore Jones in consequence of the transference of
+        the Commodore to the Alliance.
+
+    John Paul Jones to the Duc de la Vauguyon. Alliance, Texel,
+    December 13th, 1779,                                           396
+
+        Rejecting the offer of a letter of marque from
+        France.--Expresses his indignation at the offer.
+
+    John Paul Jones to B. Franklin. Alliance, Texel, December
+    13th, 1779,                                                    399
+
+        Remarks on his treatment by the French Court.
+
+    John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Alliance, December 13th,
+    1779,                                                          400
+
+        Enclosing the preceding letters.
+
+    Vice-Admiral Reynst to John Paul Jones. Amsterdam, December
+    17th, 1779,                                                    401
+
+        Requiring to be informed of the character of the
+        Alliance, and demanding that the French flag be hoisted
+        on board that frigate, or that she be put to sea without
+        delay.
+
+    John Paul Jones to Vice-Admiral P. H. Reynst. Alliance,
+    Texel, December 17th, 1779,                                    401
+
+        Refuses to hoist the French flag.--Is ready to put to
+        sea whenever the pilot will conduct his ship.
+
+    John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Alliance, Texel, December
+    17th, 1779,                                                    402
+
+        Thanking him for his advice.
+
+    M. de Livoncourt, French Navy Agent at Amsterdam, to John
+    Paul Jones. Helder, December 17th, 1779,                       402
+
+        Requesting him to hoist the French flag.--Reasons for
+        addressing to him the commission alluded to in a
+        preceding letter.
+
+    John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Alliance, at Sea,
+    December 27th, 1779,                                           403
+
+        Succeeds in getting to sea.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December
+    30th, 1779,                                                    404
+
+        Difficulties on account of the Alliance.--Desires to be
+        formally named agent of Congress.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, January 27th, 1780,      405
+
+        Regrets his differences with the Ambassador.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, March 15th,
+    1780,                                                          406
+
+        Transmits the plan of a treaty between the United States
+        and Holland.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, March 21st, 1780,     407
+
+        Enumeration of his services and sacrifices.--Inadequacy
+        of his compensation.--Complains of William and Arthur
+        Lee.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, March 29th, 1780,        412
+
+        Acknowledging the receipt of certain papers and
+        requesting information.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, April 13th, 1780,     413
+
+        Deliberations on the Russian Memorial to the
+        States-General.--Resolutions in favor of unlimited
+        convoys and declining succors to England, adopted by
+        several Provinces.--Necessity of an American Minister in
+        Holland.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, April 23d, 1780,         414
+
+        Receives visits from gentlemen from Holland, who desire
+        information relative to the rumored treaty between
+        Amsterdam and the United States.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, May 21st, 1780,       416
+
+        Dissatisfaction of the northern powers with the conduct
+        of England.--Address of Amsterdam to the States.--Claim
+        of M. Van der Perre to a ship captured by Commodore
+        Jones.
+
+    John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, June 6th, 1780,           417
+
+        Relative to a certain letter of General Clinton,
+        suspected of being a forgery.--Duplicity of the British
+        agents in America.
+
+    Protest of the City of Amsterdam. Extracted from the
+    Resolutions of the Council of that City of the 29th of June,
+    1780, and inserted in the Acts of the Provincial Assembly of
+    Holland, at the Hague, July 1st, 1780,                         419
+
+        Urging a connexion with the neutral powers.
+
+    James Lovell to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, July 10th,
+    1780,                                                          425
+
+        Services of M. Dumas.--Introduces Mr Searle.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, July 15th, 1780,      426
+
+        Intrigues of England in Holland and Germany.--Affair of
+        the choice of a Coadjutor of Munster and Cologne.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, July 22d, 1780,       427
+
+        Rumors unfavorable to America.--Declaration of Denmark.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Madrid, July 24th,
+    1780,                                                          429
+
+        The Americans will not be discouraged by their
+        reverses.--False report of Mr Jay's being sent from
+        Spain.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, July 25th, 1780,      430
+
+        Past services.--Inadequate compensation.
+
+    John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Ariel, Road of Croix,
+    September 8th, 1780,                                           433
+
+        Reception in Paris.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, September 12th,
+    1780,                                                          435
+
+        Naval operations.--Affairs of Europe.
+
+    To B. Franklin. The Hague, October 3d, 1780,                   437
+
+        Proposed terms of accession to the armed neutrality by
+        Holland.--Plan of the Empress.
+
+    Extract of Letters from London to C. W. F. Dumas. London,
+    October 6th, 1780,                                             439
+
+        Treatment of Mr Laurens in the Tower.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Amsterdam, December 19th,
+    1780,                                                          441
+
+        Proceedings of the Provincial States of
+        Holland.--Accession of the Republic to the armed
+        neutrality.
+
+    Robert Morris to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, December
+    24th, 1780,                                                    445
+
+        Attacks on his character.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, February 5th, 1781,   446
+
+        Proceedings in regard to the armed neutrality.--Reported
+        rupture between Russia and England.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, February 22d, 1781,   448
+
+        Delays in the decision of the Court on the conduct of
+        Amsterdam.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, March 5th, 1781,      449
+
+        Disposition of the Empress to support the demands of
+        Holland against England.--The proposed imperial
+        mediation will be founded on an acknowledgment of the
+        independence of the United States.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, March 22d, 1781,      450
+
+        Causes of the delays in Holland.--Proceedings of the
+        merchants of Amsterdam and Rotterdam relative to the
+        seizure of St Eustatia.
+
+    General J. H. Bedaulx to C. W. F. Dumas. Nimeguen, April
+    28th, 1781,                                                    452
+
+        Requesting information concerning his nephew in America.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, May 1st, 1781,        453
+
+        Mr Adams visits the Grand Pensionary, preparatory to
+        presenting himself in the character of Minister of the
+        United States.--The Grand Pensionary, the President of
+        the States-General, and the Prince of Orange decline
+        receiving the Memorial of Mr Adams.--Mr Adams causes it
+        to be printed.--The President and the Privy Counsellor
+        of the Prince decline receiving a letter from Mr Adams,
+        announcing the completion of the
+        confederation.--Amsterdam demands the exclusion of the
+        Duke of Brunswick from the public councils.--Imperial
+        mediation.--Coolness of the Emperor toward the Duke of
+        Brunswick.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, August 23d, 1781,     460
+
+        French loan will be agreed to by the
+        States-General.--Correspondence between the Stadtholder
+        and Baron Lynden relative to the Duke of
+        Brunswick.--Anti-Anglican proceedings in
+        Holland.--Proceedings of the States of Holland in regard
+        to the Duke of Brunswick's letter to the
+        States-General.--French loan.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, October 11th, 1781,   467
+
+        Letter of Baron Lynden to the Prince of Orange in regard
+        to the Duke of Brunswick.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia,
+    November 28th, 1781,                                           468
+
+        Desires him to transmit journals and pamphlets.--Capture
+        of Cornwallis.--Congress cannot make any addition to his
+        allowance.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Amsterdam, January 7th, 1782,    471
+
+        The French loan has been taken up in one
+        day.--Diminution of English influence in Holland.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, January 15th, 1782,   473
+
+        Visit to the Secretary of the States-General and the
+        Deputies of the Province with Mr Adams, to demand
+        permission to present his credentials.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, January 30th, 1782,   474
+
+        Proceedings of the States-General.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 29th, 1782,          475
+
+        Friesland and Holland adopt resolutions in favor of the
+        reception of Mr Adams.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Amsterdam, April 4th, 1782,           476
+
+        Purchases a hotel for Mr Adams.--Mr Adams will probably
+        be received without further delay.
+
+    John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, May 2d, 1782,         477
+
+        Declines the invitation to dine at Schiedam.--M. Dumas
+        ought to be appointed _Chargé d'Affaires_ of the United
+        States.
+
+    Verbal message of C. W. F. Dumas to the city of Schiedam,      479
+
+        Mr Adams declines the invitation to a dinner.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, May 10th, 1782,            479
+
+        Reception of Mr Adams.--Transmits Mr Adams's letter
+        recommending him to the attention of Congress.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, June 1st, 1782,            483
+
+        Attempts to effect a separate peace between Holland and
+        England.--Insincerity of the English in their proposals
+        of peace.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 16th, 1782,         487
+
+        Proceedings of the States of Holland relative to the
+        negotiations at Paris.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia,
+    September 5th, 1782,                                           488
+
+        Receives no communications from him.--Affairs in
+        America.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia,
+    September 12th, 1782,                                          489
+
+        Congress will take his requests into
+        consideration.--State of things in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, September 27th, 1782,      491
+
+        Proceedings in Holland relative to the naval force
+        ordered to join the French fleet.--Complains of the
+        neglect of Congress.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, November 15th, 1782,       494
+
+        Reasons for the infrequency of his communication.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, December 12th, 1782,       496
+
+        Riot at the Hague.--Representations of the Prussian
+        Envoy on the dissensions in Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, December 17th, 1782,       500
+
+        Representations of the Prussian Envoy on a libel against
+        the Princess of Orange.--Reply to the same.--The
+        prisoners arrested on account of the disturbances at the
+        Hague allowed to escape.--Obtains passports for
+        Americans.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, January 11th, 1783,        503
+
+        Proposed mission of a Minister from the Republic to the
+        United States.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, January 20th, 1783,        504
+
+        Proceedings in Holland.--Minister to the United States.
+
+    Memorial of the Prussian Ambassador. January 20th, 1783,       505
+
+        On the opposition to the Prince of Orange.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, January 24th, 1783,                  508
+
+        Is requested to consult Mr Adams, whether his powers
+        authorise him to accede to the armed neutrality, and to
+        enter into a similar negotiation with the allied
+        belligerents.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, January 28th, 1783,                  509
+
+        Dissatisfaction of the Dutch with the conduct of France.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, January 30th, 1783,                  511
+
+        Same subject.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, February 4th, 1783,                  512
+
+        Same subject.--Reasons of the Count de Vergennes for
+        hastening the signing of the treaty.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, Feb. 18th, 1783,                     514
+
+        Is requested to inquire if the United States will enter
+        into a convention with Holland, guarantying freedom of
+        navigation.--Considerations which authorise the American
+        Ministers to accede to this demand.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 4th, 1783,           515
+
+        Appointment of M. Van Berckel Minister to America.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, March 4th, 1783,                     516
+
+        The States adopt a resolution, giving instructions to
+        their Plenipotentiaries in regard to a general peace.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 5th, 1783,           517
+
+        Requesting him to make preparations for M. Van Berckel.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, March 6th, 1783,                     518
+
+        Guarantee of the freedom of navigation desired by
+        Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 27th, 1783,          519
+
+        Domestic affairs of Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, April 18th, 1783,          522
+
+        Same subject.--Is requested to inquire of Mr Dana if he
+        will negotiate a convention on the principles of the
+        armed neutrality with Holland.--The Secretary of the
+        States-General desires to be informed of the titles by
+        which Congress is to be addressed.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Without date,          525
+
+        Impropriety of a foreign Envoy engaging in the parties
+        of the country where he resides.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, May 8th, 1783,             526
+
+        Proceedings in Holland.--Difficulties in settling the
+        articles of peace between Holland and Great Britain.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, May 25th, 1783,            528
+
+        Recommending Captain Riemersma.
+
+    Notes to the States-General. The Hague, June 5th, 1783,        529
+
+        Laying before them the treaty and convention between the
+        two Republics.
+
+    M. Fagel to C. W. F. Dumas. The Hague, June 19th, 1783,        530
+
+        Agrees to exchange ratifications of the treaty and
+        convention.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, June 20th, 1783,           530
+
+        Proceedings in Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, June 23d, 1783,            531
+
+        Exchanges ratifications of the treaty and convention
+        between the two Republics.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+WILLIAM CARMICHAEL;
+
+CHARGÉ D'AFFAIRES FROM THE UNITED STATES TO
+THE COURT OF SPAIN.
+
+
+
+
+William Carmichael was a native of Maryland. At the beginning of the
+revolution he was in Europe. From London he went over to Paris in the
+spring of the year 1776, and was there when Silas Deane arrived as a
+commercial and political agent from the United States. He lived with
+Mr Deane for some time in Paris, and aided him in his correspondence
+and the transaction of his affairs. It was suggested by the Prussian
+Minister, that the King would be pleased with information respecting
+American commerce, and would receive at Berlin any American who could
+give such information. Mr Deane proposed the enterprise to Mr
+Carmichael. He performed the journey in the autumn of 1776, by way of
+Amsterdam.
+
+From Berlin he returned to Paris, where he lived on intimate terms
+with the American Commissioners, occasionally executing specific
+duties at their request, for more than a year, till he sailed for his
+native country. He arrived at Boston in May, 1778, and soon afterwards
+received an appointment which had recently been conferred on him by
+Congress, as Secretary to the Commissioners at the Court of France. It
+does not appear that he ever accepted this appointment, for on the
+19th of November following he took his seat in Congress as a delegate
+from Maryland.
+
+Mr Carmichael remained in Congress till Mr Jay was elected Minister
+Plenipotentiary to the Court of Spain. He was chosen Secretary of
+Legation to the same Mission on the 28th of September, 1779, and went
+to Spain in company with Mr Jay, and remained with him during the
+whole of that Minister's residence in Madrid. When Mr Jay joined Dr
+Franklin in Paris, June, 1782, to aid in the negotiations of peace, Mr
+Carmichael was left as _Chargé d'Affaires_ at the Court of Spain.
+After the peace he was regularly commissioned in that character by
+Congress, and recognized as such by the King of Spain.
+
+He continued to reside there in the same capacity during the term of
+the old Confederation, and for some time after the organization of the
+new government under Washington. In the year 1793, Mr Short was joined
+with him in a commission for negotiating at Madrid a treaty between
+Spain and the United States. Several months were passed in this
+attempt, but without success. Mr Carmichael returned soon afterwards
+to the United States.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                         Amsterdam, November 2d, 1776.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Previous to your attention to what follows, it will be necessary for
+you to know that I have lived with Mr Deane since his first arrival at
+Paris; that I took that city in my way from London to Nantes, to find
+a passage to my native country, and with despatches, which Mr Arthur
+Lee intrusted to my care, for the honorable Congress. Having a relapse
+of a disorder, which prevented me from travelling, I stopped at Paris,
+and endeavored to find out, by means of Count d'Estaing and other
+persons of eminence, the sentiments of the French Court respecting our
+affairs; and the moment I knew of Mr Deane's arrival, offered him all
+the services in my power, and, of consequence, we have lived together
+until the 10th of the present month.
+
+At that time the agent of the King of Prussia, who had often, as Mr
+Deane has informed you, made proposals of a commercial nature,
+expressed a desire that some American would go to Berlin, and this he
+gave us to understand was at the instance of his Sovereign, who wished
+to have a clear idea of the nature of our commerce, and expressed a
+curiosity, which he wished to gratify, by a minute detail of our
+affairs. Mr Deane thinking this an opportunity not to be neglected to
+interest a Prince, who for several years has been dreaming of making
+his port of Emden, an Amsterdam, proposed it to me. However unequal to
+the task, I have cheerfully accepted it; happy to find any opportunity
+of showing with what a fervent zeal I am devoted to the glorious
+cause, which, at present, by interesting their humanity as well as
+policy, gives us so much consequence in the eyes of Europe.
+
+Here I have endeavored to engage merchants to speculate in a direct
+commerce to America, to find out the sentiments of the people in
+general respecting us, to know whether, in case of necessity, the
+United States would be able to negotiate a loan, whether England would
+be able to obtain further credit, and by this barometer of the ability
+of Princes, to discover their present situation. On these heads I have
+written Mr Deane, but having an opportunity by the way of St Eustatia,
+and thinking none should be neglected of giving information, though
+mine, perhaps, may not be of importance enough to merit that title, I
+have taken the liberty of addressing the honorable Committee. Arriving
+but two days after the accounts had reached this city, of our
+misfortune on Long Island, I found many, even of the sanguine friends
+of America dejected, and those of England almost in a frenzy of joy.
+In this disposition, it is easy to judge, no hopes could be
+entertained of engaging merchants in a direct trade. I find they have
+the greatest inclination to serve us, and at the same time
+themselves, for no people see their interests clearer, but their fears
+that we shall be subdued, the confident assertions of the friends of
+England confirming these apprehensions, the prodigious sums they have
+in the English funds, with this unlucky business at New York, all
+conspire to prevent direct speculation.
+
+As my letters from Paris introduced me to the first houses here, I
+have had the best opportunity of knowing their sentiments, and I can
+venture to say, that with many who are apparently adverse to us, it is
+interest combating with principle, for insulted, searched, and
+plundered as the Dutch were the last war, and are at present, there
+are individuals who by no means want sensibility to feel, though the
+public wants spirit to resent the injury. The States have, however, in
+answer to a fresh remonstrance of General Yorke, declared that their
+ports are open to vessels of all nations, and that their trade to and
+from their own Colonies shall be unmolested, their subjects complying
+with the ordinances issued by their High Mightinesses. In fact, their
+prohibition of exporting warlike stores, extends to all British
+subjects. I hope it will not be long before all Europe will own us in
+another character. It is very certain, that without a very material
+and apparent success of the British arms in America, a loan would be
+very slowly negotiated for England here. There is nothing hinders them
+now from selling out of the English funds, but their not knowing what
+to do with their money; for this country may be called the treasury of
+Europe, and its stock of specie is more or less, according to the
+necessity of the different Princes in Europe. It being a time of
+peace, the call has not been very great of late.
+
+Having mentioned the credit of England, that of France is next to be
+considered, and I am very sorry to say that has been very low here of
+late. The dreadful mismanagement of the finances in the late King's
+reign, and the character of the late Controller General, M. d'Olugny,
+had reduced it so low, that it was impossible to borrow anything
+considerable on perpetual funds. Perhaps a Minister of Finance, in
+whose probity the world have a confidence, may restore their credit.
+At this moment that is in some measure the case, for the French stocks
+rise on the appointment of M. Taboreau. That it is possible for France
+to borrow may be demonstrated; for at the time M. Turgot was removed,
+he was negotiating a loan here, and was likely to succeed, for sixty
+millions of guilders. The credit of Spain is extremely good, and that
+kingdom may have what money it will, and on the best terms. The
+Emperor's credit is also good, not as Emperor, but from his hereditary
+dominion. Sweden and Denmark both have good credit. The former, the
+best; they have money at four per cent; and it is not long since the
+King of Sweden borrowed three millions of guilders at this interest,
+to pay off old debts at five per cent. His interest is paid
+punctually. Prussia has no credit here, but the King's treasury is
+full by squeezing the last farthing from the people, and now and then
+he draws a little money from this Republic, by reviving obsolete
+claims. The credit of the Empress of Russia is very good; for she has
+punctually paid the interest of twelve millions of guilders, which she
+borrowed in her war with the Turks, and has lately paid off one
+million and a half of the principal. These are the strongest
+circumstances she could have in her favor with a mercantile people. I
+have this statement of credit from persons employed in negotiating the
+several loans, and, therefore, can depend upon the truth of the
+information.
+
+To come next to America, should time and necessity oblige her to look
+abroad for money. In the present state of affairs, it is not probable
+that a loan is practicable. But should success so attend our arms,
+that it should appear evident that we are likely to support our
+independence, or should either France or Spain acknowledge our
+independence, in either of these cases I believe we might have money,
+and when it was seen that we were punctual in our first payments of
+the interest, we should have as much as we pleased. The nature of the
+security, or the fund for the payment of interest, I have not been
+able to imagine. But, observing in a letter to Mr Dearethart, it was
+the writer's opinion, that the honorable Congress did not wish to
+circulate too much paper, for fear of depreciating its value, I
+thought that bills issued similar to those in circulation in the
+Provinces, and lodged in a public bank in Europe, might be accepted as
+a pledge or deposit for money borrowed by the United States. I beg
+pardon for the crudity of the idea, and would not have mentioned it
+here, but that having hinted at it in general conversation, people
+thought it might, on a future occasion, be adopted.
+
+You will please to observe, that everything here mentioned came from
+an individual, who only as such avowed himself interested for his
+country's fate, and for its benefit sought information.
+Notwithstanding the rise of stocks, occasioned by our misfortune on
+Long Island, the Dutch are selling out, and my strongest
+representations have not been wanting to contribute a mite to this
+circumstance. The price of our product is great. Rice sells for
+twentyfive shillings sterling per cwt. and tobacco for eight stivers
+and four ---- per pound. You have been threatened, that the Ukraine
+would supply Europe with tobacco. It must be long before that time can
+arrive. I have seen some of the tobacco here, and the best of it is
+worse than the worst of our ground leaf. Four hundred thousand pounds
+have been sent here this year. The Russian Ambassador said at the
+Baron le Guerre's, Ambassador from Sweden, where I had the honor to
+dine, that Russia soon would be able to supply the market with that
+article. In this he spoke more like an Ambassador than as a merchant.
+I took occasion in reply to observe, that if that was the case, and on
+many other accounts, it was the interest of her Majesty that all
+intercourse between Great Britain and America should be broken off,
+for that then the former would be dependent on Russia for all those
+articles, which hitherto the latter had supplied her with.
+
+Having expressed a desire of knowing these reasons at large, with the
+assistance of M. D---- and the approbation of Mr Deane, I purpose
+giving in a little memoir on the subject, which the Ambassador assures
+me shall be sent to St Petersburg. Not being so sanguine as to think,
+that it will prevent Russia from supplying England with troops, should
+the other demand them, but it may give a secret dilatoriness to their
+assistance, which may finally operate in our favor.
+
+If it should be determined to send any cargoes of tobacco here, on the
+public account, it will perhaps be thought proper to convoy them. The
+frigates destined to that service might retaliate the injuries we have
+received by the destruction of Falmouth and Norfolk, by destroying the
+towns and shipping of Greenock and the port of Glasgow, or Ayre and
+Cambleton. I have been particularly informed of the situation of
+those places until the present moment. They have no batteries to
+protect, or soldiers to defend them, or quartered near enough in any
+numbers to be assembled for that purpose, and not a vessel of war on
+the whole coast larger than a tender, to receive men for the sea
+service. Their rendezvous might be the entrance of the northern
+channel, where, while they waited a junction, in case they should be
+separated, they might take the outward bound ships, and by the
+information obtained from them, insure their success. In returning, a
+party landed on the Isle of Bute, might destroy the house of that
+favorite. Little objects strike most forcibly little minds. This
+affair completed, which would alarm Britain and astonish Europe, the
+ships trading to the Baltic, with cargoes not only that suit, but are
+necessary for our Provinces, might be their next object. This ought
+all to be done in the months of March, April, and May. The destruction
+of the Greenland fishery, might be the last object of the expedition.
+I am confident, that not having a distrust of such attempts, the
+success would be more certain. Should there be a necessity of seeking
+shelter or refreshments, I have it from the Swedish Ambassador here,
+that we shall find both in their ports. I only hinted to him, that it
+was possible some of our adventurers might explore those seas in
+search of plunder.
+
+This is the rough outline of a plan, which the honorable Congress may,
+should it in any shape be approved, digest into form. I would stake my
+life on the success of the greatest part of it, if inviolable secrecy
+is preserved, and the execution is trusted to persons who have not
+only wealth but glory in view. If prompted by a heated and indignant
+imagination, this plan should appear dangerous and impracticable, I
+hope it will be imputed to the desire of retorting our injuries on
+that country, which has in some measure been the cause, and is at
+present endeavoring, with the rancor of private animosity, to
+accumulate our distress. I entreated Mr Deane to propose some part of
+it to the consideration of Congress sometime ago, and I have the
+pleasure to find his opinion corresponds with my own on the subject.
+
+The resentment, which it is said the honorable Congress have shown, on
+the conduct of the King of Portugal towards us, has been attended with
+a very good effect, and should a manifesto be published by that
+honorable body, hinting only the necessity of taking similar measures
+with all those who denied them the common rights of mankind, I am
+persuaded it would be to our advantage. It was the dread of such a
+blow to their trade, that was one of the strongest arguments made use
+of by the merchants of this country, in their petition to the States.
+I need not mention to you anything respecting what is like to take
+place in Europe another year, for of that ere this, you, I hope, have
+information. I will only say, that the greater part contemplates with
+pleasure the gloomy prospect for England; there is not an Envoy of the
+most petty State in Italy, but exults at it. The want of intelligence
+from America, hurts the cause prodigiously in Europe, and the anxiety
+of those who have its interest at heart, is from that circumstance,
+inconceivable. I hope I need not offer assurances to convince the
+honorable Congress of the zeal with which I wish to serve them. To be
+directed by that honorable body in what manner to do it most
+effectually, will be the happiest circumstance of my life.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ I cannot seal this letter without recommending Colonel Prevet,
+should the fortune of war put him into our hands, to all the
+indulgence, to himself and family, his situation will possibly admit
+of. Mr Grand, his wife's father, an eminent merchant here, animated
+with that love of liberty which distinguishes his country,
+(Switzerland) offers all the services in his power to the public, and
+a thousand civilities to its individuals. If by the same fortune, Mr
+Dowdswell, of the first regiment of guards, should fall into our
+hands, his father's merits and his own reluctance, will give him the
+same indulgence.
+
+Since I wrote the above, Mr Grand has assured me, that should the
+honorable Congress determine to negotiate loans in Europe, and would
+draw bills accepted by the principal merchants in America, payable at
+two, three, and five years' sight, and send them to their house, they
+should be discounted by them at five per cent interest. This was the
+manner in which money was raised for the city of Leipsic during the
+last war. The gentlemen of the committee will please to observe, that
+this is to be kept very secret, for no loan can be publicly negotiated
+here as yet. The firm of this house is Messrs Horneca, Fizeaux & Co.
+and is one of the most capital in this city. Should any cargoes be
+consigned here on public account, perhaps it may be thought proper to
+address them to these gentlemen. I can assure you, gentlemen, and that
+from my own knowledge, that many bills remitted from America, and
+supposed to be drawn on account of Congress, have been refused payment
+by the English Ministry knowing beforehand when they would be
+presented for payment, and by that means, having an opportunity of
+bribing, threatening, or flattering the parties on whom they were
+drawn, either to refuse payment absolutely, or at least noting them
+for protest, in order to hurt the credit of our merchants in Europe. I
+do think that the less connexion, for this and other reasons, we have
+in future with houses whose principal business depends on Great
+Britain, the better. I beg pardon for giving my opinion thus freely,
+but it is the effect of my zeal.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  TO WILLIAM BINGHAM AT MARTINIQUE.
+
+                                   Paris, June 25th to July 6th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A letter from a person unknown to you but by name, had need of a long
+introduction to apologise for the address, but not being a man of
+ceremony myself, and besides having but little time for formality, I
+content myself with saying, that engaged in the same cause with
+yourself, I have assisted Mr Deane since his arrival in Europe, and
+know intimately well our affairs abroad, their situation here, and in
+such Courts, where it has been thought necessary to address ourselves
+for countenance and assistance. I have of course been no stranger to
+your correspondence, and have been sorry to find so punctual a
+correspondent should have any reason to complain of the want of
+punctuality in others. This is not owing to want of inclination in Mr
+Deane, but to the multiplicity of business which occupies his whole
+time; for Mr Lee is absent, being at Berlin, where I first broke the
+ice last autumn,[1] and the age of Dr Franklin in some measure hinders
+him from taking so active a part in the drudgery of business as his
+great zeal and abilities would otherwise enable him to execute. He is
+the master to whom we children in politics all look up for counsel,
+and whose name is everywhere a passport, to be well received. As I
+trouble you therefore with forwarding some letters to my friends, I
+wish to pay the postage by any European intelligence in my power to
+communicate.
+
+I have another motive to incite me, which is, that I think your
+situation of singular consequence to bring on a war so necessary to
+assure our independence, and which the weak system of this Court seems
+studiously to avoid. Either from this weakness, or from a jealousy,
+that by a precipitate interference, our independence would be too soon
+and too formidably established, the Court shuns everything in Europe
+which might appear a glaring violation of their treaties with England.
+This line of conduct has delayed the stores so long promised, and at
+last sends to Martinique, what ought to have been on the continent in
+February at furthest. This occasioned the loss of the Seine, which was
+despatched half laden, that such necessary articles as tents and
+fusils, might get early to America, the captain having positive orders
+to proceed thither without touching at the Islands, and I myself
+protested to the ship's owners, that Mr Deane would have no concern in
+the risk, if on any account but stress of weather, the vessel
+proceeded to the West Indies. As such is their miserable policy, it is
+our business to force on a war, in spite of their inclinations to the
+contrary, for which purpose, I see nothing so likely as fitting out
+privateers from the ports and Islands of France. Here we are too near
+the sun and the business is dangerous; with you it may be done more
+easily, and indeed has already been attended with happy effects, as
+you will see by the enclosed copy of a letter from the Chamber of
+Commerce at Liverpool to that of Bristol. The natural antipathy of the
+nation is such, that their passions being once fully excited, they
+will proceed to such acts of reprisal and mutual violence, as will
+occasion clamors and altercations, which no soft words can palliate.
+As I pretend to know something of the counsels of both nations, I know
+there are strong advocates for war in both. The more reasons they have
+to produce in favor of their system, the sooner it will be adopted.
+
+In England, when General Howe's successes in the Jersies, and the
+prospect of getting possession of Philadelphia, made the Ministry hope
+for a speedy termination of their dispute with us, I know war with
+France was nearly determined on. The insolence of apparent success
+dictated that Memorial, which Sir Joseph Yorke presented to their High
+Mightinesses, and which you have undoubtedly seen. One of a still more
+insolent nature was prepared and even sent to Lord Stormont here, and
+a refusal and even delay of compliance with the requisitions therein
+made, was to have been the harbinger of war, and the immediate
+destruction of the French commerce and Islands. Happily for our
+enemies, the news of our success at Trenton prevented its delivery.
+
+In France, the nation and some of the Ministers wish to act
+vigorously, but are retarded in all their operations by the imbecility
+of age, or the more powerful operation of English gold. As the English
+Ministry seem convinced of the pacific, or rather undecided, state of
+the rulers here, they hasten, by the most vigorous exertions against
+us, to end the war, and are less reserved in the treatment of the
+French prisoners abroad. Could they be provoked to unequivocal proofs
+of violence, it would be a good point gained. This your situation may
+bring about, by encouraging the arming of vessels manned by Frenchmen,
+and by prompting the captains to provoke unjustifiable reprisals, on
+the part of the inhabitants of the English Islands.
+
+To you, filled with liberal ideas, and a high sense of the interest of
+the French nation, to give us powerful support, these hints may appear
+extraordinary, but from experience I can assure you, that public
+councils, at least in Europe, are directed more by caprice, or the
+interest of _individuals_, than by a generous concern for the whole.
+At a distance, we think more of the wisdom of statesmen than they
+merit. The nearer we approach them the less is our reverence. If our
+enemies are not successful, they mean to close with us on the best
+terms they can, sensible, that if this great effort does not succeed,
+they have little to hope in future. This is an animating reason for us
+to persevere in the glorious contest. In the meantime, it is our
+business to keep up the spirits of our common people to the utmost.
+For which reason, what I write you is in confidence, or for the
+inspection of the Committee only, if it may be thought to merit their
+notice.
+
+The English have completed their loan among themselves. No foreigners
+have assisted them, although the terms to the lender are better than
+any yet offered by that nation, except once. Foreigners know that they
+have yet several millions to fund, for which they must offer still
+better terms. The Spaniards have refused the mediation of France and
+England in their dispute with Portugal, being determined to prosecute
+the war until Portugal demands peace, and makes reparation. They have
+taken the important Island of St Catharine's, on the coast of Brazil,
+without loss, and mean vigorously to prosecute their operations on
+Brazil. This I have from undoubted authority, one of the family
+Ministers. A report prevails, that the Indians of the east have fallen
+on their oppressors, and have taken Madras. India stock has,
+consequently, fallen. Both France and Spain continue their armaments
+as if preparing for some great event. This obliges England to do the
+same. All their naval and army contracts are for five years, and they
+employ as many workmen in their dock yards, as they did in the height
+of the last war. You will serve us essentially, by pushing the
+cruisers who visit you into the European seas, particularly those of
+the north, in the months of August, September, and October, directing
+them to send their prizes into France or Spain. It would render our
+negotiation with Prussia more successful, if a tobacco ship could by
+any means be pushed into Emden, which ship might make her returns in
+manufactures necessary for us, and fifteen or twenty per cent cheaper
+than we can have them here. Urge it to the honorable Committee.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ Two vessels with stores are just despatched from different
+ports. Forward them, my Dear Sir, immediately to our dear country.
+Captains Wickes, Johnson, and Nicholson, have just destroyed sixteen
+vessels on the English and Irish coast. I am despatching Conyngham
+from hence on the same business in a privateer. I begin to think war
+unavoidable.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+_Dunkirk, July 6th._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Mr Carmichael's letters from Berlin, if he ever wrote any, are
+missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            Yorktown, June 17th, 1778.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my arrival here, I have been informed of the honor conferred on
+me by Congress, in being appointed Secretary to the Commissioners at
+the Court of France, an honor which greatly overpays the feeble
+efforts of my zeal, and is more than I could expect, considering the
+well founded pretensions of others to their notice.
+
+I beg leave through you, Sir, to express my grateful sensibility of
+this proof of their confidence, as well as the ardent desire I have of
+meriting it in future.[2]
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] It does not appear that Mr Carmichael ever accepted this
+appointment. He was chosen a delegate to Congress from Maryland, and
+joined that body on the 19th of November, 1778.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                Off Reedy Island, November 25th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I received at Chester, the copies of the resolves, you did me the
+honor to enclose me, and shall punctually comply with your request, by
+forwarding them as soon as I arrive, to Dr Franklin and Mr Johnson. I
+am sorry that the business with respect to the latter, is left in its
+present state, because there are very few men, who neglect a certain
+and profitable occupation, to engage in another where they are sure of
+offending, without an equal certainty of an adequate reward for their
+trouble and impartiality.
+
+I am much obliged to you for your good wishes, although I must
+candidly own they would be still more agreeable accompanied by a ship
+of the line, for we are informed that the Romulus and Roebuck, are
+waiting for us to intercept us, and were they animated, would, like
+the Death and Sin of Milton, bless their lucky stars 'destined to that
+good hour.' I beg you to make the proper compliments for me to the
+gentlemen of your family.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                      Martinique, December 27th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I take the liberty of enclosing to your Excellency, a paper containing
+a relation of a late affair, between part of the small squadron
+commanded by M. la Motte Piquet, and the English fleet, under the
+orders of Sir Peter Parker. It was given me by direction of the French
+Admiral, that a true account of this action, which has done him much
+honor here, might be published in America.
+
+On the 23d of this month, Admiral Arbuthnot arrived at Barbadoes with
+six or seven sail of the line, and sixteen regiments. An attack on the
+Grenadas or Dominica, is daily expected. The latter is well fortified
+and garrisoned by twelve hundred men. The Marquis de Bouillè seems to
+have no apprehensions for any of their Islands, except those lately
+taken from the enemy.
+
+Mr Jay informs Congress by this opportunity, of the misfortune which
+befel us, and the reasons which induced the officers to bring the ship
+to this Island.[3] I can only express my regret for the delay, which
+this accident will occasion in the execution of the business with
+which Congress has done us the honor to intrust us. With the highest
+sentiments of respect,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] See _Jay's Correspondence_, Vol. VII. p. 174.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 18th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I did myself the honor of writing to you by a courier whom the French
+Ambassador despatched to Cadiz yesterday morning; since which, I have
+been introduced to their Excellencies, delivered your letter to the
+latter, and explained to the former the reasons, which induce you to
+address the other, with which he was perfectly satisfied. Don Joseph
+de Galves told me, that he should give your letter to the Count de
+Florida Blanca, whose business it was to lay it before the King, and
+receive his orders on the subject, and that the Count or himself would
+be directed to answer it. I repeated the substance of your
+instructions to me as far as they respect him, and was answered, that
+he would take an opportunity of conversing with me on our affairs, and
+would inform me through the French Ambassador, when it would be
+convenient for him to receive me. Some compliments passed with respect
+to the characters he had received of us, which it is unnecessary to
+repeat.
+
+The Count de Florida Blanca told me that he would lay your letter
+before the King the same night for his consideration. I took this
+opportunity of mentioning the pleasure it would give Congress to hear
+of your reception at Madrid, from the earnest desire they had to
+cultivate the King's friendship, that their expectations were
+sanguine, having been led to believe the dispositions of the Court
+were favorable, by the suggestions of persons supposed to be well
+acquainted with its intentions, that the hopes of the people were also
+great, and I hinted, that there were several vessels about to sail
+from Bilboa, and the ports of France, by which you would be happy to
+communicate this news to Congress, and to gratify the expectations of
+the people.
+
+He then told me he had informed the King of your arrival at Cadiz,
+although they had understood your original destination was to France;
+that the King had ordered him to receive your overtures, and that I
+was at liberty to give you this information, and after a pause, added,
+that on Monday he hoped to have it in his power to return an answer.
+You will please to observe, that it had not been read by either when
+this conversation passed. He also told me, that he would take an
+opportunity to converse with me, and would inform me when it would be
+convenient for him to see me through the channel beforementioned.
+
+On Monday next I go to the Pardo, by their appointment. Here I see
+every day a person, who I believe to be sent by them to converse with
+me, although I appear to know nothing of his connexion with the Court.
+I think you may make the necessary preparations for your journey on
+the receipt of this. Messrs Adams and Dana were at Bordeaux the 2d
+instant. They mean to proceed to Amsterdam from thence, so that the
+plan spoken of has taken place. They go in a good time, as the Dutch
+are at present much irritated against Great Britain.
+
+Mr Arthur Lee corresponded with the Count de Florida Blanca, but if I
+am well informed, the correspondence consisted of American news on the
+one part, and compliment on the other.[4] M. Gerard leaves this
+tomorrow, he has had conversations with the Spanish Ministers, of
+about two hours at one time and three at another. I am in a way of
+obtaining most of the information you desired. I beg you to present
+the proper compliments to your lady and Colonel Livingston.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] See _Arthur Lee's Correspondence_, Vol. II. pp. 36-54.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 19th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The short time I remained at Cadiz, and the constant employment in
+which I was engaged of copying Mr Jay's letters and making the
+necessary preparations for my journey, prevented me from doing myself
+the honor of writing to your Excellency from thence. But having now an
+opportunity by M. Gerard to France, and an offer from M. Gardoqui to
+forward my letters by the way of Bilboa, I enclose to Congress copies
+of those I have written to Mr Jay since my arrival in this city, as
+they contain the most material intelligence I have been able to
+procure. I have every reason to be pleased with the disposition of
+those whom I have seen here, as well foreigners as natives, and I
+cannot sufficiently express my gratitude for the liberal and friendly
+manner in which I have been received by the Count de Montmorin, the
+Ambassador of France, which I should impute entirely to M. Gerard's
+good offices, was not his own good will and desire to conform to the
+favorable disposition of his Court apparent. M. Gerard in the circle
+of foreign Ministers, is more of an American than a Frenchman, and I
+should do him injustice if I did not mention it.
+
+The English squadron sailed from Gibraltar the 13th instant, and part
+of it is said to be destined for the West Indies. The French will have
+seventytwo sail of the line in actual service this year. The troops,
+at the disposition of the person mentioned in the first[5] letter to
+Mr Jay, will amount to near four thousand, and consist chiefly of
+Germans; six sail of the line will escort them, and I am well informed
+they will sail in less than two months. It is said the English
+Ministry will be able to procure the necessary supplies for the
+present year, owing to their late successes. I beg leave, through your
+Excellency, to assure Congress of my unremitted attention to merit the
+confidence reposed in me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] See _Jay's Correspondence_, Vol. VII. p. 207.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 28th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Mr Jay having judged it proper for me to reside at this place while
+the Court remains here, I did not know until his letters for Congress
+were closed, that Mr Harrison, who charges himself with the care of
+them to Cadiz, was on the point of setting out from Madrid for that
+city. This prevented me from assisting him in copying papers, which he
+tells me he has transmitted by this opportunity. I regret exceedingly,
+my not having received earlier information, because I wished to convey
+several papers, which I do not choose to trust to the ordinary post.
+Our situation in this respect is very disagreeable and delicate, for
+we can neither send nor receive letters without their being subject to
+the inspection of others, and, indeed, we have sometimes the
+mortification to hear of the arrival of letters from America in the
+sea-ports, which, notwithstanding, never reach us. Our opportunities
+of information thus become very precarious, and I am much afraid, that
+the same cause will frequently interrupt our correspondence with
+Congress.
+
+Before Mr Jay arrived in the capital, I did myself the honor to inform
+his Excellency, the President, of my arrival at Madrid, and enclosed
+him copies of the letters I wrote to Mr Jay, on the subject of his
+reception, and of the disposition in which the Court appeared to be.
+As I sent several copies of these letters, I subjoined all that
+occurred worthy of the notice of Congress in the interval of the
+departure of several copies. Not having had any instructions to
+address myself to Congress, unless in the absence of Mr Jay, or in
+case of any event that deprived the public of his services, I know not
+whether I may not appear officious at present; particularly as I have
+already communicated to him regularly, all the intelligence I have
+been able to procure, as also my reflections on that intelligence,
+which his ability and long experience in affairs, will enable him to
+put in a much clearer point of view than I can pretend to do. If I
+err, I hope the Committee will set me right, and instruct me how to
+conduct myself in future.
+
+The King, the Prince of Asturias, and the Ministry, appear favorable
+to our cause, but I am much afraid their ability to assist us in the
+article of money, is neither equal to our expectations, or their
+desires to serve us. The papers sent by Mr Jay, will show the
+sentiments of this Court with respect to the object of his mission. I
+think the negotiation will be attended with more delay than Congress
+had reason to apprehend when we left America. This Court manifest a
+strong desire of excluding every other nation from the navigation of
+the Mississippi, and indeed of the Gulf of Mexico. The situation of
+the affairs of America will undoubtedly regulate the conduct of
+Congress on this subject, and I hope it will be such as to enable them
+to adhere to the rights of all the States.
+
+Our enemies are making use of the time before Spain takes a decided
+opinion, to sow jealousies between us. Governor Johnson sounded the
+dispositions of this Court early last winter. At the close of it Sir
+John Dalrymple obtained permission to come to Madrid, on the pretence
+of the bad state of health of his lady. His strange Memorial to the
+Count de Florida Blanca, is transmitted to you.[6] I have no doubts
+that other attempts will be made to bring about a negotiation. If they
+succeed no better than Sir John's, we shall not have much to apprehend
+on that score. The Count de Florida Blanca appears to act with much
+candor, and gives Mr Jay such strong and frequent assurances of the
+King's favorable intentions, and his own disposition to second them,
+that I hope we may rely on what he tells us. His character for probity
+is high in this country, and among the foreign Ministers at this
+Court. As I have frequent opportunities of mixing with the latter, I
+have not omitted to give them proper impressions of our strength,
+union, and firmness, without seeming too solicitous to do it. It is
+possible, that if the neutral maritime powers were fully persuaded of
+this unanimity and firmness, and were sincerely disposed to bring
+about a peace, instead of regarding with pleasure the mutual losses of
+the House of Bourbon and Great Britain, they might end the war by
+declaring their disposition to acknowledge our independence.
+
+The King of Prussia seems to be a cool calculator, prepared to profit
+by the general distress. Denmark is influenced by Russia, and Sweden
+by France. Great Britain also still retains some influence in Denmark.
+The Court of Vienna will be adverse to us, as long as the Empress
+Queen exists. How the Emperor is inclined, I do not know. Sardinia and
+Portugal are friendly and attached to England. The Dutch are divided
+into parties, neither of which is strong enough to give firmness and
+decision to the conduct of the Republic. The Stadtholder and his party
+find means to thwart and retard all the vigorous resolves, which the
+French and republican party engage the state to enter into, to support
+their honor and dignity. The hopes entertained in Great Britain of the
+influence of the former party, and the proneness of the King and his
+Ministers to violent measures, induced the late extraordinary conduct
+of that Court, with respect to the Dutch. They will submit to this and
+more, rather than go to war. If the Empress of Russia is determined to
+support her late declaration, and to coincide effectually with the
+powers whom she has invited to accede to it, Great Britain must,
+however, recede from her present conduct, or offend highly the neutral
+powers.
+
+The negotiation between Russia and Holland proceeds slowly. The Court
+party in England has gained once more its superiority in Parliament; a
+feigned sickness of the speaker, Sir Fletcher Norton, gave the
+Minister time to rally his forces, since which opposition grows more
+feeble every day. That of Ireland, for want of system and union among
+its members, and by the promises of places and honors, is a little
+staggered. There is however a fermentation in both nations, which the
+continuance of the war and its consequent distresses will probably
+increase, if not bring to maturity. The distresses of our army last
+winter, the depreciation of our paper money, the exaggerated accounts
+of our divisions, and our apparent inactivity, have had a bad effect
+in Europe, which I hope the firmness and unanimity of Congress, added
+to the exertions of our ally, and those of this Court, will entirely
+efface.
+
+The expedition, which sailed from Cadiz the 28th ultimo, consisting of
+twelve sail of the line, besides frigates, and eleven thousand five
+hundred men, proceeds to the Windward Islands, and there joins M. de
+Guichen, or goes against Jamaica or the Floridas, as circumstances may
+render it proper. Another expedition from France, follows M. Ternay's,
+I believe, to reinforce M. de Guichen, who, if I am not deceived, will
+join the Spaniards to the leeward in the hurricane months, and if
+necessary and practicable, send eight or ten ships to our coasts in
+the beginning of the autumn. This depends, however, much on the
+events of war. Spain in concurrence with France, will have between
+forty and fifty sail of the line, to oppose the grand English fleet,
+which I am informed will sail the last of this month or the beginning
+of next. The allied fleet is not in such readiness. Strong interest is
+making for the Count d'Estaing to command in chief, and I think he
+will be nominated.
+
+A very little time will determine the fate of the bills drawn on Mr
+Jay. I received the first last week, in a letter from M. Nesbitt of
+L'Orient who very prudently did not negotiate it, until he consulted
+me on the subject. I am also informed, that bills on Mr Laurens are in
+circulation, and we have not yet heard of his arrival. I have written
+to Dr Franklin, and Messrs Adams and Dana, and if I have not heard
+from them oftener, I impute it to the miscarriage of their letters,
+which was the case of those of Dr Franklin, the first two months after
+my arrival at Madrid. Mr Jay will transmit an account of the revenues,
+and expenses of Spain, with which I have furnished him, which will
+show, that Congress cannot depend on such pecuniary assistance from
+this nation as they expected.
+
+Mr Jay's situation has been particularly disagreeable; the sum
+allotted by Congress, by no means accords with his necessary expenses,
+even if he received his salary as it became due. I do not complain,
+although I have been obliged since my departure from America to expend
+more than six hundred and fifty pounds sterling, and have not as yet
+received more than two hundred pounds of my salary. Almost everything
+that passes, even in Congress, is known here, either by intercepted
+letters, or otherwise. You, Gentlemen, will conceive, how delicate Mr
+Jay's situation must be, if he delivers faithfully his sentiments of
+men and measures. I must repeat again, however, that there is a great
+appearance of candor and good faith. The Count de Florida Blanca, and
+M. Galvez speak with much apparent civility and frankness, and seem
+desirous of doing all that is possible to succor us consistent with
+the actual situation of their finances, the former particularly. I
+have sent a copy of this via Bilboa, and another from Cadiz. I have
+not yet had the pleasure of receiving one letter from any one member
+of Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] See this Memorial in _John Jay's Correspondence_, Vol. VII. p.
+268.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 17th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since writing the preceding letter, bills to the amount of about
+fifteen thousand dollars have been presented, and at a time when the
+news of our misfortune at Charleston made an impression much to our
+disadvantage. These bills however are accepted, and the Count de
+Florida Blanca appears to interest himself more than ever in
+contributing to aid us, repeating in the strongest manner his Catholic
+Majesty's favorable intentions. What he hinted at with respect to the
+attempts of the enemy, to thwart Mr Jay's negotiations has proved
+true. A Mr Cumberland, Secretary to Lord George Germain, has obtained
+permission to come to Madrid, and is actually here at present. But as
+his Excellency has promised to communicate his proposals, whatever
+they may be, on the subject of an accommodation, we cannot entertain a
+doubt, but that he will do it with the same frankness, with which he
+made known to us those of Sir John Dalrymple. The Count de Montmorin,
+Ambassador for France here, is not the least alarmed by the reception
+of this gentleman, and that Court is full as much interested as we are
+in the object for which he is sent. Mr Jay will transmit to Congress a
+narrative, which I have given him, of this gentleman's motions.
+
+We have likewise received an account of the death of M. Miralles. He
+will soon have a successor, by whom we shall write more fully, and I
+hope more to the satisfaction of Congress. Nothing can hurt us here,
+or in Europe, so long as we are united, firm, and vigorous. I
+experienced at first a little coldness from the foreign Ministers at
+this Court, after the news of the surrender of Charleston, but that is
+worn off.
+
+The public papers will announce the disturbances, which have lately
+arisen at London; all is at present quiet in that quarter, and
+government seems to have acquired fresh confidence and vigor. The
+Count d'Estaing is expected at St Ildefonso the 1st of next month, to
+go from thence to take the command of the united fleets, which will
+consist of thirtysix sail of the line, from Cadiz, including the
+French from Toulon, and other French ports, and twelve or fifteen from
+Brest. The last advices import that the English squadron amounted to
+twentyeight, chiefly capital ships; they left port about the 20th ult.
+The rest of Europe is in the same situation that I have already
+mentioned.
+
+Since writing my letter of the 28th of May, I received a letter from
+the Baron de Schulenburg,[7] of which the enclosed is a copy, in
+answer to a civil letter, which I wrote him on my arrival here,
+representing the situation of our affairs in a favorable light. I
+daily expect another letter from him more particular, in consequence
+of an address, which I have transmitted to him, by which he may write
+to me in safety. I have cultivated the friendship of the foreign
+Ministers and their Secretaries as often as I have had occasion, and
+as I have always avoided an appearance of prejudice, I flatter myself,
+that I have been listened to with attention. My conduct has been the
+same with those of this nation with whom I have found means to be
+acquainted, and I doubt not, with time and patience, we shall
+ultimately succeed. I cannot speak too highly of the conduct of the
+Count de Montmorin, personally or politically. M. Gerard in his
+letters to me, expresses the same attachment as ever to our cause, and
+his late acquisition of dignity and consequence, puts it more in his
+power to be useful to us. As yet, Mr Jay has received but one letter
+from Congress, which conveyed their resolves respecting the bills of
+exchange drawn on him. I beg leave to acknowledge the receipt of a
+letter from Mr Houston last week, which I shall answer, if possible,
+by this opportunity.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                       St Ildefonso, August 22d, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+In the course of this month I did myself the honor of writing to you
+by the General Pickering from Bilboa, and the Captain Kyan from Cadiz,
+as also via France. In these letters I informed you of the situation
+of our affairs here, and of that of Europe in general; since which, we
+have advanced very little. The Minister had informed Mr Jay, on the
+5th of July, that he had sent for a person to succeed M. Miralles, and
+that on his arrival, arrangements would be made with respect to the
+bills presented to Mr Jay for payment, and that he would then enter
+into discussions on the other objects of Mr Jay's mission. Before and
+since that period, bills to the amount of thirty thousand dollars have
+been presented, of which Mr Jay has accepted for fourteen thousand, by
+the direction of the Minister, and none of the others have as yet been
+protested.
+
+You will see by a state of the finances of this country, which in
+compliance with Mr Jay's instructions to me, at my departure from
+Cadiz, I have had the honor to give him, that their revenues and
+resources since the war have greatly diminished, and that previous to
+that period, they were by no means so flourishing as Congress had
+reason to suppose. In most of the conferences with the Minister, the
+scarcity of cash has been objected more than the want of inclination,
+and hints have been thrown out, that it would be much more convenient
+for the Court, to grant the United States aids in money from their
+possessions in America than in Europe. Although hopes have been as
+constantly given, that a part of the sum drawn for would be furnished
+at the end of the present year, or commencement of the next, and that
+measures in the mean time might be taken to prevent embarrassments, in
+case of the arrival of bills after that period, great surprise has
+been expressed, that Congress should take such a step without
+previously informing the Court of their intentions, and obtaining its
+approbation of the measure. Congress will therefore judge of the
+propriety of disposing of any bills, that may remain unsold, until it
+is fully ascertained, that they will be punctually paid. Mr Jay, now
+at Madrid, where the death of his child, and the consequent distresses
+of his family, detain him a few days, will undoubtedly transmit more
+ample intelligence on this subject, with the various papers in his
+possession necessary to explain it. This Court has been obliged to
+make considerable loans, for their own current expenses, the nature of
+which I hope to be able to explain in a future letter. It has lately
+obtained seven millions, five hundred thousand current dollars, in
+France and elsewhere. The loan is for nine millions, and from the
+nature of it will create a temporary paper circulation to that amount
+in this kingdom. I shall transmit to Congress, as soon as it becomes
+public, a full detail of its operations.
+
+Mr Cumberland, whom I mentioned in my last, and whose name you will
+find in all the European gazettes, is still at Madrid, from whence he
+has lately had permission to send a courier to London, but as the
+Spanish Minister has engaged to impart any serious proposals he may
+make, and as the French Ambassador expresses no uneasiness from the
+residence of this gentleman in Spain, although this circumstance at
+this crisis is extraordinary, we cannot presume there can be solid
+ground for apprehension. Considerable revolutions, however, have
+happened in the system of politics of this country, ever since the
+accession of the House of Bourbon, and where governments are often
+more influenced by the counsels, and sometimes the caprices of
+individuals, than from regard to the real and permanent interest of a
+nation, there is always something to fear. Congress judging from the
+assurances of the Minister, and the King's character, which is
+remarkable for steadiness, on the one part, and from the circumstance
+of Mr Cumberland's residence here, and the constant endeavors of our
+enemies by every insidious art to misrepresent our situation, on the
+other, will be best able to draw conclusions from the whole.
+
+The treaty proposed by Russia to the neutral maritime powers, to
+secure their commerce, and protect their navigation, has been or will
+be acceded to by Sweden, Denmark, the Hanseatic towns, and Holland,
+and a Russian squadron is expected in the Channel daily. Portugal, it
+is said, influenced by England, will not accede to this treaty, which
+will put a stop to the piratical conduct of that country. France and
+Spain exclaim, against the partiality of Portugal to Great Britain,
+and I have been informed, but I do not pretend to vouch for the
+authenticity of the intelligence, that strong representations have
+been made to that Court, either to shut its ports against the armed
+vessels of the nations at war, or to take a part in it. The French
+Minister to that Court said something to the same purpose to me at
+Madrid, on his way to Lisbon. The English at present sell their prizes
+there, without the formality of condemnation.
+
+The Count d'Estaing is now here, and on every occasion manifests the
+strongest attachment to the United States and their interests. The
+general opinion gives him the command of a part, if not the whole of
+the combined fleets, which amount to thirty six sail of the line, now
+at sea, commanded by M. Cordova. The English fleet under Geary, is
+also cruizing between Ushant and Cape St Vincent, to prevent the
+junction of the ships from Brest and Ferrol with the Spanish Admiral,
+and to protect their outward end homeward bound convoys, and to
+intercept those of the allies.
+
+I had written thus far, when a courier arrived with the important news
+of the combined fleets having fallen in with, and taken fiftysix sail
+out of sixty, destined to the East and West Indies, Madeira and
+Quebec. I have requested Mr Harrison at Cadiz to enclose to the
+Committee a list of the prizes, and the nature of their cargoes, as it
+has not yet been received here. This will be severely felt in England,
+and will occasion more clamor against the Ministry, than all their
+naval losses since the war. Mr Jay has heard from Congress but once
+since we have been in Spain, and very seldom from our other
+correspondents, the last letters from Paris, mention that Messrs
+Franklin, Adams, and Dana, were well, and that Mr Adams was going to
+Holland.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ Since sending off a copy of the preceding letter, I have the
+pleasure to inform you, that the gentleman expected by the Minister
+has arrived, and proves to be Don Diego Gardoqui, who is already known
+by his former correspondence with America. Our affairs are once more
+in train, some bills have been accepted since his arrival, but nothing
+certain has been as yet determined, and indeed I fear the Court is too
+much pressed for money, to do anything considerable for us here in
+that way. Probably this gentleman will be sent to America, by whom we
+shall have an opportunity, I hope, of conveying the final
+determination of the Court with respect to our affairs. The
+navigation of the Mississippi appears to be the great, and if we can
+credit the assertions of men in power, the sole obstacle.
+
+Mr Cumberland has been here, and is expected again with his family in
+a few days. I have been informed, that he has offered on the part of
+Great Britain, to restore to Spain what they lost by the treaty of
+Paris, and has been permitted to reside at this Court in expectation
+of being authorised to make further concessions, and indeed on no
+other principle can I account for his residence here at this crisis. I
+mentioned in my letter of the 22d ult., that representations had been
+made to the Court of Portugal, either to shut its ports against the
+armed vessels of all nations at war, or take a part in it. I have the
+honor to inform you, that the above Court has consented to the first
+of these propositions, although this is not yet public. Another vessel
+has arrived at Nantes from Philadelphia, by which neither Mr Jay nor
+myself have received any letters. The Russian fleet, consisting of
+fifteen sail of the line, and four frigates, is arrived in England.
+Admiral Geary returned to Spithead the 19th ult. This fleet, it is
+said, will soon be sent to sea, although he had upwards of two
+thousand sick when he returned to port. Stocks fell considerably in
+England when the news arrived of the loss of the convoy
+beforementioned.
+
+A fleet of seven sail of the line sailed from Ferrol the 22d ult. to
+convoy off the coast a fleet of transports for the French islands, and
+probably to cruise to intercept the homeward and outward bound fleets
+of the enemy. This circumstance joined to the late loss of the convoy,
+has raised insurance prodigiously in London. The Parliament does not
+meet until the 28th of September.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                    St Ildefonso, September 9th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I did myself the honor of writing to you the 6th instant, via Cadiz,
+Bilboa, and France, informing you that the person mentioned in my
+letters of last month, as chosen by the Minister to succeed M.
+Miralles, had arrived here, and proves to be M. James Gardoqui, and
+that since his arrival, our affairs are once more in train. I also
+mentioned that the Ministry were negotiating loans, to answer
+extraordinary expenses. I expected to have been able to send the
+Committee a full account of the nature of these loans, as I founded my
+hopes of the Court's paying the bills drawn on Mr Jay, by means of the
+supplies obtained in this way. I am therefore very sorry to inform the
+Committee, that the success of the most considerable has not answered
+the expectations of the Ministers, and what is worse, they impute its
+failure to the interference of M. Necker and others, influenced by
+that Minister, which has created a soreness, that for the moment must
+be disagreeable to our ally, and may be disadvantageous to us, unless
+more important considerations obviate the ill effects to be
+apprehended from such disappointment, and the personal disgust and
+resentment consequent thereof.
+
+A person with whom I am well acquainted, is the projector of the loan
+abovementioned, and although for near three months I have known that
+such a measure was in agitation, I was not able to discover the plan,
+it having been preserved with great secrecy, in order to secure its
+successful and complete operation. As this measure is so far important
+to Congress, as it may influence the conduct of the Court with
+respect to money matters, and affect the credit of the nation in
+future, on which all the vigor of military operations in a great
+measure depends, I will endeavor to give the outlines of the money
+negotiation to the Committee, and will forward the plan and the King's
+ordinance thereon as soon as I receive them.
+
+The original design of this loan was to procure nine millions of
+dollars, or thirtysix millions of livres in four months, and possibly
+to enlarge the sum according to exigencies. The projector was to
+receive ten per cent for expenses and profit, which he was at liberty
+to divide as he thought proper with the original lenders. To these, I
+think, he gave three, or three and a half per cent for the use of
+their money for four months, which money they were to remit in bills
+of exchange on Spain, and to redraw at the end of four months for
+their principal and interest. The great secret of the operation is,
+that government instead of repaying their bills in specie, issues
+paper to repay them, the credit of which is guarantied by the Crown
+and the different Chambers or Councils of the Kingdom, viz of Castile,
+&c. &c. This paper bears an interest of four per cent. A _cedula_, or
+royal ordinance, will be published the 20th or 21st of this month,
+which gives it currency, and inflicts severe penalties on any one who
+refuses it as a legal payment. M. Necker did not discover the latter
+part of the scheme until large sums had been remitted from France, and
+I suppose, fearing that its operation would be complete before his
+representations of what he thought its evil tendency, could be
+attended to here, he immediately gave orders not to receive the bills
+of exchange of the houses concerned in this measure at the _Caisse
+Royale_ in France. Besides, the house of Gerardot, Haller & Co. one of
+the most considerable in Europe, and of which he was once the head,
+and his brother is still a partner, wrote circular letters to all
+parts of Europe discrediting the loan.
+
+The consequence has been, that the persons in France and elsewhere,
+whose bills were refused at the _Caisse Royale_ have been pushed here
+so hard by their creditors, that the Spanish government has been
+obliged to make considerable remittances to support their credit, that
+further advances of money have been stopped, and that bills of
+exchange on Spain have sold at a loss of one and one and a half per
+cent. This has irritated the merchants here, and perhaps we may be the
+innocent victims. For I am persuaded, that Spain, without obtaining it
+by loans, has not money in Europe to afford us considerable aids, how
+great soever her inclination may be to assist us, and I think the
+Committee will be of the same opinion, on reading the information I
+gave Mr Jay on the subject of the revenues of this country, in
+consequence of his instructions to me at Cadiz.
+
+I shall be happy to have it in my power to inform the Committee, that
+my apprehensions have been ill grounded.
+
+The fate of our bills must soon be determined. More than forty
+thousand dollars have been presented, of which the amount of about
+fourteen thousand have been accepted by order of the Minister. The
+Count d'Estaing will leave this in a few days, and go to Cadiz; by the
+time he can arrive at that port, the whole of the combined fleet will
+be assembled; thirtysix sail are now at Cadiz, seven on a cruise, and
+two of a hundred and one hundred and ten guns are on their voyage from
+Brest. The Count will urge a vigorous and decisive conduct, and seems
+to enjoy the King's esteem, and the good will of most of the Ministers
+and Courtiers.
+
+The English emissary, Mr Cumberland, is still at Madrid, and is
+permitted to receive from and send couriers to London. The conduct of
+the Court appears unaccountable, and I cannot persuade myself, that it
+can be agreeable to France, although the Count de Montmorin frequently
+assures me, that we need not have any inquietude on account of the
+gentleman's residence. He no doubt, however, endeavors to insinuate
+many things to our disadvantage, and makes propositions to alienate
+Spain from the alliance with France, and from supporting the United
+States. Those about him are perpetually circulating bad news from
+America, and assert with confidence, that several States and many
+individuals in others, are negotiating to make their peace with Great
+Britain. Spain may possibly be amusing his employers, as he is
+employed to amuse the Spanish Ministry.
+
+The treaty for an armed neutrality was signed by Sweden the 4th of
+August; Denmark had not signed it the 8th of the same month, but there
+is no doubt she will. The English party in Holland opposed and
+retarded it there as long as possible, and finally clogged it with
+such conditions as they hope will prostrate the negotiation; for
+instance, they propose to the contracting powers, to guaranty all
+their possessions in Europe, Asia, and America, but as the States have
+gone so far, they will scarce recede, should this article be refused
+by the others. The eyes of Europe are anxiously turned to America and
+the West Indies; the friends of liberty hope everything from our union
+and perseverance, and the expectations of our enemies are founded on
+the reverse. Neither Mr Jay nor myself have received letters from
+Congress since we left America, except one from the Committee,
+enclosing the bills of exchange, so that we are without intelligence,
+without money, or the certainty of conveying to Congress as regularly
+as we wish, the information necessary for them to receive, which will
+plead my apology with the Committee for the repetitions they will meet
+in this letter of what several other letters contain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ The declaration of Portugal, shutting their ports against the
+armed vessels of the nations at war, which I mentioned in a letter of
+the 6th, has not yet been made public. It is supposed that the present
+Parliament will be dissolved and a new one called, while the influence
+of the present Ministry continues high. Considering the scarcity of
+cash in this country, and the present situation of affairs, perhaps
+Congress will do well to stop drawing on Mr Jay, until they receive
+information that their bills will be paid punctually. There appears no
+forwardness in this Court to enter into treaty; the navigation of the
+Mississippi is the great obstacle; the situation of America will guide
+the determinations of Congress, and I hope it will be such as to
+enable them to preserve the rights of all the States. Negotiations
+will, probably, be set on foot this winter, and it is likely this
+Court will be the theatre of them. As Spain has as yet taken no
+decided part in our revolution, England will rather choose to apply to
+this Court, and keep up the old idea of restoring peace by her
+mediation, than that of Versailles. Hints have been given, that it
+would be more convenient for Spain to furnish the States with money in
+America than here, but as they seem to think that America has not
+proposed an equivalent for what they demand, I am afraid assistance
+will be given very faintly.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 25th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I did myself the honor of addressing you the 6th and 9th instant, and
+in the latter expressed an apprehension, that Congress would not
+receive the pecuniary aid they expected in this country. I am now
+sorry to inform you, that on the 13th, Mr Jay was told by order of the
+Minister, that their own exigencies would not permit the King to
+provide funds for the payment of more of the bills than had been
+already accepted. I make no reflections on this event, and hope the
+Committee will suspend theirs, until Congress shall have received from
+Mr Jay, a relation of all that has passed here since the month of June
+last, with the papers necessary to elucidate it. In a day or two after
+the above information, his Majesty was pleased to offer his
+responsibility to facilitate a loan for one hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars in favor of the United States, and to promise some clothing,
+&c. &c.
+
+On the 23d, Mr Jay had a long conference with the Count de Florida
+Blanca, the particulars of which I immediately reduced to writing, as
+I have done with respect to others which preceded this, copies of the
+most material parts of which Mr Jay will, probably, forward to
+Congress with his other despatches. In this conference, the Count
+spoke with much pleasure of a resolution of Congress, permitting the
+exportation of flour, for the use of the Spanish fleets and armies in
+the West Indies, as also of measures taken by them to make a
+diversion to the southward, to facilitate their operations against
+Pensacola, &c. &c. He said to Mr Jay, that the King had directed him
+to convey his thanks to Congress for those marks of their friendly
+disposition, and gave the strongest assurances, that his Majesty would
+never consent to a pacification, which did not include the interests
+of America, declaring at the same time, that the negotiations for
+peace were more remote than ever, although, as he observed, the King
+had been offered all he could desire from England, in order to induce
+him to a separate peace. He informed Mr Jay he had received
+intelligence, that Great Britain once more proposed to send
+Commissioners to treat with Congress, that this measure was under the
+consideration of the Privy Council, and would, probably, be adopted.
+
+I seize the earliest opportunity of conveying to the Committee thus
+much of the conference, as most important for Congress to know, to
+which I add, that the Minister promised to take immediate measures for
+putting it in the power of Mr Jay, to evidence and avail himself of
+the responsibility of the King, and forwarding from Cadiz clothing for
+ten regiments, for the use of the American army. In the course of this
+conference, the Count de Florida Blanca asserted with warmth, that the
+King would never relinquish the navigation of the Mississippi, and the
+Ministry regarded the exclusive right to it as the principal advantage
+Spain would obtain by the war. This being the bar to the treaty, it
+seems not improbable, that this Court will not be in a hurry to treat
+with us, but rather trust to her interest in a general Congress for
+peace to obtain her favorite objects, preserving, in the meantime,
+such a line of conduct, as will enable her, in some measure, to be a
+mediator in it, with which idea she has been, and is flattered by
+England.
+
+Mr Cumberland, whom I have frequently mentioned in former letters,
+still remains at Madrid. The Abbé Hussey, his coadjutor, has just
+received a passport to go to Lisbon, from whence he will, probably,
+embark for London, and return with the ultimatum of that Court, and
+intelligence for the Spanish Minister, for it is not improbable, he
+may be a better spy than negotiator. All this, however, is conjecture.
+In all probability, great efforts will be made next campaign in
+America, if the war continues, as we are told it will. The great
+objects of it are in that part of the world. France is engaged at all
+hazards to support our independence, and will do it, and Spain is
+desirous of possessing the entire navigation of the Gulf of Mexico. I
+take the liberty of repeating these reflections to the Committee, as
+they arise from conversations on this subject with persons in a
+situation to be well informed.
+
+The different powers at war will, however, find some difficulty to
+procure money. England has not completed her last loans. France has
+begun to tax, and must continue to do so, notwithstanding the great
+economy of their Minister of Finances. The last operations of this
+Court to procure money, of which I gave the Committee a sketch in my
+last letter, and the state of the revenues, which I gave Mr Jay in my
+answer to his instructions, will show them the wants of this country.
+The interference of M. Necker in the operation beforementioned,
+deprived this Court of near two millions of _pesos_, and greatly
+irritated the Ministry. I hope, however, their resentments have
+subsided. This failure, they give as one reason for not being able to
+advance the money we expected, to enable Mr Jay to pay the bills
+drawn on him by Congress. Mr Jay has, however, at all hazards,
+accepted those which have been presented, and is taking every step in
+his power to provide money to pay them, as also those that may be
+disposed of in America, previous to the advice he has given Congress
+on this head.
+
+The English Ministry are likely to have a large majority in the new
+Parliament, which is generally the case in time of war. The great
+neutral maritime powers of Europe, seem to regard the present war as
+an event favorable to the augmentation of their commerce, and will,
+probably, do so, until one or the other of the contending parties
+engaged in it appear to have a decided superiority. Portugal seems
+better disposed to the allies than heretofore. This change is,
+probably, the result of fear, more than of affection. The combined
+fleet at Cadiz, consists of fortythree sail of the line, besides
+frigates, &c. &c. The Count d'Estaing commands the French part of the
+fleet, and the whole is in readiness to put to sea. During his
+residence at this Court I was frequently with him, and he professes
+the same ardent desire to serve us as ever.
+
+I cannot forbear mentioning to the Committee, my sense of the friendly
+and polite conduct of the Count de Montmorin to me ever since my
+arrival here, nor can I conclude, without remarking the good effects
+that our union, vigor, and perseverance have had in Europe. A
+continuance of these will render us respectable to our enemies, and of
+consequence to our friends.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                           Madrid, October 15th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+My last to the Committee was of the 25th ultimo, since which time Mr
+Jay has received a letter from Dr Franklin, to whom, as well as to the
+Count de Vergennes, he wrote on the subject of his disappointment in
+money matters here; this letter has given us much pleasure. The Court
+of France continues to manifest the same generous conduct towards us
+as ever, notwithstanding its own embarrassments for money. It has in
+fact agreed to furnish another million of livres, to answer new
+demands and old claims. Among the former, Dr Franklin comprised the
+twentyfive thousand dollars drawn by the order of Congress on Mr Jay.
+Only two bills of that sum have as yet been presented, and between
+eighty and one hundred thousand of those first drawn, all of which
+have been accepted.
+
+Every post augments the sum, and we are still uncertain whether money
+will be procured in time to pay them, particularly should the bills
+for the whole soon come to hand. The Minister apparently has
+endeavored, and is endeavoring, to procure money for this purpose. M.
+Gardoqui, who will probably succeed M. Miralles, and a gentleman who
+planned the loan I mentioned in my letter of the 9th ultimo, are
+interesting themselves in this business. If either of these gentlemen
+can procure money, or if the Crown can obtain it by other means, it is
+probable that Mr Jay will be furnished with a part, if not the whole
+of the money necessary for this use. But I am still afraid its ability
+will not correspond with our wants and our wishes. The Court has given
+orders to enable Mr Harrison at Cadiz, to obtain and ship the
+clothing for ten regiments, mentioned in my last. This gentleman is a
+native of Maryland, is well known in that State, and has on this, as
+on all occasions, manifested a disinterested zeal in the service of
+his country.
+
+There is no alteration in the political state of Europe since my last,
+and no event of consequence in the operations of the war. The
+convention for the armed neutrality is not finally concluded, but I am
+told the Empress of Russia is determined to maintain the system
+proposed by her. The States of Holland have not yet acceded to it.
+Their Plenipotentiaries were instructed to add some articles; one of
+which is, to procure the restitution of their vessels unlawfully
+captured by the English, another to make it a common cause, in case
+the Republic should be molested in consequence of her accession, and
+also that her possessions in all parts of the world, should be
+guarantied by the contracting parties. Their mediation is also
+proposed to bring about an accommodation between the powers at war.
+These articles in the instructions, were inserted by the friends of
+England, in order to retard, if not defeat the measure, so far as it
+respected the States. It has leaked out from the Court of Petersburg,
+perhaps expressly, that the English Minister at that Court, declared
+to the Empress, that the King was disposed to respect the neutrality,
+provided Holland was excluded. This has come to the knowledge of the
+plenipotentiaries, and it is supposed on being known to the States,
+will hasten the conclusion of the affair, which must put an end to the
+piratical rapacity of Great Britain, or involve her in new and great
+difficulties.
+
+Two Russian vessels, captured and carried into England, have been
+released, while Dutch vessels with similar cargoes are condemned. The
+Court of Portugal has given orders to equip several vessels of war,
+and seems inclined at present to preserve a strict neutrality,
+prompted to this more by fear than inclination. The combined fleet is
+still at Cadiz, it consists of between forty and fifty sail of the
+line, and has provisions on board for six months. The Count d'Estaing
+has provided clothing for the winter, for his seamen and marines, and
+M. de Guichen is expected with much impatience. His destination is a
+secret, but I think he has a strong desire of visiting our part of the
+world once more. He will not be inactive, if he can avoid being so.
+
+The Committee will probably take notice of an article in the foreign
+papers, which mentions a revolt in Peru. This if true and serious as
+represented, would be an event as important as disagreeable. I have as
+yet no reason to believe it of the nature represented, if true. The
+Ministry have taken no extraordinary measures, in consequence of this
+intelligence, except the fitting out some packet boats for that part
+of the world, which may be done to obtain more regular advice, than
+they have had from thence for some time past. If it should appear,
+that there is any foundation for this report, you may depend on my
+endeavors to give the earliest and most accurate information I can
+obtain with respect to the causes and consequences of such an event.
+
+Mr Jay means to send soon large packets to Congress, to which I beg
+leave to refer the Committee for more minute details on the subject of
+this and my other letters, than I can furnish it, from not being in
+possession of the various papers, and communications which respect
+the mission.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          Madrid, November 28th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I did myself the honor of addressing the Committee frequently in the
+course of the last month; this letter, therefore, can furnish little
+besides a confirmation of what I then believed to be the disposition
+of the Court, of the state of Europe, and of this part of it more
+particularly, derived from the best information in my power to obtain.
+
+I have in a great measure confined my inquiries to two objects, the
+situation of the finances of Spain and its disposition toward us and
+our ally. Every day gives me reason to think the former are critically
+circumstanced. I know from good authority the ways and means for the
+next year are not devised yet, and I have great reason to believe that
+the necessary funds cannot be procured by taxation, because the
+augmentation of the present year's taxes has not produced what the
+Ministry expected, and neither the commerce nor produce of Spain will
+permit further efforts in this way. In short, the current expenses of
+1780 have exceeded the revenue twentyfive millions of dollars, and
+notwithstanding, the arrearages to the public creditors are
+considerable.
+
+The loan for nine millions of dollars, mentioned in my former letters,
+is not yet completed, in part owing to the obstacles thrown in its way
+by M. Necker. The resentment of the Spanish Ministry, which this
+interference excited, has not yet subsided, and I am afraid the
+prejudices thereby excited will not soon be eradicated, although
+common interest may stifle them apparently at present. The mode of
+raising money in the manner heretofore mentioned may become the only
+plan practicable, should others now in contemplation not succeed, and
+Spain may be obliged to have recourse to paper, from inability to
+procure money by other methods.
+
+The Court of Great Britain is well informed of their situation through
+Mr Cumberland, their emissary here, who spends a great deal of money.
+Influenced by which, and other advices, the King has, in his speech to
+Parliament, openly avowed his determination to prosecute the war with
+vigor, and he will be supported by a great majority in both houses.
+From the best information I have been able to collect, I am sorry to
+tell you, that the nation will be able to borrow the sum demanded for
+the expenditures of 1781, which with the usual vote of credit at the
+end of the session, will amount to sixteen millions sterling at least.
+The scheme of the Ministry to effect this is not yet public, but I am
+told, it will be on similar conditions to those of the present year.
+Ninetytwo thousand men are voted for the marine, and I have reason to
+think a considerable reinforcement will be sent early to the
+southward, and that agreeably to a proposition of Sir J. Amherst, the
+enemy means to occupy and fortify strongly a port near the month of
+Chesapeake Bay, from which with a strong garrison and a naval force,
+they hope to interrupt the navigation of the Bay, and by frequent
+incursions prevent the States of Maryland and Virginia from sending
+supplies of men, &c. &c. to the Carolinas. Among the troops mentioned
+to be embarked there, are three regiments of light dragoons. Your
+servants nearer Great Britain will give you more accurate information.
+
+I am persuaded that our ally will take early measures for defeating
+these designs. This latter information is derived indirectly from
+conversations with men in a situation to be well informed. The
+disposition of this Court depends much on its hopes of obtaining the
+objects for which it commenced the war, and I should not merit the
+confidence reposed in me if I did not tell you plainly, that I believe
+that the exclusive possession of the Gulf of Mexico is the favorite
+object, and that if they cannot obtain it by a connexion with the
+United States, they will endeavor to procure it, by a general, if not
+by a separate peace, to which the King's good faith is, perhaps, at
+present the greatest obstacle. The Congress knows best the situation
+of their affairs, and I hope it may be such as to enable them to
+preserve the rights of all the States.
+
+As I have frequent occasions of seeing the foreign Ministers here, and
+their Secretaries, I am too often obliged to remark their partiality
+for Great Britain, and jealousy of the house of Bourbon, particularly
+those of Russia, Vienna, Sardinia, Portugal, and Holland. Some of
+these, in my opinion, are the best spies England employs here.
+Jealousy on the one hand, and on the other compassion and admiration,
+begin to take the place of envy and interest. The transition from
+these to friendship and support is not difficult, if their masters do
+not differ in sentiments from their servants. Our perseverance, vigor,
+and exertions occasion a hesitation with respect to the event of the
+war, which augments or diminishes in proportion to their ideas of the
+intentions of this Court, which leads me to think it probable, that
+if Spain would enter into positive engagements with the United States,
+the hopes of the enemy to divide the allies would be at an end; the
+neutral powers would think our independence certain, and would
+endeavor to terminate the war, while Great Britain is in such a
+situation as to be able to preserve her other possessions.
+
+Should the situation of affairs in America be in a worse situation
+than I hope they are, and should the Congress judge it necessary for
+their establishment to make further advances and sacrifices, permit me
+to take the liberty of observing, that these offers should be
+accompanied with a proviso of this Court's avowing the independence of
+the States immediately, otherwise the offers should be considered as
+null, and no pretensions formed thereon in a treaty for a general
+peace. At the same time, it might suit the States to procure a sum in
+specie from the Spanish settlements in America, and to obtain certain
+advantages of preference in the admission of the produce of their
+fisheries into the ports of Spain. I think it my duty to write you
+fully and freely the sentiments which arise from the opportunity of
+information you have given me, and should be happy to give you such as
+would be more acceptable to you, and more conformable to my wishes.
+
+Mr Jay has received and accepted your bills to the amount of fifteen
+thousand dollars, and I hope will be enabled to pay them; but this
+business has thwarted the other part of his mission here, in showing
+our necessities so plainly. For this Court seems to expect equivalents
+for services rendered, and the interest of money advanced to us is not
+its object. This leads me to repeat what I mentioned in a former
+letter, of the King's satisfaction for a resolution of Congress,
+permitting the exportation of flour to the Havana, and that every
+similar manifestation of amity will much contribute to counteract the
+intrigues of the enemy here. The Minister of the Indies lately assured
+me, that his Majesty had directed him to return thanks, through the
+Chevalier de la Luzerne, for the respect shown at the interment of M.
+Miralles.
+
+Having mentioned this gentleman, I am induced to speak of his intended
+successor, M. Gardoqui, who has now been named near five months, yet
+is still here. This detention is one reason among many others, which
+makes me fear the Court has not taken a decisive part for the next
+year, although the last declarations of the Minister on this subject
+were clear and positive. I have purposely omitted speaking of the
+operations of the war in Europe, and other articles of intelligence,
+in order to have it in my power to give you the latest I have
+received. I hear from England, that Mr Laurens is closely confined,
+and treated as a prisoner of State. The Committee may be persuaded,
+that retaliation on some of the English prisoners of consequence, will
+be regarded in Europe as a proof of the confidence of Congress in the
+support of the people.
+
+A copy of the proposed treaty with the States of Holland, was taken
+among the papers of Mr Laurens, and sent by the British Ministry to
+the Stadtholder, who endeavored to criminate the Pensionary of
+Amsterdam and those concerned with him, in consequence of this
+discovery. He is, however, supported by the Regency, and this step of
+the Stadtholder, not having the effect intended, Sir Joseph Yorke has
+presented a violent and menacing Memorial to the States, demanding the
+punishment of the Pensionary and his accomplices.[8] I am advised that
+this Memorial has irritated in place of intimidating, and that since
+four of the seven States have agreed to accede to the armed
+neutrality, the persons attacked by the British Court have no
+apprehensions, and, possibly, the capture of these papers may
+eventually be of great advantage to the United States, by
+precipitating the conduct of England, and obliging the States to take
+a part contrary to their dispositions, and, perhaps, to the interest
+of one or other nation. The situation of M. Dumas is rendered more
+critical by this circumstance, and it would be injustice to him not to
+mention, that he is indefatigable to contribute to our information by
+his correspondence, and by his frequent publications to represent our
+situation in the most favorable point of view.
+
+Mr Jay will transmit Congress a full state of our affairs here, with
+all the papers necessary to elucidate it. I have seen but one letter
+from Congress since my residence in Spain, from which I conjecture Mr
+Jay has received but one. He informs me he has written Congress, that
+it has not been my fault, that all copies of letters for their
+inspection did not appear with my signature. In the month of May, I
+answered in writing the instructions he gave me at Cadiz, as I did
+_viva voce_ at Aranjues in April, before he entered Madrid. I should
+not mention this circumstance to the Committee, if I did not know that
+copies of these instructions had been forwarded to Congress, and only
+abstracts of the most important part of my answer sent them; I will
+take the liberty, therefore, of sending by the first safe opportunity
+the whole of my answer, from no other motive than that of evincing my
+desire to comply in every point with the duties of the trust reposed
+in me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S. December 8th._--The Count d'Estaing sailed the 7th ult. from
+Cadiz, and, as yet, we have no news of his arrival in France. Mr
+Cumberland is still here, and waits an answer to despatches sent by
+the Abbé Hussey to England, which is daily expected. Mr Jay has
+received a letter from the Count de Vergennes, that France cannot
+provide for the payment of your bills here. But I always hope the
+credit of America must not be ruined for want of £100,000 sterling,
+although, personally, your servants have not money to pay their debts.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] See all the above papers in the Annual Register for 1780, pp.
+356-380.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 19th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I wrote to the Committee the 20th ult. to which letter I beg leave to
+refer them. Having now an opportunity of writing by a vessel, which
+conveys a copy of my last, I seize it to inform them that the
+situation of our affairs here is much the same as at that period. Mr
+Jay has received near eighteen thousand dollars to pay the bills first
+accepted, and this, with the twentyfive thousand expected from France,
+will give us a respite until the month of March. In the interval, I
+hope the Court will enable Mr Jay to answer the others as they become
+due, though this will depend much on the facility it finds to procure
+money. I have reason to think that the Ministry expect some treasure
+from America, that they hope to negotiate in Holland a loan of forty
+millions of reals, and another at home and abroad for eight millions
+of dollars. I shall be glad to see these expectations realised.
+
+The States of Holland have acceded to the armed neutrality;
+notwithstanding this, the English contrive to take their ships every
+day, and it is not improbable, that orders have been given to attack
+their possessions in the East Indies. No satisfaction has, as yet,
+been given by the States in answer to the Memorial of Sir Joseph
+Yorke, mentioned in my last. The Dutch Minister and his Secretary have
+each told me, that it would be considered as words, and answered as
+such.
+
+The Empress Queen is dead, which leaves the Emperor to act at full
+liberty. He is said to be ambitious and revengeful, and well disposed
+to Great Britain. I know that his Envoy at this Court is strongly
+attached to the interests of that country; but his father, the Prince
+de Kaunitz, was too long the favorite of the mother, to expect to hold
+the same influence with the son. It is to be hoped, that the ensuing
+campaign will pass, before the Emperor can be in a situation to
+embroil the affairs of Europe.
+
+The Count d'Estaing, who sailed from Cadiz the 7th ultimo, was not
+arrived in France at the departure of the last courier. This is an
+unlucky circumstance, as it will retard the operations of the ensuing
+year. Mr Cumberland is still here, and entertains hopes of success, or
+affects to do so. The Count de Montmorin seems to have no
+apprehensions, and while that is the case, I flatter myself that we
+need not be uneasy at a circumstance, which in itself is very
+extraordinary. I do not think, however, that M. Gardoqui will leave
+Spain, until all hopes of negotiation cease. We have no advices, or
+indeed arrivals, since the departure of the frigate, which brought the
+son of M. Rochambeau to France. Many of the letters taken with Mr
+Laurens have been published in England. I take the liberty of
+reminding the Committee, that I have never had the honor, as yet, to
+receive their orders.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                            Madrid, January 4th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I wrote you the 24th ultimo,[9] since which I am advised, that the
+Abbé Hussey is on his way from Lisbon to this capital, as is supposed
+with further propositions on the part of England. I think they will be
+as fruitless as the former. I have the pleasure of informing you, that
+on the 19th ultimo, Great Britain declared war in form against
+Holland. A courier brought the news this morning, which has given
+great pleasure to the Court, if one may be allowed to judge from
+appearances. Expresses were immediately despatched by the Ministry to
+the sea-ports, to advise the Dutch consuls of this event, and to offer
+the protection of convoys, &c. &c.
+
+It is supposed, that the Empress of Russia will resent this
+declaration of England, as it is posterior to the notification of the
+accession of the Republic to the armed neutrality, which is the real
+though not the alleged cause of the war, for I make no doubt events
+will discover, that this measure was resolved the instant the English
+Ministry knew, that the accession of the States to that treaty was
+inevitable. I shall take care to give you minute and regular advice of
+the consequences likely to result from this event; meantime permit me
+to felicitate you on the acquisition of new friends.
+
+The English fleet returned to Portsmouth in a bad condition, without
+having made any attempt against that of Count d'Estaing, of which they
+were thrice in view. The French fleet was not arrived when the courier
+who brought the agreeable intelligence before mentioned left France.
+This Court expects to obtain the sums necessary for the expenses of
+the year. I hope to transmit the plan of the proposed loan in my next
+letters.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ Lest my letter of the 24th ultimo should miscarry, I repeat,
+that the Court has engaged to supply Mr Jay with three millions of
+reals, in addition to eighteen thousand dollars already furnished,
+which with the twentyfive thousand promised by France, will nearly pay
+the bills already presented, and I hope ways and means will be found,
+to provide for the payment of the residue, drawn and sold before
+reception of Mr Jay's letters of advice.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                           Madrid, January 29th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+My last advised the Committee of the declaration of Great Britain
+against Holland; the capture of a great number of prizes, in
+consequence of this unexpected attack encourages the former, and has
+greatly irritated the latter. The States, Zealand excepted, seem
+disposed to act with vigor against the common enemy. If they
+persevere, they may finally disappoint their rapacious projects. They
+depend on the interference of Russia, and I believe with reason,
+although a day or two ago, the Count de Kaunitz, the Imperial
+Ambassador here, offered his master's mediation, in conjunction with
+the Empress of Russia to terminate the differences subsisting between
+the belligerent powers. No answer to this offer has yet been given.
+The Minister from Russia has not yet received the orders of his Court
+thereon.
+
+The offer is rather ill timed, and I have reason to think is not very
+agreeable to the Courts of Versailles and Madrid, which will act with
+entire union on this occasion, and as long as the present King of
+Spain lives, it is probable, that this good understanding will
+continue on the whole continent, although there are some here, I
+believe, who would wish to see it interrupted. While it subsists Spain
+will not abandon our interests, though it may not support them with
+such good will, as they would have been induced to do by the
+obligations of previous engagements with the United States. It is not
+likely that these will soon take place, notwithstanding the appearance
+of good will, and repeated assurances which Mr Jay has received of his
+Majesty's favorable disposition. Nor will the late change of measures
+adopted by Congress effect this, if I am not misinformed. I have not
+seen these resolutions in full, nor do I know that Mr Jay has received
+them, but I have reason to believe, that the Court has a knowledge of
+them, either by intercepted letters, or by a direct communication from
+America. In short I repeat to the Committee, what I have taken the
+liberty of remarking before, that it was probably the policy of this
+Court to leave the adjustment of their claims to be settled at the
+general negotiation of a treaty of peace, and to reserve to
+themselves the liberty of acting then according to circumstances,
+unless they can previously secure in their own manner their favorite
+objects. This accords with the conduct they have hitherto observed,
+and with maxims of policy long adopted and persevered in by this
+Court.
+
+In the meantime, they show a decided disposition to continue the war.
+They expect some treasure from America. They are likely to procure
+eight millions of dollars on loan, and have propositions from other
+quarters. The taxes have been augmented this year, the produce of the
+last having, as I have been told, fallen short of the expectations of
+the Ministry. They have thirtysix sail of the line under sailing
+orders at Cadiz, which fleet will probably cruise to meet the treasure
+ships expected, and to intercept the succors destined to Gibraltar.
+They have ordered a press throughout the kingdom to fill up their
+regiments. The ships with the treasure were to sail from Vera Cruz to
+the Havana the 11th of October. The Court seems apprehensive of the
+Emperor's intentions, and cultivates the friendship of the King of
+Prussia, for which purpose it is about to send a Minister to Berlin,
+where they have had none for many years past. This matter is not yet
+public, and will undoubtedly chagrin the Court of Vienna.
+
+Mr Jay has been promised a part of the three millions of reals,
+mentioned in my former letters, to enable him to discharge the bills,
+which become due the ensuing month, and, I suppose, will receive the
+whole as the bills become payable, until the sum is exhausted, before
+which time, funds must be provided for such as have since been
+presented, or may hereafter come to hand. It is with pain I have
+lately entered to the amount of between thirty or forty thousand
+dollars, at three months' sight, as there is yet no certainty of their
+being paid, yet I flatter myself that the Court, with the good
+disposition it appears to have, will not suffer our credit to be
+ruined, after what it has done and promised to do to preserve it.
+
+M. Gardoqui, so often mentioned, will embark in six weeks or two
+months. Mr Cumberland is still here, inspiring all the distrust and
+jealousy in his power to prejudice our affairs. I hope, however, he
+will soon be dismissed. Vigorous preparations are making in France,
+and I flatter myself that the Count d'Estaing will once more visit our
+coasts in force. I believe he desires it, and I am told he is on good
+terms with the new Minister of Marine. The Count de Vergennes was in a
+bad state of health by the last advices from Paris, but for
+information from that quarter, I refer the Committee to letters I
+suppose Congress will receive from Dr Franklin. It is with hesitation
+I venture to give my sentiments, and if I should be deceived, it is
+not for want of pains, but of opportunity of obtaining more accurate
+information.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                           Madrid, February 22d, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+My last was of the 29th ult. since which, I have deferred writing, in
+hopes of having it in my power to give the Committee more distinct
+information of the actual situation of affairs in Europe at this
+important crisis, when its attention is turned to the conduct of the
+Empress of Russia and the armed neutrality, and to that of the
+Emperor, who, notwithstanding the offer of mediation, I had the honor
+to mention in my last, is, as I am informed, regarded with a jealous
+and suspicious eye. But the vessels, which take on board part of the
+clothing, of which I advised you at the time, and since it was
+promised, being about to sail, I seize the present occasion of
+writing, lest another from the ports of this kingdom should not soon
+present itself.
+
+Our affairs here are in much the same state as when I last wrote the
+Committee. No further progress has been made in the negotiation. Mr
+Jay has received various letters and papers from Congress, dated in
+October. This day he has obtained an order for thirtytwo thousand
+dollars, to pay for part of the clothing to be shipped at Cadiz, of
+which he has not yet received the invoices, and to discharge the bills
+due this month. The Minister promises to furnish the whole of the
+three millions of reals mentioned in former letters, and to contribute
+to our further relief, as far as the exigencies of the State will
+permit him. These, I have reason to think, are urgent and great, and
+that the funds arising from the revenues and loans are, for the most
+part, appropriated before they are received.
+
+I am not informed, that any positive answer has been given yet to the
+Emperor's offer of mediation. It is ill-timed, and I believe, in
+reality, is not well taken. I know that this Court is about to send a
+Minister to Berlin, where they have had none for a long time. The
+circumstances of such an appointment at this juncture, seem to imply
+apprehensions of the Emperor's intentions. I enclose two extracts of
+letters sent to me by M. Dumas, which contain intelligence that
+indicates the intentions of the Empress of Russia. The first letter I
+know to be genuine, for I saw the substance of it here in _good_
+hands, before I received M. Dumas's letter. If the Empress does not
+openly declare against England, she will, at all events, protect the
+Dutch commerce, and this must terminate speedily in open hostilities.
+I have observed, of late, a change of conduct in the Russian
+Ambassador at this Court, whom I have an opportunity of meeting
+frequently in company; from being cold and distant, he is complaisant
+and affable. I also find him very attentive to the French Ambassador.
+
+Portugal has been much pressed by Russia to accede to the treaty of
+the armed neutrality, but the English party at this Court is too
+strong to expect success from these applications. The attachment of
+this King to his deceased sister, and at present to his niece, the
+Queen of Portugal, will prevent any violent measures being taken by
+our ally or Spain, to force that nation to adopt other measures. The
+republican party in Holland are in good spirits. Zealand has dropped
+the opposition it made to hostile measures, so that at present there
+is an unanimity in the States on that interesting point.
+
+The troops for America were embarked, or embarking, the last of the
+past month. They consist of three or four thousand men (recruits
+included), and of Fullarton's and another ragged regiment, to use the
+words of Mr Edmund Jennings, who gives this information. The greater
+part of these, it is supposed, are destined to the East Indies, and
+Commodore Johnson is named by the public to command an expedition,
+which is to attack the Cape of Good Hope on its passage. The Ministry
+in England is the same. They have a great majority in Parliament. The
+Protestant associations begin to stir a little. Lord G. Gordon is
+acquitted. Stocks have fallen considerably since the Dutch war, not
+less than two and a half or three per cent. The subscriptions for the
+loans of the present year, it is generally believed, will be paid in
+slowly. Our ally pushes the preparations for the present campaign
+vigorously, but on the 14th instant the commander was not named for
+the fleet, which is to sail next month for the American seas, and
+which I am told, will consist of twentyfive sail of the line. I have
+no exact account of the number of troops to be embarked, but the
+lowest computation makes them consist of seven thousand men. The Count
+de Maurepas was ill by the last advices from Paris.
+
+The Spanish squadron of thirty sail of the line is at sea, that of
+England it is supposed will sail about this period of time. Mr
+Cumberland gives out, that he has demanded a passport of the Court,
+but that he is told to have patience. I hope, however, he will not
+stay here long. M. Gardoqui will, probably, embark in all next month
+or the beginning of April. I beg the Committee to consider the
+intelligence I give them from time to time, particularly that from
+other countries, as the latest and most authentic I can procure, but
+for the truth of which I cannot vouch.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                              Madrid, March 4th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have received the enclosed letters from M. Dumas since my last of
+the 22d ultimo, copies of which I sent to Cadiz, to be forwarded in
+the vessels, that take from thence part of the clothing mentioned in
+my former letters. The remainder will I hope soon be embarked on board
+of other vessels, lately arrived in that port from America. As soon as
+Mr Jay receives the invoices, I will transmit copies thereof to the
+Committee. I also enclose the last accurate state of the British sea
+force in Europe. The squadron supposed to be destined for the relief
+of Gibraltar, sailed the 18th ultimo. The Spanish fleet, of nearly
+thirty sail of the line, is now at sea to impede their operations, so
+that important advices are daily expected from the coast. The exact
+number of the English squadron is not known. Count de Grasse is
+finally chosen to command the Brest squadron for the American seas,
+and is by this time nearly ready to sail.
+
+Our affairs are in much the same situation as heretofore. It is not
+yet known here what part the Empress of Russia will take, although it
+is generally believed, it cannot be but unfavorable to Great Britain.
+Mr Cumberland is still here. M. Gardoqui will embark the last of this
+or first of next month. I make no doubt before his departure, Mr Jay
+will know the character by which he is to announce him to Congress. I
+have no reason to believe, that he will not have formal credentials
+from the Court, for otherwise, notwithstanding the information given
+in consequence of Mr Jay's conference relative to him with the
+Minister, I suppose Congress can only regard him as an individual.
+
+A late publication in the _Courier de l'Europe_, extracted from
+Rivington's Gazette, asserting a mutiny of a considerable number of
+continental troops in the beginning of January, made considerable
+impression here, which happily we have had it in our power to remove
+by some arrivals from the northward. Considerable apprehensions and
+jealousies are entertained of the views of the States, of forming
+powerful establishments on the Ohio and Mississippi, in consequence of
+some publications in our papers, and other advices received by the
+Court, which has much better and more regular intelligence of our
+affairs than Mr Jay. This must be the case as long as the letters of
+Congress are confided to the common post in France and in this
+country. The difference of expense could not be so considerable to the
+public, as might be conceived, and the advantages are important. I am
+persuaded the Ministers of the above named nations, receive more
+information from the letters written to the public servants of
+Congress in Europe, than from those they employ in America. All the
+couriers of the Empress of Russia are officers of her army. We have at
+present, I presume, many young men on half pay in consequence of the
+late arrangements of our army, who would be happy to make these
+voyages in the public packets, who might be limited or brought to
+strict account for their expenses, and receive instructions from the
+Committee to answer public purposes, and be promoted or disgraced
+according to their execution of them. I beg the Committee will impute
+these suggestions to the true motive, a regard to the public service.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                             Madrid, March 11th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my last of the 4th instant, I know of a certainty, that Mr
+Cumberland, so often mentioned in former letters, will soon leave this
+kingdom, and pursue his voyage to England by way of France. His
+departure would indicate, that all negotiations for an accommodation
+were at an end, if there was not reason to believe, that conferences
+on that subject are likely to take place in consequence of the offer
+of mediation made to the belligerent powers by the Emperor. As I have
+not the last mentioned intelligence from our _friends_, I give it with
+hesitation and not as certain. In a little time I hope to have it in
+my power, to give fuller information to the Committee on this subject.
+
+The Count de Grasse left Paris the end of February, to take the
+command of the fleet for the American seas. I am afraid this fleet, or
+even a part of it, will not appear on our coasts until the month of
+July. I form my conjectures however from very minute circumstances,
+and may perhaps be deceived. The English grand fleet has not yet made
+its appearance. A very numerous convoy of provision vessels, &c. &c.
+sail with it for the East and West Indies and for America. Mr Adams
+has opened a loan in Holland for one million of florins, of which we
+shall soon know the probable success. I send enclosed the plan of the
+loan in the first copy of this letter, but finding it published in the
+Dutch and foreign papers, I suppose the Committee will receive it
+before this can reach them. The mutiny of the Pennsylvania line has
+had a bad effect in Europe, and our enemies have been indefatigable
+to represent it in the worst colors. I hope Congress has been able to
+pacify the discontented, and that as they have hitherto done, they
+will still overcome all obstacles to the freedom, tranquillity, and
+importance, of the United States.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 25th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my last of the 16th instant, the French Ambassador has received
+the agreeable intelligence, that M. de la Motte Piquet fell in with
+the St Eustatia fleet, consisting of thirtyfour sail, of which he
+captured twentyfour, their escort, two seventyfour gun ships and two
+frigates, having escaped by their superior swiftness; four other
+vessels of the same fleet I hear are taken. The captain of a packet
+boat, arrived at Corunna from Newport, says, that he was chased in the
+latitude of the Azores by the English fleet, which consisted of
+eighteen sail of the line. The Spanish squadron has not been heard of
+since it sailed.
+
+Thirtysix transports, of two hundred and two hundred and fifty tons,
+are taken up at Cadiz on government account, and provisions for eight
+thousand men for four months are ordered. The destination of the
+armament is a secret, but there is reason to think it is either
+intended for the West Indies or for their own settlements in Peru. If
+for the former, it will hardly commence its operations before the
+month of November, when the Count de Grasse will be able to join it,
+after his return from our coasts.
+
+Many bills, drawn by Congress last year, have already been presented
+and accepted by Mr Jay; the funds are not yet provided for their
+payment, but I hope the advices lately received from Congress will
+produce a change of conduct in this Court. I allude to a letter from
+the Committee, which came in the Virginia to Cadiz. I am persuaded the
+Minister was informed of its contents before it reached Mr Jay, for
+the packets were stopped at Cadiz, and bore evident marks of having
+been inspected.
+
+The Committee must be sensible, that a negotiation will ever be
+carried on to our disadvantage, when the parties with whom their
+Minister treats, are thus early informed of the most secret intentions
+of Congress. This apprehension renders my correspondence with the
+Committee more irregular than it would otherwise be, for I am often
+obliged to wait ten days or more, for safe opportunities of conveying
+my letters by private hands to Cadiz, Bilboa, or the ports of France,
+to prevent a previous examination of them here.
+
+I hope soon to write by M. Gardoqui, but I have so often advised you
+of this gentleman's intended departure, and then been so often
+disappointed, that I cannot give full belief to the late information I
+have received on this subject.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 26th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The Court being at this place at present, Mr Jay has judged proper to
+reside here until it returns to Madrid, from which city I addressed
+the Committee the 23d ult. Mr Jay, since his arrival here, has seen
+the Minister and been civilly received. He will inform Congress of
+what passed on this occasion. M. de la Motte Piquet, whose squadron
+could not be ready in time to join M. de Cordova, and enable the
+Spanish fleet to oppose that of England, destined to relieve
+Gibraltar, sailed on a cruise the 24th ult. to intercept the homeward
+bound fleet from St Eustatia, or one from the leeward Islands. The
+English squadron, after relieving Gibraltar, is gone to cruise off the
+Azores or the Canaries, to intercept the fleet from the Havana with
+treasure, the amount of which I mentioned in my last; this, at least,
+is the opinion of several well informed people here. That of Spain has
+cruised for it to escort it into port, I believe, on a presumption,
+that the English would return to port, or detach a part of their
+squadron to reinforce their others in various parts of the world.
+Should the latter be the case, and these fleets should encounter, that
+of Spain will have greatly the advantage in number, it consisting of
+thirtytwo sail of the line.
+
+I have the pleasure of informing Congress, that the Court of France
+has engaged to guaranty a loan of ten millions of livres for the
+States, and to make large advances in stores and cash immediately. I
+wish it was in my power to furnish as agreeable accounts from this
+Court. The negotiation is in the same situation as when I had last the
+honor to write to the Committee, my sentiments of the motives for this
+conduct are still the same. The mediation seems at a stand, and,
+probably, will not be renewed before the end of the campaign. Troops
+have been ordered to march towards Gibraltar from various parts of
+the kingdom, but I have some reason to think, with a view to another
+object, viz. either to be sent to the West Indies or to Peru, where,
+it is said, there appears a spirit of disaffection, which creates some
+apprehensions here.
+
+The crop is likely to be more abundant throughout Spain, than it has
+been for many years past. I have not as yet heard, that Russia has
+taken a decided part in favor of the Dutch. Their squadron in the
+Mediterranean and at Lisbon are ordered home. The Portuguese preserve
+a strict neutrality at present. M. Gardoqui is still here, but I hope
+will embark next month. I have not had the honor of hearing from the
+Committee since I have been in Europe, and Mr Jay informs me, that he
+has received but three letters from Congress since his residence here.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                              Aranjues, June 2d, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The last post from France brought the news of M. Necker's removal from
+the Ministry. This change would have been agreeable to this Court some
+months ago, on account of the interference of that Minister in the
+operation of the loan mentioned in former letters. At present, it
+seems to be regarded in a disagreeable point of view, as M. Necker had
+engaged to furnish monthly, considerable sums to persons employed to
+procure money for this Court, on condition of being reimbursed in
+specie in Spanish America, and on other terms that would have been
+advantageous to the lenders. Part of the specie thus procured, was
+intended for the payment of the French troops in North America, and,
+as I have been told, for the immediate service of Congress, as part of
+the sum the Court of France has lately engaged to furnish to the
+United States.
+
+I have been told, that M. Necker was not disposed to make large
+advances to Congress, and, as a proof of this, it has been mentioned
+to me, that he opposed the King's guarantee of a loan, which Dr
+Franklin endeavored to negotiate last year at Genoa. He is said to
+have been obstinately attached to his own opinions, and of a
+haughtiness in supporting them, which the man who placed him could ill
+brook. He felt an opposition that he could not bear, and which,
+perhaps, he saw he must sink under, and, therefore, asked his
+dismission, which was granted him. He is regretted as a public loss.
+It would be presumption in me, to enter into a more minute detail on
+this subject, as your correspondents on the spot will certainly give
+the Committee much ampler information than it is in my power to do.
+
+Since my letter of the ---- ult. I have had an opportunity of knowing,
+through the same channel of intelligence mentioned in former letters,
+that the Court of Vienna still persists in its good offices, to bring
+about conferences for a general peace. Without being able to mention
+particulars, I can assure the Committee, that in the middle of April,
+the Baron de Breteuil, Ambassador of France, at the abovementioned
+Court, insisted for the admission of an American Plenipotentiary at
+the proposed Congress. The Prince de Kaunitz lamented this
+proposition, as an obstacle that might impede a business, which the
+Emperor had much at heart. I have not been able to trace the demands
+of Spain, but I believe their pretensions in general, do not appear
+reasonable to the Imperial Court.
+
+We have had no news of the fleet since I had last the honor of writing
+to you. There is reason to think, by news received from England, that
+Darby had orders to return to that country. The expedition mentioned
+in former letters, will be ready for action in the month of July. The
+choice of officers to command it is not yet public. The negotiation is
+in the same situation.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 JAMES LOVELL TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, June 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your several letters have been read in Congress; and your industrious
+care, to give frequent, early, and general information of those things
+in Europe, which may have influence upon our national affairs, has
+been not only highly pleasing in itself, but has acquired value
+lately, from the loss of all packets from Mr Adams, since his date of
+October 24th.
+
+I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                      St Ildefonso, August 16th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my last, of the 15th ult. in which I enclosed the Committee a
+list of the combined fleet assembled at Cadiz, and of the troops to be
+embarked under the command of the Duc de Crillon, we have advices of
+the sailing of this fleet, and that the troops of the expedition
+passed the Straits of Gibraltar the 23d ult. They had, however, been
+detained by contrary winds, and had not left the neighborhood of
+Carthagena the 7th instant. The Court expects soon to hear of their
+landing in the Island of Minorca. It is the general opinion, that the
+force employed is not sufficient to take Port Mahon. The character of
+the General, who I have the honor to know intimately, does not accord
+with this idea. The combined fleet by the last advices was cruising
+off Cape Spartel. That of England, commanded by Darby, is at sea, to
+the number of twentythree or twentyfive sail. The Dutch fleet sailed
+on the 23d ult. and consists of seventeen sail in the whole, it is
+said to be destined to the northern seas, where England has a squadron
+inferior in number of vessels, under the command of Sir Hyde Parker.
+
+Our negotiation seems to be in a better train, and it is not
+improbable, that Mr Jay will be able to terminate our affairs with
+Spain previous to the general negotiation, which is much talked of at
+present among the _corps diplomatique_ here. The number of couriers
+who pass and repass between the Courts of Versailles, this, and those
+of Vienna and Petersburg gives occasion to those conjectures. Mr Adams
+has been lately sent for by the Count de Vergennes, and, as I am
+informed, has had conferences with that Minister. If this should be
+the case, the Committee will have from the first authority, more ample
+details on this subject, than can be learnt from second and third
+hands.
+
+The United Provinces of Holland, &c. appear much divided, and seem
+more employed in party quarrels and private interests, than in pursuit
+of measures for the public advantage and honor. I fear the republican
+party lost ground by their late attack against the Duke of Brunswick.
+This Court continue to borrow money, and have just concluded a loan
+for three millions of dollars, to be refunded in the Havana and Vera
+Cruz, one million in the present year, and two in 1782. They have
+other loans in contemplation, of the general nature of which, I hope
+to be able to inform the Committee in time, although it may be
+difficult to obtain the minute particulars and conditions of these
+loans. The French Minister is concerned in the last mentioned, and
+will receive part, at least, of the three millions in question, which
+I hope will ultimately centre in North America.
+
+Mr Jay continues to accept the bills drawn on him; between twenty and
+thirty thousand dollars have been accepted, for which, as yet, no
+funds are provided, but I hope we have not much to fear for their
+payment. I have rendered Mr Jay accounts of all our money transactions
+here, which, with his usual regularity, he will transmit to Congress,
+as also minute details of his other transactions here. Among the bills
+presented, it may not be improper to mention, that several have been
+endorsed by people in America, payable to merchants in Great Britain
+and Ireland. If this does not accord with the ideas of Congress, the
+treasury will be instructed to convey to Mr Jay further directions on
+this subject.
+
+Although much is said of the forwardness of the negotiations ----
+peace, it is not probable that the preliminaries to be fixed on
+previous to the opening of the conferences can be adjusted, until the
+fate of the campaign is known, particularly if this Court acts with
+its usual deliberation, which some call dilatoriness. If the
+expedition against Minorca succeeds, and if money can be procured for
+the operations of the war, it is the opinion of some persons who are
+well informed, that the general peace will meet with more obstacles
+here than elsewhere. I have already written to the Committee, that the
+Court of Vienna found the pretensions of this Court extravagant. Its
+great objects of the war, are the possession of the entire navigation
+of the Gulf of Mexico, and Gibraltar. These are said to be the King's
+objects, who is in a good state of health, and follows with the same
+ardor his daily occupation of the chase. There is no talk of a change
+of Ministry. The fleet from Buenos Ayres, mentioned in former letters,
+is arrived, and I am afraid M. Solano will be more attentive to the
+safe arrival of that from the Havana, than to the prosecution of the
+plan of operations formed with our ally. The affairs of Great Britain
+in the east, are in a bad situation, and in consequence thereof India
+stock has fallen eight per cent.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 28th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my letter of the 14th instant,[10] the Minister has notified to
+Mr Jay the King's intentions of naming a person to treat with him;
+there is reason to think his nomination and instructions will have his
+Majesty's approbation on Sunday next, though possibly it may not be
+formally communicated until the Court is at the Escurial, to which
+place the royal family goes the 10th of next month.
+
+M. Del Campo, whom I mentioned in my last, is the person who probably
+will be chosen. I repeat his name lest that letter should miscarry; he
+is First Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and acting Secretary of
+the Council of State; and has the reputation of possessing great
+abilities and application to business, and I believe he merits what is
+said of him. He has also the entire confidence of the Count de Florida
+Blanca; his residence in England as Secretary of the embassy there,
+and his attention to Mr Cumberland and family while here, occasioned
+some to believe him secretly inclined to the interests of that
+country, but I believe without foundation, for I know that Mr
+Cumberland left this country much chagrined, and I believe he was the
+dupe of this gentleman's policy. I have had the satisfaction of being
+on very good terms with him for several months past, and have often
+expressed to him my hopes and wishes, that he might prove another M.
+Gerard in our affairs. His being employed in this negotiation is so
+far favorable to us as its successful issue interests his own
+reputation, and will be probably a step to further honors and
+employments, to which, as mentioned in my last, the public opinion
+destines him. I hope the Court is now serious in its intentions to
+conclude the negotiations, but it is still not improbable this
+business may be delayed until the fate of the campaign is known,
+unless it should be accelerated by the confirmation of news received
+from Cadiz last week, of the arrival of the Count de Grasse's squadron
+on the coast of Virginia, the consequent critical situation of the
+army of Lord Cornwallis, and the defeat of Lord Rawdon by General
+Greene.
+
+I shall seize every opportunity of informing the Committee of the
+progress made in this important business, and am happy to find by a
+letter I have just had the honor to receive from Mr Lovell, dated the
+15th of June, that my correspondence has contributed in any degree to
+the satisfaction of Congress, but am surprised, that so few of my
+letters have reached the Committee, for on reading the list of those
+received and comparing it with my letter book, I find several missing,
+which were sent by vessels from Bilboa and elsewhere, which I know
+arrived in safety to America, particularly my answer to Mr Jay's
+instructions to me at Cadiz, of which he sent only the state of the
+revenues and expenses of this country in the year 1778.
+
+I am informed by letters from Holland, that Mr Adams has had a nervous
+fever, but that he is now in a fair way to recover. The South Carolina
+frigate sailed from thence with the ships under her convoy, the 19th
+ultimo. I hope their safe arrival will convey to Congress ample
+information of the situation of their affairs in that quarter; I am
+afraid the loan does not fill fast, because I have letters from a
+house at Hamburg which mention, that Congress bills to a large
+amount, that they had presented for acceptance, had been protested.
+The republican party gains ground, and the Duke of Brunswick, though
+not removed, is obliged to act with more caution, and the Stadtholder
+with more resolution and force. I am informed, that the Court of
+France has consented to replace the cargo lost in the Marquis de
+Lafayette, but Dr Franklin is not enabled to accept any more of Mr
+Jay's bills, even for our salaries.
+
+The rumors of a general negotiation subside, owing it is said to the
+obstinacy of Great Britain, and the demands of this Court. The
+Imperial Minister has just received a courier from his Court, charged
+with its excuses for the detention of a Spanish courier, who after
+delivering his despatches to the Spanish Ambassador at Vienna, on his
+journey from thence to Petersburg, was stopped in Hungary, and not
+permitted to proceed until released by order of the Imperial Court.
+The Imperial Minister named to the Court of Berlin from hence, will
+soon go thither; his nomination is still a secret. The Spanish
+squadron has returned to Cadiz. Major Franks will leave this next
+week. I must do this officer the justice to observe to the Committee,
+that he has conducted himself with great discretion and economy here,
+and I hope that Congress will be induced by the success and expedition
+with which he delivered their despatches to Mr Jay, to send in future
+such as are important in a similar way.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                            Madrid, October 5th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On my arrival here from St Ildefonso this day, I found the enclosed
+letters for his Excellency, the President of Congress, from M. Dumas.
+On the 14th and 28th ult. I wrote to the Committee, that the Court
+appeared more serious in its intentions of bringing on the negotiation
+than it had shown itself to be for a long time. In my last, I informed
+the Committee that M. Del Campo would, probably, be appointed to
+negotiate with Mr Jay, and that his instructions and nomination would
+have his Majesty's approbation on the night of the 30th ult. The
+Minister of State once proposed to intrust M. Gardoqui with this
+business. Yesterday, when I left the _Sitio_, the Court had not
+formally notified the appointment to Mr Jay, but from some hints I
+received from well informed persons, I have hopes that the
+communication will be made either before he comes from thence
+tomorrow, or directly after the Court is fixed at the Escurial. I
+shall, however, be very agreeably disappointed, if much progress is
+made in this affair until the fate of the campaign is known.
+
+The last post from France and Holland brought no news of an
+interesting nature. The French and Spanish troops, destined to
+reinforce the Duc de Crillon's army at Minorca, are not yet embarked,
+and he cannot act with effect until he receives reinforcements. It is
+said the desertion from the place is considerable. The South Carolina
+frigate, armed for that State in Holland, has put into Corunna, and I
+am concerned to find by letters from Messrs Searle and Trumbull,
+passengers on board, that Commodore Gillon's conduct is much
+censured. Knowing Mr Searle's zeal and solicitude for the public
+interest, I must own that his letter has influenced my opinion in a
+great degree, but it would be unjust to condemn the former, before
+having seen an exposition of the reasons, which have determined his
+conduct, and which he has promised to forward to Mr Jay by express.
+
+The fact is, he sailed from the Texel without the ships he had engaged
+to escort, that he has cruised six or seven weeks with little success,
+and that he has been obliged to put into the port abovementioned, to
+refit and get a supply of provisions, which he writes he shall do
+immediately. It is probable Mr Jay may think proper to send me to
+Corunna in this business, which commission, I must confess, I shall
+accept with reluctance, because I not only foresee the delay and
+expense that must inevitably have place, if this government is obliged
+to interfere, but the disgrace, which must ensue from the notoriety of
+these unhappy differences between the commander and the American
+gentlemen aboard. I have another motive, which arises from the nature
+of the employment with which Congress has honored me, and which, with
+submission, I conceive does not admit of my absence at the most
+important period of the negotiation, when most knowledge is to be
+acquired of the real dispositions and intentions of this Court, and
+when I may avail myself of the esteem and confidence with which the
+proposed negotiator has appeared to honor me for several months past.
+Although, for the reasons abovementioned, and for others which I could
+add, I may leave the Court at this crisis with reluctance, I shall, if
+directed, proceed to Corunna, and execute the trust reposed in me,
+with a zeal, assiduity, and activity, which, I hope, will always
+influence my conduct, when the public interest and reputation are in
+question.
+
+I enclose a letter for his Excellency, the Chevalier de la Luzerne
+from the Count de Montmorin, whose talents and warm espousal of our
+interests, not only here, but at his own Court, entitle him to the
+approbation and esteem of Congress. I just hear that the Court has
+received advices from Buenos Ayres, dated the 7th of July. These are
+very agreeable. The rebellion mentioned in my former letters is
+entirely quelled, by the defeat and capture of the Indian chief at the
+head of it, and his principal officers, cannon, treasure, &c. &c. It
+seems two English officers are in the number of the prisoners, and
+that many letters and papers were found, which discover that the
+Portuguese excited and fomented these disturbances.[11]
+
+The Havana fleet is expected daily. On its arrival, perhaps, the Court
+may do something for us. But I repeat again, that little is to be
+depended on in the money way. Letters from France talk of a large
+expedition preparing at Brest. Its object is a secret. I shall seize
+every opportunity of informing the Committee of what passes in Europe
+relative to our affairs, and, in future, will multiply the copies of
+my letters to ensure their safe arrival.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] This alludes to the revolt of the celebrated Peruvian Chief,
+Tupac Amaru, of which an eloquent account is given by Dean Funes, in
+his _Ensayo de la Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos Ayres y
+Tucuman_. See North American Review, Vol. XX. p. 283.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          Madrid, November 17th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On the 2d instant the pretended Ex-Jesuit, who made so much noise in
+the English papers last winter and spring, was arrested at the
+Escurial, where he arrived the day before from Lisbon, under an
+assumed name. Commodore Johnson sent him to Rio Janeiro, in order to
+pass from thence to the Spanish settlements in Peru. He pretended to
+the Portuguese Governor, that he had been taken by Johnson on his way
+to the Caracas, but the former from some suspicion arising from the
+man's appearance and story, refused him permission to pass into the
+country, which obliged him to embark for Lisbon, at which place under
+his borrowed name he addressed Don Ferdinand Nunes, the Spanish
+Ambassador, offering to make some important discoveries to the Count
+de Florida Blanca. The former advised the Minister of these offers,
+and was directed by him to furnish the person in question with cash
+for his journey. It is said, that he was recognized the very day of
+his arrival at the Escurial, by one who knew him at Buenos Ayres. It
+is more probable, that M. Nunes knew his real character previous to
+his departure from Lisbon, for the magistrate whom the Minister of the
+Indies employs on such occasions, went to the Escurial with his
+officers, the day he arrived there, and arrested him the same evening.
+He is now in close prison, and I am told has discovered all he knew
+relative to the designs of the English, to foment the spirit of revolt
+existing in that country. This affair furnished conversation to the
+Court the few days I resided at the Escurial, whither I went, at the
+instance of the French Ambassador, to Mr Jay to be present at the
+_Besa Manos_, on St Carlos's day.
+
+I found by conversation with M. Del Campo, First Under Secretary of
+Foreign Affairs, that nothing had been done by the Court to advance
+the conferences for a treaty since it left St Ildefonso. In my letter
+of the 5th of October, I mentioned, that the gentleman abovenamed was
+nominated by the King to treat with Mr Jay; this nomination has never
+been formally communicated, but I had my information from such a
+quarter, that I am convinced the appointment was made, and the
+instructions given near about the time mentioned in my letter.
+Multiplicity of business, and the confusion occasioned by the Court's
+removal from one royal residence to another, are the present pretexts
+for this delay. The aspect of our affairs at the close of the
+campaign, the fate of which is yet unknown, and the apprehension of
+being obliged to make large advances in consequence of cementing their
+connexion with the States, are perhaps the real causes; to which may
+be added others of a different nature, though not less important to
+Ministers and courtiers.
+
+The palace is filled with Irish attendants, of both sexes, whose
+animosity to us and our cause is as decided and inveterate as is their
+attachment to it in America. The Princess of Asturias has on several
+occasions, and lately in particular, treated such English as come here
+with much condescension and distinction. The last instance I allude to
+happened to lady Winchelson, and the Lord her son, who came from
+America, (where he commanded a regiment) to Lisbon for his health.
+They were accompanied by a Mr Graham and his lady, and sister, both
+sisters of Lady Stormont, and visited the Escurial in their way to
+France.
+
+If the Ministers perceive any aversion in their future King and Queen
+to an alliance with us, they can easily find pretexts to retard it
+until they see their own justification in the urgency of the
+conjuncture, that may appear to have forced them into the measure.
+This however is but conjecture founded on the knowledge of some little
+incidents in the interior of the palace, and strengthened by the
+conduct of the Ministry, not only in the great object of Mr Jay's
+mission, but also in several minute particulars in which they might
+act to our satisfaction, without showing any marked partiality in our
+favor. So far from Mr Jay's having been yet able to obtain further
+succors, the French Ambassador has not procured the payment of moneys
+advanced in the month of May, by the Marquis de Yranda, to enable Mr
+Jay to discharge the bills due that month, although the Minister
+engaged his word to the Ambassador to repay this sum in equal monthly
+payments. In fact the Court itself is distressed, and with difficulty
+finds means to answer its own engagements.
+
+I believe I may venture to write with some certainty on this subject,
+for I have been on an intimate footing with the person who has
+transacted for the Court the most part of its money negotiations for
+more than twelve months past. I knew and cultivated him before he was
+in favor, and my introduction of him to Mr Jay, procured him the
+commission on the payment of our bills, and a considerable credit in
+consequence of the sums supposed to pass through his hands monthly for
+this purpose. As he has been the founder of the paper system in this
+country, and as he is likely soon to establish a national bank, he
+will probably make some figure in the annals of this reign. His name
+is Francis Cabarrus, born in Bayonne, but sent early to Spain to
+acquire a knowledge in its commerce, in which his father was
+considerably interested. His marriage at the age of nineteen (he is
+now twentynine) displeased his family, from whom after that period he
+received no assistance. With a small capital, as he himself informed
+me, he came and established a soap-work in the neighborhood of this
+city. While there he introduced himself to the notice of the Count de
+Campomanes, by becoming a member of the patriotic society, the friends
+of their country; of which the last mentioned gentleman is in a great
+measure the founder. He soon conciliated his esteem, as well as that
+of the Governor of the Council of Castile, to whom he became known by
+means of his friend and patron M. Campomanes. Through their interest
+he procured a contract to supply wheat and flour, in a time of
+scarcity, and commenced banker. The last year he proposed his plan for
+procuring cash for government, on terms mentioned in former letters.
+His genius is brilliant, active, and enterprising, with more
+imagination than solidity, although he is by no means deficient in
+acquired knowledge, arising from reading and reflection, the result of
+experience. His eloquence, enforced by a very prepossessing
+countenance and figure, seizes the heart before it convinces the
+judgment, and this joined to his knowledge of commercial and money
+transactions, has obtained for him the confidence of M. Musquiz, who
+consults him at present in all affairs of finance.
+
+I have thought proper to say thus much of this gentleman, not only on
+account of the part he has had, and is like to have in money matters,
+but because he has on all occasions manifested himself a friend to
+our cause, of which he is an enthusiastic advocate, being totally
+divested of local prejudices. He offered to procure five hundred
+thousand dollars for the States, payable at Havana on condition of
+being reimbursed by government in two years, the payments to commence
+at the expiration of two months after his orders for the delivery of
+the money to the agents of Congress were despatched. He will make the
+advances for the payment of the bills due next month, which amount to
+thirtytwo thousand dollars, and for the reimbursement of which Mr Jay
+relies on Dr Franklin, for after the delays we have experienced here,
+and the knowledge of their own distresses, there is no great reason to
+think this Court will grant us any considerable pecuniary assistance,
+unless a happy change in the situation of our affairs should
+precipitate a treaty, and lead them to extraordinary exertions, as
+proofs of their amity. The support of their fleet at Cadiz, of forty
+sail of the line, the sieges of Gibraltar and Mahon; their expensive
+armaments at the Havana, and the preparations making for an expedition
+from Europe to that quarter, which will sail next month, exhaust their
+European and American revenue, and all the resources by which they
+have hitherto obtained money.
+
+The insurrections in Peru augment this expense, and the same spirit of
+revolt, which seems to have extended to Mexico, will add to it. These
+discontents have been occasioned by duties imposed since the
+administration of M. Galvez, the present Minister of the Indies. The
+project was proposed by Carrasco, Marquis de la Corona, to the Marquis
+of Squillace then Minister, who was much inclined to adopt it, and
+named the projector to visit Spanish America, in order to form on the
+spot the plan of its execution. He declined the mission on various
+pretexts, and another was appointed for this purpose, who died on his
+passage. M. Galvez, the present Minister of the Indies, succeeded him,
+and on his return to Spain made a report so agreeable to his Majesty,
+that it procured him the important post he now occupies.
+
+The novelty of these measures, joined to the vexations and impositions
+occasioned, as is said, by the collectors of them, has created much
+dissatisfaction in these countries. I have my information from some of
+the principal natives of Mexico and Peru here, and also from a
+foreigner, who obtained permission to visit Mexico, and who made the
+voyage from motives of curiosity. Four thousand troops are to be
+embarked at Cadiz for the expedition abovementioned, and it is said
+will be escorted by four vessels of the line, who at the same time
+convoy the register ships bound to the Havana and Vera Cruz. As this
+convoy will sail about the same time that the expedition from Brest
+will be ready for sea, it is probable they may form a junction. Ten
+thousand troops are to be employed in the one last mentioned, and I am
+told will sail escorted by twenty sail of the line. Part of which will
+probably join the grand fleet at Cadiz, and the rest proceed to the
+West Indies, where I have reason to think they will act in concert
+with the Spaniards. A friend of mine is to embark on board the French
+fleet as interpreter. He speaks and writes the Spanish language
+perfectly.
+
+I have also some reason to believe that the French naval force, and a
+larger body of troops than they have yet sent to America, will appear
+on our coasts earlier the next, than they did the present year.
+Jamaica is thought to be the first object of these expeditions, and
+this conjecture arises from the appointment of M. Galvez to the
+command of the Spanish force in the West Indies, whose project for
+attacking that Island is well known. In France, it is said that a part
+of the troops to be embarked at Brest, is intended for the East
+Indies; and here, that theirs are sent to suppress the revolt at Santa
+Fé, mentioned in my letter of the 17th ult.[12] I rather think that
+two French ships of the line, now at Cadiz, and as many frigates, who
+have taken and are taking in provisions for a long voyage, are
+destined to the eastern part of the world, and that they will take
+with them a considerable sum in dollars, for the payment of their land
+and sea forces there. The French Ambassador has obtained, or is about
+to obtain, permission to send out of the kingdom two and a half
+million of dollars, part of which sum is probably destined to the
+purpose above mentioned.
+
+The sieges of Gibraltar and Mahon go on slowly. The operations against
+these fortresses have not been so vigorous hitherto as to promise a
+speedy reduction of either; when the efforts of these besiegers become
+more interesting, I shall transmit regular accounts of their progress.
+The Court of Great Britain proposes to send five hundred troops to
+America, exclusive of recruits, to be drawn from Germany and Ireland.
+These it is said, will sail with thirteen sail of the line in the
+course of next month. The East India Company also send a reinforcement
+of seven thousand men to the East Indies, with four sail of the line.
+If this information can be credited, the East and West India, and
+American reinforcements will sail at the same time, to insure by their
+united force their safety on the coast of Europe.
+
+In Holland the divisions are still great, and likely to be so. The
+Provinces have not yet all agreed to the loan proposed by France for
+the use of Congress. I am informed the Stadtholder's friends give it
+all the opposition in their power. That Prince has, as I have already
+advised the Committee, been obliged to consent to the augmentation of
+the marine. The news of the birth of the Dauphin will probably reach
+America before this letter. It is expected it will be received there
+with demonstrations of satisfaction that will be highly flattering to
+the French nation. The great age and infirmities of the Count de
+Maurepas, render it probable that he will not survive the winter. The
+Queen's influence, it is thought, will increase by the birth of the
+Dauphin, and the death of this Minister. Permit me to conclude with
+the flattering hopes of a brilliant close of the campaign, which the
+well concerted plan of our General and allies communicated to me by
+the Count de Montmorin, renders highly probable. The success of this
+operation, and what is expected, may perhaps render Mr Jay's next
+information more agreeable and interesting to Congress, to whom I beg
+leave to present my humble respects.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[12] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, December 20th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Your letters of the 16th of August, and 5th of October, came to hand.
+They were read in Congress, and handed over to this office, which will
+in future, agreeably to its institution, receive and make all
+communications to and from Congress, conformable to their ordinance,
+of which I enclose a copy, having omitted it in my letters to Mr Jay.
+The importance of early and regular intelligence from Europe is so
+much felt here, that you have full credit for all the communications
+you make. I wish you would extend them so far as to permit no vessel
+to sail without letters and papers. Spanish gazettes may sometimes be
+serviceable to us.
+
+The expedition of the Duc de Crillon is important in many views;
+should it succeed, it will be such a blow to the British as must
+hasten a negotiation, though it may probably obstruct a peace; at any
+rate, the possession of the Island must cut the sinews of their
+Mediterranean trade. Your apprehensions about being sent to Corunna,
+will, I hope, have been groundless, as Captain Gillon's ship is not
+the property of, or under the direction of the United States. So far
+as Mr Jay's good offices can be serviceable, they undoubtedly will be
+extended. He will not think himself obliged to involve the United
+States in the expense or disgrace of Captain Gillon's misconduct, if,
+as is alleged, he has really behaved improperly. Should he determine
+to interfere, Congress make no doubt but you will conform to his
+intentions; and they rely upon your zeal and activity in the discharge
+of such trusts, as he may think proper, since he alone can judge of
+the best application of them, and will not deprive himself of the
+advantages, which your assistance and information may afford, without
+being determined by weighty and important considerations.
+
+It gives great pleasure here, to hear of the step that Spain is
+taking, for opening a treaty with us. The delays in that business
+begin to be resented by the people of this country, the more
+forcibly, as they felt a high degree of respect for the Court, and
+much attachment to the people of Spain, in return for the good offices
+that they had done them. The great cause of the delay being now (as we
+hear) removed, I doubt not that the candor of the negotiators, and the
+clear views that they both have of the interest, which Spain and
+America may mutually derive from an intimate union, will remove all
+other difficulties to the wished for connexion.
+
+We have no other news on this side the water, than that the enemy have
+evacuated Wilmington. You, who know the spirit of disaffection which
+prevailed in some parts of North Carolina, and the commerce which it
+is capable of carrying on, particularly at this time, in articles for
+the supply of the West India markets, will see the important sacrifice
+the enemy have been obliged to make in thus quitting this post, and
+abandoning the only friends in America, upon whose fidelity and
+attachment they could rely.
+
+I need not repeat to you, that I shall at all times think myself happy
+in hearing from you, independent of the advantage that the public may
+derive from your letters. They will be particularly agreeable to me,
+as they may be made the means of increasing the number of friends,
+which your zeal and attention has already procured you.
+
+I am, Sir, with great esteem, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 20th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my letter of the 17th ult. to the Committee of Foreign Affairs,
+I have had the pleasure to hear of your appointment to the office of
+Secretary for that department, and although I have not any official
+directions, respecting my future correspondence, in consequence of
+this change, I take the liberty of addressing you as I have hitherto
+done the Committee, on the subject of our affairs here, their
+situation, and that of the powers with whom we have, or may hereafter
+have, connexions. At the same time permit me to entreat you, Sir, to
+inform me, whether it is judged necessary, that I should continue this
+correspondence, having done it hitherto with a view to multiply the
+channels of information to Congress, and not from an expectation of
+conveying any material intelligence, which they will not ultimately
+receive in a fuller manner from Mr Jay and their other Ministers; to
+the former of whom I communicate instantly every information I can
+procure here, or by my foreign correspondence. I have been induced to
+continue this correspondence, from another motive, which is, that I
+find that others employed as secretaries here, are directed by their
+respective Courts, to write either to the Minister for Foreign
+Affairs, or the particular Secretary of their Sovereigns. The only
+letter, which I have had the honor to receive from Mr Lovell, since I
+have been in this country, approved of my endeavors to communicate
+early and regular information; but if it is expected I should do it
+effectually, I hope a cypher will be sent me, by the first safe
+conveyance, under cover to Mr Harrison at Cadiz, or to our Consul in
+France, with directions to those gentlemen to forward the letter
+enclosing it, by a sure hand, to escape the inspection of the
+post-offices in France and Spain, the dread of which often retards my
+letters, which I am now obliged to send to the sea-ports, by private
+persons, or the couriers of the French Ambassador. Once possessed of a
+cypher, I flatter myself that few vessels will sail from France or
+this country without letters from me, which, although often not
+interesting, may yet in some degree contribute to the satisfaction of
+Congress.
+
+Our affairs are in much the same situation they were when I had the
+honor to forward the above mentioned letter to the Committee. M. Del
+Campo's sickness, from which he is but just recovered, is the occasion
+or pretext for this delay. His appointment, however, has been finally
+announced to Mr Jay by the Minister, and was made at the time
+mentioned in my former letters. It is probable that little will be
+done in this business, until the Court goes to the Pardo the 7th of
+next month. A principle of delicacy perhaps prevents it from seeming
+at present to precipitate its conduct, in consequence of the favorable
+aspect of our affairs, since the news of the capture of Lord
+Cornwallis, and the victory obtained by General Greene in South
+Carolina. But the delay attending the transaction of the smallest
+affair in this country, is a sufficient reason to account for the
+difficulties Mr Jay encounters at present, without surmising other
+motives. On this subject, I speak from the experience of almost all
+the _corps diplomatique_, as well as from the authority of
+individuals, who have much business with the various branches of
+administration.
+
+The news above mentioned, was received apparently with great pleasure
+by the King and Prince of Asturias, as I was informed the same day by
+several of their officers in waiting. The public at large was highly
+satisfied, and has spoken more favorably since of our allies, than it
+has done from the commencement of the war. The foreign Ministers were
+not all so well pleased with this event, particularly those of
+Germany, Russia and Denmark. However, in general they regard it as a
+blow which decides the Independence of the States. The new Minister of
+Sweden is open in declaring his partiality for our cause, and
+signified that he would have waited on Mr Jay on his arrival here, as
+it is the custom of those last come to do, if no other Minister had
+arrived here since Mr Jay's residence, who had not done it. His
+conduct to myself shows that this was not a mere compliment, for he
+has invited me several times to dine with him, and visited me. He is a
+particular friend, I believe, of M. Marbois, for he speaks highly of
+him, as indeed all do, whom I have conversed with, that have the
+pleasure of his acquaintance.
+
+The Imperial and Swedish Ministers declare that their respective
+Sovereigns will reclaim all vessels under their colors, going to or
+returning from America, which comply with the articles of the armed
+neutrality, and it has been hinted to me, that it was not difficult to
+obtain letters of naturalization for the crews of American vessels,
+provided the nominal officers are subjects of either country. The
+Court has at length consented to repay the money advanced in April
+last by the Marquis de Yranda, but has not enabled Mr Jay to pay the
+bills due this month, and as Dr Franklin has not authorised him to
+draw, M. Cabarrus, as I expected in my last, has consented to advance
+the sum sufficient for this purpose, amounting to thirtytwo thousand
+dollars. Perhaps Dr Franklin may soon enable Mr Jay to repay him.
+
+Thirty thousand pounds sterling would pay all our debts here, which
+distress us more than the apprehension of not receiving our salaries,
+of which, though liberal, we have constant need, owing to the dearness
+of everything in this country, and the great expense incurred by the
+frequent change of residence of the Court, which circumstance obliges
+us to take lodgings at the royal residences; and which expense, the
+frequent journeys that we were constrained to make on account of our
+other business in Madrid, greatly augment. I should not touch on this
+subject, if Dr Franklin had not desired me to mention to Congress our
+personal difficulties and distresses, for I believe, with all the
+desire he has to serve us, he procures with difficulty sufficient
+funds for the payment of our salaries.
+
+The expeditions mentioned in my former letters, are now both probably
+at sea; that from France sailed the 10th instant, and I know of a
+certainty, that orders have been sent to Cadiz to hasten the departure
+of the ships and troops at that post. The French ships there,
+mentioned in my last, take on board a million of dollars, and M. de
+Bussy, who formerly signalized himself in the East Indies, has gone
+thither incognito by land, accompanied by several officers, who have
+but lately returned from the East. It is therefore highly probable,
+that these vessels, joined by others, go thither, and will take under
+their escort a part of the troops embarked at Brest.
+
+No great progress is made in the sieges of Gibraltar and Mahon; on the
+27th ult., the enemy made a sally from the former place, in which they
+did more damage, than has been published here, having completely
+ruined the advanced works of the besiegers, the repair of which will
+require some time and much money. At Mahon, the rainy season has
+retarded the operation of the assailants. I am just told the Duc de
+Crillon demands a reinforcement of two thousand men, which will be
+granted to him. The enemy receives small succors from time to time by
+sea. The Court is about to negotiate another loan, in which if it does
+not succeed, perhaps it must have recourse to another emission of
+paper. The treasury is at a low ebb. The Minister of Marine demanded
+lately ten millions of reals, and received but three. The credit of
+the paper has lately risen, it is not negotiated at one and a half per
+cent loss.
+
+A plan for a national bank, is at present before the Council. The
+projector, M. Cabarrus, proposes to form a capital of fifteen millions
+of dollars, of which he offers to procure six millions; each action to
+amount to two thousand reals, for which the proprietors receive a
+certain interest of four per cent, with the profits expected from this
+establishment; I have seen the plan, but had not permission to copy
+it, so that I can give but a faint sketch of it. Eight directors are
+to be chosen the first year, and six annually, by the assembly of the
+proprietors; two of these directors are to be perpetual, because it is
+proposed, that they should have the direction of the supplies for the
+army and navy, with an interest of ten per cent, to the emolument of
+the bank; these two directors are to be named by the Court, out of
+four chosen by the proprietors; in other respects the Court to have no
+influence. If this plan, which was originally a part of the scheme for
+the circulation of paper here, should succeed, the paper which will be
+discounted by it, will probably preserve its credit. The Gromios,
+companies possessed of exclusive privileges, will be annihilated, and
+much money, now dormant in the coffers of individuals, be called into
+circulation. The Gromios pay two and a half per cent interest, and the
+bank four, which difference, joined to the hopes of farther profits,
+will tempt the money-holders to withdraw their funds from the hands of
+the first, and place them in the latter. But these companies and their
+friends, oppose it strongly, as do also the persons employed in
+supplying the army and navy, with whom, it is said, people in various
+departments of Government have interested connexions.
+
+The Courts of France and Spain seem determined to continue the war
+with vigor, and you will see by the King of Great Britain's speech,
+that he is not disposed to accommodation. The Empress of Russia still
+continues her endeavors to bring about a peace between England and
+Holland, to which the British Ministry has lately appeared to listen,
+although in a haughty manner. I am told the republican party is more
+exasperated than ever, by their answer to Russia, which is published.
+But your information will be much more accurate from Mr Adams, than
+any that I can procure. My correspondents from France write me, that
+the nation is much elated by the late triumph of the allied arms. This
+success, and the flourishing state of their commerce, reconcile them
+to the war, the continuance of which their Ambassador here regards as
+inevitable.
+
+The resolution of Congress, prohibiting all intercourse between the
+citizens of America and the subjects of Great Britain, gives a secret
+satisfaction both in France and this country, and augments the
+jealousy of others, that the influence of France will exclude at the
+peace all amicable connexions between the States and Great Britain,
+at least this is the language of several of the foreign Ministers and
+their families. The Imperial Ambassador has lately made
+representations on account of an ordinance rigorously executed of late
+in the ports, obliging all captains of vessels to make an oath,
+declaratory of the contents of all packages, &c. &c. on board their
+vessels. He has endeavored to make this a common cause. The commerce
+murmurs against this, and other regulations lately enforced. It must
+be confessed, that Spain seems desirous to discourage all commerce
+carried on by foreigners, and bears as hard on their allies as on
+neutral nations. Whenever a peace takes place, France will be
+constrained to make a new convention on this subject. At present, this
+Court feels its importance, and the cabinet of Versailles has points
+of a nature so much more interesting to carry, that it takes little
+notice of the breach of conventions actually subsisting. By a late
+ordinance of the Minister of Finance, a duty of twentyfive per cent
+was imposed upon all produce brought in American vessels from the
+Havana. Mr Jay has made representations on this subject, which, I
+hope, will be attended to. M. Galvez appeared well disposed to
+withdraw them. It appears also to be the intention of the present
+Minister, to diminish the consumption of salt fish, to pave the way,
+as their friends give out, for its total exclusion at the peace,
+unless cured and imported by the natives; for this purpose, they have
+obtained bills of indulgence from the Pope, permitting the use of meat
+during Lent, and on other days on which it was prohibited. The price
+of these indulgences is proportioned to the rank of the purchaser. It
+is calculated, that the sale of them in the Spanish dominions will
+produce two millions of dollars annually; so that a double advantage
+is derived from this operation, the extraction of money for fish is
+prevented, and the revenue considerably augmented.
+
+The present Ministry seem firmly established in their respective
+posts. The Count de Florida Blanca's health does not permit him to
+give constant application to business, but is not of so dangerous a
+nature as to cause any apprehension. The Ministers of the Indies and
+Marine keep their ground in the King's favor, although they have many
+enemies. If the disturbances in America should increase, the credit of
+the first may be weakened. The latter, although disliked by his
+colleagues and disapproved by France, preserves the Sovereign's good
+graces. He has one merit, which is his constant attention to the
+safety of the Spanish fleet, a merit that may fix him in his place,
+but which renders him odious to the nation and its allies, who wish to
+see it more actively employed.
+
+I am afraid these particulars may appear trivial to Congress, to whom
+I should be happy to make more important communications; these are not
+to be obtained but by the dint of money, or by a long residence and
+intimacy with persons in the various departments of government. The
+first we have not for the most pressing exigencies, and the latter,
+our at present doubtful situation at this Court precludes us from in
+some degree; although neither attentions nor endeavors have been
+omitted to make useful acquaintances.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 24th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday Mr Jay had an audience of his Excellency, the Count de
+Florida Blanca, in which that Minister in the most express terms
+assured him, he might depend on receiving three millions of reals to
+pay such bills as he had already accepted, this sum, with near
+eighteen thousand dollars received already, and twentyfive thousand
+promised by the Court of France, will fully answer this purpose, and I
+still hope ways and means will be found to furnish funds for the
+bills, which have not yet been presented, and which, for some weeks,
+come to hand slowly. The Minister also promised his good offices with
+the Court of Portugal, and informed Mr Jay, that previous to his
+application, he had endeavored to induce the Ministry of that nation
+to conduct itself with respect to the States, in a manner more
+agreeable to the rights of humanity and the law of nations founded on
+those rights, but that the party in favor of Great Britain
+preponderated hitherto.
+
+I have had opportunities of speaking several times on this subject to
+the Secretary of the Embassy of Portugal here, and once to the
+Ambassador. Each seemed sensible of the injustice of the first step of
+the Court, and owned it more easy to do an injury than to repair it.
+If the Congress should be in a situation to make strong
+representations to that Court, with a recapitulation of the conduct of
+the States during the whole war in respect to Portugal, they may be
+possibly attended with success, particularly if they should accede to
+the armed neutrality, to which they are strongly pressed by Russia at
+present. The Minister also engaged to do justice to certain Americans
+who carried a British privateer to the Canaries, and, in short, seemed
+exceedingly well disposed to render the States every service in his
+power. I cannot forbear, however, mentioning to the Committee, that he
+spoke with much chagrin of the adherence of Congress to points, which,
+in his opinion, rendered a treaty impracticable for the present, and
+although pressed on that subject by Mr Jay, I doubt whether he will
+give his sentiments thereon in writing. He also seemed exceedingly
+apprehensive of the efficacy of the means employed by Sir H. Clinton,
+to sow jealousy and discord among the States, and even in Congress,
+and said that the letters lately received by the British Court from
+the officer abovementioned, gave great hopes of success in this
+particular. In fine, he assured Mr Jay, that considerable sums of
+money would be employed for this purpose, and as I am convinced this
+Court received its information from a person equally employed by that
+of London, I fear it will be difficult to remove these suspicions
+until time shows how ill founded they are.
+
+In the meantime, unanimity and force in America are the best arms of
+the States there, and their best arguments in Europe. To which, if
+much complaisance to the Spanish King and nation is added, even in
+objects not essential, the Congress will enable their servants to
+defeat the designs of the British emissary and their party here, so
+long as the present King lives. According to present appearances, the
+war is likely to continue. Although I have already written you
+particularly on the subject, I now repeat, that the Court is in the
+way of negotiating its loans for the expenses of the ensuing year, and
+that it expects some treasure from America. At Cadiz, they have
+twentynine sail of the line ready for sea. The blockade of Gibraltar
+is continued with tolerable success hitherto. The Count d'Estaing was
+not arrived in France by the last advices. This delay will retard the
+operations intended for our succor.
+
+The death of the Empress Queen will probably kindle the flame of war
+in Europe, though perhaps not in the ensuing year. I am told from good
+authority the Emperor is favorably disposed to England. His Ambassador
+and Mr Cumberland are very intimate, and see each other every day. The
+residence here of the latter is extraordinary in the present situation
+of the two nations, and can only be accounted for on the principles,
+which I had the honor to mention in former letters. If I may be
+allowed to conjecture, I think Holland will be sooner or later
+involved in the war, and that orders have already been given by the
+Court of England to attack their possessions in the East Indies. This
+however is but a conjecture, although grounded on some share of
+political evidence.
+
+The British Parliament is prorogued to the 23d of January. Their grand
+fleet is at sea. Mr Trumbull has been arrested in England, and several
+Americans obliged to fly and abscond, among whom there is one of my
+correspondents. I have received advice, that several were included in
+the number to be arrested, whom it was not the intention of Government
+to seize, in order to give them an opportunity of returning to America
+with more eclat, to be in a situation of rendering greater services to
+Great Britain. I hope this advice is without foundation, but having
+received it, I think it my duty to communicate it, because
+circumspection can do us no material injury. M. Gardoqui will
+scarcely take his departure until all negotiations are at an end, and
+the campaign shall have commenced.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ Sir Joseph Yorke has presented another Memorial to the States,
+more insolent than the former. The armed neutrality propose to have
+forty sail of the line next spring in the ports of Holland.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 18th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 20th of
+December, and seize the earliest opportunity of acknowledging the
+satisfaction I feel in the hope of a more regular correspondence than
+I have hitherto had with your department. The moment I was informed,
+indirectly of your appointment, I did myself the honor of addressing
+you. My first letter was dated the same day you wrote the one above
+mentioned. On the 24th ultimo, I again solicited your attention, and
+as I sent quadruplicates of these letters, I think I may venture to
+refer you to their contents, for accounts of the state of affairs, and
+the general intelligence at the time of writing them.
+
+I find by your letter, that mine written in the month of September,
+had not reached Congress. I sent three copies via Bilboa, by the
+Captains Tracy, Cook, and another, whose name my correspondents
+omitted to mention to me. I have had the mortification to hear
+lately, that these vessels were all taken on the coasts of America.
+The fourth copy was sent from France, so that I still hope it may have
+escaped the misfortune of the others. Nothing gives me, or can give
+me, more pleasure, than the idea of contributing to the satisfaction
+of Congress, while I fill a duty, which a sense of their confidence,
+and a desire of meriting a continuance of it imposes on me. I am only
+sorry, that my abilities and opportunities do not correspond with my
+wishes, to render my communications more useful. I have already
+requested you in the letters above mentioned, to point out the line of
+my duty.
+
+I am infinitely obliged to you for what you mention with respect to my
+apprehension of being sent to Corunna, and having your sanction to
+direct my conduct in future. I shall implicitly follow Mr Jay's
+directions, should he even choose to send me as a courier to be the
+bearer of despatches to the sea-ports. The reason assigned in your
+letter, joined to others which I had the honor to mention in mine to
+the Committee, were such as I suggested when I expressed a reluctance
+to be employed with discretionary powers in this business. I was
+prepared however to execute Mr Jay's orders, but I believe ulterior
+reflections, and the advice of the French Ambassador, induced him to
+relinquish the idea of sending me.
+
+I have no cypher from Mr Morris and have seen none from him. I must
+therefore again request you to forward me one, under cover to Messrs
+Barclay and Harrison, with directions to those gentlemen to forward
+your letters by private hands, and not by the post, for I fear that
+one you sent to Mr Jay has been intercepted. No delicacy is preserved
+by this Court on this head. This practice is not confined to us, but
+extends to the correspondence of all the _corps diplomatique_. It has
+happened, that in the hurry of resealing letters thus examined, papers
+belonging to the department, in which they were opened, have been
+carelessly enclosed by the Secretary, and returned to the Minister by
+the person to whom the letters were addressed. Without a cypher it
+will be impossible for me to be so punctual as may be expected, for at
+present I am obliged to send most of my letters by private hands, or
+by the French Ambassador's couriers to the sea-ports, which
+circumstance often retards their arrival in America.
+
+Our situation with respect to money matters is still critical. The
+drafts which Dr Franklin is obliged to pay are so frequent, that he
+has not been able to obtain cash to enable Mr Jay to discharge the
+bills accepted by him here, for which M. Cabarrus, as has been
+mentioned in former letters, is nearly forty thousand dollars in
+advance. Happily there are few bills due until the middle of next
+month, which will give Dr Franklin time to endeavor to save our credit
+here, and to this Ministry to reflect on the consequence of denying us
+this small succor. The Count de Florida Blanca has been lately
+solicited on this subject by the French Ambassador, and without giving
+hopes of affording the sum demanded, he promised to do what the
+urgency of their own wants permit him to do for us. In this
+conversation he appeared dissatisfied, that Congress had taken no
+notice of the desire he had expressed of obtaining one of the vessels
+constructing in the Eastern ports, for the United States, and
+complained, that no returns had been made by the States to the proofs
+the King had manifested, of his favorable disposition towards them. In
+fact their own necessities are evident.
+
+In addition to what I have heretofore mentioned on this head, I have
+lately been informed from good authority, that a person to whom the
+Crown is indebted twelve millions of reals, in order to obtain
+payment, has been constrained to propose to purchase the salt
+belonging to his Majesty, to the amount of twentyfour millions of
+reals, for the payment of which, after deducting the sum due to him,
+he is obliged to advance immediately five millions of reals, although
+he has little hopes of disembarrassing himself shortly, of such an
+immense quantity of an article, for which there is little demand at
+present. The Minister, to soften the harshness of his refusal to make
+further advances, informed the Count de Montmorin, that M. Del Campo's
+instructions would be ready in a few days, and that Mr Jay might then
+commence his conferences on the subject of the proposed treaty. If I
+may be allowed to hazard a conjecture again on this subject, I must
+repeat what I have often mentioned already, that Spain seems desirous
+to retard this business until a general treaty takes place. Perhaps it
+may not be unworthy the attention of Congress, to prepare eventual
+resolutions should this prove to be the intentions of the Court.
+
+Since commencing this letter, we have the agreeable news of the
+capitulation of Mahon, in twentyeight days after the trenches were
+opened. The garrison are prisoners of war, and, including sailors,
+&c., amount to two thousand six hundred men. Sickness, which reduced
+their number of effective men to one thousand three hundred,
+unwholesome provision, fatigue, and despair of succor, are the motives
+assigned by the Governor, for the surrender of this important place,
+which has cost Spain two hundred killed, and three hundred wounded.
+The joy of the Court is excessive. The Count de Florida Blanca has the
+merit of having planned this expedition. It is said, the
+fortifications are to be entirely ruined, and the port rendered
+incapable of receiving large vessels. The officer charged with the
+despatches, announcing this event, accuses our allies of having shown
+a backwardness and reluctance to assist in this siege, which has
+excited much indignation here. The Princess of Asturias said publicly
+at dinner, that the Spaniards had taken Fort St Philip's in sight of
+four thousand spectators, (meaning the French troops.) I had this from
+a foreign Minister who was present. I am persuaded the charge is
+without foundation, but still it will have a bad effect, and augment a
+national animosity, which prevails too much already.
+
+It is probable that the siege of Gibraltar will now be pushed with
+more vigor. It is the King's favorite object, and the Duc de Crillon,
+I know, is of opinion that it may be taken. His late success will give
+weight to his opinion. I have been told that the Irish who obtained
+permission to return to the sea-ports, after being exiled from thence
+for several months, will again be ordered to quit them. This
+circumstance induces me to believe, that strong efforts will be made
+to take Gibraltar. The Spanish fleet has returned to Cadiz, where it
+will not remain long, the magazines being abundantly provided, and
+although there is no great number of workmen, or docks, for the
+repairs of vessels of the line, yet as few of the vessels have
+suffered in their cruise, these inconveniences will not be felt. The
+Count de Guichen was ready for sea the 28th ultimo, and only waited
+for a wind. His fleet consists of ten sail of the line, which has
+under its convoy fifty sail of transports; five of the first mentioned
+are destined for Cadiz, to join the Spanish fleet, which will then be
+superior to any the enemy can assemble in the seas of Europe. Admiral
+Rodney was still in the Channel the 22d ultimo, and will probably push
+for the West Indies, without any transports; the convoys for the West
+and East Indies, and America, not being yet in readiness. It is said
+that great reinforcements are to be sent to these quarters. Lord
+George Germain, it is said, will resign, and be succeeded by Mr Ellis.
+
+The Russian and Imperial Ministers, still interpose their good offices
+to mediate a peace. The neutral Ministers say here, that Lord
+Stormont, in a late conversation with the first mentioned, declared
+with heat, that his Sovereign would treat with France on the subject
+of our independence, when a French army was in possession of the Tower
+of London, and not before, and that they would negotiate with Spain
+for the cession of Gibraltar, in exchange for the city of Madrid. I
+should not commit this extravagance to paper if I had not heard it
+mentioned by the Count de Montmorin, and other Ministers.
+
+Mr Adams has demanded a categorical answer from the States-General to
+the proposition made them on behalf of the United States. The Dutch
+Secretary here informs me, that his letter was well received. The
+Dutch Minister at this Court has invited me to his house, since the
+presentation of the above mentioned demand. I have lately had
+conversation with the Swedish Minister, which I hope will enable me
+two months hence to give you some information of the disposition of
+his Court. This Minister is exceedingly well disposed to forward a
+connexion between Sweden and America, as is the Baron de Ramel,
+formerly Minister here, now Vice Chancellor of Sweden, to whose good
+offices I believe I owe the countenance and civilities of its
+representative here.
+
+The _cedula_ for the bank will appear shortly. I shall take care to
+forward that, and any other paper that I think worthy your attention.
+I have sent the Madrid Gazette to Mr Harrison, and have desired him to
+forward it in future. This gentleman is every way deserving your
+esteem and notice. He acts at present as Consul for America at Cadiz,
+and has been very useful there. His good sense and agreeable manners,
+have acquired the good will of natives and foreigners.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 27th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I did myself the honor of addressing you the 18th instant, which I
+enclosed in the first copy of this. My letter of the 18th contained
+all the intelligence of the state of our affairs in Holland, which had
+come to my knowledge. My mind now is full of another object, for I
+have the mortification to inform you, that unless Mr Jay is enabled by
+Dr Franklin in a few days to pay the drafts he has accepted, he will
+be obliged to stop payment. I am persuaded the latter has done
+everything in his power to extricate us from this cruel situation, but
+he has had so many other bills to answer, and France is itself so
+pushed for money, that hitherto he has not been able to succeed, nor
+indeed to pay us regularly our salaries.
+
+This Court has at length consented to pay us the balance of the three
+millions, promised last year, which amounts to near twentysix
+thousand dollars, but this money is in some sort appropriated to the
+repayment of the advances made for two months past, by M. Cabarrus,
+who, after the conversation he has had with the Minister, is
+discouraged from making equal advances. Less than twenty thousand
+pounds sterling would now pay all our debts in this country. I shall
+not despair until the bills are refused, although after what we have
+experienced here, I have little ground to hope. The Count de Florida
+Blanca has engaged to take such measures, as that Mr Jay shall not be
+personally exposed, which, without the interference of the Court,
+might be the case, as he is not acknowledged in a public character.
+
+Mr Jay has not yet received any notice, that M. Del Campo's
+instructions are ready. That gentleman has now been near four months
+named for this business. It is now confidently asserted, that the
+works at Mahon are to be destroyed. Two ships of the line, and two
+frigates, have sailed from Cadiz, to escort the transports with troops
+from Minorca, which, it is said, are to be employed in the siege of
+Gibraltar. I know of a certainty, that the Court has given orders, to
+amass considerable sums of money in Andalusia. The Count de Guichen
+sailed on the 10th instant, and we expect every day to hear of his
+arrival at Cadiz, with five ships of the line. The English East India
+convoy sailed the 26th ult., and consists of six ships of the line, a
+frigate, and nineteen transports and ships of the Company. The letters
+and papers I have received the last posts from France and Holland,
+assert that since the arrival of Lord Cornwallis and Arnold in
+England, the king is resolved to continue an offensive war in America
+at every hazard. As this intelligence corresponds with the character
+of the king, and the officers above mentioned, some credit may be
+given to it. It has been asserted in the English papers, that the king
+of Great Britain was negotiating as Elector of Hanover with Saxony, to
+take into pay ten thousand of its troops, to replace the like number
+to be drawn from Hanover for the American war. The _Chargé d'Affaires_
+of Saxony at this Court assures me that this is false.
+
+It is expected by the friends of America, that preparations will be
+early made, to repel every attack the enemy may be in force to make,
+and if occasion presents, to act offensively. I have nothing to add to
+this or my last, but that a copy of each will be delivered to you by
+Colonel Livingston, whose zeal, abilities, application, and prudent
+conduct, have acquired him general esteem, and have made his departure
+regretted by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. Mr Vaughan,
+who accompanies him, was strongly recommended to me by Dr Franklin,
+and I have found him every way worthy of his recommendation. These
+gentlemen will be able to give more ample details of general
+intelligence, than I can do by letter, and of a later date than this.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Madrid, April 14th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A violent defluxion of the eyes, which was epidemical here this
+winter, incapacitated me for near three weeks after the date of my
+last from writing, and the perplexed and uncertain situation of our
+affairs here for some time past, induced me not to do myself the honor
+of addressing you, until I could inform you in what manner our
+difficulties were likely to have a period. Indeed, during this
+interval, my time was so much engaged by the bills of exchange
+accepted by Mr Jay, and the conversations I held with, and the visits
+I was obliged to make to the various persons interested in this
+affair, that I had very little leisure left for other occupations.
+
+On the 27th of February, I expressed my apprehensions for the fate of
+our accepted bills, although I could not but hope, that either this
+Court or that of France, would interfere in time to relieve us from
+this cruel mortification. Whether this Court withheld its aid, from
+expectation that the French Ambassador was secretly instructed to
+assist us, as on a former occasion, in case of extreme necessity;
+whether their wants, which are pressing, occasioned their indecision;
+or whether it was produced by the secret influence and artifices of
+ill disposed persons, I will not pretend to say; but the fact is, that
+notwithstanding the frequent representations of Mr Jay, and as
+frequent good offices of the French Ambassador, the Minister did not,
+until the day before Mr Jay found himself under the absolute necessity
+of protesting the bills, authorise verbally the Count de Montmorin to
+inform Mr Jay, that if M. Cabarrus persisted in his former intentions
+of making the necessary advances, he would see him repaid in ten or
+twelve months, to the amount of forty or fifty thousand current
+dollars. It must be observed that this consent was given the day after
+M. Del Campo had been informed by M. Cabarrus, at his own house, of
+the terms on which he would make the advances in question. These terms
+were different from those he had frequently repeated to Mr Jay and
+myself, and which Mr Jay made known to the Minister; but I believe the
+conversations with the latter, had excited apprehensions of his not
+being reimbursed even in the time he had originally proposed.
+
+These apprehensions were augmented by finding that the French
+Ambassador was not authorised to extricate us from our distress,
+although the Court of France was apprized of our situation. I early
+remarked these fears, and endeavored to remove them by every means in
+my power. I was clearly of opinion, however, that after the
+conversation, above mentioned, with M. Del Campo, no reliance could be
+placed on his assistance for our relief, and informed Mr Jay of my
+conjectures on this subject, as I had done from the first moment I
+discovered M. Cabarrus's fears and apprehensions. This disappointment,
+constrained Mr Jay to protest a number of bills, some of which the
+holders had the complaisance and indulgence to keep by them near three
+weeks, in order to give time to Mr Jay to make arrangements for their
+payment. Indeed, the whole commercial interest here, behaved in a
+manner that scarce could be expected from persons who have so little
+connexions with our country, and expressed their indignation and
+astonishment, that the Court should expose to this mortification, for
+a sum so trifling, a country united with them against a common enemy.
+The foreign Ministers were not less surprised, and this incident, I
+believe, furnished materials for their despatches at the time, and has
+occasioned much conjecture since.
+
+A letter from Dr Franklin, authorising Mr Jay to draw upon him for the
+payment of the bills he had accepted, soon established our credit to
+the general satisfaction of everybody who have no political
+connexions to influence their opinion, and the news from England of
+the address of the House of Commons to the King, to put an end to
+offensive operations in America, and of the general fermentation in
+Ireland, will probably give a more favorable aspect to our affairs
+here, as has been the case elsewhere. Courier after courier arrived
+from the Count d'Aranda, the Spanish Ambassador at Paris, and several
+cabinet councils were held immediately after their respective
+arrivals. Each of these couriers announced the various appearances of
+a change in the British Cabinet, and probably gave some intelligence
+of the overtures from Great Britain, made to Dr Franklin.
+
+The flattering prospect of our affairs in Holland, may contribute also
+to accelerate the conduct of others with respect to the United States.
+The Minister promised Mr Jay, some time ago, that the conferences with
+M. Del Campo, on the subject of a treaty should positively take place
+at Aranjues, and the actual crisis of affairs renders it probable,
+that more reliance may be placed on this than on former assurances;
+but after the experience we have had of the dilatoriness of this
+Court, I cannot flatter myself, that the treaty will be very speedily
+concluded, for I have been led to resume my former opinion, that this
+Court has wished, and still desires, to delay the acknowledgment of
+our independence, until a general treaty of peace shall take place.
+The Dutch Minister sent for me immediately after receiving advice,
+that Friesland had resolved to admit Mr Adams in a public character,
+and told me he had not the least doubt of the other provinces doing
+the same. Indeed I heard extracts of letters read, from persons of
+high repute in this republic, who speak of this affair, as a matter
+determined, and which will meet with no other obstruction, than what
+arises from the usual formalities and delays in the constitution of
+that republic. The Swedish Minister daily expects news from his Court,
+which he tells me he hopes will prove agreeable.
+
+These changes in the political situation of the United States and
+Great Britain, I believe are not seen by Russia and Denmark with
+pleasure, if I may be allowed to form conjectures from the conduct and
+sentiments of their respective Ministers here, who cannot conceal
+their chagrin, on the reception of any news favorable to France,
+Spain, or America. Indeed most of the neutral nations seem to have a
+particular aversion to this Court, excited as they say, by its conduct
+with respect to the capture and detention of their vessels. As I have
+an opportunity of seeing themselves, or their Secretaries very often,
+and am on an intimate footing with the latter, I am frequently a
+witness of their complaints and murmurs; Congress need not therefore
+conclude, that their inattention to Mr Jay's Memorial, is pointed or a
+proof of its ill will, for I have seen near eighty Memorials from a
+Minister more nearly connected with them than we are, few of which
+have been attended to.
+
+The capture of a Danish vessel laden with powder and artillery, with
+two King's officers on board, and instructions from the Admiralty, has
+excited the clamors of the Danish Minister here, who despatched a
+courier to Copenhagen on the occasion. I am promised a statement of
+the case presented by the Minister above mentioned to those of the
+armed neutrality, and copies of two letters from the Count de Florida
+Blanca, one to the Danish Minister, and the other to the neutral
+Ministers here, which if obtained shall accompany this letter.
+
+Great preparations are making for the siege of Gibraltar. The Duc de
+Crillon is to command in chief, and it is said will have under his
+orders, from twentyfive to thirtytwo thousand men, including the
+French troops at Mahon; the place is to be attacked by sea and land,
+and I hear twelve ships are bought by government to be fitted up and
+serve as floating batteries. This operation will probably commence in
+July, a month favorable for it on account of the calms which then
+prevail. The loan proposed by this Court in Holland is not likely to
+meet the expected success. The armaments they have equipped and are
+equipping, and the expensive preparations for the siege of Gibraltar,
+straiten them exceedingly for funds. The difficulties they encounter
+in procuring money, and the alarming state of their colonies, may
+probably dispose them to peace by the end of the present campaign, but
+it is likely their claims will be great, and thought extravagant by
+all the neutral nations.
+
+I have frequently mentioned the reports of disturbances in their
+colonies. It is difficult to obtain accurate information on this
+subject. The King has certainly ratified a convention made with the
+malcontents at Santa Fé and in its neighborhood, which was transmitted
+by the ecclesiastical, civil, and military officers, with their advice
+to accord all the demands therein contained, as the only means to
+prevent the total revolt of these provinces. I have reason to believe
+this ratification was made with great reluctance. I am also promised a
+copy of this convention, which I shall forward with this letter if
+obtained in time.
+
+The papers are full of the Pope's voyage to Vienna. The Imperial
+Secretary here assures me, that the Emperor will not recede from the
+plans of reformation he has adopted. Some persons having suggested,
+to him, that fanaticism might possibly endeavor to put a period to his
+progress by assassination, he replied, that he had no apprehensions on
+that score, for his brother's firmness and sentiments being known to
+be the same, nothing could be hoped from a single assassination. He is
+regarded here and in Portugal as a heretic, and if his sight should be
+affected by the defluxion on his eyes at present, this misfortune will
+be regarded as a punishment from heaven, inflicted on him for his
+encroachments on the church. As I know you will receive ample details
+of all that regards the mission here from Mr Jay, I confine myself to
+a very summary detail on the subject, in order to supply in a small
+degree the loss or delay of his more important despatches. With a
+sincere wish that my intentions may be acceptable to Congress,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S. April 29th, 1782._ The enclosed papers are copies of the
+letters herein mentioned. Duplicates have been already sent with their
+translations. The despatches of Mr Jay have taken up so much of my
+time for three weeks past, that it has not been possible for me to
+make out copies of the translations for Major Franks, the bearer of
+the present, and the great earnestness with which Mr Jay desires to
+send him away, prevents my sending the copy of the statement of the
+case, and the convention made with the disaffected in Spanish America.
+Mr Jay's information is so explicit, that it leaves but little for me
+to add, which I shall do this week via Cadiz.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                          Philadelphia, May 1st, 1782.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I was favored with your letters of the 20th of December; that of the
+17th, which you mention to have written to the late Committee of
+Foreign Affairs, never came to hand. If you have received my former
+letter, you will find your question relative to the continuance of
+your correspondence already answered. But lest you should not, let me
+repeat it, by assuring you that it will always give me very great
+pleasure to hear from you. The channels of communication with this
+office are much too few to induce me to shut up one by which we
+receive the most frequent and important intelligence. I shall endeavor
+to send you a cypher by this, or the next safe opportunity, and shall
+alter that look for a strict compliance with your promise. I make no
+remark on the political parts of your letters, both because I have no
+cypher yet settled with you, and because I shall always write fully on
+these subjects to Mr Jay. It gives me pleasure to see the train you
+are establishing to procure intelligence, and to cultivate the esteem
+of persons who may be of use to us. This has been, and is still too
+much neglected, but that neglect makes your address and attention the
+more important.
+
+The season of the year, and the inactivity of the British, deprive me
+of the means of making a full return for the intelligence you
+communicate. Our attention is at present turned to an object, which,
+though apparently small, promises to have consequences of some moment.
+You will find in the papers enclosed, an account of the execution of a
+militia officer, Capt. Huddy, by a band of tories, on some false
+pretences. The General has demanded the perpetrators of this crime,
+or threatened to retaliate upon some British officer of equal rank. As
+his letter does him honor, I enclose a copy, which you will be pleased
+to show to Mr Jay. Clinton is reduced to great straits; he has already
+been the means of one officer's dying on a gibbet. He would be
+execrated by the army should he occasion the ignominious death of
+another. On the other hand, he is already very unpopular with the
+tories. Should he give up those of the refugee corps, who are
+concerned in this business, which has probably been done by the
+direction, or at least the connivance of their board of directors, he
+will be embroiled with them. They form a kind of _imperium in
+imperio_. The directors, being in a great measure independent of the
+commander-in-chief, have the custody of their own prisoners, regulate
+their own exchanges, divide the plunder they make according to their
+own rules; and correspond regularly with the Ministry, which
+circumstance alone is sufficient to excite a kind of rivalry between
+them, and the commander-in-chief.
+
+Several propositions have been made for the exchange and comfortable
+support of prisoners, all of which have proved abortive, from the
+resolution of the British not to pay arrears, they have incurred,
+which amounts to near £300,000 sterling. Some measures, which will
+surprise them not a little, will be taken. I shall write particularly
+to Mr Jay on this subject, because it will need explanation in Europe.
+You will consult Mr Jay on the propriety of publishing the affair of
+Huddy in the European papers; and if he shall think it may be of any
+use, take measures for the purpose.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Madrid, June 12th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 5th instant, I had the honor to address you, enclosing a copy
+of a letter, which I wrote to Mr Jay soon after his departure from
+Madrid.[13] The Court is now here, but the Ministers are generally so
+harassed by business and visits during their short stay in the
+capital, that there are few opportunities of having access to them.
+Before I left Aranjues, I frequently reminded M. Del Campo of the
+promises made me, to pay attention to the different offices passed
+from Mr Jay, interesting to various citizens of the United States. I
+was well received, and had those promises reiterated. I judged it more
+proper to solicit the notice of the Ministry to these objects in
+person, than by writing, because I could have small hopes of success
+from memorials, when I reflected how little attention had been paid to
+those written by a man so much my superior in that mode of address.
+Besides, frequent conferences, perhaps develop better the opinions and
+dispositions of men, than deliberate answers to requests, or
+remonstrances, however clearly, or however strongly they may be stated
+in writing.
+
+In my conversations with the Minister, and the gentleman above
+mentioned, they seemed to think the work of peace to be in a fair way.
+I have, however, some reason to suppose, that neither their
+instructions to their Ambassador at Paris for this object, nor those
+for him to treat with Mr Jay, are yet forwarded, and there are grounds
+to conjecture that this Court would have retarded the negotiation as
+much as possible, had not the defeat of the Count de Grasse blasted
+their hopes of taking Jamaica. Even now they will be desirous of
+knowing the fate of the siege of Gibraltar, before they agree to any
+treaty, which does not put them in possession of that important
+fortress.
+
+The neutral Ministers here seem to wish to intermeddle in the proposed
+pacification. There is a general jealousy among them of the house of
+Bourbon, and a particular animosity against this branch of it. This I
+have long remarked, and I have now more frequent occasions than
+heretofore. I am afraid the rumors of peace will slacken the
+preparations of the Dutch for war. The hopes of a speedy general
+pacification, and a sense of complaisance and apprehension of the
+Empress of Russia, may procrastinate the treaty between the United
+States and them. I write these conjectures with diffidence, as indeed
+I do all which depend on my own judgment.
+
+I am busy at present in arranging the public accounts. The projected
+bank employs so much of M. Cabarrus's time, and that of his clerks,
+that it is possible I may be obliged to follow the Court to St
+Ildefonso, to which place the king removes the 14th instant, before I
+can obtain such a settlement of them, as may enable me to transmit the
+general account to Mr Jay, for his approbation. In the meantime, I
+draw, and shall still be obliged to draw, on Dr Franklin, to enable me
+to discharge the public bills accepted by Mr Jay. Exchange is every
+day more to our disadvantage. The depreciation of the royal billets is
+now at 3-1/4 to 3-1/2 per cent, and I make no doubt will be at 6 per
+cent in two months. The Court has been again obliged to apply to the
+Gromios for assistance, whose privileges, it appears from the
+establishment of the bank, it meant to deprive them of. This
+circumstance marks their distress for money, and as some say, the want
+of system in their conduct.
+
+The Duc de Crillon has set out for the camp before Gibraltar; the
+operations, however, will not seriously commence before the month of
+August, if in all that month. The expectations of success are
+sanguine. I heard the Duke himself speak with great confidence on the
+subject. The combined fleet left Cadiz the 4th instant; it consists of
+thirtytwo sail of the line, and some frigates, and proceeds
+immediately to the British channel. I avail myself of a courier from
+the French Ambassador to forward copies of this letter to the ports of
+France. The Count de Montmorin continues to give the same proofs of
+attachment to the interests of the States, and of personal kindness to
+myself, that I have ever experienced since my arrival in Spain. I beg
+leave to remind you to send me a cypher, and to entreat your
+instructions and intelligence addressed directly to myself; otherwise
+I have few opportunities of manifesting my zeal for the public
+service, or of acquiring your personal esteem.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] The letter here referred to is missing. Mr Jay left Madrid for
+Paris about the 20th of May.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                         Philadelphia, July 6th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my letter of May last, I have been favored with yours of the
+18th and 27th of February. As they contained many things of
+importance, which we had received through no other channel, I
+communicated their contents to Congress, to whom I have reason to
+think they were very acceptable. The great changes that have taken
+place in the administration of Britain, make us extremely desirous of
+learning minutely the measures they are pursuing. Unfortunately it is
+long since we have received any other information from Europe, than
+that contained in the public prints. Our Ministers abroad do not keep
+up such a communication with the sea-ports as to avail themselves of
+the opportunities, that are almost weekly afforded, by which means the
+intelligence they transmit, if not of a private nature, is almost
+always forestalled.
+
+We are at present in a state of absolute inactivity here. We are not
+sufficiently strong to attack the enemy in their works, without some
+naval aid; nor can they attack us with any prospect of success.
+Congress employ the present leisure in forming and enforcing a system
+of finance, which, notwithstanding all the difficulties it has to
+struggle with, will, I hope, shortly place our affairs on a more
+respectable footing; particularly, if any of those powers who are
+interested in supporting us, shall afford the aid we have a right to
+expect.
+
+Among other changes that have taken place, there is one I believe you
+will be pleased with; in the payment of your salaries, which in future
+will be paid here upon my certificate. I, as your agent, will vest the
+money in bills, and remit them to you or Dr Franklin, with orders for
+him to remit the money to you, or pay it to your order. This will
+render your payments more regular, and free you from the appearance of
+dependence, which must be disagreeable to you. I remit by this
+conveyance to him, the amount of one quarter's salary, commencing the
+1st of January last, and ending the 1st of April, which I have vested
+in bills at the present rate of exchange, which is six shillings
+threepence this money, for five livres, by which you gain almost five
+and a half per cent. You will be charged here two and a half per cent
+premium, which is the usual commission, and I shall consider myself as
+your agent in this business, unless you should choose to appoint some
+other. Your accounts for the next quarter will be made up immediately;
+the money vested in a bill upon Dr Franklin, which I will remit him by
+the next opportunity. Send me a general state of your account, that I
+may get it settled for you, and the arrears, if any, discharged. I
+could wish much to have a cypher with you, but find it very difficult
+to send one. Let me have one, if you have a safe conveyance, if a
+favorable opportunity offers from here, I will transmit you one.
+
+I am, with great esteem and regard, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                         St Ildefonso, July 8th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 5th and the 12th ultimo I did myself the honor of addressing
+you from Madrid. On the 2d instant I came to this place, having waited
+in the capital some days longer than I intended, for the purpose of
+arranging finally the public accounts with M. Cabarrus; but finding
+that that gentleman's occupations prevented him from stating them in
+the manner directed by Mr Jay, and having by my stay, in compliance
+with his request, convinced him that the settlement and discharge of
+the balance still due, depended on himself, I judged it proper to
+follow the Court hither, in order to have frequent opportunities of
+pressing the Minister to pay attention to the different memorials
+presented by Mr Jay; of which copies have been transmitted by him to
+Congress, and to procure such information as it might be proper to lay
+before you. I did not strongly urge the settlement of the accounts
+above mentioned, because Dr Franklin had requested Mr Jay to give him
+as much time as possible for the payment of the sums due here,
+although I am persuaded the delay will be prejudicial, as it is
+probable the exchange will be more to our disadvantage every day.
+
+On the 3d instant, I waited on the Count de Florida Blanca and M. Del
+Campo. I found the former in conference with the French Ambassador,
+and as that had been long, and I knew he would be much fatigued, and
+also that he expected the Russian Minister and the Ambassador of the
+Emperor, who have of late received frequent couriers, I shortened my
+visit, which passed in amicable assurances on his part and hopes on
+mine, that his Excellency would put it as much in my power, as it was
+my inclination to contribute to a lasting harmony between the two
+countries, by enabling me to inform Congress of the favorable
+disposition of his Majesty, and at the same time of the measures taken
+by his Ministers to redress the grievances, which Mr Jay had so often
+laid before him. He desired me to mention these affairs in detail to
+M. Del Campo, and after repeating assurances of good will, &c., he
+proceeded to inform me, that he had received a copy of a letter, which
+Mr Jay on his arrival at Paris had written to the Count d'Aranda,
+adding, that he was sorry he could not continue the conversation at
+present, for that he expected the Ministers above mentioned every
+moment, but that on the Saturday following he would be glad to see me,
+to talk over many matters necessary to discuss at this crisis. I took
+my leave, and actually met the Imperial and Russian Ministers at the
+door, with M. Del Campo, whom I next went to see.
+
+I had a long conversation, the material points of which, after having
+reminded him of the memorials, &c., presented by Mr Jay, turned on the
+manner in which the propositions of the new British Administration
+would be received in America. I had the good fortune to answer in the
+most decided manner, that all proposals for a separate treaty would be
+unanimously rejected, for on my return from this visit to my lodgings,
+I found Mr Clonard, who delivered me the letter you did me the honor
+to write me on the 1st of May, and who informed me of many of the
+subsequent transactions. The same day at dinner, the Count de
+Montmorin showed me a letter from the Chevalier de la Luzerne, in
+which he informs him, that Congress had rejected the propositions made
+by General Carleton, and that all the States would follow the example
+of Maryland. This conduct has a great and good effect in Europe. The
+same day the king spoke at table of the news, and praised greatly the
+probity of the Americans, raising his voice in such a manner that all
+the foreign ministers might hear him. I have conversed with several of
+these since, and find them unanimous in their opinion that the wisest
+measure Great Britain can take, is to conclude a treaty acknowledging
+our independence.
+
+The couriers received, and the audiences demanded by the Russian and
+Imperial Representatives, excited my attention, and I have discovered
+that they have been once more directed by their Courts to make an
+offer of their mediation to his Catholic Majesty. They made this
+communication on the 3d instant, and have received their answer; for
+on the 6th the Count de Kaunitz despatched a courier. In my next I
+hope to communicate the answer of this Court. I suspect England is at
+the bottom of this business. The combined fleet is probably at this
+time in the English channel, where it will be reinforced by a squadron
+of French ships commanded by M. de la Motte Piquet. The preparations
+for the siege of Gibraltar are pushed with vigor. I have not yet had
+the honor to hear from Mr Jay. My last letter from Dr Franklin is
+dated the 11th ultimo. Messrs Grenville and Oswald were then at Paris,
+but had not yet received their full powers. Neither had Spain nor
+Holland sent instructions to their Ministers, so that the conferences
+could not properly be opened.
+
+I have the honor to enclose in the first copy of this, a letter which
+I received the 4th instant from M. Dumas. The letters brought by Mr
+Clonard for Mr Jay were forwarded by the same gentleman. I remain
+without other instructions than what are contained in yours of the 1st
+of May. If Mr Jay should be detained at Paris, I shall be without any
+information but what I may obtain by my private correspondence and my
+own industry; I beg leave to submit this to your consideration.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                         St Ildefonso, July 22d, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In my last of the 8th instant, I had the honor to inform you of an
+offer of mediation renewed to this Court by those of Petersburg and
+Vienna. I have since been told, that the Count de Florida Blanca's
+answer was to the following purport; "that his Catholic Majesty is
+highly sensible of the offers made by their Imperial Majesties to
+promote the establishment of the public tranquillity, but that before
+accepting their propositions it is necessary to consult his ally, and
+for this purpose instructions will be sent to his Ambassador at Paris,
+who, in order to prevent delay, will at the same time be authorised to
+communicate the answer to the Russian and Imperial Ministers at the
+Court of Versailles." I had this information from a person connected
+with the Ambassador of the Court of Vienna.
+
+The Emperor is full of the project of removing his East India Company
+from Trieste to Ostend, and of augmenting the commerce of his
+subjects, particularly in the Low Countries. The continuation of the
+war is favorable to his designs, at all events he will seek his own
+advantage in the proposed mediation.
+
+All the neutral powers seem desirous of procuring stipulations
+favorable to their commerce and navigation, particularly in the
+Mediterranean, and for this purpose all appear to wish a general
+Congress. Perhaps upon the whole it would be more for the honor and
+permanent advantage of the United States, to have their independence
+acknowledged and guarantied in an assembly of this nature, than by a
+particular treaty between the belligerent powers. As Mr Jay is to
+negotiate with the Count d'Aranda at Paris the proposed treaty, my
+business here is confined to the arrangement of the public accounts,
+and the payment of the bills still due, the collecting intelligence,
+and the solicitation of redress of the various complaints laid before
+the Ministry in behalf of individuals. For this last purpose I wait
+on the Count de Florida Blanca, and M. Del Campo, from time to time,
+and in a respectful manner solicit their attention to these affairs.
+Personally I have no reason to complain; in my political character I
+should have more, if I did not know, that the first powers in Europe
+are treated with the same inattention and delay. I mention this not to
+excuse the conduct of this Court, but to convince you, that it is not
+singular with respect to us. I have in some instances promises of
+redress, and it is to be hoped, that circumstances, patience, and good
+humor, will terminate these affairs to the satisfaction, in some
+measure, of the parties interested.
+
+While Mr Jay remains at Paris, as the public despatches are addressed
+to him, I shall be deprived of intelligence from America, except what
+I may acquire by private correspondence from thence. I have not had
+the honor to hear from Mr Jay since he left this place, which may have
+been occasioned by delay or ill health on the road and afterwards. I
+have no correspondence with Messrs Adams and Dana, from whom I might
+receive, and to whom I might contribute hints, that might be of
+service to the public interest. Messrs Grenville and Oswald are still
+at Paris, but on this subject you will have from others much more
+accurate information than it is in my power to give you.
+
+The Count d'Artois is expected here tomorrow, and will be received and
+treated as an Infant of Spain. This visit is highly pleasing to the
+royal family. He is expected with impatience. Nothing worth your
+notice has yet passed at Gibraltar. The besiegers and the besieged,
+equally prepare the one for the attack, the other for the defence of
+the place. A courier extraordinary from France, brings advice of the
+capture of eighteen transports and merchantmen bound to Quebec and
+Newfoundland. Unhappily the New York fleet, which sailed with the
+vessels captured, had two or three days before separated from them. A
+fifty gun ship and a frigate, which escorted them, escaped. I have not
+yet received M. Cabarrus's account. When these are once delivered and
+settled, I shall take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to
+Congress and to Mr Jay, copies of all the public accounts in this
+country. I entreat your indulgence, and frequent remembrance of me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                    St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My last were of the 17th and 26th ultimo, I am still without the least
+information from America, since the 1st of May, the date of your last
+letter. His Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, whom I had the
+honor to see yesterday, seemed apprehensive, that Congress might be
+induced to believe, from the capitulation accorded to the British at
+Providence, that this Court had not after what happened at Pensacola
+instructed its commanders to take care in future, that the garrisons
+of such places as his Catholic Majesty's forces might reduce, should
+be disposed of in such a manner as not to be prejudicial to any of the
+belligerent powers. His Excellency assured me how much he should be
+concerned if an oversight of the General employed on this occasion,
+should create a misunderstanding injurious to the harmony which the
+King wished to cultivate with America, and prayed me to take the
+earliest opportunity of conveying these sentiments to Congress. He
+proceeded to inform me, that immediately after the Court received the
+articles of capitulation at Pensacola, instructions were sent to M.
+Galvez, to oblige the enemy to consent in future to the transportation
+of their prisoners to Europe; that these orders did not reach him
+until he had left the Havana, previous to the necessary arrangements
+for the expedition against the Bahama Islands.
+
+I assured his Excellency, that I found myself happy in having an
+occasion to represent every instance of his Majesty's good will, and
+begged leave to remind him, that several complaints sustained by
+citizens of America laid before his Excellency by Mr Jay, and since
+his departure by myself, remained unredressed. That I presumed his
+Excellency had given the necessary orders for their relief, but that
+his Majesty's favorable intentions had been hitherto frustrated by the
+delay, and in some cases by the injustice of persons employed in the
+service of Government. I insinuated how agreeable it would be to me to
+remove the unfavorable impressions, that his conduct had made or might
+make in the breast of my countrymen, by having it in my power to
+communicate the orders which had been given, or which his Majesty
+might be pleased to renew, for this effect. I particularized the case
+of the Lord Howe, an English vessel with a valuable cargo, brought
+into Cadiz by part of her crew, Americans, detained by order of the
+Admiralty, and the captors confined in some measure as prisoners of
+war. I represented in the strongest terms, the little respect paid to
+a positive resolution of Congress, granting to the captors of vessels
+the property taken in this manner; a resolution occasioned by the
+notorious injustice of the common enemy, who commenced this practice
+of seducing American seamen, and encouraging their own to enter into
+our service with the purpose of afterwards betraying the confidence
+reposed in them.
+
+His Excellency desired me to pass him an office in French on the
+subject, and promised me an answer in writing, with the intention I
+imagine of its being sent to Congress. You will please to observe that
+the negligence of Mr Harrison's banker, to whom he addressed his
+letters to me on this subject, retarded my knowledge of the detention
+of this vessel. I had, however, spoken to M. Del Campo, immediately on
+hearing of its arrival at Cadiz, and repeated to him the substance of
+the resolution of Congress, from an apprehension that the officers of
+that port would observe the same conduct, as those of the Canaries had
+done in the case of the Dover cutter. I avoided mentioning
+particularly the latter affair, until I should have obtained the
+promised answer, as if that proves favorable, as I expect it will, I
+shall renew with redoubled ardor my representations on this head. They
+are, however, so much in want of money here, that I fear the captors
+will be obliged to wait some time for theirs. This scarcity of cash
+occasions the exaction of the duties at Cadiz and Bilboa, complained
+of by Mr Harrison and others. I have employed all the means in my
+power to convince not only the Count de Florida Blanca, but also the
+Ministers of Finance and the Indies, of the impolicy as well as the
+injustice of this measure.
+
+I have engaged several persons, who have their confidence to second
+me, and I hope that good humor, patience, and above all, frequent
+personal solicitations, will obtain at least a diminution of these
+duties, an object of great importance to our commerce. In the mean
+time, I have advised Mr Harrison and others to make no payments on the
+pretext that the affair is before the Ministry, for refunding is
+contrary to the spirit of this country. Important news may soon be
+expected from Gibraltar, at least my letters inform me that the attack
+is to be made this day, for that everything would be ready for the
+purpose. As I have very minute details of all that passes there from
+persons at head quarters, I hope I shall be able to give you a
+succinct relation of the operations. This correspondence is of a
+delicate nature for the parties concerned, and therefore I shall not
+hazard sending copies of my letters but by the safest conveyances. I
+am promised a drawing of the so much talked of floating batteries,
+which, as the nature and novelty of their construction may excite
+curiosity, I will forward the instant I receive it. I hope soon to
+have the honor to hear from you, and to have instructions for my
+future government. With sincere wishes that my conduct may not be
+displeasing to Congress, and with the highest respect,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                   Philadelphia, September 12th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+All my letters of late have begun with complaints of neglect on the
+part of our Ministers, in not transmitting early and full intelligence
+of what is passing in Europe at this interesting period. That there
+may, however, be one exception, I will not say a word on this subject
+to you, only reminding you, that the last despatches we have been
+favored with from you are those of the 18th and 27th of February.
+These I replied to the 6th of July; a copy of that letter goes with
+this; since which, Carleton and Digby have announced the commencement
+of negotiations in Europe, and the resolution to acknowledge the
+independence of America, without exacting any condition. Leslie has
+informed the inhabitants of Charleston, that he means to evacuate it;
+measures have been accordingly taken for that purpose. The evacuation
+of New York seemed also in some measure determined on. But the arrival
+of the packet, announcing the late changes in the Administration, has
+revived the spirits of the tories, and they still retain hopes of
+maintaining their ground in America. Our armies are now united, and
+about moving to their old station at the White Plains. Pigot is at New
+York with twentysix sail of the line; and the Marquis de Vaudreuil at
+Boston, where he has unfortunately lost the Magnificence, sunk in the
+harbor. Congress have endeavored to compensate this loss by presenting
+His Most Christian Majesty with the America, built at Portsmouth. She
+will, I believe, prove a very fine ship; and with diligence, she may
+be fitted in time to be of use this campaign.
+
+We have nothing new among us to inform you of. The armies on both
+sides have been inactive, and our attention is turned on what passes
+in Europe. Here we are lost in the wide field of expectation and
+conjecture without a clue to lead us. I must again press you to think
+of appointing some agent here to receive your salary, which will be
+paid upon the spot; and may be vested in bills to great advantage.
+Two quarters' salary have been transmitted by me, but as I am
+unauthorised in this business, I shall inform Mr Morris that he must
+devise some other way to make these remittances, which I beg leave to
+decline meddling with in future.
+
+I have the honor to be, with great esteem, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 29th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor to address you on the 8th instant, since which we have
+advice of the disastrous issue of the enterprise with the floating
+batteries against Gibraltar, but although we have had notice of this
+misfortune some days past, I have delayed writing until I could
+procure authentic information of the particular circumstances of this
+event. The enclosed copies of letters and papers, written or sent me
+by a person in the General's family, will, I hope, prove more
+satisfactory than any which you will receive from other quarters. The
+projector, M. d'Arçon, is generally blamed. Enclosed you have a plan
+of the attack as it was made, and as it was intended to have been
+made, accompanied by a Memorial, which M. d'Arçon sent hither to
+exonerate himself from part of the blame. I saw a letter he wrote an
+hour after the affair, in which he avows he had deservedly forfeited
+the confidence reposed in him by two Sovereigns.
+
+This news dejected exceedingly the King, the Court, and the nation.
+Their chagrin from the disappointment is, in some measure,
+proportionate to their confidence of success. It is said, however,
+that the King is determined to continue the siege, and, I believe,
+that this will be the case. At present, an expedition in force to the
+West Indies is in agitation. I am informed from a very good quarter,
+that the command is offered to the Count d'Estaing. The party which
+opposed him at Versailles, at the head of which is the Duchess de
+Polignac, the Queen's favorite, the present Minister of Marine and the
+former one, have made advances to him, and seem convinced that he
+alone can repair the disasters of the present campaign. I hear that he
+is unwilling to accept the command at this critical conjuncture, but
+as he is the only French Admiral, who unites the suffrage of this
+Court and nation in his favor, it is to be hoped he will comply with
+the general wish of France and Spain. This affair is yet a secret.
+
+From all accounts I have of the Spanish marine, I fear that Gibraltar
+will be relieved. The expense of this siege has been enormous. I have
+been assured, that during the present campaign it has cost thirtytwo
+millions of piastres of fifteen reals each. This information comes
+from one of the first clerks of the treasury. The great demand for
+specie occasioned thereby has depreciated the paper money; it
+fluctuates between twelve and sixteen per cent. To prevent its further
+depreciation, the Court is endeavoring to procure gold from Portugal,
+and negotiates, as I mentioned in former letters, a loan of three
+millions of florins in Holland, to be augmented in case the
+subscriptions fill readily. I am assured from thence, they do not, and
+I am told here by a man in the secret, that the three millions will be
+delivered in Spain in the month of December. Messrs Hope, the
+negotiators of it, subscribe seven hundred and fifty thousand
+florins.
+
+As I have not had the honor to hear from Messrs Franklin and Jay
+anything respecting the negotiations at Paris for peace, I can speak
+only from indirect advice and my own conjectures. I have heard that
+difficulties have been started respecting the powers of the British
+Plenipotentiary to treat with our Commissioners. If this is true, it
+will require some time to remove them. On the whole, it may be
+supposed, that the negotiations will be spun out until the meeting of
+Parliament, until the event of the expedition to relieve Gibraltar is
+known; in fine, until the account of Lord Pigot's motions shall have
+reached Europe, which may appear to give a favorable turn to the
+British affairs in the West Indies. No expedition can sail from hence
+in time to prevent the enemy from pushing their operations in that
+quarter, if they proceed thither in force and with despatch. The Dutch
+are like to do nothing this year; their affairs draw to a crisis, and
+it is to be hoped, that it will prove favorable to our friends. The
+Emperor is occupied in ecclesiastical and civil changes, his health is
+in a precarious state, and he runs the risk of losing entirely his
+sight. The motions of Russia indicate a war with the Porte no longer
+Sublime. The Empress negotiates loans in Holland and at Genoa. I have
+taken measures to be informed of their success. The King of Great
+Britain, as Elector of Hanover, is recruiting in all the imperial
+cities, and it is said, he is endeavoring to obtain an additional body
+of German troops for the next campaign. The preparations for war are
+as vigorous as ever.
+
+I have not yet received an answer on the affair of the Lord Howe,
+mentioned in my last. I visit the Ministers, and pass offices on this
+subject and that of the duties, and shall omit nothing that depends
+on me to obtain satisfaction, and I hope the pains I take will not
+prove wholly ineffectual. Besides the affairs above mentioned, I am
+obliged to visit and write to the Judges of the Council of the Indies,
+on account of law-suits in which some of our countrymen are
+interested, and which are before them by appeal from the inferior
+jurisdictions. Even justice here is obtained by favor and
+solicitation. In other respects, my situation is more agreeable than I
+could have expected. I live on the best footing with almost the whole
+_corps diplomatique_. The Ministers of Saxony and Prussia seem much
+disposed to induce their Courts to open a direct commerce with
+America, particularly if the war continues. For this purpose, they
+have demanded and obtained from me, all the information in my power to
+give them, with every motive that I could employ, to persuade their
+respective Courts to engage heartily in this measure. If it is
+adopted, the Maritime Company at Berlin, under the King's immediate
+protection, and the Elector or his Ministers in the name of companies
+of commerce, will be concerned in the first speculations. I do not
+enter into details on this subject until I see whether these Courts
+are serious in their intentions.
+
+The advances and offers made me by the Minister of Sweden, have
+rendered me less sanguine. He assures me it was insinuated to his
+Sovereign by the French Minister, that it would be impolitic in him to
+incur the ill will of England, by precipitating an acknowledgment of
+our independence previous to its being acknowledged by the rest of
+Europe. I wait with impatience for your instructions and information.
+In the month of December, all our public accounts here will be
+arranged, when I shall do myself the honor to transmit copies. I
+cannot conclude, without mentioning that a Mr Littlepage, from
+Virginia, has acquired reputation by his gallant conduct in the
+expedition against Mahon, where he served as Aid-de-camp to the Duc de
+Crillon, and since at Gibraltar, where he acted in the same capacity.
+The Prince de Nassau, with whom he served as a volunteer on board his
+floating battery, rendered public justice to his character at Court.
+You will permit me also to mention Mr Harrison to you as one, who, by
+his conduct, which has acquired him universal esteem, merits the
+attention of Congress whenever it shall be judged proper to appoint a
+consul at Cadiz, of which place he now performs the functions, with
+great trouble and considerable expense.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+            COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                       St Lorenzo, October 14th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The king has resolved that the English frigate, the Lord Howe, carried
+into Cadiz by some Americans and part of the crew, shall be publicly
+sold, ship and cargo, and the value of both be deposited, at the order
+of Congress and yourself. I communicate this to you, that being
+thoroughly informed, you may take such measures as you think proper,
+and determine immediately what is to be done with the American and
+English seamen on board the said vessel. I wish for occasions to
+serve you, and that God may preserve you many years.
+
+                                              COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Madrid, October 29th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The state of uncertainly in which every one here has been for some
+time, respecting the motions of the combined and British fleets, to
+relieve, or prevent the relief of Gibraltar, joined to a general
+embargo at Cadiz, and the want of other occasions, has prevented me
+from doing myself the honor of addressing you since the 29th ultimo. I
+hope you will be persuaded that my time has been devoted to no other
+pursuits than those which my duty dictates. Enclosed I have the honor
+to send a particular relation of the most interesting circumstances
+which have passed in this interval. I have had occasion to compare
+this intelligence with that of others, and particularly with letters
+written by a marine officer in this service, but at the same time
+employed to convey information to another Court, and I find upon the
+whole my correspondent conforms with others in the most material
+points, and enters into more minute details than those I have seen
+from other quarters.
+
+My letters of the 26th and 29th will have advised you of the steps I
+have taken to obtain redress on affairs interesting to individuals,
+and to our commerce in general. The enclosed copy of a letter from his
+Excellency the Count de Florida Blanca, will show that my endeavors
+have not been entirely ineffectual. The affair of the duties is still
+under deliberation. As soon as Mr Harrison shall have disposed of the
+Lord Howe, I shall address the Minister on the subject of the Dover
+cutter; there can then be no pretence for detention or delay. I have
+since my last received advice from Paris, but not from our
+commissioners, that the difficulties with respect to the powers of the
+British Plenipotentiary have been obviated, and that a separate agent
+has been named to treat with us. But on this head you will have more
+ample information than it is in my power to give you.
+
+I am also informed, that M. Rayneval, brother to M. Gerard, has gone
+to London. This circumstance renders the appearance of the negotiation
+more serious. I am persuaded the greatest obstacles to a pacification
+will come from this quarter. It is difficult to relinquish favorite
+ideas, of which to attain the accomplishment, so much treasure has
+hitherto been spent in vain. Perhaps it will be best for us that we
+have not concluded a treaty here, which we have so long solicited.
+
+The expedition mentioned in my last, is certainly resolved on. The
+Count d'Estaing it is said will have the command, and will sail from
+Cadiz with between forty and fifty sail of the line, and ten or twelve
+thousand troops. The squadron at Brest is fitting for sea, and is to
+consist of eight or ten sail of the line. It is conjectured it will
+sail as soon as Lord Howe's return is known. If the junction is formed
+in time, this formidable force, under the command of an officer
+distinguished for his zeal and activity, may hasten the negotiations.
+
+The answers to my letters to Holland, on the subject of the Russian
+loan, and to those which I have procured others to write to Genoa on
+the same point, inform me that it fills slowly. That of Spain for
+three millions will be obtained. I have no doubt of the truth of my
+information on this subject. In Portugal they pay dear for the gold
+they obtain from thence. The depreciation is greater than ever, and to
+prevent its further progress, is one of the most serious objects of
+the attention of the Ministry. No changes since my last have taken
+place in the general system of Europe, or in this Cabinet, except that
+the Count de Florida Blanca has joined another department in the
+Ministry to that which he before occupied, viz. that of Grace and
+Justice, vacant by the death of M. Rode. Of course he will have more
+to do than ever, and I shall be obliged to remind him more frequently
+of our little affairs.
+
+My situation with respect to American information is exceedingly
+disagreeable. I hear of arrivals in France, and of letters being
+received by our Ministers there, without any for me; I am persuaded
+that the blame falls on European curiosity. I expect soon to have an
+occasion of writing to you, when I shall do myself the honor to
+transmit you any further particulars that may appear worthy of your
+notice. I cannot help repeating that notwithstanding the appearance of
+peace, the preparations for war are as vigorous as ever.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, November 28th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have been favored with your letter of the 8th of July; those you
+mention to have written on the 5th and 12th of March and the 2d of
+July, never reached me. I regret that you had no directions from Mr
+Jay to open his letters, as those you forwarded contained much
+information that might have been useful to you, on which account I was
+less particular than I should otherwise have been in mine to you.
+
+The great business of the negotiation being transferred to Paris, you
+will have more leisure to attend to the general politics of the Court
+you are at, and to procure every species of intelligence, which may
+serve to regulate our conduct here. We have yet had no information
+except what you mention, of any new proffer of their mediation by the
+Imperial Courts; it is an important object, and I wish you to throw
+all the light you possibly can upon it; as we are particularly anxious
+to know the substance of the answer, which you suppose to have been
+given to it by Spain. You need never be under the least apprehensions
+in vouching boldly for this country, that it will make no peace which
+is inconsistent with its engagement to its allies. Perhaps this string
+skilfully touched may lead nations who have hitherto kept aloof, to
+form connexions which may bind us to them.
+
+The enclosed resolutions will show you the sense of Congress on that
+subject; and the resolutions, which you will see in some of the papers
+sent you, expressive of the same sentiments from almost every separate
+legislature, will show that the fidelity of this country is
+incorruptible.
+
+The season of the year affords no military intelligence. Our troops
+are in quarters at West Point. The French army are waiting at
+Providence such orders as the operations in the West Indies may
+suggest. Their fleet is still at Boston. The America, built at
+Portsmouth, is added to them. She is pronounced by connaisseurs to be
+a very fine ship; should she answer their expectations, we may hope
+to build others for European powers. This would be a very important
+commercial object, and as such deserves attention.
+
+General Carleton has restrained the savages from continuing the war,
+which they have so long carried on against our frontiers; and Haldiman
+has suffered those they had led into captivity to return on parole, so
+that we have reason to hope that a little more humanity will mark
+their future operations in this country, if ever they should find
+themselves sufficiently strong to venture from behind their ramparts.
+This consideration, together with the intercession of the Court of
+France, has induced Congress to forego their intended retaliation on
+Captain Asgill, who is discharged from his confinement and suffered to
+go to New York on parole.
+
+You will find in the enclosed papers, all the intelligence we have
+with respect to the proposed evacuation of Charleston. We have been in
+daily expectation of hearing that it was abandoned for a long time
+past, but have not as yet had our expectations answered.
+
+The enclosed resolution will inform you that Mr Boudinot is President
+in the room of Mr Hanson. Congress have again appointed Mr Jefferson
+one of their Ministers for making peace. I have not yet been informed
+whether he accepts the appointment, though I have some reason to
+conclude he will.
+
+Mr Stewart going to Paris affords me a safe opportunity of sending a
+cypher there for you; and if Mr Jay can contrive to get it to you
+without inspection, you will be enabled to correspond with more
+latitude in future.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 10th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 5th instant I did myself the honor to address you. To that
+letter and those of the 29th of October, and of the 17th of November,
+I beg leave to refer you for the occurrences during that period.
+
+I have now the pleasure to inform you, that I have just been shown a
+copy in French, of a treaty signed the 30th ult. between the United
+States and Great Britain, by our Commissioners and Mr Oswald, in which
+the essential objects desired by Congress have been obtained. Not
+having it in my power to take a copy, I confine myself to inform you,
+that it consists of nine articles, of which the principal are a
+renunciation, in the strongest terms, of all sovereignty claimed by
+the King of Great Britain for himself and his successors. A
+description of the limits of the States agreeably to the ultimata of
+Congress, as nearly as I can recollect from a cursory perusal; the
+right of fishery on the Great Bank accorded; the same on the coasts of
+Nova Scotia, in the Straits of Labrador, and the Gulf of St Lawrence,
+with the permission to cure and dry our fish on all the uninhabited
+parts of Nova Scotia and Labrador, the Islands of Magdaline and
+Newfoundland excepted; with a proviso that this permission is to cease
+whenever the said coasts and islands shall be inhabited, unless leave
+shall be demanded and obtained previously of the inhabitants thereof;
+a recommendation of Congress to the States in favor of the British who
+have not borne arms, possessing property in America; of the
+non-residents and loyal inhabitants in the same predicament, &c. &c.
+&c. But this article depends entirely on the recommendations of
+Congress, the States being the final arbiters.
+
+Great Britain in this treaty associates the States in their right of
+the free navigation of the river Mississippi, and also in that of the
+river St Mary's. All places in possession of the enemy belonging to
+the United States to be restored, with the cannon, &c. &c. which shall
+appear to have been their property, together with the public and
+private archives, which may have fallen into their hands; all
+conquests made on the one part or the other after the signature, to be
+restored. This treaty is conditional, that is, not to take place until
+France has concluded a peace with Great Britain. Neither Spain nor
+Holland are mentioned in it. If political vengeance is ever
+justifiable, it is on the present occasion. You will pardon the hasty
+manner in which I wrote this. A desire of augmenting your sources of
+information will, I hope, plead my apology. I am much afraid that my
+situation here will be more disagreeable than ever. I flatter myself,
+that my political conduct has been such as not to draw upon me
+personal resentments. I hope, at all events, I have conducted myself
+in a manner not to have merited censure, if circumstances have not
+permitted me to acquire approbation. For the rest, I have a full
+reliance on the wisdom of Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 30th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 10th instant I had the honor to inform you, that I had seen a
+French translation of a conditional treaty, concluded between the
+Commissioners of the United States at Paris, and Mr Oswald on the part
+of Great Britain, the 30th ult. I have since received a letter from Dr
+Franklin enclosing a copy of it. I hope it will be satisfactory to
+Congress, and the people at large. Various are the reflections to
+which this event has given rise here. I am persuaded that this Court
+was far from expecting that Great Britain would make the concessions
+she has made to the States. The surprise, and even the chagrin of
+several of the Ministers and their adherents were apparent, and from
+the instant they received the intelligence, I am convinced their
+attention has been turned to peace.
+
+It has been suggested, that our Commissioners signed this treaty
+without the privity of the Court of France. This suggestion was made
+with a view to pacify this Court, and to calm the resentment, which at
+Versailles, it was supposed, might be conceived here on this account.
+The means employed prove that the French Ministry apprehended this
+resentment, but were in no manner sufficient to answer the purpose
+they were intended to serve. The Count de Florida Blanca, speaking of
+France upon this occasion, said to a friend of mine with some emotion,
+the French Ministry was too precipitate in beginning the war, and is
+equally so in their endeavors to conclude it. M. Musquiz, the Minister
+of Finance, and M. Del Campo have expressed the same sentiments, and
+have insinuated to some, that France concerted this measure with our
+Commissioners to force Spain to a peace. To others they expressed
+their apprehensions that Lord Shelburne had duped the French cabinet.
+They fear the duplicity of the latter Minister, and this fear joined
+to their present situation has, probably, rendered them more
+reasonable in their demands and concessions. They will now style this
+conduct moderation. I conjecture this, because the Count de Florida
+Blanca, speaking to the Russian Minister on the subject of the peace,
+told him, that were the propositions on the part of Spain towards an
+accommodation known, all Europe would be convinced of the moderation
+of his Catholic Majesty, and that for his part, he should have no
+objection to make them public.
+
+On the 28th instant a courier was despatched to Paris, with
+instructions to the Count d'Aranda. On the 18th, one was sent to the
+same Minister, with propositions which were then regarded as their
+ultimata. It is now rumored in the palace, that Spain had consented to
+leave Gibraltar in the possession of England. Since the departure of
+this courier the Count de Florida Blanca has spoken of the peace as
+certain, if the British Ministry are candid. As soon as I received
+advice of the treaty above mentioned, I consulted the French
+Ambassador on the part I had to act here. I apprehended that it would
+be improper for me to act longer in a public character, after the
+acknowledgment by Great Britain, without being received in all
+respects as such. He felt the delicacy of my situation, and advised me
+to remain tranquil until the fate of a negotiation for a general
+pacification was known. In consequence, I have confined myself to mere
+personal civilities, and have neither addressed nor solicited the
+Minister on any affair since.
+
+The affair of the Dover cutter remains in the same situation. The
+Ministry have consented to diminish a third part of the duties
+demanded on the produce of the West Indies imported in American
+vessels. Mr Harrison has not been obliged to pay as yet those duties
+at Cadiz. I have just received a letter from the Marquis de Lafayette,
+who arrived at that port the 23d instant, having preceded the French
+fleet of nine sail and seven thousand troops, which sailed from Brest
+the 7th. The letter was calculated for inspection, and intended to
+excite in this Ministry, distrust of Lord Shelburne, and to induce
+them to furnish Congress with funds for the prosecution of the war. I
+received it by post, and answered it in the same style, by the same
+conveyance. I also made use of the hints to throw out to persons, who
+I know will convey them to the Ministry.
+
+They cannot procure sufficient funds for their own expenses. They have
+just opened a loan of one hundred and eighty millions of reals, of
+which it is proposed to receive two thirds in cash, and the other in
+obligations of debts contracted in the reign of Philip the Fifth. The
+duties on tobacco are engaged for the payment of the interest, which
+is three per cent in perpetuity, and seven per cent in annuities.
+These are the outlines of the proposed plan, I have seen the brouillon
+of the schedule, which is not yet published. No great success is
+expected from this loan. On the 20th an assembly of the subscribers to
+the bank of San Carlos was held to choose directors and other
+officers, and to deliberate on further means for its establishment.
+The Governor of the Council of Castile presided at this assembly, the
+Minister of Finance was present, as likewise were the First Under
+Secretaries of the different departments of government. I found means
+to procure admittance to this meeting. Every proposition made by the
+projector, (M. Cabarrus) was unanimously agreed to. There were no
+speeches except to applaud the bounty of the King, who, to enable the
+bank to commence its operations, has granted thirty millions of reals
+in specie, and to the same amount in grain for the supply of the army,
+navy, &c. The directors chosen are much my friends, and have promised
+to give America the preference in all articles which it can furnish
+for the use of the marine, &c. &c. These directors as I advised you in
+former letters, are charged with the supplies for the army, navy, &c.
+with a commission of ten per cent to the profit of the bank. It will
+commence its proceedings in the month of April, with a capital of
+between four and five million of dollars.
+
+I have mentioned, that I was formally visited by many members of the
+_corps diplomatique_, after the signature of the treaty with Great
+Britain. It may not be improper to acquaint you with the names of the
+respective countries of those who were the first to pay me their
+compliments on this occasion. The Ambassadors of Vienna and Venice,
+the Ministers of Russia, Prussia, Saxony, and Treves, and the _Chargé
+d'Affaires_ of Denmark, paid me this respect. Most of them, but
+particularly the latter, seemed desirous of being informed of the
+method Congress proposed to take for the interchange of Ministers. Not
+knowing the sentiments of Congress on this subject, I replied, that
+whenever they chose to make official application to me, I would take
+the earliest opportunity of laying them before that body. Should
+Congress judge proper to employ persons at any of these Courts, permit
+me to suggest that the title of Minister will greatly augment the
+expense of these missions. That title obliges their servants to
+support an equipage and appearance, in some degree suitable to their
+rank; which often renders it improper for them to associate with those
+from whom the most useful information is to be obtained. The King of
+Prussia has adopted this system, and I am told the Emperor means to do
+the same.
+
+In my next letter I expect to send copies of all our public accounts
+here, and am taking every proper step to prepare for my departure from
+hence, in case the Court should not change its conduct. I shall
+endeavor to behave on this occasion, in the manner least offensive
+possible, as well in consideration for the interests of our allies, as
+from a wish to prevent the Ministry from having any reasonable
+pretexts for disgust. For this purpose I have consulted, and shall
+continue to consult, the French Ambassador, as also the Marquis de
+Lafayette, whom I will induce to come hither should the peace take
+place, of which I have little doubt.
+
+The divisions in Holland, are higher than ever. The King of Prussia
+seems disposed to take a part in them in favor of the Stadtholder.
+These divisions will probably be fatal to the interests of that
+country at the peace, and afford a striking example of the necessity
+of union in similar governments. I cannot refrain from adding, that
+our friends are apprehensive of animosities and jealousies between the
+States in our confederation, and that it seems to be the hope of our
+enemies. With the most fervent wishes that the latter may be
+disappointed,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Madrid, January 18th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the satisfaction to receive some days ago your letters of the
+6th of July and the 12th of September, and am sorry that of the many
+which I have had the honor to write you in the course of the spring
+and summer, none had yet reached you. I hope that this circumstance,
+which causes me the greatest affliction, will not induce you or others
+to believe that I have missed any safe occasion of writing to you. Had
+I been possessed of a cypher, I flatter myself there would have been
+less occasion for this complaint. I have been, and am at present
+obliged to avail myself of private conveyances to forward my letters
+to the sea-ports of France and Spain; these occasions do not offer so
+frequently as I could desire. Indeed, few American vessels have sailed
+from Bilboa this summer, and the embargo at Cadiz during part of the
+campaign, prevented me from sending letters regularly from that port.
+Five vessels by which my letters were forwarded have been taken by the
+enemy, and others, which I was constrained to send by post to L'Orient
+and other ports of France, taking all the means in my power to prevent
+their being inspected, although sent from hence in the months of July
+and August, were not received by my correspondents until the 16th of
+October. I have received several packets of newspapers from your
+quarter without any letters. I must confess to you, that this kind of
+intelligence is very expensive, every packet costing me from five to
+ten dollars, and we have no allowance for extraordinary expenses.
+
+Since my last of the 31st ult. I have repeatedly insinuated to those
+who have the confidence of the Ministers, my apprehensions that the
+conduct of Spain would oblige Congress to take steps very different
+from what were their intentions when they sent Mr Jay and myself to
+this Court; that I saw with pain, the use which Great Britain hoped to
+make of our resentment; and to give weight to these insinuations, I
+availed myself of the letters, which the Marquis de Lafayette has done
+me the honor to address me from Cadiz. I know these hints have been
+conveyed to the Ministry, and am assured underhand, that I shall have
+soon reason to be satisfied. To these assurances I replied, that with
+all the desire I had to contribute to a lasting harmony between the
+two countries, it would be impossible for me, consistent with
+propriety and the idea I had of the dignity of my constituents, to
+remain here longer unless received formally in the character with
+which I had been honored by Congress, adding, that I should not be
+surprised to receive letters of recall. The methods taken to persuade
+me to be tranquil a little longer, prove that the Court thinks
+seriously of its situation with respect to the United States, but it
+will always be with reluctance and an ill grace, that it will consent
+to do what it ought to have done long ago generously.
+
+Some small circumstances persuade me that M. Gardoqui will shortly be
+despatched. He applies himself to the French language with much
+assiduity, and throws out hints, that he shall soon pay a visit to his
+wife, whom he has not seen for two years and a half. I am also told by
+a lady much esteemed by M. Del Campo, that he means shortly to leave
+Spain, for he has promised her that at his departure, he will give her
+a set of horses to which he is much attached. It is possible he may
+be sent to aid the Count d'Aranda to arrange the commercial articles
+of the peace, of which the preliminary articles are supposed by this
+time to be signed.
+
+The two last mentioned gentlemen have frequently spoke to me of the
+disadvantages of their commercial connexions with England, and I have
+seized the opportunity of endeavoring to convince them, that by
+according certain advantages to our fisheries, and by contracting with
+us for tobacco, &c. instead of taking the latter article from
+Portugal, they may at the same time prejudice their natural enemies,
+and perpetuate a future good understanding with America. Similar
+representations have been made by me with respect to such articles
+furnished by the northern powers, and which the States can supply.
+However, I trust more to the interest I have with the perpetual
+directors of the bank to obtain these advantages, than to any
+influence of either of these gentlemen.
+
+I have just been shown a copy of the proclamation of pardon and
+indemnity granted to those concerned in the insurrection at Santa Fé
+and the adjacent provinces; it was published the 12th of August, 1782.
+Although the Viceroy endeavors to preserve the dignity and honor of
+the Crown in the expressions of this peace, yet, in fact, it accords
+all the concessions demanded by the malcontents. These disturbances
+and the expensive expeditions of the Galvez family, have not only
+consumed the revenues of the Crown in Spanish America received during
+the war, but mortgaged them for some years to come. I am also
+informed, that the Court means soon to publish a new tariff on the
+imports to this country. I know that such a measure has been more than
+two years in agitation, and I believe, it will bear hard on the
+commerce of other nations.
+
+I refer you to former letters for particulars respecting the
+negotiations for peace, I will only add, that the Ministry now desire
+the conclusion of the war, and even are apprehensive of the duplicity
+of the British cabinet, which apprehensions it is the interest of
+others to excite and increase. I converse often with those who have
+their confidence; I know their wants and their fears of not having
+resources for the continuance of the war, and I am confident they
+desire peace, and fear the reverse. The expedition from Cadiz would
+not be ready until towards the end of the month, if it were found
+necessary to despatch it. Fortyeight sail of the line, and from
+eighteen to twenty thousand men, and not from ten to twelve thousand,
+as mentioned in my last, are to be employed in this expedition. The
+siege of Gibraltar is obstinately and unprofitably continued, and the
+King is made to believe that in the course of the year it will be
+taken by sap.
+
+I have received letters from Paris, which advise me that bills for my
+salary had been mentioned by you to have been sent, but that they had
+not come to hand. Your letters, and one I received from Mr Morris,
+give me the same information. I could wish that my salary should be
+transmitted directly to me from your department, but as it does not
+appear convenient, I have directed Mr John Ross to receive it, and I
+hope you will have the goodness to facilitate him the means of doing
+it. A mistake, which is not yet corrected by Messrs Drouilliet, our
+bankers here, in the account they delivered me some time ago, prevents
+me from transmitting the public accounts with this letter, but in the
+course of a few days, I hope they will be complete, when I will do
+myself the honor of forwarding them, together with my account against
+the public. I am in much distress for the arrears. I conclude with
+fervent wishes, that every future year may present the affairs of the
+United States in the same favorable point of view, in which they
+appear it the commencement of the present; and with sincere thanks for
+your indulgence hitherto,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 21st, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor to address you on the 31st of December, and the 18th
+and 30th of January, to which letters I beg leave to refer you for the
+particular occurrences during that period.
+
+I have now the pleasure to inform you, that the Court of Spain has at
+length thought proper to receive me formally as the _Chargé
+d'Affaires_ of the United States. The letters above mentioned will
+have advised you of the political motives, which induced me to wish
+the presence of the Marquis de Lafayette. They will also have informed
+you of the means I employed, and which his correspondence enabled me
+to employ more efficaciously, to impress this Court with an idea of
+the necessity of immediately acknowledging the independence of the
+United States.[14] Since they were written, the Count de Montmorin had
+a long conversation on the subject of our affairs with the King, and
+afterwards with the Count de Florida Blanca. The King's answer to the
+Ambassador's representations was, _we shall see_. The Minister
+appeared still desirous of procrastinating.
+
+On the ---- instant, the Marquis de Lafayette arrived, and with that
+zeal and ardor, which ever influenced him when the interests of the
+United States were in question, immediately consulted with me on the
+steps to be taken with the Minister. I informed him of what I had
+done.
+
+We were of the same opinion, viz. that he should seize the first
+opportunity of speaking to the Count de Florida Blanca, on the subject
+of our affairs. He did so, communicating to me the particulars of the
+conversation. As the Marquis proposes to address you by the same
+vessel, by which you will receive this letter, I refer you to his
+circumstantial relation of his conferences. My reception in a public
+character has been the result; and last night the Marquis accompanied
+me to an audience of the Minister. He was content with my reception,
+and personally I had no reason to be dissatisfied. The Count de
+Florida Blanca remarked to me, smiling, that he thought that I had
+left Madrid. I did not choose, as things were in so good a train, to
+enter into a discussion of the reasons which induced me to forbear my
+visits to him, and therefore only replied, that I never found myself
+so well at Madrid as at present. It is unnecessary to repeat such
+parts of the conversation as were merely personal. His expressions of
+friendship for the Marquis were unbounded, and the latter omitted no
+opportunity of pressing, in the strongest manner, the Minister to take
+speedy and effectual measures to convince the States of the desire of
+his Catholic Majesty to cultivate their amity.
+
+The Marquis informs me, that he sent you a copy of the letter he wrote
+to the Minister, in order to obtain a written answer, conceding points
+to which he had agreed in conversation. He pressed an answer to this
+letter, and was assured by the Count de Florida Blanca, that he should
+have it on the Saturday morning following, and that it would be
+satisfactory. The Count invited me to dine with him on that day as
+_Chargé d'Affaires_ of America, and as I had suggested to the Marquis,
+that I should choose a written invitation in the customary form, the
+Marquis took the Count aside and spoke to him of it, in the
+Ambassador's name. The latter admitted the propriety of the proposal,
+and promised to send it. There is but one circumstance which occasions
+a difficulty with respect to my presentation, it has hitherto been the
+etiquette to present no _Chargé d'Affaires_ to the King and royal
+family, except those from France and Vienna. The Count mentioned this
+to us, but at the same time said, I should be received in the most
+honorable manner. Personally these distinctions will never influence
+my conduct, but nationally, I should wish to obtain every mark of
+honor possible for the representatives of the United States. For this
+reason I gave it as my opinion to the Marquis, that I ought not to go
+to Court until this point was settled. His sentiments were the same.
+
+There are, however, difficulties to be apprehended in the attainment
+of this object. The short stay of the Marquis here, the necessity of
+my being constantly with him, the desire he has shown to treat me on
+all occasions, and in the most public manner as the representative of
+the country he serves, and to be introduced by me everywhere; all
+these circumstances have engaged so much of my attention and time, as
+to preclude me from entering into further details; details which will
+be unnecessary after those you will assuredly receive from himself. It
+is the happiest circumstance of my life, that the man whose services I
+was instrumental in procuring to my country, should be the one to whom
+in a great measure I owe my first public appearance at the Court of
+Spain.
+
+The precipitate departure of the Marquis prevents me from copying, in
+time for this conveyance, the public accounts. In ten days they will
+all be complete, and I hope I shall be enabled, by our Minister in
+France, to pay the balances, which are not considerable, and by that
+means commence our political career here with the credit and
+reputation, which we have hitherto preserved.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] See the letters here referred to in _M. de Lafayette's
+Correspondence_, in the present work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Madrid, March 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor to address you on the 18th and 30th of January, and
+the 21st ult. In the last I advised you, that this Court had consented
+to receive me in a public character, and as such I had been formally
+invited to dine with the _corps diplomatique_, at the Count de Florida
+Blanca's table. On the 22d ultimo, accompanied by the Marquis de
+Lafayette, I went to the Pardo, the present residence of the royal
+family, where we dined together, a circumstance which not a little
+surprised several of the foreign Ministers, who knew that I had for
+some time neglected to pay my court there. Those of Russia and Vienna
+were particularly curious. From their conduct then and since, I am
+persuaded they are mortified in having led their respective Courts to
+believe, that a connexion between the United States and Spain was more
+distant than it appears to be at present.
+
+The not having as yet been presented, occasioned many conjectures, and
+subjects me to many questions. I have been asked by several of the
+foreign Ministers, if I meant to pay the usual visits, and to make the
+customary notifications of this event to the _corps diplomatique_
+here. I have in general replied, that I had not determined as yet what
+would be my conduct on the occasion, but that certainly, if presented
+in the absence of Mr Jay, I should visit none, however great my
+personal respect might be for them, without being previously informed,
+that they would return my visit. It is my opinion, I ought to wait on
+none but those of France, Holland, and Prussia; the latter, because on
+his presentation to the royal family, he paid the same compliment to
+me as to others. I presume that my presentation will not take place,
+until the Count de Florida Blanca receives an answer from the Count
+d'Aranda, whom he directed to communicate to Mr Jay the present
+disposition of this Court.
+
+On the 15th ult. the Court of Portugal thought proper to repeal an
+ordinance, published the 5th of July, 1776, prohibiting the entry of
+all American vessels into the ports of Portugal, &c. &c., and
+directing in future, that they shall be treated on the same footing as
+those of other nations in friendship with that Crown.
+
+On the 30th of January I had the honor to inform you, that it was more
+than probable that the Emperor and Russia meditated great designs. It
+has been my constant endeavor since to procure information on that
+head. I will not pretend to give as authentic, the result of my
+inquiries, although I have collected my information from various
+persons in a situation of knowing what passes at these Courts. From
+these I have collected, that in the month of April, 1780, the Courts
+of Vienna and Petersburg adopted the project of attacking the Turkish
+empire in Europe, and at that period concluded an eventual partition
+treaty. In order to have time to make the necessary preparations for
+this war, and to conceal their real intentions, these Courts offered
+their mediation to the belligerent powers, and proposed a general
+Congress, in which they hoped to embroil matters still further, and to
+retard the peace. The Courts of France and Spain were aware of their
+intention, and although they accepted the proffered offer of
+mediation, they evaded, under different pretexts, fixing either the
+place or the time for assembling the Congress. I remarked, that soon
+after the signature of our provisional treaty with Great Britain, the
+Ambassador of the Emperor and the Russian Minister were very uneasy,
+and exceedingly inquisitive to know whether there would be a general
+Congress or not, sounding me on that subject on a supposition, that I
+should be advised of it by Dr Franklin. Lately, they have circulated a
+report, that the Congress would be held at Vienna. The Count de
+Montmorin, who was compromitted in this rumor, took an opportunity to
+mention publicly, that neither _viva voce_, nor by letter had he given
+the least surmise that would authorise it. Since, from the same
+quarter, it has been insinuated, that the Courts of Vienna and
+Petersburg had taken their measures, and would not be deterred from
+the prosecution of them.
+
+Great pains have been taken to persuade others, that the King of
+Prussia had acceded to this confederation on consideration of
+Courland, and that part of Silesia, still in possession of the
+Austrian family, being ceded to him. This gained credit even at Court,
+and my intimacy with the Prussian Minister induced me to speak of it
+to him in a friendly way, as a circumstance that would be prejudicial
+to his negotiation here. He then assured me he had no information on
+the subject, and on my naming to him the source from whence I had my
+information, he cautiously avoided appearing united with the Imperial
+and Russian representatives, and a day or two ago positively assured
+me, that he had received letters from the King, which authorised him
+to say, that there was no foundation for this rumor. He made, I
+believe, the same communication to the Count de Montmorin, and further
+observed to me, that the Court of Vienna had made use of the same
+artifice to induce the Elector of Bavaria to consent to a
+dismemberment of his country.
+
+The last letters from the north speak much of the great preparations
+for war, making in the Austrian and Russian dominions. The firm
+conduct of the Court of France may dissipate this storm, if the
+accession of the Court of Prussia to this confederation should not
+prove true. I have been assured from a very good quarter, that Lord
+Shelburne saw with uneasiness the intentions of the Emperor and
+Russia. But the late triumphs of his opponents in Parliament will
+probably oblige him to resign. The preliminary articles of peace,
+particularly those with the United States, were very ill received. The
+address of thanks in the lower House was negatived by a majority of
+sixteen, and carried in the upper by eight only. Lord Grantham told
+the _Chargé d'Affaires_ of Spain, that the treaty with America had
+been the ruin of Lord Shelburne's administration; that he expected to
+be obliged to give in his resignation also, for which reason he could
+not proceed in his negotiation, until he saw whether the
+administration, of which he was a member, kept its ground or not.
+
+Thus for the present all is anarchy and confusion in England. The same
+spirit of division seems to have seized the army and navy. There have
+been great riots at Portsmouth. The scarcity of grain may occasion
+similar disturbances in different parts of the kingdom. The Danish
+Envoy at this Court has just communicated to me letters, which he has
+received from his Court, in answer to those which he wrote in
+consequence of his conversation with me on the subject of the treaty
+between the United States and Denmark. The Minister advises him, in
+order to accelerate this affair, that the King had thought proper to
+send to Paris a person, with powers to treat with Dr Franklin. That
+this gentleman was to leave Copenhagen the middle of February, and had
+instructions to communicate to him the result of his conferences with
+Dr Franklin, and that he himself had orders to impart to me this
+correspondence. He added, that the King was sincerely disposed to
+cultivate an amity with the States, that Denmark would make
+Christianstand a free port to the commerce of America, and give it
+every other advantage in Europe and the West Indies, which could be
+reasonably desired. He finished, by entreating me to make known these
+sentiments to Congress.
+
+The Saxon Minister daily expects permission to give me extracts from
+such despatches of his Court to him as relate to our affairs, in
+order to convince Congress of the early desire of the Elector to form
+connexions between the citizens of the States and his subjects. The
+Minister of Sweden is much mortified, that the negotiation which he
+commenced with me should have been taken out of his hands, and given
+to the Ambassador from that Court at Paris. He informs me that a
+treaty of amity and commerce is on the point of being concluded, if
+not already signed, by Dr Franklin and the Swedish representative at
+Paris.
+
+Thus, Sir, we have the pleasure to see arrive, the period when our
+friendship is solicited by most of the European nations. As we shall
+have, undoubtedly, a considerable commerce in the Mediterranean, it is
+to be wished that early measures may be taken to cultivate the
+friendship of the States of Barbary. It has been reported here, that
+Spain will make another attempt on Algiers as soon as the definitive
+treaty is signed.
+
+The bank, so often mentioned in former letters, will very soon
+commence its operations. The subscription fills fast, and the
+directors assure me they shall be able to fulfil what they have
+promised to the public. The directors for the supply of the army and
+navy, have engaged to give America the preference for such supplies as
+they may from time to time stand in need of from thence, and for this
+purpose have taken from me the address of mercantile houses in the
+different States. I mention this, in order that the different members
+in Congress may be enabled to inform their constituents, who, perhaps,
+might choose to furnish supplies of the produce of the States to which
+they belong to this country, and who may be able to do it on better
+terms than the parties I have recommended. The articles most in
+demand will be masts, spars, tar, pitch, turpentine, flour, grain,
+fish, &c. The tariff, mentioned in my last, excites universal
+complaint; there is scarce a Minister from a maritime Court, who is
+not preparing to make remonstrances. I shall see what success they
+have, and regulate my conduct thereby. If we obtain any partial
+advantages, they must be derived from treaty, and the desire of Spain
+to cultivate our friendship.
+
+The Court has not yet named a Minister to the United States. Indeed,
+it is difficult to find a proper person for this employment. I
+proposed to a M. Josè Llanos, a gentleman highly respected here for
+his abilities and his agreeable manners, this commission. He is nephew
+of the Duke d'Osada, a favorite of the King. The proposal was received
+with great marks of satisfaction, and will contribute to secure his
+good will and friendship, as well as that of his uncle, if it answers
+no other purpose. The same Under Secretary in the foreign department,
+who is charged with the affairs of Great Britain, has also the
+direction of those of the United States. On being informed of this
+circumstance, I paid him my compliments, and shall neglect nothing
+which shall enable me to secure his good will, on which, in a great
+measure, depends the despatch of business which passes through his
+hands.
+
+Since my residence in this country, I have written several long
+letters to the Philadelphia Philosophical Society, in which, among
+other things, I recommended to its attention, the nomination of
+persons in this country as honorary members. I know not whether these
+letters ever came to hand, for which reason permit me to suggest to
+you, whether the nomination of the most distinguished literary
+characters in the different countries of Europe might not be useful.
+The suffrage of the republic of letters has contributed to give us a
+celebrity during the war, and this union formed with its chiefs in
+various countries, will secure useful connexions to our Ministers, as
+well as to the American youth who may travel for instruction. Should
+this idea meet your approbation, I would take the liberty of
+recommending the Count de Campomanes, Fiscal of the Council of
+Castile, the above mentioned Don Gaspar Josè Llanos, and the Abbé
+Gavarra, Secretary of the Academy of History.
+
+In consequence of your request to nominate a person to receive my
+salary, I have written to Mr John Ross to act for me. I have now more
+than three quarters due, and am absolutely obliged to live on credit.
+I am under great obligations to Dr Franklin for his kindness in
+assuming the bills, which I have been constrained to draw on him
+hitherto; but dare not draw for the amount of salary due me, lest he
+should not have funds. It is impossible for me to retrench my
+expenses, without, at the same time, depriving myself of the occasions
+of seeing frequently those here from whom alone useful information can
+be drawn.
+
+I am happy to have had the Marquis de Lafayette, a witness of my
+conduct, and I flatter myself that his testimony will convince you,
+that I have neglected nothing to conciliate the esteem of the best
+informed natives, and the most distinguished foreigners at this Court,
+from whom I could expect either countenance or intelligence. If
+possible, I will endeavor to send with this letter copies of all
+public accounts. Having no one to assist me in the comparing with the
+books and examining the number of bills which have been paid, their
+dates, &c. &c. in making out copies, and being but an indifferent
+accountant, I proceed more slowly than I desire in their arrangement.
+I hope Congress will finally have no reason to complain, as it has
+been and ever will be, my highest ambition to merit the confidence
+reposed in me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                          Philadelphia, May 7th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I congratulate you upon the turn our affairs are likely to take with
+you, and the prospect your letters open of a speedy connexion between
+us and the Court of Madrid. Her cold and distant conduct (which I much
+lament) has somewhat damped the ardor of this country to render that
+connexion as intimate as possible. No people in the world are more
+governed by their feelings than the Americans, of which the late war
+was a striking proof, and those feelings have been long sported with
+in Spain. Yet men of reflection see the propriety of overlooking the
+past, and forming in future a durable connexion.
+
+We are necessary to each other, and our mutual friendship must conduce
+to the happiness of both. Should Spain have the magnanimity to reject
+partial considerations, and offer such a treaty of commerce as her own
+true interest and ours require, we shall now lay the foundation of a
+friendship that will endure for ages. But should she contend with us
+for the free navigation of the Mississippi, which is now ours by the
+titles, should she deny us the privilege of cutting wood in the bays
+of Campeachy and Honduras while she grants it to the English, she
+will, without serving herself, injure us, and open the wounds which
+her kindness should close.
+
+I have no particular directions to give you with respect to your
+mission; your conduct is perfectly agreeable to Congress, and I doubt
+not that you will continue to pursue such a line as will render you
+most acceptable to the Court of Madrid. We have now no particular
+favors to ask, and the ground on which we stand, will, I hope,
+preserve us from future neglects, and enable you to obtain the
+practice you have been so long soliciting in those matters of a
+private nature which you mention.
+
+I am surprised to hear that you have not received your salary, since
+it has been regularly remitted every quarter to Dr Franklin ever since
+the first of January, 1782. By letters from Mr Lewis Morris, you will
+learn that the money paid here was laid out in bills of exchange at
+six shillings and threepence, this money, for five livres, and the
+bills sent out. This exchange was in your favor, but by the enclosed
+retrospective resolution, (passed in consequence of a representation
+from Dr Franklin, that the salaries should not depend upon the
+fluctuations of exchange,) Congress have deducted that advantage from
+the quarter's salary, which was due on the 1st of April. The balance
+will be paid in bills to Mr Ross, agreeably to your order, as soon as
+I can prevail on Mr Robert Morris to draw, which he says will be in a
+few days. No commission has been, or will be charged by me upon these
+money transactions, so that your salary will be five livres, five sous
+per dollar, considered at four shillings and sixpence sterling, not
+without deduction from the 1st of January, 1782.
+
+I need not tell you, that the terms of the provisional treaty were
+very acceptable here; all but those articles that relate to the
+loyalists, upon which subject I fear the recommendations of Congress
+when made, will not effect what is expected of them. Of this the
+unhappy people who are the objects of them appear to be very sensible,
+and are going in much greater numbers than I could wish, to Nova
+Scotia. Congress have ratified the treaty; we are now mutually
+discharging prisoners. We shall send in about six thousand men in good
+health and spirits, in return for a few hundred poor debilitated
+wretches who have lost their health in the prison-ships. You will be
+struck with the contrast between our conduct to the captives and
+theirs, when I assure you that out of one thousand men confined in
+close jail in Philadelphia for a twelvemonth, but sixteen died. Though
+the knowledge of this can answer no political purpose at present, it
+is not amiss that facts, which mark the humanity of a young nation
+should be known. The measures, which Congress have lately adopted for
+securing half pay to the troops, have given them satisfaction, and
+they look with patriotic pleasure to the hour of their dissolution. We
+have yet no knowledge of the time the British have fixed for the
+evacuation of New York, on which subject I imagine they have yet
+received no orders; though the communication between us and them is
+perfectly open at present. You will continue to employ your leisure in
+writing to us, and when no public business demands your attention, let
+us learn from you the political and commercial history of the Court
+and country you are in. In doing this I beg leave to remind you, that
+general histories are in everybody's hands. That minute details are
+requisite to an accurate knowledge of a country.
+
+I thank you for the information you have given relative to the siege
+of Gibraltar; it is curious and interesting.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 19th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A few days ago I had the satisfaction to receive a letter, which you
+did me the honor to write me the 7th of May. It is the only one which
+has reached me from the department of Foreign Affairs since the 12th
+of September, 1782. I am happy to find my conduct has the approbation
+of Congress. The delicate situation in which I have found myself here,
+and a total privation of intelligence from America, embarrassed me
+greatly; I was apprehensive, on the one hand, that a marked resentment
+of the coldness and delays of this Court might compromise our ally,
+and embroil still further our affairs here; and on the other, I felt
+that it was not decent longer to solicit the amity of a nation, which
+has long trifled with the proposals of the States. I was not
+authorised to negotiate, and if I had been, I had no instructions but
+those which were given to Mr Jay in 1779.
+
+Our affairs have taken such a different aspect since that period, that
+these could be of little use to me. Thus circumstanced, I contented
+myself with taking every opportunity of pointing out to the Count de
+Florida Blanca and others, the conduct which I presumed would be most
+advantageous to my country, while, at the same time, it would cement a
+lasting harmony between the two nations. I received constantly
+general assurances of the favorable disposition of the King; the
+letter transmitted by the Marquis de Lafayette, and those which I have
+had the honor to write to you before and since that period, will have
+informed you of the nature of them. I was induced to believe these
+assurances were sincere, more from the opinion that it was the true
+interest of this Court to follow that line of conduct, than from any
+confidence in the real good will or good faith of government here. Its
+apparent jealousy of our rising importance, and of our vicinity to
+their American possessions, joined to its past conduct, I think will
+justify these sentiments.
+
+A few days ago, the Minister of the Indies, speaking of America in
+general, wished the whole continent at the bottom of the ocean. I
+believe he has his particular reasons for this wish. The advice which
+I have had the honor to transmit you from time to time, of the
+discontents and disturbances in Mexico and Peru, will in some measure
+explain the cause of his dissatisfaction. The last intelligence
+received from Buenos Ayres is by no means agreeable. The Court keeps
+the most guarded silence on this subject, and the Minister has taken
+care to stop all letters of a late date brought by packets from that
+part of the world. I have, however, been informed by natives of
+consequence from these countries who reside here, and who pay their
+court every day to M. Galvez, that the spirit of revolt increases, and
+that the conduct of the officers civil and military sent from hence,
+is so odious and intolerable to all classes of people, that the worst
+consequences are to be apprehended. These Americans treat me with the
+cordiality of countrymen. The other night being at the Tertullia,
+(Assembly) of Madame Galvez, the Count d'Oreilly entered. I saw
+indignation immediately painted on their countenances, and one of them
+accosting me, said, "there, my countryman, is a specimen of the
+Governors they send us," alluding to the perfidy and cruelties of that
+General in Louisiana. I was cautious in my reply, as indeed, I have
+been in all conversations which I have had with these or others on
+this subject. The apprehensions, which the situation of their Colonies
+might be supposed to excite, do not appear to influence the conduct of
+the Count de Florida Blanca.
+
+In my letter of the 25th of June, I had the honor to submit to you my
+conjectures on the part Spain seemed disposed to take in the war
+commenced by Russia against the Turks. These conjectures have been
+confirmed by circumstances, which have since come to my knowledge. The
+Count de Florida Blanca takes an active part in negotiating and
+exciting the distrust of other nations against the supposed designs of
+the Imperial Courts. There have been frequent conferences of late
+between that Minister, the French and Portuguese Ambassadors, and the
+Count de Fernan Nunez, now here on _congé_ from Portugal. It is
+surmised, that the object of them is to exclude from the ports of the
+Court of Lisbon the fleet which Russia has talked of sending into the
+Mediterranean, and to avoid giving a pointed offence to the Empress by
+this exclusion, it is proposed to extend it to all nations at war.
+Many circumstances induce me to credit this surmise. The Russian
+Minister here is informed from Lisbon of this negotiation, and accuses
+the Portuguese Ambassador, (who is a weak and vain man) of being
+entirely gained by the court paid him here.
+
+Efforts have been made to engage the Genoese and Venetians to enter
+into the same views. I know the sentiments of the Ambassador from the
+latter Republic on this subject. He is piqued by the little confidence
+placed in him by this Court, on account of letters from him to his
+constituents, placing the affairs of this country in an unfavorable
+aspect. Copies of these letters have some how or other been procured
+by the Spanish Ambassador there, and transmitted hither. He advises
+the republic to remain neutral, notwithstanding the jealousies which
+others endeavor to inspire of the Emperor's intentions. That Prince
+continues to make the most formidable preparations, while at the same
+time he endeavors to persuade others, particularly the Court of
+France, that he does not enter into the designs of Russia. Your
+information from Paris will be much more accurate than any that I can
+give you on this subject. If the Court of Versailles was not well
+satisfied with the dispositions of this Court, the Count de Montmorin
+would not be permitted to return to France at this crisis. He talks of
+leaving Spain in the month of September, or sooner, should the
+definitive treaty be concluded. A courier is daily expected with the
+news of the signature.
+
+This intelligence will be the more agreeable, as doubts have been
+entertained of the intentions of the English cabinet. The frequent
+conferences of Mr Fox and the Russian Minister at London, and the
+permission given to Russian Commissaries to prepare for the reception
+of the fleets of that nation, may have excited these doubts. Mr Fox,
+in the course of the negotiations of the definitive treaty, has
+cavilled on every point, and raised difficulties and delays on every
+occasion. It would, perhaps, have facilitated the conclusion of our
+treaty with this country, if we could have adjusted the articles of it
+before theirs with Great Britain is signed. I am afraid it will be
+difficult to obtain permission to cut wood in the bays of Campeachy
+and Honduras. This point, as I informed you in my last, was a subject
+of long discussion at London. The limits occasioned the obstacles on
+the part of Spain. I have insinuated from time to time to the Count de
+Florida Blanca, the good effects the grant of this permission to the
+citizens of the United States would have in America. But M. Galvez, as
+Minister of the Indies, will be consulted on this point, as well as on
+that of the free navigation of the Mississippi, and I believe will
+obstruct as much as possible the cessions we desire. He is obstinate
+to the last degree, and rarely swerves from the system he has once
+adopted. Perseverance and steadiness on our part must from the nature
+of things probably prevail.
+
+There is no appearance of material changes in the Ministry here. It is
+said, the King is not satisfied with the new Minister of Marine. The
+friends of the Count d'Oreilly flattered themselves that he would be
+named Minister of war. But his return to his government of Andalusia,
+after a shorter stay than he intended, dissipated the expectations
+formed on this head. I paid him my court during the time he was here,
+in order to secure his influence in favor of our commerce at Cadiz.
+The appointment of a consul is very necessary at that port, and
+certainly no person will ever perform the functions of that office
+with more credit to himself and country than Mr Richard Harrison, who
+for three years past has gratuitously done all our business here.
+
+The time of the Count de Florida Blanca is so much occupied by
+projects of reform in the administration of the revenues, &c. and by
+the negotiations before mentioned, that it is difficult if not
+impracticable to see him, particularly while the Court is in the
+capital. He promised at Aranjues to give me a positive answer here
+with regard to my presentation to the King and royal family, but I
+have been so accustomed to promises and delays, that I have little
+expectations he will keep his word. I attend the answer of Congress to
+my letter of the 23d of May, in which I recapitulated the difficulties
+started on this subject.
+
+The expedition against Algiers sailed on the 2d instant. Enclosed I
+have the honor to send you a list of its force. The religious
+ceremonies observed previous to the departure of this armament, recall
+to mind those practised in the time of the crusades. A pompous
+procession, composed of the clergy of all orders, and of the civil and
+military officers at Carthagena, attended a miraculous image of the
+virgin of Mount Carmel, from the church to the port. There, with great
+ceremony, it was placed in the barge of Barcello, the chief of the
+expedition, who himself took the helm, and conducted it on board the
+Admiral's ship, parading through the fleet, which displayed its
+colors, and saluted with firing and music during the time the ceremony
+lasted. The image was reconducted to the altar from which it had been
+taken with the same pomp, and no doubt that many of the spectators and
+assistants are convinced, that this honor paid to the virgin will
+insure the success of the expedition. I take the liberty of giving you
+this detail, as it marks the character of a part of the nation.
+Sensible people smile when the circumstance happens to be mentioned.
+
+In the month of July, 1780, I gave to Mr Jay in writing, a general
+account of the disposition of the Court; the state of the finances of
+this country, &c. &c. I know not whether it has ever been transmitted
+to Congress. I have from time to time since been employed in
+correcting and enlarging it. I have hopes of obtaining an accurate
+account of the revenues and debts of this nation. The person, through
+whose means I hope to procure it for the time necessary to copy it, is
+now absent. Should I be successful, I must entreat the greatest
+secrecy, on account of the person who I expect will favor me on this
+point. In 1781, I transmitted to the Philosophical Society of
+Philadelphia, a relation of the measures taken in this country for the
+encouragement of arts and agriculture, particularly by societies
+established with the title of _Amigos del Pais_, (friends of the
+country) these societies owe their existence to the celebrated Count
+de Campomanes; from him I drew my information on this subject, and I
+must add in justice to his liberality of thinking, that I have found
+him on all occasions disposed to contribute to my instruction; for
+this and other reasons heretofore mentioned, I pressed his nomination
+as honorary member of our philosophical society. You will pardon me
+for reminding you of this circumstance.
+
+Urged by necessity, I have been constrained to draw on Dr Franklin; I
+never have been advised by him of the reception of bills of exchange
+for my salary. Mr Temple Franklin wrote me many months ago, that
+advice had been received that bills had been drawn for that purpose,
+but that they had not come to hand. In the course of this summer, he
+informed me, that six months of my salary had been remitted by your
+department, and that I had been credited with that sum in my account
+with Dr Franklin. I have heard nothing on the subject since. You will
+please, therefore, direct its being transmitted in future through the
+hands of Mr John Ross.
+
+I have just been informed, that an envoy is arrived at Cadiz from
+Morocco, charged with powers to treat in behalf of the Emperor with
+our Commissioners at Paris. I beg leave to recall to your attention,
+that I had the honor to commence our first negotiations with Sweden,
+Denmark, and Saxony, and that others have been authorised to conclude
+them, to the great mortification of the Ministers of those Courts
+employed here. I shall be perfectly satisfied if the Congress remains
+persuaded of the zeal which has animated me, and will ever animate me,
+to contribute my feeble efforts to promote the interest and glory of
+the States, and to merit the confidence reposed in me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Madrid, July 22d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since closing my letter of the 19th instant, a courier arrived from
+Alicant, brings advice that the armament against Algiers, which sailed
+the 2d, has been dispersed by bad weather, and obliged to take shelter
+in that port and others on the coast. If I can procure the details of
+this disaster, I will forward them by this opportunity. This
+dispersion will afford more time for the Algerines to prepare for
+their defence. The fleet from the Havana is daily expected; some
+vessels have already arrived.
+
+Great hopes are conceived of the influence which this treasure, and
+the produce embarked in the convoy, will have in enlivening the
+commerce of this country, and appreciating the paper money in
+circulation. In this capital that paper loses five per cent, in the
+sea-ports, three and a half per cent. The operations of the bank have
+not been attended hitherto with the success expected from them.
+
+Solano, who commanded the maritime forces of Spain in the West Indies,
+subject to the order of General Galvez, has excited the indignation of
+the King and Ministry, by refusing to receive on board the vessels
+under his command, the general officers and troops destined to return
+to Spain. It is said here, that his refusal proceeded from a desire to
+turn to his private advantage and that of his officers, this occasion
+of lading the ships of war with the produce of Spanish America. This
+has been too much the custom in this country. He will find a powerful
+enemy in the Minister of the Indies, whose nephew is obliged by this
+manoeuvre to embark in a merchant-man.
+
+We have yet no news of the signature of the definitive treaty. Mr
+Adams did me the honor to write me in a letter, which I have just
+received by a private hand, "that they were moving on with the same
+sluggish pace in the conferences for the definitive treaty, and could
+by no means foresee the end." This letter is dated the 18th of June.
+The Court and the French Ambassador give out that they expect the news
+of its signature in eight days. If it was not imprudent to hazard
+conjecture against such authority, I should be induced by other
+motives, to think that this event will not take place, until
+despatches carried from hence last week arrive in London. I have
+additional reason to suppose that the convention mentioned in my last,
+to exclude from the ports of Portugal the Russian ships of war, has
+been, or is on the point of being concluded. The Prince de Masseran,
+who charges himself with the delivery of this to my correspondent at
+Bordeaux, being about to set out, I am obliged to conclude.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+       FROM THE SAXON MINISTER IN SPAIN TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 28th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just received instructions, which contain the result of what
+has been for a long time the subject of our conversations. The trading
+interest of Saxony has seized with avidity the overtures and details,
+which, after our interviews, I placed under the eyes of the Ministry.
+Persuaded that the goodness and cheapness of our commodities will give
+them an advantage in such an enterprise, they have adopted the plan,
+which you have indicated, of sending to America a person, who shall
+look after their interests, and obtain the knowledge indispensable for
+their direction. Their choice has fallen upon a merchant of Bordeaux,
+a native of Leipzic, whose name is Philip Thieriot, known as a man of
+probity, intelligence, and good conduct, who is now in Saxony, but
+will soon establish himself in Philadelphia, to transact business in
+the character of a merchant, both on his own account and that of
+others.
+
+The Elector has assented to this choice, and permits that for the
+present M. Thieriot shall hold in America, the functions of
+Commissary-General of the commerce of Saxony, with the view of
+founding mercantile relations between the two countries, and that he
+may receive the commissions of Saxon merchants, direct their
+enterprises, and guard and support their interests, both in relation
+to Congress and other respects, till circumstances shall make it
+proper for him to be supplied with more particular directions. For
+this purpose the oath has been administered to him, and he has been
+furnished with suitable instructions, and the power of making
+appointments. He sets off immediately for France, where he has certain
+affairs to arrange, and he will then be ready to embark from Bordeaux
+in the month of August.
+
+As the time is too short for him to pass by the way of Madrid, and
+receive the benefits of the personal counsels, with which I flatter
+myself you would be disposed to favor him, I shall be under great
+obligations to you, if you will fulfil the promises, which you have
+had the goodness to make, and give to this gentleman letters of
+recommendation both for the Congress of the United States and other
+persons of consideration, which may procure for him the protection of
+the one, and the confidence and assistance of the others.
+
+As on the one hand I flatter myself, from the account I have had of
+the talents and good character of M. Thieriot, that he will do honor
+to your recommendation, so I am satisfied on the other, that it will
+contribute more than anything else to render his residence useful and
+agreeable, to facilitate the success of his mission, and strengthen
+the bonds of utility between the two nations, of which the merit
+belongs to you of having greatly contributed to lay the foundation.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                            GORSDORFF.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 29th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In former letters I have had the honor to mention to you the
+conversation, which had passed between the Saxon Minister at this
+Court and myself, on the subject of forming commercial and amicable
+connexions between the United States and the Elector. As I had no
+authority or instructions from Congress, I could only avail myself of
+general expressions of the desire of my constituents to cultivate the
+friendship of the different powers of Europe, and of extending their
+commerce to all. I declined when pressed, to give my sentiments in
+writing, unless the Saxon Minister would give me, by permission of his
+Court, such extracts of his official letters as might enable me
+immediately to notify to Congress in a proper manner, the amicable
+disposition of his master; assuring him, however, that I should not
+fail of communicating to that body the substance of our general
+conversations, which I was persuaded would receive with great
+satisfaction an account of the Elector's friendly intentions. This
+gentleman being rather indiscreet in his conduct, I was perhaps more
+upon my guard with him than I should have been with a person of a
+different character. On his pressing me, however, to give him my
+sentiments on the best means to forward an intercourse between the two
+countries, I replied verbally, that in my opinion, the speediest and
+most effectual method would be, to send from Saxony to America a
+person well acquainted with the commerce of his own country, and
+properly authorised, who being able to judge on the spot what
+advantages were to be derived from such intercourse, might
+immediately treat with Congress if the Elector thought proper.
+
+After some hesitation, he agreed to my propositions, and advised his
+Court thereof. Yesterday he addressed me a letter, of which I have now
+the honor to enclose you a copy, together with an extract of his
+official despatches. A visit which he paid me a few hours after he
+sent me the above papers, rendered a written answer unnecessary. I
+confessed to him, the high sense which Congress would have of this
+proof of the Elector's good will, and added, that I would take the
+earliest opportunity of communicating it. I promised him also the
+letters he required for M. Thieriot. I hope my conduct will have the
+approbation of Congress.
+
+Nothing material has transpired since my last of the 25th instant,
+except that I am persuaded, that the convention between France, Spain,
+and Portugal was signed here between the 15th and 17th of this month.
+I am told, that it has for its basis a treaty concluded between the
+two latter nations in 1778, with supplementary secret articles. The
+northern powers, particularly Russia, appear jealous of the objects of
+this treaty. Great Britain seems to have had no knowledge of it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Madrid, August 2d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 29th ultimo, I had the honor to enclose you copies of sundry
+papers, relative to the establishment of a commercial intercourse
+between the citizens of the United States and the subjects of the
+Elector of Saxony. By that communication you will have learned with
+great satisfaction, that the commerce of Saxony, with the approbation
+of the Sovereign, had chosen M. Philip Thieriot, a person of
+acknowledged merit, to reside in America in the character of
+Commissary-General of commerce. By the papers above mentioned you will
+have seen the nature and extent of that gentleman's commission. I have
+now the honor to present him to your notice, persuaded that you will
+with pleasure procure him occasions of putting effectually into
+execution the views of the court and commerce of his country. Their
+nomination of him to this important trust, until circumstances may
+demand that he be immediately authorised by his Sovereign, will, I
+make no doubt, be a sufficient motive with you to secure him all the
+civilities and services which it may be in your power to afford him.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                      St Ildefonso, August 30th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 19th, 22d, and 29th ultimo, and the 2d of this month, I had the
+honor to address you from Madrid. On the 5th instant I followed the
+Court to this place, where it had been since the 24th of last month.
+
+I took the earliest opportunity of waiting on his Excellency, the
+Count de Florida Blanca, to remind him of his promise to present me to
+the King and royal family, and of other affairs interesting to
+individuals mentioned in former letters, for which I had been obliged
+to apply to him. He gave me the strongest assurances of his desire to
+terminate, to the satisfaction of the parties interested, the affairs
+in question, imputing to other departments the delays I had
+experienced in their adjustment. On the subject of my presentation, he
+seemed much embarrassed, stating the difficulties he should be exposed
+to in procuring that honor for me, which his Majesty refused to others
+vested with the same character, mentioning the case of the _Chargé
+d'Affaires_ of Denmark, a copy of whose letter to this Minister on the
+subject of his presentation, I had the honor to enclose you on the
+25th of June. He observed, that the Russian and Swedish Ministers were
+about to leave the Court, and would, if I was presented, insist on the
+presentation of their Secretaries also.
+
+I begged leave in reply to assure his Excellency of the concern it
+gave me to expose him to the least inconvenience upon that account,
+but that he would be pleased to recollect the promise he had made to
+the Marquis de Lafayette and myself in writing on this subject. That
+copies of the letter which the Marquis de Lafayette had written him
+and of his Excellency's answer had been transmitted to Congress; that
+that body, from the confidence which they had in his Catholic
+Majesty's amicable disposition, of which his Excellency had been so
+often the interpreter, undoubtedly expected that I had long ago been
+presented; that in consequence of his Excellency's assurances to me at
+various times since the transmission of the copies of the letters
+before mentioned, I had confirmed my constituents in this belief; that
+this being the case, it would be improper for me to go to Court, until
+I should receive their instructions on the subject. I added, that I
+hoped his Excellency knew me too well to suppose that I was influenced
+by any personal considerations in this affair. He interrupted me with
+an assurance to the contrary, and that he would do everything in his
+power to give me satisfaction, telling me to call upon him in a few
+days, when he would acquaint me with the result of his endeavors. Thus
+ended our first conference.
+
+Not to appear too urgent, I avoided speaking to him on the subject
+until ten days ago, although I had occasion to see him several times.
+But hearing the British Minister was on his way to Madrid, I thought
+it proper to bring the matter to a decision before his arrival and
+presentation; for which purpose I again waited on the Minister. I soon
+discovered that he was in ill humor; however, as he immediately
+commenced the conversation, by telling me that he had not yet found an
+opportunity of speaking to the King, I prayed his Excellency to
+recollect the time which had elapsed since he had been pleased to tell
+me that I should be presented, and recapitulated the reasons before
+mentioned. He interrupted me several times, telling me how much he had
+been persecuted by Mr Elfried and the Russian Minister, who espoused
+the interests of that _Chargé d'Affaires_, adding, with warmth, that
+gentleman will never be presented, unless to take leave and receive
+his present. I replied, that his Excellency would do me the justice to
+own, that I had been by no means importunate. That it was not my
+intention to be so, and that nothing but my duty, joined to my
+particular desire to cultivate a good understanding between our two
+countries, made me now press him for an explicit answer. He told me
+that he was convinced that I did not wish to embarrass him, but
+observed, with some peevishness, ---- as Mr Elfried is by the
+Russian. He cites precedent and you have none.
+
+I answered, that I flattered myself his Excellency had too good an
+opinion of me to suppose that I needed a prompter, when either the
+honor or interests of my country were in question. That as for
+precedent, part of my business with his Excellency, was to establish
+one for such of my countrymen as the United States might hereafter
+send to Spain in the same character in which I had the honor to be
+employed; adding, that I had more confidence in his Excellency's word,
+than in all the precedents the book of etiquette of the Court could
+furnish me; and that to give him a farther proof of my unwillingness
+to embarrass him, I did not insist on my presentation, but on an
+explicit answer from his Excellency, of which I might immediately send
+copies to Congress, not only for my own justification, but also to
+enable that body to decide the manner in which _Chargé d'Affaires_,
+from the Court of Spain should be treated by the United States. He
+seemed pleased with the reliance placed on his word, for he instantly
+told me, that he would speedily give me an explicit answer, and that I
+should see that he was a man of his word. That he wished, from respect
+to the States, and personal regard for myself, to procure me an
+advantage which was denied to others, but that he was afraid his
+Majesty was (to make use of his own expression) _trop entêté_ on this
+point. He then asked me for a copy of the translation of the letter
+from Congress to the King. I had it with me. This is the third copy,
+which I have given to his Excellency. We left his apartments as he was
+then going to the King. In the ante-chamber he again repeated aloud
+in Spanish, before thirty or forty persons, who were waiting to pay
+him their court, that I should find him a man of his word, and that I
+should have an explicit answer. I took my leave, assuring him it was
+all I desired.
+
+I presume that he took his Majesty's orders thereon the same day, for
+the next he sent me a polite message, desiring me to come to his
+house. Having waited on him, agreeably to his request, on my entry he
+took me by the hand and told me, that he hoped I would now be
+satisfied, for that on conferring with the King, his Majesty had been
+pleased to fix a day for my presentation; that no one felt more
+sensibly than himself the happy conclusion of this affair, as well on
+account of his desire to show every possible respect to the United
+States, as from his esteem for me. That the King, contrary to his
+expectations, had consented to change the etiquette with respect to me
+on this subject, as "an extraordinary act of royal good will," and
+that he hoped, that his conduct on this occasion would convince
+Congress of his Majesty's intentions to cultivate in a particular
+manner their amity. I expressed in reply, the sense which I knew my
+constituents would have of this proof of the King's amicable
+disposition, and of my gratitude to his Excellency for the obliging
+interest which he took in what regarded me personally, assuring him
+that I would take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to Congress
+this additional proof of his Majesty's desire to cultivate their
+friendship, and of his Excellency's manner of fulfilling his
+Sovereign's intentions. I then asked him on what day the King chose to
+receive me, he answered, the day after tomorrow, (the 23d instant.) I
+expressed some concern that the Ambassador of France, then at Madrid
+would not return before the time appointed for my reception. He
+replied, that the King having named the day, no alteration could take
+place. To this I was obliged to acquiesce. His Excellency then made me
+many professions of personal regard, which it is unnecessary to
+repeat, and which, perhaps, I should not even hint at, if the French
+Ambassador, the Marquis de Lafayette and others, had not been
+witnesses on former occasions to similar assurances. I proceeded to
+mention to his Excellency the different objects on which I had
+heretofore addressed him, and prayed him to give me an opportunity, at
+the same time that I informed Congress of my presentation, to advise
+them also of the happy termination of these. He begged me to pass him
+offices again on these points, and assured me that I should receive
+such answers as would be agreeable and satisfactory to the States. He
+continued to speak to me in an open and friendly manner of the
+obstacles which a well intentioned Minister had to encounter in the
+execution of his measures in this country.
+
+I paid him indirect compliments on what I knew to be his favorite
+projects, viz. the improvement of the roads, the protection and
+encouragement of manufactures, &c. and the changes which he meditates
+in the system of finance and commerce, and after continuing with him
+some time, was about to take my leave. He asked me whom I had left in
+the ante-chamber; on mentioning the names of the persons, he requested
+me to remain with him, observing, that he should be plagued by these
+gentlemen. During my stay, the conversation turned on different
+subjects, in which I received every proof of candor and politeness.
+The same evening I informed the Ambassador of France by letter, that
+the King had consented to my being presented, a circumstance on which
+he had always entertained doubts, although he has ever done everything
+in his power, that could be expected from his public and private
+character, to contribute to the success of our negotiation. Perhaps
+some expressions on the part of Congress, testifying their sense of
+the zeal which this nobleman has manifested to further their
+interests, may be ultimately productive of good effects at the Court
+of Versailles, if not here.
+
+On the day appointed for my presentation, I waited on his Excellency,
+the Count de Florida Blanca, and from his house, accompanied by his
+servant whom he had the politeness to send with my own, I paid my
+visits to the principal officers and ladies of the palace. This
+ceremony finished, I went to the King's apartments, where the Minister
+appointed me to meet him. When his Majesty arose from table, his
+Excellency presented me as _Chargé d'Affaires_ of the United States.
+As I had been informed, that the King did not like long harangues, I
+contented myself with expressing to his Majesty my happiness in being
+the first of my countrymen who had the good fortune to assure him of
+their desire to cultivate his amity. He answered me in a gracious
+manner, and with a smiling countenance, saying, that he hoped I should
+have frequent occasions of making him the same assurances. He then
+passed into the audience chamber, to the Ambassadors and Ministers,
+where, as several of them have informed me, he was pleased to speak
+favorably of me.
+
+The royal family dining at the same hour and separately, the same
+etiquette being observed, viz. the presentation after dinner, it
+required some days to finish this business; the Count de Florida
+Blanca accompanying me more than three quarters of an hour each day,
+with a politeness and good nature rarely found in men who have so
+many important occupations in their hands. The Prince of Asturias
+spoke of me during the dinner as of a person he had long known, and
+when I was presented he told me so. The Princess, who was present,
+spoke to me six or seven minutes in French and Spanish, and among
+other things said to me, that I ought to like Spain, because she had
+been told, that I was much liked by the Spaniards. I replied, that the
+only title I had to their esteem was my well known regard for the
+nation. The other branches of the royal family received me equally
+well.
+
+It perhaps may be thought, that I have dwelt too long on these minute
+details, but I hope I shall be excused when it is considered this is
+the first presentation of a servant of the States at this Court, and
+that it has already made some noise among the _corps diplomatique_,
+who think themselves entitled to the same privilege which I have
+obtained. As soon as the _Chargé d'Affaires_ of Denmark was advised of
+my presentation, he came hither. The enclosed note to the Minister, of
+which I found means to obtain a copy, will show you in what light his
+Court regards this preference.
+
+The ceremonial of my presentation being finished, I waited on his
+Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, to thank him for his obliging
+attentions in the course of it, and took that opportunity of
+insinuating to him the propriety of his Catholic Majesty's immediately
+naming a Minister to the United States. I had touched on this subject
+formerly. He told me that he would speak to his Majesty, and inform me
+of his intentions.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN LAURENS;
+
+SPECIAL MINISTER TO THE COURT OF FRANCE.
+
+
+
+
+John Laurens was the son of Henry Laurens, whose Correspondence is
+printed in the second volume of this work. He was born in Charleston,
+South Carolina, in the year 1755. At the age of sixteen he accompanied
+his father to Europe, where he was left to pursue his education first
+at Geneva, and afterwards at London. He was diligent in his studies,
+and made rapid attainments in the different branches of knowledge, as
+well as in the other accomplishments of a scholar and a gentleman. In
+1774 he became a student of law in the Temple, but the stirring
+events, that were causing so much excitement on this side of the
+Atlantic, drew his attention strongly to the interests and claims of
+his native country, and determined him to return and connect his
+destiny with hers. After a voyage of considerable peril, he arrived in
+Charleston in 1777, and immediately resolved to join the army.
+
+As the army then abounded with officers, and there was no opening
+suited to him in their ranks, General Washington took him into his
+family as a supernumerary Aid-de-camp. In this capacity he was at the
+battles of Germantown and Monmouth. He soon afterwards attached
+himself to the army on Rhode Island, where he had the command of a
+small body of light troops, and displayed so much bravery and good
+conduct, that Congress, on the 5th of November, 1778, resolved, "that
+John Laurens, Aid-de-camp to General Washington, be presented with a
+continental commission of lieutenant-colonel, in testimony of the
+sense, which Congress entertain of his patriotic and spirited services
+as a volunteer in the American army; and of his brave conduct in
+several actions, particularly in that of Rhode Island on the 29th of
+August last; and that General Washington be directed, whenever an
+opportunity shall offer, to give Lieutenant-Colonel Laurens a command
+agreeable to his rank." The next year he repaired to the southern
+army, was present at the unsuccessful attack on Savannah, and was
+among the prisoners at the capitulation of Charleston. He was soon
+after exchanged and reinstated in the army. On the 28th of September,
+1779, he was chosen by Congress Secretary to the Minister
+Plenipotentiary from the United States to the Court of Versailles, but
+he did not accept the appointment.
+
+In the year following, Congress became so much pressed for the want of
+means in money and military supplies, that they resolved to send a
+special Minister to France for the purpose of representing, in a
+strong and just light, the extreme necessities of the United States,
+and soliciting new aid from the French Court. It was supposed, that a
+person going directly from the scene of action and suffering, and with
+a full knowledge of all the particulars from personal observation,
+would be more likely to succeed in such an application than the
+resident Minister Plenipotentiary, who could only speak from his
+general instructions. As the assistance was chiefly wanted for the
+relief of the army, it was moreover considered that this messenger
+should be selected from that body. The choice fell on Colonel Laurens,
+who, on the 23d of December, 1780, was appointed a special Minister to
+the Court of Versailles for the above purpose. He was then only
+twentyfive years old. He sailed from Boston in February, and arrived
+in Paris on the 19th of March, and immediately applied himself with
+great assiduity to the objects of his mission. His success, though not
+to the extent of his wishes, or the hopes of Congress, was yet more
+complete than could reasonably have been expected, considering the
+liberal grants, which the French government had recently made to the
+solicitations of Dr Franklin. All that could be effected by zeal,
+activity, perseverance, and intelligence, was accomplished by Colonel
+Laurens; but so great was his eagerness to do his duty on the
+occasion, and to render the most essential service to his country,
+that his forwardness and impatience were somewhat displeasing to the
+French Ministry, as not altogether consistent with their ideas of the
+dignity and deference belonging to transactions with Courts. They made
+allowance, however, for the ardor and inexperience of youth, and seem
+not to have been influenced by these objectionable points of manners,
+in their estimation of his noble and generous traits of character, or
+in their disposition to listen to his requests.
+
+Having compassed the aims of his mission with uncommon despatch,
+Colonel Laurens left Paris, and reached Philadelphia towards the end
+of August, having been absent from the country but little more than
+six months. As soon as he had made a report of his doings to Congress,
+he repaired again to the army in time to be present at the memorable
+siege of York Town. Here he displayed great courage and gallantly in
+storming and taking a British battery, as second in command to
+Hamilton. After the capitulation he joined the southern army under
+General Greene, having previously acted as a representative in the
+legislature of his native State, which convened at Jacksonborough in
+January, 1782. While with the army, during the following summer, he
+was ill with a fever, from which he had hardly recovered when
+intelligence came, that a party of the British were out on a marauding
+excursion to Combakee. He went in pursuit of the enemy, and while
+leading an advanced party, he received a mortal wound, which
+terminated his life on the 27th of August, 1782, in the twentyseventh
+year of his age. His death was deeply lamented by the army and the
+nation.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN LAURENS.
+
+                                      In Congress, December 23d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You will herewith receive a commission appointing you our Minister at
+the Court of Versailles; in pursuing the objects of which, you will
+conform to the following instructions.
+
+Upon your arrival you will communicate fully to our Minister
+Plenipotentiary at that Court the business on which you are sent, and
+avail yourself of his information and influence for obtaining the aids
+mentioned in the estimate delivered to you. Instructions to him for
+that purpose are herewith transmitted, which you will deliver
+immediately on your arrival. You will convey to his Most Christian
+Majesty the grateful sense Congress have of the noble and generous
+part he has taken, with regard to the United States, and use every
+possible means to impress him with the urgent and critical state of
+our affairs at present, which induced the appointment of a special
+Minister to solicit his effectual aid.
+
+You will, in particular, give him full information of the present
+state of our military affairs, and the measures taken for providing a
+respectable force for the ensuing campaign. It will be proper, at the
+same time, to point out the causes which rendered the last campaign
+unsuccessful.
+
+You are to use every effort in your power to enforce the necessity of
+maintaining a naval superiority in the American seas. You will assure
+his Most Christian Majesty on our part, that if he will please to
+communicate to us his intentions respecting the next campaign in
+America, we will use every effort in our power for an effectual
+co-operation. You are to give his Majesty the most positive and
+pointed assurances of our determination to prosecute the war for the
+great purposes of the alliance agreeable to our engagements.
+
+Should his Majesty grant the aids requested, and send to our
+assistance a naval force, you will take advantage of that conveyance
+for forwarding the articles furnished. If no naval armament should be
+ordered to America, you will endeavor to obtain some vessels of force
+to transport the said articles, or take advantage of some convoy to
+America, which may render the transportation less hazardous. You will
+call upon William Palfrey, our Consul in that kingdom, for such
+assistance as you may stand in need of for forwarding any supplies
+which you may obtain. You are authorised to draw upon our Minister
+Plenipotentiary for such sums as you may from time to time stand in
+need of, giving him early notice thereof, that he may aid you from
+funds procured on our account, without doing injury to our other
+concerns. You may also draw upon any other funds, which you may know
+to have been procured for us to Europe.
+
+You will, on your arrival at the Court of Versailles, present the
+letter to his Most Christian Majesty, which you will herewith receive.
+Previous to your departure from the United States, you are to confer
+with the Commander in Chief of the American army, the Minister
+Plenipotentiary of France, the commanders in chief of his Most
+Christian Majesty's fleet and army at Rhode Island, the Marquis de
+Lafayette, if it should not retard your voyage, upon the subject of
+your commission, and avail yourself of every information you may
+obtain from them respectively. You will embrace every opportunity of
+informing us of the success of your negotiations, and receive and obey
+such instructions, as you may from time to time receive from Congress.
+
+When the purpose of your mission shall be as fully effected as you may
+deem practicable, you are to return, and report your success to
+Congress without delay, unless you shall previously receive other
+orders.[15]
+
+We pray God to further you with his goodness in the several objects
+hereby recommended and that he will have you in his holy keeping.
+
+                                       SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] For Additional Instructions to Dr Franklin respecting Colonel
+Laurens's mission, see _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. III. p. 185.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN LAURENS.
+
+                                     In Congress, December 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+With respect to the loan, we foresee that the sum which we ask will be
+greatly inadequate to our wants. We wish, however, to depend as much
+as possible on our internal exertions. In this negotiation, the state
+of our finances require that you should endeavor to procure as long a
+respite after the war, for payment of the principal, as may be in your
+power. You may agree for an interest not exceeding the terms allowed
+or given on national security in Europe, endeavoring to suspend the
+discharge of the interest for two or three years, if possible.
+
+You are hereby empowered to pledge the faith of the United States, by
+executing such securities or obligations for the payment of the money,
+as you may think proper, and also that the interest shall not be
+reduced, nor the principal paid during the term for which the same
+shall have been borrowed, without the consent of the lenders or their
+representatives.
+
+You are to stipulate for the payment of both principal and interest in
+specie.
+
+The loan must prove ineffective unless the specie is actually
+remitted. Experience has shown, that the negotiation of bills is
+attended with unsupportable loss and disadvantage. His Most Christian
+Majesty, we are persuaded, will see in the strongest light the
+necessity of despatching an effective naval armament to the American
+seas. This is a measure of such vast moment, that your utmost address
+will be employed to give it success. By such a conveyance, the specie
+may be remitted in different ships of war with a prospect of safety.
+
+                                       SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                       Philadelphia, January 3d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Although my instructions relative to the objects of my mission do not
+explicitly direct what conduct I am to observe, in case the aids
+solicited from the Court of France cannot be obtained in their full
+extent, yet I presume it is not the intention of Congress to confine
+me without alternative to the precise demands which they have made.
+There is the more reason that this matter should be clearly
+understood, as my prospects, especially in the important article of
+pecuniary succors, are far from being flattering. I apprehend then,
+that I shall have satisfied my duty by aspiring, with every effort, to
+complete success, and upon failure of that, by approaching it as
+nearly as shall be found practicable.
+
+With regard to the estimate of the Board of War, as it descends into
+the minutest detail, and includes a great variety of articles, it
+appears to me that it will be necessary to attach myself in preference
+to the objects of first necessity for the ensuing campaign, that the
+most indispensable supplies may not be retarded by those of a
+secondary nature, and that the former being secured as far as
+possible, and the latter left in a train of execution, I may the
+sooner be at liberty to return and make my report. As I apprehend that
+these ideas need only to be submitted to Congress to obtain their
+sanction, I shall consider myself authorised to act in consequence,
+unless I receive new orders to the contrary.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the profoundest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Boston, February 4th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I do myself the honor of informing Congress, that I arrived at this
+place on the 25th ultimo.
+
+After passing two days at Morristown in fruitless expectation of
+meeting the Commander in Chief, I proceeded to head quarters, where my
+conference with the General, on the objects of my mission, detained me
+three days. The impediment of floating ice in the North River, which
+induced the necessity of crossing it much higher than at the usual
+place, and other difficulties of the season, will account for the rest
+of my delay on the journey.
+
+Upon delivering my despatches to the Navy Board, I found, that the two
+indispensables, men and money, were wanting to fit the Alliance for
+sea. I urged the necessity of the most prompt and decisive exertions
+on their part. They returned me such assurances as left me no reason
+to doubt, that the General Court would authorise an impressment to
+complete the deficiency of our crew, and that a sufficient supply of
+money would be procured. This determined me to devote the interval of
+preparation to making my visit to New York. On my return this day, I
+learned with great surprise and mortification, that the motion for an
+impressment had been rejected, private motives having superseded those
+of general good. In these circumstances I was obliged to apply to
+General Lincoln for authority to engage such recruits of this State,
+and such soldiers of the invalid corps, as might be qualified for the
+marine service. This resource however has afforded us but a few men. I
+have just obtained permission from Governor Hancock to enlist
+volunteers from the guard of the Castle. The Navy Board has
+commissioned a merchant of popularity and influence among the
+seafaring men, to offer a tempting bounty, with such precautions as
+will prevent uneasiness among those who entered for a smaller
+consideration. I am now addressing the principal merchants to spare a
+few men from their ships, to be replaced from the Navy Board. In the
+mean time the rendezvous of the frigate continues open.
+
+But these are all precarious expedients, and my expectations are by no
+means sanguine. Nothing however shall be left unattempted; if my
+prospects do not brighten, I shall try the effect of a second memorial
+to the General Court, and finally insist upon Captain Barry's putting
+to sea with the crew he can obtain by the middle of the week. There is
+an additional difficulty in procuring the remainder of the ship's
+compliment, which is the necessity of hiring not only seamen, but
+natives, as a counterbalance to the bad composition of the men already
+on board, too many British prisoners having been admitted; their
+numbers, the value of the ship, and the business on which she is
+employed, are temptations to an enterprise, in favor of their ancient
+connexions.
+
+Several gentlemen go as passengers, on condition of serving on the
+quarter deck in case of an encounter, and they will reinforce the
+party of the officers in case of a mutiny. I have endeavored to
+procure every useful information in the several conferences directed
+by Congress. The General and Admiral at Newport received me with that
+politeness, which characterises their nation, and professed an earnest
+desire to promote, as far as depends on them, the objects of my
+mission. I must however apprize Congress, that the French army and
+navy are demanding in the most pressing terms, pecuniary supplies for
+themselves. Their bills of exchange sell at a discount of from
+twentyfive to twentyeight per cent. This demand and the tenacity of
+the Spaniards in pursuing their favorite object, Gibraltar, are
+unfavorable to my negotiation. Upon the whole I am more than ever
+convinced, that the most powerful and unremitting efforts at home will
+be required to accomplish the great objects of the war.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the profoundest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Boston, February 7th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my letter to your Excellency on the 4th instant, the measures
+taken by Governor Hancock relative to the Castle guard proving
+insufficient, I addressed a Memorial to the General Court. Their
+permission to engage volunteers from that corps, and a sum of specie
+granted for the purpose, the volunteer draft from the continental
+troops, and the unremitting exertions of General Lincoln, have put us
+at length barely in condition to go to sea. I shall embark today, and
+expect Captain Barry will sail with the first fair wind. I have to
+acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's letter of the 12th
+ultimo, and the letter and packets enclosed. Particular attention
+shall be paid to your instructions relative to the latter.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the profoundest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           L'Orient, March 11th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have the honor of informing Congress, that I arrived at this place
+on the afternoon of the 9th instant; and should have proceeded,
+without an instant's repose, to Passy, had not the commandant of the
+town assured me, that the Marquis de Castries would arrive here that
+evening on his way to Brest, where he was going to accelerate by his
+presence the execution of his naval disposition. The prospect of an
+immediate conference with the Minister on the objects of my mission,
+which relate to his department, the danger of missing him by our
+travelling different routes, and the repeated assurances of his
+expected arrival, have detained me till this morning; but as the delay
+has been much greater than I apprehended, and the Minister's approach
+is not announced, I have determined to pursue my journey.
+
+The accounts, which the commandant has communicated to me of the naval
+preparations at Brest, are, that twentyfive sail of the line are ready
+for sea, with ninety transports, on board of which are six thousand
+troops; that the ships of war are destined part for the West Indies,
+and part with the troops for North America.
+
+The rupture between England and the United Provinces has hitherto
+proved very prejudicial to the latter, as they were exceedingly
+vulnerable by having so great a number of merchant ships at sea. On
+our voyage we captured a British privateer in company with a Venetian
+ship, of which she had made a prize, contrary to the laws of nations.
+This appeared to me a happy opportunity for manifesting the
+determination of Congress to maintain the rights of neutral powers, as
+far as depends on them. After a short consultation, Captain Barry and
+his officers very readily acceded to the liberation of the Venetian,
+and the complete restoration of the cargo and property, which were
+very valuable. The captain was accordingly left to pursue his voyage,
+and the privateer was brought into port. Mr Palfrey, our consul, is
+not yet arrived at this port; it is generally feared that this ship
+foundered in a storm, which separated her and the Franklin in the
+commencement of their voyage, as she has not been heard of since.
+
+I have the honor to be with the profoundest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                              Passy, March 20th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor to write to your Excellency from L'Orient the 11th
+instant. On my journey hither, I met the Marquis de Castries, and
+obtained a hasty conference with him, in which I insisted principally
+on the necessity of a constant naval superiority on the American
+coast. He observed on his pert, that the dispositions of the fleet
+were already made; that it was not in his power to alter them; that it
+was necessary at the present juncture to make naval exertions in more
+places than one; that the French West India possessions, a nearer
+interest, must naturally be first secured; at the same time he
+repeatedly assured me, that the United States had a very considerable
+share in the present armament, the movements of which he was going to
+accelerate; that he hoped a maritime superiority would exist on the
+part of the allies, but that it must depend upon the events of war. He
+excused himself from descending into particulars, and urged me to
+proceed with all possible despatch to Versailles. Upon my arrival
+here, I found that the letter of Congress to his Most Christian
+Majesty, of the 22d of November, 1780,[16] had been delivered by our
+Minister Plenipotentiary; that he had proceeded to negotiate the
+succors solicited by Congress, and had received the following
+communication from the Count de Vergennes.
+
+"It is impossible for his Majesty to favor a loan in this kingdom,
+because it would prejudice those which he has occasion to make himself
+for the support of the war; but his Majesty, in order to give a signal
+proof of his friendship for the United States, grants them under the
+title of a donation, a sum of six millions livres tournois. As the
+American army is in want of arms, clothing, &c. Dr Franklin will be so
+good as to deliver a note of them. The articles will be procured of
+the best quality, and on the most reasonable terms. General Washington
+will be authorised to draw for the remaining sum, but the drafts are
+at long sight, in order to facilitate the payment at the royal
+treasury. The Courts of Petersburg and Vienna have offered their
+mediation. The King has answered, that it will be personally agreeable
+to him, but that he could not accept it as yet, because he has allies
+whose concurrence is necessary. Dr Franklin is requested to acquaint
+Congress of this overture and the answer, and to engage them to send
+their instructions to their Plenipotentiaries. It is supposed that
+Congress will eagerly accept the mediation."
+
+In my first interview with the Count de Vergennes, I represented to
+him, in the strongest terms, the insufficiency of the above mentioned
+succor, and the danger to which France was exposed of losing all her
+past efforts in favor of America, unless the requests of Congress were
+complied with. I afterwards addressed to him the enclosed letter, in
+which I transcribed the result of my conference with General
+Washington on the objects of my mission, contained in a letter from
+the General to me of the 15th of January. In consequence of the Count
+de Vergennes' desire, that I would select from the estimate of the
+Board of War the articles of most urgent necessity, I extracted a list
+in which I confined myself to the artillery, arms, military stores,
+clothing, tents, cloth, drugs, and surgical instruments, and
+accompanied it with a letter.
+
+My personal solicitations have not been wanting to hasten an answer to
+these letters, and render them favorable. The constant language of the
+Count de Vergennes is, that our demands are excessive, that we throw
+the burthen of the war upon our ally, that the support of it in
+different parts of the world has cost France exertions and expenses,
+which fully employ her means, that the public credit, however well
+established, has its limits, to exceed which would be fatal to it. He
+adds, at the same time, the strongest assurances of the good will of
+our ally. This Minister and M. de Maurepas inform me, that nothing can
+be determined until the return of the Marquis de Castries, which will
+be the day after tomorrow; that the matter must be deliberated, and
+that they will consider what can be done. My expectations are very
+moderate.
+
+We have received no intelligence of the sailing of the Brest fleet. It
+consists of twentyfive sail, five of which are destined for the East
+Indies with troops, but it is said they will be detained for want of
+transports. The remaining twenty are to proceed to the West Indies,
+where ulterior dispositions will be made, of which the Chevalier de la
+Luzerne is instructed. The British fleet, of twentyeight sail of the
+line, with the convoy for Gibraltar, sailed the 13th instant, and
+Commodore Johnston's squadron put to sea the same day. The Spanish
+fleet is likewise at sea.
+
+I am firmly of opinion, that the British in the present moment of
+success will not accede to those preliminaries, which France and the
+United States can never depart from, and, consequently, that the news
+of the mediation of Petersburg and Vienna should have no other effect,
+than to redouble our ardor and exertions for the campaign.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16] See this letter in the Secret Journals of Congress, Vol. II. p.
+343.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                _Memorial to the Count de Vergennes._
+
+As in presenting a Memorial to your Excellency on the objects of my
+mission, I should necessarily repeat in part a conference, which I had
+by order of Congress with General Washington, previous to my
+departure, I prefer presenting your Excellency with such extracts from
+it as relate to my purpose. They are as follows.
+
+"1. That considering the diffused population of these States, the
+composition and temper of a part of its inhabitants, the want of a
+sufficient stock of national wealth as a foundation for credit, and
+the almost extinction of commerce, the attempts we have been
+compelled to make for carrying on the war, have exceeded the national
+abilities of this country, and by degrees brought it to a crisis,
+which render immediate assistance and efficacious succor from abroad
+indispensable to its safety.
+
+"2. That notwithstanding from the confusion always attendant on a
+revolution, from our having had governments to frame, and every
+species of civil and military institution to create, from that
+inexperience in affairs necessarily incident to a nation in its
+commencement, some errors may have been committed in the
+administration of our finances, to which a part of our embarrassments
+are to be attributed; yet they are principally to be attributed to our
+essential want of means; to the want of a sufficient stock of wealth
+as mentioned in the first article, which, continuing to operate, will
+make it impossible, by any merely interior exertions, to extricate
+ourselves from these embarrassments, restore public credit, and
+furnish the funds requisite for the support of the war.
+
+"3. That experience has demonstrated the impracticability of
+maintaining a paper credit, without funds for its redemption; the
+depreciation of our currency was in the main a necessary effect of the
+want of those funds, and its restoration is impossible for the same
+reasons, to which the general diffidence, that had taken place among
+the people, is an additional, and in the present state of things, an
+insuperable obstacle.
+
+"4. That the mode, which for want of money has been substituted for
+supplying the army, by assessing a proportion of the productions of
+the earth, has hitherto been found ineffectual, has frequently exposed
+the army to the most calamitous distress, and from its novelty and
+incompatibility with ancient habits, is regarded by the people as
+burthensome and oppressive, has excited serious discontents, and, in
+some places, alarming symptoms of opposition. This mode has besides
+many particular inconveniences, which contribute to make it inadequate
+to our wants, and ineligible but as an auxiliary.
+
+"5. That from the best estimates of the annual revenues, which these
+States are capable of affording, there is a balance to be supplied by
+credit. The resource of domestic loans is inconsiderable, because
+there are, properly speaking, few monied men, and the few there are
+can employ their money more profitably otherwise; added to which, the
+instability of the currency and the deficiency of funds have impaired
+the public credit.
+
+"6. That the patience of the army, from an almost uninterrupted series
+of complicated distress, is now nearly exhausted, their wants carried
+to an extremity, which has recently had very disagreeable
+consequences, and demonstrate, the absolute necessity of speedy
+relief, a relief not within the compass of our means. You are too well
+acquainted with all their sufferings, for want of clothing, for want
+of provisions, for want of pay.
+
+"7. That the people being dissatisfied with the mode of supporting the
+war, there is danger to apprehend, that evils actually felt in
+prosecuting it may weaken the cause which began it, evils founded not
+on immediate sufferings, but on a speculative apprehension of future
+sufferings from the loss of their liberties; there is danger that a
+commercial and free people, little accustomed to heavy burthens,
+pressed by impositions of a new and odious kind, may not make a proper
+allowance for the necessity of the conjuncture, and may imagine they
+have only exchanged one tyranny for another.
+
+"8. That from all the foregoing considerations result, 1st, the
+absolute necessity of an immediate, ample, and efficacious succor of
+money, large enough to be a foundation for substantial arrangements of
+finance to revive public credit, and give vigor to future operations.
+2dly, the vast importance of a decided effort of the allied arms on
+this continent the ensuing campaign, to effectuate once for all the
+great object of the alliance, the liberty and independence of these
+United States. Without the former, we may make a feeble and expiring
+effort the next campaign, in all probability the period to our
+opposition; with it we should be in a condition to continue the war as
+long as the obstinacy of the enemy might require. The first is
+essential; both combined, would bring the contest to a glorious issue,
+crown the obligations which America already feels to the magnanimity
+and generosity of her ally, and render the union perpetual by all the
+ties of gratitude and affection, as well as mutual interest, which
+alone render it solid and indissoluble.
+
+"9. That next to a loan of money, a constant naval superiority is the
+most interesting; this would instantly reduce the enemy to a
+difficult, defensive war, and by removing all prospects of extending
+their acquisitions, would take away the motives for prosecuting it.
+Indeed, it is not to be conceived, how they could subsist a large
+force in this country if we had the command of the seas to interrupt
+the regular transmission of supplies from Europe. This superiority,
+with an aid of money, would enable us to convert the contest into a
+vigorous offensive war. I say nothing of the advantages to the trade
+of both nations, nor how much it would facilitate our supplies. With
+respect to us, it seems to be one of two deciding points, and it
+appears to be the interest of our allies, abstracted from the
+immediate benefits to this country, to transfer the naval war to
+America. The number of ports friendly to them and hostile to the
+British, the materials for repairing their disabled ships, the
+extensive supplies towards the subsistence of their fleet, are
+circumstances which would give them a palpable advantage in the
+contest of the sea. No nation will have it more in its power to repay
+what it borrows than this. Our debts are hitherto small. The vast and
+valuable tracts of unlocated lands, the variety and fertility of
+climates and soils, the advantages of every kind, which we possess for
+commerce, insure to this country a rapid advancement in population and
+prosperity, and a certainty (its independence being established) of
+redeeming in a short term of years the comparatively inconsiderable
+debts, it may have occasion to contract. Notwithstanding the
+difficulties under which we labor, and the inquietudes among the
+people, there is still a fund of inclination and resource in the
+country equal to great and continued exertions, provided we have it in
+our power to stop the progress of disgust, by changing the present
+system, and adopting another more consonant with the spirit of the
+nation, and more capable of activity and energy in measures of which a
+powerful succor of money must be the basis.
+
+"The people are discontented, but it is with the feeble, oppressive
+mode of conducting the war, not with the war itself; they are not
+unwilling to contribute to its support, but they are unwilling to do
+it in a way that renders private property precarious, a necessary
+consequence of the fluctuation of the national currency, and of the
+inability of government to perform its engagements oftentimes
+coercively made. A large majority are still firmly attached to the
+independence of these States, abhor a re-union with Great Britain, and
+are affectionate to the alliance with France. But this disposition can
+ill supply the means customary and essential in war, nor can we rely
+on its duration amidst the perplexities, oppressions, and misfortunes,
+that attend the want of them."
+
+From those extracts it will appear to your Excellency, that the fate
+of America depends upon the immediate and decisive succor of her
+august ally, in the two points of a specific loan and a naval
+superiority. The most accurate calculation of the expense requisite
+for a vigorous campaign, and the interior means which Congress have of
+defraying that expense, prove that there is a deficiency of the full
+sum solicited by Congress. The grant of six millions, which his
+Majesty is pleased to make under the title of a donation to the United
+States, will be acknowledged with the liveliest emotions of gratitude
+by affectionate allies, at the same time it would be frustrating the
+gracious intentions of his Majesty towards his allies, and betraying
+the common cause of France and America, to encourage a belief, that
+the above mentioned aid will enable the United States to surmount the
+present perilous juncture of our affairs. The reasoning in the
+foregoing extracts will evince how inadequate the sum is to the
+present exigency.
+
+I must likewise remark to your Excellency, that the credit in bills of
+exchange is subject to difficulties and disadvantages, which render
+such a resource very unfit for the conduct of the war. Bills are
+obnoxious to the vicissitudes and speculations of commerce, and it is
+easy to foresee, that his Majesty's allies would be great sufferers by
+their drafts, and at the same time be incapable of giving that vigor
+and energy to their operations, which would be derived from specie.
+The same enlightened policy and generous regard for the rights of
+mankind, which prompted France to espouse the cause of America, still
+dictate the conduct which she is to pursue; they demand every effort
+on her part to prevent America from being reduced to the British
+domination, her commerce, and those sources of wealth being restored
+to the tyrant of the European seas, the ancient rival of France; but
+on the contrary, the abasement of this rival, and the establishment of
+a faithful ally, united by all the ties of gratitude, affection, and
+the most permanent mutual interests. To those invaluable purposes give
+me leave to repeat to your Excellency, that the decisive measures in
+the foregoing extracts are necessary.
+
+I submit to your Excellency, whether the objection to his Majesty's
+favoring a loan in the name of Congress, may not be obviated by an
+additional loan in the name of his Majesty, on account of the United
+States, for which Congress will be accountable. The excellent state of
+the finances of this kingdom, the exalted state of public credit, must
+unquestionably give the greatest facility for this purpose, and it may
+be clearly proved, that giving decisive succor in this article at the
+present juncture will be infinitely more advantageous, than suffering
+the war to languish, by affording partial and inadequate assistance.
+Supposing that fortunate casualties, at this time very improbable,
+should enable us to continue the war upon its present footing, I beg
+leave to repeat to your Excellency, that the greatest promptness in
+this business is essential. The British, by being in possession of two
+States, fertile in grain, timber, and naval stores, have acquired new
+animation, and fresh resources for the war, and every day, according
+to present appearances, brings America nearer to the period of her
+efforts.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Questions proposed to Colonel Laurens; with his Answers to them._
+
+                                              Paris, March 29th, 1781.
+
+"1st. To what number can the United States increase their continental
+troops?
+
+"2dly. What will be the expense of the number fixed?
+
+"3dly. This expense is to be distinguished into pay and appointments,
+clothing, arms, ammunition, and provision.
+
+"4thly. What does the artillery of the United States consist of, and
+what is the number of carriages?
+
+"5thly. What is the number of provision wagons?
+
+"6thly. What are the plans of General Washington, in case his army
+should amount to fifteen, twelve, or ten thousand men, independently
+of the French troops?"
+
+After answering the foregoing questions generally, both with respect
+to the northern and southern army, I added the following remarks.
+
+The plans of General Washington are absolutely subordinate to the
+succors, which his Most Christian Majesty will be pleased to grant to
+his allies. If Congress obtain the succor in money and military
+effects, and the naval superiority which they solicit, they will be
+enabled to revive public credit, to make solid arrangements of
+finance, to give activity to the resources of the country, to augment
+their troops, to appease their discontents, and to reinforce General
+Washington with a select corps of ten thousand militia.
+
+With the addition of this force and the French troops, the General
+will be in condition to undertake the siege of New York. It is
+unnecessary to say how glorious and decisive the success of this
+operation would be for the common cause; it is equally unnecessary to
+add, how much the promptness of succor from France would contribute to
+it.
+
+The expense of artillery required for this operation will be found in
+the estimate delivered; that of clothing, &c. for the army in its
+present state, will be found in deducting a quantity proportioned to
+the number of men; but it is impossible to represent too strongly,
+that this excess far from being superfluous, is absolutely necessary
+to recruit the army in general; a precaution which is indispensable,
+unless we should choose to hazard all upon the event of a single
+operation. That the Congress besides, owes great arrearages of
+clothing to the soldiers, and that as the estimate of Indian presents
+has not been included in the present demand, we may be obliged perhaps
+to sacrifice a part of the clothing now solicited, to maintain the
+friendship of some of the tribes attached to France and America, and
+that it is of the greatest importance to prevent them from joining the
+hostile tribes, who in conjunction with the English tories ravage the
+country, destroy our harvests, put to flight and massacre all the
+inhabitants on the western frontier, from New York to Virginia. We may
+more especially expect, that this diversion will be employed during
+the siege of New York. It is to be added, that a number of men will be
+found who have already served, who would eagerly rejoin their ancient
+standards, provided they had the assurance of proper treatment,
+instead of the misery and sufferings which they have hitherto
+experienced. That the army would be augmented, notwithstanding the
+daily loss in the trenches, by levies perfectly accustomed to fire.
+
+The extreme weakness of the southern army is attributable to the
+following causes.
+
+1st. That two of the States that furnish quotas to this army are
+invaded by the British.
+
+2dly. That they have all a great many prisoners in the hands of the
+enemy, and that their troops in general have been wasted, as well by
+the excessive marches, which they have undergone in carrying succors
+to the southward, as by the different misfortunes which have happened
+there.
+
+The naval superiority of the British, and the rapidity of their
+movements by sea, secured to them the capture of Charleston, and all
+their southern successes; enjoying the advantages they have had in
+their power, to transport a body of troops, with all requisites in
+ammunition and provision, from one end of the continent to the other
+in fourteen days, to attack a feeble point; while the American
+succors, wasted by a march of two months, commenced in the rigors of
+winter, and without intermission from the fatigues of a campaign,
+could only arrive to increase the public calamity, by being beat in
+detail.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          Versailles, April 9th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since I had the honor of writing to your Excellency, on the 23d
+ultimo, I have employed the most unremitting efforts to obtain a
+prompt and favorable decision relative to the objects of my mission.
+After many difficulties and delays, with the details of which it is
+needless to trouble Congress, the Count de Vergennes communicated to
+me yesterday his Most Christian Majesty's determination to guaranty a
+loan of ten millions, to be opened in Holland, in addition to the six
+millions granted as a gratuitous gift, and the four millions
+appropriated for the payment of bills of exchange drawn by Congress on
+their Minister Plenipotentiary. The purchase money of the clothing,
+which must be an affair of private contract, and the value of the
+military effects which may be furnished from the royal arsenals, are
+to be deducted from the six millions.
+
+I shall use my utmost endeavors to procure an immediate advance of the
+ten millions from the treasury of France, to be replaced by the
+proposed loan, and shall renew my solicitations for the supplies of
+ordinance and military stores on credit, that the present of six
+millions may not be absorbed by those objects, and the purchase of
+necessary clothing. The providing this article I fear will be attended
+with great difficulties and delays, as all the woollen manufactories
+of France are remote from the sea, and there are no public magazines
+of cloth suitable to our purposes. The cargo of the Marquis de
+Lafayette will I hope arrive safe under the convoy of the Alliance;
+and by satisfying our immediate necessities prevent the delays above
+mentioned from having any disagreeable consequences.
+
+The Marquis de Castries has engaged to make immediate arrangements for
+the safe transportation of the pecuniary and other succors destined
+for the United States, and has repeatedly assured me, that the naval
+superiority will be established on the American coast the ensuing
+campaign. The French fleet, he informs me, was on the 27th ultimo
+sixty leagues west of Cape Finisterre, proceeding to its destination,
+in good order and with a favorable wind.
+
+I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency extracts of the
+most conspicuous letters of an intercepted mail, taken in a packet
+bound from Falmouth to New York. Your Excellency will have been
+informed, that the Court of London have referred the offered mediation
+of Russia, between England and the United Provinces, to a general
+pacification. I have been some days stationary at Versailles for the
+facility of seeing the different Ministers, and accelerating their
+deliberations. Being just apprized of an opportunity from Nantes to
+America, I take the liberty of sending this short provisional letter,
+lest upon my return to Passy I should not have time to write more
+fully.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Memorial from Colonel John Laurens to Count de Vergennes._
+
+The underwritten, special Minister of the United States of America,
+has the honor to represent to his Most Christian Majesty in behalf of
+Congress and by their orders, that the crisis is extreme, and that it
+demands prompt and decisive succors.
+
+The United States claim with confidence the power and good will of
+their august ally. They had requested,
+
+1st. A loan of twentyfive millions.
+
+2dly. A naval superiority on the American coast.
+
+3dly. Arms and ammunition, materials for clothing, equipments and
+tents, estimates of which have been laid before the Ministry.
+
+The underwritten, being informed by the Count de Vergennes of the
+King's intentions with regard to pecuniary succors, earnestly offers
+in the name of the Congress the homage of the most lively gratitude,
+but at the same time it is his duty to represent, that although this
+succor tends to the object which his Majesty has in view, it is
+nevertheless demonstrated in the present state of affairs, that it is
+insufficient, considering the urgent necessities of the army and the
+administration, its engagements and debts, the exhausted condition of
+America, the absolute deficiency of resources and specie, and the
+enormous expense essential to the vigorous support of the war. It is
+on this account, that the underwritten earnestly entreats his Majesty
+to grant, on credit to the United States of America, the artillery,
+arms, ammunition, &c. which shall be drawn from his Majesty's arsenals
+and magazines, as a very considerable sum must be absorbed for the
+payment of clothing and other articles to be collected in France.
+
+The underwritten further entreats his Majesty to consider, that the
+operation of a loan in Holland cannot be terminated in less than three
+months, that the delay of this result may commit the safety of
+America, and the common cause, lose the fruit of all the expense and
+sacrifices hitherto made; a single instant is precious, the least
+delay becomes of the most dangerous consequence, while the successes
+of the British multiply their resources and give them new energy.
+
+The loan which will be opened in Holland under the auspices of his
+Majesty, favored by the guarantee which he is pleased to grant, cannot
+fail of success.
+
+The underwritten flatters himself, therefore, that his Majesty will
+find no inconvenience in ordering the immediate advance of ten
+millions to be delivered at the disposal of the United States, which
+will be returned to his royal treasury by means of the loan in
+question.
+
+Events of the greatest importance depend upon this disposition equally
+good and indispensable. The underwritten would think himself deficient
+in his duty, if he did not persevere in entreating his Majesty to
+adopt and order it.
+
+The arrival of this sum is necessary to give a vigorous impulse to the
+organisation of administration in the present state of things, renew
+the tone of parts which have lost their energy, and revive public
+credit by making the resources of the country concur in the expenses
+of the war, which resources cannot be turned to account without coin
+to determine them.
+
+If it is impossible to make it a part of the general arrangement to
+grant safe means of conveyance for the whole of this sum, the
+underwritten entreats his Majesty to cause as considerable a portion
+as possible to be remitted immediately, and to fix a very early date
+for the departure of the remainder.
+
+The underwritten further earnestly solicits, that a naval superiority
+be permanently maintained on the American coast. The practicability
+and success of all military operations and the event of the war,
+depend directly and even exclusively on the state of the maritime
+force in America.
+
+The British, by preserving this advantage, will be able to accomplish
+all their plans by the rapidity of their movements. The facility of
+transporting themselves everywhere secures them a series of successes,
+which are rendered still more decisive by the certainty of finding no
+opposition in defenceless points.
+
+It is by these means that they have been able lately to possess
+themselves of a very important maritime point in North Carolina, and,
+by effecting a sudden junction between two divisions of their army,
+have been able to penetrate to the granary of that State. This
+position is the more favorable to the enemy, as he encloses between
+his army and the port of Wilmington, of which he is master, a
+considerable number of Scotch colonists attached to the interests of
+England, and who will be determined, perhaps, by his successes to
+declare themselves openly. Such consequences are to be expected from
+great successes in all civil wars. If his Majesty thinks proper to
+oppose a naval superiority to the British, they will be obliged to
+recall their troops from the interior country to reunite for the
+defence of the most important maritime points, the communication
+between which will be cut off, and the choice of attacks left to the
+allies.
+
+The abasement of Great Britain, the dismemberment of its empire, the
+inestimable commercial advantages arising to France, present great
+interests, and merit powerful efforts. If this opportunity be
+neglected, if too much be left to chance, if time be lost, and the
+means employed be insufficient, the British pride will know neither
+bounds nor restraint; our object will be missed perhaps forever; it is
+easy to foresee how fatal the consequences would be to the French
+islands.
+
+The underwritten renews the assurances of the most inviolable
+attachment on the part of the United States. Whatever may be the
+decision of his Majesty on these representations, his goodness towards
+his allies will never be effaced from their hearts; they will support
+the common cause with the same devotion to the last extremity, but
+their success must necessarily depend upon their means.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+_Paris, April 18th, 1781._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                              Paris, April 24th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor of addressing to your Excellency a letter on the 9th
+instant, conformably to which I presented the Memorial now sent, after
+preparing the way for it by as many conferences as an intervening
+vacation would permit. In the course of these I discovered that it was
+impossible to obtain any further detachment of ships of force from
+hence; consequently, that the sum of specie to be sent immediately to
+America would be limited by the means of conveyance, and that
+successive epochs must divide a risk, which would be too considerable
+if simultaneous.
+
+In pursuance of these ideas Count de Vergennes declared to me, that it
+had been solemnly determined to send no more than two millions in a
+frigate with me, and to have the remainder transmitted afterwards at
+different periods; this sum appeared to me so inconsiderable, compared
+with our necessities, that I thought it my duty to make the warmest
+remonstrances on the subject, and the succeeding day I delivered the
+Memorial above mentioned. In the mean time I have been employed in
+engaging a conveyance from Holland, which is so unexceptionable as to
+enable me to demand with confidence an additional sum for the first
+remittance of specie. The conveyance alluded to is the Indian, a
+vessel having the dimensions of a seventyfour gun ship, mounting
+twentyeight French thirtysix pounders on her main deck, and twelve
+twelves on her quarter deck and forecastle, sold by the Chevalier de
+Luxembourg to the State of South Carolina for the term of three years,
+loaded in part with articles of clothing, &c. on said State's account,
+nearly ready for sea, but reduced to the impossibility of sailing for
+want of ten thousand pounds sterling to discharge an accumulation of
+debts contracted in port. In these circumstances Captain Gillon, her
+present commander, has applied to me in the most pressing terms for
+assistance, and has offered to cede me the cargo which he has on
+board, on condition of furnishing the means of extricating himself
+from his present difficulties. As there appeared to me a happy
+coincidence in this matter, of the interests of the State and the
+Continent, I determined to accept his offer, annexing certain
+conditions, as will be seen in the enclosure.[17]
+
+The advantages in favor of the continent are in the first place a very
+important and considerable gain of time in forwarding supplies of
+clothing, as no considerable quantity could have been obtained at the
+proper seaport of France at an earlier date than the 10th of June.
+Secondly, the excellence of the conveyance removes a powerful
+objection on the part on the Ministry against augmenting the first
+remittance of specie.
+
+The advantages on the part of the State are, that she will be able to
+avail herself of the services of her ship, of which without the
+present interposition there would not be the least prospect, and
+besides, she will derive her share in common with the other members of
+the Union from the general advantages.
+
+I have not as yet received a definitive answer from the Count de
+Vergennes to my last Memorial and subsequent applications, but I learn
+from M. Necker, that the following will be the distribution of what
+relates to his department, viz. that two millions will be sent in the
+frigate with me, one million on board the Indian, and that it is
+besides in agitation to make an arrangement with Spain for assigning a
+sum of specie at Vera Cruz, to be transported from thence by a frigate
+to be ordered on that service from one of the West India Islands.
+
+I have reason to apprehend an unfavorable answer to my request, that
+the military effects from the public arsenals should be granted on
+credit. The expense of these articles will make a considerable
+deduction from our pecuniary resources. Your Excellency will observe
+that the same difficulties exist with respect to these objects, as
+with regard to the manufactures of cloth, the great deposits of them
+all being situated in the interior country, remote from the sea. The
+cargo of the Marquis de Lafayette, that of the Indian, (including the
+additional purchases, which I have directed to be made in order to
+complete her tonnage) and the supplies collected at Brest, or on their
+way thither, will nearly include the most essential articles of the
+Board of War's estimate. The purchases in France are made under the
+direction of an Intendant in the War Department. Those in Holland are
+made by M. de Neufville & Son, whom I employed because they appeared
+to possess the confidence of our Minister Plenipotentiary in that
+country.
+
+I found great difficulties and delays likely to attend the plan of
+casting howitzers of English calibre in France. The scarcity of
+materials, the great danger of a want of precision in the proportions,
+and the facility with which we cast shells in America, induced me to
+substitute six inch howitzers of French calibre, to those demanded by
+the Board of War. This size, in the opinion of the most experienced
+artillerists, is preferable to the larger, their effects being the
+same, and their inferior size rendering them much more manageable, as
+well as less expensive of ammunition. A certain number of shells will
+accompany the howitzers, but it will be necessary that the Board of
+War should give immediate orders for making a larger provision of
+them. Their dimensions may be taken from those with the French
+artillery under General Rochambeau.
+
+The same reasons as those above mentioned, determined me to substitute
+the French twelve-inch mortar to the thirteen inch of English calibre,
+as there was no other way of procuring them but by having them cast,
+and the same observation is to be made with respect to their shells as
+with respect to those of the howitzers. A store-ship, freighted by
+government, is to proceed under convoy of the frigate on board which I
+shall sail, and will be charged with such supplies as can be collected
+in time at Brest.
+
+As soon as I shall have accomplished all that requires my presence
+here, which I flatter myself will be in a few days, I shall proceed to
+Brest, to do everything that can depend on me for hastening the
+departure of the frigate. I shall in the mean time despatch Captain
+Jackson, an officer of great intelligence and activity, who
+accompanied me from America, with instructions to exert his utmost
+efforts to get the Indian to sea without loss of time.[18]
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest veneration, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[17] Missing.
+
+[18] For a correspondence on this subject between Dr Franklin and
+Captain Jackson, see _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. III. pp. 121,
+232.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _Memorial from John Laurens to the Director-General of Finance._
+
+The underwritten, special Minister of the United States of North
+America, renews his representations to the Director-General of
+Finance, upon the necessity of augmenting the present remittance of
+pecuniary succors destined for America. He cannot repeat too often,
+that upon the quantity and seasonableness of these succors, the fate
+of his Majesty's allies must necessarily depend.
+
+He entreats him to recollect, that in the first discussion with regard
+to the sum, the difficulties which opposed an immediate remittance,
+more proportionate to the urgent necessities of the United States,
+were unconnected with reasons of finance. With respect to the
+apprehension of exposing ourselves to simultaneous risks that would be
+too considerable, which was the principal reason alleged, he thinks
+himself warranted in saying, that comparing the sum with the risk, the
+strictest laws of prudence would not be violated in shipping the
+amount of six millions on board of two frigates, well armed and good
+sailors, despatched from ports distant from each other.
+
+The plan of procuring money from Vera Cruz or the Havana, the success
+and speedy execution of which were regarded as certain, would have
+dispensed government from making any very considerable remittance
+from hence at the present moment, but as according to the
+Director-General's own account, there is reason to apprehend a delay,
+which would render this plan delusive, the underwritten sees no other
+remedy, than in augmenting the sums remitted from hence, as far as the
+present means of conveyance will authorise, and seconding this first
+remittance by a definitive arrangement for having it closely followed
+by the remainder.
+
+With regard to the distribution between the two ships, the
+underwritten would prefer committing the most considerable portion of
+the specie to the frigate in Holland, on account of her very superior
+force.
+
+He has the honor to apprize the Director-General, that he has
+authorised Mr W. Jackson, Captain of infantry in the service of the
+United States, to give receipts for the sum destined to be shipped in
+Holland, and that he will himself sign receipts for the sum to be
+shipped at Brest.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+_Paris, April 29th, 1781._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                                Paris, May 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since I had the honor of writing to your Excellency on the 24th ult.
+my prospects of pecuniary succor have suffered a very unfavorable
+change, first in the suspension and I apprehend the total failure of
+the plan of procuring a sum of specie at Vera Cruz, to be transmitted
+immediately from thence for the service of the United States. This
+arrangement which the Spanish agent at this Court was at first very
+desirous of making with M. Necker, and which would have been a
+convenience to the finance of this country, was prevented from being
+carried into execution by the arrival of intelligence, that the
+treasure had been safely transported from Vera Cruz to the Havana; in
+consequence of which the agent declined engaging to furnish the money
+on any other terms than by a schedule of bill of exchange, payable at
+six months' sight. M. Necker has since made him an offer of a profit
+on the money to be supplied at the Havana, and the agent has written
+to his Court on the subject, but it does not appear to me, that the
+offer is likely to be accepted. As soon as I was apprized of this, I
+delivered the preceding Memorial to the Director-General of Finance.
+
+In addition to this disappointment we have received notice from
+Holland of the total refusal of the Dutch to countenance the proposed
+loan of ten millions on account of the United States. M. Necker was of
+opinion, that the Dutch would lend more readily on this footing than
+to France alone, as there would be a double security; but the event
+has proved, that its being a concern of the United States was
+sufficient for political reasons to occasion the overthrow of the
+business. I have uniformly insisted from the beginning upon the
+necessity of securing this aid to the United States from the finances
+of France, and while I pleaded the fertility of her resources, and
+facility of borrowing in her own name, I have enlarged upon the fatal
+consequences to which we should be exposed by referring the matter to
+an uncertain and dilatory operation. I apprehend some new efforts are
+making on the subject of the loan. His Majesty in the mean time
+engages to supply the failure of the loan from the finances of his
+kingdom. The future transmissions of specie are to be concerted
+between the Minister of Marine and the Director-General of Finance,
+and Count de Vergennes has promised me to urge them upon the subject.
+I have not been able to obtain any greater augmentation of the sums
+destined to be embarked at Brest and in Holland, than half a million
+at the first, and nearly the same sum at the latter.
+
+With respect to the maritime succors so repeatedly solicited, I am
+authorised only in general terms to assure Congress, that such
+dispositions are made for detaching from the West Indies, as give
+every reason to hope a naval superiority will exist on the part of the
+allies in America; that the fleet will probably remain on that station
+three months, and that it will be time on my arrival to commence the
+most vigorous preparations for co-operating with it.
+
+Immediately on closing this packet, I shall set out for Brest, and use
+my utmost efforts to accelerate our sailing. My frigate is ready in
+the roads. If any delay arises it will be owing to the store ship,
+which she will have under convoy.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect,
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+_P. S._ Those despatches will be delivered to your Excellency by
+Captain Jackson of the first South Carolina regiment, whose zeal for
+the service made him cheerfully undertake the journey to Holland, for
+the purpose of accelerating the departure of the Indian, and to whom I
+am much indebted for his assistance in this country.
+
+                                                                 J. L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 COUNT DE VERGENNES TO JOHN LAURENS.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                           Versailles, May 16th, 1781.
+
+Congress has directed Mr Laurens to solicit from the King an aid of
+money, and to request his guarantee for a loan. In consequence his
+Majesty has been pleased to grant six millions tournois,[19] in form
+of a gift, and he has likewise agreed to be security for a loan of ten
+millions, to be opened in Holland, for account of Congress; and if
+that loan should meet with difficulties, he has even resolved to
+supply it out of his own finances, as soon as possible. The six
+millions, which his Majesty has granted, have been employed in the
+following manner; two million five hundred thousand livres are sent to
+Brest, there to be shipped; one million five hundred thousand are sent
+to Amsterdam, to be likewise shipped there; about two millions are to
+be employed in payment for the goods, which Mr Laurens was directed to
+purchase. Besides the sum above mentioned, his Majesty has been
+pleased to grant Dr Franklin four millions to discharge the bills of
+exchange drawn on him by Congress. In case the loan, which is to be
+opened in Holland on account of the Americans, should fail of success,
+his Majesty will be under the necessity of supplying it. It is
+understood, that the United States shall repay his Majesty the sum of
+ten millions, in order to fulfil the engagements, that shall be
+entered into in Holland.
+
+The operations of the campaign, of which his Majesty has given a plan
+to the commander of his fleet in America, form the second object, in
+which the United States are interested; and without being able to fix
+the attention of Congress or General Washington upon the moment when
+his fleet shall appear on the coast of North America, he assures them,
+that the success of their armies makes a principal part of his views
+for the ensuing campaign. It is therefore proper, that, upon the
+arrival of Colonel Laurens, the United States should put themselves in
+condition to take advantage of the operations of his fleet in America.
+
+                                                         DE VERGENNES.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[19] These six millions were not obtained "in consequence" of Colonel
+Laurens's solicitation, but were granted to Dr Franklin, before
+Colonel Laurens's arrival. See _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. III.
+p. 230, and also Colonel Laurens's letter above, dated March
+20th;--also the following letter of September 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                     Philadelphia, September 2d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Happy in this opportunity of renewing the assurances of my inviolable
+duty and attachment to the United States, in Congress assembled, I
+have the honor of submitting to them a supplementary report of the
+negotiation, with which they were pleased to intrust me, by their
+commission of the 23d of December, 1780.
+
+Previous to my arrival in France, the letter from Congress of the 22d
+of December to his Most Christian Majesty had been delivered, and the
+application for succors supported by our Minister Plenipotentiary, the
+result of which was a gratuitous donation from the King of France of
+six millions of livres, to be drawn for by General Washington at
+distant periods, and an offer to provide clothing and other supplies
+for the army, the expense to be deducted from the donation above
+mentioned. The disproportion between this and the necessities of the
+United States upon which their demand was founded, as well as the
+exceptionable manner of touching the money, determined me without
+delay to renew the negotiation, in which I had the concurrence of our
+Minister Plenipotentiary, and the advantage of his counsels.
+
+After my first interview with the Count de Vergennes, I presented, in
+form of a memorial, a copy of which has been transmitted to Congress,
+an extract of a letter from General Washington, written in consequence
+of my conference with him by order of Congress, making such small
+additions as were suggested by the state of the business. The
+advantage of the General's credit in Europe made me prefer his letter
+to any common form of memorial, especially as he had treated the
+principal objects of my mission in a manner no less full and explicit
+than conformable to the ideas of Congress.
+
+I accompanied it with the estimate of the Board of War, after making a
+deduction of many articles, the demand of which I apprehended would
+throw an unfavorable cast on the whole business. A translated
+duplicate of the complete estimate had been long since delivered by Dr
+Franklin. The Count de Vergennes exclaimed vehemently against the
+exorbitance of the demand, to which the strength of our army was so
+disproportioned, adding, that duplicate cargoes of such value could
+not be afforded, and that the articles demanded would exhaust all our
+money; for he refused to understand as I did, the intention of
+Congress to solicit the supplies in addition to the loan.
+
+Argument and expostulation on this subject were fruitless. In
+pursuance of his definitive request, I formed a reduced list
+accompanied by a letter, a copy of which has been transmitted. An
+allowance was made for the Lafayette's cargo, as well as a very
+imperfect sketch of it could enable me. This list was immediately
+referred to the War Department. In all my interviews with the
+Ministers, I endeavored to represent in their strongest light the
+following important articles. That notwithstanding the unalterable
+determination of the United States to support their independence,
+notwithstanding the virtue and firmness of the citizens in general,
+the immense pecuniary resources of Great Britain, and her constant
+naval superiority were advantages too decisive to be counterbalanced
+by any interior exertions on the part of the United States. That these
+must infallibly impose a term to the efforts of a nation, whose
+extended maritime and inland frontier rendered her obnoxious to sudden
+descents and incursions on all sides; whose army was consequently
+exposed to excessive marches, attended with insupportable expense of
+money and waste of soldiers, that the exhausted state of their
+finances reduced Congress to the impossibility of calling the natural
+resources of the country into activity; that the aggravated calamities
+of a war, which in its principles had been precautionary, began now to
+produce dangerous uneasinesses and discontents; that we had concealed
+enemies to contend against; that the British left no measures
+unattempted either of open force or secret intrigue; and finally,
+unless instant succor were afforded as solicited by Congress, that
+France was in danger of losing all the fruits of the part she had
+hitherto taken in the contest; that if instead of being actuated by a
+generous and enlightened policy, the Court of France had
+systematically protracted the war, in order that Britain and America
+might mutually exhaust themselves, while she had reserved her power to
+decide only in the last extremity, this period with respect to America
+had arrived; that the importance of the objects of the war on one
+hand, and the mischiefs of suffering Great Britain to re-annex to
+herself the resources of America, demanded the greatest exertions;
+that the honor of the King, as well as the national interest, was
+engaged, and that, considering the flourishing state of the French
+marine and finances, the succor solicited was as easy as, considering
+our situation, it was indispensable.
+
+I endeavored, above all, to hasten their determinations. The general
+language held by the Ministry was, that the demands of Congress were
+excessive; that to induce succor from their ally, there should be
+greater exertions on the part of the United States; that the King had
+the greatest good will towards them, but that the expenditures of the
+war were immense; the necessity of supporting a maritime war in
+different quarters, and the indispensable defence of his own colonies,
+limited his power of giving assistance; that the public credit of
+France, however good, had its limits, which it were dangerous to
+exceed; that the administration of the American finances was not
+calculated to inspire confidence; that a dangerous wound had been
+given to our public credit by the resolution of the 18th of March,
+1780, a measure, which, however judicious it might have been in time
+of peace, was exceedingly pernicious in time of war; that the
+application of Congress was tardy, and by its suddenness excluded
+expedients which might otherwise have been employed for our relief;
+that with regard to the national interest and honor, France had been a
+great kingdom, and the King a powerful monarch, when America was
+composed of feeble colonies.
+
+To this kind of discourse I answered, by enlarging on the natural and
+political disadvantages of America in the present contest, the fertile
+resources of the British, their power and activity; the impossibility
+of our supporting a paper credit without a foundation of specie,
+adding, that the continental currency must have died a natural death
+if it had not been checked at a late stage of depreciation, by the act
+of Congress in question; that persons, who had clamored most on this
+subject, had been instrumental in hastening the discredit of our
+paper, by various commercial speculations, but that the downfall of
+the currency must be attributed principally to a want of funds for its
+support; for this object Congress were renewing their application in
+the most pressing terms; that the King of France's glory could not but
+suffer if the British triumphed in the present dispute, as his
+consideration in Europe would be lessened by it; that his interests
+besides, and those of his kingdom, would certainly be deeply wounded
+by a re-accession of America to Great Britain, and that the same fleet
+and army, which should prove decisive there, would be at hand to
+possess themselves of the French islands.
+
+The Marquis de Castries, Minister for the Marine Department, being
+absent, and a vacation produced some delay, I waited on this Minister
+immediately on his return to Court, and observed to him that the most
+important decisions relative to the common cause of France and America
+had been suspended on account of his absence; urged him particularly
+on the great point of a naval superiority, reminding him, that the
+British Marine was the principal instrument of their power; that the
+efforts of the allies to reduce this force could nowhere be made with
+such a prospect of success as on the American coast; that it would be
+very easy after a decisive campaign in America, in which his personal
+glory was so much interested, to transport a sufficient force from the
+continent to reduce any British island; that in the mean time the
+French islands would be in the most perfect security. He repeated
+nearly what he had said at our first interview, with stronger
+assurances of his prospect of a naval superiority the ensuing
+campaign.
+
+In a word I used every argument of national interest, and added such
+personal motives as I thought applicable to the different Ministers.
+
+On the 8th of April Count de Vergennes communicated to me his Most
+Christian Majesty's determination to become security for a loan of ten
+millions of livres, to be opened on account of the United States in
+Holland; that he had immediately despatched a courier extraordinary to
+M. de la Vauguyon with a letter relative to this business; that I had
+reason to be satisfied with this in addition to the donation of six
+millions, and four millions that had been appropriated to the payment
+of bills drawn on Mr Franklin. I pressed him by many arguments to
+leave an opening for the remaining five millions; exposed the false
+policy of incomplete succors; observed that Congress had solicited no
+more than was necessary; that there should be no other limits to the
+present succor than the invincible bounds of possibility; that it was
+not the condition on which the money was obtained, but the sum and
+opportuneness of remitting it, that were above all important; that in
+this point of view I would prefer converting the donation into a loan,
+if it would make the advance more convenient to the French finances,
+and facilitate the augmentation of the total sum, destined for the
+United States. I repeated the same thing to the Director-General of
+Finance, but their answer was, the King had passed his word and could
+not retract.
+
+I entreated both M. de Vergennes and M. Necker not to abandon the
+United States to the operation of a loan, but to secure us from the
+finances of France the sum in question, and above all, to make
+immediate arrangements for the remittance of it.
+
+In the mean time I pressed the Minister of Marine on the subject of
+ships, but I found that it was far from the intention of the Court to
+furnish the means for remitting any considerable sum immediately.
+Count de Vergennes urged the imprudence of exposing such precious
+succors to a simultaneous risk, and the necessity of dividing the
+danger by successive remittances, adding besides, that as permission
+had been given to draw, an allowance was to be made on this account,
+and a provisional sum for payment retained; that pursuant to those
+ideas it had been solemnly determined to send no more than two
+millions in a frigate with me. I observed, that the first difficulty
+would be obviated by proportioning the escort to the value of the
+specie; with regard to the other objection, I gave it as my opinion,
+that no bills would be drawn in consequence of the mode for touching
+the donation of six millions. The Count said, that I was not
+sufficiently impressed with what had been already done on our account,
+and appealed to our Minister Plenipotentiary. In addition to the
+warmest verbal remonstrances on the subject, I presented the Memorial,
+a copy of which was forwarded to Congress.
+
+In these circumstances I was induced to make an arrangement with
+Captain Gillon, of the frigate South Carolina, in order to secure an
+unexceptionable conveyance for a further remittance of specie, as well
+as for other reasons to be mentioned hereafter. This conveyance being
+approved by the Ministry, it was proposed by M. Necker, that one
+million should be remitted by this opportunity, two in the frigate
+from France as above mentioned, and that an arrangement should be made
+with the Spaniards for a further remittance from Vera Cruz, agreeably
+to an offer from their agent in Paris. Unfortunately, while this
+latter plan was in agitation, the agent received intelligence that the
+whole of the Spanish treasure destined for Europe had arrived safe at
+the Havana, in consequence of which he changed the terms of his first
+proposal, from an order payable at sight, to bills at six months'
+date; this, joined to the disagreeable intelligence from Holland of
+the failure of the loan proposed on account of the United States,
+occasioned my giving a Memorial to the Director-General, and
+insisting, in several interviews with him, on the necessity of
+something decisive in his department, adding, that the administration
+could not pursue a better plan for securing the triumph of Great
+Britain than the present system of giving inadequate and dilatory
+succor to America.
+
+All that I could obtain was an addition of half a million to the
+specie to be embarked at Brest, and about the same sum to that in
+Gillon's ship. The Director-General informed me, that he had passed
+the sum of the proposed loan to the debit of the King's finances, and
+repeated his assurances, that our further remittances should be made
+successively.
+
+I have already informed Congress, that the reduced list of supplies
+had been referred to the War Department, where it had to undergo a
+recopying and more methodical distribution under several heads. I used
+my endeavors to hasten the decisions on this subject, and to procure
+orders at least with respect to some particular articles, the
+providing of which obviously required a more early notice than others;
+but he said no partial arrangement could be made, and that a decision
+must be definitively given in council upon the whole business,
+previous to his engaging in the execution of his part.
+
+On the 1st of April I received a letter from M. de Corney, Provincial
+Commissary, informing me, that the Marquis de Segur had appointed M.
+de Viemerange in conjunction with him to confer with me on the objects
+of the estimate, and the time and means of procuring them. I
+immediately repaired to Versailles for this purpose.
+
+As the ancient administration for clothing the French troops was
+abolished, and each regiment in France makes its own contracts for
+habiliments and equipments, there exists no public magazine of
+supplies in this way, either in the War or Marine Department, and
+there was no other resource for this article than the remainder of
+some supplies at Brest, which had been provided for General
+Rochambeau's army; it was proposed then to cede these to the United
+States, and continue the provision upon the same terms as had been
+settled for the King's service. The quantity was extremely
+inconsiderable, compared even with the reduced list, which I had
+presented; the time proposed for augmenting it was long, and my
+prospects upon the whole were very discouraging, but the
+impracticability of doing better in present circumstances obliged me
+to yield. The difficulties and delays, however, which occurred in this
+transaction, and a persuasion that it would not be so economical as I
+had at first been taught to expect, were powerful additional motives
+with me for accepting Captain Gillon's offer relative to the South
+Carolina frigate, in order to avail myself of the supplies in his
+possession, and to complete his vacant tonnage by purchases in
+Holland, where the vicinity of the seaport and manufacturing towns
+insured despatch. Copies of all the papers, relative to the supplies,
+are in the hands of the Minister Plenipotentiary. I apprized him of
+the necessity of watching the punctual execution of the terms of
+Sabatier & Co's agreement, notwithstanding the superintendence of the
+War Department. The artillery, arms, ammunition, and encamping
+supplies, were to be collected at Brest from different arsenals in
+Brittany and elsewhere, at the same rates at which they were provided
+for the national service.
+
+When the subject of casting howitzers, conformably to the British
+calibre, came to be more minutely and definitively discussed,
+difficulties with respect to the scarcity of materials, the danger of
+errors in the proportion, the want of a proper person to inspect the
+business, in a word, objections of different kinds were started;
+these, added to the facility of casting shells in America, determined
+me finally to substitute six inch howitzers of French calibre.
+Experience has proved, on a comparison of their effects with those of
+the larger sized howitzers, that the difference is trifling, and that
+the former will answer all the purposes of the latter, while their
+proportions render them more manageable, and economise ammunition. The
+French artillerists, enlightened by this discovery, have determined
+the reform of all their larger howitzers.
+
+Upon my arrival at Brest I found the whole of the articles agreed to
+be furnished for the first convoy were not yet arrived. In these
+circumstances I substituted some articles which I found in the
+magazine there, that there might not be any further loss of time, and
+that there should be the least possible interval between our sailing
+and the embarcation of the specie, which once commenced could not be
+kept secret in passing through a number of hands, and might be a
+temptation to enterprises on the part of the enemy. The same motive
+determined me not to shift the whole of the money into cases, which
+would have been more portable. This precaution became indispensable
+however with respect to two of the casks, that had suffered too much
+from the violent shaking on the road to be embarked in that
+condition, and although all the casks are double, I apprehend the most
+scrupulous care will be necessary in their debarcation and removal. I
+send herewith the Chevalier de l'Angle's receipt for the specie on
+board the frigate Resolve, the copy of the Treasurer's note at Brest,
+and invoices of the cargoes on board the Cibelle and the Olimpe.
+Besides these, the whole of the surgical instruments, drugs, and tin
+and wire for camp kettles, agreeably to the Board of War's estimate,
+are supplied upon the same footing as the other articles. The drugs
+and tin I expect in the brigantine Active. In addition to the list, I
+left a statement of the ulterior demands. These, in addition to the
+cargo expected by Gillon, and the invoices already cited, include the
+total of the supplies.
+
+The deduction of money for their payment was incompatible with so
+ample a provision, as prudence might otherwise have dictated.
+Necessitated to confine myself to a reduced list of the most
+indispensable articles, in order to leave the sum for remittances as
+unimpaired as possible, I avoided every purchase and additional
+expense of workmanship, that could be readily supplied by our artisans
+and manufacturers at home, as the money expended here, besides
+accomplishing the primary object, after descending in various channels
+to the encouragement of arts, and animation of industry among
+ourselves, would return its contribution to the great reservoir of
+public resources.
+
+I am sorry not to be able to give Congress a more satisfactory and
+definitive account of Captain Gillon's proceedings. The papers sent
+herewith will show the measures I had taken, and all the intelligence
+I had received relative to this business previous to my departure.
+Relying on the zeal and activity of Captain Jackson, aided by the
+counsels of the Minister Plenipotentiary in Holland, I cannot
+apprehend any improper delay.
+
+Captain Jackson alone was intrusted with the secret of the specie to
+be embarked, I enjoined him not to communicate it to any one, until
+the moment when it should become necessary to embark it; and, that the
+bankers might not be apprized of its destination, I sent the order for
+it enclosed to him.
+
+I used every argument, at taking leave of the several Ministers, that
+I thought could influence them, and previous to my departure from
+Brest, renewed my solicitations in writing. I imagine some further
+effort will have been made relative to the loan in Holland, but at all
+events the ten millions are to be supplied from the King of France's
+finances. The Marquis de Castries, and M. Necker, were to concert the
+future remittances; they gave me fair promises on the subject, and
+Count de Vergennes assured me he would press them; he likewise gave me
+some hopes of credit for the supplies of military stores. The naval
+superiority, it is expected, will be established on the American coast
+for a sufficient time to enable us to enterprise something important.
+
+Enclosed herewith is an answer from the Most Christian King to my
+letter of credence. Count de Vergennes informed me, that an answer to
+the other letter of Congress had been already despatched.
+
+At taking my leave of his Most Christian Majesty, he desired me to
+renew his assurances of affection to the United States. The succeeding
+day his Majesty honored me with the accustomed present of his
+portrait. Republican strictness, and the utility of the precedent,
+lead me to refer it to the supreme representative of the majesty of
+the American people, the organ of that sovereign will to which I am
+devoted.
+
+The Resolve sailed from Brest, with the Cibelle and Olimpe under her
+convoy, the 1st of June. The judicious precautions, and unwearied
+attention of the Chevalier de l'Angle, commander of the frigate,
+relative to his convoy, during a passage in which we experienced every
+contrariety, deserve the highest applause.
+
+I entreat the further orders of Congress, being exceedingly solicitous
+to lose no time in rejoining the army.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+_P. S._ My first intention was to have steered for Philadelphia, but
+learning from a vessel, which we pursued for the purpose of
+intelligence, that Count de Grasse was not arrived, I judged it most
+prudent to make a safe eastern port, and arrived at Boston the
+afternoon of the 25th ult.
+
+                                                                 J. L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, September 6th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In consequence of the desire of the committee of conference on the
+subject of my mission to France, I do myself the honor to communicate
+to Congress all the information I am possessed of relative to the
+present situation of Henry Laurens, and the prospect of his
+enlargement or exchange. It appears from the letter of a gentleman in
+London, who had access to him under certain restrictions, that though
+the rigor of his confinement was in some degree abated, he still
+labored under several interdictions and restraints, as unprecedented
+as illiberal, and that the British Court still affected to consider
+him as amenable to their municipal laws, and maintained the idea of a
+future trial.
+
+After I had finished the general business with which Congress had
+charged me, I consulted the several Ministers at the Court of France
+upon the proper measures to be taken, when such a flagrant violation
+of the laws of nations had been offered in the person of a public
+Minister, and solicited their intervention and assistance. They all
+declared, that however anxious they were to restore to his country a
+citizen, so valuable by his services, they had not the least hope,
+that any benefit would be derived from their interference, the British
+Court being as little disposed to gratify the Court of France, as they
+were to gratify the United States; and the unanimous opinion of these
+gentlemen further was, that nothing would determine the British to
+pursue a reasonable conduct in the present case, but the most exact
+retaliation on the part of Congress. For this purpose they advised,
+that one or more British prisoners of sufficient note and importance
+to cause a sensation by their own complaints, or those of their
+friends, to their Court, should be held as security for the safety of
+Mr Laurens, and that their mode of confinement and treatment should
+invariably follow the rule of the conduct of the British government
+towards him.
+
+In addition to the report, which I had the honor to make the 2d
+instant, I take the present opportunity of enclosing to Congress the
+duplicate account of the frigate Alliance's disbursements, by Messrs
+Gourlade and Moylan of L'Orient. The misfortune of Mr Palfrey left us
+without other resource, than an application to a mercantile house.
+The persons above mentioned offered their services, and were
+recommended. The sum total appeared both to the Minister
+Plenipotentiary and myself very considerable for the short stay of the
+vessel in port, and the charge of advanced officers' pay
+unprecedented; but Captain Barry had signed the original account, and
+M. Moylan's house had advanced the money, and offered every authentic
+voucher. I thought myself obliged to write from Brest, requesting Dr
+Franklin to order payment after necessary security.
+
+I found myself under the necessity of drawing, under the authority of
+Congress, for three hundred and fifty louis, on their Minister
+Plenipotentiary at the Court of France. Fifty of these were given to
+Mr Jackson on his departure for Holland. On my arrival at Boston, I
+borrowed on my private credit forty guineas, twentyfive of which have
+been paid for the purchase of saddles, and the expense of the journey,
+including that of an express with the despatches from France for the
+French Minister and army, and that of an escort of dragoons, which it
+became prudent, on account of my papers, to take from Danbury to a
+place a few miles on this side of the North River.
+
+I had recourse to the State of Rhode Island for horses, &c. a
+particular account of which will be given to the Board of War.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest veneration, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+CHARLES W. F. DUMAS;
+
+AGENT OF THE UNITED STATES IN HOLLAND.
+
+
+
+
+Charles William Frederick Dumas was a native of Switzerland, but he
+passed a large portion of his life in Holland, chiefly employed as a
+man of letters. He was a person of deep learning, versed in the
+ancient classics, and skilled in several modern languages, a warm
+friend of liberty, and an early defender of the American cause. About
+the year 1770, or a little later, he published an edition of Vattel,
+with a long preface and notes, which were marked with his liberal
+sentiments.
+
+When Dr Franklin was in Holland on his way to France, a short time
+before his return to his own country, at the beginning of the
+Revolution, he became acquainted with M. Dumas. Having thus witnessed
+his ability, his love of freedom, and his zeal in favor of America, he
+considered him a suitable person to act as agent in promoting our
+affairs abroad. When the Committee of Secret Correspondence in
+Congress was formed, towards the close of the year 1775, of which Dr
+Franklin was chairman, it was resolved to employ M. Dumas for
+executing the purposes of the Committee in Holland. A letter of
+general instructions was accordingly written to him by Dr Franklin in
+the name of the Committee, and from that time M. Dumas commenced a
+correspondence with Congress, which continued without interruption
+during the Revolution, and occasionally to a much later period. He
+acted at first as a secret agent, and after John Adams went to Holland
+as Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States, M. Dumas
+performed the office of Secretary and translator to the Minister. On
+the departure of Mr Adams for Paris, to engage in the negotiations for
+peace, M. Dumas remained in the character of _Chargé d'Affaires_ from
+the United States. In this capacity he exchanged with the Dutch
+government the ratification of the treaty, which had been previously
+negotiated by Mr Adams.
+
+It will be seen by M. Dumas's correspondence, that his services were
+unremitted, assiduous, and important, and performed with a singular
+devotedness to the interests of the United States, and with a warm and
+undeviating attachment to the rights and liberties for which they were
+contending. Congress seem not to have well understood the extent or
+merits of his labors. He was obliged often to complain of the meagre
+compensation he received, and of the extreme difficulty with which he
+and his small family contrived to subsist on it. Both Mr Adams and Dr
+Franklin recommended him to Congress as worthy of better returns, but
+with little effect. This indifference to his worth and his services
+while living renders it the more just, that his memory should be
+honored with the respect and gratitude of posterity.
+
+M. Dumas was still living in 1791, when Mr John Quincy Adams went to
+Holland as Minister from this country, but he died soon afterwards at
+an advanced age.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+CHARLES W. F. DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       B. FRANKLIN TO M. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, December 19th, 1775.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I received your several favors of May 18th, June 30th, and July 8th,
+by Messrs Vaillant & Pochard, whom if I could serve upon your
+recommendation, it would give me great pleasure. Their total want of
+English is at present an obstruction to their getting any employment
+among us; but I hope they will soon obtain some knowledge of it. This
+is a good country for artificers or farmers, but gentlemen of mere
+science in _Les Belles Lettres_ cannot so easily subsist here, there
+being little demand for their assistance among an industrious people,
+who, as yet, have not much leisure for studies of that kind.
+
+I am much obliged by the kind present you have made us of your edition
+of Vattel. It came to us in good season, when the circumstances of a
+rising State make it necessary frequently to consult the law of
+nations. Accordingly, that copy which I kept, (after depositing one in
+our own public library here, and sending the other to the College of
+Massachusetts Bay, as you directed,) has been continually in the hands
+of the members of our Congress now sitting, who are much pleased with
+your notes and preface, and have entertained a high and just esteem
+for their author. Your manuscript "_Idée sur le Gouvernement et la
+Royauté_," is also well relished, and may, in time, have its effect. I
+thank you, likewise, for the other smaller pieces, which accompanied
+Vattel. "_Le court Exposé de ce qui est passé entre la Cour Britanique
+et les Colonies, &c._" being a very concise and clear statement of
+facts, will be reprinted here for the use of our new friends in
+Canada. The translations of the proceedings of our Congress are very
+acceptable. I send you herewith what of them has been farther
+published here, together with a few newspapers, containing accounts of
+some of the successes Providence has favored us with.
+
+We are threatened from England with a very powerful force to come next
+year against us. We are making all the provision in our power here to
+prevent that force, and we hope we shall be able to defend ourselves.
+But as the events of war are always uncertain, possibly, after another
+campaign, we may find it necessary to ask aid of some foreign power.
+It gives us great pleasure to learn from you, that "all Europe wishes
+us the best success in the maintenance of our liberty." But we wish to
+know whether any one of them, from principles of humanity, is disposed
+magnanimously to step in for the relief of an oppressed people, or
+whether if, as it seems likely to happen, we should be obliged to
+break off all connexion with Britain, and declare ourselves an
+independent people, there is any State or Power in Europe, who would
+be willing to enter into an alliance with us for the benefit of our
+commerce, which amounted, before the war, to near seven millions
+sterling per annum, and must continually increase, as our people
+increase most rapidly. Confiding, my dear friend, in your good will to
+us and our cause, and in your sagacity and abilities for business, the
+Committee of Congress, appointed for the purpose of establishing and
+conducting a correspondence with our friends in Europe, of which
+Committee I have the honor to be a member, have directed me to request
+of you, that as you are situated at the Hague, where Ambassadors from
+all the Courts reside, you would make use of the opportunity, which
+that situation affords you, of discovering, if possible, the
+disposition of the several Courts with respect to such assistance or
+alliance, if we should apply for the one or propose for the other. As
+it may possibly be necessary, in particular instances, that you
+should, for this purpose, confer directly with some great Ministers,
+and show them this letter as your credential, we only recommend it to
+your discretion, that you proceed therein with such caution, as to
+keep the same from the knowledge of the English Ambassador, and
+prevent any public appearance, at present, of your being employed in
+any such business, as thereby, we imagine, many inconveniences may be
+avoided, and your means of rendering us service increased.
+
+That you may be better able to answer some questions, which will
+probably be put to you concerning our present situation, we inform
+you, that the whole continent is very firmly united, the party for the
+measures of the British Ministry being very small, and much dispersed;
+that we have had on foot the last campaign an army of near twentyfive
+thousand men, wherewith we have been able, not only to block up the
+King's army in Boston, but to spare considerable detachments for the
+invasion of Canada, where we have met with great success, as the
+printed papers sent herewith will inform you, and have now reason to
+expect that whole Province may be soon in our possession; that we
+purpose greatly to increase our force for the ensuing year, and
+thereby, we hope, with the assistance of well disciplined militia, to
+be able to defend our coast, notwithstanding its great extent; that we
+have already a small squadron of armed vessels to protect our coasting
+trade, which have had some success in taking several of the enemy's
+cruisers and some of their transport vessels and store-ships. This
+little naval force we are about to augment, and expect it may be more
+considerable in the next summer.
+
+We have hitherto applied to no foreign power. We are using the utmost
+industry in endeavoring to make saltpetre, and with daily increasing
+success. Our artificers are also everywhere busy in fabricating small
+arms, casting cannon, &c. Yet both arms and ammunition are much
+wanted. Any merchants, who would venture to send ships laden with
+those articles, might make great profit; such is the demand in every
+Colony, and such generous prices are, and will be given, of which, and
+of the manner of conducting such a voyage, the bearer, Mr Story, can
+more fully inform you. And whoever brings in those articles is allowed
+to carry off the value in provisions to our West Indies, where they
+will fetch a very high price, the general exportation from North
+America being stopped. This you will see more particularly in a
+printed resolution of the Congress.
+
+We are in great want of good engineers, and wish you could engage and
+send us two able ones in time for the next campaign, one acquainted
+with field service, sieges, &c. and the other with fortifying
+sea-ports. They will, if well recommended, be made very welcome, and
+have honorable appointments, besides the expenses of their voyage
+hither, in which Mr Story can also advise them. As what we now request
+of you, besides taking up your time, may put you to some expense, we
+send you, for the present, enclosed, a bill for one hundred pounds
+sterling, to defray such expenses, and desire you to be assured that
+your services will be considered and honorably rewarded by the
+Congress.
+
+We desire, also, that you would take the trouble of receiving from
+Arthur Lee, agent for the Congress in England, such letters as may be
+sent by him to your care, and of forwarding them to us with your
+despatches. When you have occasion to write to him to inform him of
+anything, which it may be of importance that our friends there should
+be acquainted with, please to send your letters to him under cover,
+directed to Mr Alderman Lee, merchant, on Tower Hill, London, and do
+not send it by post, but by some trusty shipper, or other prudent
+person, who will deliver it with his own hand. And when you send to
+us, if you have not a direct safe opportunity, we recommend sending by
+way of St Eustatia, to the care of Messrs Robert & Cornelius Stevens,
+merchants there, who will forward your despatches to me.
+
+With sincere and great esteem and respect, I am, &c.
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, March 22d, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I wrote to you lately by Mr Story, and since by another conveyance.
+This line will be delivered to you by Mr Deane, who goes over on
+business of the Congress, and with whom you may freely converse on the
+affairs committed to you in behalf of that body. I recommend him
+warmly to your civilities. Messrs Vaillant & Pochard continue close at
+their new business, and are already able to subsist by it; as they
+grow more expert, they will be able to make more money.
+
+Mr Deane will inform you of everything here, and I need not add more,
+than that I am, with esteem and respect, &c.
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ TO B. FRANKLIN, CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                            Utrecht, April 30th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I received on the 6th instant at the Hague, from Mr Thomas Story, the
+despatches of the 19th December, 1775, of which he was the bearer.
+
+I am deeply penetrated by the honor done me, and the confidence
+reposed in me by the committee appointed by the General Congress to
+maintain the correspondence between the American United Provinces and
+Europe, and of which you, Sir, are one of the worthy members. I shall
+die content if the remainder of my life can be devoted to the service
+of so glorious and just a cause. I accept, therefore, joyfully the
+commission you have bestowed, and whatever you may think fit to give
+me in future, and I promise a hearty good will and an untiring zeal. I
+hope my ability will justify the favorable opinion you entertain of
+me. This promise on my part is in fact an oath of allegiance, which I
+spontaneously take to Congress; receive it as such.
+
+When I remarked in my last letter to you, "that all Europe wishes you
+the most happy issue in your defence of your liberty," I meant the
+unprejudiced, equitable, humane, European public; in a word, the
+citizens of universal society, men in general. You must except from
+this number the holders of English funds, and those Courts of Europe
+who have an understanding with England; these, far from assisting you,
+will sacrifice you to their interests or their fears. The allies,
+which under such circumstances are suitable for you, are France and
+Spain; for it is their interest that you should be free and
+independent of England, whose enormous maritime power fills them with
+apprehensions. I have, therefore, opened myself to the French
+Minister, and a copy and translation of your requests and letters of
+credence to me have been for a fortnight in his hands. In the
+conversation I had with this Minister I observed, that the wishes of
+his nation are for you. He said, that there was one difficulty in
+affording aid to the Colonies; if they should be reconciled with
+England, they would assist her against the power which had aided them,
+and would imitate the dog in the fable. I had no reply to make to
+this, except that in this case reasonable beings were concerned, that
+if they saw the object was not to deprive them of the liberty for
+which they were contending, but to assure it to them, they would not
+be so ungrateful as to join against their benefactors, those who
+wished to destroy that liberty. Finally, he desired to know from me
+positively, what I would ask for the Colonies of his Court. I
+answered, that you wished to be informed, 1. If the King of France
+would, from motives of humanity and magnanimity, interpose his
+mediation on behalf of an oppressed people and effect a
+reconciliation, which should preserve to them all the liberties they
+formerly enjoyed. 2. In case such a reconciliation could not be
+effected, would the nations, subjects of the house of Bourbon, be
+willing to accede to an alliance with the Colonies, with the
+advantages of an immense commerce? He was pleased with the former
+proposition to offer to his young king the glory of conferring peace
+on the subjects of others as well as on his own. The other proposition
+is not disagreeable to him, were it not for the dreadful war which
+would ensue in Europe. I then delivered to him, together with your
+letter, a memorial, showing how important it was for France not to
+allow the subjugation of the Colonies. The whole was sent to his Court
+about a fortnight since, and if the answer should be delayed it will
+be of no disadvantage. Meanwhile, we have gained this advantage, that
+an opening is made, which must dispose France in your favor, and
+engage her to tolerate and secretly to encourage even any assistance
+your vessels can derive from France, Spain, and the Indies. I have,
+therefore, in the extract, copied exactly what you pointed out to me
+as the most necessary, as engineers, arms, munitions, &c.
+
+I have done all this with the most profound secrecy. The person of
+whom I have spoken to you required it from me, and promised it in
+return, so that no one in this country, excepting him and me, knows
+anything of it. It is more advantageous to you and safer for me, that
+I should not be known as your agent.
+
+Mr Story, not daring to take two letters with him to England, one for
+Arthur Lee, the other for Mrs Hannah Philippa Lee, left them in safe
+keeping with me, and he did well. I learn by two letters, which I have
+received from Mr A. Lee, of the 20th and 23d of April, that on Mr
+Story's landing in England, they took from him a letter, which I had
+sent by him for Mr Lee; fortunately it was not signed with any true
+name, and could give no information to your adversaries. They have,
+therefore, committed this additional violence to no purpose. I have
+sent those letters to a friend at Rotterdam, according to the request
+of Mr Lee, and that friend informs me under date of May 3d, that he
+has forwarded the packet by a captain of a sloop, one of his old
+friends, who promised him to deliver them himself to the address which
+I put upon them by Mr Lee's directions. The sudden departure of the
+vessels will prevent me from informing you whether they have been
+safely delivered. I shall do it by some future opportunity. I joined
+to the packet a cypher for Mr Lee, like that I sent to you, but
+grounded on different words, so that we shall be able to communicate
+with each other in perfect safety. I informed him also, that I had the
+honor of writing you frequently, so that he can send his letters
+through me, if he has no better way.
+
+I know an engineer over thirty years of age, able, experienced, and
+very well qualified not only in his branch, but in the whole art of
+war; in a word, a fine officer, but very inadequately rewarded. I
+shall not be able to speak with him for several weeks, when I will
+propose to him the service of the Colonies. But as he is a widower,
+without means, and has several children, it will probably be necessary
+if he accepts, to make him some advances to enable him to go over. I
+will give you an account in due time of the conversation I shall have
+with him.
+
+I have endorsed today your bill of exchange of £100 sterling to the
+order of M. Rey, bookseller at Amsterdam. Good reasons prevented me
+from doing it sooner and at any other place than Amsterdam. May the
+conscientious use which I shall make of this fund entirely satisfy
+your wishes, and the confidence with which you have honored me. I am
+persuaded of the generosity of Congress, and I pray heaven that I may
+deserve by my services to be the object of it, when God shall have
+blessed their labors for the welfare and prosperity of the Colonies,
+either by a firm and sincere reconciliation, or by the success of your
+righteous and just arms. In reality, I hope much more than I fear on
+this point. The wisdom of Congress, so constantly manifested, the
+perfect union and harmony which prevail there, encourage me more and
+more. By this rare, happy, and admirable union, much more surely than
+by all the alliances in the world, you are, and you will finally be
+superior to your enemies, however formidable they may appear.
+_Concordiâ res parvæ crescunt, discordiâ maximæ dilabuntur_; may this
+great truth and the sublime words of Themistocles to Eurybiades, who
+raised a weapon against him in the Council, "_Strike but hear_," be
+constantly present to your minds and hearts as well as to those of
+your constituents. What power will then be able to withstand yours?
+Ascribe the freedom of this address to the enthusiasm with which I am
+animated for your union, the noblest edifice that liberty has ever
+reared. In it centres all that the political world contains attractive
+for me.
+
+I thank you, Sir, for your fatherly kindness to the two French
+gentlemen. They are young, and ought not therefore to entertain even
+the idea of being an instant a burden to any one, and a useless load
+to society.
+
+I am very glad that the _Statement of the Points in Dispute between
+Great Britain and the Colonies_ has been approved, so far as to cause
+it to be printed for the instruction of your friends, the Canadians.
+This is the only effect of that paper, for the printer not having sold
+enough of his journals to be at any other expense than the impression,
+has ceased to pay the author of those pieces. I have obtained his
+address for the purpose of engaging him to assist me in refuting the
+Jew, Pinto, whose venal pen has been employed in the most insolent
+manner against the Americans. A certain person, whom you know, regrets
+having allowed himself to be dazzled by his financial system, so far
+as to approve it without reserve in a letter, or advertisement, at the
+head of the treatise on "Circulation;" for although there are some
+good things in it here and there, yet that person has long since bean
+enlightened, in regard to many false brilliants, which the Jew passed
+on for genuine.
+
+As for the _Idea on Government and Royalty_, I learn with pleasure,
+that it has been agreeable, and that the time will perhaps come when
+it will receive more attention. This idea renders me more happy and
+proud, than if I had written the Iliad; for I think with Phædrus,
+_nisi utile est quod fucimus, stulta est gloria_. It is a seed, which
+I thought myself bound to sow in your country, the only place in the
+known world where it could spring up. I consider that idea more and
+more practicable and true, and of all political systems the most
+completely proof against all objections. It requires only to be
+developed. God grant that we may soon be able to do it in peace and
+at leisure. I shall then beg you, Sir, with the estimable and learned
+author of the _Pennsylvania Farmer_, to correspond with me on this
+subject, and to prove it, if not to our contemporaries, at least to
+posterity.
+
+I thank you, Sir, for the Journal of Congress from the 10th of May to
+the 1st of August, 1775, which you have had the kindness to send me;
+be good enough to complete it by sending what precedes and follows;
+for we have here nothing authentic relating to your affairs. All that
+we know of you, we get from the gazettes, imperfectly, by scraps, in a
+vague and uncertain manner, a mixture of truth and falsehood.
+
+_May 9th._ I have just received the following letter without
+signature. "You will perhaps be tempted to come to the fair at the
+Hague. I shall have the honor to renew the expressions of my sincere
+esteem. I shall be at your orders every day at noon or sooner, if you
+will write me from your lodgings to let me know what hour will be most
+convenient for you. We shall be able to moralise some moments upon
+subjects, which we have already discussed. I have but little to say to
+you, which I shall do with a sincerity and candor, which I trust you
+will approve." I shall make this visit Saturday night, so as to return
+here Sunday night or Monday, not being able to do it otherwise. I
+shall send this letter today to Amsterdam, as they tell me the vessels
+will else sail without it. I shall therefore give you an account of
+the conversation in another letter, either by the same vessel or by
+some other. I am sorry to be obliged to leave you in suspense on a
+subject so interesting.
+
+Receive, Sir, for all the members of Congress in general, and for
+yourself, Mr Dickinson and Mr Jay in particular, the sincere
+assurances of my profound respect.
+
+                                                            DUMAS.[20]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[20] M. Dumas commonly wrote his despatches in French, but sometimes
+in English. It has not been thought necessary to designate between
+those translated, and those written originally in English. Although he
+wrote the language with a good deal of accuracy, yet foreign idioms
+and other defects will occasionally be perceived. In some instances
+the editor has taken the liberty to make free corrections of the
+author's style, and to omit a good deal of irrelevant matter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                              Utrecht, May 14th, 1776.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I wrote the 9th to the person who wrote me the letter of the 6th, of
+which I have given you a copy, that if what he had to say to me was
+pressing, I would go and return in two succeeding nights, to be with
+him Sunday the 12th, which is between the two; but if the interview
+could admit a week's delay, I should be able to make the journey more
+conveniently. He answered the next day, 10th of May, as follows.
+
+"I have received, Sir, the letter you did me the honor to write. I
+obey instantly the order you have given to answer you as to the day
+when I shall be able to have the pleasure of seeing you. As what I
+shall have the honor of saying to you is not pressing, you may put
+off, till Saturday next, eight days hence, that is to say the 18th of
+this month, the visit with which you flatter me. Nay, I take the
+liberty to anticipate you in the offer of expenses in all cases where
+your good offices will be useful to me. Flattered, honored as I am
+with the acquaintance I have made with you, I should be very sorry to
+be a burden to you, and to abuse your kindness.
+
+"I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, at your command."
+
+Do not think, Gentlemen, that a childish vanity leads me to recite to
+you this letter, and to take to myself sincerely the compliments which
+are addressed to me.
+
+_May 21st._ I am at length returned from my journey, with which I have
+been much satisfied, because I think you will have reason to be so.
+After we had conversed some time on the great and very late news of
+the evacuation of Boston by your enemies, as a new mark of the wisdom
+of your operations, our friend, (whose name I have promised not to
+reveal,) said, the King of England does not forget himself,
+nevertheless, as you see; and he showed me in a gazette a prohibitory
+edict very severe, of the Empress Queen of Hungary, against all
+exportation of arms and munitions from her States for America. I had
+already seen it, and I told him so. But what you do not know, said he,
+is that the King has demanded this of the Empress by a letter written
+with his own hand. I gave him to understand, that I hoped his Court
+would not be so partial. You shall know, he replied, for you will
+comprehend it. As to your first demand, the mediation of the King
+cannot take place whilst the Colonies are subjects of the King of
+England, who, besides, would not accept it. As to your second demand,
+the King is a true knight, his word is sacred. He has given it to the
+English to live in peace with them. He will hold to it. While France
+is not at war with the English, he will not ally himself against them
+with the Colonies, and will not furnish aids to the latter. But on the
+other hand, for the same reason, the Americans have the same
+protection and liberty as all other English to resort to France, to
+export thence merchandise, arms, and munitions of war, without however
+forming magazines of them in France, which is not permitted by any
+nation. Besides, added he, the Colonies have no need that either
+France or Spain should enter into this war. Commerce alone will
+furnish to the Americans all that they want to defend themselves.
+
+I am of his opinion. I think even that it will be more advantageous to
+you and to France also, that she should not be hasty to declare openly
+for you. Once more, gentlemen, your union, your constant love of
+liberty, your fortitude in turning from all that looks like luxury and
+in despising it, your hatred of tyranny and despotism, which are the
+sad fruits of luxury; in fine, all your republican virtues will render
+you superior to your enemies, and invincible even without allies.
+These, however, will not be wanting, be assured, for it cannot be
+thought, that with what is passing in your part of the world, ours can
+long remain at peace. The time will come when your friends will show
+themselves, and when your alliance will not only be accepted but
+sought. Meanwhile you have struck a great and wise blow in driving
+your enemies from Boston. They publish, that they have evacuated the
+place, with profound political motives; the public laughs at this
+pretence.
+
+I forgot to mention to you, that the person in question offered to
+reimburse to me the expenses of my journey; and that I answered they
+were already paid. On which he requested me to tell him at least in
+what he could do me a favor. I answered, that he was doing me such in
+rendering great services to the Americans. Finally, he desired me to
+correspond from time to time with him. I engaged to do it, and shall
+not fail. Thus it depends only on you, Gentlemen, to render this
+correspondence more and more interesting. On my part I will be
+vigilant to profit by all events that can make any change in Europe.
+Those which happen in America will require, without doubt, that you
+give me frequently new instructions and orders provided always with
+letters of credence, or at least with one that will serve for the
+time, as you judge proper. I know to whom to address myself to ask for
+intelligence at the Court of France, and to have an answer in a few
+days.
+
+_June 6th._ Here you have a copy of a letter from London, dated May
+21st. You know well from whom it is.[21] I have sent to him under the
+envelope the two letters which Mr Story had left with me, and I added
+a cypher, which he has already used with success.
+
+"Everything is safe. I shall write you fully next week by our friend
+Story. One Hortalez will apply to you on business that concerns our
+friends. He has your address. Be so good as to assist him."[22]
+
+I expect these gentlemen with impatience, and shall do all that
+depends on me for your service and theirs.
+
+I trust you will always answer me speedily, and inform me if my
+letters reach you. I will send you once more a general copy of my
+preceding letters, to supply the loss of one or both, in case the
+vessels that carry them are lost or are taken.
+
+When I promised the Minister, with whom I had an interview on your
+affairs, not to name him to you, it is only until you expressly
+require that I make him known to you; for in that case you may know
+him when you will.
+
+In about eight days I shall leave Utrecht for a country house within
+seven leagues of the Hague, where I expect to pass the summer.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[21] The person here referred to is Arthur Lee. See _Arthur Lee's
+Correspondence_, Vol. II. p. 16.
+
+[22] This note refers to Beaumarchais, who proposed to go to Holland,
+when he saw Mr Lee in London. But he afterwards altered his mind and
+returned directly to Paris.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                                    August 10th, 1776.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Mr Arthur Lee in his letter of the 11th of June observes, that "Mr
+Story goes from hence directly to America. A French gentleman named
+Hortalez having something to negotiate for the Congress, I have given
+him your address." On the eve of my departure from Utrecht, on the
+21st of June, I wrote as follows to the person whom you know.[23]
+
+
+"Sir,
+
+"In the hope that you have consented to make me understand that I
+shall be one day useful to you, I think it my duty to advise you, that
+I shall depart tomorrow from this city to pass the summer at a country
+house half way from here to ----. I shall receive there in all safety
+your orders, if you send your letters to, &c.
+
+"I propose also, to pass to ---- as soon as I can, merely to profit
+by the permission you have given me to render you my services from
+time to time. Without having any new plan to propose, the work already
+marked out has need of your good directions, and I shall be very sorry
+to fail of the honor of an interview with you at least once more
+before your departure, if it is near."
+
+
+To this I received the following answer, dated June 23d.
+
+
+"Sir,
+
+"I have received the letter you did me the honor to write me the 21st
+of this month. You flatter me with the hope of seeing you at ---- to
+which you are brought near by the residence you intend to make during
+the summer at a country house. This proximity will afford you
+opportunity to make journeys, by which I shall profit with much
+pleasure. I am sensible of the esteem which is your due, and of the
+advantage of meriting the friendship of an experienced man like
+yourself, uniting literature to the duties of society. I shall listen
+to you always with an eager desire of profiting by your counsels, and
+this on all subjects that have engaged your thoughts. I do not yet
+know the time that I shall remain at ----. Perhaps it will be
+sufficiently long to enjoy often the honor of receiving you. This
+depends on the orders of my Court. We are in the least active, or most
+dissipated season. Business will not flourish much till the fall of
+the leaves, or even not get warm till the return of snow. I speak of
+the old world; for I wish not to extend the picture too much.
+
+"Have you any news of the Doctor and his friends? I shall be obliged
+to you to follow my instructions in this respect. I will bear
+willingly the charge of an express, whom you may send to me when you
+shall judge proper; otherwise write uniformly by the post. Should I
+be on a journey, I shall have the honor to inform you of my residence
+and address. I do not know how to express to you sufficiently, Sir,
+the desire I have to serve you and to deserve a place in your
+thoughts."
+
+
+About fifteen days after, I replied to this letter as follows.
+
+
+"Sir,
+
+"The letter with which you honored me, dated 23d of June, has given me
+the assurance, which was needed to console me for the disappointments
+that have detained me here. Perhaps I shall be at the Hague on Sunday
+morning. Be assured, Sir, that if anything comes to my knowledge
+worthy of your attention, you shall be informed of it immediately. I
+have no reason to expect soon to receive news directly. I have written
+two letters by two different vessels, that have sailed from Amsterdam
+for St Eustatia; and I expect when another vessel departs to despatch
+a third. Before I have an answer much time will pass, and in this time
+many events. There is, however, a man charged with some commission on
+their part, to whom they have given my address at Leyden; and I have
+received two letters from that city, the one of the 21st of May, the
+other of the 11th of June, in which they pray me to render him
+service. This is all that I know of him, for the man has not yet
+appeared.
+
+"The more I am favored with your letters, Sir, the more I wish to
+deserve your good opinion. In the meantime, I ought to be on my guard
+against too much presumption, and to think how natural it is to give a
+gracious reception to the servant for the love of the master. I own
+to you, Sir, that in giving an account to the Doctor and his friends
+of our correspondence, I have thought proper to forewarn them thereon.
+They will be informed of the obliging interest with which you ask news
+of them. I hope that the time will come, when you will be able to
+permit me to reveal your name.
+
+"After having thought long and much, it seems to me, that in order to
+answer completely their intention, I ought to present myself also to
+the _Hotel d'Espagne_, to be known there simply as charged with such a
+commission, to open to myself thereby ways of serving my constituents
+on diverse occasions, which may present themselves at one moment or
+another, and not incur the blame, which may be reflected even on these
+gentlemen, of having neglected a power so worthy of their efforts. For
+the rest, I shall not do or say anything in this respect till I have
+had the honor of seeing you, Sir, and I pray you to believe that I
+shall observe scrupulously, the conduct and the discretion that you
+have had the goodness to prescribe to me."
+
+
+In consequence, I have again conferred with this gentleman. He went to
+dine at that same house, said that I had been with him, and that I
+told him I would go also to the other house the next day at eleven
+o'clock. I went in fact, and was received _tête à tête_ with great
+ceremony in the hall of audience. I opened briefly my business and
+drew out a memoir to read to him. He told me that he could not hear me
+without the order of his master. I read, notwithstanding, and he did
+not stop his ears. I prayed him to receive and keep the memoir. He
+refused, alleging continually that he could do nothing without orders.
+I drew out then my originals and showed him my three signatures,
+which he looked at eagerly. In separating, I asked him to keep my name
+concealed at ----. He said to me that he would keep it secret
+everywhere. He asked me, however, if that was my true name. I assured
+him it was; he paid me some personal compliments, and we parted. I
+learnt on the next day by another channel, that he had,
+notwithstanding, given an account to his master of this visit; which
+suffices me, for I have need, as you know, of only one of these good
+houses. I am always very politely received, and as a friend. This is
+all that I ask. I do not multiply too much my visits, but to render
+them always desirable, I never appear there without having something
+interesting to say; and to this end, the letters of my worthy
+correspondent at London are very useful to me. This last has addressed
+to me lately a person, whose conversation, joined to the contents of
+the letter of which he was bearer, has served me in the composition of
+a memoir which they approve, and I have reason to think they have
+sent.
+
+This person has induced me to write a letter to you, dated the 4th of
+August, by way of Bordeaux to St Domingo, under an envelope of Mr
+Caton, merchant at Port St Nicholas in that island, of which here is
+an extract.
+
+
+"A gentleman belonging to Jamaica, a particular friend of Dr Franklin,
+and very well known to him, has charged me to write to him, to assure
+him on good authority, of the singular esteem that he has for him and
+his friends; that they ought to think, _and that he prays him to let
+them know it_, that the present voice of Parliament is the voice of
+the English people; that there exists, and gathers strength, _a great
+body_, which, in truth, is not the strongest, but which regards the
+cause of the Americans as its own, their safety and liberty as its
+own, which will prefer to see them independent rather than subjugated,
+and which will make, at the future meeting of Parliament, the greatest
+efforts in their favor; that the basis of this party is already forty
+Peers, and one hundred and sixty members of the Commons."
+
+
+The letter which this gentleman brought me began thus; "This will be
+delivered to you by Mr Ellis, a friend of Dr Franklin, of liberty, and
+of America. He is a philosopher, very well instructed on the subject
+of America, and, I trust, will be both an agreeable and useful
+acquaintance while he remains near you." This assuring me, I
+discovered to him that I was the man whom he was seeking, provided
+with credentials and orders from Congress sufficient to do all the
+good offices that his friends could wish to render. Thereupon I showed
+him my credentials; he was satisfied with them, and we exchanged
+addresses. He promised to write me; and we separated satisfied with
+each other.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[23] Meaning the person with whom he had the interview, mentioned in
+the preceding letter, doubtless the French Ambassador.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                               London, July 6th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+This will be delivered you by Mr Ellis, a friend of Dr Franklin, of
+liberty, and of America. He is a philosopher, very well instructed on
+the subject of America, and, I trust, will be both an agreeable and
+useful acquaintance while he remains near you.
+
+I thank you for your favor of the 21st of last month. By the last
+advices from America, General Howe was prepared to sail for Halifax,
+and, it is imagined, to land at New York, where he will certainly be
+strongly opposed. He numbers ten thousand regulars, and it will be
+fortunate for us, if he makes his attempt before he is joined by the
+Germans, who sailed the 6th of May.
+
+The Americans have taken post upon the river Richelieu and the lakes,
+so that Montreal, not being tenable, is evacuated. General Lee is in
+Virginia, with ten thousand men, expecting Lord Cornwallis and General
+Clinton. General Washington commands at New York, and General Ward in
+Boston.
+
+The strange timidity _de la Cour Française_ requires great patience
+and management; but I think it will at last be brought to act an
+avowed and decided part. When that happens, _Angleterre_ must submit
+to whatever terms they please to impose, for she is totally incapable
+of sustaining a war with France.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                               Paris, July 26th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The enclosed letter from Dr Franklin will hint at my business in this
+city, where I arrived the 7th instant, and I should have sent forward
+this earlier, had I not had hopes of having the honor of presenting it
+to you in person. This I now find I cannot expect, without delaying it
+beyond all bounds. I therefore forward it by the common conveyance,
+and inform you that my address in this city is to Messrs Germany,
+Guardot & Co. bankers; that I shall tarry here till the last of
+August, when I propose going to Dunkirk, thence to Amsterdam and
+Hamburg, in which journey I hope for the pleasure of seeing you. In
+the meantime, I shall be happy in a correspondence with you on the
+subject of the dispute between the United Colonies and Great Britain,
+or any other that shall be agreeable to you; and I wish to be informed
+if I shall be in danger of any disagreeable treatment in my journey
+through Holland, in a private capacity, though it should be known that
+I was in the service of the United Colonies. It has been suggested to
+me, that I might meet with some interruption or difficulties from the
+friends of the British Ministry, which occasions my making this
+inquiry.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+_P. S._ I read and understand the French language tolerably well,
+though I am unable to write it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            London, August 13th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I answered your last letter immediately. I now enclose you several
+pamphlets, which contain such an authentic state of facts, and such
+arguments on the American question, as will enable its advocates with
+you to maintain their ground against the pensioner of this Court. I
+beg particularly, that you will send some of them to the gentleman who
+has answered Pinto, the pensioner of this Court.
+
+The pamphlet entitled the _Rights of Great Britain_, &c. is full of
+the grossest falsehoods. A very material one is exposed by the
+enclosed extracts from the acts of Parliament, granting bounties upon
+American produce, which proves by their own words, that those bounties
+were given for their own interests only. Yet that pamphlet has given a
+long list of the amount of those bounties, and charged it to the
+Colonies. The fact is, as Dr Smith, a Scotchman, and an enemy to
+American rights, has stated it, in his late labored and long expected
+book on the Wealth of Nations. "Whatever expense," says he "Great
+Britain has hitherto laid out in maintaining this dependency, has
+really been laid out in order to support their monopoly." Speaking of
+the debt incurred last war, he says,--"This whole expense is, in
+reality, a bounty, which has been given in order to support a
+monopoly. The pretended purpose of it was to encourage the
+manufactures, and to increase the commerce of Great Britain." The
+operation of this monopoly against the Colony he states thus,--"The
+monopoly of the Colony trade, therefore, like all the other mean and
+malignant expedients of the mercantile system, depresses the industry
+of all other countries, but _chiefly that of the Colonies_."
+
+When you write to the Congress it would be well, I think, to mention
+that as all the evils have been produced by Scotch counsel, and those
+people prosecute the business with more rancor and enmity, a
+distinction ought to be made between the treatment of them and other
+people, when made prisoners.
+
+We expect every day some decisive news from New York. The last gazette
+gives us no reason to fear anything but the chance of war, against
+which no prudence can provide. We have certain intelligence from
+Canada, that it will be the last of August before the boats will be
+ready upon Lake Champlain for the Ministerial army; so that there is
+no possibility of their joining Howe. They are putting eleven ships
+of the line in commission, here, which is kept very secret, or it
+would shake the stocks exceedingly.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             Paris, August 18th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 8th, and one earlier, but without a date, are before
+me, and I return you my thanks for the attention paid to mine, and
+more especially for the good opinion you entertain of my countrymen,
+and your tenders of service. The business before me is of such a
+nature, that I must be detained some time in this city. If I take a
+journey to Holland, it will be my choice to make it as a private
+gentleman; as such I am in Paris, and that character I shall keep,
+unless obliged to alter it. Parade and pomp have no charms in the eyes
+of a patriot, or even a man of common good sense; but at the same
+time, I can never submit to the changing of my name, unless I am
+convinced that so humiliating a step will promote the service of my
+country. I can pass unnoticed under that name, as well as any other,
+whilst I conduct in every other step as a private gentleman. I have
+now but little hopes of being in Holland till October, before which,
+such intelligence may arrive from America, as may alter my present
+designs.
+
+The declaration of independency, made by the United Colonies, is
+announced in the English papers, but I have received no despatches on
+the event, though I am in daily expectation of them. You ask me two
+questions in your first letter; to the former, I answer at once
+affirmatively, that I have a certain prospect of succeeding in my
+business; but as to the latter, or second query, I cannot so readily
+reply, for I know not how far the knowledge of me and my concerns may
+have extended. I am here as a private merchant, and appear as such,
+whatever suspicion may circulate. As such, I can travel, I trust, in
+your country, which I most ardently wish to see, and the more so on
+account of the kind, simple, and engaging invitation you have given
+me. It really affected me, and brought instantaneously to view those
+happy and peaceful scenes of domestic felicity, to which I am at
+present a stranger. You have all I can give you, a grateful
+acknowledgment of your kindness, and depend that I will in person
+acknowledge it on my first arrival in Holland.
+
+It is the policy of the United Provinces of Holland to be neuter to
+every attention. The United Colonies only wish them to keep steady to
+their only true system of policy in the present case; and give me
+leave to say, that a reflection on their former struggles must show
+them in what point of light the Americans are to be considered. The
+United Colonies ask no aid or alliances. Let Britain court every, even
+the most petty and mercenary power in Europe, the United Colonies only
+ask for what nature surely entitles all men to, a free and
+uninterrupted commerce and exchange of the superfluities of one
+country for those of another; and the first power in Europe, which
+takes advantage of the present favorable occasion, must exceed every
+other in commerce.
+
+But I am rambling. I pray to know in your next letter, what sums are
+due to Holland from the government of England. Whether the King of
+Prussia is wholly inattentive to the present proceedings, and on
+which side his wishes are. _Omnia tentanda._ I really hope to be at
+the Hague in October, and promise myself great pleasure in seeing you
+and your lady, to whom, though otherwise unknown, since you have
+introduced me, you cannot refuse presenting my best respects.
+
+I am, with great esteem, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    WILLIAM LEE TO C. F. W. DUMAS.
+
+                                         London, September 10th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The 27th ult. and the 7th instant, in the absence of my brother,
+Arthur Lee, your two letters for him came safe to my hands. My brother
+is now on the continent, and perhaps may write to you from where he
+is. The declaration of independence on the part of America, has
+totally changed the nature of the contest between that country and
+Great Britain. It is now on the part of Great Britain a scheme of
+conquest, which few imagine can succeed. Independence is universally
+adopted by every individual in the Thirteen United States, and it has
+altered the face of things here. The tories, and particularly the
+Scotch, hang their heads and keep a profound silence on the subject;
+the whigs do not say much, but rather seem to think the step a wise
+one, on the part of America, and what was an inevitable consequence of
+the measures taken by the British Ministry. In short every one wants
+to form his judgment by the event of the present campaign, as
+something decisive is expected to happen from the arrangements under
+General and Lord Howe, and General Carleton, before the meeting of
+Parliament, which will be the 24th of October.
+
+In the meantime every effort is made to prevent France from taking any
+open or even private part with America, for which purpose Mr Stanley,
+Mr Jenkinson, one of the Lords of the Treasury, and confidential
+friend of Lord Bute, and of the Solicitor-General, Mr Wedderburne,
+have been at Paris some time to aid the negotiations of the British
+Minister, Lord Stormont. As far as money will answer their purpose, it
+will not be spared. The French are generally acute enough in observing
+what is for their interest, but most people here are at a loss to
+conceive what plan they have in view, as they have not hitherto, as we
+know of, taken any part with America.
+
+The public papers will tell you all the material news we have from
+America, but in general it is supposed the Americans will stand
+greatly in want of arms, ammunition, and artillery, to oppose such a
+force as is sent against them, and it is evident they have not
+experienced officers sufficient to manage such extensive operations as
+they have in hand. Should you have occasion to write to me, you may
+address, under cover, as you do to my brother.
+
+I am, with esteem, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                          WILLIAM LEE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                          Paris, September 11th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have to acknowledge the receipt of yours of the 29th ultimo, of the
+2d, 5th and 7th of this month, and at the same time to make my excuses
+for not answering them earlier; which was owing to my hurry of
+business, in part, and part to my hopes of being able to send you
+something agreeable from America, when I should next write you.
+Forgive therefore this seeming inattention, and accept my warmest
+thanks for the kind sentiments, which you and your good lady entertain
+for me and my country. The cause of the Americans is the cause of
+mankind in general, and naturally interests the generous and the good
+in every part of the world.
+
+The measures you took before my arrival, respecting this Court, were
+perfectly right, and you may rely on my secrecy as to your concerns.
+Our commerce is now on as good a footing in this kingdom and in Spain,
+as the commerce of any other nation; and I trust will very soon have
+an important preference. When I said in a former letter we wanted only
+a friendly intercourse by way of commerce, I had not the vanity to
+suppose the actual assistance of European powers was not an object
+deserving attention; but I must say seriously, that if the American
+commerce can be established with the trading powers of Europe, and if
+those powers of Europe would protect that commerce, it would be all
+the assistance necessary; and the Colonies by land would be more than
+equal to anything Great Britain could bring against them. You are
+entirely right in saying, that the House of Bourbon are the allies we
+should first and principally court. France is at the head of this
+House, and therefore what is done here is sure to be done by the
+whole. This, therefore, requires my whole attention, and I can only
+say to you, my prospects are nowise discouraging.
+
+As to the King of Prussia, I will in my next explain more fully my
+meaning, and at the same time send to you a state of the United
+Colonies, of their commerce, of their present contest, with some
+thoughts or observations on the manner in which Europe must be
+affected, and what part they ought to take in the present important
+crisis. My name and business have long since been known to the British
+Ambassador here, and to the Court of London; and they have
+remonstrated, but finding remonstrances to no purpose, they have
+wisely determined to take no notice of me, as I do not appear as yet
+in a public character.
+
+Let me ask of you, if a workman skilful in the founding of brass and
+iron cannon can be engaged in Holland to go to America? Also, if I can
+engage two or three persons of approved skill in lead mines, to go to
+America on good engagement. Your answer will oblige me, and by the
+next post I will write you more particularly. The British arms will
+not, probably, effect anything in America this season, as they had not
+begun to act the 8th of August, and that brings winter to the very
+door, as I may say, and an indecisive campaign must prove to Great
+Britain a fatal one.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                          London, September 23d, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+My absence from town till now prevented my answering your two last
+favors of September 3d.
+
+By our latest and best accounts from America the die is now cast, and
+we may every day expect to hear of a decisive action at New York;
+decisive I mean as to the fate of General Howe and New York, but not
+of America, which depends very little upon the event of New York being
+taken or saved.
+
+There is a public torpor here, which, without being superstitious, one
+may regard as a visitation from heaven. The people in general think
+the declaration of independence as a thing of course, and do not seem
+to feel themselves at all interested in the vast consequences, which
+that event must inevitably draw after it. The Ministry have by certain
+manoeuvres contrived to keep up the demand for, and price of
+manufactures; and while trade and manufactures apparently prosper, the
+people are so deaf, that wisdom may cry out in the streets and not be
+heard. But the course of the seasons is not more fixed, than it is
+certain that these ministerial arts must be temporary in their
+operation and fatal in their issue; because the more men are
+flattered, the more desperate they are when the calamity comes upon
+them. Already the West India Islands begin to cry out, as you will
+have seen in the address from the Island of Barbadoes. The great
+number of captures lately made of West India ships by the Americans,
+have already had very visible effects upon the Royal Exchange. Holland
+taking the alarm, which the least movement on the part of France would
+produce, must shake our stocks to the foundation, and give an equal
+shock to a deluded prince and a deluded people.
+
+The characters you desire me to touch upon are such as seldom occur in
+the same period. Lord Sandwich has been noted through a long life for
+everything in word and deed, directly opposite to honesty and virtue.
+With moderate abilities, and little real application, he maintains an
+appearance of both by impositions and professions, which at a time so
+averse to inquiry as the present pass for facts. Lord George Germain,
+though cradled in England, has all the principles of a Scotchman;
+subtle, proud, tyrannical, and false. In consequence of his
+patronising the Scots, they have always been his panegyrists and his
+advocates, and as they are a people indefatigable in all interested
+pursuits, they have procured him a character for ability, which he
+very little deserves. Dissimulation and craft in worldly occurrences
+too often pass for real wisdom; and, in that sense, Lord George is a
+wise man. Such a man could not long pass unnoticed and unpatronised by
+a Court, which searches with Lyncean eyes for the basest hearts, and
+is actuated by Scotch principles and Scotch counsels. Lord Suffolk is
+a peer of sullen pride and arbitrary principles. He listed in the
+public cause with Mr Wedderburne, under the banner of George
+Grenville; and while his life gave the hope of success in getting
+preferment, they were the loudest in opposition; but immediately upon
+his death, they made their terms, and have been ever since the most
+devoted tools of the Court. Lord Suffolk recommends himself very much
+to the King, by an indefatigable attention to the little detail
+business of his department, and an obsequiousness that knows no
+bounds. Lord Rochford is by birth a tory, and is linked with Lord
+Mansfield; but his fears have made him withdraw himself upon an ample
+pension, for he is persuaded, that France will soon strike a blow,
+which will endanger the heads of those who conduct these measures.
+
+I have been apprized by Hortalez, that the business for which I
+recommended him to you is to be transacted through France, which is
+the reason of your not seeing him.
+
+I do not conceive you need be under any alarm about intercepted
+letters, as the Ministry have too much upon their thoughts, and too
+many more immediately dangerous and known opponents at home, to suffer
+them to look abroad for victims. Their success must be certain and
+decisive before they will venture to attack the friends of America in
+Europe, and provoke retaliation. I flatter myself with being as much
+within the eye of their enmity as any man can be. But I think that the
+enmity of bad men is the most desirable testimony of virtuous merit.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                                 September 30th, 1776.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+After having sent to your correspondent at St Eustatia, whose address
+you gave me in your letter of the 12th of December, 1775, my third
+letter of which you have here annexed a large extract, I commence my
+fourth despatch.
+
+M. Hortalez, of whom Mr Arthur Lee spoke in two of his letters, has
+not yet appeared; nor have I received the letter that you say you have
+written to me between that of the 12th of December, 1775, and that of
+the 2d of March, 1776. The non-appearance of this gentleman, and of
+the letter here referred to, disquiets me somewhat, not only because
+all that comes to me from you, Gentlemen, and from your friends, is
+dear and precious to me, but also, and above all, because I fear that
+the service of the general Congress may suffer by it.
+
+The bearer of your letter of the 2d of March, (Silas Deane) arrived at
+Paris the 7th of July, whence he sent it to me with one of his own,
+dated the 26th. I have another from him of the 18th of August, in
+which he remarks to me, "that he has a certain prospect of succeeding
+in his business." He proposes also to visit Holland.
+
+I have before told you, that the letters I received had contributed
+much to render my visits, my letters, and memoirs agreeable in a
+certain quarter. This will be seen from the following note, which I
+received a short time since, dated August 26th. After having spoken to
+me of a service, which he had consented to render me in his country,
+where I had some affairs to settle, and which we had agreed upon as a
+pretext to mark our interviews, the writer thus proceeds; "Madame ----
+has taken the trouble to send me your letters, and I beg you to send
+me by her all interesting particulars, including the narration of the
+person whom you expect, (Silas Deane.) I pray you to send me all that
+you have received since your last letter. I receive packets from all
+quarters; it pertains to my office. So I shall receive with gratitude
+whatever you may have the goodness to send me."
+
+I have sent to him open, with a flying seal, the letter that I wrote
+you by St Domingo. We agreed on this verbally, and he promised me to
+send it to Bordeaux well recommended. I have cause to think that this
+letter has been forwarded and pleased certain persons, on whose
+account I had expressed, at the close of the letter, that when by
+legislation and a wise constitution you shall have crowned the work of
+your liberty, I shall die content with having seen a great King and a
+great Republic sincerely wish the good of the people.
+
+I received some days ago another letter from Mr Deane, dated at Paris,
+14th of September. All the letters that I have received from him, as
+well from you, are precious to me, and this one doubly so, since
+besides the kind expressions with which it is filled, my zeal for
+your cause is recompensed by the testimony that I have well served it.
+
+If I continue not to sign my name,[24] it is not from fear, but
+because I think your service requires that I remain yet some time
+unknown, at least until Mr Deane arrives here, for then I shall be
+known everywhere for the most zealous American in all the Republic,
+and it will be my pride. All that can come of it will be the loss of
+my present post; but in this case I am sure that Congress will
+indemnify me by a subsistence suitable for me and mine, seeing that I
+shall be able to continue useful to them as much and even more than in
+time past, because I shall not be encumbered with other duties, and
+all my faculties will be employed in the service of America. I have
+been much mortified in not being at liberty, as I have expressed to Mr
+Deane. I should have flown to Paris to assist him, at least by the
+knowledge I have of many European languages.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[24] M. Dumas usually signed his despatches with a fictitious name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                      Philadelphia, October 1st, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just time to acknowledge the receipt of your two packets, with
+the pamphlets enclosed, the contents of which are very satisfactory.
+You will hear from me more fully in a little time.
+
+With great esteem, I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+_P. S._ We have a great force brought against us here, but continue
+firm.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Paris, October 3d, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Since my last, in which I mentioned the King of Prussia, I have
+obtained a method of sounding that monarch's sentiments more directly
+through another channel, which voluntarily offering, I have accepted,
+and therefore waive writing on the subject for the present anything,
+save that you may undoubtedly serve the United States of America most
+essentially in this affair in a few weeks from this. The attention to
+my business here, which is not merely political, but partly
+commercial, the critical situation of affairs at this Court, and the
+anxious suspense for the events at New York and Canada have actually
+fixed me here, and the having received no intelligence for some time
+past has well nigh distracted me. I have, however, favorable
+prospects, and the most confirmed hopes of effecting my views in
+Europe. I am too much engaged to say more in this, and will be more
+particular in my next.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             Paris, October 6th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yours of the 1st instant I received, and observe by the contents, that
+Mr Lee is returned to London. I have not seen Mr Ellis. In answer to
+your queries; first, a reconciliation between Great Britain and the
+United States of America is improbable ever to take place; it is
+absolutely impossible, until after the sitting of Parliament.
+Secondly, Admiral Howe joined his brother early in August, and sent on
+shore to General Washington a letter, which was returned unopened, as
+no title was given to General Washington; a second was sent, and met
+the same fate. The Congress justified the General in his conduct, and
+ordered him to receive no letters, except they were directed to him
+with his proper title. Lord Howe sent to the Governors of several
+Colonies his proclamation, which, by the army and people of New York,
+was treated with contempt and ridicule.
+
+Thus matters continued until the 20th of August, when General Howe had
+collected his whole force, and was preparing to attack New York. On
+the other side, all the eminences and advantageous posts near the city
+were secured and fortified, and the Americans strongly entrenched on
+them; the city of New York fortified with batteries next to the water,
+and all the principal streets with barriers across them, and, at the
+same time, the houses filled with combustibles ready to be set on
+fire, should the city be found tenable. The two men-of-war, which had
+passed up the river above the city, were returned terribly damaged by
+attacking a battery. This, in a word, was the state of affairs in New
+York on the 20th of August, from which important news may be expected
+every hour.
+
+Thirdly, I know what Dr Franklin's sentiments were when I left
+America, and that nothing but a miracle could convert him to wish for
+an accommodation on other terms, than the independence of the
+Colonies. Depend upon it, my good friend, the Ministry of Great
+Britain labor incessantly to propagate stories of an accommodation,
+for it is well known, that they despair of reducing the Colonies by
+arms this campaign; at the close of which, the national debt will
+amount to nearly £150,000,000 sterling, part of which will remain
+unfunded; and where are their resources for supporting the next
+campaign? He that can discover the philosopher's stone can answer.
+
+To your fourth query, you will excuse my answering more, than that
+your conjecture is not far out of the way. My letter will inform you
+why I must still delay sending what I promised you the 14th ultimo. In
+the meantime, Sir, you may add to indigo and rice, tobacco, logwood,
+redwood, sugar, coffee, cotton, and other West India produce, which
+pass through the hands of the North Americans, in payment for their
+supplies to the West India Islands, which cannot exist without their
+produce. Also, in course of trade, spermaceti oil and salt-fish may be
+supplied to Prussia and Germany as cheap, or cheaper from the
+Colonies, than from Holland and Germany. The United Colonies exported
+to Europe chiefly, indeed, to Great Britain, fish-oil, whalebone,
+spermaceti, furs, and peltry of every kind, masts, spars, and timber,
+pot and pearl ashes, flax-seed, beef, pork, butter and cheese, horses
+and oxen; to the West Indies chiefly, wheat-flour, bread, rye, Indian
+corn, lumber, tobacco, iron, naval stores, beeswax, rice, and indigo,
+&c. &c. to the amount of more than £4,000,000 sterling annually, and
+for some years past, and received the pay in European manufactures;
+and when I remind you that the inhabitants of that country double
+their number every twenty years, and inform you that this exportation
+has increased for the last century in the same ratio, you will be able
+to form some idea of this commerce, and of how much importance it is
+to Europe. I hope, by the coming post, to send you some favorable
+news from America, and I may not add to this without missing the post.
+
+I am, with the most sincere esteem, dear Sir, your most obedient
+servant,
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             Paris, October 9th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I wrote you by last post. This comes by Mr Carmichael, a gentleman of
+Maryland, in America, who has for some time lived with, and assisted
+me in my business. You can have the fullest confidence in him, and as
+he knows I place the most absolute in you, it would be trifling to
+swell a letter with news or observations, of both which he can _viva
+voce_ satisfy you. He will communicate to you his business in Holland,
+and I am sure you will assist him to the utmost of your power. He can
+tell you what an anxious and laborious life I lead here; and, what
+adds to my misfortune, how impossible it is, in the present critical
+situation of affairs, for me to quit this post for a single day; much
+more it is as yet impossible for me to leave long enough to visit you
+in Holland, which having long promised to myself, and anticipated with
+pleasure, the disappointment greatly chagrins me. To have so kind and
+hospitable, and, at the same time, so judicious and safe a friend,
+inviting me to what must at once yield me the purest pleasure and the
+most solid advantage, viz. an interview, and not to be able to profit
+by it at once, is a misfortune I feel most sensibly.
+
+Mr Carmichael can give you the best intelligence of our present
+affairs in America, and his observations and inferences will be from
+the best grounds, and made with precision and judgment. My most
+grateful and respectful acknowledgments to your lady, whom I yet may
+have the honor of waiting on in the course of a month.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Paris, October 13th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Before the receipt of this, you will have seen Mr Carmichael, to whom
+I refer you on many subjects. Yours of the 8th I received since his
+departure, and have only to ask of you to procure the proper
+testimonials of this very extraordinary and cruel proceeding at H----,
+respecting Mr Shoemaker, a family of which name I knew in
+Philadelphia. These testimonials will be a proper ground to go upon in
+demanding satisfaction, which I do not think, however, had best be
+asked, until the independence of the Colonies has been formally
+announced; and proper powers for this step have been delayed
+strangely, or, perhaps, interrupted. Your zeal in this cause reflects
+honor on your private, as well as public sentiments of justice and
+rectitude, and I will transmit to the honorable Congress of the United
+States in my first letters a copy of your memoir. I am still without
+intelligence of any kind from America, save that on the 20th of August
+a battle was hourly expected at New York. No prospect of
+reconciliation. The British forces in Canada are not likely to effect
+anything this season; and, consequently, all hopes in England rest on
+the event of a single action at New York, which the public are made
+to believe will prove decisive; and so it may, if the fate of the day
+should be for us, and the enemy have no retreat or resources in
+America; but by no means decisive if it incline the other way. I
+trouble you with the enclosed for Mr Carmichael.
+
+I am, with great respect, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                         Amsterdam, October 22d, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I enclose a letter, which I expected to deliver ere this in person. I
+arrived here last Friday, and had so many inquiries to make to gratify
+Mr Deane's curiosity, that it has not been in my power to attend to
+you so soon as I could wish. For fear that I should not be able to
+leave this tomorrow, to do myself the honor of waiting upon you, I
+have sent this letter. When I come to the Hague, I shall put up at the
+_Hotel de Turenne_, where you will do me much pleasure to leave your
+address particularly. The knowledge I have had of you for many months
+by Mr Deane and others, makes me regret every moment that delays me
+here, and denies me the pleasure of assuring you in person, how much I
+am, what every true American is,
+
+Your very humble servant,
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+        COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                     Philadelphia, October 24th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Our worthy friend, Dr Franklin, being indefatigable in the labor of
+his country, and few men so qualified to be useful to the community of
+which he is a member, you will not be surprised that the unanimous
+voice of the congress of delegates from the United States of America
+has called upon him to visit the Court of France, in the character of
+one of their Commissioners for negotiating a treaty of alliance, &c.
+with that nation. He is the bearer of this letter, and on his arrival
+will forward it. To him we refer you for information as to the
+political state of this country; our design in addressing you at this
+time being only to continue that correspondence, which he has opened
+and conducted hitherto on our behalf.
+
+We request to hear from you frequently; and if you make use of the
+cypher, the Doctor has communicated the knowledge of it to one of our
+members. Your letters, via St Eustatia, directed to the Committee of
+Secret Correspondence, then put under a cover to Mr Robert Morris,
+merchant, Philadelphia, and that letter covered to Mr Cornelius
+Stevenson, or Mr Henricus Godet, merchants at St Eustatia, or under
+cover to Mr Isaac Gouveneur, merchant at Curraçoa, will certainly come
+safe, and if you can send with them regular supplies of the English
+and other newspapers, you will add to the obligation. The expense of
+procuring them shall be reimbursed, together with any other charges,
+and a reasonable allowance for your time and trouble in this agency.
+The members of this committee, styled the Committee of Secret
+Correspondence, are John Jay, Thomas G. Johnson, Robert Morris,
+Richard Henry Lee, William Hooper, and John Witherspoon; and as
+vacancies happen by death or absence, the Congress fill them up with
+new members, which we mention for your information, and with great
+respect and esteem remain, Sir, your most obedient, humble servants,
+
+                                                    ROBERT MORRIS,
+                                                    RICHARD HENRY LEE,
+                                                    JOHN WITHERSPOON,
+                                                    WILLIAM HOOPER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                        Amsterdam, October 27th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+You owe to my forgetfulness what ought only to proceed from my
+respect, yet I will not quarrel with anything that gives me an
+opportunity of writing to you.
+
+I left the Memoir on Commerce in your hands, and it is necessary I
+should have it as soon as possible. I send you _Common Sense_, but you
+must look on my presents as _Indian_ ones, for I, like they, expect
+much larger in return; as much as you please, and I am sure you can
+spare a great deal of what I send you. My present is only the rough
+material of America, your returns will be elegant and superb
+manufactures of Europe.
+
+The English mail is not arrived. I have a very angry letter from Mr
+William Lee on the subject I mentioned to you, respecting Dr B. I am
+happy to know that I acted for the public good, and that, without
+partiality to any person, will, I hope, always be the rule of my
+conduct.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                          London, November 15th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+The indispensable business of my profession has hitherto prevented me
+from complying, as I wished, with the desire of your very obliging
+favors.
+
+You will have seen, by the proceedings of Parliament, how decided the
+King is in prosecuting the American war. For, in truth, he alone is
+Minister, and his will governs with absolute sway. At the same time
+the powers which he has given to Lord Howe appear, from his
+declaration in America, to be most ample. That, however, I rather
+attribute to what is deemed the art of government, than to any pacific
+or redressing intention. We can never forget the perfidy of making
+Lord Botetourt declare to the assembly, that the revenue acts should
+be repealed, when in fact no such thing was intended or done; and the
+Secretary of State being ordered to tell the agents of Congress, that
+his Majesty had received their petition very graciously, and from the
+importance of it would lay it before his two Houses of Parliament,
+when, at the same time, the same Secretary wrote, by his Majesty's
+commands, to all the governors of America, denominating that very
+Congress an illegal meeting, their grievances pretended, and ordering
+them to prevent their meeting again. These facts are too decisive to
+leave a doubt of the credit that is due to the promises of this Court,
+and, at this very time, they are abusing the Howes for negotiating;
+the language of Court being, "we sent them to use their hands, and
+they are employing their heads."
+
+The Rockingham part of the opposition are determined upon seceding
+from Parliament, in which Lord Shelburne, Lord Camden, and the Duke of
+Grafton refuse to accompany them for two reasons; 1st, because the
+feelings of the public are not high enough for so decisive a measure;
+and, 2dly, because the others will not agree to make the great
+fundamental abuse of the constitution, as well as the temporary
+misconduct of government, the groundwork of that secession. In a word,
+because they will not declare, that the object of the measure is to
+obtain the abolition of corruption, and not merely the change of those
+who minister it. This schism will, however, reduce opposition so as to
+leave the Court at perfect ease from that quarter.
+
+I thank you for the magnanimity of your sentiments towards our
+friends, on the supposition that the late occurrences are events of
+consequence. I am by no means of that opinion. After the affair of
+Long Island, the loss of New York was inevitable; but is not the
+successful army still faced and kept at bay, by that over which it is
+supposed to have obtained, these decisive advantages? Could any one
+expect more from a new raised army, than that it should face the
+disciplined invaders, almost equal in numbers, and much superior in
+equipments, to win its way by inches. Where, then, is the ground for
+despair, when our friends are looking the enemy in the face, and he
+does not dare to attack them? Of two things, Sir, you may be
+satisfied, that the advantage on Long Island was obtained neither by
+the superiority of the troops nor of the General, but by his having
+bribed the officer who commanded the first pass,[25] who giving up his
+post, without suffering a gun to be fired, enabled Clinton to march in
+the night and take the left wing of the Americans, so as to put them
+between two fires, from much superior numbers, with an immense train
+of artillery. The other fact is, that the officer who brought the last
+despatches declares, that the American lines upon New York island
+cannot be forced, but with a certainty of so much loss as cannot be
+hazarded. General Howe will therefore try his former art of treachery
+and corruption, from which alone I am satisfied we have anything to
+fear.
+
+The talk of the Congress having sent Deputies to Staten Island, to
+negotiate with Lord Howe is not, that I know of, authenticated.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[25] This wants proof before it can be adopted as a historical fact.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                         Without date.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I am still indebted to you for your favors of the 29th ultimo, and the
+15th instant, to which I should earlier have replied, but for a slight
+indisposition, and much chagrin at some unfavorable news. However, I
+am recovering in health, with which my spirits return, and I keep ever
+in my mind the motto _de republicâ nil desperandum_. I counted the
+cost when I entered the lists, and balanced private fortune, ease,
+leisure, the sweets of domestic society, and life itself in vain,
+against the liberties of my country; the latter instantly
+predominated, and I have nothing to complain of, though much to grieve
+at, occasioned by the miscarriage or delay of my full powers for open
+and public application. I sent you a memoir on American commerce, and
+wish to know your sentiments on that subject. The vessel detained at
+Bilboa has been dismissed, and the commissary reprimanded for her
+detention, and ordered to lend the Captain every assistance he needed.
+This is a great point gained. I must suspend saying anything on the
+proposals of officers for entering the service of the American States,
+as also anything further on the other artists I wrote about, until I
+receive intelligence, which I hourly have long expected, and which I
+think cannot possibly be far off, as I despatched a vessel early in
+September, express, with an account of my situation, and that of
+affairs here; besides, a war is evidently at hand here in Europe.
+
+Mr Carmichael warmly described the kind reception you gave him, and
+your zeal for the interest of the United States, and friendship for
+me, which he might have spared, as every one of your letters
+demonstrates the sincerity and disinterestedness of your friendship,
+as well for my country as for myself; and as you value your being the
+first Plenipotentiary of the American States, I equally value myself
+on your friendship and correspondence in the part I have the honor of
+acting with you in this important scene, and am happy to think, that
+to the present or coming actors in, or spectators of, the foundation
+and rise of this State in a new world, our correspondence will show
+that our sentiments ever coincided. Be not discouraged, my dear
+friend, America must come off in the end triumphant, and under new and
+unprecedented laws, liberty, and commerce, be the happy asylum for the
+sons of men in future ages. Whatsoever disappointments I may meet
+with, I never will despair of my country, for which I shall count it
+my glory to suffer all things, if it receive any advantage therefrom,
+and if not, I shall at least enjoy the pleasure, the unalienable
+pleasure, resulting from a consciousness of having done all in my
+power for its happiness, and connectedly for the happiness of mankind
+in general.
+
+The temper of the times is in favor of America, and it is now as fresh
+and striking an object to Europe as when first discovered and called
+the new world. It is among my principal mortifications, that I cannot
+have a few days at least personal conversation with you; but the
+situation of affairs here will not allow of a moment's absence, which
+Mr Carmichael, I doubt not, explained to you. With persons in public
+or private, who are friendly, yet equally apprehensive of
+consequences, willing to aid, yet timid, and at the same time not well
+acquainted and informed, the task you are sensible is as laborious as
+delicate, and at a time when events bear down arguments, one cannot be
+released a moment from the closest attention to everything rising real
+or imaginary. Your lady's kind preparations for me, Mr Carmichael most
+affectionately mentioned, and I will, life permitting, the moment I
+can quit Paris, in person acknowledge, as far as words are capable of
+expressing, how sensible I am of this more than hospitable kindness,
+since to provide for and receive the stranger on arrival is the duty
+of hospitality, but here is a work of supererogation, and though no
+Roman Catholic myself, yet so catholic as not the less to love and
+esteem generous actions on all occasions. My most respectful and
+affectionate regards, with my ardent wishes for your mutual felicity,
+attend you.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+_P. S._ Pray for what sum per annum can a young man be educated at
+Leyden, adhering to the strictest economy?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                           Paris, December 13th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I am indebted for two letters, and the same cause of my neglect, viz.
+a hurry of business still subsisting, I cannot make amends by a long
+letter in this, but the substance will be agreeable, which is, that Dr
+Franklin is arrived at Nantes, and I expect him at Paris tomorrow. He
+left Philadelphia the last of October, and everything was favorable in
+America. On his passage the ship he was in made two prizes on this
+coast. I received a letter from my venerable friend on his landing,
+who was in high spirits and good health. Here is the hero, and
+philosopher, and patriot, all united in this celebrated American, who,
+at the age of seventyfour, risks all dangers for his country. I know
+your heart rejoices with me on this occasion.
+
+I am, with respect, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Havre, January 21st, 1777.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Were I to acknowledge the receipt of all the letters you mention
+having written, it would be necessary to apologise for my silence;
+this I fear would require a detail long enough to need still another
+apology, which would be making it a labor _ad infinitum_. I shall,
+therefore, only say, that from the heart of Germany, I am now on the
+borders of the Atlantic, and that I have been on the gallop ever since
+I parted with you at Leyden. No Saint in the calendar ever ran
+through countries with more zeal to gain inhabitants for heaven, than
+I have to do miracles on earth. But unfortunately it is not an age for
+miracles. I am at present here to botch up a piece of work, which was
+originally well imagined but badly executed.
+
+You will no doubt have our Paris news from the prophet, who draws down
+fire from heaven. I shall, therefore, only give you my comment on the
+text, which is, that France has done too much and much too little. Too
+much, since she alarmed England, and made that country put itself in a
+better posture of defence than before; or at least, strengthened the
+hands of her Ministers for that purpose; much too little, because,
+depending even on that little, we looked not out elsewhere in time.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Paris, January 26th, 1777.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+My having quitted London some time since to join my colleagues here,
+is the reason you did not hear from me, as you complain in your last
+letter to Mr Deane. As I am soon to leave this place for one very
+remote,[26] I am afraid this will be the last letter I shall have the
+honor of writing to you.
+
+There are so many and more immediate calls for the attention of the
+Congress, that we are not surprised at not receiving any intelligence
+from them. We learn too, from Havre, that despatches for us have been
+intercepted at sea, so that we remain totally uninformed by authority
+relative to the state of things in America. We hope the best, and if
+the powers of Europe are not so totally blind to their own interest as
+to refuse maintaining that freedom and enjoyment of our commerce,
+which our declaration of Independence offers them, their support will
+save us much distress and blood. The liberties, however, and
+redemption which we work out through labor and endurance will be more
+precious.
+
+By accounts from London, the press for seamen produces little, though
+their merchant ships are stopped in their ports, and insurance from
+Jamaica, with convoy, is risen to twentyfive per cent. During the last
+war it never amounted to more than seven.
+
+Our cruisers, therefore, appear to do their duty. Had we anything of a
+fleet to assist them, England would soon repent of a war, they have so
+unjustly engaged in, and from which they have not wisdom to retreat.
+
+No nation seems more interested in opening our commerce, by abolishing
+the British monopoly, than the Dutch. The carrying trade by which they
+flourish must be greatly increased by the change. It would also very
+infallibly reduce that natural power and superiority at sea, which the
+English exercise with so much insolence, and the sinews of which are
+derived from America by their usurpation and tyranny; and yet, such is
+the pusillanimity of the times, the States are crouching to the
+English, and in effect aiding them in confirming that tyranny and
+those advantages. It is astonishing, that the smallest power in Europe
+should fear Great Britain, at a time when she is set at defiance by
+America alone, yet in its infancy, and laboring under so many
+disadvantages.
+
+I wish you every happiness, &c.
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[26] A journey to Spain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Paris, January 29th, 1777.
+
+My dear friend may be assured, that the omission of writing to him for
+so long a time either by Mr Deane, or myself, was not in the least
+owing to any want of respect, or change of sentiment towards him, but
+merely from the extreme hurry we have been engaged in ever since my
+arrival, which has prevented our writing to many other of our
+correspondents. I now enclose several letters, one of which was
+written by me when in Philadelphia, and sent via Martinique; Mr Deane
+has but this day received it; another that I wrote soon after my
+arrival, which has been mislaid.
+
+I hope you and yours are in good health, and good spirits, as we are,
+not doubting of the success of our affairs, with God's blessing. We
+have nothing to complain of here.
+
+I have taken a lodging at Passy, where I shall be in a few days, and
+hope there to find a little leisure, free from the perpetual
+interruption I suffer here, by the crowds continually coming in, some
+offering goods, others soliciting offices in our army, &c. I shall
+then be able to write you fully. Be of good cheer, and do not believe
+half what you read in the English gazettes.
+
+With great esteem, I am ever,
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    WILLIAM LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             London, March 21st, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Government here has received within these ten days past, several
+expresses from General Howe, at New York, in North America, as late as
+the 19th of last February, which are, in every respect, very
+disagreeable indeed. He writes in severe terms against General
+Heister, whom he calls _an old woman_ in the field, and a stupid and
+incorrigible blockhead in the cabinet; he also says, that the Hessians
+and other Germans are the worst troops under his command, and are not
+fit to be trusted in any business; he has, therefore, desired several
+particular English officers to be sent to command them; some of them
+that he has pointed out have refused to go on such a forlorn hope; but
+General Burgoyne, much against his will, is, it seems, obliged to go,
+and one Colonel Charles Gray, who was only a Lieutenant-Colonel upon
+half pay, has agreed to go, being appointed to a regiment, with the
+rank of a Major-General in America.
+
+General Howe has with some difficulty and considerable loss got his
+troops back to New York, that had attempted to make good their
+situation at Brunswick, in the Jersies. He has recalled the greater
+part of those troops that had been sent to Rhode Island. At New York
+they were in the greatest distress for all kinds of fresh provisions
+and vegetables; at the same time, a fever, similar to the plague,
+prevailed there, that in all probability before the Spring will carry
+off to the Elysian shades, at least one half of the troops that remain
+there, and prepare an immediate grave for the Germans, and all the
+other troops that are about to be sent to that infected place. At the
+same time we learn that the American army under General Washington
+increases in numbers every day, and being accustomed to the climate,
+have kept the field in all the severe weather. Notwithstanding this
+melancholy prospect of affairs, our papers talk of a foreign war, but
+in my opinion we are in no condition to engage in one, for you may be
+assured, that we have not in the kingdom sailors enough to man fifteen
+ships of the line, though you may see thirty or forty ships put in
+commission, as the public prints will tell you. And as to soldiers,
+the draft for America has been so great, that we have not ten thousand
+in the whole island, yet our Ministers have lately attempted to bully
+the States of Holland by a high flying memorial relative to the
+conduct of some of their governors in the West Indies. It might,
+however, be attended with very serious consequences if the Hollanders
+were to take their money out of the English funds.
+
+                                                          WILLIAM LEE.
+
+_P. S._ If you please, insert the foregoing in the Dutch, Brussels,
+Francfort and Hamburg papers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                Paris, April 2d, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Mr Carmichael, who has regularly corresponded with you, has given you
+the salutation from time to time for myself. I have really had no
+leisure for several months to write a single letter, but what the
+instant necessity of the time required, and am much obliged to you for
+the regular information we have through him from you. Enclosed I send
+you a bill for one thousand florins, which you will receive, and
+credit the Congress for the same. As you have said nothing, at any
+time, on the subject of your disbursements for the Congress, the
+Commissioners are ignorant of your situation in that respect, and have
+desired me to send you the enclosed bill, and to ask of you to favor
+them with the general state of your disbursements, and to assure you
+that they are too sensible of the services you are rendering their
+country, to wish you to remain without an adequate reward. We have no
+intelligence of any kind from America since the 1st of March last, and
+you have been informed of the situation of our affairs at that time.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 12th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The letter of the date of October 24th, 1776, with which you have
+honored me, did not arrive till the 4th of February of this year.
+Sensible, as I ought to be, Gentlemen, of the great honor you do me in
+charging me to continue with you the correspondence, which Dr Franklin
+commenced and maintained with me on the affairs of the United States,
+I am only able to repeat, what I have written to him and to the
+honorable Committee of Foreign Affairs, of which he was then a member,
+that I will ever impose on myself a sacred law to answer your
+confidence and expectation. You will have here annexed a copy of
+letters, which have been written to me by the French Ministers at the
+Hague, the Abbé Desnoyers and the Duc de la Vauguyon. You will easily
+conjecture the contents of those, which I wrote to them, and which are
+too long to recite here; moreover, a copy of the whole was not
+preserved.
+
+As to what you add, Gentlemen, that my expenses and labors shall be
+reimbursed and compensated, I have the honor to say to you, that I
+should esteem myself the most happy of men, in being able to make
+without return all the advances and services of which you have need,
+to sustain this memorable war. The Supreme Being, who sees the depth
+of my heart, is witness to the truth of this sentiment in all its
+extent. But to my great regret, although without shame, I avow myself
+as poor in means as rich in good will. The draft remitted to me by Dr
+Franklin, of one hundred pounds sterling, on London, has been paid. On
+the other hand, since I received Dr Franklin's letter and the orders
+of the Committee, I have not hesitated to sacrifice to a commission so
+important, so honorable, and so agreeable to my principles and taste,
+not only a small running pension of sixty pounds, which a bookseller
+paid me for a part of my time, that was devoted to a work, an account
+of which I communicated to Dr Franklin some years since, but also
+about seventy pounds, which I have already received for part of the
+work delivered, without which, considering my other actual duties, it
+would have been impossible for me to have time to attend to the
+execution of these orders. If I add to this at least fifty pounds,
+that I have spent in postages, travelling charges, and other expenses,
+I find myself at this time seventy pounds at least in advance. But I
+should be very sorry, Gentlemen, that what I say here, should turn you
+an instant from the important duties requiring your constant
+attention. For the same reason, I have been unwilling to interrupt
+with these details the occupations of our gentlemen at Paris. If
+(which God forbid) America have not the success which my heart
+desires, her misfortunes will afflict me infinitely more than my loss.
+But if, on the contrary, I shall have the satisfaction to see liberty
+established and her prosperity secured, I doubt not she will render me
+an ample indemnity and reward.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Paris, April 28th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Although nothing new has happened to us here worthy of notice, I take
+up my pen merely to assure you, that our want of punctuality is not
+owing to want of friendship or respect. To entertain you with
+continued complaints of the inactivity of the European powers, is a
+subject which I wish to banish as much from my thoughts, as I do our
+enemies from our country. We are now acting a play which pleases all
+the spectators, but none seem inclined to pay the performers. All that
+we seem likely to obtain from them is applause. When I say all, I mean
+anything that will materially help our cause. This campaign will
+decide the fate of the war, though it may not finish it. The want of
+resolution in the House of Bourbon to assist us in the hour of
+distress will be an argument with our people, if successful, to form
+no binding connexions with them. If conquered, they will follow the
+conduct of the unsupported Scots, in the war of 1745.
+
+In the meantime, they, to secure the little assistance which other
+Princes may be induced to give them, must offer a share of that
+commerce to others, which France might have wholly to itself. England
+is now offering to relinquish a share of a lucrative commerce to
+France, on condition that the latter shuts its ports against us. But a
+few weeks ago an English agent assured me, that the English
+Administration saw through the designs of the House of Bourbon, saw
+that they meant to weaken us both, and by that means command us, and
+he offered every security America could wish, to preserve its
+liberties as they stood in the year 1763, and a repeal of such acts as
+bound their trade previous to that, only that they must so far comply
+with the King's humor, as not to give up his sovereignty, which would
+be of no use to him, were the privileges of the Americans extended to
+the latitude mentioned.
+
+To be the instrument of inducing my countrymen to accept these terms,
+the possession of an affluent income was offered to be secured to me
+in any part of the world I chose, whether successful or not in the
+attempt. You may judge how our conference ended. One reason why I am
+induced to stay in Europe is, that I should be obliged to give, in
+America, a faithful account of the situation of their affairs in
+Europe; as I am sure that the picture would be worth more to England,
+than their subsidies to your hero, the Margrave of Hesse. We shall
+never be the subjects of the British Crown, I believe, but unless
+openly assisted by a power in Europe, we shall be an impoverished
+people, unable to distress our enemies abroad, or to assist our
+friends. I am so confident myself of the interior weakness of England,
+that I would sacrifice my life on the issue, that if France, Spain,
+and the Emperor, would only agree to acknowledge the independence of
+the United States, there would not be occasion to strike a blow; from
+that moment the credit of England would be no more inspirited by such
+a resolution taken in our favor in Europe; we would drive her armies
+from America, and soon her fleets from our coasts; but these generous
+resolutions subsist not in European politics. I hoped to have soon
+seen you, but your last letter, and one from Sir George Grand, have
+altered my resolution on that head. I have been laboring here to put
+you in such a situation as to enable you to follow the dictates of
+your own generous hearts in serving us more effectually, but the
+torpedo has struck us too.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+         THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                          Philadelphia, May 8th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+We have received your several favors to the first of May,[27] and
+shall always have a grateful memory of your sentiments and exertions
+in our cause. But as we have new Commissioners settled in France, we
+think it needless that you should be at the trouble of forwarding to
+us from time to time, that collection of papers, which we formerly
+mentioned to you. We shall inform our friends at Paris of our opinion
+on this head, and leave it to them to point out the way in which your
+zeal may be most useful to them and us, with the least degree of
+trouble to yourself and injury to your domestic interests.
+
+The humility of the Count de Welderen's Memorial seems to have been
+followed by some positive orders to our disadvantage in the West
+Indies. We doubt not you will continue to give our Commissioners at
+Paris the fullest information on all such points, from whom we shall
+consequently obtain it.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       BENJ. HARRISON,
+                                                       ROBERT MORRIS,
+                                                       JAMES LOVELL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[27] Thus in the original, but probably an error in the month, as this
+letter is dated on the eight of May.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                 Paris, May 9th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+At length we have an opportunity of discovering, what we have long
+imagined, the arts which the English government has made use of to
+circulate their various falsehoods through Europe, respecting their
+affairs in America. Their packet from Hardwick to Helvoetsluys is
+fallen into our hands, with every letter from the Ministry and others,
+though I make no doubt, that they will give out, that their most
+important letters are saved. Such a report will answer more ends than
+one. It will set at peace the alarmed consciences, or rather
+apprehensions of their correspondents. We have it under Lord Suffolk's
+Secretary's hands, Mr Fraser, and Mr Eden, that government had no
+advices from New York on the last of April, but that at this
+particular period, when the eyes of all the world would be upon them,
+viz. when opening the budget, it was necessary to toss out a tub to
+the whale, for which reason it was thought necessary to ---- General
+Washington, and to put Mr Dickenson at the head of five thousand men,
+in the lower counties of Delaware. A very curious reason is given for
+promulgating the latter lie, that the less probability there appears
+to be in it, the more readily the world will believe it; for will they
+imagine that Ministers dare circulate what no one will imagine true?
+And they appeal to former untruths of similar absurdity, which had
+their effect, and when found false were overlooked by the indulgent
+public.
+
+The line of Sir Joseph Yorke's conduct is marked and curious, as well
+as that of their Minister at _another Court_; our plan did not wholly
+take effect, or we should have had his despatches likewise.
+
+The miserable Prince of Hesse affords his friends in England some
+merriment, but he can make use of the old adage,--_let them laugh who
+win_. He has the absurdity to be angry with your Gazetteer of Utrecht,
+and the English news writers; and his Minister there is ordered to
+complain on the subject. The reflections of the English Minister, Lord
+Suffolk, on this complaint, are as curious as they are just, and merit
+well reaching the Prince. If he bribes me with a part of his
+slave-money, he shall have the letter at length, signed "Suffolk." I
+always said, and have now proof positive before me, that in the height
+of English arrogance and success, their Chatham-aping Minister, Lord
+George Germain, meant to hold the same language to France, that they
+unfortunately did to Holland, and were prepared, should this Court
+show the least refractoriness, to begin the same game they played in
+1756. An open war they have never feared from France, for they were
+well assured that would not be the case, but the French preparation
+gave them a good excuse for arming completely, and for drawing money
+from the people, and the American Minister, Lord George Germain, was
+too shrewd to let slip an opportunity. We paid so much respect to your
+States, that we would not seize Sir Joseph Yorke's messenger in the
+packet from Helvoetsluys, for we could have boarded her with as much
+ease as the others.
+
+I have not time to communicate the thousand little particulars, which
+have lately been inspected by me, but hope to have a future
+opportunity of doing it. Our captain, being in search of bank bills,
+and bills of exchange, did not pay much attention to _personages_, for
+which I am heartily vexed; however, good nature must make allowances.
+This matter will occasion a little bustle, perhaps a great deal. I had
+rather be sent home to fight manfully, or to make peace politically,
+than to be in this miserable shilly-shally way here. I have the
+pleasure to acquaint you that Hopkins's squadron, all but two, have
+got to sea, so that Sir Peter Parker may write information to the
+Ministry, and this will be giving a good account of them as he
+promised. Our levies went on swimmingly, and had the Howes, sent out
+from here, arrived there when it was intended they should, we should
+have pushed Howe again to Halifax.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Passy, near Paris, May 12th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Last night we received a packet from North America with some advices,
+of which I send you the substance. I see your letters now and then to
+Mr Deane and Mr Carmichael, and thank you for the kind mention made of
+me in them. I am so bad a correspondent, that I do not desire a letter
+from you directly.
+
+But I am nevertheless, with great esteem, dear Sir, your affectionate
+friend,
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+_P. S._ I suppose Mr Deane has sent you the bill.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                            Amsterdam, May 16th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I send you, with some gazettes, an extract of my last despatch, and a
+piece entitled "_Advice to the Hessians_," which, having passed about
+in manuscript through this country, was afterwards printed in a
+handbill, and at length inserted in the periodicals. The day before
+yesterday, the 14th, the bookseller Rey received from the Hague the
+following note, which he immediately sent to me at a country house,
+where I am residing, thinking I might know the person interested,
+which I do not. "Mr Rey is desired to inform the author of '_Advice to
+the Hessians_' to quit Holland immediately. Orders are despatched to
+arrest him." I am not at present at the Hague, but as soon as I shall
+be able to return thither I will inform myself of this affair. In the
+meantime I think it is false that they have given such orders, and
+that this letter was only written to intimidate, as was that written
+from Cassel to one of our journalists.
+
+I am sorry not to be able to devote all my time to your service. I
+might contract many connexions and acquaintances, and make some
+useful journeys, profiting by favorable circumstances and moments both
+at the Hague and Amsterdam, which I am now obliged to let escape, not
+being able to go and remain as long as is necessary in these cities.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                Paris, June 7th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I understand that the British Minister's emissaries are very busy in
+Holland propagating reports of an accommodation between the Congress
+and Great Britain. They are playing the same game here. I have long
+since been convinced that there is no action too atrocious for them to
+attempt, nor any report too ridiculous and improbable for them to
+propagate to serve their purposes. The last authentic intelligence
+from Congress, or from New York, was about the 10th of April, when
+there was not the least prospect of any accommodation. The sole
+overture that had been made was a hint, I may say, from General Lee,
+that Lord and General Howe wished to renew a conference with the
+Congress, and to open a treaty, to which the Congress replied they
+would neither confer nor treat till their independence should be
+acknowledged. You will therefore see at once how very little ground
+there is for such kind of assertions.
+
+I have seen such strange and unexpected events, as well as been
+witness to such extraordinary conduct, that I am almost beyond being
+surprised at anything; yet should an accommodation take place between
+those contending nations, whilst the Congress have the least prospect
+of foreign succor and support, I confess I shall be greatly surprised.
+But if the British Ministry, as they roundly assert, are assured that
+no power in Europe will countenance the United States in their
+independence, and if they can bring the Congress to believe the same,
+who will be surprised if they make terms, and accommodate, rather than
+hazard longer a contest with the most formidable power in Europe, and
+its allies, without prospect on their part of aid or support? I say,
+who will be surprised, or rather who will not be surprised, should
+they still persist in continuing the war unsupported? However, I, who
+know my countrymen perfectly, and the principles by which they are
+actuated, do not believe they will ever accommodate on terms lower
+than independence; yet in the same situation, and with the same offers
+made them, I am certain any other people in the world would
+accommodate.
+
+You are not to impute what I say to vanity. I am not raising my
+countrymen above every other nation in the world; far from it; but
+they are a new people, and have certain notions, that are either new
+in the world, or have been so long unpractised upon, and unheard of,
+except in the speculations of philosophers, that it is difficult,
+perhaps impossible, to compare them with any other nation.
+Unprejudiced reason, and plain common sense, will enable the few to
+judge; but the many, the ninetynine of one hundred at least, will
+determine as usual by the event. I am not fond of bold assertions or
+predictions, but I dare hazard my credit upon it, that either no
+accommodation on any terms will take place, or, if it does, a war in
+Europe will be the immediate consequence; and I submit it to the
+consideration of those Ministers and politicians, who are afraid to
+offend Great Britain now, whilst America alone employs more than her
+whole natural force, how they will be able to contend with her when at
+peace and on good terms, perhaps in alliance with America.
+
+Universal monarchy has at many periods been feared from the House of
+Bourbon, and England has been exhausted to prevent it; she has engaged
+allies pretendedly to keep the balance of power in Europe, as it is
+ridiculously and unintelligibly termed by European politicians; but
+you will permit an American to give his sentiments; they may at least
+divert and make you smile. From the period when the feudal system
+prevailed over all Europe, when every lord was sovereign, to this
+hour, the number of kingdoms or distinct powers in Europe has been
+decreasing, and if we look three centuries back, and reckon up the
+distinct powers then existing and compare them with those of the
+present, and extend our view forward, the whole must at some not very
+distant period be brought into one; for not an age passes, and scarce
+a single war without annihilating or swallowing up several of them.
+But from what quarter is this universal empire in Europe to originate?
+I answer negatively; not from the House of Bourbon, though formidable
+for its connexions and alliances in the South; but I will venture to
+predict, that if Great Britain, by forming an accommodation of
+friendship and alliance with the United States, renders herself, as by
+that measure she easily can, mistress of that world, by taking the
+affairs of the East Indies into her own hands, she will be in
+possession of exhaustless treasure, and in 1780 the charter of the
+East India Company expires, when both the territory and commerce will
+be at her disposal. Add to all this her strict and close alliance
+with Russia. I say, that laying these circumstances together, it is
+easy to foresee, that Great Britain, America, and Russia united, will
+command not barely Europe, but the whole world united.
+
+Russia like America is a new State, and rises with the most
+astonishing rapidity. Its demand for British manufactures, and its
+supplies of raw materials, increase nearly as fast as the American;
+and when both come to centre in Great Britain, the riches as well as
+power of that kingdom will be unparalleled in the annals of Europe, or
+perhaps of the world; like a Colossus with one foot on Russia and the
+East, and the other on America, it will bestride, as Shakspeare says,
+your poor European world, and the powers which now strut and look big,
+_will creep about between its legs to find dishonorable graves_.
+
+I dare say you smile at my prophecy, but you will observe it is a
+conditional one, and I am persuaded, like most other prophecies, will
+neither be believed nor understood, until verified by the event,
+which, at the same time, I am laboring like my good predecessors of
+old, (who prophecied grievous things,) to prevent taking place if
+possible; for it is my ultimate and early wish that America may
+forever be as unconnected with the politics or interests of Europe, as
+it is by nature situated distant from it, and that the friendly ties
+arising from a free, friendly, and independent commerce may be the
+only ties between us.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                               Paris, June 13th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+We are still without any news from America, except what we get by the
+way of England. The campaign was not opened the end of April, Howe
+being scarce of provisions, and without forage. I have seen a letter
+from an English officer in the service, dated the 25th of that month,
+and have been much pleased with the sight of it; a horrid pleasure,
+which derives its source from the prospect of human misery. The flux
+raged much in the army of the Philistines, as the saints of New
+England style it, owing to their food, salted meat, and no vegetables.
+I believe a certain brig, from a place called Rotterdam, has fallen
+into the hands of the chosen people, for one of my countrymen crossed
+the Atlantic in a small vessel of about twenty tons, on purpose to
+take her; at least he informs me that he had carried into Cherbourg a
+brig laden with about two hundred hogsheads of Geneva, some pitch,
+oil, &c. from Rotterdam; which said articles will, before this reaches
+you, be metamorphised into louis d'ors of France.
+
+I have crossed the Chesapeake in this very ferry boat, in which my
+bold countryman crossed the Atlantic. I had been told by a man high in
+office in England, that resistance was a chimera in us, since their
+armed vessels would swarm so much in our rivers, as even to intercept
+the ferry-boats. His assertions are verified _vice versa_; our
+ferry-boats ruin their commerce. You smile, and think me amusing you.
+Be assured that is not the case. This very little boat took on her
+passage another brig of two hundred tons from Alicant, and sent her
+into America; she also took four or five vessels in the Channel,
+chiefly smugglers, and plundered them of their cash, and the Captain
+being a good natured fellow let them go, as he did a transport, which
+he took in sight of a man-of-war, and was obliged to give her up,
+bringing off, however, with him his people. He has promised for the
+future to burn those he cannot send in, and I believe will be as good
+as his word. This is the way the English serve not only ours, but the
+French vessels, which they take on our coast. The Captain tells me, he
+was told this last circumstance by several French Captains, whom he
+saw prisoners, (himself a prisoner) at New York. The eyes of this
+Court will be opened, it is to be hoped, before it is too late, a war
+being inevitable, in my opinion, to force an accommodation. They will
+unite with us on our own terms, and discerning from the past how
+little effective assistance we have to hope from France for the
+future, will make a war with this nation one article of the Federal
+Union. Whichever strikes first will probably succeed. Our valuable
+commerce is more hurt on the French coast than on our own. We have
+lost above £60,000 sterling, from South Carolina only, all which was
+coming to be laid out for French manufactures. It is a fact at
+present, that the manufacturers of this country cannot execute so fast
+as they receive orders.
+
+The English papers published by the authority of General Howe, at New
+York, tell with triumph, that one of their cruisers has sunk a twenty
+gun French ship at some distance from the Delaware, and every soul
+perished. We have some fears that this is the Amphitrite. Another ship
+was taken, French property, a few leagues from the harbor of St
+Pierre, which she had just quitted. If they dare do this in their
+present critical situation, what will they not dare if successful, or
+at peace and united with us?
+
+I wrote you before what I repeat again, that had General Howe got
+possession of Philadelphia last winter, as insolent a Memorial as that
+presented by Sir Joseph York, would have been presented by Lord
+Stormont here, and had not their demands been instantly complied with,
+the immediate destruction of the French commerce would have been the
+consequence. All the navy, all the army contracts are made, for five
+years, in England. Letters of marque were given to contractors, and
+friends of government, for what? To cruise against our trade? No; but
+to be ready at a signal given, to enrich themselves by the first
+captures on the French nation; for the gleanings of our commerce are
+no object to a private adventurer, assured as the English Ministry are
+of the pacific intentions of this Court. From the quarter I mentioned
+to you in my last, they will try his patience, and they do right, for
+the only hope they now have of conquering us is to deprive us of the
+means of resistance, and the hopes of foreign aid, which keeps up the
+spirits of the people. If the Amphitrite is really lost, General
+Washington will open the campaign without any of their military
+stores, so long promised, and so vainly expected, except about twelve
+thousand muskets.
+
+We expect with impatience direct news from America; the moment it
+arrives I will communicate it to you. The gentlemen are well, and beg
+me to present compliments.
+
+I am, Dear Sir, yours, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ You will not mention publicly, for particular reasons, the
+history of the little privateer. When the Captain of our small
+privateer boarded the transport, and told him he was his prisoner, he
+very insolently asked where his ship was, not conceiving that any
+person would have crossed the ocean in so small a boat.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                                      June 14th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have escaped, as much as I am able, from my chains, to make journeys
+to the Hague, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam, in order to maintain and
+increase useful acquaintances; and when I obtain any light I
+communicate it to friends. The great majority, almost the whole of our
+merchants, are for you. The regencies of our cities, and among others
+Amsterdam, seem to take part with the Court, which is allied with and
+friendly to England. But all this is precarious, and will change with
+your fortune. Let us hear of a successful campaign, and your friends
+will show themselves, your partizans will multiply; they will lose by
+degrees this panic terror for a power, that is not loved by the
+multitude. These persons are chiefly large annuitants, whose hearts
+are in the sources of their income.
+
+Another important truth, which I have learned at Amsterdam, is that no
+banking house is willing to take part, to the amount of a shilling, in
+the loan of five millions sterling, which England has raised, because
+they were not content with the offered premium and with her solidity,
+nor sure of selling the stock in detail. Distrust increases here, in
+proportion as England sinks. The premium ought to be two and a half
+per cent, but we know that in England even the bankers are content
+with their sales in detail at five eights per cent.
+
+I have made acquaintance and connexion with a House, to whom I shall
+address in future all my despatches for you, and under cover to whom
+you may in safety address to me your letters, viz. Messrs Lalande &
+Fynge, merchants, Amsterdam. If you will send me regularly, by your
+vessels going to St Eustatia and Curaçoa, one at least of your best
+public papers to the address above pointed out, or in the packets of
+friends in France, I will make good use of it for your service in our
+periodical papers. They complain everywhere of knowing nothing of your
+affairs, but what the English wish Europe should know; and on this
+subject we have often to wait some months before the truth is unfolded
+from a heap of impostures, which do not fail sometimes to answer the
+malice of your enemies in leaving false impressions on minds, which I
+wish to be able to destroy in their birth.
+
+I have the Honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                                     August 22d, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+In spite of my extreme circumspection, your enemies are not altogether
+without knowledge of me, and, not able to persecute me openly, are
+endeavoring secretly to deprive me of my post in this country. I sent
+an account yesterday to Paris, and today to a certain person at the
+Hague, of what has happened to me. I am sustained in all my losses by
+the firm resolution to live and die the faithful servant of United
+America, and by consequence, also, with the most profound respect for
+the honorable General Congress and yourselves. God bless your just
+arms.
+
+_September 5th._--It would be useless for me to give you copies of the
+last letters that I wrote to Paris. They chiefly concern myself; and I
+await their answers. I will say only in general here, that from the
+moment when I was first honored with your orders and your confidence,
+I have devoted to you in every event, my person, services, and
+fidelity; and this for the love I bear to your cause, and on the most
+perfect conviction of its justice. I have conducted myself in the
+execution of your orders with all imaginable prudence, circumspection,
+and patience. At last, however, I am the victim of the suspicions and
+implacable hatred of your enemies. They have found it an easy task to
+injure me indirectly in the sordid, ungrateful, and treacherous heart
+of a person on whom my fortune depended, and who is devoted to them. I
+should be ruined, with my family, if I had not firm confidence of
+receiving in your service the annual stipend allotted for their
+subsistence, of which I have been deprived. To this injustice they
+have added the insult of tempting me by deceitful offers, which I
+rejected with disdain, because I could not accept them without
+exposing your secrets, or at least degrading the character with which
+you have honored me, in the eyes of those who have knowledge of it. My
+refusal has exasperated them against me; they will secretly ruin me as
+far as they are able. But I have said enough of myself.
+
+Your enemies have begun to take the Dutch vessels in Europe as well
+as in America; among others, one for St Eustatia. They are impatient
+at Amsterdam to know how the Regency will take this; and they write me
+that this circumstance will, probably, be the cause of the detention
+of vessels, bound for the Islands, two months in this port.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                        The Hague, October 14th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+If I do not speak to you in all my letters, of the person with whom
+you know I am connected at the Hague, it is not because this connexion
+does not continue daily, but because it is sufficient to give an
+account of our conferences to your honorable commission in Europe, and
+also, considering the time that my packets are on the way, my reports
+would be as superfluous and useless to you, as they would be long and
+difficult to decypher, or dangerous to transmit without cypher. The
+enemy alone would be able to profit by them. Moreover, I doubt not but
+your Commissioners transmit to you the result of all that passes.
+
+Our States-General are assembled; and they have begun with labors,
+which by no means please your enemies. The first was to make a claim
+directly, in the name of their High Mightinesses, upon the English
+Minister for the Dutch vessel destined for St Eustatia, and taken in
+the Channel by an English vessel of war, under the pretext that the
+vessel was American built. (The Dutch had purchased her at Halifax.)
+Our States have sent instructions on this subject to their Envoy at
+London, with orders to have discontinued whatever process has been
+instituted by the captor before the English Judges against this
+vessel; and an order also to the owners of the vessel and cargo not to
+plead before the Judges, because they have proved here, that they had
+conformed in all things to the laws of this country, and to its
+conventions with Great Britain. We are impatient here to learn the
+answer of England.
+
+Their second debate was on a petition in very strong terms, signed by
+a hundred of the principal commercial houses of Amsterdam, (except the
+house of Hope, devoted to England) for the purpose of asking a convoy
+for their vessels going to the West Indies.
+
+I have all this from the best authority; as also that the party of
+your enemies in this country, though yet considerable, are visibly
+losing their influence, and cannot fail to seccumb, especially if the
+English continue to seize our vessels, and if they wish to engage this
+Republic to involve itself in a war on their account; for we desire
+here to be at peace with all the world.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                                 December, 16th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I congratulate you, and the honorable Congress, and all United America
+with all my heart. This news (Burgoyne's capture) has made the
+greatest possible sensation in this country; a deep consternation
+among those who have all their interest in England; a marked joy
+among those who hate your enemies. My correspondent at Amsterdam
+writes thus. "Many thanks for the prompt advice of the affair so
+glorious for our friends. Letters from England received here this
+morning confirm it entirely. All was in motion today in our _cafés_
+and on the exchange. The royalists here are entirely depressed, and
+even fear the like catastrophe for General Howe, if he hazard himself
+further into the country." This news has made an astonishing
+impression everywhere; all is considered lost to the English.
+
+_December 19th._--I have received advice from my correspondents, to
+whom I had forwarded packets according to your orders, by which they
+inform me, under date of 26th of September and 18th of October, of
+having received and forwarded my packets for you. My correspondent at
+Amsterdam, who transmitted them to me, has pointed me to the following
+passage. "The Anti-Americans are not yet recovered from their fright;
+they see the Americans at present with a different eye, and desire
+strongly that the Ministry may be changed, that by mild means we may
+obtain peace as favorable as possible." Another writes from Rotterdam;
+"I received on the 11th, the account of the victory of General Gates.
+It was pulled out of my hands. I pray you as soon as you receive
+advice, that Howe has done as well as Burgoyne, to let me have the
+great pleasure of knowing it first, that I may regale many persons
+with the news. You cannot think what a bustle there is yet in all
+companies and _cafés_ about this affair, and how they fall on the
+English Ministers."
+
+We have confirmation from Germany of the increasing obstructions,
+which the levying of recruits against America meets with.
+
+I this moment learn that the States-General have despatched messengers
+of State extraordinary to all the Provinces; and it cannot be doubted
+that the contents of their despatches, which are kept secret, relate
+only to the catastrophe which the English have suffered in America,
+and to the consequences which it is presumed it will have, as well on
+this side of the ocean as on the other.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 14th, 1778.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have the satisfaction of being able to apprize you, that since the
+declaration of France, made here the 18th of March, affairs have taken
+in this country a most favorable turn. My last journey to Amsterdam
+has not been useless. But I cannot trust to paper, and to the
+vicissitudes of so long a voyage, the detail of my operations. I
+constantly give information to your honorable Commissioners, to whom I
+write almost every post. I will say only in general, that the cabal of
+your enemies fails in all the attempts it has made to engage this
+Republic to put herself in the breach for them. The Republic is firmly
+determined to the most perfect neutrality, if there be war; and I wait
+only the letters of the honorable Commissioners at Paris, whom I have
+requested to propose a friendship and commerce direct and avowed
+between your States and theirs.[28]
+
+We are preparing a third piece upon credit. I will add copies of it to
+my packet when it is printed.
+
+At the moment I am about to seal my packet, I learn for certain, "that
+Lord Chatham on the 7th of April in the House of Lords pleaded with so
+much warmth for not giving up the dependence of America, nor giving
+away the Americans, because he considered them a hereditament of the
+Prince of Wales, the Bishop of Osnaburgh, and the whole royal line of
+Brunswick, that he fainted away, but was soon recovered by the aid of
+two physicians. He confessed however that he did not know what the
+means were of preserving both."
+
+I have the honor, &c.
+
+                                                            DUMAS.[29]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[28] On this subject see a letter to M. Dumas in the Commissioners'
+Correspondence, Vol. I. p. 463.
+
+[29] For a letter from the Committee of Foreign Affairs to M. Dumas,
+dated May 14th, 1778, see the Correspondence of the Commissioners in
+France, Vol. I. p. 386.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             TO M. VAN BERCKEL, PENSIONARY OF AMSTERDAM.
+
+                                                      July 27th, 1778.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Directed by the Plenipotentiaries of the United States of America in
+Paris, to send you the annexed copy of a treaty of amity and commerce
+concluded between France and the said United States, with the
+testimony of the high esteem and consideration they have for you in
+particular, and for all the honorable members of the Regency of
+Amsterdam in general, I acquit myself of these orders with all the
+satisfaction and eagerness, which my respectful devotion to the
+interest of this Republic dictates. The Plenipotentiaries pray you,
+Sir, to communicate this treaty in such a manner that copies of it may
+not be multiplied, until they have written me that it may be published
+and in the hands of all the world. I have carried this morning to Mr
+---- a like copy with the same request.
+
+I add to this a proclamation of Congress that I have received, and the
+communication of which I think will give you pleasure. It will appear
+in the Gazettes in French and Dutch, and ought to satisfy all the
+maritime powers, no less than it does honor to the sagacity and equity
+of Congress.
+
+I am, with the truest respect, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  M. VAN BERCKEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 31st, 1778.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I am much obliged to you for the kindness you have done, in sending me
+the copy of the treaty of amity and commerce, concluded between France
+and the United States of America. And as it was at the request of the
+Plenipotentiaries of the said United States, may I venture to ask you
+to testify to those gentlemen the gratitude of the Regency of
+Amsterdam in general, and my own in particular, for this mark of
+distinction. May we hope that circumstances will permit us soon to
+give evidence of the high esteem we have for the new republic, clearly
+raised up by the help of Providence, while the spirit of despotism is
+subdued; and let us desire to make leagues of amity and commerce
+between the respective subjects, which shall last even to the end of
+time. What troubles me is, that it is not in our power to make the
+other members of the government do as we could wish; in which case the
+Republic would be at once disposed to another course. But I am
+persuaded that the Americans are too wise not to penetrate the true
+causes, or to attribute the inaction of ---- until the present time
+to any want of esteem and affection for the United States.
+
+This Republic is full of people who think rightly, but there will be
+found here, as elsewhere, partizans of a certain system, who, by their
+ignorance or stupidity, or by the wickedness of their hearts and
+abominable vices, hinder the people from doing as much as they could
+wish. I expect to hear important news in the actual circumstances of
+Europe, and am impatient to receive some, which may have a good effect
+on the affair in question. I shall take care that the abovementioned
+treaty does not go into bad hands, and that no copy be made before the
+time.[30]
+
+                                                          VAN BERCKEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[30] For other particulars on this subject, see the Correspondence of
+the Commissioners in France, Vol. I. pp. 376, 456, 463.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                          TO M. VAN BERCKEL.
+
+                                         The Hague, August 17th, 1778.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have had the honor of informing you, that I intended answering your
+favor of the 31st of July last, wherein you did me the honor of
+charging me to send to the Plenipotentiaries of the United States of
+America, in Paris, the testimony of the satisfaction that had been
+given to the honorable Regency of your city and to you in particular,
+by the transmission of a copy of their treaty of amity and commerce
+with France. Not only has your request been complied with, by
+transmitting to those gentlemen a copy of your letter, but I did
+more; for having occasion at the same time to write to America
+directly, I have added another copy for Congress. That body,
+therefore, will, without delay, be informed of the benevolent sympathy
+which the Republic in her turn feels for her worthy sister, as also of
+the happy effects which this sympathy cannot fail to produce, when the
+obstacle unfortunately attached to the ship shall have lost the power
+of obstructing her progress. Meantime, continue, Sir, by your
+patriotic efforts, to clear away difficulties, to provide means, and
+to hasten the moment of a connexion so desirable on both sides, and
+present and future generations will bless your name and your memory.
+
+You will have seen by the gazettes, and especially by that of Leyden,
+with what unanimity and dignity the United States disdained the
+propositions, injurious to their good, great, and august ally, as well
+as to their own majesty, made to them by the British Commissioners. I
+have in hand and will show you the authentic proofs of this, as well
+as of the horror, which the Americans have, of ever returning under
+the iron sceptre they have broken. This confounds the falsehoods, that
+have been uttered and kept up with so much complacency in this
+country. Will they never cease to give credit to such impudent
+assertions? I cannot forbear to transcribe what a friend[31] has
+written to me. This friend does not know in detail what I have been
+doing here. He had asked me how I advanced. I had told him _festino
+lente_.
+
+"In general," says he, "I am not disposed to precipitation, especially
+in important affairs. But I cannot help saying, that there may be
+some danger of the good people in Holland losing some advantages in
+commerce with America by their too great caution. I have reason to
+believe, that the British Ministry have already sent orders to their
+commissioners to give up the point of independence, provided they can
+obtain some exclusive benefit in America."
+
+I wish, however, that we could concert some new movement. There is yet
+time to think of it before the meeting of the assembly. In all that
+concerns myself, I can only promise my best efforts.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[31] William Lee, who was at this time in Francfort.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                         The Hague, December 3d, 1778.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The act of despotism, which I announced to you in my letter of the
+16th,[32] was consummated on the 18th of November. The resolution
+adopted by the majority had a specious design, to wit, to refuse the
+commissaries which the English Ambassador demanded, to agree that the
+article of naval stores, legalized by the treaty of 1674, should be
+for the future contraband; but in the end, all was spoiled by the
+refusal of convoy to ships carrying these articles to France.
+
+But Amsterdam has inserted in the acts a formal protest, by which this
+resolution is declared null, by its having been adopted in a manner
+contrary to the constitution, which requires unanimity in this case.
+The protest indicates, at the same time, the consequences which this
+affair may have. They may be very serious if they push the city to
+extremities. The first will be the closing of the public chest, as far
+as concerns her contribution towards the expenses of the
+confederation. This city alone pays about one quarter of all the
+expenses of the republic, and if they should push things to extremity
+she may ask succors of France, who certainly would not suffer her to
+be oppressed. The Ministerial gazettes in England announce this to
+their nation as a great success. _Qui vult decipi decipiatur._ On the
+other side, France threatens to seize in her turn English property on
+board of Dutch ships, and to deprive these of the favors they enjoy in
+her ports, if the Republic does not cause her flag to be respected by
+the English, according to treaties. On the fifteenth, the States of
+the Province will be reassembled.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[32] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                              MEMORIAL,
+
+ _Presented by His Excellency, the Duc de la Vauguyon, Ambassador of
+       France, to the States-General of the United Provinces._
+
+                                        The Hague, December 7th, 1778.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+The conviction which the king, my master, has had, that their High
+Mightinesses, animated with a desire to perpetuate the perfect harmony
+which subsists between France and the States-General, would conform
+themselves scrupulously, in existing circumstances, to the principles
+of the most absolute neutrality, has induced his Majesty to include
+the United Provinces in the order that he made in the month of July
+last, concerning the commerce and navigation of neutrals. His Majesty
+has less room to doubt of the perseverance of their High Mightinesses
+in these principles, because they have given him repeated assurances,
+and because they are the basis and most solid guarantee of the repose
+and prosperity of the Republic. His Majesty, however, thinks he ought
+to procure, in this respect, an entire certainty; and it is with this
+view that he has directed me to demand of your High Mightinesses an
+explanation, clear and precise, of your final determination, and to
+declare to you that he will decide according to your answer to
+maintain or annul, so far as concerns the subjects of your High
+Mightinesses, the orders which he has already given.
+
+To make better known to your High Mightinesses the views and
+intentions of the king, my master, I have the honor to observe to you,
+that his Majesty flatters himself that you will procure to the flag of
+the United Provinces all the freedom which belongs to it as a
+consequence of their independence, and to their commerce all the
+integrity which the law of nations and treaties secure to it. The
+least derogation from these principles would manifest a partiality,
+the effect of which would impose on him the necessity of suspending
+not only the advantages that his Majesty has insured to your flag, by
+his order in favor of neutrals, but also the material and gratuitous
+favors, which the commerce of the United Provinces enjoys in the
+ports of his kingdom, without any other consideration than the good
+will and affection of his Majesty for your High Mightinesses.
+
+                                                   DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE COMMISSIONERS AT PARIS.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 18th, 1778.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have seen our friend. There are two committees at work, one for the
+new remonstrances occasioned by the English, the other on the answer
+to be made to the Memorial of the French Ambassador.
+
+_December 19th, forenoon._ The Admiralty it was said would not be in
+favor of an answer, till next week; but measures were taken to make
+them pass one this morning, in which were _verba pretereaque nihil_;
+there was nothing changed in the restriction of convoy as to naval
+provisions. The Ambassador having been notified of it, sent today,
+early in the morning, to the Grand Pensionary a note so energetic that
+it will be difficult to avoid giving a precise answer, yes or no,
+which will save or lose to the Seven Provinces the commerce of France.
+
+_December 19th, evening._ In spite of the note of the Ambassador, the
+English party has prevailed in the provincial Assembly, and all except
+Amsterdam have adopted by a majority the opinion of the Admiralty.
+Thereupon, Amsterdam delivered her protest, in which she confirmed her
+former protest against the resolution of the 18th of November. She
+declared further, that she held herself irresponsible and discharged
+of all injurious consequences to the Republic, which the
+unsatisfactory answer they had given France might have. Our friend has
+caused me to read this protest, which is moderate but energetic.
+
+_December 22d._ I have a copy of the resolution and protest. I know on
+good authority that the Court of London has declared, that it is no
+better satisfied with the resolution adopted on the 18th of November.
+Thus those who have wished to be wholly subservient to that Court are
+very badly paid for their complaisance. The above resolution, adopted
+by the majority of the States of Holland, on the 19th of this month,
+has not yet been presented to the States-General. The Assembly of
+Holland, which was to have separated this week, adjourned to Tuesday
+next. The Deputies of the cities will depart on Thursday, to seek, it
+is said, new instructions for another answer, such as the Ambassador
+can receive. Those of Amsterdam remain here, because they have no need
+of an _ad referendum_.
+
+_December 24th._ The British Court has communicated to the Republic
+its order, which declares liable to seizure neutral ships carrying to
+France munitions of war, military and naval. This order is directly
+contrary to the resolution of the 18th of November, by which the
+States refuse to permit this article to be put in question, which
+treaties secure to them.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 25th, 1778.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Your friends here do all that they can to bring about future
+connexions between the two Republics. The phrase, that I have
+underlined in the Declaration,[33] expresses nothing else than the
+authentic information, which the city of Amsterdam has of the
+disposition by which a majority is influenced in the Republic. See in
+it then only the wish of the city, that your virtuous perseverance in
+a union, on which alone depends your sovereignty, may frustrate this
+influence. It can do nothing against you without unanimity; but,
+without this same unanimity, all the good will of the city can at the
+present time do nothing more for you, as to the conclusion of a treaty
+of amity and commerce, than project it, in order to have it ready when
+it shall be able to propose it with some appearance of success. A copy
+of the Memorial, presented on the 7th of December, by the French
+Minister to their High Mightinesses, was sent to me by himself, on the
+8th, to be communicated to you.
+
+They have sent me from Amsterdam, with the same intent, a copy of the
+protest of the city against the resolution adopted by the majority for
+refusing convoy to naval articles. This important paper is very long,
+(20 pages in folio.) Expecting that I may be able to send it to you,
+translated and copied, I will transcribe for you, Gentlemen, what a
+good Dutch citizen, to whom I lent it, thought of it. "It is scarce
+possible for me," said he, "to paint the vexation with which I have
+read the resolve adopted by the majority. A document at once puerile,
+jesuitical, and made unintelligible, as I think, from design, to
+conceal the palpaple contradictions and absurdities of which it is
+full. I can compare it to nothing better than to a serpent, which
+hides its ugly head under the tortuous folds of its horrible body. The
+protest, on the contrary, is the finest document of its kind, that I
+remember to have seen. As precise as it is luminous, it presents at
+once, and gathers, so to speak, into a single focus, all the reasons
+for the opposite sentiment, in a manner to strike all eyes which are
+not voluntarily closed to its light. But we live in the midst of a
+people, who do not hesitate to call white black, and black white,
+provided it favors the party of the Boreases of England and of our
+country." The States of Holland assembled yesterday. They have named
+two committees to deliberate, the one on the answer to be made to the
+Court of France, the other on the new complaints to which the English
+have just given cause. We shall not know the result till next week.
+
+In the circumstances, Gentlemen, in which you see things, it will be
+necessary that I should be provided with a letter of credence from
+your honorable Congress, like, _mutatis mutandis_, that which I
+received from it under date from the 9th to the 12th of December,
+1775, and of which I made use at the Court of France, in April, 1776;
+with this difference, that the other being unlimited and accommodated
+to existing circumstances, that which I now ask for should be limited
+to this Republic, and conformable to the present situation and
+dignity of the American confederation, to the end that I may be able
+to produce it to whomever it shall be proper, and to labor with all
+requisite credit and weight, in concert with your friends in this
+country, on the proposal of amity and commerce between the two
+Republics. Such a paper becomes every day more necessary; and I dare
+say, that it will be necessary to the United States that I should be
+provided with it as soon as possible, so as not to give it publicity,
+which everywhere, except in France and Spain, seems to have no good
+effect; but to continue, as I have done hitherto, to increase and
+strengthen your friends here, and to hinder your enemies from
+realising, at the expense of this Republic, the fable of the monkey
+who drew his chestnuts from the fire with the cat's paw. _Malo esse
+quam videri_ ought to be the constant maxim of all those, who are
+called to serve so fine a cause as that of the American Union. It is
+certainly mine. It is this that dictates the precise answer, which I
+have yet to give to what you had the goodness to write concerning me,
+in the letter with which you honored me, under date of the 14th of May
+of this year, to wit; "We shall write particularly to the gentlemen at
+Paris, respecting the injuries you have received from our enemies, and
+shall instruct them to pay the strictest attention to our engagements
+made to you at the commencement of our correspondence."
+
+These gentlemen, in sending me the letter, wrote me nothing on this
+business, and I have not drawn on them for more than I had agreed with
+Mr Deane, towards the end of the past year, to be necessary for me to
+live here in a style of mediocrity, and with much economy, namely,
+two hundred louis d'ors this year. I shall continue on this footing,
+drawing always a hundred louis d'ors every six months, till it please
+your honorable Congress to fix my stipend. In expectation that the
+situation of affairs will permit the United States to observe in
+respect to me, or in case of my death, in respect to my daughter, the
+wise magnanimity that befits sovereigns, I will serve them, with the
+same zeal as if they gave me double, and with more inward satisfaction
+than if any other Power should give me ten fold. I can assure you,
+Gentlemen, that from the beginning, I have done for the whole American
+people, as I would do for a friend in danger. For the rest, I am well
+satisfied and grateful for the obliging things you have written me on
+this subject, and I do not ask new assurances. It is sufficient for
+me, that you know my true sentiments, and that you will have the
+goodness to make them known to the honorable Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                            DUMAS.[34]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[33] This Declaration is missing.
+
+[34] Several letters from M. Dumas, on the affairs of Holland, in the
+year 1778, may be found in the Commissioners' Correspondence, in the
+first volume of the present work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                         The Hague, January 1st, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On the 19th of December, the Grand Pensionary of Holland, before going
+to the Assembly of the States of Holland, received from the Duc de la
+Vauguyon, Ambassador of France, a note, explanatory of the Memorial
+presented to their High Mightinesses the 7th, as follows.
+
+"The king, determined to have perfect certainty of the final
+resolution of the States, flatters himself that their High
+Mightinesses will explain themselves in a clear and precise manner,
+upon the point of perfect neutrality, which his Majesty is persuaded
+that they do not wish to swerve from. He expects that they will
+preserve to the flag of the United Provinces all the liberty that
+belongs to them, in consequence of their independence, and to their
+commerce all the integrity that the law of nations secures to it, and
+that treaties confirm to it. But this liberty will become illusory,
+and this integrity violated, if their High Mightinesses do not
+maintain it by a suitable protection, and if they consent to deprive
+their subjects of convoy, without which they cannot enjoy, in their
+full extent, the rights which they have acquired and claim. A
+resolution of whatever nature it be whose effect should be to deprive
+them of a protection so legitimate, whether for all branches of their
+commerce in general, or in particular for articles of naval stores of
+any kind, would be regarded under present circumstances as an act of
+partiality derogatory to the principles of an absolute neutrality, and
+would inevitably produce the consequences mentioned in the Memoir,
+which has been sent to their High Mightinesses. It is especially to
+this essential object, and with the further intention to observe a
+neutrality thus described, that the king asks of their High
+Mightinesses an answer clear and precise."
+
+The same morning the States of Holland adopted by a majority the
+following answer, previously advised on the 16th by the Admiralty.
+
+"That their High Mightinesses have always set, and will set, much
+value on a good understanding with his Majesty, and that they would
+cultivate willingly his friendship and affection for this State, by
+all means which insure the independent repose of the Republic, and
+contribute to their perfect neutrality in the existing differences
+between his Majesty and the king of Great Britain. That their High
+Mightinesses do not fear to declare with openness and candor to his
+Majesty, that their design is to adhere scrupulously to the said
+neutrality, in firm confidence that the two powers will be satisfied,
+and that they will permit to their High Mightinesses the peaceable
+enjoyment of it. That the commerce and navigation of the Republic,
+being one of its principal means of subsistence, its free exercise
+their High Mightinesses have strongly at heart. Their High
+Mightinesses flatter themselves also that the two powers are inclined,
+and will be persuaded to leave to them the course which the law of
+nations and treaties guaranty, and that if any discussion takes place
+on this subject, it will be attributed solely to the moderation and
+caution of their High Mightinesses, in compliance with the suggestions
+of prudence, if to measures adapted to the protection of their
+commerce and their free navigation, without distinction as to the
+property of the cargoes, and to the support of their neutrality, they
+add others, intended to avoid all occasions of misunderstanding; that
+their High Mightinesses are too firmly convinced of his Majesty's
+justice, to doubt that he will be satisfied with this candid
+exposition of the sentiments of their High Mightinesses, or that he
+will continue to observe, in his treatment of neutrals, and
+consequently of the subjects of their High Mightinesses, the rules,
+which his Majesty has himself considered to be conformable to the law
+of nations; and that he will continue in the disposition, on which the
+commerce, at present existing between the subjects of both powers, to
+the mutual advantage of both parties, is founded."
+
+The resolution adopting this answer was invalidated at the same time
+by the following protest.
+
+"The Deputies of the city of Amsterdam, adhering to their protest and
+note inserted on the 18th of November last, against the resolution
+adopted the same day, on the final remonstrance of the merchants of
+this country, on the subject of the seizure of their vessels by the
+English, and the carrying them into English ports, as is therein more
+fully detailed, have declared, that they cannot agree to the
+resolution of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, adopted this day on
+the Memorial presented to their High Mightinesses by the Duc de la
+Vauguyon, wherein he demands the observance of an exact neutrality
+during the existence of the troubles with England in general, and the
+maintenance of the freedom of the flag of the Republic, as well as of
+the commerce and navigation of this country to the French ports in
+particular; unless in the meantime should be given by the said
+resolution the clear and precise answer demanded by the said Memorial,
+and on which depends in great part the commerce of this country to the
+ports of France, declaring also that they would not be in any manner
+responsible for the evils that come upon the commerce and navigation
+of the Republic, as well from the present resolution as from that of
+the 18th of November last."
+
+This has not hindered the States-General from adopting also the
+answer. On the 30th of December it was carried, by the agent of their
+High Mightinesses, to the Ambassador, who did not accept it, as not
+being such as the King demanded. On which they have determined to send
+it to M. de Berkenrode, at Paris, to endeavor to cause it to be
+accepted by his Majesty.
+
+On my return here on Tuesday evening, I went to see our friend.
+Nothing has yet been done; but in spite of all that can be done
+tomorrow, said he, things will finally go well. He told me also, that
+the credit of Sir Joseph Yorke with a certain great personage was
+manifest more and more, and that there was no longer room to doubt
+that the latter had secret engagements with the Court of London.
+
+I was the next day at the house of the French Ambassador. Their High
+Mightinesses had sent him their answer to the Memorial, and he had
+sent it back, as not admissible. He has in his pocket the Declaration
+of the King, by which the subjects of the State are excluded from his
+order in favor of neutrals, and deprived of the privileges which they
+enjoy in the ports of the kingdom. It will be soon published. This
+affair will do as much good to the Anti-English in these provinces, as
+the taking of Bergen-op-zoom did them harm thirty years ago. The time
+will come when they will be obliged to have recourse to the city of
+Amsterdam, to remove the proscription, which too much complaisance to
+the Court of London is drawing upon these Provinces.
+
+Late on Wednesday I went to see our friend. He could only give me one
+moment. The answer of the States-General to the Memorial of the
+French Ambassador is the same as that adopted by a majority in the
+States of Holland, excepting some additions which are not material.
+The Deputies have not even consulted their respective Provinces
+thereon; another blow given to the constitution. One of the Deputies,
+with whom I had some conversation, gave me as the only excuse;--"_It
+is not the first time we have done it._" I have seen a letter from an
+able hand, in one of the Provinces, wherein much censure and heavy
+reproaches are cast on this method of proceeding. Friesland can least
+of all dispense with the commerce of France.
+
+_January 2d._ There is today a grand concert at the _Hotel de France_.
+The Court is there. The Ambassador does the reverse of what is
+practised at the theatre; he began with the farce, and will finish
+with the tragedy. They flatter themselves here, that he will not press
+matters, because they have given him to understand that they have
+convoked the Admiralty to deliberate more fully on the convoys. But
+they do not say what all the world knows, that they have sent the
+rejected answer to the Ambassador of the Republic at Paris to endeavor
+to have it accepted by the King. Labor lost.
+
+Our friend is fortunate in all this. He has the finest part to
+perform, and he will perform it to his glory. He advances rapidly in
+the paths of former great men of the Republic. On the other side, the
+firmness of Amsterdam is seconded very seasonably by the Memorial.
+
+I doubt not, Gentlemen, but the result has made you see the importance
+of what has passed here, and how far my proceedings have been useful
+in the business, to bring it to the point where it now is.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE COMMISSIONERS AT PARIS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 12th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The States of Holland assemble tomorrow. Our friend comes this evening
+and I shall see him. They are here every day more embarrassed. Far
+from the answer to the Memoir sent by their High Mightinesses to their
+Ambassador at Paris being accepted, the Ambassador of France has
+received an express from his Court, the purport of which we shall know
+at the same time with the result of the deliberations of the States of
+Holland.
+
+_January 13th._ The Assembly today has been occupied only with simple
+formalities. I know on very good authority, that Amsterdam will have
+permission to trade to the French Isles in America, as well directly
+as by way of St Eustatia and Curaçoa; and I have been authorised to
+inform certain armed houses [_maisons armés_] of it, in order that
+they may be able to speculate in advance upon it.
+
+_January 14th._ They wished to resolve today by a majority for a delay
+of four months longer for the convoys of ship timber. All at once
+Haerlem is ranged on the side of Amsterdam, and Alcmaer has taken the
+matter _ad referendum_; which has much displeased a grand personage
+present. The Grand Pensionary cried out also much upon it, and wished
+to engage the Deputies of this city to accede to the opinion of the
+majority; but they alleged the orders of their city in excuse. This is
+the cause that the resolution cannot be passed till next week. It will
+be such, moreover, that the Court of France will regard it as
+derogatory to perfect neutrality; for the majority will always
+prevail, but then Amsterdam, Haerlem and perhaps Alcmaer will
+protest. You see, Gentlemen, that the opposition not only sustains
+itself, but gains ground. This opposition was almost nothing six
+months ago; it was a feeble plant that could only stand by bending
+when the wind blew; now it is a solid and robust body, well supported,
+which resists all the efforts of the English party, which has broken
+them, and which will succeed at length in prevailing over this party,
+and will restore to the Republic its ancient dignity.
+
+_January 16th, morning._ Yesterday, the 15th, in the evening, the
+Ambassador sought me out to go and confirm, on his part, to our
+friend, that this morning he should present a Memorial to the
+President of their High Mightinesses, with the new order of the King,
+which excludes the commerce and navigation of ---- from the favors
+which France permits neutrals to enjoy on the sea and in her ports,
+and preserves them only to the flag of the city of Amsterdam, and that
+after that he should, (though against usage) make the circuit of the
+hotels of all the cities of Holland, and testify to their respective
+Pensionaries the regret and repugnance with which the King will see
+himself forced by themselves to publish the said order. I waited at
+the _Hotel de France_ till two o'clock in the morning, to give to the
+Ambassador, who supped abroad, the answer of our friend. He sent it
+off the same night by express to his Court, and I hold myself ready
+this morning to report on his part to our friend the manner in which
+all shall pass.
+
+_16th, evening._ This morning the Ambassador, after having presented
+his Memorial to the President of their High Mightinesses, made the
+rounds to give information of it to the Grand Pensionary of Holland,
+to the Secretary of their High Mightinesses, to the Prince
+Stadtholder, to the Pensionaries of the cities of Amsterdam, Dort,
+Brille, and Rotterdam. He was nearly two hours with the Deputies of
+this last city. He testified to all of them the regret of the King in
+having to withdraw from them his favors, and to permit one patriotic
+city alone to enjoy them. All manifested more discontent at this
+distinction, than at the privation, and there is danger of I know not
+what fatal consequences. They pretend that it is a thing without
+example and against their constitution to treat with one city only.
+The Ambassador replied to them, that this was a wrong view, that there
+was neither treaty nor convention between France and Amsterdam, but
+that he merely let this place continue to enjoy what she enjoyed
+before, and that the Republic ought to be on the contrary well
+satisfied that by means of this city she would not lose all. The next
+week he will see the Pensionaries of the other cities. For the rest I
+am of opinion that all this will be arranged yet satisfactorily, and
+that the Republic, seeing that the thing is serious, will take the
+part of giving satisfaction to France.
+
+_January 17th._ I gave the Ambassador today an account of the
+discourse that I held yesterday with our friend. I must return
+tomorrow with the Ambassador. I only tell you, Gentlemen, the
+essentials, and spare you the detail of messages, which they charge me
+with, whose result only is interesting. My interposition saves the
+noise there would be from too frequent interviews between persons who
+are watched.
+
+_January 20th._ The two Pensionaries of Amsterdam went this morning on
+the part of their city to the house of the Ambassador, to give thanks,
+and to say that they hoped his Majesty would not deprive the other
+confederates of favors, which he is willing to preserve to them.
+Thence they went to the Grand Pensionary, to give him information of
+this proceeding. In place of sour looks and altercations, which they
+expected as well at the States of the Province today as elsewhere,
+they were agreeably surprised to find themselves treated everywhere
+with much respect. Those of Rotterdam, among others, sought their
+intercession for their city. The merchants of Rotterdam came to
+implore the protection of the gentlemen of Amsterdam, who properly
+sent them away to their own magistrates. The Ambassador, on his part,
+notified this morning the Grand Pensionary by word of mouth, and
+afterwards, at his request, by a note in form of a letter, that the
+King has fixed the 26th of January to publish the new order, if he
+should not receive such an answer as he demands.
+
+_January 21st._ Nothing is done yet. The advice of the Admiralty
+proposed today to the States of Holland is in contradiction with
+itself. They annul in truth their famous resolution of the 18th of
+November, as to the restriction of convoy, (from which they wished
+then to exclude ship timber) but would suspend the adoption of the
+resolution as to the extension of these convoys, until the time when
+they would assign their crews. This is only pushing time by the
+shoulders; it is the Lernean hydra, whose heads started up in place of
+those that were destroyed. For they agree on all the rest. There were
+yesterday only altercations and reproaches, to which those of
+Amsterdam answered with as much moderation and decency as firmness.
+All has been deferred till tomorrow, and if they will decide the
+affair by the majority, Amsterdam will protest anew.
+
+_January 22d._ Nothing yet is done in the Assembly of Holland. The
+Grand Pensionary had proposed a draft of a resolution, which
+Amsterdam would not agree to, because there were terms, which appeared
+deceptive, and which were susceptible of a different explanation at
+the Court of London from what it might receive at that of France. The
+principal is this; they would delay the final resolution for the
+extension of convoy to the 26th, the day when the Admiralty must
+assign the crews and armaments. Now this extension will only signify
+in relation to one of the powers, the force of the convoys; in
+relation to the other, the suspension of convoy for ship timber. Those
+of Haerlem have, therefore, proposed some amendments. If all
+acquiesce, they may tomorrow adopt a unanimous resolution that may,
+perhaps, satisfy France.
+
+_January 23d._ Yet undecided. All the cities, meanwhile, are of one
+mind with Amsterdam, on the plan proposed by Haerlem. But a great
+personage, with the majority of the nobility, still dispute about the
+terms. Pending this, a courier has been despatched today to Paris, to
+obtain, if possible, a further delay of a week in favor of the city of
+Amsterdam, which strongly interceded in behalf of the others. It
+remains to be known if this courier can arrive in time on the 26th.
+Amsterdam has declared today that she will remain firm and immovable,
+and will neither suffer herself to be forced or deceived. A very
+strong expression.
+
+_January 29th._ Contrary to all appearances they have not resolved
+anything today. The answer proposed by the Admiralty was so obscure
+and ambiguous, that Amsterdam has given notice, that she will protest
+again that it was only necessary to communicate to France the
+resolution of the 26th instant, by which the republic repealed that
+of the 18th of November, which displeased France, and embraced the
+most perfect neutrality. They were not willing to follow this advice,
+and they have again prolonged the Assembly till Tuesday or Wednesday
+next. They wish to deceive us, said our friend, but they will not
+succeed.
+
+_February 4th._ The Assembly of Holland resolved today, by a majority,
+on the answer to be given to France, referred from yesterday, against
+which Amsterdam with Haerlem has renewed formally her protestation of
+the 19th of December. After which the Assembly separated. It will meet
+again the 25th of February.
+
+_February 16th._ The States-General have not yet made answer to the
+Ambassador. The Deputies of the Provinces have declared, that they
+were not authorised thereto by their constituents.
+
+I am returned from Amsterdam, where I have been to see if the four new
+Burgomasters, who have entered upon office, are in the same
+disposition as those of the past year; and I have found that all goes
+on well; as also if the merchants intend to profit forthwith by the
+privileges conceded to them. A letter will not admit of the details,
+which I have communicated hereon to the Ambassador of France. The
+paper here annexed, which I have drawn up and circulated, will give
+you a summary view of all that has passed of interest.
+
+Our friend has sent me the materials for a plan of a treaty between
+the two Republics. I am occupied with it. As soon as it is drafted, I
+will make copies for America and Paris.
+
+The long silence that America keeps, and the rumors which are
+industriously spread, and which nobody has authentically
+contradicted, of divisions that prevail there, of the submission even
+of two or three of the most Southern States, and even of Virginia,
+make me see and experience more reserve and timidity, on the part even
+of those of Amsterdam, than in the past year. I pray God to guard
+America from traitors as well as from open enemies.
+
+_February 24th._ There is a letter from the Prince Stadtholder to the
+States of the Province of Friesland, which will have serious
+consequences, because it is very partial to England and against
+France. I had the good fortune, Friday the 19th, to be able to procure
+an authentic copy of it for the Ambassador. I learned the same day,
+that it was printed at Amsterdam. It sells, circulates rapidly, and
+makes much noise.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 1st, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have nothing to add to the extracts here annexed, except to press
+anew the necessity there is that the most honorable Congress send me a
+commission in all its forms of _Chargé d'Affaires_, and agent of the
+United States of America in the United Provinces of the Low Countries,
+with power to manage and watch over their political interests, and
+those of the navigation and commerce of the American Union, as well
+near their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United
+Provinces of the Low Countries, now and at all times when opportunity
+shall be presented, as near each Province, city, and individual of
+this Republic.
+
+The opposition formed, sustained, and consolidated against the
+enormous influence which your enemies had over this republic, is the
+work of three persons, of whom I have the honor in my sphere to be
+one.
+
+With orders and powers more precise on the part of Congress, I should
+have been able to contract long since, with merchants of this country,
+for useful expeditions, and to defeat divers adventurers and
+intriguers, who, falsely boasting of full powers and of credentials
+which they have not, have abused and much deceived the people and
+compromised the dignity and credit of the United States. The little I
+have been able to do in this respect, has been done with a pure zeal,
+and a disinterestedness and discretion, which I dare propose as an
+example to others, who may be called to a similar service. I can
+boldly defy all the world to accuse me of having in any case preferred
+my own interest to that of the American people.
+
+My request, at the commencement of this letter, has for its object the
+service of the United States of America, as much at least as the
+proper care of my fortune, of my family, my honor and credit, my
+character and safety. The earliest of your agents and correspondents,
+Gentlemen, in Europe, out of Great Britain, has risked all these
+things from the time he received and accepted this honor, with a
+confidence equal to that with which it was offered.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 29th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+In all this month nothing has passed remarkable here, unless it be the
+Memorial presented by the English Ambassador. But in this interval I
+have taken part in a secret operation, which has confided the credit
+and secrets of America to a House at Amsterdam, truly patriotic, and
+not suspected of collusion with the enemy. Dr Franklin is fully
+apprized of it all.
+
+Here is an extract from a letter to him.
+
+"The States of the Province of Holland have assembled here this
+morning. It is only an ordinary session; and our friend said to me
+pleasantly, '_We have only come to hold the fair._' He foresees also
+that the resolution of the States-General, as to convoy, will not be
+such as to engage France to revoke or mitigate her last edict of
+navigation. One of the first Houses of Amsterdam, and whose
+predilection for England is known, has sold £60,000 of English funds.
+This has revived the idea of a declaration from Spain, and has
+depressed the English funds at Amsterdam from three to four per cent.
+There is a shower of pamphlets here, both in French and Dutch, against
+the last Memoir of Sir Joseph Yorke."
+
+For a long time, Gentlemen, we have heard nothing here of American
+affairs, but through the wicked channel of your enemies, who do not
+cease to paint the Americans as a people disunited and discordant.
+These eternal repetitions, and their pretended success in Georgia, do
+not fail to disquiet your friends and to embarrass all my endeavors.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                            The Hague, May 15th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have already had the honor of informing you many times, that some of
+my frequent letters to Passy are of a nature not to be communicated to
+you, even in abridgement, through the risk that my packets run of
+being intercepted; such are, particularly, divers letters written to
+Dr Franklin, from the 25th of January to the 29th of April. There is a
+cabal of Genevan and Swiss bankers, as well in France as at Amsterdam,
+friendly to your enemies, which does as much injury as it can under
+the mask of friendship. It was my duty to unmask some of them to Dr
+Franklin, and to make known to him a safe Anti-English patriotic
+House, having the confidence of the magistracy of Amsterdam. The
+Ministry in France know it.
+
+Upon the last petitions of the merchants of Dort, Amsterdam,
+Rotterdam, and Friesland, the States-General, after having previously
+deliberated and advised, and then reconsidered the affair, adopted on
+Monday, the 26th of April, the resolution to equip for the service of
+the current year, 1779, thirtytwo vessels of war, as follows;
+
+     4 vessels of 60 guns, 350 men =  240 guns, 1400 men.
+     1   "        60  "    340  "  =   60  "     340  "
+     1   "        60  "    290  "  =   60  "     290  "
+     8   "        50  "    300  "  =  400  "    2400  "
+     2 frigates   40  "    250  "  =   80  "     500  "
+     8   "        36  "    230  "  =  288  "    1840  "
+     7   "        20  "    150  "  =  140  "    1050  "
+     1 snow       12  "    100  "  =   12  "     100  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+    32 vessels and frigates,         1280 guns, 7920 men.
+
+Of these thirtytwo vessels and frigates, the College of Admiralty of
+Meuse will furnish
+
+     1 vessel of  60 guns  350 men =   60 guns   350 men.
+     1    "       50  "    300  "  =   50  "     300  "
+     3 frigates   36  "    230  "  =  108  "     690  "
+     1    "       20  "    150  "  =   20  "     150  "
+     1  snow      12  "    100  "  =   12  "     100  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+    7 vessels and frigates,           250 guns  1590 men.
+
+The College of Amsterdam,
+
+     2 vessels of 60 guns  350 men =  120 guns   700 men.
+     4    "       50  "    300  "  =  200  "    1200  "
+     2 frigates   40  "    250  "  =   80  "     500  "
+     2    "       36  "    230  "  =   72  "     460  "
+     2    "       20  "    150  "  =   40  "     300  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+    12 vessels and frigates,          512 guns  3160 men.
+
+The College of Zealand,
+
+     1 vessel of  60 guns  350 men.
+     1    "       60  "    290  "
+     1    "       50  "    300  "
+     1 frigate    36  "    230  "
+     1    "       20  "    150  "
+    --           ---      ----
+     5 ves. &c.  226 guns 1320 men.
+
+The College of West Friesland and the Quarter of the North,
+
+     1 frigate of 36 guns  230 men =   36 guns   230 men.
+     2    "       20  "    150  "  =   40  "     300  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+     3 frigates                        76 guns   530 men.
+
+The College of Friesland,
+
+     1 vessel of  60 guns  340 men =   60 guns   340 men.
+     2    "       50  "    300  "  =  100  "     600  "
+     1 frigate    36  "    230  "  =   36  "     230  "
+     1    "       20  "    150  "  =   20  "     150  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+     5 vessels and frigates,          216 guns  1320 men.
+
+The expense of this enrollment of seven thousand nine hundred and
+twenty men amounts, at thirtysix florins a head, by the month, to two
+hundred and eightyfive thousand seven hundred and twenty florins each
+month, and for fourteen months, to three millions nine hundred and
+ninetyone thousand six hundred and eighty florins, of which the moiety
+(or one million nine hundred and ninetyfive thousand eight hundred and
+forty florins) is taken from the appropriation _de la petition de
+guerre_ of the 3d of November of the past year, and the other moiety
+from the appropriation _des droits augmentés d'entrée et de gabelle_.
+
+The payments will be made to the respective Colleges of Admiralty on
+the usual footing, to wit, the quarter of the whole charge of each
+vessel, when the vessel shall be equipped, the half when the vessel
+shall have served twelve months after the enlistment of the crew, and
+fourteen months if it is a vessel continued in the service after
+having been equipped for former service. The resolution enjoins on the
+Admiralty to hasten the equipments, to the end that every month there
+may be a convoy for the ports of France and England; for Lisbon and
+the Mediterranean as often as wanted; and for the West Indies twice a
+year.
+
+I got a knowledge of this resolution the 1st of May, in the evening.
+The next day I apprized the French Ambassador, who would not believe
+it at first. I gave him a copy, and sent a translation to Passy. The
+secrecy with which they adopted it, and kept it unknown many days,
+shows that they wished to prevent its publicity, and as it is yet a
+little deceptive as to ship timber, which is neither named nor
+excepted, it will not be, probably, communicated to the French
+Ambassador. It is important, as serving to support the Province of
+Holland against the other Provinces, all devoted to the Court.
+
+On the 11th of May, the body of merchants of Amsterdam presented an
+address to the Admiralty to hasten the convoy in consequence of the
+above resolve of the 26th of April, on the faith of which they had
+already made their speculations and taken their measures, especially
+as to ship timber.
+
+On the 14th I learned that the Admiralty not having answered
+satisfactorily the above address of the merchants of Amsterdam, the
+latter had prepared an address to their High Mightinesses, to
+remonstrate more strongly than ever. On the other side, the excitement
+and murmurs increasing at Rotterdam, whence the merchants threaten to
+withdraw and establish themselves at Amsterdam, the Deputies of
+Rotterdam have made a proposition to the Provincial Assembly, that
+they shall finally adopt, in concert with the other Provinces, or, in
+case of their default, with Holland alone, a decided resolution, and
+measures to put an end to all these differences, and to prevent the
+total ruin of the city of Rotterdam. The proposition has been
+committed.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    M. CHAUMONT TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Passy, September 2d, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I desire you may repair immediately to Amsterdam to render all the
+services that may depend on you to a squadron under command of Mr
+Jones, bearing the American flag, which is bound to the Texel.
+
+The vessels which compose this squadron are,
+
+    Bon Homme Richard,   Capt. Jones,      42 guns.
+    Alliance,            Capt. Landais,    36 guns.
+    Pallas,              Capt. Cottineau,  30 guns.
+    Cerf,                Capt. Varages,    18 guns.
+    Vengeance,           Capt. Ricot,      12 guns.
+
+Vessels which may have joined.
+
+    Monsieur,            Capt. ----,       40 guns.
+    Grandville,          Capt. ----,       12 guns.
+    Mifflin,             Capt. ----,       22 guns.
+
+It is necessary that you require of the commandants of these vessels
+the greatest circumspection not to offend the Dutch and not to afford
+subject for any complaint.
+
+If this squadron has need of any refreshments or aid, you will address
+yourself to M. De Neufville to procure them.
+
+As soon as said squadron arrives, I wish you to advise me of it, that
+I may take the necessary measures to send to the Americans the
+supplies of which they may have need.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   LE RAY DE CHAUMONT.
+
+Approved, B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO B. FRANKLIN.
+
+                                      The Hague, September 14th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Political affairs continue here on the same footing as I left them.
+Convoys are not granted, not even for vessels and cargoes of which
+there is no dispute, because they are unwilling that vessels loaded
+with timber should take advantage of the opportunity, and join
+themselves to the fleet under convoy. On the other side, Leyden has at
+length joined the party of Amsterdam, which consists, at present, of
+eight or nine cities in favor of the deliberations for the Province to
+provide separately for the protection of its commerce; otherwise all
+the trafficers in wool, who do a great business in this article, among
+others for Flanders, both French and Austrian, will retire from Leyden
+to Amsterdam.
+
+The Ambassador of France wishes that the great city had shown itself
+less inflexible against the army augmentation, and that it had set off
+this augmentation against unlimited and effectual convoys. I am not of
+this opinion. I think they would thereby put a dangerous weapon into
+the hands of the Anglomanes, and that the convoys would be no less
+evaded, and the republican party led by the nose. Our friend reasons
+better, in wishing that his country should be a commercial, and not a
+mediating power in Europe. In fact, since from the acknowledgment of
+the Anglomanes themselves there is little to fear for the Republic,
+(for on the part of the English it is clear that it is not military
+but naval forces that she wants); and since both are so much at the
+disposal of the Anglomanes, it is as well for us and for the Republic
+itself that they should remain on the old footing; and this probably
+will happen; for commerce, seeing they do not protect it, will not the
+next year pay the double of the right of entry and the excise; and
+this will reduce the fleet of the Republic from thirty two to
+twentytwo vessels, great and small.
+
+_September 20th._ The Court of France has made a declaration here,
+that it has prohibited throughout the kingdom, the importation of
+cheese from North Holland. This interdict will not be removed until
+the cities of North Holland have acceded to the affair of convoy.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                      The Hague, September 20th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Returned from Passy, where I have been detained some weeks longer than
+I had expected, and during which, affairs have not suffered here from
+my absence, because I constantly kept up correspondence with our great
+and worthy friend in this country; returned also from Amsterdam, where
+I was ordered to go for some secret business; I have the honor to send
+you herewith the public papers, which will apprize you of what has
+happened throughout Europe these last few months; you will see also by
+my letter to Dr Franklin, the present state of affairs in this
+Republic.
+
+Dr Franklin has not yet had leisure to send me back the plan of a
+future treaty with this Republic, to which he is to join his remarks.
+
+I am to set out immediately for Texel, with letters and secret
+instructions to Commodore Jones's squadron, whose arrival there I
+expect every hour; therefore I must finish here abruptly, and defer
+writing to his Excellency, the President of Congress, concerning his
+letter of the 3d of January last to Dr Franklin, also a resolution of
+Congress about Colonel Diricks, of December 23d, 1778. I only add
+here, that I have no doubt the Colonel is fitter for fighting battles
+than for negotiating a treaty or a loan.
+
+Neufville, too, seems to me, as well as to the gentlemen at Passy, to
+have promised more than he can now effectuate respecting a loan;
+however, I still recommend his house to other good American merchants,
+as a house very proper to deal with in the mercantile line. But _ne
+sutor ultra crepidam_.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+       _Agreement between John Paul Jones and Captain Pearson._
+
+It is hereby agreed between John Paul Jones, Captain in the American
+navy, Commander of the continental squadron now in the road of Texel;
+and Richard Pearson, Captain in the British navy, late Commodore of
+the British Baltic fleet, and now a prisoner of war to the United
+States of North America; as follows.
+
+1st. Captain Jones freely consents, _in behalf of the United States_,
+to land on the Island of Texel the dangerously wounded prisoners now
+in his hands, to be there supported and provided with good surgeons
+and medicine, at the expense of the United States of America, and
+agreeable to the permission, which he has received from the
+States-General of Holland, to guard them with sentinel in the fort on
+the Texel, with liberty to remove them again from thence at his free
+will and pleasure.
+
+2dly. Captain Pearson engages, _in behalf of the British Government_,
+that all the British prisoners that may be landed as mentioned in the
+last article shall be considered afterwards as prisoners of war to the
+United States of America, until they are exchanged, except only such
+as may in the meantime die of their wounds.
+
+3dly. Captain Pearson further engages, _in behalf of the British
+Government_, that should any of the British subjects, now prisoners of
+war in the hands of Captain Jones, desert or abscond, either from the
+fort on the Texel or otherwise, in consequence of the first article,
+an equal number of American prisoners shall be released, and sent from
+England to France by the next cartel.
+
+4thly. And Captain Jones engages, _on the part of the United States_,
+that if any of the prisoners who shall be landed should die while on
+shore in his custody in the fort, no exchange of them shall be
+claimed.
+
+Done on board the American frigate the Pallas, at anchor in the Texel,
+this 3d day of October, 1779.
+
+                                                      R. PEARSON,
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     THE COLLEGE OF ADMIRALTY OF AMSTERDAM TO THE STATES-GENERAL.
+
+                                         Amsterdam, October 8th, 1779.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+Captain Riemersma, commanding in the absence of Vice-Admiral Reynst,
+in the Road of the Texel, has informed us by message, of the entry
+into the said road of five vessels, viz. two French frigates, one
+American frigate, and two prizes made by them, under command of Paul
+Jones, who has addressed himself in person to said Captain Riemersma,
+and has asked him if he might put on shore the English Captains, and
+hire also a house for the recovery of the wounded; the said Captain
+demanding thereon our orders, and asking besides if he should return
+this visit.
+
+On which we have answered to Captain Riemersma, that we could not
+grant the request made by the commander of these vessels, to put on
+shore the English Captains, nor permission to hire a house on shore to
+put his sick and wounded in; that for the rest, we suppose that the
+instructions received from his Most Serene Highness would enable the
+said Captain to comport himself suitably.
+
+Besides, that he the Captain ought to look out, that for unloading, or
+in advancing further into the Roadstead than is necessary for
+protection from storms and other accidents, he should not contravene
+by his vessels the Placard of their High Mightinesses, of November 3d,
+1756.
+
+We have the honor to submit all this to the view of your High
+Mightinesses, hoping that our conduct will be so fortunate as to meet
+your approbation, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+         _Placard of 1756, referred to in the above Letter._
+
+"The States-General of the United Provinces, to all to whom these
+presents shall come, Greeting. Be it known, that having been advised
+that some vessels of war or foreign privateers, abusing the liberty
+that was granted them of resorting to and anchoring in our harbors, in
+case of want or accident, and of bringing with them the vessels or
+effects taken by them from their enemies, have undertaken to sell or
+dispose of their said prizes, which is directly against our intention,
+and may give rise to a misunderstanding between us and our neighbors,
+which we desire to prevent as much as is in our power, by all possible
+means, having considered what may best conduce to this end, we have
+thought good to declare, ordain and resolve as follows.
+
+"Hereafter all vessels of war and foreign privateers, whatever they
+may be, which shall enter into the roadsteads, rivers and waters, of
+this State, shall hoist on their arrival the flag of the nation to
+which they belong, and not advance further into said rivers and
+waters, than to secure themselves from tempests and other perils,
+without permission of the College of Admiralty, in the district in
+which they may be. They shall abstain from every act which may offend
+or aggrieve any one, whether stranger or subject of the State, but
+conduct on the contrary, in said waters in a manner not to harm or
+give cause of complaint to any one, under penalty not only of not
+receiving any assistance, but also of being expelled by force. In case
+that any vessel of war or privateer having letters of reprisal refuse
+to hoist on arrival its flag, or may be in the said waters and rivers
+without permission of the College of Admiralty in the district where
+they are, the crew will be regarded and treated as pirates. All
+officers of vessels of war or foreign privateers, which shall enter
+into the mouths of rivers of this State with their vessels and prizes,
+or with their prizes only, shall be bound to abstain from announcing
+or publishing in any manner said prizes, from discharging them in
+whole or in part, from selling or disposing of them; but they shall
+keep or retain them entire, and put to sea with them, returning in the
+same state as when they arrived; under pain of being deprived of said
+prizes, which shall be seized by the officers of this State and kept
+by the College of Admiralty of the district, till the counsellors of
+said College, having taken cognizance of the fact, shall judge proper
+to dispose of them agreeably to the exigency of the case.
+
+"And to the end that these orders may be better executed, all officers
+and masters of privateers, which shall anchor in the harbors of this
+State, shall be holden to give notice at the first place where they
+shall come, of the cause of their arrival to the officers charged by
+the State with the inspection of the entry of vessels, to present to
+said officers their commissions, and especially to declare what prizes
+they have made, on what nation they have made them, and in general in
+what their cargoes consist. Moreover the said vessels of war or
+privateers shall permit the said officers to put persons on board said
+prizes to guard them, and prevent anything from being sold or
+discharged contrary to the present decree, and in this manner they
+shall put to sea with their prizes, and depart from the harbors of
+this State.
+
+"And to give more effect to our intentions, and the better to prevent
+all difference on this subject, we advise by these presents all the
+inhabitants of this State, and others who reside here, that they will
+have to conform to their provisions, and will be careful of taking
+upon themselves to purchase, accept, or take for their own account,
+part or the whole of any prize brought into the harbors of this State
+under any pretext whatever, and also of aiding or facilitating, with
+their persons, vessels, or boats the sale, discharge, or removal of
+said prizes; under penalty, not only that all the effects they shall
+have acquired against the present decree, (without receiving any
+compensation for what they have disbursed, or their arrears of wages,)
+shall be seized by the College of Admiralty of the District, and
+confiscated to the profit of whom it may concern; but also that the
+party shall be condemned to the payment of one thousand florins, one
+third of which shall be to the use of the State, one third to the
+informer, whose name shall remain secret, and the remaining third for
+the officer who shall have received the complaint.
+
+"And in order that no person may pretend ignorance, we desire and
+request the Lords the Committee of Roads and the Deputies of the
+States of the respective Provinces immediately to announce, publish
+and post up the present Placard wherever need shall be, and as it is
+customary to practise. We enjoin moreover and command the Counsellors
+of the Admiralty, the Advocate of the Treasury, the Admirals,
+Vice-Admirals, Captains, Officers and Commandants, as also the
+Commissaries, and Commissioners of Search in the harbors and other
+places to execute and cause to be executed the present order; to
+proceed and cause proceedings to be had against offenders, without any
+connivance, favor, dissimulation or agreement; for we have thus judged
+necessary for the service of the State.
+
+"Done and concluded at the Assembly of their High Highnesses the
+States-General at the Hague, the third of November, one thousand seven
+hundred and fiftysix."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  FROM THE COLLEGE OF ADMIRALTY OF AMSTERDAM TO THE STATES-GENERAL.
+
+                                        Amsterdam, October 12th, 1779.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+To satisfy the orders of their High Mightinesses and their resolution
+of the 8th of this month, wherein it has pleased them to demand our
+opinion and our consideration of the annexed Memorial of Sir Joseph
+Yorke, Ambassador Extraordinary from his Majesty the King of Great
+Britain near the Republic, we take the liberty to answer respectfully
+their High Mightinesses, that we had the honor to inform them by our
+letter of the 8th of this month of the entry of five ships; and at the
+same time of the answer we had given to Captain Riemersma, commanding
+at that time in the Roads of the Texel, on the request that had been
+made to him by Captain Paul Jones, the said answer containing in
+substance that in the belief that these ships would depart on the
+first opportunity, we should not grant the debarkation and the stay on
+shore which was asked for, of two English Captains, nor permit the
+hiring of a house to transport the sick and wounded; and that moreover
+we charged the said Captain to keep watch there; that to provide that
+these ships should be in security and safe from storms and other
+accidents, would not contravene the placard of your High Mightinesses
+of November 3d, 1756, which we regard as the rule according to which
+all foreign ships of war whatever they be, and from whatever port
+they come, which enter into the harbors or roadsteads of the Republic
+ought to be treated, and as having been given with the view that the
+said foreign ships should put to sea with their prizes, without
+discharging them in whole or in part and without selling them or
+disposing of them in any manner; that for these reasons, it has
+appeared to us that the seizure of the said ships and officers and
+sailors would be a contravention of the said placard; that besides,
+humanity requires that the said ships may stay to effect any repairs
+of which they have need, and to procure to the sick and wounded all
+the alleviations necessary, for the administering of which it is
+expedient that they be brought on shore.
+
+On which we have judged it proper to make representation to their High
+Mightinesses, whether it would not be proper to charge Captain
+Riemersma, commandant at the Roadstead of the Texel, and to give him
+order to permit the debarkation of the sick and wounded from said
+ships, to enable them to receive the most prompt assistance; which we
+should have already granted ourselves upon the requests, which have
+been addressed to us on behalf of said sick and wounded, if we could
+have thought we had a right to do it without the authorisation of
+their High Mightinesses; submitting in this respect all final
+determinations to their high wisdom, and to their better opinion.
+
+Deliberating on this, the Deputies of the Province of Holland and of
+West Friesland have taken a copy of the above letter to be more amply
+communicated; and nevertheless it has been found good and determined
+that a copy of said letter should be put into the hands of M. de
+Linden de Hemme and other deputies for marine affairs to see, examine
+and take into consideration the opinion of the Commissioners of the
+respective Colleges of Admiralty, and to make report thereon to the
+Assembly.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ PERMISSION TO LAND THE SICK AND WOUNDED OF THE ENGLISH VESSELS TAKEN
+                            BY PAUL JONES.
+
+         Extract from the records of their High Mightinesses.
+
+                                                   October 15th, 1779.
+
+M. de Heekeren de Brantzenburg, President of the Assembly, has
+imparted to their High Mightinesses, that he was informed by Sir
+Joseph Yorke, of the deplorable condition of the sick and wounded who
+are on board the English vessels Serapis and Countess of Scarborough,
+taken by Paul Jones and brought into the Texel, and who, as humanity
+requires, not only has not refused them accommodation, but even has
+procured them all the assistance and all the supplies possible, and
+submitted to the consideration of their High Mightinesses if it would
+not please them without delay to authorise the College of Admiralty of
+Amsterdam to have put on shore the said sick and wounded, to be there
+tended and nursed.
+
+On which, having deliberated, it has been thought good and decreed,
+that without prejudice to ulterior deliberations of their High
+Mightinesses on the Memorial, which has been sent to them on this
+subject by Sir Joseph Yorke, the 8th of this month, _everything
+continuing in this respect in the same state_, it be written to the
+College of Admiralty of Amsterdam to authorise it, and it is
+authorised by the present resolution to permit not only that the sick
+and wounded, who are in said vessels, be landed or put on board a
+hospital ship, as soon as one can be prepared for this purpose, but
+besides that they be furnished by the ships of war of the Republic now
+in the Roadstead, with the medicines and provisions necessary, and
+that the surgeons of said ships of war may bestow their care in the
+treatment of those sick and wounded who shall be debarked. It being
+well understood, that by this arrangement nothing shall be accounted
+to be changed relative to the condition of said sick and wounded; that
+their High Mightinesses will not be responsible for those, who may be
+able to take advantage of the opportunity for escape, and that under
+any pretext, either to guard the prisoners or to maintain discipline,
+there may not be allowed to go on shore armed men, more than three or
+four, and armed only with their swords; that finally, nothing may be
+done in said department and dependencies but with the knowledge and
+under the authority of the officer commanding the vessels of the
+Republic, which are in the Roadstead, and of those in whose
+jurisdiction shall be the place where the sick and wounded may be
+debarked.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    INSTRUCTIONS OF HOLLAND AND WEST FRIESLAND TO THEIR DEPUTIES.
+
+Their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, the Lords States of Holland and of
+West Friesland, in their Assembly of Thursday, the 21st of October,
+1779, having resolved to qualify their Deputies in the Generality to
+conform in the Assembly of their High Mightinesses to the following
+advice;
+
+They are of opinion, that they should answer the Memorial of Sir
+Joseph Yorke, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of his
+Britannic Majesty, presented the 8th of this month, that their High
+Mightinesses be informed that a short time since there entered into
+the Texel three frigates, viz. two French, and one styling itself
+American, commanded by Paul Jones, having with them two prizes, made
+by them at sea, named Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, designated
+in his Memorial.
+
+That their High Mightinesses, having for more than a century
+constantly observed and manifested by successive placards, that they
+would not in any manner give any judgment for or against the legality
+or illegality of the acts of those who not sailing under these
+provinces make prizes at sea and bring them into the roadsteads of
+this country, not opening their ports to them on any other terms than
+for them to put in, in case of tempest, or other disasters, and
+obliging them to return with them to sea as they brought them in, they
+would not undertake to examine whether the prizes brought in by said
+three frigates belong to the French or to the Americans, whether they
+are legal or illegal, but must abandon all this to the decision of
+those who have jurisdiction, and that they would compel them
+altogether to return to sea, for that, subject here to be retaken as
+if they had never landed in this country, they will be judged by the
+proper tribunal; inasmuch as the Ambassador will acknowledge himself,
+that he would have no less a right to reclaim them, if they belonged
+to English subjects, than if they were vessels of the King, which they
+happened to be in this case; and by consequence, this would not
+authorise their High Mightinesses to bring it before the tribunals of
+this country, any more than the person of Paul Jones.
+
+That with respect to acts of humanity, their High Mightinesses have
+already manifested to the Ambassador their eagerness to exercise them
+in regard to the wounded on board said vessels, and that they have
+given orders in consequence.
+
+They would be of opinion, moreover, that they ought to answer the
+College of Admiralty of Amsterdam, that their High Mightinesses
+approve what is done; that in conformity to their placard of the 3d
+of November, 1756, which prohibits the overhauling and breaking up of
+the cargoes of prizes, for the purpose of securing them from
+recapture, and allowing to the captor the right of disposing of them,
+they persist in it also in the case of the prizes, Serapis and
+Countess of Scarborough; authorising said College to do what is in
+their power that the said five frigates depart, the sooner the better,
+and to take care that there be not delivered to them nor carried on
+board any munitions of war or naval stores, but such things only as
+they want in order to put to sea and reach the first foreign port, to
+prevent all suspicion of their equipment and arming in this country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+                                        The Hague, October 29th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I ought to advise you, that M. de Sartine has informed me, that he has
+renounced the intentions that I had been charged to communicate to
+you, and that you will find at Dunkirk orders for your final
+destination. I learn with much pleasure, that the necessary repairs of
+the ships, which you command, will be completed immediately, and that
+you have received all the assistance you could, and ought to expect. I
+desire very earnestly that success shall again reward your valor. No
+person will be more rejoiced at it than myself. Believe me, with the
+sincerest sentiments, &c. &c.
+
+                                               THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               SIR JOSEPH YORKE TO THE STATES-GENERAL.
+
+                                        The Hague, October 29th, 1779.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+In thanking your High Mightinesses for the orders your humanity has
+dictated in relation to the wounded, who were on board two vessels of
+the King, the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, I only discharge
+the orders of his Majesty in renewing the most strong and urgent
+demand for the seizure and restitution of said vessels, as well as for
+the enlargement of their crews, who have been seized by the pirate
+Paul Jones, a Scotchman, a rebellious subject and state criminal.
+
+The sentiments of equity and justice of your High Mightinesses leave
+no room to doubt, that in taking into a more mature deliberation all
+the circumstances of this affair, you will recognize readily the
+justice of a demand, founded as well on the most solemn treaties,
+which have subsisted more than a century between the Crown of Great
+Britain and the United Provinces, as on the principles of the law of
+nations, and the custom of friendly and allied States.
+
+The stipulations of the treaty of Breda, of the 31st of July, 1667,
+confirmed and renewed expressly in that of 1716, and in all the
+subsequent ones, are too clear and incontestible in this respect not
+to be felt in all their force.
+
+The King considered it derogatory to his dignity, as well as to that
+of your High Mightinesses, to expose the particulars of a case so
+notorious as that in question, or to cite to the ancient friends and
+allies of his Crown analogous examples of other Princes and States.
+
+I shall confine myself to the remark, that the placard of your High
+Mightinesses, in prescribing to the captains of foreign ships of war
+to show their letters of marque or commissions, authorise you
+according to the general custom of Admiralties to treat as pirates
+those, whose letters are found to be illegal for not being issued by a
+sovereign power.
+
+The character of Paul Jones, and all the circumstances of the affair,
+cannot by their notoriety be unknown to your High Mightinesses. Europe
+has her eyes fixed on your resolution. Your High Mightinesses know too
+well the value of good faith, not to give an example of it on this
+important occasion. The least deviation from a rule so sacred, in
+weakening friendship among neighbors, produces often unfortunate
+consequences.
+
+The King has always made it his pride to cultivate the friendship of
+your High Mightinesses. His Majesty persists steadfastly in the same
+sentiments; but the English nation does not think itself bound, by any
+of its proceedings, to have its citizens detained prisoners in a port
+of the Republic by an outlaw, a subject of the same country, and who
+enjoys the liberty of which they are deprived.
+
+It is for all these reasons, and many others equally solid, which
+cannot escape the great penetration and sagacity of your High
+Mightinesses, that the undersigned hopes to receive a ready and
+favorable answer to the above, conformable to the just expectation of
+the King, his master, and of the British nation.
+
+                                                         JOSEPH YORKE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ JOHN PAUL JONES TO LIEUTENANT COLONEL WEIBERT, IN THE SERVICE OF THE
+                            UNITED STATES.
+
+Their High Mightinesses, the States-General of Holland, have granted
+permission to us to land on the Island of Texel, a number of wounded
+British prisoners of war now in our hands, to guard them by our
+American soldiers in the fort of that Island, with the draw bridges
+hauled up or let down at our discretion, and to remove them again from
+thence to our ships at our free will and pleasure, and dispose of them
+afterwards as though they had not been landed. Therefore you are
+hereby appointed Governor-General over the wounded, and the soldiers,
+that are destined this day to conduct them there, until further
+orders.
+
+These wounded prisoners are to be supported and provided with good
+surgeons and medicine, and with necessary attendance at the expense of
+the United States. The Commissary of the Admiralty, who resides on the
+Texel, has undertaken, by our orders, to furnish you with the
+necessary provisions; and surgeons, medicine and bedding, &c. are sent
+from the squadron. In short, these prisoners, together with such other
+sick and wounded as we may hereafter see fit to send to your care in
+that fort on the Texel, are to be treated with all possible tenderness
+and humanity. And you are to take care that no person under your
+command may give any cause of complaint whatever to the subjects or
+government of this country; but, on the contrary, to behave towards
+them with the utmost complaisance and civility.
+
+For which this shall be your order.
+
+Given on board the American ship of war, the Serapis, at anchor in the
+Road of Texel, November 1st, 1779.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              JOHN PAUL JONES TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                                            Texel, November 4th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning the commandant of the Road sent me word to come and speak
+to him on board his ship. He had before him on the table a letter,
+which he said was from the Prince of Orange. He questioned me very
+closely, whether I had a French commission, and if I had, he almost
+insisted upon seeing it. In conformity to your advice, I told him that
+my French commission not having been found among my papers since the
+loss of the Bon Homme Richard, I feared that it had gone to the bottom
+in that ship; but that, if it was really lost, it would be an easy
+matter to procure a duplicate of it from France. The commandant
+appeared to be very uneasy and anxious for my departure. I have told
+him, that as there are eight of the enemy's ships laying wait for me
+at the south entrance, and four more at the north entrance of the
+Port, I was unable to fight more than three times my force; but that
+he might rest assured of my intention to depart with the utmost
+expedition, whenever I found a possibility to go clear.
+
+I should be very happy, Sir, if I could tell you of my being ready. I
+should have departed long ago, if I had met with common assistance;
+but for a fortnight past I have every day expected the necessary
+supply of water from Amsterdam, in cisterns, and I have been last
+night only informed, that it cannot be had unless I send up water
+casks. The provisions too, that were ordered the day I returned to
+Amsterdam from the Hague, are not yet sent down, and the spars that
+have been sent from Amsterdam are spoiled in the making. None of the
+iron work that was ordered for the Serapis is yet completed, so that I
+am, even to this hour, in want of hinges to hang the lower gun ports.
+My officers and men lost their clothes and beds in the Bon Homme
+Richard, and they have as yet got no supply. The bread that has been
+twice a week sent down from Amsterdam to feed my people has been,
+literally speaking, rotten; and the consequence is, that they are
+falling sick. It is natural, also, that they should be discontented,
+while I am not able to tell them that they will be paid the value of
+their property in the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, if either
+or both of them should be lost or taken after sailing from hence.
+
+Thus you see, Sir, that my prospects are far from pleasing. I have but
+few men, and they are discontented. If you can authorise me to promise
+them, at all hazards, that their property in the prizes shall be made
+good, and that they shall receive the necessary clothing and bedding,
+or money to buy them with, I believe I shall soon be able to bring
+them again into a good humor. In the meantime, I will send a vessel or
+two out to reconnoiter the offing and to bring me word. Whatever may
+be the consequence of my having put into this harbor, I must observe
+that it was done contrary to my opinion, and I consented to it only
+because the majority of my colleagues were earnest for it.
+
+I am under a very singular obligation to you, Sir, for your kind
+letter, which you did me the honor to write to me on the 29th of last
+month. It shall be my ambition to get clear of my present
+embarrassment, and to merit, what I so much esteem, the good opinion
+of your Excellency and of the Court, by my future service in support
+of the common cause.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 M. DUMAS TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                                           Helder, November 9th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+To fulfil my promise, it is my duty by the first post to give
+information to your Excellency, that in spite of the bad roads and
+dark nights I arrived here this morning. I saw immediately M.
+Cottineau, from whom here is a letter enclosed to your Excellency.
+There was a violent storm, which prevented me from going on board the
+Serapis. Nevertheless, having found means to make known my arrival to
+the Commodore, he came on shore this evening for half an hour only in
+order that he might reach his ship again before night. He will send
+his boat tomorrow for me to breakfast with him, to converse longer on
+our affairs, and it may be to make a visit together to the
+Vice-Admiral.
+
+In the meantime I have already learnt, that not only the Commodore has
+not written anything at all on what has given us uneasiness, but even
+that he has not said anything, of which they can make an authentic
+use; that he showed to M. Riemersma, on his arrival, as well as to the
+other Captains his commission, which is American, not having any
+other; that he will give me a copy, with a declaration signed at the
+bottom by himself, that he had shown it; and that as to the cartel
+made between himself and Captain Pearson, they have had no other
+surety for its basis, than the permission of this government to put on
+shore the wounded prisoners, without changing in any manner their
+condition, having taken upon them, besides, each one on his part, to
+engage their respective sovereigns. All, therefore, that I shall be
+able to do further in this respect will be to get signed by Mr Jones
+the copy he sent me of this cartel. The crowded inns leave me no place
+for a lodging but the house of a peasant, where I write this letter as
+I can. I fear that notwithstanding the good will of the Commodore, he
+will not be in condition to depart in fifteen days; and on examining
+things closely, and comparing the complaints of one with those of
+another, as to the delays, I find that the great and true cause is
+this bad Roadstead, distant from Amsterdam twentyfive leagues by
+water.
+
+The copy of the resolution of the 21st of October, which I have sent
+to the Commodore, is a paper very necessary to him.
+
+They will not be able longer to impose on him or spread snares for
+him. His way will be clear. He regrets only that it had not been
+sooner.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                            On board the Serapis, November 11th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+According to my letter of the day before yesterday, I was yesterday
+morning on board the Serapis. The weather was so thick in the evening,
+that there was no chance of sending anything on shore that night. The
+Commodore and myself, with great difficulty, went to make a visit to
+the Dutch Vice-Admiral, in which all that has been said was so well
+cleared up, that nothing can (at least on our part) cause a change in
+the state of things as they were after the 21st of October. The result
+of the visit is, in substance, that they do not much approve the
+expedient of providing two different flags in order to make use of one
+in default of the other; that they rather preferred that the whole
+squadron should have been entered under the flag and commission of
+France, as not being liable to any difficulties; but since what had
+been done could not be otherwise, they desire and expect that the
+squadron shall depart with the first fair wind; as also that there
+shall not be in this Roadstead any transportation of prisoners on
+board the King's cutters that are here; which the Commodore promised.
+
+Today we have been with M. Ricot on board one of the cutters, where we
+found the two captains, Messrs de la Laune and de la Bourdonnoie, who
+received us with all the cordiality and manifested all the good will
+imaginable. They do for us what they can, and M. de la Laune will
+inform your Excellency of it.
+
+I hope to be able to depart for Amsterdam the morning after tomorrow,
+if I can without danger be put on shore tomorrow, with the
+satisfaction of having by my journey hither cleared up, and much
+accelerated affairs; in a word, of having been useful. I see no
+possibility of being able to write to Dr Franklin. He cannot,
+therefore, know anything, nor, consequently, the Minister, except what
+your Excellency shall judge worthy to be communicated in your
+despatches, of the contents of my letters, &c.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                       The Hague, November 11th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have received the letter that you addressed to me the 9th of this
+month, and that of M. Cottineau, which was annexed. I learn with
+pleasure what you tell me relative to the object, which induced me to
+urge your departure. I hope you will not delay to give me, in this
+respect, details yet more satisfactory, and perfectly conformable to
+the intentions I have unfolded to you.
+
+M. Cottineau represents to me the extreme inconvenience, which results
+from the impossibility of putting on shore the sick and wounded among
+the prisoners.
+
+I think it would be proper that you might see with prudence and
+discretion, if it would not be possible to obtain permission of the
+Admiralty; but it would be necessary, in order to ask it, to be very
+sure beforehand that you will not be refused.
+
+You know the truth of my inviolable sentiments.
+
+                                               THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                       The Hague, November 12th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just received orders from the Minister of the Marine, which I
+must communicate to you, and it is necessary that you return here
+immediately. You will please to say to Mr Jones, that he ought not to
+set sail before I have imparted to him the instructions, which have
+been sent, as it will be necessary to suspend his departure till a new
+order; but not to lose an instant in hastening the repairs.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                               THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                                                  November 13th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday I was at the Texel with the Commodore, to adjust affairs
+with a Commissioner of the Admiralty, as to the light-house dues, so
+as to satisfy everybody; but this morning the Dutch Vice-Admiral
+sought me in his boat, to repeat to me what he had already said to the
+Commodore, that he ought to depart with the first good wind; in
+consequence, I have been with Captain Ricot and the commandant of the
+Scarborough on board of the French cutter to adjust things, of which I
+will give a verbal account to your Excellency.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                       Amsterdam, November 17th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+They write me from the Hague, that the States of Holland adopted
+yesterday, by a majority, a resolution to compel Mr Jones to depart. I
+inform you of it, that you may lose no time in returning to the Texel
+and executing the necessary arrangements.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                               THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                        The Hague, December 9th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On the 16th and 17th of November, the French Ambassador having given
+us a meeting at Amsterdam, apprized us of the intention of the King,
+to wit, that the cruise should terminate at the Texel, and that the
+prizes should be conducted into France by two French Captains of the
+squadron. Captain Jones on his part had an order from Dr Franklin to
+go on board the Alliance. On the 18th and 19th we returned to the
+Texel. The following days we effected these changes. The Dutch
+Vice-Admiral (a decided tory, who had succeeded the brave Captain
+Riemersma, a good republican and friend to the Americans) perceived it
+and disturbed us very much, particularly after having received the
+resolution of the 19th of November, and the instructions of his Court
+on this subject.
+
+Every day he pressed and threatened us, though the wind was always
+contrary. On the 24th of November, among others, the officer second
+in command came to read to us a paper, which he afterwards put in his
+pocket. I had anticipated the contents, and made, on my part, a
+writing, which I likewise read to him as follows.
+
+"The Commodore loses not a moment in providing for his departure with
+the first good wind, in his vessel, the Alliance, and he will give the
+signal for departure to the others, which will follow him if they can.
+He thinks he cannot give a stronger proof of his respect for the
+resolution of their High Mightinesses. Thus the threats of the
+Vice-Admiral are superfluous and against the very terms of this
+resolution of their High Mightinesses. He cannot go on board any other
+vessel than the Alliance, without counteracting the designs of his
+superiors.
+
+"As to the prizes, the placard of 1756, and of course the designs of
+their High Mightinesses, are scrupulously observed, in that they have
+not disposed of or changed anything, and that when they depart they
+may be recaptured. I require for the future every order or threat in
+writing, in order to send copies to the General Congress and to Dr
+Franklin."
+
+_November 28th._ Having sent again to hasten us, I made him confess
+with a loud voice, in presence of our crew, and of his own rowers,
+that he required an impossibility; a declaration which I made the
+pilot sign afterwards. Then he let us alone during ten days.
+
+_December 8th._ The wind appearing favorable, his officer found us
+ready to depart; but the wind changing, it was necessary to cast
+anchor again, after it had been already weighed.
+
+By the extract of the resolution of the 26th November you will see,
+Gentlemen, that the Stadtholder had taken on himself to apply to the
+Alliance only, what had been resolved in regard to the whole squadron,
+and especially to the prizes; that the States-General have approved
+it, and that thus they have thought they might dispense with
+consulting the Province of Holland on this new case. They are not
+content with this arbitrary procedure, and will make new protests,
+copies of which they have promised to furnish me. The others on their
+side appear to think that they have gone too far, as may be seen by
+the letter of the Vice-Admiral, which certainly is not written without
+order. As to the arrangement made on the 16th and 17th, I suspend my
+opinion till I see where the whole will end. But I highly applauded Mr
+Jones for having answered the Dutch Admiral as he did.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                                  December 10th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The following intelligence will show in what manner the States-General
+have proceeded respecting Sir Joseph Yorke's demand for the seizure of
+Paul Jones's prizes.
+
+_Leyden, November 25th._ "The publicity of the claims, which Sir J.
+Yorke, Ambassador of Great Britain, has made by order of his Court on
+the occasion of the entry of Paul Jones with his prizes into the Road
+of the Texel, having excited the attention of Europe to this affair,
+on which subject the spirit of party on both sides has spread sundry
+unfounded reports, we think ourselves under obligation to communicate
+to our readers the definitive resolution, which the States-General
+took in relation to it last Friday; a resolution which reconciles the
+most scrupulous obligations of neutrality with the friendship which
+subsists between Great Britain, and this Republic. Here is the
+translation of it.
+
+'_Wednesday, Nov. 19th, 1779._ Having deliberated by resolution on the
+Memorial presented by Sir Joseph Yorke, Ambassador Extraordinary and
+Plenipotentiary of his Majesty, the King of Great Britain, to their
+High Mightinesses, on the 29th of last month, to renew in pursuance of
+the precise orders of his said Majesty, the most urgent instances for
+the seizure and restitution of two of the King's ships, Serapis and
+Countess of Scarborough, as well as for the release of their crews,
+which a certain Paul Jones had seized, as is more fully related in the
+registers under date of the 29th of last month, it has been resolved
+and determined to answer the aforesaid Memorial of Sir Joseph Yorke;
+that upon the reiterated instances which the Ambassador has made, by
+order of his Court, for the seizure and restitution of the ships
+Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, as well as for the release of the
+crews of said vessels, which a certain Paul Jones has taken, and with
+which he has entered into the Road of the Texel, their High
+Mightinesses have repeatedly taken into mature consideration all the
+circumstances of this affair, and they find themselves under the
+necessity of requesting his Majesty to consent, that their High
+Mightinesses should persist in their ancient maxim, which is, that
+without interfering in any decision upon the legality or illegality of
+prizes brought into their ports, they should compel them to put to
+sea, their High Mightinesses judging, that this maxim itself is
+founded on treaties.
+
+'But for evident proof that they do not desire, that any supplies may
+be furnished from this country to the inhabitants of his Majesty's
+American Colonies, they gave orders immediately on the arrival of Paul
+Jones, that he should not be furnished with any munitions of war or
+other articles, except those of which he would have need in order to
+put to sea, and reach the nearest port in which he might be admitted.
+That their High Mightinesses will also give orders, that he set sail
+as soon as his vessels can put to sea, and when wind and weather will
+permit, and even will compel him in case it should be required. That
+their High Mightinesses are assured, that it will be evident thereby,
+that they persist invariably in the declaration made to his Majesty,
+"that they desire to do nothing from which it might lawfully be
+inferred, that they recognize the independence of the Colonies of his
+Majesty in America," and that they grant to Paul Jones neither
+supplies nor harbor, but that following solely the treatment which
+they have at all times been accustomed to give to those, who come into
+their Roads to obtain for a time shelter against the disasters of the
+sea, they do not concern themselves with what passes on the sea, and
+without taking cognizance of it, they leave and cause to be restored
+everything to the state in which it was a short time before the
+vessels came into the country. That their High Mightinesses flatter
+themselves, that his Majesty and the English nation, for whom their
+High Mightinesses have all possible respect, will be satisfied with
+these dispositions, without insisting further on the claim they have
+made; that an extract from the resolution of their High Mightinesses
+will be sent to Sir Joseph Yorke, by the agent, Vander Burch de
+Spierinxhoek.
+
+'That, moreover, directions shall be given to the College of Admiralty
+at Amsterdam, to cause it to be signified and made known to Paul
+Jones, that their High Mightinesses are assured, that having only put
+in to place his injured vessels in shelter from the dangers of the
+sea, there has been sufficient time to put them in condition for sea,
+and that consequently they desire that he should make sail as soon as
+possible, when the wind and weather shall be favorable, and withdraw
+from this country; forasmuch as their High Mightinesses cannot permit
+him to continue here, and as the season of winter which is approaching
+may create greater inconveniences in this respect; so that to avoid
+them it is necessary that he allow no favorable opportunity to escape
+of putting to sea. That this is the serious intention of their High
+Mightinesses, and that they cannot delay; but if he should not comply,
+it would oblige them to take measures that would not be agreeable to
+him.
+
+'That, however, to allow no mistake on this point, and to prevent
+delays, his Serene Highness will be required, and he is hereby
+required, to give orders to Vice-Admiral Reynst, or to the officer
+commanding in the Roadstead of the Texel to effect with all possible
+discretion that the aforesaid Paul Jones depart with his prizes as
+soon as wind and weather will permit; not to admit any delay in this
+respect, that the nature of the case does not require, and to provide,
+if need be, by all suitable means, not excepting force, that the
+orders of their High Mightinesses be executed in the Roadstead.'"
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 11th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I send you the following intelligence relating to further proceedings
+in regard to Captain Paul Jones.
+
+"Circumstances having changed in regard to the squadron of Paul Jones
+in the Texel, the States-General have thought proper to suspend the
+effect of their resolution of the 19th of November, by another, which
+their High Mightinesses adopted on the 26th of the same month. It
+appears that on the 4th inst. they received a letter from the Prince
+Stadtholder, in which his Serene Highness informs them 'that,
+conformably to their said resolution of the 19th of November, he had
+sent the necessary orders to Vice-Admiral Reynst, commanding in the
+Road of the Texel, that he would conduct with all possible discretion,
+and that he would effect by all suitable means, not excepting even
+force, that Paul Jones should put to sea with the vessels under his
+command and with his prizes. But that after Paul Jones had declared he
+was ready to obey the orders of their High Mightinesses, and that as
+soon as he should be in condition he would profit by the first
+occasion to take the sea, it happened on the 25th of November, that
+Vice-Admiral Reynst having sent Captain Van Overmeer on board the
+Serapis, to notify again, in the most formal manner the commanding
+officer, that he must be provided with a pilot, and depart with the
+first favorable wind; he was answered, that this vessel was no longer
+commanded by Paul Jones, but by the French Captain, Cottineau de
+Cosgelin, who had taken possession in the name of the King of France.'
+The Prince Stadtholder referred, besides, to the letter itself of
+Vice-Admiral Reynst, as well as to the pieces thereto annexed; and his
+Serene Highness added, 'that in awaiting the final orders of their
+High Mightinesses he had provisionally written to Vice-Admiral Reynst
+not to use force till further orders, in regard to those vessels whose
+commanders should prove, that they were provided with a commission
+from the King of France; the preceding orders remaining nevertheless
+in their full force in regard to the Alliance, actually commanded by
+Paul Jones;' and that he at the same time charged the above named
+Vice-Admiral 'to take care that conformably to the Placard of their
+High Mightinesses of the 3d of November, 1756, none of the prisoners,
+who were not brought into the Road on board said ship Alliance, should
+be carried away in this ship;' his Serene Highness flattering himself
+that their High Mightinesses would approve his proceedings in this
+business. Upon which their High Mightinesses having deliberated,
+immediately thanked the Prince Stadtholder for the communication that
+his Serene Highness had made, and approved in all respects his
+procedure in the affair of which he had written them, reserving to
+themselves a further deliberation on the part to be taken on this
+occasion."
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              JOHN PAUL JONES TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                                 Alliance, Texel, December 13th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Perhaps there are many men in the world, who would esteem as an honor
+the commission, that I have this day refused. My rank from the
+beginning knew no superior in the marine of America; how then must I
+be humbled, were I to accept a letter of marque! I should, Sir, esteem
+myself inexcusable were I to accept, even a commission of equal or
+superior denomination with that I bear, unless I were previously
+authorised either by Congress or some other competent authority in
+Europe, and I must tell you that on my arrival at Brest from my
+expedition, in the Irish Channel, Count d'Orvilliers offered to
+procure for me from Court a commission of Captain des Vaisseaux, which
+I did not then accept for the same reason, although the war between
+France and England was not then begun, and of course the commission of
+France would have protected me from an enemy of superior force.
+
+It is matter of the highest astonishment to me, that after so many
+compliments and fair professions, the Court should offer the present
+insult to my understanding, and suppose me capable of disgracing my
+present commission! I confess that I have not merited all the praise,
+that has been bestowed on my past conduct; but I also feel that I have
+far less merited such a reward! Where profession and practice are so
+opposite, I am no longer weak enough to form a wrong conclusion. They
+may think as they please of me; for when I cannot continue my esteem,
+praise or censure from any man is to me a matter of indifference.
+
+I am much obliged to them, however, for having at least fairly opened
+my eyes and enabled me to discover truth from falsehood.
+
+The prisoners shall be delivered, agreeably to the orders which you
+have done me the honor to send me from his Excellency the American
+Ambassador in France.
+
+I will also, with great pleasure, not only permit a part of my seamen
+to go on board the ships under your Excellency's orders, but I will
+also do my utmost to prevail with them to embark freely; and if I can
+now or hereafter, by any other honorable means facilitate the success
+or the honor of his Majesty's arms, I pledge myself to you as his
+Ambassador, that none of his own subjects would bleed in his cause
+with greater freedom than myself, an American.
+
+It gives me the more pain, Sir, to write this letter, as the Court has
+enjoined you to propose what would destroy my peace of mind, and my
+future veracity in the opinion of the world.
+
+When _with the consent of Court_, and by order of the American
+Ambassador, I gave American commissions to French officers, I did not
+fill up those commissions to command privateers! nor even for a rank
+_equal_ to that of their commissions in the marine of France. They
+were promoted to a rank _far superior_; and why! not from personal
+friendship, nor from my knowledge of their personal abilities, the men
+and their characters being entire strangers to me, but from the
+respect which I believed America would wish to show for the service of
+France. While I remained eight months at Brest, seemingly forgotten by
+the Court, many commissions, such as that in question, were offered to
+me; and I believe, (when I am in pursuit of plunder,) I can still
+obtain such a one without application to Court.
+
+I hope, Sir, that my behavior through life will ever entitle me to the
+continuance of your good wishes and opinion, and that you will take
+occasion to make mention of the warm and personal affection, with
+which my heart is impressed towards his Majesty.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   JOHN PAUL JONES TO B. FRANKLIN.
+
+                                 Alliance, Texel, December 13th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have this day had the honor to receive your Excellency's orders of
+the 6th current, respecting the prisoners taken in merchant ships,
+and, at present, on board the Alliance. And I hope that the within
+copy of my letter to the Duc de la Vauguyon will meet your
+approbation; for I am persuaded, that it could never be your intention
+or wish, that I should be made the fool of any great R---- whatsoever,
+or that the commission of America should be overlaid by the dirty
+piece of parchment, which I have this day rejected! They have played
+upon my good nature too long already; but the spell is at last
+dissolved. They would play me off with assurances of the personal and
+particular esteem of the King, to induce me to do what would render me
+contemptible, even in the eyes of my own servants! Accustomed to speak
+untruths themselves, they would also have me give, under my hand, that
+I am a liar and a scoundrel! They are mistaken, and I could tell them
+what you did your wayward servant, "We have too contemptible an
+opinion of one another's understanding to live together." I could tell
+them too, that if M. de C---- had not taken such sage precaution to
+keep me honest by means of his famous _concordat_, and to support me
+by means of so many able colleagues, these great men would not now
+have been reduced to such mean shifts, for the prisoners would have
+been landed at Dunkirk the day that I entered the Texel, and I should
+have brought in double the number.
+
+We hear that the enemy still keeps a squadron cruising off here; but
+this shall not prevent my attempts to depart whenever the wind will
+permit. I hope we have recovered the trim of this ship, which was
+entirely lost during the last cruise; and I do not much fear the enemy
+in the long and dark nights of this season. The ship is well manned,
+and shall not be given away.
+
+I have sent to Congress three copies of my late transactions in
+Europe, down to the 7th of this month, and M. Dumas has undertaken to
+forward them.
+
+I need not tell you I will do my utmost to take prisoners and prizes
+in my way from hence.
+
+I am ever, with sentiments of the most lively affection and esteem,
+your Excellency's most obliged, and most humble servant,
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                        Alliance, December 13th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have received your esteemed favor from Amsterdam. I leave the
+enclosed letter for his Excellency, Dr Franklin, open for your
+perusal; I also send a copy of my letter to the Duc de la Vauguyon. I
+shall be glad of your remarks on both. The occasion that produced them
+was the most extraordinary that ever happened to me; and language
+cannot express my astonishment at so unworthy a proposition.
+
+Adieu, my dear friend. I am, in cool blood, yours,
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               VICE-ADMIRAL REYNST TO JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+                                       Amsterdam, December 17th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I made a request to you yesterday, that you would take the trouble to
+come on board my vessel, from which you excused yourself; and again
+this morning. I also make request by this present, that you will have
+the goodness to inform me how I ought to consider the Alliance, on
+board of which you are; as a vessel of the King of France or of
+America? In the first case, I expect you will show me the commission
+of his Majesty, and that you will hoist the French flag and pendant,
+confirming it with a salute from your guns; and, in the second case, I
+expect that you will not neglect any opportunity to depart according
+to the orders of their High Mightinesses.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                         P. H. REYNST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+            JOHN PAUL JONES TO VICE-ADMIRAL P. H. REYNST.
+
+                                 Alliance, Texel, December 17th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In answer to the letter, which you have done me the honor to write me
+this day, I must observe, that I have no orders to hoist the flag of
+France on board the Alliance; nor can I take upon me to hoist, in this
+port, any other than American colors, unless I receive orders for that
+purpose from his Excellency, Benjamin Franklin.
+
+In the meantime, it is my wish to find a favorable opportunity to sail
+from hence; and whenever the pilot will take upon him to conduct this
+ship to sea, I will give him my best assistance. Should I receive any
+new orders, I shall not fail to communicate my situation to you.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                 Alliance, Texel, December 17th, 1779.
+
+I am, my Dear Sir, to acknowledge your sundry kind favors from
+Amsterdam. I thank you for your advice, which, by my last, as well as
+the enclosed, you will see I had followed before the appearance of
+your letters. Let not that circumstance disquiet you; for I have made
+myself some compliments on my thinking in many points so like you.
+Know me always your affectionate friend,
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. DE LIVONCOURT, FRENCH NAVY AGENT AT AMSTERDAM, TO JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+                                          Helder, December 17th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I thank you for your politeness in communicating to me what
+Vice-Admiral Reynst had written you. I perceive by this letter, that
+you would give great pleasure, if you would display the royal flag.
+Meanwhile, I can make no more entreaty, if you persist in not using
+the commission, which I was charged to send you. Reflect that all the
+French here, in the service of the King, have strongly at heart to
+maintain the Republic in sentiments favorable to the allies of his
+Majesty. It is in conformity with these views, and for the good of
+the common cause, and only for this transient object, that the
+commission, for the origin of which you imagine a thousand ill-natured
+motives, and which, finally, you refuse to accept, has been addressed
+to you.
+
+You know all that I have had the honor to say to you on this subject
+has been as well for your personal quiet, as for the honor and
+satisfaction of the common allies.
+
+I am still at your service, if you desire it, and I will continue to
+act with the same earnestness as heretofore for the advantage of this
+cause, and for your own interests. The Ambassador has expressed to you
+the same sentiments. My dispositions and my orders are entirely
+conformed thereto.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                        DE LIVONCOURT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                Alliance, at Sea, December 27th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I am here, with a good wind at east, under my best American colors. So
+far you have your wish. What may be the event of this critical moment,
+I know not. I am not, however, without good hopes. Through the
+ignorance or drunkenness of the old pilot, the Alliance was last night
+got foul of a Dutch merchant ship, and I believe the Dutchman cut our
+cable.
+
+We lost the best bower anchor, and the ship was brought up with the
+sheet anchor so near the shore, that this morning I have been obliged
+to cut the cable, in order to get clear of the shore, and that I might
+not lose this opportunity of escaping from Purgatory.
+
+I wish Mr Hoogland would have the sheet and best bower anchors taken
+up, that they may either be sent to France, or sold, as M. de
+Neufville may find most expedient.
+
+The pilot knows where the anchors lie, and unless he assists willingly
+in taking them up, he ought not, in my opinion, to be paid for his
+service on board here.
+
+Adieu, my dear friend. Present my best respects to your family, and to
+the good patriot; and believe me to be always affectionately yours,
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 30th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+This day I have received a letter from Captain Jones, of which a copy
+is here joined. I hope in a short time to hear of his safe arrival.
+The prizes, Serapis and Scarborough, and the two French ships, Pallas
+and Vengeance, are still riding under French colors and captains.
+
+The good Alliance, while here, has caused me much anxiety and trouble.
+Now she leaves me exposed to the ill-nature of my old foes in this
+country, whom, however, I dread not so much as certain false friends,
+highly incensed now against me, for not having found me as blind and
+complaisant to their particular views as they had expected I would be.
+The formal confirmation by Congress of my character as agent of the
+United States, which I have already spoken of in my former despatches,
+and which I must entreat you to procure for me, will silence them.
+Indeed I cannot be quiet nor safe without such a testimonial.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Passy, January 27th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I received yours of the tenth instant. I shall be glad to learn how
+the taking of the Dutch ships has been accommodated. We have yet no
+news of the Alliance, but suppose she is cruising. We are more in pain
+for the Confederacy, which sailed on the 28th of October, from the
+Capes of Delaware. There is some hope that she went to Charleston, to
+take in Mr Laurens, as some passengers arrived in France, who left
+Philadelphia several weeks after her sailing, say it was a general
+opinion she would call there before she departed for Europe.[35]
+
+I send you enclosed a translation of a letter, which I think I sent
+you the original of before. Perhaps it may serve our Leyden friend.
+
+I am sorry you have any difference with the Ambassador, and wish you
+to accommodate it as soon as possible. Depend upon it that no one ever
+knew from me, that you had spoken or written against any person. There
+is one, concerning whom I think you sometimes receive erroneous
+information. In one particular, I know you were misinformed, that of
+his selling us arms at an enormous profit; the truth is, we never
+bought of him.
+
+I am ever, with great esteem, &c.
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[35] See the history of the voyage of the Confederacy in _John Jay's
+Correspondence_, Vol. VII. p. 174.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          The Hague, March 15th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my last letter of the 30th of December, the ice has so
+obstructed our waters, and my ill health has been such, as not to
+permit me to write till now. I send you herewith the plan of a treaty
+to be concluded between the United States and the Seven United
+Provinces of the Low Countries, as soon as the circumstances will
+permit it. A great deal of its materials has been furnished me by the
+Pensionary of Amsterdam, who, as well as Dr Franklin, has examined and
+corrected it. If Congress shall be pleased to do the same, and send me
+the plan back again, with powers to carry on a negotiation on such
+terms, then nothing will remain but to watch opportunities, which may
+perhaps very soon present themselves.
+
+I am told that Mr Laurens will soon come over here as Plenipotentiary.
+I shall be very glad of it, and promise to be his _fidus Achates_ in
+every sense, for the public as well as his own service.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          The Hague, March 21st, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Honored since many years with the correspondence and friendship of Dr
+Franklin, I received in April, 1776, by an express, (Mr Thomas Story,)
+instructions and credentials from the Committee of Foreign Affairs,
+signed B. Franklin, J. Dickenson, and J. Jay, at Philadelphia, dated
+December 9th and 12th, for founding the dispositions of the several
+European Courts towards the American confederates, and making
+proposals of intercourse and alliance to those I should find inclined
+to accept them; "recommending to my discretion, to proceed in this
+affair with such caution, as to keep the same from the knowledge of
+the English Ambassador, and prevent any public appearance, _at
+present_, of my being employed in any such business, as thereby they
+imagine many inconveniences may be avoided, and my means of rendering
+service to America increased. They sent me, _for the present_,
+enclosed a bill for one hundred pounds sterling to defray expenses,
+and _desired me to be assured, that my services will be considered and
+honorably rewarded by Congress_." By another letter of the 2d of
+March, 1776, Dr Franklin "recommended to my correspondence, the
+bearer, Mr Silas Deane."
+
+In the meantime I had addressed myself to the Court of France, with a
+deep interest in your concerns, and to the account I gave the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs of my negotiation, Dr Franklin answered
+in the following terms on the 1st of October;--"I have just time to
+acknowledge the receipt of your two packets, with the pamphlets
+enclosed, the contents of which are very satisfactory. You will hear
+from me more fully in a little time." He soon after came over, and
+brought me a letter from the same committee, signed Robert Morris,
+Richard H. Lee, J. Witherspoon, W. Hooper, wherein they expressly
+"_desire me to continue that correspondence_, which he had opened and
+conducted, and they write me _on behalf of Congress, requesting to
+hear from me frequently_, promising me the reimbursement of expenses,
+and a reasonable _allowance_ for my time and trouble in _this
+agency_." The committee wrote me two other letters, August 8th, 1777;
+and May 14th, 1778, in the latter of which they "acknowledge that I
+had so early and warmly espoused their cause, and aided it with such
+judgment and resolution, that they shall write particularly to the
+gentlemen at Paris, respecting the injuries I had received from their
+enemies, and shall instruct them to pay the strictest attention to the
+engagements made to me in behalf of Congress, at the commencement of
+our correspondence."
+
+By some dark manoeuvres of those enemies, who by intercepters and
+spies had got at last some general knowledge of my operations, I had
+been defrauded not only of the sum of six hundred pounds sterling due
+to me, but also of a livelihood, which had rendered me hitherto,
+yearly, three hundred pounds sterling. However, I did not apply to the
+Commissioners for the above sum; and after having received for the
+course of the whole year, 1777, only one hundred pounds sterling, I
+obtained two hundred pieces a year for 1778, and twenty five pieces
+more for the ordinary charges and expenses of the following years.
+With this small sum of two hundred and twenty five pieces to live on
+in a country like this, I have been obliged, not only to dismiss my
+servant, but to make other reductions in my house, which makes my
+little family, as well as myself, unhappy, because they apprehend I
+have undone them. I keep them up, however, with the confidence I have
+in the justice and magnanimity of Congress, who, when affairs become
+more prosperous, will not forget me, nor my daughter, a good child of
+thirteen years old, who, from the beginning of this war, has been
+taught to pray fervently for the United States.
+
+This State, by its constitution, can make no war, nor any treaty with
+a sovereign power, without a unanimity of all its provinces and
+cities. And as there is a very strong party in favor of England, there
+is not the least probability that they will conclude a treaty with the
+United States, before England permits them to do so by setting them
+the example. The only, but very necessary thing, therefore, which
+remained to be done here, was to hinder the English from drawing this
+Republic into their quarrel, which, by her immense wealth and public
+credit would have had very bad consequences against America. And to
+this your humble servant has greatly and daily co-operated these three
+years past. We found a very weak opposition, which is now strong
+enough to resist the torrent.
+
+Besides the Commissioners at Paris, to whom I constantly communicate
+all that passes, Mr William Lee, who, from September, 1776, to May,
+1779, was my correspondent, knew my exertions. He wrote to me so early
+as December 26, 1777, in these terms. "Though I have not for some time
+past, had the pleasure of your correspondence, yet I have not been a
+stranger to your continued exertions in the cause of humanity and
+liberty, for which thousands yet unborn will bless your memory." Even
+with respect to a treaty, I left the matter not untried. For
+immediately after the conclusion of the treaty between the United
+States and France, I concerted with the city of Amsterdam and the
+Commissioners at Paris to communicate the said treaty, by means of the
+Great Pensionary of Holland, to their High Mightinesses, together with
+a letter of Dr Franklin to the Great Pensionary, inviting them to
+treat on the same footing, _mutatis mutandis_, whenever they should
+think fit; on which an answer was politely declined for the present.
+Of this curious transaction, I sent at that time, an account to Paris,
+as well as to the Committee of Foreign Affairs. One of the letters of
+the First Pensionary of Amsterdam, our great and worthy friend, dated
+July 31, 1778, has been translated, and printed in the Baltimore
+Journal, with these words at the head of it, "_Letter of a steady
+friend of America, at the Hague._" I have besides in my power the
+proofs of all this in several letters of the honorable gentlemen at
+Paris and at Amsterdam. Mr William Lee knew this too, when he
+concerted with M. de Neufville, a merchant of Amsterdam, at Francfort
+first, and then at Aix la Chapelle, unknown to me, to get a
+Declaration from M. Van Berckel, the Pensionary, of the friendly
+dispositions of the city of Amsterdam, which this good gentleman
+delivered, thinking Mr William Lee was one of the Commissioners at
+Paris. A like Declaration M. Van Berckel delivered to me on the 23d of
+September, 1778,[36] with an explanatory letter of the expression,
+_dès que l'indépendence des Etats-Unis en Amérique sera reconnue par
+les Anglais_, because I told him, such a condition would hurt the
+honorable Congress, and make them pay no attention at all to a
+Declaration, which would appear to them insignificant. Both the
+Declaration and letter[37] will be found in the records of the
+Committee aforesaid, to whom I sent copies of them towards the end of
+1778. As to the sketching and proposing a treaty, his opinion and mine
+also were, that it was premature at that time; and therefore we
+postponed it till the last summer, when he delivered me some papers,
+out of which, and of the French treaty, I have made the sketch,
+reviewed afterwards and corrected by him and by Dr Franklin, of which
+I have despatched on the 19th of this month three different copies to
+the Committee aforesaid, and which I expect back again, with the
+corrections of Congress, and with instructions and credentials for
+proposing it on the first opportunity, which in the meantime I am
+carefully watching.
+
+It is with a very painful concern I mention to your Excellency this
+attempt of Mr Lee to undermine me in this manner; when I thought he
+had enough ado to fulfil his commissions through Germany, and
+therefore was very open and unaware in my letters to him. It is with
+the same concern, I learn just now by a letter of a very worthy
+servant of the United States, that his brother Arthur Lee, has
+complained against me in a Memorial to Congress, as if I had extolled
+Dr Franklin at his expense in the Leyden Gazette. Whoever told him so,
+has told him an absolute falsehood. This assertion may perhaps
+receive, even in his own mind, additional strength, by my ingenuously
+telling him, however, that his being at enmity with Dr Franklin, will
+not hinder me to retain still in my bosom a most tender respect and
+love for the latter. I am sure he will do the same when dispassionate.
+
+I recommend myself to the protection of Congress, and am with the
+deepest respect, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[36] See this letter and the Declaration in the _Correspondence of the
+Commissioners in France_, Vol. I. pp. 456, 457, 483.
+
+[37] The Explanatory Letter is missing, but a letter from the
+Commissioners in relation to the subject of it may be seen as above,
+p. 476.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Passy, March 29th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+It is some time since I have written to you, having nothing material
+to communicate; but I received duly your letters of February 1st,
+18th, 25th, March 2d, 11th, 13th, 17th, and 23d; and thank you for the
+intelligence they contain. The last this minute came to hand, and I
+shall answer it separately.
+
+I pray you to assure M. ---- of my respect, and that it was only on
+one packet for him that I put my name, when I thought to have sent it
+by a friend. The baseness of the post-office opening it surprises me.
+No other letter for him has since passed through my hands. If any
+others come to me for him, I shall send them under cover to you.
+
+I forwarded your letter to Captain Jones. I do not know which of his
+English pilots it was, mentioned in yours to ----. I know he has been
+generous to an excess with them. Explain to me, if you please, the
+fact that is the subject of that letter, and who Mr Gordon is.
+
+I am curious to know what the States will do about the confiscation of
+the goods taken in Byland's convoy.
+
+I received your large packets; that for Captain Jones shall be
+carefully sent to him. I thank you for the philosophical pieces,
+which I will read attentively as soon as I have time. The original
+acts of confederation are very curious, and will be acceptable to
+Congress.
+
+I am ever, my Dear Sir, yours affectionately,
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 13th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since the Memorial presented to their High Mightinesses by the
+Plenipotentiary of Russia, (of which, as well as of the
+Declaration[38] of his Court to those of Versailles, Madrid, and
+London, I join here copies in the Leyden Gazette,) the Provincial
+States of Holland are deliberating on the invitation of the Empress,
+and I am sure (knowing it from a very good hand) the resolution of
+this Province will be taken within the next week, agreeably to the
+views of the Empress, and to the general wishes of all good men. Now
+as the resolutions of this Province are commonly adopted by the
+others, there is very good hope that this Republic will take a step,
+which must accelerate a general pacification.
+
+This intelligence is thought, not only by myself, but by many others,
+very important for the United States. The most devoted partisans of
+the English Court here, seeing that they cannot, without rendering
+themselves too odious, prevent such a resolution from being taken, do
+what they can to enervate it by obscure and ambiguous expressions,
+which they propose to be inserted; but our good men take care to sweep
+the dust which the others throw in their way.
+
+As to the two other objects, which at present take up this Republic,
+viz. the unlimited convoys, and the assistance which the English Court
+demands from this Republic, the Province of Holland has already,
+several weeks ago, unanimously resolved the former, and declined
+granting the succors, as being not within the _casus foederis_ by this
+war. To this resolution the Provinces of Friesland, Overyssel, and
+Groningen, have successively acceded; and it is expected the three
+others will do the same.
+
+I advised the Committee of Foreign Affairs by my letter of June 21st,
+1779, to think of sending here, _aliquem e medio vestrum pietate
+gravem ac meritis virum_; it is now time for such a man to be here, at
+first incognito, till it should be proper to display the character of
+Plenipotentiary. Some American friends here have told me, that Mr
+Laurens, formerly President of Congress, was designed to come over for
+this purpose. I should be very glad to have him already arrived.
+Whenever he comes, he may dispose of my faithful services.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[38] See this Declaration and the Memorial in _John Adams's
+Correspondence_, Vol. IV. pp. 488, 490.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                               Passy, April 23d, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I am much pleased with the account you give me of the disposition with
+which the proposals from the Empress of Russia have been received, and
+desire to be informed from time to time, of the progress of that
+interesting business.
+
+I shall be glad to hear of your reconciliation with ---- because a
+continuance of your difference will be extremely inconvenient. Permit
+me to tell you frankly, what I formerly hinted to you, that I
+apprehend you suffer yourself too easily to be led into personal
+prejudices, by interested people, who would engross all our confidence
+to themselves. From this source have arisen, I imagine, the charges
+and suspicions you have insinuated to me, against several who have
+always declared a friendship for us in Holland. It is right that you
+should have an opportunity of giving the _carte du pays_ to Mr
+Laurens, when he arrives in Holland. But if in order to serve your
+particular friends, you fill his head with these prejudices, you will
+hurt him and them, and perhaps yourself. There does not appear to me
+the least probability in your supposition, that the ---- is an enemy
+to America.
+
+Here has been with me a gentleman from Holland, who was charged, as he
+said, with a verbal commission from divers cities, to inquire whether
+it was true, that Amsterdam had, as they heard, made a treaty of
+commerce with the United States, and to express in that case their
+willingness to enter into a similar treaty. Do you know anything of
+this? What is become, or likely to become of the plan of treaty,
+formerly under consideration?
+
+By a letter from Middlebourg, to which the enclosed is an answer, a
+cargo seized and sent to America, as English property, is reclaimed
+partly on the supposition, that free ships make free goods. They ought
+to do so between England and Holland, because there is a treaty which
+stipulates it; but there being yet no treaty between Holland and
+America to that purpose, I apprehend that the goods being declared by
+the Captain to be English, a neutral ship will not protect them, the
+law of nations governing in this case as it did before the treaty
+abovementioned. Tell me if you please your opinion.
+
+With sincere esteem and affection, I am ever,
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            The Hague, May 21st, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The express sent to Petersburg, with the answer of the States-General,
+has not yet returned. In the meantime it is known here by a despatch
+of the Resident of the Republic at Petersburg, that the news of the
+Provincial Resolution of Holland, which always gives the tone to the
+others, has caused there a very agreeable sensation, not only to the
+Court of Russia, flattered to see the Republic enter into its views,
+but also to the foreign Ministers resident there; and that the
+Prussian Minister, above all, expressed himself very strongly on the
+insolence of the English, and on the indignity of their procedure to
+the Republic; in fine, that the system of the armed neutrality to
+humiliate the English, gains force more and more at the Court, and
+among the powers; which is very visible in the conversations among the
+ministers.
+
+I wrote some days ago to Amsterdam, to advise them to offer to the
+State every fifth sailor of their merchant ships, in order to take
+away the pretext for the scarcity of sailors in the fleet of the
+Republic; and I recommended to them to prevent evil minded persons
+presenting a counter address. They answered me, that the address
+demands of the States the prompt protection of commerce, and offers
+them whatever they may wish to draw from that commerce, whether it be
+the every fifth or third seaman; and that though all have not signed
+it, no one will dare to oppose it. This address will be presented next
+week; and if I can have a copy of it soon enough, I will add hereto a
+copy or translation.
+
+We flatter ourselves soon to see Mr Laurens arrive here, as we have
+been assured. It is time for the politics as well as for the credit of
+America that some person, as distinguished as himself, should come
+here. He cannot yet display a public character; but his presence will
+do none the less good among the friends of America in this country. I
+wish he was already with us.
+
+I was going, Sir, to close this packet, when I received the visit of
+M. Van de Perre, partner of M. Meyners, who form together the most
+eminent commercial house at Middlebourg, in Zealand. He begs me to
+support the claim that he has made through Messrs I. de Neufville &
+Son, and by another way also to Congress on the ship Berkenbos, bound
+from Liverpool to Leghorn, and loaded with herrings and lead for Dutch
+and Italian account, taken by John Paul Jones, Captain of the
+Continental frigate Alliance. M. Van de Perre is of the most
+distinguished family in Zealand, Director of the East India Company,
+nephew of M. Van Berckel, First Counsellor, Pensionary of Amsterdam,
+the brave republican of whom all my letters make mention, and who is
+the great friend of Americans. I have no need to say anything more to
+recommend the affair of this vessel to Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    JOHN ADAMS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                Paris, June 6th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I thank you for your letter, in answer to mine of the 21st of May, and
+for your kind congratulations on my arrival here.
+
+Mr Brown, with whom you took your walks in the neighborhood of Paris,
+has been gone from home some weeks, on his way hence. I should have
+had much pleasure if I had been one of the party. I have rambled in
+most of the scenes round this city, and find them very pleasant, but
+much more indebted to art than to nature. Philadelphia, in the
+purlieus of which, as well as those of Baltimore and Yorktown, I have
+often sought health and pleasure in the same way, in company with our
+venerable Secretary, Charles Thompson, will in future time, when the
+arts shall have established their empire in the new world, become much
+more striking. But Boston above all, around which I have much oftener
+wandered, in company with another venerable character, little known in
+Europe, but to whose virtues and public merits in the cause of
+mankind, history will do justice, will one day present scenes of
+grandeur and beauty, superior to any other place I have ever yet seen.
+
+The letter of General Clinton, when I transmitted it to you, was not
+suspected to be an imposition. There are some circumstances, which are
+sufficient to raise a question, but I think none of them are
+conclusive, and upon the whole I have little doubt of its
+authenticity. I shall be much mortified if it proves a fiction, not on
+account of the importance of the letter, but the stain that a practice
+so disingenuous will bring upon America. When I first left America,
+such a fiction, with all its ingenuity, would have ruined the
+reputation of the author of it, if discovered, and I think that both
+he and the printer would have been punished. With all the freedom of
+our presses, I really think, that not only the government but the
+populace would have resented it. I have had opportunities of an
+extensive acquaintance with the Americans, and I must say, in justice
+to my countrymen, that I know not a man that I think capable of a
+forgery at once so able and so base. Truth is indeed respected in
+America, and so gross an affront to her I hope will not, and I think
+cannot go unpunished.
+
+Whether it is genuine or not, I have no doubt of the truth of the
+facts, in general, and I have reasons to believe, that if the secret
+correspondence of Bernard, Hutchinson, Gage, Howe, and Clinton could
+all be brought to light, the world would be equally surprised at the
+whole thread of it. The British administration and their servants have
+carried towards us from the beginning a system of duplicity, in the
+conduct of American affairs, that will appear infamous to the public
+whenever it shall be known.
+
+You have seen Rodney's account of the battle of the 17th of April. The
+sceptre of the ocean is not to be maintained by such actions as this,
+and Byron's, and Keppel's. They must make themselves more terrible
+upon the ocean, to preserve its dominion. Their empire is founded only
+in fear--no nation loves it. We have no news.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  PROTEST OF THE CITY OF AMSTERDAM.
+
+_Extracted from the Resolutions of the Council of that City of the
+29th of June, 1780, and inserted in the Acts of the Provincial
+Assembly of Holland, at the Hague, July 1st, 1780._
+
+The Deputies of the city of Amsterdam, in the name and on the part of
+their constituents, in order to justify themselves to posterity, have
+declared in the Assembly of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses that
+their Committee is of opinion that it is necessary, without loss of
+time, to write on the part of their High Mightinesses to M. de Swart,
+their Resident at the Court of Russia, and charge him to enter into a
+conference, the sooner the better, with the Commissioners of her
+Imperial Majesty of Russia, and of other neutral powers in the place
+of his residence and elsewhere, where it shall be judged suitable, in
+order to conclude together a convention for the mutual protection of
+the commerce and navigation of neutral powers, on the basis of the
+declaration made by her Majesty to the belligerent powers, and of the
+resolution adopted on this subject by their High Mightinesses, on the
+24th of April last, adding to it only, that said M. de Swart shall
+take for the rule of his conduct the simplicity which her Imperial
+Majesty of Russia herself has proposed in the explanations which she
+made on five points at the request of his Swedish Majesty, and which
+M. de Swart has communicated to their High Mightinesses, to the end,
+that with such a provisional convention, they would be well pleased to
+decree together the reciprocal protection of the merchant ships of
+each other, which, fortified with the requisite papers shall be
+nevertheless insulted on the sea; so that these merchant vessels being
+in reach of one or more vessels of war of one of the allied powers,
+wherever it may be, they may receive, in virtue of such an alliance,
+any assistance; and that at the same time the contracting powers
+engage to put to sea, provisionally, all the vessels of war they can,
+and to give to the officers who shall command them necessary orders
+and instructions that they may be able to fulfil these general,
+salutary and simple views.
+
+And that, further, as to arrangements to be made for the future, which
+may require more particular detail, and which cannot be adjusted with
+the expedition which the present perilous state of the navigation of
+the neutral powers in general, and of this Province in particular
+demands, M. de Swart will reserve all this for a separate article, of
+which her Imperial Majesty of Russia made mention in the above named
+explanations, and that he will declare in regard to this that their
+High Mightinesses have given thereon their final and precise orders,
+in which they will constitute one or more Plenipotentiaries who will
+be able to treat of the necessary arrangements on this subject with
+the neutral powers.
+
+That said constituents, to give greater weight to their present
+advice, add further to the above, that if this advice was rejected,
+and if the affair was negotiated on the basis of the previous opinion,
+exhibited on the 23d of June last, in the Assembly of Holland, the
+consequence of it will be that the Russian squadron, which, according
+to orders of her Imperial Majesty of Russia, must have already put to
+sea, will appear in the seas bordering on this country, without giving
+any protection to the commerce of this country; while, on the other
+side, though commerce has been a long time charged with double duties,
+their High Mightinesses, meantime, grant it no protection, because the
+Colleges of Admiralty of this country profess themselves unable to do
+it, or at least to put to sea sufficient convoys to avoid affronts
+like those which the squadron under the orders of Rear-Admiral de
+Byland had lately endured.
+
+That from this total failure of protection to the navigation of this
+country, on the one side, and from the continual insults of which
+their High Mightinesses every day receive grievous complaints on the
+other, there must naturally ensue an entire suspension of the commerce
+of this country; and thence, it is easy to foresee, that this commerce
+will be diverted and take its course by other European channels, and
+that the burdensome impositions with which it is charged, in order to
+obtain means for its protection being continued, will precipitate its
+ruin.
+
+That in this confusion of affairs, and in the extreme necessity in
+which they find themselves, to take advantage of an offer of
+assistance and succor so generously and magnanimously made and
+proposed by her Imperial Majesty of Russia to this State, on a footing
+so easy and so little burdensome; the Lords Constituents will leave
+posterity to judge of the weight of the reasons alleged by some
+members of the Assembly of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses in the
+deliberation on this subject, as if the acceptance of said means for
+the necessary protection of the commerce of this country, and in
+particular of foreign succor, could be considered a means of drawing
+on a war on the part of those, against whom it is found necessary to
+defend ourselves, in making use of said means to all lawful purposes;
+and as if we ought, for this reason, to decline the said offer of
+assistance, unless her Imperial Majesty of Russia, beside her said
+magnanimous plan of re-establishing the liberty of the seas, will also
+engage with the other neutral powers to guaranty to this nation all
+its possessions fixed and immovable, both in and out of Europe.
+
+That the Lords Constituents will only remark, that in order that such
+an attack on the fixed and immovable possessions of the Republic may
+appear likely, it would be necessary at least, to allege some
+plausible reasons or pretexts to defend it, in the eyes of all Europe,
+from the most manifest injustice and violence; whereas it is clear
+that such hostilities could not have any foundation on a protection of
+commerce to which their High Mightinesses find themselves absolutely
+forced by the open violation of the treaty of commerce concluded with
+England in 1674; that thus the probability of an attack of this sort,
+seeing the manifest injustice of such an enterprize, must vanish; and
+this especially, if we consider the great number of enemies that
+England has drawn upon her, and that it would be madness to increase
+the number; that such being the case, the said suppositions are of too
+small weight and too far removed from all probability to refuse the
+means which are offered of protecting the commerce of the subjects of
+the State, and that to refuse an aid so powerful while it is not in a
+condition to protect its commerce by its own unaided forces, will be
+evidently to renounce all protection possible, while the burdensome
+imposts under which commerce, in expectation of some protection, has a
+long time groaned, and still groans, would, against all reason, remain
+in their rigor.
+
+That in addition to this the Lords Constituents will remark further,
+that it appears by the successive despatches of M. de Swart to their
+High Mightinesses on this affair, that he insists strongly on
+hastening the business, and on sending, the sooner the better,
+necessary instructions for this purpose, after the example of Sweden,
+who has already instructed her Minister to conclude the said
+convention. That this is the more necessary because we know that all
+sorts of indirect means are set to work to deprive the Republic of the
+advantage of an alliance so beneficial, and to involve it in a war
+with France.
+
+From this it is clear that such pernicious views will be accomplished,
+if not only they put off the completion of the convention, but also,
+as is but too apparent, if they evade it altogether by making her
+Imperial Majesty of Russia propositions of guaranty, which not only
+are entirely foreign to the plan which this Princess has laid before
+the eyes of Europe, but which her Majesty, in the explanations she has
+given, has roundly declared she would never listen to.
+
+In fine that the Lords Constituents are of opinion, that it is
+necessary to satisfy the wishes of her Imperial Majesty of Russia, by
+making the declaration in question on the part of their High
+Mightinesses to the belligerent powers, and by assuring her Majesty
+that as soon as said convention shall be signed, their High
+Mightinesses will make the said declaration to the Courts of the
+belligerent powers.
+
+Meantime the committee referred thereon to the better advice of the
+honorable Council. On which, having deliberated and the voices having
+been taken, the Burgomasters and Counsellors thanked the committee for
+the trouble they had taken and agreed to the above advice.
+
+                                                    A. VAN HINGELANDT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   JAMES LOVELL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, July 10th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I know not how I can profess all the regard which I feel for you,
+without appearing, on the one hand, to do it upon slight grounds, or,
+on the other, to have delayed it too long.
+
+I have been steadily in Congress without once visiting my family in
+Boston, since January, 1777, and from May, that year, have been a
+member of the Committee of Foreign Affairs; consequently, I am well
+informed of your truly republican spirit, your particular affection
+for these States, and your industry in their service, most of your
+numerous letters, down to December 30th, 1779, having come to hand.
+
+The honorable gentleman who will deliver this, being also a member of
+Congress, has a just esteem for you, and promises himself much
+advantage from an opportunity of conversing with you. Mr Searle is
+well able to make a due return of the benefits from the fund of his
+intimacy with American state affairs, his extensive commercial
+knowledge, and his science of mankind gained by former travels.
+
+I shall shortly write to you again by another respectable gentleman of
+our assembly, and I will use every means to make him the bearer of
+what you have so rightfully solicited, as a faithful _first_
+correspondent of our Committee, from whom you will, probably, have
+regular official letters under a new arrangement of a secretaryship,
+which has been vacant from the days of a confusion excited by an
+indiscreet and illiberal publication here, on the 5th of December,
+1778, and which you have read with grief.
+
+In the meantime, I hope you will receive kindly this individual
+testimony of cordial friendship, from, Sir, your very humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 15th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my last of the 21st of May, nothing has passed of much interest
+in the Assemblies of this Province, to deserve repetition. I send an
+account of all that passes to Dr Franklin at Paris, almost every post.
+The fitting out of ships of the Republic for convoy goes on slowly,
+and the resolutions in this respect, and for the negotiations with
+Russia, drag equally slow. The English party, led by the English
+Ambassador, and by another person who leads the majority here,
+continue to perplex, delay, and cross everything; and he who is at the
+head of all, follows their impulses. In a word, the English intrigue
+more here than in all Europe besides. The difficulties they excite in
+Germany and foment on the subject of the coadjutor of Munster and
+Cologne, are intended to embarrass this Republic, and hinder it from
+being successfully occupied in the re-establishment of its navy. It
+was in agitation to make choice of a Prince of Austria for coadjutor,
+and, of consequence, for future Elector of Cologne. The King of
+Prussia is opposed to it; and France also. England, in the name of
+Hanover, favored the views of the House of Austria. This may kindle a
+war in Germany.
+
+The protest here annexed of the minority in the Chapter of Munster,
+is a paper as important as it is well done. I received it in German
+and translated it, and while I am writing this, a copy of it is
+making.
+
+I have nothing more to add, except that a body of ten thousand
+Prussians, quartered in Westphalia, have orders to hold themselves
+ready to march to Munster on the first signal.
+
+The misfortune of Charleston has animated the courage of the
+Anglomanes here, and filled our friends with consternation. I do my
+best to encourage them, and I succeed. In spite of the intrigues of
+the English, they will gain nothing important here, because there must
+be unanimity in the resolutions for war or peace.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            The Hague, July 22d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As everything is here in the inactivity of summer, nothing new has
+occurred. The States of the Province of Holland do not assemble till
+the 26th of this month. It is to be wished that we may soon receive
+news from America, which will raise again the courage of the friends
+of the United States, to whom the misfortune of Charleston has caused
+much pain, in proportion as it has reanimated those who favor your
+enemies. The latter, in the meantime, forge and utter every day rumors
+injurious to the United States, such as, that they are about to
+submit. "The Congress," say they, "is disunited and ready to dissolve;
+the southern Provinces successively yield, and they flatter themselves
+in England, that those in the north will follow their example." The
+King himself flatters his Parliament with this idea. I can, for the
+present, only oppose patience to all this, and keep myself mostly out
+of sight; for they look on me as a lost man, and one who will be soon
+abandoned by America herself. Besides, my feeble health, which has not
+been able to resist this shock and a concurrence of many others,
+forces me to this inaction for a time.
+
+Two Plenipotentiaries depart hence to regulate at Petersburg with the
+Empress of Russia, the armed neutrality. The Court of Denmark has
+followed the example of Russia, in making the same declarations to the
+other powers. It appears that the affair of Munster will not trouble
+the peace of Germany. This election must be made the 16th of next
+month, and, probably, the Archduke will be coadjutor.
+
+_July 24th._ The sudden declaration of Denmark, unforeseen by all the
+world, much embarrasses those here who hope to see the armed
+neutrality fail. Amsterdam has protested against sending
+Plenipotentiaries to Petersburg, to whom embarrassing instructions
+have been given. She wishes, with reason, that they would be content
+simply to send full powers to M. de Swart, Resident of the Republic at
+Petersburg, with orders to conform to the resolution of their High
+Mightinesses, which is positive and clear on the accession to said
+armed neutrality. It is expected that Sweden will make, on the first
+opportunity, a like declaration. Then the opposition will not be able
+to force the Republic to recede, without making themselves odious.
+
+We hope by the next post, among other things, to receive good news
+from the combined fleet of the Count de Guichen and Don Solano; as
+also from M. de Ternay, and from the continent.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 24th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I confess myself very remiss in not answering your favor of the 21st
+ultimo sooner. The removal of the Court from Aranjues to this city,
+and a bilious disorder which has oppressed me more than a month, and
+which still afflicts me, have in part, been the reason. I have no news
+to communicate to you, which can console you for our late misfortunes;
+I can assure you, however, that they do not deject me. _Per aspera ad
+astra._ Heaven does not intend to exempt us from the adversities,
+which have befallen other nations, who struggled for their liberty, by
+giving as almost full and instantaneous enjoyment of it. I have full
+confidence in the perseverance of our countrymen. They will, I hope,
+act with more vigor in consequence of their misfortunes. I have
+received letters from America, dated in the end of April, and the 1st
+of May, which speak of the loss of Charleston as certain, and which
+predict other successes of the enemy in the Northern States, but which
+show no despondency.
+
+I shall pay implicit obedience to the request you make me, with
+respect to your family, and you may rely upon me, when I tell you that
+as long as I have any influence, or any friends in the councils of
+America, they shall not want strenuous advocates, and this letter
+will always be a memento that would put me to the blush, should I be
+deficient in a promise, which I think myself even in justice to my
+country obliged to endeavor to fulfil in the best manner possible. The
+Spanish, or rather allied fleet, has returned to Cadiz, except a few
+vessels which cruise near that port. The Count de Estaing is expected
+at St Ildefonso in about a week, the Count being now at that place. I
+go there this week.
+
+I see that the _Courier de l'Europe_ mentions that Mr Jay has received
+his _congé_, &c. &c. Not a word of truth. The English papers sent our
+commissioners from France frequently, yet a treaty was made by these
+same _congéd_ commissioners. I have received your cypher safe. Begin
+when you please your observations on men and things. I shall be much
+obliged to you, to separate and seal up all the letters you have ever
+received from me, unless it be this, under a cover for me, which, in
+case of death, which heaven forbid, you will direct to me, delivered
+to my orders.
+
+My best compliments to your family, and Messrs de Neufville, and
+believe me ever, your friend and servant,
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 25th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The 21st of March last I had the honor to write your Excellency a long
+letter on my own concerns, of which I annex here an extract. I add
+here, that when I received the first commission of the committee on
+the part of Congress, dated in December, 1775, in which they honored
+me with their orders and credentials, I did not solicit to be
+employed; I did not even think of it. But chosen and named, by this
+respectable body, in a manner as unexpected as it was definite and
+authentic, to serve essentially the United States, my ardent thoughts
+and life were consecrated with zeal to the cause of the United States.
+Persuaded that it was the cause of humanity, of liberty, and of
+virtue, I have sacrificed everything to this noble service, during
+nearly five years, with all possible zeal and fidelity. The Congress
+also testified to me soon after, that they were well satisfied with my
+services. I have corresponded assiduously since that time with the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs, with the Plenipotentiaries of the United
+States at Paris, and with a number of other servants of America. I
+have raised up, cemented and nourished in Holland a considerable party
+in their favor, whereby I have drawn upon myself the hatred of a party
+more powerful, which wishes to see me perish, and which has already
+done me all the wrong and all the mischief of which it was capable. I
+have participated in the adverse fortune of America, in the just
+confidence that the United States and their Congress will have my
+interest at heart, as I have constantly and successfully had theirs,
+and as their magnanimity, their dignity, and their honor require in
+the eyes of the European public.
+
+I have yet fully this confidence; and it is this which caused me to
+solicit, more than a year since, in several of my letters to the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs, a formal confirmation of my agency on
+the part of Congress, for my safety and quiet. I beg, Sir, that you
+will second my request and obtain for me a resolution as favorable as
+my demand is just.
+
+I know that some Americans, whom I honor in other respects, have
+entertained and propagated the idea, that a commission of the
+honorable Committee of Foreign Affairs was not so valid as one of
+Congress. One of them said so to me. I will not, Sir, give myself up
+to an idea so injurious, as to think, that Congress would refuse to
+ratify what their Committee has done; and the engagements it has made,
+but this body is not always composed of the same persons; it has many
+other affairs; it may forget me, and I may be cruelly supplanted,
+abandoned, and consequently at the age of sixty years, ruined with my
+family, without resource and without means. I put, then, my cause into
+the hands of your Excellency, to endeavor to obtain for me, as
+promptly as possible, the satisfaction I desire, and to send me the
+commission I solicit. The service of the United States requires it,
+and this will not interfere with the powers of Minister
+Plenipotentiary, who may be sent here; on the contrary, I shall be
+useful to him, if God spares my life.
+
+One consideration, also, to which I pray Congress to give their
+attention, is that far from being recompensed for my past labors, the
+two hundred and twenty five louis d'ors or guineas which I draw yearly
+for my subsistence and to defray the expenses of journeys, postages,
+&c. charges, which, from prudence, and considering circumstances, I
+have never carried to the account, are not sufficient; and I have been
+obliged constantly to expend my own in addition. Besides my age, the
+privation not only of a copyist, which the service demanded, but even
+of a valet, which I have been obliged also to deny myself in order to
+be able to subsist, for about three years, makes my life extremely sad
+and painful.
+
+In perfect trust that Congress will consent to give attention to my
+petition, and to my state, I commend myself with my wife and daughter
+to their protection.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                            Ariel, Road of Croix, September 8th, 1780.
+
+I dare say, my dear friend, my silence for so long a time must have an
+extraordinary appearance to you, and have excited in your mind various
+conjectures not much to my advantage. I will now endeavor to make some
+atonement by confessing the truth. I have been ashamed to write to you
+on account of the strange variety of events that have taken place, and
+detained me in port, from the 10th of February until this date.
+
+I wish to pass over these events for the present in silence, choosing
+rather to suffer a little ill-natured misconstruction, than to attempt
+explanations before the matters are brought to a proper and final
+decision. I hope it will then appear, that I have been not very fairly
+treated, and that my conduct has been blameless. M. D. C. pursued his
+resentment to such a length as obliged me in April to pay a visit to
+the Minister, greatly against my will at that moment, for I then
+thought myself neglected, and not very well used by him; but I was
+most agreeably undeceived by the very friendly reception I met with.
+My every demand was granted respecting the prizes; it became me
+therefore to be very modest. I found that I had C. alone to thank for
+the altercations at the Texel. I had the happiness to be feasted and
+caressed by all the world at Paris and Versailles, except himself. He,
+however, looked guilty; we did not speak together, not because I had
+any determined objection, for I love his family, but he could not look
+me in the face, and fled whenever chance brought us near each other.
+
+Without studying it, I enjoyed over him a triumph, as great as I could
+wish to experience over Jemmy Twitcher. His Majesty ordered a superb
+sword to be made for me, which I have since received, and it is called
+much more elegant than that presented to the Marquis de Lafayette. His
+Majesty has also written, by his Minister, the strongest letter that
+is possible in approbation of my conduct, to the President of
+Congress, offering to invest me with the Cross, an institution of
+military merit, which I carry with me for that purpose, to the
+Chevalier de la Luzerne. The Minister of Marine has besides addressed
+a very kind letter to myself, and I have also had the like honor shown
+me by the other Ministers. I continue to receive constant marks of
+esteem, and honorable attention from the Court, and the ship I now
+command was lent to the United States in consequence of my
+application. Nothing has detained me from sailing for this past month,
+but that my officers and men are still without wages or prize money.
+There is a strange mystery, which when explained, must surprise you.
+C., who pretends to exercise authority over these moneys, will I fear
+persist in withholding them, till he obliges me to lay a second
+complaint before the Minister against him, and if I am reduced to the
+necessity of this step, he will not come off so well as he has
+hitherto done, on the score of betraying secrets.
+
+I will take care of your packets, and as I expect to remain but two or
+three days longer, I hope to hear from you through the hands of our
+friend R. M. of Philadelphia. Let me know how Mr Round Face, that went
+lately from Paris to the Hague, is proceeding? I understand he has
+gone to Amsterdam. I wish he may be doing good. If he should
+inadvertently do evil, as a stranger, I shall, as his fellow-citizen,
+be very sorry for it, but you being a native will hear of it. I
+confess I am anxious about his situation. The man has a family, and in
+these troublesome times, I wish he were at home to mind his trade and
+his fireside, for I think he has travelled more than his fortune can
+well bear. Present my respects to Madam and the virgin muse. I got
+many little pieces addressed to me while near the Court, but I made
+very little return.
+
+I am, my dear philosopher, with unalterable regard, yours.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                      The Hague, September 12th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+There has been a great dearth of news for some time, which is happily
+interrupted by the capture of the English East and West India fleets,
+by the combined fleets of France and Spain, as your Excellency will
+see by the accompanying journals. Important as this event is in
+itself, we consider it here as the presage of what we are to hope in
+America; the capture of the twelve English vessels bound to Quebec,
+made by the Americans off Newfoundland, and the failure of General
+Kniphausen at Springfield, is an agreeable foretaste of what we may
+expect from the combined operations of the French and Continental
+forces. There is nothing going on here, the States of Holland having
+done nothing in their present session, except to deliberate on a
+petition of the merchants of Amsterdam, for the free passage into
+France of naval stores and copper, by the canals of Flanders and
+Brabant, until the navigation of the Republic is better protected. The
+inaction of the States-General still greater; they are awaiting the
+letters from their Plenipotentiaries, who must have arrived at
+Petersburg.
+
+We learn from London, that the King has dissolved the present
+Parliament, and will convoke a new one. In Ireland, although the
+majority of the Parliament are subservient to the Court, the
+associations of the disaffected increase. The Russian, Danish, and
+Swedish squadrons in concert, protect the commerce of their respective
+nations; and this Republic protects nothing. The combined fleet of
+Spain and France is at sea, and is expected to show itself in the
+Channel. The Archduke Maximilian has been chosen coadjutor, and
+consequently future Elector of Cologne, and Bishop of Munster. The
+Prince and Princess of Orange expect daily a visit from the King of
+Sweden, on his return from Spa. The Prince of Prussia is at
+Petersburg; the Emperor is returned to Vienna. The King of Prussia is
+engaged with the review in Silesia.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO B. FRANKLIN.
+
+                                          The Hague, October 3d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just seen our friend. Their High Mightinesses have received a
+courier from Petersburg, with a convention drawn up by the Empress.
+Our friend is well satisfied with the conduct of the Plenipotentiary
+of the Republic and their despatches, which are,
+
+1st. The convention founded on that made between the northern Courts,
+to which are added two articles. One of them has for its object the
+restitution of the vessels taken from the Republic; the other is, that
+in case the Republic should, on account of this convention be
+attacked, molested, or injured, the other powers shall take part and
+make common cause with her and will defend her. To this is added a
+separate article, importing that the design of the armed neutrality
+is, to endeavor as soon as it is perfected, to make peace between the
+belligerent powers.
+
+2dly. The despatches inform us, that the Ministers Plenipotentiary
+learned from the Minister of Prussia, that the English Envoy at
+Petersburg had declared to her Imperial Majesty, that his Court would
+pay due respect to the armed neutrality of the northern powers,
+provided Holland was excluded from it.
+
+Our friend informed me with great pleasure, that this Republic will
+not be able to retreat; that it must sign in spite of the opposition
+of the temporizers, who have now no pretence for delay, without
+rendering themselves absolutely odious, and becoming responsible for
+consequences. The French Ambassador has also received despatches from
+the French Minister at Petersburg.
+
+Our friend has no doubt but the King of Prussia will accede to the
+convention. And, very probably, the Emperor will do the same. For the
+Empress was so well pleased with his visit, that she made him a
+present of a man of war. And we have no longer any doubts of the
+accession of Portugal.
+
+I have it from the best authority, that the Empress will not
+relinquish her simple and noble plan to establish for the nations a
+maritime code equally honorable and beneficial to all. Besides, there
+are two circumstances, which confirm me in this.
+
+1st. The apparent concert between the northern Ministers and those of
+France, Spain, and Prussia, with the cabinet at Petersburg.
+
+2dly. The orders given in Russia and Sweden, to fit out immediately
+for sea new fleets equal to those they have already fitted out.
+
+The King of Sweden, in his passage here, as well as his whole journey,
+discovered very little regard for the English. A good deal of pains
+was taken to induce him to accept an invitation to sup with Sir Joseph
+Yorke. He supped twice with the French Ambassador, who entertained him
+twice with a play, which was acted at a theatre fitted up for the
+purpose. His Excellency, the Ambassador, was so obliging as to present
+me himself, with six tickets to attend the two plays with my wife and
+daughter.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+          EXTRACT OF LETTERS FROM LONDON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            London, October 6th, 1780.
+
+Mr Henry Laurens was brought to town last night, rather in better
+health. He was lodged that night in the messenger's house in Scotland
+Yard, and denied all sort of communications with his friends, or those
+who wished to speak to him. He was examined at noon at Lord George
+Germain's, and committed by a warrant of Justice Addington, a close
+prisoner to the Tower, with orders that no person whatever should
+speak to him. These people are so foolishly changeable, that most
+likely in a few days the severity of his confinement may be relaxed.
+At present, two men are always in the same room with him, and two
+soldiers without.
+
+_October 10th._ Since my last, of the 6th, there has been no material
+incident relative to Mr Henry Laurens's commitment; nor is the rigor
+of his confinement abated. No person whatever can speak to him, but in
+hearing and sight of the two attendant messengers. It is said, that
+the Secretary of State's order will produce admittance to his room,
+but nothing else. Some of his tory relations, and a Mr Manning, a
+merchant of the city, and a correspondent of Mr Laurens, have made
+attempts to speak to him, but did not succeed. He is wise enough to be
+cautious whom he speaks to. It is generally thought that this rigor
+will be taken off in a few days, and that his friends, who are now
+backward for fear of any stir that may be disadvantageous to him, will
+have admittance. Almost every person is crying out, shame upon this
+sort of treatment of Mr Laurens.
+
+_October 17th._ It was not until the 14th instant, that any person
+whatever was permitted to see Mr Laurens in the Tower. On that day,
+after repeated applications for admission, Mr Manning and Mr Laurens
+junior, a youth of sixteen or eighteen years, who has been some years
+at Warrington school, were permitted to see him. An order went signed
+from the three Secretaries of State, Hillsborough, Stormont, and
+Germain, to the Governor of the Tower, permitting the two gentlemen
+above named to visit Mr Laurens for half an hour; the warrant
+expressly intimating that their visit was to be limited to that time,
+and that they could not, a second time, see him without a new order.
+The Governor sent a note to Mr Manning, that he had received such an
+order from the Secretaries of State, and he, with young Laurens, went
+accordingly last Saturday morning. They found him very ill, much
+emaciated, but not low spirited, and bitter against the people of
+England for their harsh treatment of him. He spoke very handsomely of
+Captain Keppel, who took him and the Lieutenant to London; but from
+the period of putting his foot on shore, he was treated with a
+brutality, which he could never expect from Englishmen.
+
+His weakness from sickness, and his agitation on seeing his son, took
+up the first ten of the thirty minutes allowed him to converse with
+his friends. The rest was filled with bitter invectives against the
+authors of his harsh treatment. His outer room is but a very mean one,
+not more than twelve feet square, a dark, close bed-room adjoining,
+both indifferently furnished, and a few books on his table; no pen and
+ink or newspaper has been yet allowed him, but he has a pencil and a
+memorandum book, in which he occasionally notes things. The warden of
+the Tower, and a yeoman of the guard are constantly at his elbow,
+though they never attempt to stop his conversation. Mr Manning and
+his child being the first visitors he has had, perhaps Mr Laurens was
+led to say everything he could of the severity of his treatment, in
+order that it might be known abroad, and contradict the general report
+of his being exceedingly well treated. He has hitherto declined any
+physical advice, or the visits of any of those creatures near him, who
+may be put in with a view to pump. Mr Penn is making application and
+will probably see him. It is doubtful if the son will again get leave.
+His harsh treatment being now pretty generally known, every one is
+crying out shame against it, and they accuse a great personage, known
+by the name of White Eyes, as the immediate author of it.[39]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[39] For other particulars on this subject, see _Franklin's
+Correspondence_, Vol. III. pp. 174, 176, 305. Also, _Henry Laurens's
+Correspondence_, Vol. II. p. 463.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                       Amsterdam, December 19th, 1780.
+
+Sir,
+
+Since my last, they have advised in the States of Holland, not to
+answer at all to the Memorial of Sir Joseph Yorke. This I think is the
+best they can do in these circumstances. But Sir Joseph Yorke has
+presented a new Memorial, as offensive at least as the preceding one,
+and the several provinces are now deliberating on its contents.[40]
+But their resolution, I am assured, will not please the British
+Court.
+
+I had the honor some days ago of presenting Mr Searle to the French
+Ambassador, and of serving them both as an interpreter in an
+interesting conversation, as to the best method of expelling the enemy
+out of the United States, and of putting a speedy end to the war in
+America. The intention of a majority of fifteen out of the eighteen
+cities of Holland, by disavowing the conduct of Amsterdam concerning
+the projected treaty, is visibly to leave no pretext at all to Great
+Britain for attacking this Republic on other grounds than that of
+resentment for her accession to the armed neutrality.
+
+_December 26th._ The States of this Province have taken unanimously
+the provisional resolve, of putting the _project of a treaty_ between
+the United States and this Republic, together with the letter of the
+city of Amsterdam, concerning the same, into the hands of the
+Provincial Court of Justice, to be examined by them, and to decide _if
+there is any constitutional law of the Union, which can be said to
+have been violated by the Regency of Amsterdam in this affair_.
+Supposing for a moment, this should be the case, the high sheriff of
+the city would then be requested to pursue the violators of such a
+law. But as this cannot be the case, the said States, who are to
+assemble on the 5th of January, will take the final resolution; 1st,
+of asking satisfaction of the Court of Great Britain, for her indecent
+Memorials; and 2dly, of laying the whole proceedings before the
+Northern Courts, and showing them the false pretence under which the
+said Court endeavors to conceal her resentment against this Republic
+for her accession to the armed neutrality.
+
+_December 27th._ The States having acquainted Sir Joseph Yorke with
+the aforesaid provisional resolve, he refused to receive the
+communication; and on the 25th inst. he set out early in the morning,
+according to the orders of his King, for Antwerp. The very day of his
+leaving the Hague, the Committee of Holland residing constantly at the
+Hague, sent circular letters to the several cities of this Province,
+acquainting them with this event, and summoning them for coming
+immediately _with proper instructions from their cities_, to form a
+_speedy, cordial, and vigorous resolve_. One of these letters has been
+shown to me in the original.
+
+_December 28th._ Consequently, the Second Pensionary and other
+Deputies of the city of Amsterdam, have set out this morning for the
+Hague, where all will meet tomorrow. The First Pensionary, M. Van
+Berckel, will follow them, as soon as he shall see himself justified
+by the decision of the Court of Holland.
+
+_The Hague, January 12th, 1781._ Last Monday, a courier, who left
+Petersburg on the 19th of December, arrived with despatches to the
+Grand Pensionary of Holland, containing, "that the Empress, satisfied
+with that of their High Mightinesses, of November 27th, had seen, with
+indignation rather than astonishment, the two last Memorials of Sir
+Joseph Yorke; that she was greatly disposed in favor of the Republic;
+that the convention would soon be signed, and the acts of it sent by
+another courier." Yesterday was resolved, and today begins the
+distribution of letters of marque, both for men of war and privateers.
+The decision of the Court of Justice of Holland, cannot come out
+before the 15th of February, because of the absence of several of its
+members; but everybody knows already, that it cannot but be a good
+one. Till then M. Van Berckel will not appear here.
+
+_January 23d._ On the 21st the Grand Pensionary of Holland received a
+letter from M. de Swart, the Dutch Resident at Petersburg, of which
+the following extract is taken by myself from an authentic copy
+communicated to me. "_January 5th._ On the 31st of December last, the
+Dutch Plenipotentiaries and M. de Swart had a final conference with
+the Russian Plenipotentiary, when, having settled the matter of
+command in case of their men of war or squadrons meeting or acting
+jointly, in the same manner as this Republic is used to do with all
+other Crowns, and the whole transaction having been laid before the
+Empress, and approved by her, the accession of this Republic to the
+treaties of Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, for the mutual protection of
+the trade and navigation of their subjects, has been concluded and
+signed on January 4th, by the Plenipotentiaries of the parties, and
+the acts of it despatched (they also arrived here on the 21st) to be
+ratified by their High Mightinesses. During the whole transaction of
+this treaty, the English had left no artifice untried, in order to get
+the Republic excluded from this alliance; and even to the last moment,
+they strived most desperately against her admission. But the Empress
+and her Ministry, unshaken, rejected their Memorials with firmness,
+and even with indignation."
+
+With all my heart I congratulate the United States upon this happy
+event; an event which must accelerate the humiliation of their proud
+enemy, and assert with the acknowledged liberty of America, that of
+the seas through the world; the latter of which cannot be obtained
+without the former.
+
+Couriers have been sent from hence, eleven days ago, for the purpose
+of asking from the three Northern Powers the stipulated succor, as
+being attacked in resentment, for having acceded to their alliance.
+The money which this Republic has now occasion to take up from her
+subjects, will greatly increase the difficulty of the English in
+obtaining money, and sink their stocks still more.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[40] These two Memorials are contained in _John Adams's
+Correspondence_, Vol. V. pp. 372, 386.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   ROBERT MORRIS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, December 24th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your letter of the 7th of January last was long on its passage, and, I
+am sorry to say, has remained too long in my possession without an
+answer, which you must attribute entirely to the multiplicity of
+employments, in various ways, that occupy very fully my whole time.
+Had I complied with the dictates of that respect and esteem, which Dr
+Franklin first, and your steady adherence to this country since
+inspired, you would have heard from me immediately; but men who are
+involved in much business, as I am, cannot follow their inclinations,
+but must submit to such things as call most pressingly for their
+attention.
+
+The letter you enclosed to me, for Messrs Sears & Smith, I sent
+forward immediately, and you may depend on me for much more important
+services, when in my power to render them to you or any of your
+friends.
+
+After serving my country in various public stations for upwards of
+four years, my routine in Congress was finished; and no sooner was I
+out, than envious and malicious men began to attack my character, but
+my services were so universally known, and my integrity so clearly
+proved, I have, thank God, been able to look down with contempt on
+those that have endeavored to injure me; and what is more, I can face
+the world with that consciousness, which rectitude of conduct gives to
+those who pursue it invariably.
+
+You will excuse me for saying so much of myself. I should not have
+mentioned the subject had I not been attacked; and as I think no man
+ought to be insensible to applause and approbation, I cannot help
+wishing to retain that opinion you have been pleased to entertain of
+me.
+
+As I maintain my acquaintance amongst the present members of Congress,
+you will be assured I will most cheerfully promote your interest
+whenever I can, for I feel the force of your observations on that
+subject.
+
+Mr Carmichael is returned to Europe, and Mr Deane is about embarking
+for France, and I dare say you will hear from them both.
+
+I most sincerely wish an honorable, happy, and speedy end to the war
+we are engaged in; and with sentiments of great esteem and respect, I
+remain,
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, February 5th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A courier, despatched by the Russian Ambassador here on the 29th of
+December last, with the news of Sir Joseph Yorke having left the Hague
+by order of his Court without taking leave, has come back again with
+letters from the Dutch Plenipotentiaries at Petersburg to the Great
+Pensionary, the contents of which are still very satisfactory; so that
+there is no doubt nor uneasiness concerning a favorable answer, which
+they expect here, but not before the end of this month, to the
+demands made, by a courier despatched from hence on the 12th of
+January last.
+
+By letters from Ostend we are told, that the Russian Minister at
+London had left that Court without taking leave. If this proves true,
+or whenever else the expected rupture between Russia and Great Britain
+will be fully ascertained, then it will be time to set on foot a
+negotiation with the four new allied powers, for the acknowledgment of
+the independency of America, and making treaties with her of amity and
+commerce. The first, and perhaps only application for this purpose,
+must then be made to Russia; and I am now carefully watching the
+moment when such an application will be proper, and attended with the
+prospect of success, in order to inform Mr Adams and take with and
+under him, such measures as may be necessary. Till then we must keep
+them close, and make no application to this Republic, which, since her
+accession, cannot and will not make any private step without the
+quadruple alliance, of which Russia is the leading power; and, as I
+have good reasons to think, well disposed towards the United States.
+
+I have been repeatedly assured, that the exportation of the two
+thousand lasts of grain to England from Ostend, has been refused at
+Brussels to Sir Joseph Yorke, and that he is going, if not already
+gone, from Antwerp to Ostend, to embark for England. This gives no
+great opinion of the pretended negotiation set on foot between the
+Emperor and Great Britain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, February 22d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The expected courier from the Dutch Plenipotentiaries at Petersburg
+has not yet arrived. They think his departure thence has been delayed
+till the coming back of another whom they had sent to London. The
+decision of the Court of Holland concerning the conduct of the Regency
+of Amsterdam is not yet given, and will not come out for some weeks.
+The pretended reason of this new delay is that M. Van Citters, one of
+the Counsellors of that Court, must go to Zealand, because of the
+sickness of his mother. The true reason may be, to get rid here of
+certain gentlemen as long as possible, and to gratify their ---- by
+deferring their justification. A little more resolution, when it was
+perhaps more proper to dare than to waver, would have spared them such
+a trick. But now their honor and dignity not suffering them to appear
+here till they are justified, those that cannot but justify them, will
+delay the doing it as long us they can.
+
+_March 2d, 1781._ In consequence of orders brought by a courier
+despatched to the Russian Ambassador here, he has presented a
+Memorial[41] to their High Mightinesses, importing that the Empress
+was willing to interpose her mediation between this Republic and
+England, to bring on an accommodation. The Court of Justice of this
+Province will meet on Monday next, to draw up their decision
+concerning the conduct of Amsterdam.
+
+I am, with the greatest respect, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[41] See this Memorial in _John Adams's Correspondence_, Vol. V. p.
+468.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 5th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since the Memorial presented on the 1st instant to their High
+Mightinesses by the Russian Ambassador, offering the mediation of the
+Empress between them and Great Britain, a letter of February 9th has
+been received here, written by the Dutch Plenipotentiary at
+Petersburg, of which being decyphered, the Grand Pensionary of
+Holland, instead of delivering copies as usual, has only permitted the
+inspection and perusal to the several members of the States. It gives
+the following account of the assurances made to them by the chief
+Minister of the Empress, Count Panin, viz. 1st. That the Empress is
+still in the same favorable dispositions towards the Republic, and
+that he himself will support, with all his power, the just claim of
+the Dutch, to have all the vessels returned to them, which the English
+have taken from them since their accession to the armed neutrality.
+2dly. That the mediation offered by the Court of Vienna, to procure,
+by the good offices of that Court, in conjunction with that of Russia,
+a peace between the belligerent powers, will not be accepted without
+the preliminary condition _sine qua non_, of Great Britain's
+acknowledging the independency of the United States, and the rights of
+the neutral powers in matters of commerce and navigation. 3dly. That
+the Empress had seen, with great satisfaction, the propositions made
+by the Dutch Plenipotentiaries to the several northern Crowns, for
+being supplied by them, on conditions to be agreed on, with a
+sufficient number of men of war; and that the number they wanted was
+ready for the service of their High Mightinesses.
+
+There was a report current here, and through the whole country, of
+three encampments to take place this summer in this Province. A great
+personage has assured a gentleman in distinguished station, that this
+had never been his intention. I have it from the gentleman himself.
+The same assures me, "the Court of Justice was now busy with making up
+the decision concerning the conduct of the Regency of Amsterdam. They
+had taken the advice of an eminent lawyer; he had seen this advice; it
+was a very good one."
+
+Mr Adams favored me yesterday both with his presence, and with the
+sight of the despatches of December last, which he has received from
+your Excellency. I shall do my best to second his operations; heartily
+wishing that things may ripen, and our endeavors be crowned with
+success. To this hope let me join that of the so often solicited
+attention of Congress to my long and faithful services, and to the
+circumstances in which they have involved me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            The Hague, March 22, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The States of this Province separated last week, to meet again the
+next week. The Provinces have given their agreement to the mediation
+offered by Russia. This affair, I fear, will prove a lingering
+business, as well as that of the decision of the Court of Justice of
+Holland, which, I am told, is drawn up in a manner that will not at
+all satisfy the Regency of Amsterdam, and consequently will not be
+suffered to be delivered; and so things will remain in _statu quo_,
+God knows how long. All this is owing to the devices of the friends of
+Great Britain in this country, and not in the least to any
+disaffection from Russia, &c. How can people be helped, that will not
+be helped? In the meantime, the enemies carry on with success their
+perfidious scheme. Congress by this time must have heard of their
+taking St Eustatia, filled with riches, a great part of which they say
+is American property. And now they pretend by this stroke to have cut
+off the great resource of America for continuing the war, and to force
+her into submission.
+
+I have from good authority, that the English have refused the
+mediation of Russia. This surprises me not at all, because I am sure
+their arrogancy and stubbornness will never let them acknowledge
+either the independence of the United States, or the rights of
+neutrality, till their heads are broken; a blessed work, fit for
+heaven only and America to achieve, while European politicians take
+time to consider.
+
+_April 2d._ They expect here very interesting news from Petersburg
+towards the end of this month, as there are two couriers gone thither,
+the one from hence on the 23d of March, the other from England much
+about the same time. The merchants of Amsterdam, who have a great
+share in the effects seized on at St Eustatia, having resolved to send
+Deputies to the English Ministry, in order to have them restored to
+them, and having invited the merchants of Rotterdam to join with them
+in this Deputation, the latter have answered, that with men capable of
+acting so ruffianlike, they would rather let them keep all that they
+had robbed, than debase themselves by courting the robbers. This noble
+answer would be still more so, if Rotterdam had lost as much at St
+Eustatia as Amsterdam; there being, as for that, a very great
+difference.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               GENERAL J. H. BEDAULX TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                           Nimeguen, April 28th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As a friend to humanity, it is hoped you will be so good as to
+relieve, by your correspondence with Congress, a good family from
+their uneasiness on account of the fate of a son, of whom,
+notwithstanding all our inquiries, during these two last years, by the
+way of France, Spain and Holland, we have not been able to get any
+positive intelligence. This son, Frederick Charles Bedaulx, cannot be
+unknown to Congress, to their War Office, and to the commanders of
+their army; having been engaged in their service since the year 1776,
+when he embarked for St Eustatia; but the vessel being taken, he
+escaped from Falmouth, and went over with the Marquis de Lafayette;
+and in consequence of a capitulation made before his first going,
+served and distinguished himself there as Lieutenant-Colonel, in which
+quality he commanded the infantry of the Pulaski Legion. For more
+than two years we have had no letter from him, and of many letters,
+which were delivered for him to Mr Deane, when he was Minister from
+the United States at Paris, we do not know if one has been received by
+M. Bedaulx. According to some loose reports, being sick, he had been
+removed to Philadelphia, where he died. But this has been contradicted
+since by other people, who say he is still living, and sent away or
+confined by the intrigues of some enemy.
+
+Sure of the principles of probity and honor with which he has been
+brought up, we cannot think he has been wanting in his duty; and on
+the other hand, after so many repeated applications made to Congress,
+and to the body in which he has served, we cannot but be surprised and
+troubled to find them absolutely silent. You will oblige me, his
+uncle, Sir, his worthy father, and a whole family, by helping us out
+of this cruel uncertainty.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                 J. H. BEDAULX,
+                                 _Major-General in the Dutch Service_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                             The Hague, May 1st, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my last letter there has been no opportunity to write to
+America. This time has been employed in getting useful intelligence,
+and preparing all things with Mr Adams for the step he will take on
+Friday next, of presenting his Memorial to their High Mightinesses.
+This evening I carried a card from him to the Grand Pensionary, who
+will receive a preparatory visit from him tomorrow morning. It is
+still uncertain whether he will be admitted at present, or if they
+will advise for a medium. The expected courier is not yet arrived from
+Petersburg.
+
+A good French translation of the Memorial was absolutely necessary to
+be presented with the original. I am happy to have made it to the
+satisfaction of Mr Adams, and this translation will be read to their
+High Mightinesses, whenever the Memorial shall be laid before
+them.[42]
+
+_May 2d._ I have attended Mr Adams to the Grand Pensionary. When he
+told him, that his intention was to present himself on Friday next, to
+the President of their High Mightinesses, in quality of Minister
+Plenipotentiary from the United States, and that he had likewise
+credentials from the same to his Serene Highness, the Prince of
+Orange, the Pensionary answered, that he apprehended a difficulty
+would arise against his admission in such a character, from their High
+Mightinesses having not yet acknowledged the independence of America.
+Mr Adams having replied, that this objection, since the war had broken
+out between Great Britain and this Republic seemed to have lost all
+its weight, the Pensionary agreed, that it was true at least both
+nations had now the same enemy; however, he would make his report to
+his masters and to the Prince of the notice given him.
+
+_May 4th._ This morning his Excellency went to the Grand Pensionary
+with a copy of his Memorial, which he declined to receive, saying it
+was not the usage, when Memorials were presented to the President of
+their High Mightinesses, to deliver copies of them to the Grand
+Pensionary of Holland; and that it would be more proper to deliver
+one to the Graphiary of the States-General. This we judged proper to
+delay till after the audience at the President's, who received his
+Excellency with great politeness, but declined charging himself with
+the Memorial, alleging his acceptance of it would imply an
+acknowledgment he could not take upon himself, but must reserve it to
+their High Mightinesses, to whom he would immediately report the case.
+His Excellency told him, that to avoid misconstructions, he should
+find himself obliged to lay his Memorial before the whole world, by
+publishing it immediately. At this the President smiled; and they
+parted. It was now become improper to carry a copy to the Graphiary,
+and therefore we dispensed with it. The President went into the
+Assembly of the States-General, and made the report, which having been
+recorded, the Deputies of all the Provinces (except those of Zealand,
+who remained silent) asked a copy of the report, to transmit it to
+their respective Provinces, when it will be matter of deliberation in
+their Provincial Assemblies.
+
+From the President, we went to the Baron de Larrey, Privy Counsellor,
+&c. to the Prince of Orange, to whom his Excellency delivered another
+Memorial, in a sealed letter for the said Prince, which the Baron
+promised to deliver immediately to the Prince. He did so; and the
+Prince having summoned M. Fagel the Graphiary, and the Grand
+Pensionary, consulted with them what was to be done with the letter;
+two hours after, when we were ready to dine, the Baron came at the
+inn, with the letter unopened, and a polite excuse from the Prince,
+that he could not receive it, till after their High Mightinesses
+should have resolved if and when he was to be admitted in the
+character, which he had set forth with them.
+
+_May 11th._ Mr Adams setting out last Saturday for Amsterdam, left me
+his order to publish the Memorial with the original French
+translation, made by your servant, acknowledged and signed by his
+Excellency, and to procure also a Dutch translation; which I have
+performed today, by distributing through the cities a sufficient
+number of each.
+
+_May 16th._ All the public journals of this country have inserted the
+Memorial, which is now generally known, pleases and puzzles at once
+everybody.
+
+M. Van Berckel, the First Pensionary of Amsterdam, presented on the
+4th instant a very spirited address to the States of Holland,
+petitioning them, either to be impeached, that he might defend
+himself, or formally declared not guilty.
+
+_May 19th._ This day the cities of Dort and Haerlem, by an annotation
+in the registers of Holland, have formally declared their accession to
+the proposition of Amsterdam, and with thanks acknowledged the true
+patriotism of this last city. The other cities have taken the
+proposition _ad referendum_; and the final resolution on it will be
+taken by the next Assembly.
+
+_June 6th._ I presented yesterday a letter from Mr Adams to the
+President of their High Mightinesses, and another to the Privy
+Counsellor of the Prince of Orange, with a copy to each, of the
+accession of Maryland to, and the final ratification of, your
+Confederation. I had sealed up the papers, and put on the covers the
+proper superscriptions. They received them, and desired me to come
+today for an answer. Accordingly I have waited on them this morning.
+They both had opened, and consequently read the contents, but said
+they could not keep them, and that I must take them back.
+
+The President seemed to me much embarrassed, and a little cavilling on
+my having delivered to him the letter from Mr Adams, without adding
+the quality of Minister Plenipotentiary, assumed in the subscription;
+by which omission he pretended I had deceived him; otherwise he would
+not have received the letter. I denied any intention to conceal from
+him a quality, which he knew as well as I and the whole nation, Mr
+Adams had openly assumed. He put them in my hat, and I told him I
+would, out of respect for the head of this Republic, keep _in
+deposito_ the papers, which in time might be thought of greater
+importance to them than now. The other gentleman received me with the
+greatest cordiality; and apologising very frankly for restoring me the
+papers (likewise opened,) desired me repeatedly to understand, and to
+give to understand, that this was a mere formality; and that while the
+admission of Mr Adams was under deliberation of the several Provinces,
+the Prince could not be beforehand with their High Mightinesses, nor
+their High Mightinesses with their constituents, in such a matter of
+the first importance.
+
+_June 16th._ I have been happy with the presence of Mr Adams, and with
+his approbation of my conduct. The States of Holland have separated.
+Their next meeting, after the 27th instant, may be very stormy, not
+only on account of the proposition of Amsterdam, but also on that of a
+verbal remonstrance made by the same city to a great personage,
+desiring him to exclude from all political business the Duke of
+Brunswick, formerly his tutor, when a minor; a message which has
+exceedingly hurt them both.
+
+_June 22d._ The great city persists in her late demand to the Prince
+of Orange, concerning the desired exclusion of the aforesaid great
+man, having, since the verbal proposition, sent the same by writing to
+the great personage, and to the Grand Pensionary. Thus the
+fermentation rises, and draws to a very interesting crisis, which
+probably will decide itself within a fortnight, either into some
+catastrophe, or into a _ridiculus mus_. I learn just now, that the
+Duke of Brunswick presented yesterday to their High Mightinesses a
+long letter to justify himself. Many, even unconcerned people, think
+it an improper step, because he is, in fact, not vested with any
+public department, and therefore not answerable, nor to be brought to
+account. His position seems to me near akin to that of Lord Bute.[43]
+
+_July 4th._ There has been made mention, in the Provincial Assembly,
+by the Grand Pensionary, but a very slight one, of the Duke of
+Brunswick's letter to their High Mightinesses as taken _ad referendum_
+by the several Provinces. The nobility has acquainted the Provincial
+Assembly with the desire of the Stadtholder of presenting to their
+High Mightinesses, a proposition of his own, for having inquired into
+the causes of the defenceless state and inactivity of the Republic,
+and the means to be taken, &c. But the cities have declined
+countenancing it, and even the taking it _ad referendum_, because
+there was already such a proposition made by the city of Amsterdam, a
+_membrum integrans_ of the Republic, on which they had received their
+instructions. The Stadtholder was present, and visibly disappointed.
+
+Yesterday I was shown in confidence a despatch just now received from
+Petersburg, purporting an insinuation[44] made to the Dutch
+Plenipotentiary, by that Court; "That the said Court had agreed with
+the Emperor of Germany, to treat at Vienna for procuring a general
+pacification between the belligerent powers; and if therefore their
+High Mightinesses should be inclined to intrust both their Imperial
+Majesties with a mediation in behalf of this Republic, they might make
+overtures in consequence to Prince Galitzin, the Russian Minister at
+the Hague." The republicans here are of opinion, that, instead of
+this, vigorous measures should be taken immediately with the
+belligerent powers; to which the opposite party will by no means
+listen.
+
+_July 10th._ The offered mediation will be accepted, even by the
+advice of the patriots; because they apprehend, if they do not, the
+opposite party would continue to insist upon begging for peace
+directly in England, either by the good offices, as they call them, of
+the Sardinian Envoy at London, who is entirely at their and the
+British Court's devotion, or by sending deputies from hence. The final
+resolution of this Province, concerning the important proposition of
+Amsterdam, is delayed till the next ordinary Assembly, by cavilling on
+the expression of _next Assembly_, used in the proposition, as if this
+Assembly, an extraordinary one, was but a prolongation of the last.
+
+_July 13th._ The report which was current on the 10th, of the Emperor
+being inclined to support the Duke of Brunswick has proved false. I
+know from the best authority, that quite the reverse is true. When the
+monarch arrived, the Duke sent to him for permission to wait on him.
+Instead of which the Emperor went immediately himself to the Duke.
+What passed between them is not known. But the Duke having soon after
+returned the visit, he was observed coming back with visible marks of
+discomposure. The following day, the Emperor dining at the Prince of
+Orange's seat, called the House in the Wood, showed himself very
+gentle in his address to the Princess of Orange, and to everybody
+else, but to the Duke, to whom he said not a single word, being
+remarkably cold to him, which apparently was the cause of the Duke's
+withdrawing sooner than any other. Besides this, the Emperor has
+explained himself with other great men here this very day, by saying
+the Regents of Amsterdam did their duty as brave patriots. He spent
+the evening at the French Hotel, where he discoursed much with the
+French and Russian Ambassadors. The Grand Pensionary, although invited
+repeatedly by the Prince himself, excused himself from dining at the
+House in the Wood, because he was ill.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[42] See this Memorial in _Mr Adams's Correspondence_, Vol. V. p. 481.
+
+[43] See the above remonstrance against the Duke of Brunswick, and his
+reply, in _John Adams's Correspondence_, Vol. VI. pp. 70, 76.
+
+[44] See _John Adams's Correspondence_, Vol. VI. p. 146.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          The Hague, August 23d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my last, the Provincial States of Holland have been separated
+till last week.
+
+I was not unacquainted with the negotiation set on foot by the French
+Ambassador here for a loan of five millions of florins, or five
+hundred thousand pounds, at four per cent, nor with his notes lately
+presented for this purpose to the Graphiary, M. Fagel; and although
+the Ambassador does not yet know that I am acquainted with it, I
+thought myself obliged to abstain discreetly from writing or speaking
+about it for obvious reasons. I am now happy with the assurance given
+me, that the proposition of this loan is committed, and will soon be
+agreed by their High Mightinesses, either by their taking up the money
+themselves, and lending it to France, or by their countenancing and
+warranting the taking it up directly by France; the only secret, or at
+least not publicly acknowledged particular of this agreement, will be
+the destination of this money in behalf of the United States. This
+true account is given me by a friend, who has it officially from the
+mouth of the Grand Pensionary.
+
+The Baron Lynden had written and delivered into the hands of the
+President of the States-General, a letter to their High Mightinesses,
+containing the reason which engaged him to resign his Embassy to
+Vienna, and to decline any other, viz; the unconstitutionality of a
+foreigner's (the Duke of Brunswick,) being the only counsel to the
+Stadtholder, for internal as well as external politics and
+administration of this Republic. This letter the Baron had been
+prevailed upon to desist from having read to their High Mightinesses;
+and he took it out of the hands of the President, in presence of the
+Grand Pensionary of Holland, and of the Graphiary of their High
+Mightinesses, reserving to himself, however, the liberty of presenting
+it again, whenever he should think it convenient. Some persons (your
+servant for one) have been favored with the perusal of this letter.
+This compliance having somewhat discredited the Baron among the
+patriots, he brought his letter back on Tuesday last to the President;
+telling him it must be laid open to their High Mightinesses without
+any further delay, otherwise, he should publish it by printing.
+
+_August 24th._ I have been favored by the Baron de Lynden with the
+sight, 1st of a letter written by him last Monday to the Stadtholder,
+in which he tells him, that seeing him still influenced and
+prepossessed in favor of, and directed by the Duke of Brunswick, he
+found his own honor and conscience did not suffer him to withhold any
+longer from their High Mightinesses and from his country, the
+abovementioned letter; 2dly. The answer of the Stadtholder, telling
+him, that it was for the sake of the Baron personally, that he had
+endeavored to persuade him to suppress that letter; but seeing him now
+determined to pull off the mask, and join with his adversaries, he
+gave him up to his own reflections; 3dly. The reply of the Baron,
+viz.; that whereas his Highness was sorry for the letter's being
+presented for his (the Baron's) sake only, he was determined to
+present it for the same sake, which he did accordingly; and the letter
+has been read to their High Mightinesses, the Baron himself being
+present at the second reading, or _resumption_, as they call it, the
+day following.
+
+The original of a very noble and unanimous resolution of the city of
+Dort, respecting the Duke of Brunswick, where he is considered merely
+as a military servant of the Republic, and where the conduct of the
+Regency of Amsterdam is vindicated, has been read confidentially to
+me. Several other authentic and interesting pieces are in my hands,
+viz., 1st. A resolution of the city of Dort, of June 25th last, in
+which their Deputies are ordered to insist upon the important
+propositions of Amsterdam of May 18th being taken into serious
+consideration; and principally upon a good plan of operations during
+this war being concluded with France and her allies. 2dly. The reports
+of the several Admiralties of this Republic, showing their having
+accomplished the building, equipping, and putting into service ships,
+according to the orders of their High Mightinesses; to which the
+Admiralty of Amsterdam has added a remark, which has much displeased
+this Court, viz. that, after having done their duty in this matter, an
+account of the most proper application and disposition of the forces
+set in readiness, for the protection of this country, must not be
+asked from them, but from the higher power, which had the direction of
+their exertions; 3dly. A resolution of the Province of Holland, for
+another squadron to be speedily ordered to convoy to the Baltic, not
+only the merchant fleet of Amsterdam, lying in the Texel roads, which,
+after the glorious action of the 5th, against Parker, has been obliged
+to come back, but also those of Rotterdam, whose merchants, in a
+spirited address, have complained of being neglected. I would fain
+join herewith translated copies of these voluminous and interesting
+pieces, but without the aiding hand of a clerk, such a task is
+impossible for me to perform.
+
+_August 30th._ To shorten the business of the abovementioned loan,
+probably, their High Mightinesses will open it themselves on their own
+credit, by warranting the capital and interest at four per cent, for
+surety of which they will receive, in that case, a general bond from
+France. Regularly they may pay no more than three per cent for
+themselves, and notwithstanding such small interest, the course of
+their paper is at twelve, fourteen, and even sixteen per cent purchase
+above the capital sum. By this method, if pursued, the subscription at
+four per cent will be rapidly completed.
+
+_September 2d._ A very interesting resolution of August 28th, of one
+of the principal cities of this Province, was received the day before
+yesterday by her Deputies here, of which the substance is as follows.
+
+"Having been informed by their Deputies of the contents of two notes,
+which they were told by the Grand Pensionary had been presented
+successively to the Graphiary of their High Mightinesses by the French
+Ambassador; and being desirous of facilitating the use which the Court
+of France intends to make of the proposed loan, because such a
+compliance with her desire will not only fasten a most necessary
+confidence between that Court and this Republic, but also annoy
+directly the common enemy, by strengthening the Congress of North
+America, in whose behalf his Majesty the King of France intends,
+according to certain secret informations, to dispose of the whole
+loan, so that the said Congress may the better carry on the war
+against Great Britain;--Resolved; that the Deputies of this city at
+the Assembly of this Province, shall be, and are hereby qualified,
+when the business shall be reported to the Assembly, to favor with all
+their power the conclusion of it, and moreover to advise and further a
+resolution, that may promote the intents and purposes aforesaid.
+Besides this, when done, our said Deputies at the Provincial Assembly
+are charged herewith, pursuant to our resolution of June 25th last, to
+insist by way of proposition, upon their Noble and Grand Mightinesses
+taking into serious deliberation the proposition laid before them by
+the Regency of Amsterdam on the 18th of last May, and bring forth a
+final resolution about the same; and particularly upon the Deputies of
+this Province, in the Assembly of the States-General, being ordered to
+direct things there to such effect, that the French Court may be
+requested by their High Mightinesses to deliberate with them on the
+manner of acting jointly, by communicating the plans of operation; a
+measure which must visibly clog the enemy, and directly fortify the
+affair of this Republic."
+
+_September 12th._ Last Thursday they were busy at the Assembly of this
+Province in deliberating on the Duke's letter to their High
+Mightinesses. The votes of eight cities, viz. Dort, Haerlem, Delft,
+Leyden, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Gorcum, and Schiedam, were directly
+against it. The speeches of Haerlem and Leyden, which being written
+were read, have been admired. The points wherein the eight agree, are
+1st. The impropriety of the Duke's addressing himself by letter (when
+as a military servant he should have done it by request) to their High
+Mightinesses, which are by no means competent judges, when he should
+have applied to the true and only Sovereign here, viz. to the Province
+of Holland. 2dly. That of any foreigner whatever being in fact the
+only counsel of the eminent chief of this Republic. 3dly. That,
+without crediting or countenancing current charges of corruption, this
+foreigner's being hated and suspected by the bulk of this nation, as
+not patriotic, produces the same effect, and forbids his having any
+management, or influence, direct or indirect, in public affairs.
+4thly. That the nobility's constantly opposing the advices of the
+cities is a circumstance, which will at last ruin this Republic.
+5thly. That the cities have the constitutional right of remonstrating
+against whomsoever they think proper, according to the resolutions of
+1586, 1622, and 1663, which last is the strongest _act of indemnity_
+for the purpose. With all that they could not come to a resolution;
+the nobility, with the ten other cities, pretending their not having
+yet enough considered the matter. I think the Duke will dispute the
+ground with some success, as long as he can preserve his old influence
+over his pupil; but, on the other hand, he will by no means obtain the
+satisfaction he craves.
+
+I have been favored, by a very good patriot, with the sight of the two
+short notes of the French Ambassador. The contents are, that the King
+being satisfied with the notice given him of their being now disposed
+to exert all their powers for annoying the enemy, his Majesty proposes
+to them an occasion for distressing them greatly, by their consenting
+to a loan of five millions of florins, at four per cent a year,
+payable every six months, which interest as well as the capital the
+King should procure to be paid exactly at their expiration. The
+destination of the money in behalf of the United States has been added
+verbally.
+
+There are two very strong propositions against the Duke made by the
+Quarter of Westergo in Friesland, to which that of Ostergo, and part
+of Sevenwolde, have acceded. The first is inserted already in the
+Leyden Gazette; the second the Gazetteer hesitates as yet to insert,
+because it is very violent against their High Mightinesses. If he does
+not, I shall translate and transmit it.
+
+_September 13th._ I am just now informed, that this Province has
+consented in the loan for France, by their resolutions of the 7th and
+10th inst.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, October 11th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 12th of September the Baron Lynden wrote a letter to the Prince
+of Orange, telling him, that after he had so much complied with the
+wishes of his Highness, as to withhold for a considerable time his
+letter from their High Mightinesses, he had expected from the honor of
+his Highness, that the Embassy for Vienna would not be disposed of in
+behalf of another, till there was a greater necessity for it than
+there is at present, and till his own motives for refusing a post,
+which in every other respect would have been very delightful to
+himself, had been attended to; but seeing himself not fairly treated,
+by another's (the Count of Waffenaar Twickels, who, however, has not
+yet dared to accept it) being appointed to it, he should be obliged if
+his Highness should go on, without paying regard to the present
+letter, to publish it with the foregoing ones that had passed between
+his Highness and him, together with what he knew from the late Counts
+of Rhoon and Bentinck, concerning a secret _Act_, by which his
+Highness, when of age, had promised the Duke, that he should ever be
+his _only counsel_.
+
+A very unfaithful account having since been circulated of this letter,
+the Baron makes no difficulty of showing it to those whom he wishes to
+be undeceived, and probably he will at last publish it with the
+others. In the meantime, I have seen the original draft. Several very
+violent Dutch pamphlets have been published within a few days, not
+only against the Duke, but even against the Stadtholder and against
+the Stadtholdership in general, and the whole Orange dynasty, the last
+of which is a masterly performance, but too large for me to translate.
+There is more moderation in the _considerations_ herewith enclosed;
+and therefore I have consented without difficulty to get them printed,
+at the request of some very good people, as your Excellency will see,
+by the annexed copy of my letter to their society at Rotterdam.
+
+The States of Holland have met again this morning. I have not heard if
+any of the Provinces, besides Holland and Friesland, have consented to
+the loan proposed by France, in the manner I told your Excellency in
+my last. They are too much taken up at present with their domestic
+quarrels.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, November 28th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is necessary to inform you, that the correspondence with you will
+in future be through the office of Foreign Affairs, at the head of
+which Congress have done me the honor to place me, as will appear by
+the enclosed resolutions.
+
+I have before me your interesting letters from December to July. The
+minute detail into which you go, of the facts in which either your
+government or ours is concerned, is highly acceptable to Congress. You
+will not, therefore, fail to continue it; and from time to time
+transmit, in addition thereto, such papers and pamphlets as serve to
+throw light on the politics of the United Provinces, or of the
+Northern Powers. Dr Franklin will defray the expense to which this may
+put you. Be pleased to subscribe for the Leyden and Amsterdam
+Gazettes, and transmit them to me as opportunity offers. We have as
+yet received no account from Mr Adams of the presentation of his
+Memorial, or the reception it met with, nor any other particulars on
+this interesting subject, than what you have related. We consider this
+as a proof of his reliance upon your exactness in the relation.
+
+You have before this heard the variety of agreeable events, which have
+with the divine blessing taken place in America. The particulars of
+the capture of Cornwallis and General Green's victory are sent to Mr
+Adams, though you will probably have them earlier by way of France.
+Our affairs here are in such a situation, that even our enemies have
+given up the idea of conquest, or the most distant expectation of our
+re-union with Great Britain, whose unheard of cruelties have excited
+the most inveterate hatred. This is perhaps the moment in which other
+nations might, by a generous and decided conduct, take their place in
+our affections; and before our tastes were so formed as to give the
+preference to the fashions or manufactures of any one country, to
+establish their commerce with us on the ruin of that of Britain. I
+wish both for your sake and ours, that the United Provinces knew how
+to avail themselves of this invaluable opportunity by entering boldly
+into commercial connexions with us, and by ingratiating themselves
+into our affections by some such act of friendship as would strike the
+senses of the people. But alas! this is too daring for your Councils,
+and is rather to be wished than expected.
+
+It gives me pain to inform you, that Lieutenant-Colonel Bedaulx is
+dead. It will, however, be some consolation to his friends, (in whose
+sorrows I sympathise) to hear, after what has been injuriously
+repeated to them, that his reputation was untarnished, and that he
+died, with the character of a man of honor and a soldier, fighting in
+the cause of freedom at Savannah.[45]
+
+Congress are very sensible of your attention to their interest, and
+wish the situation of their finances would admit of their rewarding it
+more liberally, but having retrenched expenses of every kind, and
+reduced the salaries as low as the strictest frugality requires, they
+do not think it expedient at this time to make any additions to that
+allowed you by Dr Franklin, which they will direct him to pay
+regularly. You will be pleased in future to direct your letters, not
+to the President, but to me, as Secretary of the States for Foreign
+Affairs; and when you favor us with anything written in French or
+Dutch, to give it in the original language. This may save you some
+trouble, and enable us in quoting it to make use of the original
+expression, which you know is often very necessary. As you appear to
+labor under a mistake, with respect to Mr Searle, I take the liberty
+to inform you that he is not a member of Congress, his delegation
+having expired before he left America. I cannot close my letter
+without congratulating you on the spirit and gallantry of Admiral
+Zoutman, and his officers and men. Had Britain known that your Van
+Tromps and De Ruyters were still alive, she would have thought the
+treasures of your islands too dearly purchased by provoking their
+resentment.
+
+It will give you pleasure to hear that the British have been foiled in
+every quarter of this country. A considerable body of them with a
+number of Indians, who crossed the lakes from Canada upon a ravaging
+expedition, with no nobler view than that of burning farm houses, and
+scalping women and children, were met twice and defeated, with
+considerable loss in killed and prisoners, by _an inferior number of
+militia_.
+
+Congress are engaged in preparations for the most vigorous exertions
+as soon as the spring shall open, from which, by the blessings of
+Divine Providence, we have the highest reason to promise ourselves
+success.
+
+I am, Sir, with great esteem and respect, &c.
+
+                                                     R. R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[45] See General Bedaulx's letter to M. Dumas on this subject, above,
+p. 452.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                         Amsterdam, January 7th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It would require a volume and several hands, to relate the events of
+which I have been a daily witness, and not seldom an active one, since
+my last despatch of October 11th. Indifferent health, as well as
+prudence, has forbidden me to write down and send a journal of them,
+as I formerly did. The rage of the English, and of their faction here,
+is increased with their late disappointments; and while things draw
+nearer to some conclusion, my own experience and that of others has
+taught me not to trust too much to any public conveyance.
+
+I heartily congratulate Congress upon the glorious event of the 19th
+of October last, which has given joy to our friends and confusion to
+our enemies here.
+
+The loan of five millions of guilders to France in behalf of the
+United States having been unanimously agreed to by their High
+Mightinesses has been subscribed in one day; and this stock is no more
+to be had under two per cent above the capital.
+
+Tomorrow the States of Holland will meet again at the Hague, to
+deliberate about the offered mediation of Russia, already accepted by
+Great Britain, for a peace between the latter and this Republic. In
+spite of the English faction, I have good reason to foretell that two
+conditions, _sine quibus non_, will be insisted on as preliminaries by
+the Republic. 1st. All the rights of a free and unlimited navigation
+offered to this Republic, in virtue of former treaties as well as of
+her being part of the armed neutrality. 2dly. That this negotiation
+for a particular peace shall not hinder the Republic in the meantime,
+and till concluded, from concerting measures with France for carrying
+on the war. Without these clauses expressed in the resolution that is
+to be taken this or next week, I am assured that none will be taken,
+because it is a matter which requires unanimity.
+
+After having managed an interview between Mr Adams and some gentlemen
+at the Hague, I have accompanied him hither during the vacation time.
+Tomorrow we intend to go back to the Hague, where we have agreed with
+the said gentlemen, and with the French Ambassador, upon Mr Adams's
+addressing their High Mightinesses for a categorical answer on the
+errand of his mission.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 15th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+According to my last of the 7th instant, I went with Mr Adams on the
+9th to the President of their High Mightinesses, to whom his
+Excellency having made his requisition, I repeated it, that the
+President might understand it exactly, in the same terms as are to be
+seen in the Leyden Gazette here sent, where I have got them inserted;
+and he promised to make his report accordingly. After this, having
+received word from the Grand Pensionary of Holland, where we intended
+to go, that being himself very sick, he could receive nobody but by
+the means of his Secretary, I alone made the communication to the
+latter the same morning. The day following, being Thursday, we were
+received by M. Fagel, the Graphiary of their High Mightinesses, who,
+after I had read to him the requisition, told us, "that the President
+had made report of it to the States-General, and that the Deputies of
+_all_ the Provinces had taken it _ad referendum_, to be transmitted to
+their several Provinces; that the same had been done respecting the
+first report in May last, without any instruction being hitherto
+received about it; and, therefore, some patience more was necessary
+for a categorical answer."
+
+The reception met with from the President and the said Ministers was
+duly polite. From them we went round to the deputations of the
+eighteen cities of this Province, now assembling here, who received
+us, without exception, with a very good humored cordiality, thanking
+us for our kind communication, of which they promised to make report
+to their cities, and assuring us, that they wished earnestly for a
+speedy establishment of amity and good harmony between both Republics;
+to which several of them added, affectionately, that they loved the
+Americans.
+
+_January 17th._ This morning those of Dort have loudly complained in
+the Assembly of Holland, of the disregard shown by the other
+Provinces, and even by part of this Province, to the common welfare,
+roundly declaring that they will not consent to the proposed mediation
+for a peace with Great Britain, unless it should be agreed and
+resolved before, to concert measures with France for carrying on the
+war without any truce, till peace should be fairly concluded. The same
+city, with that of Leyden, I am assured, will soon insist also in the
+Assembly, upon due attention being paid to our requisition.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 30th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Last Friday, the co-operating with France against the common enemy
+would have been resolved upon, if the little city of Briel had not
+voted with the nobility, for resolving, at the same time, the
+acceptance of the mediation proposed by Russia for a particular peace
+with Great Britain, which the other refused to do. Neither of these
+points being agreed on, they have adjourned till Tuesday, the 5th of
+February.
+
+Before their parting, Dort and six other principal cities inserted
+their protest against the unconstitutional manner of carrying on the
+correspondence by their High Mightinesses with the Emperor,
+concerning the abolition of the barrier treaty and the dismantling of
+the barrier cities without consulting the Provinces about it;
+threatening to recall their Deputies at the States-General. This
+unexpected step has much frightened and humiliated the latter.
+Probably the next week will decide, first of all, the business of
+concerting measures with France, and then that of the mediation, of
+which they are determined to limit the acceptance by such clauses as
+may disappoint the friends of Great Britain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          The Hague, March 29th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is with great satisfaction that I find myself authorised to begin
+an official correspondence with you, by congratulating the United
+States on the acquisition of two illustrious sisters, whose example
+will be speedily followed by five others. On the 26th of February
+last, Friesland, and yesterday Holland adopted the Provincial
+resolutions to instruct their Deputies in the States-General, to
+direct affairs in that body in such a manner as to procure Mr Adams's
+admission for the purpose of presenting his credentials from the
+United States to their High Mightinesses. This is an acknowledgment of
+your independence, and opens the road to negotiation. I have received
+triplicates of your favor, and shall have the honor of answering more
+fully on the first opportunity.
+
+I hope the two pamphlets accompanying this, ---- and ----, which are
+very celebrated, rare, and valuable here, will reach you in safety.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S._ The names of Messrs Gyzelaer, Zeeberg, Van Berckel, and
+Vischer, Pensionaries of the cities of Dort, Haerlem and Amsterdam,
+are worthy of being remembered with the highest esteem by every true
+American.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, April 4th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The 29th ult. I had the honor to address you a packet under cover to
+Dr Franklin at Paris, with a short letter, in which I had the
+satisfaction to commence the honor of my official correspondence with
+you, in congratulating the United States on the acquisition of two
+illustrious sisters, whose example will be followed by five others, as
+you will see by the papers annexed.
+
+I congratulate you, Sir, and myself also on your elevation to the high
+post that you fill, and I recommend my interests and my character to
+your attention before Congress. I shall communicate to Dr Franklin the
+account of my expenses for the pamphlets and other charges, which I
+have already begun, and which I shall continue to forward to you
+according to your orders, and I shall draw on him for the amount. I
+purchased, in February last, for Mr Adams and by his order, at a cheap
+rate, a hotel at the Hague, where we shall live happily together, if
+God please, the first of next month. This purchase, besides the
+economy of it, has produced politically very good effects. Only
+France, Spain and now the United States, possess hotels as their own
+at the Hague. All the other foreign Ministers occupy, at a dear rate,
+hired hotels.
+
+There is no longer cause to blame the slowness of this nation on our
+affairs. Its inclination for us, like a spring pressed by a strong
+hand, is escaping and declares for us nobly, by an accumulation of
+addresses of corporations, which appear from all parts. I think that
+before the end of this month, Mr Adams will be admitted to present his
+letters of credence. I came to him here for a secret transaction
+concerted with our friends at the Hague, which must make our triumph
+over Anglomany complete. On his part, he went this morning to confer
+with the French Ambassador at the Hague. He will return here on
+Saturday, where I shall keep him company till the end of next week.
+Our sure and permanent address will be for the future, _à l'Hôtel
+d'Amérique à la Haie en Hollande_.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    JOHN ADAMS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Amsterdam, May 2d, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 30th I had the honor to receive yesterday, with Mr
+Nolet's letter and your answer. What shall I say to this affectionate,
+as well as polite invitation to dine at Schiedam? I am now, and shall
+be a long time exceedingly fatigued with the affair of the loan, which
+takes up the greater part of my attention and time. The treaty of
+commerce is also, you know, under consideration, and the merchants of
+the American Coffee House have proposed a public dinner here; but I
+have begged to be excused. You see the difficulties, for which reasons
+I earnestly wish, that our kind friends of Schiedam would be so good
+as to excuse us; but I will leave the whole to you, and if I cannot be
+excused, I will conform to the day you agree upon. But there is
+another affair, which not only perplexes me in this business of the
+dinner, but in many other matters of importance. There is a serious
+negotiation going on for peace, between the Courts of London and
+Versailles, and Dr Franklin, who has sent me the whole, has invited Mr
+Laurens, Mr Jay, and me to Paris, to consult and treat. This may make
+it necessary to go at a short warning.
+
+I hope you are in possession of the house at the Hague, and advise you
+to live in it. Your answer to Mr Nolet is very just.
+
+It is my opinion, with submission to Congress, that it is the interest
+and duty of the United States, to send you a commission to be
+Secretary of this Legation, and _Chargé d'Affaires_, with a salary of
+five hundred pounds sterling a year during the time that there is a
+Minister here; and at the rate of a thousand a year, when there is
+not; and you have my consent to transmit this opinion to Congress, by
+sending an extract of this letter, or otherwise by as many ways as you
+please. I shall write the same myself. I wrote as much more than a
+year ago, but know not whether the letter has been received, as a vast
+number of my letters have been thrown overboard, and many taken.
+
+If the dinner at Schiedam should be agreed on, there will be no
+difficulties in finding a way for us three to go all together. All
+that is before said about the negotiation for peace, you know must be
+kept secret. But if I go to Paris, I shall break up my house here
+entirely, and dismiss all my servants.
+
+I have the honor to be, with compliments to the ladies, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+      VERBAL MESSAGE OF C. W. F. DUMAS TO THE CITY OF SCHIEDAM.
+
+The following verbal message, on the part of Mr Adams to the Secretary
+of the city of Schiedam, was given by M. Dumas, on the 8th of May,
+1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The diversity of sentiments which exists in this Republic, in relation
+to the circumstances in which it stands to the United States of
+America, having appeared to Mr Adams capable of causing some
+embarrassment to the merchants of Schiedam, if he accepted their
+polite invitation, he has thought that he could not better prove the
+regard and affection which he has for those gentlemen, than by
+declining their polite request. He has therefore charged me, Sir, to
+assure you of his extreme sensibility, for the honor and friendship
+they have manifested in his person to his Sovereign; and of his
+intention, not only to make mention of it in his first despatches to
+Congress, but also to show on all occasions how much he is disposed to
+reciprocate this cordial civility, by every means in his power.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, May 10th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my last of the 4th of April, I have not had a moment of leisure,
+by a succession of agreeable occupations, which have brought us
+rapidly to the result which I predicted to you.
+
+The voice of the people has made itself heard from all parts. The
+Provinces having successively sent their resolutions here annexed to
+the Generality, the 19th of April was the great day when the unanimous
+resolution of their High Mightinesses was adopted to admit Mr Adams;
+and on the 20th in the morning he went to present his letters of
+credence to the President of the week. On Monday, at nine o'clock in
+the morning, I went _par etiquette_ to the house of his Excellency,
+the French Ambassador, to ask of him the hour when Mr Adams should
+come and impart to him officially his admission, and in the meantime
+we were to leave our cards at the houses of all the members of the
+States-General. The visit to the Ambassador was made in form, and
+publicly returned in the same way. That of the Envoy of Spain, not
+requiring the same ceremonial as the rank of the Ambassador, we had
+given him notice on Sunday evening in a familiar visit, under a
+condition previously agreed, that he would return it in like manner
+the next day; and he kept his word. Monday, the 22d, I went to ask
+audience for Mr Adams, of his Serene Highness, the Stadtholder, who
+granted it immediately. We dined on Tuesday, the 23d, with the French
+Ambassador, who had invited all the _Corps Diplomatique_, and they all
+attended. Wednesday morning we made the tour of the cities of Holland
+at their hotels with cards. We left also cards of notification at the
+hotels of the Ministers of foreign neutral Courts, who probably have
+written to their Courts to know if they should return the visit. There
+has been no return of it but from the Minister of Liege. The same
+morning I went to ask audience for Mr Adams of her Royal Highness the
+Princess of Orange, which immediately took place.
+
+_Monday, 6th of May._ Mr Adams was present at a breakfast with M.
+Boreel, Deputy of the States-General, where he had been invited with
+all the Court and the _Corps Diplomatique_.
+
+An address having been presented on Monday, the 22d, to Mr Adams, by
+six Deputies of the body of merchants of Schiedam, having at their
+head the Secretary of the city, who invited him at the same time to a
+grand festival, which they wished to give him, I had the happiness
+yesterday to excuse him from this festival without dissatisfying these
+gentlemen, as you will see by the copy of my verbal message to the
+Secretary.
+
+Add to all this, Sir, the confusion of our removal into the Hotel of
+the United States of America, which is not yet over, and will not be
+for several weeks, and you may well have some indulgence for the
+imperfection of my present correspondence.
+
+Sunday last, after dinner, at the request of the French Ambassador and
+of our friends here, and with the consent of Mr Adams, I made a
+journey by post to Amsterdam, charged with a secret commission
+relating to a concert of operations in this country, which the
+Anglomanes appeared willing to trouble by some intrigue, and I
+returned the next day. All is now settled to the satisfaction of
+France; and the Anglomanes are frustrated.
+
+Day before yesterday we were again at a familiar and friendly dinner
+at the house of the French Ambassador, with whom Mr Adams was very
+much satisfied.
+
+I give you, Sir, only a sort of index, very imperfect, of the
+principal events, which have passed here lately. I leave to Mr Adams,
+who presented on Monday, the 22d of April, the sketch of a treaty of
+amity and commerce to their High Mightinesses, to enlarge. I write
+from memory, not having been able to keep a journal, still less one of
+my going and coming, my secret interviews, conferences, and
+negotiations, which were necessary to prepare and bring about what has
+been done, and which ought not yet to be trusted to paper. No one has
+better characterised the truly national revolution, which has taken
+place here, than the French Ambassador, in saying, that the Dutch
+nation had avenged itself, with the greatest success, of all the
+political and other evils, which the English have done them since
+Cromwell; and the Envoy of Spain, who said to Mr Adams, that he had
+struck the greatest blow, which had been given in Europe for a long
+time.
+
+I conclude by recommending, Sir, to your attention and to that of
+Congress, the copy of a letter which Mr Adams wrote me from Amsterdam
+the 2d of this month. I have not had a moment of leisure to write the
+present despatch sooner; nor by consequence to make a prompt use of
+this letter according to the intention of Mr Adams, and which,
+nevertheless, interests the United States as much as myself. It
+surprised and affected me very agreeably, and it was no doubt, his
+intention so to surprise. You know, Sir, or you may know by the papers
+of your department, since the end of 1775, the intimate part I have
+had in political affairs without interruption, in executing faithfully
+the orders of Congress, unsolicited, but accepted on my part with an
+ardor, which I am bold to say, has never changed, and which has drawn
+upon me personally all the enemies, open and concealed, of America,
+and has cost me and my family great persecutions, mortifications,
+losses and sacrifices. I should fear, therefore, to weaken the
+letter, so energetic and so honorable to me, of Mr Adams, (who told me
+by word of mouth, a few days since, that he was surprised Congress had
+not before made such a disposition on the subject of my affairs,) if I
+should add anything more, except that I have never had any other
+principle in my actions, especially in these six or seven years of
+faithful and painful labor, than the service of humanity, of the
+United States, and of their honorable Congress; and if in my last
+sigh, I could add to this testimony of my conscience the idea of
+having retained, the esteem and friendship of all your respectable
+Ministers, both in Europe and America, and especially yours, Sir,
+which will be very dear to me, and which I pray you to bestow on me, I
+shall contentedly close my days with the words of Horace in my mouth;
+_non ultima laus est principibus placuisse viris_.
+
+I am, with the most sincere respect,
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S. May 12th._ There arrived here yesterday a second proposition of
+Fox for peace with this Republic. It will be presented tomorrow to the
+States-General; a new snare, which is happily foreseen and escaped. I
+shall speak of it in my next.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, June 1st, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My last was of the 10th of May. Since that time I have been constantly
+occupied with the French Ambassador and the good patriots of this
+country in counteracting the pretended mediators for a separate peace
+between Great Britain and this Republic; and we have so far succeeded
+that Holland has adopted a good resolution in relation to it, which is
+all ready and which will nearly destroy this manoeuvre of the
+Anglomanes. On the 21st and 22d of May, I made at the request of the
+Ambassador a journey to Dort, where was ready a sketch of a resolution
+(since matured and perfected) of which I at the same time made a
+translation for the Ambassador. We shall see the effect this will
+have.
+
+I know that one of the principal Ministers of the Republic, on the
+good will of whom we begin to rely a little more than formerly, has
+declared that he has in his pocket the full proofs of the intention of
+the British Ministry to amuse and deceive the Republic, which I hope
+to see soon irrevocably pledged not to make a peace except in
+conjunction with the three other belligerent powers. I cannot explain
+myself more at present. If it were not for the disaster of De Grasse
+in the West Indies, which delays our progress a little, we should be
+already more advanced.
+
+_June 18th._ The abovementioned resolution, although printed on the
+5th, was not finally decreed by the States of Holland till the 12th
+instant, with some changes, after which they separated, not to come
+together again for about three weeks. In this interval, the cities
+will have examined the report of the Admiralty, on the treaty of amity
+and commerce between the United States and this Republic; and I am
+assured that this treaty will be brought to a conclusion at the first
+sitting. There will be a question also at that time on the nomination
+of a Minister of this Republic to reside near Congress; the Prince
+having declared his willingness to propose it to the same assembly.
+
+I accompanied Mr Adams yesterday morning to an audience with the
+Prince at the Château du Bois; and he supped there the same day with
+the Prince, the Princess, and many foreign Ministers. The stay of
+Grenville at Paris, and his pretended instructions to negotiate peace,
+have all the air of being only a trick of the Court of London; and I
+think it will require one more campaign to bring them to talk
+seriously of a general peace, or rather to ripen the revolution or
+civil war, which has appeared to me for a long time springing up in
+their bosom, and which will bring about finally the catastrophe of
+this great tragedy. May the catastrophe be only fatal to the authors
+of the evil, and turn to the happiness of the human race in general,
+and especially to that of the United States.
+
+_June 20th._ The Ambassador has informed us, that the combined fleet
+departed from Cadiz the 4th instant, and in great confidence that Mr
+Grenville, who is at Paris, has received from his Court full powers
+more ample, to treat with all the belligerents. This is well, if his
+powers are explicit and sincere. But to trust to them it seems
+necessary that the British Court should declare, that it recognises
+the United States for a belligerent power, otherwise it will be a
+Proteus; it will escape from us when we think to hold it, and will
+pretend to do us a great favor by condescending to a truce, which
+would be more pernicious to America than the war. It would draw on the
+United States a host of evils. It would leave, in the opinion of all
+the world, not excepting your allies and yourselves, an idea of the
+uncertainty of your independence, which would never be effectual, and
+derogate, by consequence, explicitly from the 2d, 3d, 8th and 9th
+articles of your treaty of alliance with France, so justly admired;
+would degrade your power, your credit, your dignity; would open the
+door to distrust, to dissensions, to corruption and treachery among
+yourselves, to combinations against you in Europe; would put you under
+the necessity of keeping a standing army, &c. &c. &c. God preserve the
+United States from this Pandora's box! If ever Congress could have had
+a thought, in the most difficult times, to have recourse to this
+dangerous palliative of the evils of war, the present moment should
+inspire it with one very different, which will infallibly bring to
+terms an enemy fatigued, exhausted and ruined, and will assure to the
+United States, with peace, the respect, the regard and friendship of
+all powers. An unbounded solicitude for the safety, the prosperity and
+glory of the United States will serve, I hope, as an apology for the
+boldness with which I dare to expose here my sentiments to Congress,
+of whose firmness and magnanimity, as well as of those of its
+ministers, I have an idea as great, in proportion, as my opinion of
+the intentions of the enemy and of its favorers, is small.
+
+The Academy of Franequer in Friesland has caused to be exhibited on
+occasion of a celebration in honor of the connexion between the United
+States and this Republic, beautiful fire works, with an illumination.
+On a triumphal arch you may read this distich;
+
+    Plus valet una dies, quæ libera ducitur, acta,
+    Quam mali sub domini sæcula mille jugo.
+
+There has been struck at Leuwarde in Friesland, to perpetuate the same
+event, and all that was resolved in their Provincial Diets of February
+and April last, a medal representing a Frieslander stretching out his
+right hand to an American, in token of fraternity, and rejecting with
+his left the advances made to him by an Englishman. We are invited to
+dinner on Sunday by the French Ambassador, who augurs better than we
+do of Grenville's mission. God grant that he may be right.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                         The Hague, August 16th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+At length the treaty of commerce has passed, and was approved day
+before yesterday in the States of Holland; and the States-General
+proposed immediately a conference with Mr Adams, to put a final hand
+to it.
+
+_August 19th._ The States of Holland separated on the 17th, after
+having resolved and decreed instructions for the Plenipotentiaries,
+which the Republic sends to treat with Mr Fitzherbert, in conjunction
+with France and her allies. They talk, among other things, of acting
+in all respects in a communicative manner, and in concert with the
+Ministers of the King of France, and the other belligerent powers, in
+the preparatory and preliminary negotiations, which they may begin
+with the Ambassador of Great Britain, to do nothing without them, and
+to be assured above all of the sincere and unequivocal intentions of
+the British king, to leave for the future the Republic in the full
+enjoyment of the rights of neutrality, established in the Russian
+declaration of the 28th of February, 1780.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, September 5th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It was not till within these few weeks, that I received your favor of
+the 4th of April last, together with the interesting paper it
+enclosed, since which time we are informed that your prediction
+relative to the reception of Mr Adams has been verified. It would have
+given me great pleasure to have learned so important an event, with
+the steps that immediately led to it from your pen. Your usual
+punctuality induces me to believe that your letters have been
+unfortunate, since I cannot ascribe this omission to neglect. When you
+do me the honor to write again, be pleased to enter minutely into the
+subject; since everything that relates to it is not only important in
+itself, but will be so much the object of curiosity hereafter, that it
+should have a place among our archives.
+
+It would be a great advantage to you and to us, if you maintained such
+a correspondence with your sea-ports as would enable you to avail
+yourselves of every opportunity of writing to us, as it would give
+your letters the charms of novelty, and preserve to you the character
+of attention, and to us, as it would enable us to confirm or
+contradict the accounts, that we continually receive by private
+letters, or through the enemy's papers, some time before we have your
+relation of them.
+
+The enemy have at length evacuated Savannah, and in all probability
+Charleston, by this time; since, on the 7th of August they gave notice
+in general orders for the tories to prepare themselves for such an
+event. Their fleet, consisting of fifteen sail of the line, arrived
+yesterday at Sandy Hook. The French fleet, under the Marquis de
+Vaudreuil had arrived some time before at Boston, where he
+unfortunately lost one of his ships, which struck upon a rock and sunk
+in the harbor. Congress, willing to testify their sympathy in this
+misfortune, have presented the America, a ship of seventyfour guns, to
+his Most Christian Majesty. She is in such a state that she can in a
+short time be fitted to join his fleet.
+
+We wait with the utmost impatience some account from Europe of the
+state of the negotiations for a general peace.
+
+The caution of the enemy in keeping within their posts, will probably
+render this an inactive campaign, though we never had a finer or
+better appointed army than at present.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                   Philadelphia, September 12th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Just after I had closed the letter you will receive with this, I was
+honored by your despatches from the 10th of May to the 9th of July
+inclusive. You will easily believe, Sir, that I received great
+pleasure from the important intelligence they communicate; and the
+more so as we had been long in the dark with respect to your
+transactions.
+
+I am sorry that the packet which is to carry this, leaves me no time
+to enlarge, but this will be the less necessary, as I shall write very
+fully to Mr Adams.
+
+With respect to your own affairs, I can only say that you have my
+sincerest wishes for your prosperity and promotion. I have already
+reported upon the subject, but what the issue will be, I cannot yet
+venture to predict. I know Congress to be very sensible of your
+assiduity and attachment; and if anything prevents their rewarding
+them as they would wish, it will be the present state of their
+finances, which requires the most rigid economy.
+
+The change in the British Administration will induce, it is imagined,
+a similar change in measures here. We are in hourly expectation of
+hearing of the evacuation of Charleston, which had been formally
+announced to the inhabitants, who came out in crowds to demand pardon
+with the concurrence of General Leslie. It is probably too late to
+countermand that order, although they will in all likelihood still
+retain New York, contrary to what had appeared to have been their
+determination, before the arrival of the packet. Happily the
+continuance of the war will be much less burdensome to us now, than at
+any former period; not only because habit has reconciled us to it, and
+introduced system in our mode of conducting it, which makes it less
+inconvenient to the individual, but because I think I may say without
+boasting, that there is not at this time a better disciplined or a
+better disposed army in the world; scarce a man among them who has not
+been repeatedly in action. They are now, too, completely clothed and
+armed, an advantage they never before enjoyed. We are at present just
+in the situation in which free people should always wish to be. Peace
+will not come unwelcomed, nor war unprepared for.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                      The Hague, September 27th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My last came down to the 4th of September. There has been an important
+resolution of this day taken by the States of Holland, constituting a
+commission of five Deputies, accompanied by the Grand Pensionary, to
+seek of the Prince the cause of the bad state of the maritime forces
+of the Republic, and of their inactivity.
+
+_October 3d._ The abovenamed committee have been received by the
+Prince with all the honors due to Sovereigns, and have opened
+conferences with him. The same day, their High Mightinesses in secret
+session having deliberated on the Memorial of the French Ambassador,
+by which he had made them a proposition "to send ten ships of war to
+Brest, to be there joined by the vessels of the King, and to act with
+them against the common enemy, either in Asia or Europe," have
+resolved, that the Prince be requested to designate immediately the
+demanded squadron, viz. five vessels of sixty guns, three of fifty,
+two frigates, and a cutter for this purpose, to depart if the winds
+will permit before the 8th of October, to avoid the risk which would
+attend them after that time of being intercepted by an enemy of
+superior force.
+
+_October 11th._ The officer designated to command the said squadron
+arrived here the 4th, while the wind coming round, became all at once
+favorable on the 5th to depart; and he reported to the Prince, who did
+not communicate the report until the 7th, in secret session, that the
+squadron was not in a state to go to Brest, for want of provisions,
+cordage, sails, anchors, clothes for the seamen, and other necessary
+articles;[46] on which the committee abovenamed presented themselves
+today to the Prince, to express their surprise and ask an explanation.
+The Prince professed that he had no account to render but for the
+past, and none for the present or the future; at least till a new
+resolution of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses. On their side, the
+committee conceiving with reason "that the resolution which was
+committed to them, contained particular instructions to look into the
+points which it specified, and particularly a general order to report
+on all subjects relating to the marine, and especially the direction
+of the present war, as much as should appear to them necessary to
+dissipate all obscurity," have in consequence made their report to the
+Assembly.
+
+_October 16th._ Their Noble and Grand Mightinesses having deliberated
+on the report, all the cities were ready to conform to it except
+Schiedam, la Brille, and Medemblick, which have taken it _ad
+referendum_, the final resolution being deferred; but it will be
+adopted as reported next week, at least by the majority, which is
+sufficient in this case.
+
+His Excellency Mr Adams departed this morning, the 16th of October,
+for Paris. In taking leave of the President and Secretary of their
+High Mightinesses the States-General, he did me the honor to present
+me as _Chargé d'Affaires_ of the United States; which is an
+indispensable custom. He had before advised the Grand Pensionary of
+it, to whom I shall make tomorrow a visit of politeness in
+consequence.
+
+_October 18th._ A young officer, (De Witte,) convicted of high
+treason, for having attempted to assist the enemy in an invasion of
+the coast of Zealand, was about to be tried by the High Council of
+War, which is wholly dependent on the Prince, when the States of
+Holland solemnly signified to the Prince that he ought to cause
+prosecution to be stayed before this tribunal, as incompetent, and
+carry it up before the Court of Justice of Holland and Zealand. This
+High Council of War, is, besides, odious to the nation, and regarded
+as tyrannical and unconstitutional.
+
+I have not spoken in this letter of our treaty of amity and commerce
+with this Republic, signed finally by both parties the 8th of this
+month, because Mr Adams will give you this detail better than I can. I
+shall content myself with saying, that I have every reason to be
+persuaded that he is satisfied with the zeal, with which I have
+fulfilled the tasks which he has required of me, in the operations
+which have preceded this signature, and pray God that the United
+States may gather from it the most abundant fruits.
+
+_October 22d._ I am anxious to see an answer to the extract I sent to
+your Excellency, agreeably to the wish and permission of Mr Adams, of
+a certain letter which he wrote me. For so long as I am not openly
+recognised and suitably sustained by Congress, my precarious condition
+here is cruel, in the midst of the Anglomanes, who wish to see me
+perish ignobly, and in the bosom of a family whose complaints and
+reproaches I fear more than death. Mr Laurens, in his hasty passage
+through this country, was perfectly sensible of it. He knows that I
+serve the United States constantly, without respect of persons. "_You
+have been slighted_," are his own words; and when I testified to him
+my regrets for his departure from Europe, he had the goodness to add,
+that these regrets were contrary to my interest. Permit me, Sir, to
+commend them to you, and if Mr Laurens has returned to you safely, as
+I hope, on the arrival of this, will you express to him the sentiments
+of the most affectionate respect which I retain for him, as well as
+for all the great men in America, who have served under the sublime
+principles, which have animated me as well as them; and in which I, as
+well, as they, will live and die.
+
+I am, with great respect, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[46] The 12th of September, the Prince on his return from the Texel,
+reported positively to their High Mightinesses, that all was there
+ready, that the vessels were in a condition for sea and for action,
+and waited only for his orders.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                       The Hague, November 15th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday morning, after a conference with his Excellency the Duc de
+la Vauguyon, I went in a post chaise to Rotterdam and Dort, in order
+to advise our friends in these two cities of some changes about to be
+made in the instructions of their Ministers Plenipotentiary at Paris,
+to deprive the English Minister of all pretext for conferring with
+those of the other belligerent powers without them. I succeeded to the
+satisfaction of his Excellency, and our friends were duly informed and
+disposed, when they received this morning, while I was returning,
+letters on this subject from the Grand Pensionary. My journey has
+gained the time which would have been lost, if they had, on
+re-assembling here taken the thing _ad referendum_.
+
+_November 17th._ I had the pleasure to receive this morning, on behalf
+of the Ambassador, absent at Amsterdam, the news of the re-admission
+of M. Van Berckel, First Pensionary of Amsterdam, to the Assembly of
+their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, where he will re-appear on the
+20th, radiant as the sun, _disjectis nubibus_.
+
+There has arrived a circular letter from Friesland, to take away from
+the Prince the direction of affairs. I shall have it, and will add it
+to the gazettes.
+
+_November 18th._ On my return, Friday evening, I found, Sir, your
+favors of the 5th and 12th of September, to which I can only answer
+succinctly, that the present may not be delayed.
+
+I have thought a long time how much it might be advantageous both for
+Congress and for me, as you observe, Sir, if I could enter into a
+minute and frequent detail of all that passes here within the sphere
+of my action. But let Congress remember at last that _qui vult finem,
+vult media_, being both essential and subsidiary. I labor all day.
+Often I have scarcely time left to note briefly for myself what is
+done or said. I am alone. It is necessary to copy the same despatches
+four times, if one would hope for their arrival. I could have many
+things to say on all this. But to what good, if Congress does not say
+it also? I have not put my light under a bushel. I have made it shine
+constantly before both worlds, for the service of the United States,
+since they have called me here.
+
+If the truths I transmit come more slowly than the falsehoods of the
+enemy, which they may serve to contradict, it is because they may
+forge stories as they please, but not the truth which arrives when it
+can, and which besides, cannot always be hazarded prematurely, still
+less be foretold, especially when the enemy might profit by it.
+
+As to peace, we know not here what has been done about it at Paris. My
+opinion is, that two or three more campaigns will be infinitely more
+salutary to the American Confederation than a patched-up peace, which
+shall leave the enemy possessor of Canada, Nova Scotia and
+Newfoundland; whence he would not cease nor be slow to vex you by all
+manner of means, perhaps to divide you, which will be worse.
+
+But let us wait what Parliament says at the end of this month. Then we
+may be able to say of the Congress of Peace, what the poet Rousseau,
+in his Ode to Fortune, said of a hero becoming man again;
+
+    Le masque tombe, George reste,
+    Et le Romain s'évanouit.
+
+And so much the better, I think, for America and for this Republic. I
+am, with very great respect, Sir,
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S._ I thank you, Sir, for the excellent letter of Mr Payne to the
+Abbé Raynal. If it is possible I shall publish it in French.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 12th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Some days ago I was about to prepare a new despatch, touching affairs
+on the carpet here, when an unforeseen event prevented me. It is
+nothing less than a conspiracy, which might be termed Catilinarian, if
+there had been an able Catiline in it; but they only had the intention
+of the Roman, without his sagacity.
+
+We were congratulating ourselves here on the despatches from Paris,
+which informed the Grand Pensionary, much to the regret of the
+conspiracy, of the news of the signing of preliminaries between the
+Ministers of the United States and Great Britain. We were only
+surprised at the oath of secrecy exacted of the members of the
+Assembly, before communicating to them the contents of despatches so
+well suited to reassure and relieve the nation of the fear, which, to
+excite discontent, it had been industriously endeavored to inspire,
+that it would be deceived and abandoned by the other powers, when on
+the 5th and 6th, the festival of St Nicholas, famous in this country,
+which they seemed disposed to make another St Bartholomew's, the
+conspiracy broke out and failed. Persons were sent about during these
+two days, with the Orange cockade in their hats and an address of
+thanks in their hands, applauding the good management of the marine,
+and at night about thirty men, paid and intoxicated, made a noisy
+procession through the streets and squares, to endeavor to raise the
+populace, who, however, would not sign, nor join the seditions, to
+make an attack, as they foolishly expected, on every person obnoxious
+to them. Saturday, 7th, they endeavored, in order to renew the scene
+the following Monday, to gain the peat carriers, who answered, that
+the troubles of 1748 had taught them to be more wise for the future.
+The evening of the same Saturday they hinted secretly to the
+Pensionaries of Dort and Amsterdam (remaining in the city) that they
+must not depart on their peril. But they, disregarding the danger,
+immediately went to require the Grand Pensionary to convoke an
+extraordinary Assembly on Monday. He obeyed in spite of himself, and
+despatched couriers during that night.
+
+On Monday morning, the 9th, the Assembly adopted by the large
+majority of sixteen, against two cities (la Brille and Enkhuisen) and
+to the confusion of the nobles and the Stadtholder, who were present,
+a resolution (a true _quousque tandem_) in which the Court and the
+officers of justice, municipal and provincial, are strongly censured
+for having looked on without interfering, and in which the Provincial
+Court of Justice is ordered to prosecute the affair criminally; and
+the Counsellor Deputies, to provide that for the future like disorders
+shall not be committed. The same day the Provincial Court of Justice
+assembled in consequence, and named two Commissioners of its own body,
+and another fiscal not suspected, to attend to the examination of the
+conspiracy. The Counsellor Deputies have likewise named a commission,
+to effect what is enjoined on them. From these two commissions are
+excluded the old Provincial Fiscal of Justice, who has besides a
+_quasi_ gout, and the Grand Bailiff of the Hague, who, on the part of
+the nobles, is of the Council of Deputies, and who prudently declined
+before rejection, for both are under censure by the resolution.
+
+The Court, alarmed at the consequences which they feared from all
+this, engaged M. Thulemeyer, Envoy of Prussia, to act for them, who,
+in continuation of a certain measure, which he took about two months
+ago by order of his Court, has been this morning to the Deputies of
+Dort, Haerlem, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, to tell them "that his Majesty
+has learned with displeasure the dissensions which have place in the
+Republic, that, _without wishing to meddle, in the domestic affairs of
+the Republic_,[47] the interest that his Majesty takes equally in the
+welfare of their High Mightinesses and of the Prince, his kinsman,
+does not permit him to look with indifference on any diminution of the
+rights of the Stadtholder; and that he would guaranty that this Prince
+should not abuse his prerogatives; and he hoped by this step that
+harmony would be re-established." Amsterdam has answered, "That they
+were surprised to find the King so misinformed, that for themselves,
+they did not know that they had ever diminished the rights of the
+Stadtholder, and that the Stadtholder himself had never complained of
+it to the States; that this would no doubt have been done, if the fact
+had been true; that, as for the rest, they would write to their city
+what the Envoy had said to them, that it might if it should judge
+proper write directly to the King, to inform him better, and put his
+Majesty also in a way to know those who had thus imposed on him."
+
+This answer evidently confounded the Envoy. The other cities have
+answered the same in substance.
+
+_December 13th._ The committee charged with arrangements for sending a
+Minister of the Republic to the United States, made its report
+yesterday to the Assembly of the States of Holland, the members of
+which took it _ad referendum_. This Minister is to have twenty
+thousand florins per annum, and ten thousand for his outfit.
+
+This morning the committee of five has returned again to the Prince.
+
+The resolution of Zealand, that the prisoner Witte should be
+delivered to the Provincial Court, is received, and the Prince will
+yield.
+
+The deliberation on the circular letter of Friesland, interrupted by
+the disturbance, which in history may be denominated the _Cockade
+Conspiracy_, to distinguish it from that of the _Gunpowder Plot_, will
+be resumed next week.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[47] The expression in italics was added by the Envoy, in his address
+to the gentlemen of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, because those of Dort
+asked him, if the King pretended to meddle in the domestic concerns of
+the Republic? Haerlem was not able to receive him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 17th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning the Minister of Prussia, M. Thulemeyer, has again visited
+the Deputies of the eighteen cities of Holland, to inform them of a
+Memorial, which he has presented to their High Mightinesses against a
+certain libel, in which, among other calumnies, is an insinuation,
+that the Princess attempted to imitate the conduct of a certain
+Empress in relation to her husband.
+
+It has been replied to him, "that their Noble and Grand Mightinesses,
+as well as their High Mightinesses, had long since done everything in
+their power against libels by severe placards; that the further
+measures, which seemed to be expected of them, and which, perhaps,
+were suitable enough in arbitrary governments, could not be adopted in
+this Republic, of which the liberty of the press is the Palladium;
+that it is like every other good thing, the use of which is free to
+all, and the abuse subject to the animadversion of the bailiffs and
+fiscals; that the Minister knows how lately their Noble and Grand
+Mightinesses have had reason to complain of the negligence of those
+officers of justice; that the Princess, the Prince, and the whole
+House of Orange, more nearly connected with them than with the King,
+his master, did not need any foreign commendation to make themselves
+beloved and respected by the nation, and protected by the Sovereign,
+&c."
+
+_December 21st._ The three ostensible exciters of the _Cockade
+Conspiracy_, protected by an invisible hand, have escaped from justice
+and fled to Cranenberg, a village in the Duchy of Cleves. The Court
+having sent its officers to arrest them at the peril of the
+complainants, the Regency of Cleves, contrary to the law of nations,
+has refused to allow the arrest. This morning the States held an
+extraordinary session to deliberate on the subject, and,
+notwithstanding the opposition of the nobles, adopted a resolution,
+requiring the court of justice to make a solemn demand of the
+fugitives at Cleves, in the name of the Sovereign; on Friday next, a
+letter will be addressed on this subject directly to the King of
+Prussia, and Duke of Cleves.
+
+The Grand Bailiff of Utrecht (Count d'Athlone) has lost, with costs of
+suit, his case against the editor of a weekly newspaper, (_de Post van
+den Neder-Rhein_) which for about two years has produced a wonderful
+impression on the nation. This is a brilliant victory of the patriots
+over their enemies. Some of the expressions, which have given offence
+were, _la brouette va de travers, qu'il-y-a une main invisible qui
+gâte tout, &c._
+
+In Friesland, the majority of the eleven cities, which form the fourth
+Quarter of the Sovereignty, have annulled the influence of the Court
+on the appointment of their circuits. Thus the resolution of the
+Province, so disagreeable to the Court, will be unanimous.
+
+_December 24th._ I have just been confidentially informed, on
+condition of my writing an account of the fact to my friends at Dort
+and Amsterdam, that this morning the Prince went to declare to their
+High Mightinesses, that, on the resolution of Zealand, taken on the
+report of the court of justice, although there was much to be said
+relative to that report, he was ready, under leave of their High
+Mightinesses, to transfer the prisoner Witte from the hands of the
+High Council of War to those of the court of justice. On which the
+Grand Pensionary first protested with a loud voice, that it was
+necessary to wait till Friday for the resolution of the Sovereign
+thereon; and then, in a low voice, he intimated to the President, that
+it might be done by a majority. The prisoner will, therefore, be
+transferred to night.
+
+On Wednesday last, a courier despatched from hence to anticipate the
+demand of the court of justice, arrived at Cleves the same night,
+caused the gates to be opened, the three conspirators, who were abed,
+to be called, conducted them hastily out by the other gate, and after
+going some distance on foot, stowed them away in a carriage, which,
+according to appearances, carried them to Hanover.
+
+_December 26th._ The accompanying note I sent to M. Van der Hoop,
+Fiscal of the Admiralty of Amsterdam, in consequence of the request
+presented at Amsterdam by the agents of an American letter of marque.
+My demand of a passport for these people, to protect them from being
+made prisoners when ashore, has been granted. I congratulate myself,
+that my first public measure has been, like all my other measures,
+_secundum libertatem_. It has been suggested to me to make another
+against a certain libel, "_The Magic Lantern_," in which America and
+her worthy Plenipotentiary here have been roughly handled. I replied,
+that I would do nothing, which could afford any pretext for violating
+the liberty of the press; of which the present instance of abuse
+deserved only contempt.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 11th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning their Noble and Grand Mightinesses adopted a resolution
+conformable to the report hereto annexed, relative to the mission of a
+Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, with instructions to
+their Deputies of the Province in the States-General, to press the
+conclusion of this matter by the States. This evening, between ten and
+twelve o'clock, one of the gentlemen, coming to take leave of me until
+Tuesday week, concerted with me the measures it would be proper to
+take during his absence, to make the choice fall, if the plan
+succeeds, on a person who will be as agreeable to the United States,
+as he is esteemed by the patriots of this country. I shall give
+information of it by letter next Tuesday to Mr Adams.
+
+Yesterday arrived some despatches from the Plenipotentiaries of the
+Republic at Paris, with the reply of his Britannic Majesty to the
+preliminaries which had been proposed; this reply is not satisfactory.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 20th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning M. Thulemeyer, Envoy of Prussia, presented the Memorial
+hereto annexed to their High Mightinesses. I shall say nothing about
+it, because I should have too much to say, and because it is better to
+see what they will say whom it concerns.
+
+Tomorrow the Chamberlain, Baron de Heide, will set out for Paris, sent
+by the Prince, to give his Most Christian Majesty a good opinion of
+his patriotism, his measures, and his disposition.
+
+The cities of Guelderland and Overyssel continue, after the example of
+those of Friesland, to raise their heads one after another.
+
+_February 22nd._ I have yet to give you an account of a secret and
+important negotiation and correspondence, between the gentlemen here
+and our Ministers at Paris, which has been carried on by my
+intervention for more than a month. But besides that it will take much
+time to copy all these letters, the subject will not allow me to risk
+the copies at sea, until the vessels can navigate with more safety.
+The article relating to the liberty of the seas is the subject of
+discussion; this matter they wish to see definitively arranged
+previously to the general peace, and with good reason.
+
+I congratulate the United States on the signature of the preliminaries
+between the United States, France, and Spain on one side, and England
+on the other. God grant that the peace may follow soon, and a
+permanent peace; which cannot be without solidly establishing the
+principles of the armed neutrality between these powers and the
+Republic.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S._ Next Friday this Province will propose the Baron de Dedem,
+Lord of Peckendam, &c. as Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic
+near the United States. The other party is canvassing warmly, but
+secretly against him. All appearances, however, are in favor of this
+good patriot, and I recommend him beforehand as such to your
+Excellency. He is a cousin-german of M. de Capelle du Pol, formerly a
+correspondent of your uncle, the Governor of the Jersies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 MEMORIAL OF THE PRUSSIAN AMBASSADOR.
+
+                                                   January 20th, 1783.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+The King had flattered himself, that the amicable representations and
+intimations, which the undersigned has made, by the express order of
+his Majesty, to several distinguished members of the States-General of
+the United Provinces, on the subject of the present unhappy
+excitement, which manifests itself at present in Holland, would
+produce the desired effect, conformably to the positive assurances he
+had received on this point. But his Majesty has learned with as much
+displeasure as surprise, that these domestic troubles, instead of
+being quieted are constantly increasing, and that it is even meditated
+to deprive the Prince Stadtholder of the command of the army and navy,
+and thus to strip him of his chief prerogatives of hereditary
+Captain-General and High Admiral. The King cannot believe that this
+is the general sentiment and desire of the nation, and of the rulers
+of the State. His Majesty on the contrary is persuaded, that it is
+only the private wish of a few individuals, who are inimical to the
+Most Serene House of Nassau, from personal hatred or private views,
+without regard to the true welfare and common interest of the State.
+
+Every good Dutchman will remember with gratitude, that the foundations
+of his present liberty and prosperity were laid by the Princes of the
+illustrious House of Orange-Nassau, and acquired in part at the price
+of their blood; that this House has formed, and established on a firm
+basis, the present constitution of the Republic, and after
+extraordinary vicissitudes and revolutions, in some respects
+resembling the present crisis, has rescued the Republic from the
+perils which threatened it, and re-established it in its former
+lustre. It is not to be doubted, that the welfare and safety of the
+Republic depend on the preservation of that form of government, which
+has so happily subsisted for two centuries, and of the Stadtholderate,
+which is inseparable from it. Every good Dutch patriot must feel
+persuaded of the truth of this. All the neighboring powers appear
+equally convinced of it, and are able to see that dissensions, not
+less dangerous than inexcusable, the consequences of which may prove
+not less ruinous to this Republic, than they have been to other States
+under similar circumstances, subsist and constantly increase in
+violence in the bosom of the United Provinces. These powers are all
+equally interested in the maintenance of the Dutch Republic. The King
+is more particularly so, both from his consanguinity to the Most
+Serene House of Orange, and from his being the nearest neighbor, and
+the constant and sincere friend of the Republic. His Majesty is
+persuaded he knows it from the most positive assurances, that the
+Prince Stadtholder has the purest and most salutary views of the good
+of the Republic, and the support of the present constitution; that if
+evil disposed persons attribute to him any other intentions, it is an
+insinuation as destitute of all probability, as it is injurious to his
+character and his enlightened policy; that the Prince will follow and
+execute undeviatingly the principles adopted and established by the
+sovereign power of the United Provinces, and will for the future
+remove even a suspicion of the contrary.
+
+The undersigned, Envoy Extraordinary, has the honor to submit all
+these important considerations to their High Mightinesses, the
+States-General of the United Provinces. He is directed by the most
+precise orders of the King, to recommend them to their most serious
+reflections, and to urge their High Mightinesses to reject and repel
+all propositions and opinions calculated to diminish the lawful
+prerogatives of the Stadtholderate, and change the form of their
+government, so long established and so happily preserved; but on the
+other hand, to take effectual measures to quiet the internal troubles,
+to check the attempts of the factious, to put a stop to their
+calumnies, and to restore not only the harmony of the State, but also
+the authority and respectability of the Prince Stadtholder, and of all
+engaged in the government of the Republic.
+
+His Majesty flatters himself, that their High Mightinesses will
+receive his representations as the counsel and exhortations of a
+neighbor, who is their true and sincere friend, who is not indifferent
+to the fate of the Republic, but who will always feel the liveliest
+and warmest interest in the preservation of its constitution.
+
+                                                           THULEMEYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 24th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The sudden and unexpected manner in which we have received the news of
+the signing of the preliminaries, by all the belligerent powers,
+except that in which we are most interested here, filled our friends
+at first with apprehensions; but after having recovered from their
+first surprise, M. Van Berckel, at the suggestion and on the request
+of the Grand Pensionary, in a secret conference, proposed the most
+dignified and sure method of attaining the object desired and
+desirable to all. The Grand Pensionary adopted it with eagerness, and
+it was, that M. Van Berckel should request me to consult you, as early
+as possible, on this method. It is as follows.
+
+"To accelerate the negotiation of a general peace, and to prevent
+ulterior discussions between their High Mightinesses and Great
+Britain, on the question of free and unlimited navigation. Mr Adams is
+requested to declare, whether he is authorised by Congress to accede
+to the armed neutrality, already concluded between certain powers of
+Europe, or to enter into a similar negotiation with France, Spain, and
+the United Provinces.
+
+"In either case their High Mightinesses would make the same
+proposition to France and Spain, in order to prevent discussions on
+the subject of the liberty of the seas, which may retard the general
+peace, and assist the Republic in concluding a peace on her part with
+Great Britain, which may otherwise be delayed by difficulties, arising
+from particular stipulations or arrangements to be made with England
+on this subject.
+
+"The definitive treaty between England and the Republic might then be
+concluded, with a reserve of the natural right of all nations, who are
+in the enjoyment of this right, unless they should modify it by
+particular treaties on the subject of contrabands, recognised as such
+by the contracting parties.
+
+"Mr Adams is requested to communicate his ideas on this subject as
+speedily as possible, and to add his views on the means of furthering
+such a negotiation, and hastening the conclusion of the general peace;
+since it appears, that the Republic could meanwhile accede to the
+armistice, which must result from the signing of the preliminaries of
+peace by the other belligerent powers, and treat with England on all
+the points in dispute."
+
+It is for you to decide, if you will confer ministerially with M.
+Brantzen on this matter.
+
+It only remains for me to present to you the compliments of M. Van
+Berckel, with the warmest expression of his esteem; he has just left
+me, to give me an opportunity of writing the above.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                            DUMAS.[48]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[48] See Mr Adams's reply to this letter, Vol. VII. p. 13.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 28th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You have probably received today my letter of the 24th, sent by a
+courier of the French Ambassador. It is of the utmost importance to
+those on behalf of whom I wrote it, and they wait with anxiety for
+your answer, because the effect they expect it to produce, is in
+their opinion alone able to repair the immense and unpardonable fault,
+(I use their words) which has been committed in abandoning,
+sacrificing, and deluding them. This is their own language even to the
+Ambassador, who wishes them to enter upon this negotiation directly
+with the French Minister, and in that case promises them complete
+success; this they flatly refuse. He said to me and to them too, that
+he thought you would make no difficulty in taking it upon yourself,
+but that your colleagues would probably oppose it. They replied, that,
+not seeing any reason why any opposition should be made to the joint
+adoption of the measure by the three belligerents, rather than leave
+it to the caprice of the Minister of a single power, they should
+consider any such opposition as owing to the influence of such
+Minister; that then it would be useless to apply any longer to them
+for any negotiations whatever, and in that case his Excellency must in
+future be contented to apply to their High Mightinesses, without
+requiring them and their cities to expose themselves farther to
+contempt and danger.
+
+I have thought it my duty, in so important an affair, to inform you
+fully of all the circumstances. I will add, that the nation is
+indignant at the last act of the French Minister, and that he will
+lose their confidence entirely, if he intrigues against that measure,
+which they propose with an entire reliance on your candor and your
+good intentions.
+
+Yesterday I read to the Grand Pensionary _in extenso_ the copy of the
+preliminaries between America and Great Britain, with which you have
+favored me. I then read it to other friends, but no one shall have a
+copy until you grant permission.
+
+M. de Gyzelaer, whom I have seen this morning, and Messrs Van Berckel
+and Visscher, with whom I supped last evening, have directed me to
+give their most respectful compliments to your Excellency.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 30th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The letters I had the honor to write you on the 24th and 28th inst.,
+are the most faithful picture of the sentiments of our republicans. I
+have added nothing of my own; on the contrary I have softened the
+matter as much as possible. If the affair cannot be arranged as I have
+proposed, the credit of France here is gone forever. I send you copies
+of letters relative to this subject, as I promised. France and our
+republicans have been from that time, the object of the bitterest
+sarcasms and raillery of the evil-disposed; and our republicans,
+without losing their courage in opposition to their domestic
+adversaries, are indignant, and have no longer any confidence in what
+is said to them by the French Ministry to color what is past, or to
+engage them to adopt further measures. They pity the Duc de la
+Vauguyon personally, and say that he is sacrificed, and that he is
+deprived of all the fruits of his wise measures, indefatigable
+industry, and splendid success here, by a stroke of a pen. They
+declare besides, that they will not be ruled, influenced, or kept in
+leading-strings by France nor by England, and that whatever may be
+proposed by France, they will not carry it to their cities, without
+sufficient guaranties in their pockets. If you carry the measure I
+have proposed, it will be, in my opinion, an important political
+stroke, of the greatest advantage to the United States, because it
+will establish their credit, dignity, and glory here forever. Your
+judgment and profound penetration, render it unnecessary for me to
+enter into long reasonings on this subject. It is enough that this
+measure will be equally advantageous to all, since all will
+participate in it, and will guaranty it to each other.
+
+The Count de Llano requested me this morning to communicate to him the
+Preliminaries, of which the Duc de la Vauguyon told him I had a copy.
+He was satisfied with my reasons for declining to give him a copy, and
+with the verbal account I gave him of their substance. I have done the
+same favor to M. Asp.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                        The Hague, February 4th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 29th has fully satisfied the gentlemen; and the
+Pensionary, M. Van Berckel, in the name of all, has directed me to
+thank you, and to assure you that it is precisely what they wanted,
+and what they hoped would be done by you and your colleagues; and that
+you may rely entirely on them, as they rely perfectly on you, in
+subsequent proceedings. I have also communicated it to the Grand
+Pensionary, who appeared to think with them, and I have been assured
+from good authority, that he has no less reason than France, to desire
+that the English party should no longer prevail here. I have the
+respects of all to present to you; I am delighted to find them so easy
+to be satisfied; for it appears to me that they ask nothing more than
+the mutual guarantee, which is provided for in the treaties of America
+with this Republic and with France. They are determined not to sign,
+until the article relating to navigation shall be in the terms
+proposed, and not to cede Negapatnam; and they fear that if France
+does not find some remedy for this difficulty, she will again lose the
+confidence and favor of this nation, which are of more importance to
+her than Tobago.
+
+The Count de Vergennes, to excuse the precipitancy in signing the
+treaty, has said to the Ministers of the Republic at Paris, that, on
+one side, America, who declared herself exhausted, feared an
+insurrection if the taxes were increased, demanded through Dr Franklin
+twenty millions for the ensuing campaign, if there were one, and
+wished to enjoy peace and her treaty, rather than to risk the
+continuance of the war, which might prevent the execution of it; and
+on the other, Spain, who, equally exhausted, demanded this conclusion
+absolutely--had compelled France to sign so precipitately; but that
+this does not affect the intention of his Majesty not to conclude,
+unless their High Mightinesses are included in the general peace and
+are satisfied. God grant it may be so. It appears that the Ambassador
+and the Grand Pensionary have received, each by his own courier the
+same assurances. The latter, however, has not yet imparted his
+despatches to our other friends. I have taken care to treat the nation
+with the Boston proclamation in the papers of the day.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                       The Hague, February 18th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Our friends are well satisfied with the repeated declarations I have
+made them from you and your colleagues. They will act in consequence,
+in regard to the Court of France, including that of Spain, and above
+all to your Excellencies. They appear convinced that the measure can
+and ought to succeed. At all events they direct me to propose the
+following question, to obtain an answer thereto, favorable, if
+possible, which will assure and tranquilise them.
+
+"If their High Mightinesses should propose to France to sign a
+convention, founded on the principles of the armed neutrality, for the
+preservation of the freedom of navigation, conjointly with Spain, the
+United States, and the United Provinces of the Low Countries; in case
+France and Spain should appear disposed to postpone such a convention,
+or should decline entering into it before the signing or concluding of
+the definitive treaty; would Mr Dana, and, during his absence, Mr
+Adams, either alone, and as Minister of the United States near this
+Republic, or with his colleagues, be ready to sign such a provisional
+convention, when proposed to them in the name of their High
+Mightinesses, between the United States and the United Provinces?"
+
+It is believed here, that without such a treaty, either between
+France, Spain, the United States and the United Provinces, or in
+defect of the two first, at least between the two last powers, nothing
+can save from the shame of the definitive treaty this Republic, which
+joined in the war only for the liberty of the seas, and which has
+made it a condition _sine qua non_ in its preliminaries.
+
+It is much to be wished that one of these arrangements were
+practicable, as this would at once pave the way for the definitive
+treaty. At least there would be no other difficulty than that relating
+to Negapatnam, and to the commerce to the Moluccas, on which I have
+just read the report of the seventeen directors of the Company, which
+opposes the strongest objections to the yielding of either.
+
+My opinion is, always with submission to your better judgment, that
+your acquiescence in the demand of these gentlemen may be founded on
+three considerations. 1st. On the resolution of the United States of
+October 5th, 1780, communicated by you to their High Mightinesses by a
+letter of March 8th, 1781, and on which you have observed to me, that
+your powers for that purpose were not recalled. 2dly. On the
+circumstance that their High Mightinesses are a party to the armed
+neutrality, to which Mr Dana is waiting the pleasure of another party
+to admit the United States. 3dly. On the fact, that the only point in
+question is in regard to the mutual guarantee, which you have already
+acceded to in the treaty of amity and commerce concluded with their
+High Mightinesses.
+
+Praying you to pay my respects to Messrs Franklin, Jay, Laurens, and
+Brantzen, I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 4th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This note is intended merely to correct a statement I had the honor to
+make you a few days since, via Amsterdam. By an unexpected change, M.
+Van Berckel, Burgomaster of Rotterdam, and brother of the celebrated
+Pensionary of Amsterdam, instead of M. de Dedem, has been nominated by
+the Province of Holland, and accepted by their High Mightinesses, for
+Minister Plenipotentiary near the United States. What I have said,
+however, of the patriotism of one, is entirely applicable to the
+other, and it is with the greatest satisfaction and cordiality that I
+recommend him to your confidence and friendship.
+
+This morning their High Mightinesses have adopted a resolution,
+conformable to that of Holland, relative to the instructions to their
+Plenipotentiary at Paris, to exert himself to effect a general
+pacification. Thus there will soon be an opportunity to congratulate
+the United States on the completion of this momentous affair.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 4th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning their High Mightinesses adopted a conclusion conformable
+to the opinion of the Province of Holland, on the instructions to be
+given to their Plenipotentiaries to obtain a general peace. This
+conclusion is unconstitutional, as it was not adopted unanimously. The
+Deputies of three Provinces, Friesland, Zealand, and Groningen, have
+declared they are not yet authorised to give their consent. But this
+will come.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 5th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is with as much confidence in your goodness, as zeal to serve the
+worthy Minister, who will represent this Republic to yours, that I
+hasten to transmit you the copy hereto annexed, of a letter he has
+just written to me.
+
+I will add, that M. Van Berckel intends to embark at Rotterdam for
+Philadelphia within three months at the latest. He will take his two
+sons with him, and when his house at Philadelphia is ready, he will
+send for his wife and three daughters, and reside permanently during
+the rest of his life near the Congress, who will find him as amiable
+as he is estimable. I am very sorry to lose him, but much rejoiced
+that the United States will make the acquisition. You will consider
+it, I hope, not unreasonable, if desiring to serve to the extent of my
+power my most respectable friend, whom you will soon receive as yours,
+no less on account of his personal virtues, than of his political
+character, which will connect him more closely with you than with any
+other person, I take it for granted not only that you will pardon, but
+be gratified with the liberty I take of addressing this commission to
+you, with a request, that you will confide the execution of it to some
+gentleman, in whom you can place entire confidence, and who will
+discharge it according to the wishes of, and on the most advantageous
+terms for M. Van Berckel; so that on his arrival he may find the house
+hired and at his command, the coach made, and the horses ready for
+use.
+
+The expenses will be paid by M. Van Berckel on his arrival, or even
+sooner, if necessary and possible in so short a time.
+
+If I could have an answer to this before he sets sail, which will be
+in May or June at the latest, it would confer a great obligation on
+him. He will make the passage in a good frigate.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S._ M. Van Berckel speaks English very well. If this circumstance
+is fortunate for him, it will be no less so for those with whom he is
+to be connected in America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 6th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You must have already received, as well as the Ministers of France and
+Spain, the overture of the Ministers of this Republic at Paris, to
+begin the negotiation by a treaty of a mutual guarantee of the liberty
+of the seas. These gentlemen rely principally on the repeated promises
+I have made them on your part, confident that the American
+Plenipotentiaries will not allow themselves to be influenced by
+Shelburne and company, who, they say, understand each other like
+robbers at a fair. You will have no difficulty in understanding the
+allusion. If this convention could be made before the signing of the
+definitive treaty, the republicans here would triumph. A certain
+person having objected to me, that England might take umbrage if this
+treaty were made before the other, "Indeed!" I replied, "how long is
+it since France began anew to fear giving umbrage to England?"
+
+Your declaration concerning the armistice has been inserted in the
+gazettes according to your wish; as has also the English proclamation.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          The Hague, March 27th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+While the powers are taking a _siesta_ to digest the provisional
+peace, previous to putting the finishing hand to it, I can only speak
+to you of the domestic affairs of this Republic.
+
+1st. Five Provinces have conformed to the opinion of Holland, for the
+criminal process on account of the disobedience of the squadron, which
+should have sailed from Brest in the beginning of October last. The
+opinion of Guelderland, the States of which will assemble next month,
+is the only one wanting.
+
+2dly. There is a provisional report of seven of the principal cities
+of Holland, which the others have taken _ad referendum_, to require
+explanations from the Prince on the last Memorial of M. Thulemeyer,
+Envoy of Prussia, by declaring whether he really has to complain of
+the loss of any prerogatives constitutionally belonging to him; or if
+the remonstrances of the King on that point are not founded on a
+mistake? Those who are suspected of being the only focus from which
+this, _brutum fulmen_, (shall I call it) or this _will o' the whisp_,
+has proceeded, are doing all they can to prevent a majority, which
+would convert this report into a resolution. If they cannot succeed in
+this, the nobles, that is, the Prince, whom they allow to dispose of
+their vote, will delay the resolution by pretending not to be ready
+to vote. But then the others can appoint a day on which they must be
+ready, and, meanwhile, they will print the report; which will increase
+the difficulty of the Court, and, perhaps, of the kind M. Thulemeyer,
+in saving themselves from the dilemma, I will not say with honor,
+which is impossible, but without mortification.
+
+3dly. The city of Alcmaer, by a formal deputation, has declared to the
+Prince, that in future it will dispose not only of nominations, but
+also of the consequent elections without his participation; asserting
+that this right belongs to it in virtue of certain ancient privileges.
+It persists in its design, and the Prince, who it was said at first,
+had intended to complain to the States of the Province by letter, has
+renounced his intention, for want of any solid objections to the
+measure.
+
+4thly. The arrangement of the military jurisdiction is another
+formidable operation for him, which will begin next week to occupy the
+serious attention of the States of Holland.
+
+5thly. Finally the court of justice continues to make rigid and minute
+examinations on the affair of St Nicholas, or of the 6th of December
+last, and is preparing a full report, which will be published, and
+which, as I am assured from good authority, will demonstrate that it
+was an actual conspiracy, the leaders of which were certain nobles and
+placemen, almost all of whom are already discovered.
+
+Congress will see by these specimens, that the republican party here
+is far from being discouraged by the approaches of peace, as some
+flattered themselves, and others feared or foretold they would be.
+
+The Prince has lost the enthusiastic love, which the large part of the
+nation bore him; this loss is irreparable, and the conduct he is
+induced to adopt renders it more and more incurable. In the Provinces,
+as for instance, Overyssel, Utrecht and Guelderland, where he was the
+most absolute, they are still more alienated, irritated, and disgusted
+with abuses, than in this. I do not say that this will or ought to end
+in a revolution, but a considerable diminution of his usurped and
+unconstitutional power, will, according to all appearances, be the
+result. The course of these people and that of the cabinets,
+negotiating a peace, may be compared to the hare and the tortoise in
+the fable; the former began with long leaps, and rapid strides, and
+after these preliminaries fell asleep at a little distance from the
+goal, thinking it easy for him to reach it at any moment; our
+tortoise, in spite of his tardy movements, may yet attain some of his
+objects, before the hare awakes.
+
+I see constantly and confidentially the French Ambassador and the
+_Chargé d'Affaires_ of Sweden, sometimes likewise the Minister of
+Spain. I cannot serve the first in the present circumstances with so
+much success as formerly; my friends wish to see the wrongs of which
+they complain redressed, before they can rely with their former
+confidence on future promises; it is not his fault and I pity him,
+but, after all, I cannot say that my friends are wrong.
+
+The other diplomatic agents appear to be here merely to vegetate and
+kill time, sometimes at what they call the Court, sometimes with each
+other.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 18th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Our friends are returned here to meet, provided with good
+instructions, not only in regard to the military jurisdiction but also
+to other subjects, which it will be agreeable here to see on the
+carpet of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses the States of Holland.
+Those of Dort are in substance as follows;
+
+I. To grant the annual requisition of the Council of State for the
+department of war, except the forty or fortyfive thousand florins,
+which the High Council of War expend for the Province annually, and
+which the city wishes to be struck off. The six other Provinces
+together pay about thirty thousand florins besides, for the support of
+the Council.
+
+II. To exert themselves in inquiring into and reforming abuses which
+have been introduced into the army, and particularly, 1st. to prevent
+in future titular promotions, by which a prodigious number of officers
+are created with higher titles than their rank and pay entitle them
+to, which does not fail to cost the country 600,000 florins annually
+to no purpose; 2dly. To abolish the venality of the companies and
+other posts, which has existed for some time.
+
+In Friesland they are equally firm. A Westphalian, having defrauded
+the revenue, was condemned to ten years' hard labor in prison. The
+Regency of Munster having solicited his pardon the Counsellor Deputies
+of Friesland, principally devoted to the Court, reported therein to
+the States of Friesland that the case was pardonable, but that the
+right of pardon being devolved on the Prince by the abdication of the
+right by the States, it was necessary to refer the affair to him. To
+disavow this pretended abdication, and because the case is one of
+those called royal cases, the States in opposition to this report
+granted the pardon without consulting the Prince.
+
+In a fortnight, a man imprisoned for disturbances on the 8th of March,
+the birthday of the Prince, will be whipped, at Rotterdam. Two other
+of these fellows are in prison at Delft, for having committed similar
+disorders at Overschie, a village near Rotterdam, in the jurisdiction
+of Delft. As they broke into houses they are in danger of being hung.
+A body of three hundred volunteers, of young men of the best families
+of Rotterdam, has been formed to maintain public order in case of any
+similar disturbances. They exercise daily, and have petitioned to be
+authorised by their Regency. They will succeed, through the influence
+of the Burgomaster Van Berckel, who prevails in the legislative body
+of the city, notwithstanding the opposition of the Burgomaster Van der
+Heim, who is devoted to the Court, and who has the majority in the
+executive.
+
+The French Ambassador will set out next Monday, on a visit of several
+months to France. Meanwhile M. de Berenger, Secretary of Legation,
+will attend to the business of the embassy.
+
+I have been requested to sound Mr Dana, to know, "whether, in case
+their High Mightinesses should think proper to send full powers to
+their Minister at Petersburg, to conclude a treaty with the Minister
+of the United States, on the principles of the armed neutrality, Mr
+Dana could enter on such a negotiation." I have written him in
+consequence.
+
+_April 23d._ On the 20th, the French Ambassador gave a farewell
+dinner, at which I had the honor to be present.
+
+I wrote to Mr Adams a letter on the 11th, of which I yesterday
+received an answer dated the 16th, and this morning waited upon M.
+Fagel, the Secretary, to say to him, that I had the satisfaction to be
+able to free their High Mightinesses from all anxiety on the point of
+titles, by assuring them, that the United States had adopted no other,
+than that of the _United States of America in Congress assembled_, and
+that the qualification of _Friends and Allies_, which their High
+Mightinesses will add, did not require to be enriched by any epithets.
+You see, Sir, added I, that in America they practise the maxim of
+Boerhaave, _sigillum veri simplex_. He approved this remark, and
+politely thanked me for the information. On leaving him I went to
+communicate the same thing to the Pensionaries of Dort and Amsterdam,
+who said to me, smiling, there is still one little thing, that puzzled
+the Secretary; it is not customary in Holland to say _you_ in
+addressing any one, and he has been able to find no expression but _El
+Edelere_ (_Your Noblenesses_) in addressing the Congress. I answered
+in the same tone, that the Americans recognise no other nobility than
+that of soul, and that as the simple address would not, in my opinion,
+be disagreeable to them, if the Secretary used it without any
+appendages.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                         Without date.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letters to March
+4th inclusive. I am sorry to find by them, that the ferment occasioned
+by the causes you explain, continues to work. How far it may be
+necessary to purge off the impurities, which your government has
+contracted by long inaction, I will not pretend to say. It is certain,
+however, that the want of harmony in its different branches has had
+the most melancholy effects upon your operations the last war; and
+deprived you of important advantages in the conclusion of it. Though I
+sincerely wish that the struggles of your patriots may be attended
+with the same happy consequences with ours, yet I take the liberty to
+remind you, that your public character puts you in a delicate
+situation with respect to them, that as a foreign nation, whatever we
+may wish, we have no right to express those wishes, or in any way to
+interfere in the internal disputes of our allies, that our conduct
+should show, that we were the enemy of no party, except so far as
+their measures were inimical to us. You will not, Sir, consider this
+as a reproof, for I have not the smallest reason to believe, that you
+have not made these reflections yourself, and acted conformably
+thereto. On the contrary, I rather conclude, that you have, from the
+long habit in which you have been of conducting public affairs which
+require prudence and delicacy. I only mention it, therefore, as a
+caution which will not probably, but may possibly be necessary to one
+who is animated by the spirit of freedom, and may as a patriot be
+hurried beyond the limits we should prescribe to our Ministers.
+
+You will be pleased to discontinue in future all the Dutch papers, and
+send us only the Leyden Gazette, the _Courrier du Bas Rhin_, and the
+_Courrier de l'Europe_, together with such publications on political
+subjects, written in French, as may be worth our attention. I commit
+the enclosed letters to Mr Dana to your care.
+
+Nothing has yet been done in your affairs, though they lay before
+Congress; a variety of important matters have pressed of late for
+their consideration, and you are too well acquainted with popular
+assemblies to be surprised at the slowness of their proceedings.
+
+We have returned the prisoners on both sides, and Congress have made a
+considerable reduction in the army, by permitting those who are
+enlisted for the war to return home on furlough. We cannot yet learn
+with certainty from General Carleton, when he means to evacuate New
+York. I sincerely rejoice at M. Van Berckel's appointment, and wish
+you had informed me when we might expect him here, where the patriotic
+character of his family cannot but ensure him an agreeable reception.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             The Hague, May 8th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The great blow of the suppression of the High Council of War, and the
+restriction of the military jurisdiction, was finally and decisively
+struck in the States of Holland last week, as your Excellency will see
+by the resolutions and publications in the gazettes sent with this;
+there is no doubt that the other Provinces will conform to that of
+Holland. Thus have the republicans gained a signal victory over the
+other party, and which would never have happened but for the war,
+which has so humbled the English and the Anglomanes.
+
+I have seen the last despatches of the Plenipotentiaries of this
+Republic at Paris, to the Grand Pensionary of the 25th and 28th of
+April, and of M. Tor, Secretary of M. Brantzen at London, of the 18th
+of April, received here the 3d of May, from M. Brantzen. It appears
+from these letters, that they could not agree, either at Paris or
+London, upon the articles of peace between this Republic and Great
+Britain. The Secretary, Mr Fox, with whom M. Tor had two conferences,
+made evasive answers, and this _man of the people_ does not seem to
+have the same esteem for the republicans as formerly. He put two
+singular questions to M. Tor; 1st. why they were so dissatisfied with
+the Prince of Orange in the United Provinces? 2dly. what impression
+the measures of the King of Prussia in favor of the Prince had made?
+M. Tor in turn evaded these questions, which lead us to conclude, that
+this _man of the people_ is no better than the others. Meanwhile the
+Deputies of Dort and Schoonhoven, have proposed the reform of several
+great abuses in the army; 1st. The creation of supernumerary officers,
+by raising them above their actual rank, and excusing them from
+service. 2dly. The venality of posts. 3dly. The introduction of
+foreign officers in the national regiments. These propositions have
+been committed. In due time I shall give an account of the report of
+the committee, and of its result.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, May 25th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The States of Holland will assemble next Wednesday, and meanwhile I
+have nothing interesting to add to what the annexed papers contain,
+except that the last letters from Paris of the 16th and 19th, inform
+me that nothing has yet been done to forward the conclusion of the
+general definitive treaty.
+
+I learn from good authority, that Mr Harris, British Minister at the
+Court of St Petersburg, is intended for that post here, after
+everything is settled. I shall communicate this intelligence to our
+friends at Dort and Amsterdam this evening. They will be pleased with
+it, for they feared the return of Sir Joseph Yorke and his old arts,
+which under present circumstances would be injurious here, without
+being of any real benefit to England.
+
+I take the liberty to recommend to the attention and kindness of the
+United States and their citizens, Captain Riemersma, commander of the
+Overyssel, ship of the line, who will sail from the Texel after the
+19th June, carrying M. Van Berckel to Philadelphia. He is a brave
+officer, an excellent patriot, a constant friend of liberty and of
+America, and he received the squadron of Commodore Paul Jones in the
+Texel in 1779, in a very friendly manner, for which he was punished by
+the Anglomanes, whose intrigues effected his removal from the command
+of the Road, and who have ever since prevented him from being employed
+and advanced; in this they have injured only their country; for he is
+wealthy, and it is not interest, but honor and taste for the
+profession, which induce him to serve.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     NOTE TO THE STATES-GENERAL.
+
+                                            The Hague, June 5th, 1783.
+
+The undersigned, _Chargé d'Affaires_ of the United States of America,
+has the honor to inform their High Mightinesses, that in the absence
+of the Minister Plenipotentiary, for reasons known to their High
+Mightinesses, he has intrusted to him the honor of laying before them
+the treaty and convention concluded between the two Republics on the
+7th of October last, and since ratified by the United States in
+Congress assembled; and also of receiving in exchange the
+ratifications of their High Mightinesses.
+
+The undersigned congratulates himself on being permitted to discharge
+a duty so congenial to his zeal for the United States, to his respect
+for their High Mightinesses, and to his attachment to a nation, in the
+bosom of which he has had the pleasure of living for many years.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+By order of Mr Adams I sent this note to the Secretary, M. Fagel, and
+a copy to the Grand Pensionary, Van Bleiswick. M. Fagel has requested
+several days to allow time for the clerks to prepare the ratification
+of their High Mightinesses, "which," he said to me, "I should
+communicate with great pleasure to Mr Adams if he were here, and I
+shall communicate it to you, Sir, with the same pleasure."
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     M. FAGEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                           The Hague, June 19th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Our ratification cannot be ready until next Monday. If you will call
+on me at Court on Monday morning, at one o'clock, I shall be able to
+exchange the ratifications with you.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                             H. FAGEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, June 20th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday I received a note from the Secretary of their High
+Mightinesses, of which I annex a copy. I shall therefore receive the
+act there mentioned next Monday, and shall keep it until I can
+transmit it to Mr Adams, according to his orders.
+
+The city of Gorcum has followed, by a large majority, the example of
+Dort, Schoonhoven, Rotterdam, Schiedam, and Alcmaer, by a resolution
+abolishing the influence of the Prince, on the nominations to vacant
+places; there is nothing left him but the right, which the
+constitution secures to him, of choosing among several persons
+nominated. This week their Noble and Grand Mightinesses will
+deliberate on the abolition of the venality of military offices.
+
+This contradicts the notion, which it was attempted to inculcate, that
+the ardor for reform would relax, at the end of the war.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, June 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+At one o'clock this afternoon, an exchange of the ratification of the
+treaty and convention concluded the 7th of October last, between the
+United States and the United Provinces of the Low Countries, took
+place in the business hall between the Secretary of their High
+Mightinesses and your servant. I keep these two acts, according to the
+orders of Mr Adams, to place them in his hands on his return. They are
+authenticated according to the usage of this country, with the seal of
+the Republic, enclosed in two large silver boxes attached to each, on
+which are engraven the arms of the Union.
+
+M. Van Berckel sets out today from Amsterdam for the Texel, and I am
+in haste to send this by him.
+
+I have only to assure you of, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       END OF THE NINTH VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
++--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE.                                                |
+|                                                                    |
+| Omitted words, shown as blank spaces in the original, have been    |
+| transcribed as four hyphens ('----').                              |
+|                                                                    |
+| Spelling variations between letters have been preserved.           |
++--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, Vol. IX, by Various
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, Vol. IX, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution, Vol. IX
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Jared Sparks
+
+Release Date: July 18, 2009 [EBook #29438]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Frank van Drogen, Chris Logan and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
+http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div id="title_page">
+<h1><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE<br />
+<span class="the">OF THE</span><br />
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION.</h1>
+
+<p class="vol">VOL. IX.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<h1><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE<br />
+<span class="the">OF THE</span><br />
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION;</h1>
+
+<p class="being">BEING</p>
+
+<p>THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN JAY,
+ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM
+CARMICHAEL, HENRY LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M. DUMAS,
+AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
+DURING THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;</p>
+
+<p class="together">TOGETHER WITH</p>
+
+<p>THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, AND THE
+SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</p>
+
+<p class="also">ALSO,</p>
+
+<p>THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS, GERARD AND LUZERNE,
+WITH CONGRESS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p>Published under the Direction of the President of the United States,
+from the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably
+to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p class="edited">EDITED</p>
+
+<p class="jared">BY JARED SPARKS.</p>
+
+<div class="double"></div>
+<p class="vol">VOL. IX.</p>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+
+<p class="boston">BOSTON:</p>
+
+<p>NATHAN HALE <span class="and">AND</span> GRAY &amp; BOWEN;</p>
+
+<p class="carvill">G. &amp; C. &amp;. H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.</p>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>1830.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div id="press">
+<p class="press">Steam Power Press&mdash;W. L. Lewis' Print.</p>
+
+<p>No. 6, Congress Street, Boston.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div id="toc">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS<br />
+<span class="of">OF THE</span><br />
+<span class="volume">NINTH VOLUME.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL'S CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="page">Page</span></p>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Secret Correspondence.
+Amsterdam, November 2d, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sent by Mr Deane on a mission to Berlin.&mdash;Disposition
+of the Dutch.&mdash;Financial credit of the different
+powers.&mdash;Credit of the United States.&mdash;Plan
+for attacking the English coasts.&mdash;The conduct of
+Congress in relation to Portugal has made a favorable
+impression.&mdash;Offers of a House in Amsterdam
+to discount bills of Congress, drawn on certain
+conditions.</p></div>
+
+<p>To William Bingham, at Martinique. Paris, June
+25th to July 6th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Reasons for opening a correspondence with him.&mdash;Causes
+of the temporising policy of France.&mdash;The
+English loan completed at home.&mdash;Dispute between
+Spain and Portugal.&mdash;Warlike preparations of
+France and Spain.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Yorktown, June 17th, 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receives information of his appointment as
+Secretary to the Commissioners.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Off Reedy Island,
+November 25th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Acknowledges the reception of certain resolutions of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Martinique, December 27th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Naval operations of the English and French in the
+West Indian Seas.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>To John Jay. Madrid, February 18th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca, who
+promises to answer Mr Jay's letter.&mdash;Advises Mr
+Jay to prepare for a journey to Madrid.&mdash;Mr Lee's
+correspondence.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, February 19th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Favorable reception.&mdash;Kindness of the French Ambassador
+and of M. Gerard.&mdash;English forces.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, May 28th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Difficulty of communication.&mdash;Dispositions of the
+Spanish Court.&mdash;English policy in Spain.&mdash;Dispositions
+of the other European powers.&mdash;Bills on Mr Jay.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, July 17th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr Cumberland, English agent at Madrid.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso,
+August 22d, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Finances of Spain.&mdash;Mr Cumberland.&mdash;Armed neutrality.&mdash;Naval
+forces and operations of France and
+Spain.&mdash;M. Gardoqui succeeds M. Miralles.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso,
+September 9th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Failure of the Spanish loan attributed to M. Necker.&mdash;Scheme
+of the loan.&mdash;Unsettled policy of Spain.&mdash;Armed
+neutrality.&mdash;The navigation of the Mississippi
+the chief obstacle to the opening of negotiations
+with Spain.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso,
+September 25th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Supplies from Spain.&mdash;Conference with the Count
+de Florida Blanca.&mdash;The Count declares that Spain
+will never relinquish the exclusive navigation of
+the Mississippi.&mdash;Finances of the belligerent
+powers.&mdash;The Count de Montmorin.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, October 15th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Spanish government finds it difficult to raise
+money.&mdash;The armed neutrality and Holland.&mdash;Revolt
+in Peru.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, November 28th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Finances and financial operations of Spain.&mdash;Vigorous
+preparations of England.&mdash;Spain aims at the
+exclusive possession of the Gulf of Mexico.&mdash;The
+European powers are jealous of the House of
+Bourbon.&mdash;Suggests the expediency in securing the alliance
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span>of Spain by further concessions.&mdash;Proceedings
+in Holland.&mdash;The Count de Vergennes informs
+Mr Jay that France cannot pay the bills
+drawn on him.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, December 19th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Amount of bills drawn on Mr Jay.&mdash;Accession of
+Holland to the armed neutrality.&mdash;Disposition of
+the Emperor.&mdash;Mr Cumberland continues to reside
+at Madrid.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, January 4th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>England declares war against Holland.&mdash;Supplies
+promised by Spain.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, January 29th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Offer of mediation by the German Emperor and the
+Empress of Russia.&mdash;Spanish policy in regard to
+America.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, February 22d, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Supplies.&mdash;Imperial offer of mediation.&mdash;Russia unfavorably
+disposed towards England.&mdash;English
+preparations.&mdash;French preparations.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, March 4th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>M. Gardoqui.&mdash;The correspondence of the American
+Ministers is known to the European governments,
+by opening the letters.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, March 11th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr Cumberland intends to leave Spain.&mdash;Naval forces
+of the belligerents.&mdash;Bad consequences of the mutiny
+of the Pennsylvania line.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, May 25th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Secret armament preparing at Cadiz.&mdash;Difficulty of
+communicating safely with America.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, May 26th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Naval operations.&mdash;Supplies granted by France.&mdash;Probable
+destination of the force raising in the
+South of Spain.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, June 2d, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dismission of M. Necker disagreeable to the Court
+of Spain.&mdash;M. Necker not favorable to the granting
+of supplies to the United States.&mdash;His character.&mdash;Proposed
+mediation by the Court of Vienna.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>James Lovell to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+June 15th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>His communications have been valuable to Congress.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso,
+August 16th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Progress of the negotiations.&mdash;Loans raised by Spain.&mdash;Bills
+on Mr Jay.&mdash;Apprehensions that the demands
+of Spain may delay the general peace.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso,
+September 28th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Court promises to appoint a person to treat.&mdash;M.
+Del Campo.&mdash;Little prospect of a general negotiation.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, October 5th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>No progress has been made in the negotiation.&mdash;Complaints
+against Commodore Gillon.&mdash;The rebellion
+in Peru quelled.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, November 17th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Arrest of an English agent.&mdash;No progress towards
+opening a conference with Mr Jay.&mdash;Animosity of
+the Irish at the Spanish Court against America.&mdash;Account
+of M. Cabarrus.&mdash;Spanish expedition
+against their Colonies.&mdash;French naval expeditions.&mdash;State
+of affairs in Holland and France.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael.
+Philadelphia, December 20th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr Carmichael's communications valuable to Congress.&mdash;Commodore
+Gillon is not in a United
+States ship.&mdash;Delays of Spain beget feelings of ill-will
+in America.&mdash;Evacuation of Wilmington.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 20th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Motives of his correspondence.&mdash;Delays of Spain.&mdash;General
+satisfaction in Spain at the capture of Lord
+Cornwallis.&mdash;Imperial and Swedish Ambassador
+desire to favor the trade with America.&mdash;Advances
+by M. Cabarrus.&mdash;State of the sieges of Gibraltar
+and Mahon.&mdash;M. Cabarrus's plan of a new bank.&mdash;Spain
+endeavors to discourage the commerce of
+foreigners in her ports.&mdash;Attempt to exclude salt-fish,
+by the sale of indulgences permitting the use
+of meat on fast days.&mdash;Character of the Spanish
+Ministry.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 24th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr Jay receives promises of supplies.&mdash;The Count
+de Florida Blanca also promises to interfere with
+Portugal in favor of the United States.&mdash;Probable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span>consequences of the death of the Empress.&mdash;Proceedings
+of England.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, Feb. 18th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Difficulty of meeting the drafts.&mdash;Financial embarrassments
+of the Spanish Court.&mdash;Capitulation of
+Mahon.&mdash;Imperial mediation.&mdash;Reply of Lord Stormont
+to the proposal.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, February 27th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr Jay is unable to obtain supplies.&mdash;No progress
+made toward negotiations.&mdash;The King of England
+is said to be determined to push the war in America.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, April 14th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr Jay obliged to protest bills.&mdash;Conduct of the
+Spanish Minister on this occasion.&mdash;The Spanish
+Court delays negotiations from policy.&mdash;Colonial
+disturbances.&mdash;Reforms of the Emperor.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+May 1st, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Desires a continuance of his correspondence.&mdash;Affair
+of Captain Huddy.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, June 12th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Spanish Ministers show no inclination to treat.&mdash;Jealousy
+of the House of Bourbon among the
+European powers.&mdash;Financial difficulties of Spain.&mdash;Siege
+of Gibraltar.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+July 6th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Complains of want of information.&mdash;Payment of salaries.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, July 8th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca.&mdash;Conversation
+with M. Del Campo.&mdash;New offer of mediation
+from the Imperial Courts.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, July 22d, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Count de Florida Blanca's answer to the proposed
+mediation.&mdash;The neutral powers desire a Congress.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, September
+8th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+September 12th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>State of affairs in America.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, September 29th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Failure of the attack on Gibraltar.&mdash;Financial embarrassments
+of Spain.&mdash;State of the negotiations at
+Paris.&mdash;The preparations for war continue.</p></div>
+
+<p>Count de Florida Blanca to William Carmichael.
+St Lorenzo, October 14th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The English frigate carried into Cadiz by American
+seamen is ordered to be sold, and the proceeds to
+be deposited to the credit of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, October 29th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The progress of the negotiations will be impeded by
+Spain.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+November 28th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>America will make no peace inconsistent with her
+engagements to her allies.&mdash;State of the military
+forces in America.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 10th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Terms of the treaty between Great Britain and the
+United States.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 30th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dissatisfaction of Spain with the conclusion of the
+treaty.&mdash;Letter from M. de Lafayette.&mdash;Financial
+operations in Spain.&mdash;Receives the ceremonial visits
+of the <em>Corps Diplomatique</em>.&mdash;Intends to leave
+Spain, if the Court does not change its conduct.&mdash;Divisions
+in Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, January 18th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Interruptions of the communication with America.&mdash;Endeavors
+to induce the Ministry to receive him formally.&mdash;M.
+Gardoqui will soon be despatched
+on a mission.&mdash;The Ministry desires peace.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, February 21st, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Is formally received as <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> of the United
+States, through the influence of M. de Lafayette.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, March 13th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dines with the Count de Florida Blanca.&mdash;Supposed
+motives of the offer of mediation by the Imperial
+Courts.&mdash;Reported confederacy of Russia, Austria,
+and Prussia for the partition of Turkey.&mdash;State of
+affairs in England.&mdash;Friendly propositions from
+other powers.&mdash;The army and navy commissaries
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span>have agreed to obtain supplies from America.&mdash;Proposes
+M. Josè Llanos as Minister to the United
+States.&mdash;Recommends the nomination of distinguished
+Spaniards as members of American societies.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+May 7th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The past conduct of Spain has not been such as to
+conciliate America.&mdash;She ought not to exclude
+America from the privileges allowed to Great Britain.&mdash;Operations
+of the provisional treaty.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, July 19th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receives assurances of the favorable disposition of
+the King.&mdash;The Spanish-Americans treat him as
+their countryman.&mdash;Plans of Austria and Russia.&mdash;Mr
+Fox raises difficulties to the conclusion of the
+Definitive Treaty.&mdash;Points in the treaty with Spain.&mdash;Spanish
+expedition against Algiers.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, July 22d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dispersion of the armament against Algiers by stress
+of weather.&mdash;Slow progress of the negotiations at
+Paris.</p></div>
+
+<p>From the Saxon Minister in Spain to William Carmichael.
+Madrid, July 28th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Establishment of commercial relations with America.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, July 29th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings relative to the formation of commercial
+connexions between Saxony and the United States.&mdash;Treaty
+between France, Spain and Portugal.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, August 2d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>M. Thieriot appointed Saxon Commissary-General of
+Commerce in America.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, August 30th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca.&mdash;Objections
+of that Minister to his presentation.&mdash;Second
+interview on the same subject.&mdash;The King consents
+to fix a day for his presentation.&mdash;The presentation.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<h3>JOHN LAURENS'S CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>Instructions to John Laurens. In Congress, December 23d, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Additional Instructions to John Laurens. In Congress,
+December 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January 3d, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Method of obtaining supplies.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Boston, February 4th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Delay of his departure.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Boston, February 7th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Preparations for sailing completed.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. L'Orient, March 11th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Remains at L'Orient in expectation of an interview
+with the Marquis de Castries.&mdash;Naval preparations
+at Brest.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Passy, March 20th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Conversation with the Marquis de Castries.&mdash;Answer
+of the Count de Vergennes to the application of
+Congress for aid, granting six millions.&mdash;Urges
+the necessity of further aid.&mdash;Naval forces of the
+belligerents at sea.</p></div>
+
+<p>Memorial to the Count de Vergennes,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On the necessity of further aid in money, and of a naval
+superiority of the allies.&mdash;Answer to the objections
+made to the raising of a loan in France by the
+United States.</p></div>
+
+<p>Questions proposed to Colonel Laurens, with his
+Answers to them. Paris, March 29th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Advantages of augmenting the army.&mdash;Causes of
+the weakness of the southern army.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Versailles, April 9th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>France consents to guaranty a loan of ten millions to
+be opened in Holland.&mdash;Solicitations for supplies.</p></div>
+
+<p>Memorial from Colonel John Laurens to Count de Vergennes,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Represents the grant already made to be insufficient
+and requests supplies in arms, &amp;c. on credit.&mdash;Desires
+the amount of the loan proposed to be raised
+in Holland may be advanced by France.&mdash;Urges
+the necessity of maintaining a naval superiority in
+the American seas.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Paris, April 24th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Remittance of the aid in specie.&mdash;Reasons for engaging
+the South Carolina ship, the Indian, for the
+conveyance.&mdash;Nature of supplies in arms, ammunition,
+&amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>Memorial from John Laurens to the Director-General of Finance,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Urging the increase of the intended remittance of
+specie.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Paris, May 15th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Failure of the plan of obtaining remittances from
+Vera Cruz.&mdash;Refusal of Holland to countenance
+the proposed loan in that country.&mdash;Promises of
+additional succors from France.</p></div>
+
+<p>Count de Vergennes to John Laurens. Versailles, May 16th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Disposition of the six millions granted by France.&mdash;Additional
+grant of four millions.&mdash;The proposed
+loan of ten millions shall be advanced by France.&mdash;Military
+and naval operations.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 2d, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General account of his proceedings on his late mission
+to France, as contained in the preceding letters.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 6th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Confinement of Henry Laurens in the Tower.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<h3>CORRESPONDENCE OF C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>B. Franklin to M. Dumas. Philadelphia, December 19th, 1775,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Acknowledges the reception of certain works of M.
+Dumas.&mdash;Requests him to sound the Ministers to
+discover if America can expect countenance from
+any of the European powers in declaring independence.&mdash;State
+of the country.&mdash;Desires that skilful
+engineers may be sent out.</p></div>
+
+<p>B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, March 22d, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Introducing Mr Deane.</p></div>
+
+<p>To B. Franklin, Chairman of the Committee of
+Secret Correspondence. Utrecht, April 30th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Conversation with the French Minister relative to
+rendering assistance to the Colonies.&mdash;Writings
+of M. Dumas.&mdash;Receives a letter without signature,
+desiring a meeting at the Hague.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Utrecht, May 14th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Interview with the writer of the letter from the
+Hague.&mdash;Letter from Mr A. Lee recommending
+Hortalez.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. August 10th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Extract of a letter from Mr Lee, recommending Hortalez
+to his confidence.&mdash;Correspondence with the
+person with whom he had the interview at the
+Hague.&mdash;Interview with the same person and with
+the Spanish Ambassador.&mdash;Mr Ellis requests him
+to write to America that there is a strong American
+party in England.</p></div>
+
+<p>Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, July 6th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Introducing Mr Ellis.&mdash;State of affairs in America.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, July 26th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Desires to correspond with him.&mdash;Wishes to know if
+there would be any personal risk in visiting Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, August 13th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Colonial expenses of Great Britain were undertaken
+for her own benefit.&mdash;Scotch hostile to America.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, August 18th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Intends visiting Holland in a private character.&mdash;The
+American Colonies do not desire aid nor alliances,
+but only free commerce.</p></div>
+
+<p>William Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, September 10th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The declaration of Independence changes the character
+of the contest between Great Britain and
+America.&mdash;England uses every means to prevent
+the interference of France.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, September 11th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>If free commerce were allowed America, the Colonies
+would need no assistance.&mdash;The English Ambassador
+is acquainted with Mr Deane's official character.</p></div>
+
+<p>Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, September 23d, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sentiments of the English nation.&mdash;Character of the
+English Ministry.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. September 30th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Communicates his letters from America in a certain
+quarter.&mdash;Reasons for signing an assumed name.</p></div>
+
+<p>B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, October 1st, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Acknowledging the receipt of letters.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 3d, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Obtains an opportunity of sounding the sentiments of
+the Prussian Cabinet.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 6th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Disposition of the American people in regard to an
+accommodation.&mdash;American commerce.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 9th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Introducing Mr Carmichael.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 13th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Treatment of an American citizen in Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, October 22d, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Informing him of his intended visit.</p></div>
+
+<p>Committee of Secret Correspondence to C. W. F.
+Dumas. Philadelphia, October 24th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr Franklin appointed Commissioner to the French
+Court.&mdash;Committee of Secret Correspondence.</p></div>
+
+<p>William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, October 27th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Requesting certain papers.</p></div>
+
+<p>Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, November 15th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Disposition of the British Court.&mdash;The Rockingham
+party proposes to secede from Parliament.&mdash;Cause
+of the advantage gained by the English on Long
+Island.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Without date,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Difficulties of his situation.&mdash;Prospect of ultimate
+success.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, December 13th, 1776,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Arrival of Dr Franklin in France.</p></div>
+
+<p>William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Havre, January 21st, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Return from a tour in Germany.&mdash;Impolicy of the
+present measures of France.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span>Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 26th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Want of intelligence from America.&mdash;Interest of Holland
+to secure the commerce with America.</p></div>
+
+<p>B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 29th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Forwarding letters from America.</p></div>
+
+<p>William Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, March 21st, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_308">308</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>State of the British and American forces.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, April 2d, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_309">309</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Enclosing a remittance.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, April 12th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Inadequacy of the allowance hitherto made him.</p></div>
+
+<p>William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, April 28th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_312">312</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dangers of the temporizing policy of the European
+powers toward America.&mdash;Mr Carmichael is offered
+a pension on condition of bringing the Colonies to
+terms.&mdash;The acknowledgment of the independence
+of America by the European States is all that is
+necessary to her success.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Committee of Foreign Affairs to C. W. F.
+Dumas. Philadelphia, May 8th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Desiring him to communicate information to the
+Commissioners at Paris.</p></div>
+
+<p>William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, May 9th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>English papers intercepted.&mdash;False rumors propagated
+by the English Ministry.&mdash;Arrogant policy
+of that Court.</p></div>
+
+<p>B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, near
+Paris, May 12th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Communicates advices from America.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Amsterdam, May 16th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The author of 'Advice to Hessians,' threatened with
+arrest.</p></div>
+
+<p>Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, June 7th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Reports of reconciliation spread by English agents.&mdash;There
+will be no accommodation without an acknowledgment
+of independence.&mdash;The balance of
+power in Europe is a mere chimera.&mdash;One power
+must finally preponderate.&mdash;Growing importance
+of Russia.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span>William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, June 13th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>American privateering.&mdash;Preparations for the war in
+England.&mdash;Had the English operations been successful
+in America, the same tone would have been
+assumed towards France as Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. June 14th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_326">326</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Disposition of the Dutch towards America.&mdash;Success
+is necessary to gain Holland.&mdash;The Dutch houses
+refuse to take up the English loan.&mdash;Ignorance of
+American affairs in Europe.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. August 22d, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Subject to persecutions on account of his agency in
+the American service.&mdash;Dutch vessels captured by
+the English.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, October 14th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Meeting and proceedings of the States-General.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. December 16th, 1777,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Impression produced by the news of Burgoyne's capture.&mdash;Proceedings
+of the States-General.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, April 14th, 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_332">332</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Effect of the declaration of France in Holland.&mdash;The
+Republic will maintain her neutrality.</p></div>
+
+<p>To M. Van Berckel, Pensionary of Amsterdam. July 27th, 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Communicating the treaty between France and the United
+States.</p></div>
+
+<p>M. Van Berckel to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, July 31st, 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_334">334</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Disposition of the Regency of Amsterdam to enter
+into amicable and commercial relations with the
+United States.</p></div>
+
+<p>To M. Van Berckel. The Hague, August 17th, 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rejection of the propositions of the British Commissioners
+by the United States.&mdash;Extract of a letter
+from W. Lee, complaining of the indecision of
+Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December 3d, 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Amsterdam protests against the resolution of the
+States, refusing a convoy to ships carrying naval
+stores to France.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span>Memorial, presented by his Excellency, the Duc de
+la Vauguyon, Ambassador of France, to the
+States-General of the United Provinces. The
+Hague, December 7th, 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Necessity that Holland should protect her commerce,
+if she desires to enjoy the privileges of neutrality.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Commissioners at Paris. The Hague, December 18th, 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Admiralty gives an evasive answer to the Memorial
+of the French Ambassador.&mdash;This answer
+adopted by the States.&mdash;Amsterdam protests.&mdash;The
+English Court declares its intention of seizing
+Dutch ships carrying munitions of war to France.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December 25th, 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Resolution of the States and protest of Amsterdam.&mdash;Desires
+letters of credence.&mdash;Inadequacy of his
+compensation.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, January 1st, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_345">345</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Containing a note of the Duc de la Vauguyon, explanatory
+of his Memorial; the answer of the States
+of Holland to the same, and the protest of Amsterdam
+against the answer.&mdash;The answer adopted by
+the States-General.&mdash;English influence at the
+Dutch Court.&mdash;The French Ambassador has a declaration
+of his Court excluding Holland from the
+French order in favor of neutrals.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Commissioners at Paris. The Hague, January 12th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings of the States of Holland.&mdash;The American
+interest gains ground.&mdash;The Duc de la Vauguyon
+presents to the States-General the order
+excluding Holland from the privileges of neutrals.&mdash;Proceedings
+in relation to the same.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, March 1st, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Desires to be invested with the character of <em>Chargé
+d'Affaires</em> of the United States.&mdash;His past services.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, April 29th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_359">359</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Assembly of the States of Holland.&mdash;Misrepresentations
+on American affairs.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, May 15th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_360">360</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Naval force ordered to be equipped by the States-General,
+for purposes of convoy.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span>M. Chaumont to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, September 2d, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_364">364</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Requesting him to render all necessary aid to the
+squadron of Commodore Jones.&mdash;Catalogue of the
+vessels composing the squadron.</p></div>
+
+<p>To B. Franklin. The Hague, September 14th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings in Holland and France relative to the
+granting convoys to Dutch commerce.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, September 20th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_366">366</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Intends going to Texel to meet Commodore Jones.</p></div>
+
+<p>Agreement between John Paul Jones and Captain Pearson,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_367">367</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Relative to British prisoners in the squadron of Commodore
+Jones.</p></div>
+
+<p>The College of Admiralty of Amsterdam to the
+States-General. Amsterdam, Oct. 8th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_369">369</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On the request of Commodore Jones to be permitted
+to land his prisoners.</p></div>
+
+<p>Placard of 1756, referred to in the above letter,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_370">370</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Containing directions for foreign vessels bringing
+prizes into Dutch ports.</p></div>
+
+<p>From the College of Admiralty of Amsterdam to the
+States-General. Amsterdam, Oct. 12th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_373">373</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proposing to grant permission to land the sick and
+wounded from Commodore Jones's squadron.</p></div>
+
+<p>Permission to land the sick and wounded of the
+English vessels taken by Paul Jones. Extract
+from the records of their High Mightinesses. October
+15th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Instructions of Holland and West Friesland to their
+Deputies,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_376">376</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Directing them to order the squadron of Commodore
+Jones to sail as soon as possible, according to the
+general practice of Holland in regard to belligerents
+bringing prizes into the Dutch ports.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Duc de la Vauguyon to John Paul Jones. The
+Hague, October 29th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_378">378</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Informing him that he will receive instructions at
+Dunkirk.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir Joseph Yorke to the States-General. The Hague, October 29th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_379">379</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Demanding the seizure of the King's vessels in the
+hands of Paul Jones, a pirate and rebel.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span>John Paul Jones to Lieutenant Colonel Weibert,
+in the service of the United States,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_381">381</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Instructions for the care and safe keeping of the
+wounded prisoners landed on the island of Texel.</p></div>
+
+<p>John Paul Jones to the Duc de la Vauguyon. Texel, November 4th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_382">382</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Interview with the Commandant of the Road.&mdash;Causes
+of the delay of sailing.</p></div>
+
+<p>M. Dumas to the Duc de la Vauguyon. Helder, November 9th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_384">384</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings of Commodore Jones.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Duc de la Vauguyon. On board the Serapis, November 11th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_386">386</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Visit to the Dutch Vice-Admiral in company with
+Commodore Jones.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Duc de la Vauguyon to C. W. F. Dumas. The
+Hague, November 11th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_387">387</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Landing of the prisoners.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Duc de la Vauguyon to C. W. F. Dumas. The
+Hague, November 12th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_388">388</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Directing Commodore Jones not to sail till he has
+received instructions.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Duc de la Vauguyon. Nov. 13th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_388">388</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Dutch Vice-Admiral urges the departure of
+Commodore Jones.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Duc de la Vauguyon to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam,
+November 17th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The States of Holland adopt a resolution to compel
+Commodore Jones to set sail.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December 9th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Urgency of the Dutch Vice-Admiral for the departure
+of Commodore Jones.&mdash;M. Dumas reads to
+him a declaration, promising to set sail with the
+first fair wind.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. December 10th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Resolutions of the States-General relative to Sir Joseph
+Yorke's demand of the seizure of Commodore
+Jones and his prizes.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December 11th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Further proceedings relative to the squadron of Commodore
+Jones in consequence of the transference
+of the Commodore to the Alliance.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span>John Paul Jones to the Duc de la Vauguyon. Alliance,
+Texel, December 13th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_396">396</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rejecting the offer of a letter of marque from France.&mdash;Expresses
+his indignation at the offer.</p></div>
+
+<p>John Paul Jones to B. Franklin. Alliance, Texel, December 13th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_399">399</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Remarks on his treatment by the French Court.</p></div>
+
+<p>John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Alliance, December 13th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_400">400</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Enclosing the preceding letters.</p></div>
+
+<p>Vice-Admiral Reynst to John Paul Jones. Amsterdam,
+December 17th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_401">401</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Requiring to be informed of the character of the Alliance,
+and demanding that the French flag be
+hoisted on board that frigate, or that she be put to
+sea without delay.</p></div>
+
+<p>John Paul Jones to Vice-Admiral P. H. Reynst.
+Alliance, Texel, December 17th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_401">401</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Refuses to hoist the French flag.&mdash;Is ready to put to
+sea whenever the pilot will conduct his ship.</p></div>
+
+<p>John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Alliance,
+Texel, December 17th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_402">402</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Thanking him for his advice.</p></div>
+
+<p>M. de Livoncourt, French Navy Agent at Amsterdam,
+to John Paul Jones. Helder, December 17th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_402">402</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Requesting him to hoist the French flag.&mdash;Reasons
+for addressing to him the commission alluded to
+in a preceding letter.</p></div>
+
+<p>John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Alliance, at
+Sea, December 27th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_403">403</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Succeeds in getting to sea.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December 30th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_404">404</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Difficulties on account of the Alliance.&mdash;Desires to
+be formally named agent of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<p>B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, January 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Regrets his differences with the Ambassador.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, March 15th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_406">406</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Transmits the plan of a treaty between the United
+States and Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span>To the President of Congress. The Hague, March 21st, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_407">407</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Enumeration of his services and sacrifices.&mdash;Inadequacy
+of his compensation.&mdash;Complains of William
+and Arthur Lee.</p></div>
+
+<p>B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, March 29th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Acknowledging the receipt of certain papers and requesting
+information.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, April 13th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_413">413</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Deliberations on the Russian Memorial to the States-General.&mdash;Resolutions
+in favor of unlimited convoys
+and declining succors to England, adopted by
+several Provinces.&mdash;Necessity of an American
+Minister in Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, April 23d, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_414">414</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receives visits from gentlemen from Holland, who
+desire information relative to the rumored treaty
+between Amsterdam and the United States.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, May 21st, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_416">416</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dissatisfaction of the northern powers with the conduct
+of England.&mdash;Address of Amsterdam to the
+States.&mdash;Claim of M. Van der Perre to a ship captured
+by Commodore Jones.</p></div>
+
+<p>John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, June 6th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Relative to a certain letter of General Clinton, suspected
+of being a forgery.&mdash;Duplicity of the British
+agents in America.</p></div>
+
+<p>Protest of the City of Amsterdam. Extracted from
+the Resolutions of the Council of that City of the
+29th of June, 1780, and inserted in the Acts of
+the Provincial Assembly of Holland, at the
+Hague, July 1st, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_419">419</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Urging a connexion with the neutral powers.</p></div>
+
+<p>James Lovell to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, July 10th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_425">425</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Services of M. Dumas.&mdash;Introduces Mr Searle.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, July 15th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_426">426</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Intrigues of England in Holland and Germany.&mdash;Affair
+of the choice of a Coadjutor of Munster and
+Cologne.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span>To the President of Congress. The Hague, July 22d, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_427">427</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rumors unfavorable to America.&mdash;Declaration of
+Denmark.</p></div>
+
+<p>William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Madrid, July 24th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_429">429</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Americans will not be discouraged by their reverses.&mdash;False
+report of Mr Jay's being sent from
+Spain.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, July 25th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_430">430</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Past services.&mdash;Inadequate compensation.</p></div>
+
+<p>John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Ariel, Road
+of Croix, September 8th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_433">433</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Reception in Paris.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, September 12th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_435">435</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Naval operations.&mdash;Affairs of Europe.</p></div>
+
+<p>To B. Franklin. The Hague, October 3d, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_437">437</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proposed terms of accession to the armed neutrality
+by Holland.&mdash;Plan of the Empress.</p></div>
+
+<p>Extract of Letters from London to C. W. F. Dumas.
+London, October 6th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_439">439</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Treatment of Mr Laurens in the Tower.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Amsterdam, December 19th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_441">441</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings of the Provincial States of Holland.&mdash;Accession
+of the Republic to the armed neutrality.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert Morris to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, December 24th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_445">445</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Attacks on his character.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, February 5th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_446">446</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings in regard to the armed neutrality.&mdash;Reported
+rupture between Russia and England.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, February 22d, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_448">448</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Delays in the decision of the Court on the conduct of
+Amsterdam.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, March 5th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_449">449</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Disposition of the Empress to support the demands of
+Holland against England.&mdash;The proposed imperial
+mediation will be founded on an acknowledgment
+of the independence of the United States.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span>To the President of Congress. The Hague, March 22d, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_450">450</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Causes of the delays in Holland.&mdash;Proceedings of the
+merchants of Amsterdam and Rotterdam relative
+to the seizure of St Eustatia.</p></div>
+
+<p>General J. H. Bedaulx to C. W. F. Dumas. Nimeguen, April 28th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_452">452</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Requesting information concerning his nephew in
+America.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, May 1st, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_453">453</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr Adams visits the Grand Pensionary, preparatory
+to presenting himself in the character of Minister of
+the United States.&mdash;The Grand Pensionary, the
+President of the States-General, and the Prince of
+Orange decline receiving the Memorial of Mr
+Adams.&mdash;Mr Adams causes it to be printed.&mdash;The
+President and the Privy Counsellor of the
+Prince decline receiving a letter from Mr Adams,
+announcing the completion of the confederation.&mdash;Amsterdam
+demands the exclusion of the Duke of
+Brunswick from the public councils.&mdash;Imperial mediation.&mdash;Coolness
+of the Emperor toward the
+Duke of Brunswick.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, August 23d, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_460">460</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>French loan will be agreed to by the States-General.&mdash;Correspondence
+between the Stadtholder and
+Baron Lynden relative to the Duke of Brunswick.&mdash;Anti-Anglican
+proceedings in Holland.&mdash;Proceedings
+of the States of Holland in regard to the
+Duke of Brunswick's letter to the States-General.&mdash;French
+loan.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, October 11th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_467">467</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Letter of Baron Lynden to the Prince of Orange in
+regard to the Duke of Brunswick.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia,
+November 28th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_468">468</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Desires him to transmit journals and pamphlets.&mdash;Capture
+of Cornwallis.&mdash;Congress cannot make
+any addition to his allowance.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Amsterdam, January 7th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_471">471</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The French loan has been taken up in one day.&mdash;Diminution
+of English influence in Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, January 15th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_473">473</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Visit to the Secretary of the States-General and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span>Deputies of the Province with Mr Adams, to demand
+permission to present his credentials.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. The Hague, January 30th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_474">474</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings of the States-General.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 29th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_475">475</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Friesland and Holland adopt resolutions in favor of
+the reception of Mr Adams.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Amsterdam, April 4th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_476">476</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Purchases a hotel for Mr Adams.&mdash;Mr Adams will
+probably be received without further delay.</p></div>
+
+<p>John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, May 2d, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_477">477</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Declines the invitation to dine at Schiedam.&mdash;M. Dumas
+ought to be appointed <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> of the
+United States.</p></div>
+
+<p>Verbal message of C. W. F. Dumas to the city of Schiedam,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_479">479</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr Adams declines the invitation to a dinner.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, May 10th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_479">479</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Reception of Mr Adams.&mdash;Transmits Mr Adams's
+letter recommending him to the attention of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, June 1st, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_483">483</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Attempts to effect a separate peace between Holland
+and England.&mdash;Insincerity of the English in their
+proposals of peace.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 16th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_487">487</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings of the States of Holland relative to the
+negotiations at Paris.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia,
+September 5th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_488">488</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receives no communications from him.&mdash;Affairs in
+America.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia,
+September 12th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_489">489</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Congress will take his requests into consideration.&mdash;State
+of things in America.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, September 27th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_491">491</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings in Holland relative to the naval force ordered
+to join the French fleet.&mdash;Complains of the
+neglect of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[Pg xxvi]</a></span>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, November 15th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_494">494</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Reasons for the infrequency of his communication.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, December 12th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_496">496</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Riot at the Hague.&mdash;Representations of the Prussian
+Envoy on the dissensions in Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, December 17th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_500">500</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Representations of the Prussian Envoy on a libel
+against the Princess of Orange.&mdash;Reply to the same.&mdash;The
+prisoners arrested on account of the disturbances
+at the Hague allowed to escape.&mdash;Obtains
+passports for Americans.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, January 11th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_503">503</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proposed mission of a Minister from the Republic to
+the United States.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, January 20th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_504">504</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings in Holland.&mdash;Minister to the United
+States.</p></div>
+
+<p>Memorial of the Prussian Ambassador. January 20th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_505">505</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On the opposition to the Prince of Orange.</p></div>
+
+<p>To John Adams. The Hague, January 24th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_508">508</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Is requested to consult Mr Adams, whether his powers
+authorise him to accede to the armed neutrality,
+and to enter into a similar negotiation with the allied
+belligerents.</p></div>
+
+<p>To John Adams. The Hague, January 28th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_509">509</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dissatisfaction of the Dutch with the conduct of
+France.</p></div>
+
+<p>To John Adams. The Hague, January 30th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_511">511</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Same subject.</p></div>
+
+<p>To John Adams. The Hague, February 4th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_512">512</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Same subject.&mdash;Reasons of the Count de Vergennes
+for hastening the signing of the treaty.</p></div>
+
+<p>To John Adams. The Hague, Feb. 18th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_514">514</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Is requested to inquire if the United States will enter
+into a convention with Holland, guarantying freedom
+of navigation.&mdash;Considerations which authorise
+the American Ministers to accede to this
+demand.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 4th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_515">515</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Appointment of M. Van Berckel Minister to America.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[Pg xxvii]</a></span>To John Adams. The Hague, March 4th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_516">516</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The States adopt a resolution, giving instructions to
+their Plenipotentiaries in regard to a general peace.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 5th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_517">517</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Requesting him to make preparations for M. Van
+Berckel.</p></div>
+
+<p>To John Adams. The Hague, March 6th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_518">518</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Guarantee of the freedom of navigation desired by
+Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 27th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_519">519</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Domestic affairs of Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, April 18th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_522">522</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Same subject.&mdash;Is requested to inquire of Mr Dana
+if he will negotiate a convention on the principles
+of the armed neutrality with Holland.&mdash;The Secretary
+of the States-General desires to be informed of
+the titles by which Congress is to be addressed.</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Without date,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_525">525</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Impropriety of a foreign Envoy engaging in the
+parties of the country where he resides.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, May 8th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_526">526</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings in Holland.&mdash;Difficulties in settling the
+articles of peace between Holland and Great Britain.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, May 25th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_528">528</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Recommending Captain Riemersma.</p></div>
+
+<p>Notes to the States-General. The Hague, June 5th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_529">529</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Laying before them the treaty and convention between
+the two Republics.</p></div>
+
+<p>M. Fagel to C. W. F. Dumas. The Hague, June 19th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_530">530</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Agrees to exchange ratifications of the treaty and
+convention.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, June 20th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_530">530</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Proceedings in Holland.</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, June 23d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_531">531</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Exchanges ratifications of the treaty and convention
+between the two Republics.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_head">
+<h2><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL;</span><br />
+<span class="sub_name">CHARGÉ D'AFFAIRES FROM THE UNITED STATES TO<br />
+THE COURT OF SPAIN.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>William Carmichael was a native of Maryland. At the beginning of the
+revolution he was in Europe. From London he went over to Paris in the
+spring of the year 1776, and was there when Silas Deane arrived as a
+commercial and political agent from the United States. He lived with
+Mr Deane for some time in Paris, and aided him in his correspondence
+and the transaction of his affairs. It was suggested by the Prussian
+Minister, that the King would be pleased with information respecting
+American commerce, and would receive at Berlin any American who could
+give such information. Mr Deane proposed the enterprise to Mr
+Carmichael. He performed the journey in the autumn of 1776, by way of
+Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p>From Berlin he returned to Paris, where he lived on intimate terms
+with the American Commissioners, occasionally executing specific
+duties at their request, for more than a year, till he sailed for his
+native country. He arrived at Boston in May, 1778, and soon afterwards
+received an appointment which had recently been conferred on him by
+Congress, as Secretary to the Commissioners at the Court of France. It
+does not appear that he ever accepted this appointment, for on the
+19th of November following he took his seat in Congress as a delegate
+from Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>Mr Carmichael remained in Congress till Mr Jay was elected Minister
+Plenipotentiary to the Court of Spain. He was chosen Secretary of
+Legation to the same Mission on the 28th of September, 1779, and went
+to Spain in company with Mr Jay, and remained with him during the
+whole of that Minister's residence in Madrid. When Mr Jay joined Dr
+Franklin in Paris, June, 1782, to aid in the negotiations of peace, Mr
+Carmichael was left as <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> at the Court of Spain.
+After the peace he was regularly commissioned in that character by
+Congress, and recognized as such by the King of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>He continued to reside there in the same capacity during the term of
+the old Confederation, and for some time after the organization of the
+new government under Washington. In the year 1793, Mr Short was joined
+with him in a commission for negotiating at Madrid a treaty between
+Spain and the United States. Several months were passed in this
+attempt, but without success. Mr Carmichael returned soon afterwards
+to the United States.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_head">
+<h2><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, November 2d, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Previous to your attention to what follows, it will be necessary for
+you to know that I have lived with Mr Deane since his first arrival at
+Paris; that I took that city in my way from London to Nantes, to find
+a passage to my native country, and with despatches, which Mr Arthur
+Lee intrusted to my care, for the honorable Congress. Having a relapse
+of a disorder, which prevented me from travelling, I stopped at Paris,
+and endeavored to find out, by means of Count d'Estaing and other
+persons of eminence, the sentiments of the French Court respecting our
+affairs; and the moment I knew of Mr Deane's arrival, offered him all
+the services in my power, and, of consequence, we have lived together
+until the 10th of the present month.</p>
+
+<p>At that time the agent of the King of Prussia, who had often, as Mr
+Deane has informed you, made proposals of a commercial nature,
+expressed a desire that some Ameri<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>can would go to Berlin, and this he
+gave us to understand was at the instance of his Sovereign, who wished
+to have a clear idea of the nature of our commerce, and expressed a
+curiosity, which he wished to gratify, by a minute detail of our
+affairs. Mr Deane thinking this an opportunity not to be neglected to
+interest a Prince, who for several years has been dreaming of making
+his port of Emden, an Amsterdam, proposed it to me. However unequal to
+the task, I have cheerfully accepted it; happy to find any opportunity
+of showing with what a fervent zeal I am devoted to the glorious
+cause, which, at present, by interesting their humanity as well as
+policy, gives us so much consequence in the eyes of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Here I have endeavored to engage merchants to speculate in a direct
+commerce to America, to find out the sentiments of the people in
+general respecting us, to know whether, in case of necessity, the
+United States would be able to negotiate a loan, whether England would
+be able to obtain further credit, and by this barometer of the ability
+of Princes, to discover their present situation. On these heads I have
+written Mr Deane, but having an opportunity by the way of St Eustatia,
+and thinking none should be neglected of giving information, though
+mine, perhaps, may not be of importance enough to merit that title, I
+have taken the liberty of addressing the honorable Committee. Arriving
+but two days after the accounts had reached this city, of our
+misfortune on Long Island, I found many, even of the sanguine friends
+of America dejected, and those of England almost in a frenzy of joy.
+In this disposition, it is easy to judge, no hopes could be
+entertained of engaging merchants in a direct trade. I find they have
+the greatest inclination to serve us, and at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> the same time
+themselves, for no people see their interests clearer, but their fears
+that we shall be subdued, the confident assertions of the friends of
+England confirming these apprehensions, the prodigious sums they have
+in the English funds, with this unlucky business at New York, all
+conspire to prevent direct speculation.</p>
+
+<p>As my letters from Paris introduced me to the first houses here, I
+have had the best opportunity of knowing their sentiments, and I can
+venture to say, that with many who are apparently adverse to us, it is
+interest combating with principle, for insulted, searched, and
+plundered as the Dutch were the last war, and are at present, there
+are individuals who by no means want sensibility to feel, though the
+public wants spirit to resent the injury. The States have, however, in
+answer to a fresh remonstrance of General Yorke, declared that their
+ports are open to vessels of all nations, and that their trade to and
+from their own Colonies shall be unmolested, their subjects complying
+with the ordinances issued by their High Mightinesses. In fact, their
+prohibition of exporting warlike stores, extends to all British
+subjects. I hope it will not be long before all Europe will own us in
+another character. It is very certain, that without a very material
+and apparent success of the British arms in America, a loan would be
+very slowly negotiated for England here. There is nothing hinders them
+now from selling out of the English funds, but their not knowing what
+to do with their money; for this country may be called the treasury of
+Europe, and its stock of specie is more or less, according to the
+necessity of the different Princes in Europe. It being a time of
+peace, the call has not been very great of late.</p>
+
+<p>Having mentioned the credit of England, that of France<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> is next to be
+considered, and I am very sorry to say that has been very low here of
+late. The dreadful mismanagement of the finances in the late King's
+reign, and the character of the late Controller General, M. d'Olugny,
+had reduced it so low, that it was impossible to borrow anything
+considerable on perpetual funds. Perhaps a Minister of Finance, in
+whose probity the world have a confidence, may restore their credit.
+At this moment that is in some measure the case, for the French stocks
+rise on the appointment of M. Taboreau. That it is possible for France
+to borrow may be demonstrated; for at the time M. Turgot was removed,
+he was negotiating a loan here, and was likely to succeed, for sixty
+millions of guilders. The credit of Spain is extremely good, and that
+kingdom may have what money it will, and on the best terms. The
+Emperor's credit is also good, not as Emperor, but from his hereditary
+dominion. Sweden and Denmark both have good credit. The former, the
+best; they have money at four per cent; and it is not long since the
+King of Sweden borrowed three millions of guilders at this interest,
+to pay off old debts at five per cent. His interest is paid
+punctually. Prussia has no credit here, but the King's treasury is
+full by squeezing the last farthing from the people, and now and then
+he draws a little money from this Republic, by reviving obsolete
+claims. The credit of the Empress of Russia is very good; for she has
+punctually paid the interest of twelve millions of guilders, which she
+borrowed in her war with the Turks, and has lately paid off one
+million and a half of the principal. These are the strongest
+circumstances she could have in her favor with a mercantile people. I
+have this statement of credit from persons employed in negotiating the
+several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> loans, and, therefore, can depend upon the truth of the
+information.</p>
+
+<p>To come next to America, should time and necessity oblige her to look
+abroad for money. In the present state of affairs, it is not probable
+that a loan is practicable. But should success so attend our arms,
+that it should appear evident that we are likely to support our
+independence, or should either France or Spain acknowledge our
+independence, in either of these cases I believe we might have money,
+and when it was seen that we were punctual in our first payments of
+the interest, we should have as much as we pleased. The nature of the
+security, or the fund for the payment of interest, I have not been
+able to imagine. But, observing in a letter to Mr Dearethart, it was
+the writer's opinion, that the honorable Congress did not wish to
+circulate too much paper, for fear of depreciating its value, I
+thought that bills issued similar to those in circulation in the
+Provinces, and lodged in a public bank in Europe, might be accepted as
+a pledge or deposit for money borrowed by the United States. I beg
+pardon for the crudity of the idea, and would not have mentioned it
+here, but that having hinted at it in general conversation, people
+thought it might, on a future occasion, be adopted.</p>
+
+<p>You will please to observe, that everything here mentioned came from
+an individual, who only as such avowed himself interested for his
+country's fate, and for its benefit sought information.
+Notwithstanding the rise of stocks, occasioned by our misfortune on
+Long Island, the Dutch are selling out, and my strongest
+representations have not been wanting to contribute a mite to this
+circumstance. The price of our product is great. Rice sells for
+twentyfive shillings sterling per cwt. and tobacco for eight stivers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+and four &mdash;&mdash; per pound. You have been threatened, that the Ukraine
+would supply Europe with tobacco. It must be long before that time can
+arrive. I have seen some of the tobacco here, and the best of it is
+worse than the worst of our ground leaf. Four hundred thousand pounds
+have been sent here this year. The Russian Ambassador said at the
+Baron le Guerre's, Ambassador from Sweden, where I had the honor to
+dine, that Russia soon would be able to supply the market with that
+article. In this he spoke more like an Ambassador than as a merchant.
+I took occasion in reply to observe, that if that was the case, and on
+many other accounts, it was the interest of her Majesty that all
+intercourse between Great Britain and America should be broken off,
+for that then the former would be dependent on Russia for all those
+articles, which hitherto the latter had supplied her with.</p>
+
+<p>Having expressed a desire of knowing these reasons at large, with the
+assistance of M. D&mdash;&mdash; and the approbation of Mr Deane, I purpose
+giving in a little memoir on the subject, which the Ambassador assures
+me shall be sent to St Petersburg. Not being so sanguine as to think,
+that it will prevent Russia from supplying England with troops, should
+the other demand them, but it may give a secret dilatoriness to their
+assistance, which may finally operate in our favor.</p>
+
+<p>If it should be determined to send any cargoes of tobacco here, on the
+public account, it will perhaps be thought proper to convoy them. The
+frigates destined to that service might retaliate the injuries we have
+received by the destruction of Falmouth and Norfolk, by destroying the
+towns and shipping of Greenock and the port of Glasgow, or Ayre and
+Cambleton. I have been particularly informed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> of the situation of
+those places until the present moment. They have no batteries to
+protect, or soldiers to defend them, or quartered near enough in any
+numbers to be assembled for that purpose, and not a vessel of war on
+the whole coast larger than a tender, to receive men for the sea
+service. Their rendezvous might be the entrance of the northern
+channel, where, while they waited a junction, in case they should be
+separated, they might take the outward bound ships, and by the
+information obtained from them, insure their success. In returning, a
+party landed on the Isle of Bute, might destroy the house of that
+favorite. Little objects strike most forcibly little minds. This
+affair completed, which would alarm Britain and astonish Europe, the
+ships trading to the Baltic, with cargoes not only that suit, but are
+necessary for our Provinces, might be their next object. This ought
+all to be done in the months of March, April, and May. The destruction
+of the Greenland fishery, might be the last object of the expedition.
+I am confident, that not having a distrust of such attempts, the
+success would be more certain. Should there be a necessity of seeking
+shelter or refreshments, I have it from the Swedish Ambassador here,
+that we shall find both in their ports. I only hinted to him, that it
+was possible some of our adventurers might explore those seas in
+search of plunder.</p>
+
+<p>This is the rough outline of a plan, which the honorable Congress may,
+should it in any shape be approved, digest into form. I would stake my
+life on the success of the greatest part of it, if inviolable secrecy
+is preserved, and the execution is trusted to persons who have not
+only wealth but glory in view. If prompted by a heated and indignant
+imagination, this plan should appear dangerous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> and impracticable, I
+hope it will be imputed to the desire of retorting our injuries on
+that country, which has in some measure been the cause, and is at
+present endeavoring, with the rancor of private animosity, to
+accumulate our distress. I entreated Mr Deane to propose some part of
+it to the consideration of Congress sometime ago, and I have the
+pleasure to find his opinion corresponds with my own on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>The resentment, which it is said the honorable Congress have shown, on
+the conduct of the King of Portugal towards us, has been attended with
+a very good effect, and should a manifesto be published by that
+honorable body, hinting only the necessity of taking similar measures
+with all those who denied them the common rights of mankind, I am
+persuaded it would be to our advantage. It was the dread of such a
+blow to their trade, that was one of the strongest arguments made use
+of by the merchants of this country, in their petition to the States.
+I need not mention to you anything respecting what is like to take
+place in Europe another year, for of that ere this, you, I hope, have
+information. I will only say, that the greater part contemplates with
+pleasure the gloomy prospect for England; there is not an Envoy of the
+most petty State in Italy, but exults at it. The want of intelligence
+from America, hurts the cause prodigiously in Europe, and the anxiety
+of those who have its interest at heart, is from that circumstance,
+inconceivable. I hope I need not offer assurances to convince the
+honorable Congress of the zeal with which I wish to serve them. To be
+directed by that honorable body in what manner to do it most
+effectually, will be the happiest circumstance of my life.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span><em>P. S.</em> I cannot seal this letter without recommending Colonel Prevet,
+should the fortune of war put him into our hands, to all the
+indulgence, to himself and family, his situation will possibly admit
+of. Mr Grand, his wife's father, an eminent merchant here, animated
+with that love of liberty which distinguishes his country,
+(Switzerland) offers all the services in his power to the public, and
+a thousand civilities to its individuals. If by the same fortune, Mr
+Dowdswell, of the first regiment of guards, should fall into our
+hands, his father's merits and his own reluctance, will give him the
+same indulgence.</p>
+
+<p>Since I wrote the above, Mr Grand has assured me, that should the
+honorable Congress determine to negotiate loans in Europe, and would
+draw bills accepted by the principal merchants in America, payable at
+two, three, and five years' sight, and send them to their house, they
+should be discounted by them at five per cent interest. This was the
+manner in which money was raised for the city of Leipsic during the
+last war. The gentlemen of the committee will please to observe, that
+this is to be kept very secret, for no loan can be publicly negotiated
+here as yet. The firm of this house is Messrs Horneca, Fizeaux &amp; Co.
+and is one of the most capital in this city. Should any cargoes be
+consigned here on public account, perhaps it may be thought proper to
+address them to these gentlemen. I can assure you, gentlemen, and that
+from my own knowledge, that many bills remitted from America, and
+supposed to be drawn on account of Congress, have been refused payment
+by the English Ministry knowing beforehand when they would be
+presented for payment, and by that means, having an opportunity of
+bribing, threatening, or flattering the parties on whom they were
+drawn, either to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> refuse payment absolutely, or at least noting them
+for protest, in order to hurt the credit of our merchants in Europe. I
+do think that the less connexion, for this and other reasons, we have
+in future with houses whose principal business depends on Great
+Britain, the better. I beg pardon for giving my opinion thus freely,
+but it is the effect of my zeal.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">W. C.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO WILLIAM BINGHAM AT MARTINIQUE.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 25th to July 6th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>A letter from a person unknown to you but by name, had need of a long
+introduction to apologise for the address, but not being a man of
+ceremony myself, and besides having but little time for formality, I
+content myself with saying, that engaged in the same cause with
+yourself, I have assisted Mr Deane since his arrival in Europe, and
+know intimately well our affairs abroad, their situation here, and in
+such Courts, where it has been thought necessary to address ourselves
+for countenance and assistance. I have of course been no stranger to
+your correspondence, and have been sorry to find so punctual a
+correspondent should have any reason to complain of the want of
+punctuality in others. This is not owing to want of inclination in Mr
+Deane, but to the multiplicity of business which occupies his whole
+time; for Mr Lee is absent, being at Berlin, where I first broke the
+ice last autumn,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and the age of Dr Franklin in some measure hinders
+him from taking so active a part in the drudgery of business<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> as his
+great zeal and abilities would otherwise enable him to execute. He is
+the master to whom we children in politics all look up for counsel,
+and whose name is everywhere a passport, to be well received. As I
+trouble you therefore with forwarding some letters to my friends, I
+wish to pay the postage by any European intelligence in my power to
+communicate.</p>
+
+<p>I have another motive to incite me, which is, that I think your
+situation of singular consequence to bring on a war so necessary to
+assure our independence, and which the weak system of this Court seems
+studiously to avoid. Either from this weakness, or from a jealousy,
+that by a precipitate interference, our independence would be too soon
+and too formidably established, the Court shuns everything in Europe
+which might appear a glaring violation of their treaties with England.
+This line of conduct has delayed the stores so long promised, and at
+last sends to Martinique, what ought to have been on the continent in
+February at furthest. This occasioned the loss of the Seine, which was
+despatched half laden, that such necessary articles as tents and
+fusils, might get early to America, the captain having positive orders
+to proceed thither without touching at the Islands, and I myself
+protested to the ship's owners, that Mr Deane would have no concern in
+the risk, if on any account but stress of weather, the vessel
+proceeded to the West Indies. As such is their miserable policy, it is
+our business to force on a war, in spite of their inclinations to the
+contrary, for which purpose, I see nothing so likely as fitting out
+privateers from the ports and Islands of France. Here we are too near
+the sun and the business is dangerous; with you it may be done more
+easily, and indeed has already been attended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> with happy effects, as
+you will see by the enclosed copy of a letter from the Chamber of
+Commerce at Liverpool to that of Bristol. The natural antipathy of the
+nation is such, that their passions being once fully excited, they
+will proceed to such acts of reprisal and mutual violence, as will
+occasion clamors and altercations, which no soft words can palliate.
+As I pretend to know something of the counsels of both nations, I know
+there are strong advocates for war in both. The more reasons they have
+to produce in favor of their system, the sooner it will be adopted.</p>
+
+<p>In England, when General Howe's successes in the Jersies, and the
+prospect of getting possession of Philadelphia, made the Ministry hope
+for a speedy termination of their dispute with us, I know war with
+France was nearly determined on. The insolence of apparent success
+dictated that Memorial, which Sir Joseph Yorke presented to their High
+Mightinesses, and which you have undoubtedly seen. One of a still more
+insolent nature was prepared and even sent to Lord Stormont here, and
+a refusal and even delay of compliance with the requisitions therein
+made, was to have been the harbinger of war, and the immediate
+destruction of the French commerce and Islands. Happily for our
+enemies, the news of our success at Trenton prevented its delivery.</p>
+
+<p>In France, the nation and some of the Ministers wish to act
+vigorously, but are retarded in all their operations by the imbecility
+of age, or the more powerful operation of English gold. As the English
+Ministry seem convinced of the pacific, or rather undecided, state of
+the rulers here, they hasten, by the most vigorous exertions against
+us, to end the war, and are less reserved in the treatment of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+French prisoners abroad. Could they be provoked to unequivocal proofs
+of violence, it would be a good point gained. This your situation may
+bring about, by encouraging the arming of vessels manned by Frenchmen,
+and by prompting the captains to provoke unjustifiable reprisals, on
+the part of the inhabitants of the English Islands.</p>
+
+<p>To you, filled with liberal ideas, and a high sense of the interest of
+the French nation, to give us powerful support, these hints may appear
+extraordinary, but from experience I can assure you, that public
+councils, at least in Europe, are directed more by caprice, or the
+interest of <em>individuals</em>, than by a generous concern for the whole.
+At a distance, we think more of the wisdom of statesmen than they
+merit. The nearer we approach them the less is our reverence. If our
+enemies are not successful, they mean to close with us on the best
+terms they can, sensible, that if this great effort does not succeed,
+they have little to hope in future. This is an animating reason for us
+to persevere in the glorious contest. In the meantime, it is our
+business to keep up the spirits of our common people to the utmost.
+For which reason, what I write you is in confidence, or for the
+inspection of the Committee only, if it may be thought to merit their
+notice.</p>
+
+<p>The English have completed their loan among themselves. No foreigners
+have assisted them, although the terms to the lender are better than
+any yet offered by that nation, except once. Foreigners know that they
+have yet several millions to fund, for which they must offer still
+better terms. The Spaniards have refused the mediation of France and
+England in their dispute with Portugal, being determined to prosecute
+the war until Portugal demands peace, and makes reparation. They have
+taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> the important Island of St Catharine's, on the coast of Brazil,
+without loss, and mean vigorously to prosecute their operations on
+Brazil. This I have from undoubted authority, one of the family
+Ministers. A report prevails, that the Indians of the east have fallen
+on their oppressors, and have taken Madras. India stock has,
+consequently, fallen. Both France and Spain continue their armaments
+as if preparing for some great event. This obliges England to do the
+same. All their naval and army contracts are for five years, and they
+employ as many workmen in their dock yards, as they did in the height
+of the last war. You will serve us essentially, by pushing the
+cruisers who visit you into the European seas, particularly those of
+the north, in the months of August, September, and October, directing
+them to send their prizes into France or Spain. It would render our
+negotiation with Prussia more successful, if a tobacco ship could by
+any means be pushed into Emden, which ship might make her returns in
+manufactures necessary for us, and fifteen or twenty per cent cheaper
+than we can have them here. Urge it to the honorable Committee.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> Two vessels with stores are just despatched from different
+ports. Forward them, my Dear Sir, immediately to our dear country.
+Captains Wickes, Johnson, and Nicholson, have just destroyed sixteen
+vessels on the English and Irish coast. I am despatching Conyngham
+from hence on the same business in a privateer. I begin to think war
+unavoidable.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">W. C.</p>
+
+<p><em>Dunkirk, July 6th.</em></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mr Carmichael's letters from Berlin, if he ever wrote
+any, are missing.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Yorktown, June 17th, 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my arrival here, I have been informed of the honor conferred on
+me by Congress, in being appointed Secretary to the Commissioners at
+the Court of France, an honor which greatly overpays the feeble
+efforts of my zeal, and is more than I could expect, considering the
+well founded pretensions of others to their notice.</p>
+
+<p>I beg leave through you, Sir, to express my grateful sensibility of
+this proof of their confidence, as well as the ardent desire I have of
+meriting it in future.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> It does not appear that Mr Carmichael ever accepted this
+appointment. He was chosen a delegate to Congress from Maryland, and
+joined that body on the 19th of November, 1778.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Off Reedy Island, November 25th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I received at Chester, the copies of the resolves, you did me the
+honor to enclose me, and shall punctually comply with your request, by
+forwarding them as soon as I arrive, to Dr Franklin and Mr Johnson. I
+am sorry that the business with respect to the latter, is left in its
+present state, because there are very few men, who neglect a certain
+and profitable occupation, to engage in another where they are sure of
+offending, without an equal certainty of an adequate reward for their
+trouble and impartiality.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>I am much obliged to you for your good wishes, although I must
+candidly own they would be still more agreeable accompanied by a ship
+of the line, for we are informed that the Romulus and Roebuck, are
+waiting for us to intercept us, and were they animated, would, like
+the Death and Sin of Milton, bless their lucky stars 'destined to that
+good hour.' I beg you to make the proper compliments for me to the
+gentlemen of your family.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Martinique, December 27th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I take the liberty of enclosing to your Excellency, a paper containing
+a relation of a late affair, between part of the small squadron
+commanded by M. la Motte Piquet, and the English fleet, under the
+orders of Sir Peter Parker. It was given me by direction of the French
+Admiral, that a true account of this action, which has done him much
+honor here, might be published in America.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23d of this month, Admiral Arbuthnot arrived at Barbadoes with
+six or seven sail of the line, and sixteen regiments. An attack on the
+Grenadas or Dominica, is daily expected. The latter is well fortified
+and garrisoned by twelve hundred men. The Marquis de Bouillè seems to
+have no apprehensions for any of their Islands, except those lately
+taken from the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay informs Congress by this opportunity, of the misfortune which
+befel us, and the reasons which induced the officers to bring the ship
+to this Island.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> I can only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> express my regret for the delay, which
+this accident will occasion in the execution of the business with
+which Congress has done us the honor to intrust us. With the highest
+sentiments of respect,</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See <em>Jay's Correspondence</em>, Vol. VII. p. 174.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, February 18th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I did myself the honor of writing to you by a courier whom the French
+Ambassador despatched to Cadiz yesterday morning; since which, I have
+been introduced to their Excellencies, delivered your letter to the
+latter, and explained to the former the reasons, which induce you to
+address the other, with which he was perfectly satisfied. Don Joseph
+de Galves told me, that he should give your letter to the Count de
+Florida Blanca, whose business it was to lay it before the King, and
+receive his orders on the subject, and that the Count or himself would
+be directed to answer it. I repeated the substance of your
+instructions to me as far as they respect him, and was answered, that
+he would take an opportunity of conversing with me on our affairs, and
+would inform me through the French Ambassador, when it would be
+convenient for him to receive me. Some compliments passed with respect
+to the characters he had received of us, which it is unnecessary to
+repeat.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Florida Blanca told me that he would lay your letter
+before the King the same night for his consideration. I took this
+opportunity of mentioning the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> pleasure it would give Congress to hear
+of your reception at Madrid, from the earnest desire they had to
+cultivate the King's friendship, that their expectations were
+sanguine, having been led to believe the dispositions of the Court
+were favorable, by the suggestions of persons supposed to be well
+acquainted with its intentions, that the hopes of the people were also
+great, and I hinted, that there were several vessels about to sail
+from Bilboa, and the ports of France, by which you would be happy to
+communicate this news to Congress, and to gratify the expectations of
+the people.</p>
+
+<p>He then told me he had informed the King of your arrival at Cadiz,
+although they had understood your original destination was to France;
+that the King had ordered him to receive your overtures, and that I
+was at liberty to give you this information, and after a pause, added,
+that on Monday he hoped to have it in his power to return an answer.
+You will please to observe, that it had not been read by either when
+this conversation passed. He also told me, that he would take an
+opportunity to converse with me, and would inform me when it would be
+convenient for him to see me through the channel beforementioned.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday next I go to the Pardo, by their appointment. Here I see
+every day a person, who I believe to be sent by them to converse with
+me, although I appear to know nothing of his connexion with the Court.
+I think you may make the necessary preparations for your journey on
+the receipt of this. Messrs Adams and Dana were at Bordeaux the 2d
+instant. They mean to proceed to Amsterdam from thence, so that the
+plan spoken of has taken place. They go in a good time, as the Dutch
+are at present much irritated against Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>Mr Arthur Lee corresponded with the Count de Florida Blanca, but if I
+am well informed, the correspondence consisted of American news on the
+one part, and compliment on the other.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> M. Gerard leaves this
+tomorrow, he has had conversations with the Spanish Ministers, of
+about two hours at one time and three at another. I am in a way of
+obtaining most of the information you desired. I beg you to present
+the proper compliments to your lady and Colonel Livingston.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> See <em>Arthur Lee's Correspondence</em>, Vol. II. pp. 36&ndash;54.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, February 19th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The short time I remained at Cadiz, and the constant employment in
+which I was engaged of copying Mr Jay's letters and making the
+necessary preparations for my journey, prevented me from doing myself
+the honor of writing to your Excellency from thence. But having now an
+opportunity by M. Gerard to France, and an offer from M. Gardoqui to
+forward my letters by the way of Bilboa, I enclose to Congress copies
+of those I have written to Mr Jay since my arrival in this city, as
+they contain the most material intelligence I have been able to
+procure. I have every reason to be pleased with the disposition of
+those whom I have seen here, as well foreigners as natives, and I
+cannot sufficiently express my gratitude for the liberal and friendly
+manner in which I have been received by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> Count de Montmorin, the
+Ambassador of France, which I should impute entirely to M. Gerard's
+good offices, was not his own good will and desire to conform to the
+favorable disposition of his Court apparent. M. Gerard in the circle
+of foreign Ministers, is more of an American than a Frenchman, and I
+should do him injustice if I did not mention it.</p>
+
+<p>The English squadron sailed from Gibraltar the 13th instant, and part
+of it is said to be destined for the West Indies. The French will have
+seventytwo sail of the line in actual service this year. The troops,
+at the disposition of the person mentioned in the first<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> letter to
+Mr Jay, will amount to near four thousand, and consist chiefly of
+Germans; six sail of the line will escort them, and I am well informed
+they will sail in less than two months. It is said the English
+Ministry will be able to procure the necessary supplies for the
+present year, owing to their late successes. I beg leave, through your
+Excellency, to assure Congress of my unremitted attention to merit the
+confidence reposed in me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See <em>Jay's Correspondence</em>, Vol. VII. p. 207.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Aranjues, May 28th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay having judged it proper for me to reside at this place while
+the Court remains here, I did not know until his letters for Congress
+were closed, that Mr Harrison,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> who charges himself with the care of
+them to Cadiz, was on the point of setting out from Madrid for that
+city. This prevented me from assisting him in copying papers, which he
+tells me he has transmitted by this opportunity. I regret exceedingly,
+my not having received earlier information, because I wished to convey
+several papers, which I do not choose to trust to the ordinary post.
+Our situation in this respect is very disagreeable and delicate, for
+we can neither send nor receive letters without their being subject to
+the inspection of others, and, indeed, we have sometimes the
+mortification to hear of the arrival of letters from America in the
+sea-ports, which, notwithstanding, never reach us. Our opportunities
+of information thus become very precarious, and I am much afraid, that
+the same cause will frequently interrupt our correspondence with
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Before Mr Jay arrived in the capital, I did myself the honor to inform
+his Excellency, the President, of my arrival at Madrid, and enclosed
+him copies of the letters I wrote to Mr Jay, on the subject of his
+reception, and of the disposition in which the Court appeared to be.
+As I sent several copies of these letters, I subjoined all that
+occurred worthy of the notice of Congress in the interval of the
+departure of several copies. Not having had any instructions to
+address myself to Congress, unless in the absence of Mr Jay, or in
+case of any event that deprived the public of his services, I know not
+whether I may not appear officious at present; particularly as I have
+already communicated to him regularly, all the intelligence I have
+been able to procure, as also my reflections on that intelligence,
+which his ability and long experience in affairs, will enable him to
+put in a much clearer point of view than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> I can pretend to do. If I
+err, I hope the Committee will set me right, and instruct me how to
+conduct myself in future.</p>
+
+<p>The King, the Prince of Asturias, and the Ministry, appear favorable
+to our cause, but I am much afraid their ability to assist us in the
+article of money, is neither equal to our expectations, or their
+desires to serve us. The papers sent by Mr Jay, will show the
+sentiments of this Court with respect to the object of his mission. I
+think the negotiation will be attended with more delay than Congress
+had reason to apprehend when we left America. This Court manifest a
+strong desire of excluding every other nation from the navigation of
+the Mississippi, and indeed of the Gulf of Mexico. The situation of
+the affairs of America will undoubtedly regulate the conduct of
+Congress on this subject, and I hope it will be such as to enable them
+to adhere to the rights of all the States.</p>
+
+<p>Our enemies are making use of the time before Spain takes a decided
+opinion, to sow jealousies between us. Governor Johnson sounded the
+dispositions of this Court early last winter. At the close of it Sir
+John Dalrymple obtained permission to come to Madrid, on the pretence
+of the bad state of health of his lady. His strange Memorial to the
+Count de Florida Blanca, is transmitted to you.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> I have no doubts
+that other attempts will be made to bring about a negotiation. If they
+succeed no better than Sir John's, we shall not have much to apprehend
+on that score. The Count de Florida Blanca appears to act with much
+candor, and gives Mr Jay such strong and frequent assurances of the
+King's favorable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> intentions, and his own disposition to second them,
+that I hope we may rely on what he tells us. His character for probity
+is high in this country, and among the foreign Ministers at this
+Court. As I have frequent opportunities of mixing with the latter, I
+have not omitted to give them proper impressions of our strength,
+union, and firmness, without seeming too solicitous to do it. It is
+possible, that if the neutral maritime powers were fully persuaded of
+this unanimity and firmness, and were sincerely disposed to bring
+about a peace, instead of regarding with pleasure the mutual losses of
+the House of Bourbon and Great Britain, they might end the war by
+declaring their disposition to acknowledge our independence.</p>
+
+<p>The King of Prussia seems to be a cool calculator, prepared to profit
+by the general distress. Denmark is influenced by Russia, and Sweden
+by France. Great Britain also still retains some influence in Denmark.
+The Court of Vienna will be adverse to us, as long as the Empress
+Queen exists. How the Emperor is inclined, I do not know. Sardinia and
+Portugal are friendly and attached to England. The Dutch are divided
+into parties, neither of which is strong enough to give firmness and
+decision to the conduct of the Republic. The Stadtholder and his party
+find means to thwart and retard all the vigorous resolves, which the
+French and republican party engage the state to enter into, to support
+their honor and dignity. The hopes entertained in Great Britain of the
+influence of the former party, and the proneness of the King and his
+Ministers to violent measures, induced the late extraordinary conduct
+of that Court, with respect to the Dutch. They will submit to this and
+more, rather than go to war. If the Empress of Russia is determined to
+support<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> her late declaration, and to coincide effectually with the
+powers whom she has invited to accede to it, Great Britain must,
+however, recede from her present conduct, or offend highly the neutral
+powers.</p>
+
+<p>The negotiation between Russia and Holland proceeds slowly. The Court
+party in England has gained once more its superiority in Parliament; a
+feigned sickness of the speaker, Sir Fletcher Norton, gave the
+Minister time to rally his forces, since which opposition grows more
+feeble every day. That of Ireland, for want of system and union among
+its members, and by the promises of places and honors, is a little
+staggered. There is however a fermentation in both nations, which the
+continuance of the war and its consequent distresses will probably
+increase, if not bring to maturity. The distresses of our army last
+winter, the depreciation of our paper money, the exaggerated accounts
+of our divisions, and our apparent inactivity, have had a bad effect
+in Europe, which I hope the firmness and unanimity of Congress, added
+to the exertions of our ally, and those of this Court, will entirely
+efface.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition, which sailed from Cadiz the 28th ultimo, consisting of
+twelve sail of the line, besides frigates, and eleven thousand five
+hundred men, proceeds to the Windward Islands, and there joins M. de
+Guichen, or goes against Jamaica or the Floridas, as circumstances may
+render it proper. Another expedition from France, follows M. Ternay's,
+I believe, to reinforce M. de Guichen, who, if I am not deceived, will
+join the Spaniards to the leeward in the hurricane months, and if
+necessary and practicable, send eight or ten ships to our coasts in
+the beginning of the autumn. This depends, however, much on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> the
+events of war. Spain in concurrence with France, will have between
+forty and fifty sail of the line, to oppose the grand English fleet,
+which I am informed will sail the last of this month or the beginning
+of next. The allied fleet is not in such readiness. Strong interest is
+making for the Count d'Estaing to command in chief, and I think he
+will be nominated.</p>
+
+<p>A very little time will determine the fate of the bills drawn on Mr
+Jay. I received the first last week, in a letter from M. Nesbitt of
+L'Orient who very prudently did not negotiate it, until he consulted
+me on the subject. I am also informed, that bills on Mr Laurens are in
+circulation, and we have not yet heard of his arrival. I have written
+to Dr Franklin, and Messrs Adams and Dana, and if I have not heard
+from them oftener, I impute it to the miscarriage of their letters,
+which was the case of those of Dr Franklin, the first two months after
+my arrival at Madrid. Mr Jay will transmit an account of the revenues,
+and expenses of Spain, with which I have furnished him, which will
+show, that Congress cannot depend on such pecuniary assistance from
+this nation as they expected.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay's situation has been particularly disagreeable; the sum
+allotted by Congress, by no means accords with his necessary expenses,
+even if he received his salary as it became due. I do not complain,
+although I have been obliged since my departure from America to expend
+more than six hundred and fifty pounds sterling, and have not as yet
+received more than two hundred pounds of my salary. Almost everything
+that passes, even in Congress, is known here, either by intercepted
+letters, or otherwise. You, Gentlemen, will conceive, how delicate Mr
+Jay's situation must be, if he delivers faithfully his sentiments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> of
+men and measures. I must repeat again, however, that there is a great
+appearance of candor and good faith. The Count de Florida Blanca, and
+M. Galvez speak with much apparent civility and frankness, and seem
+desirous of doing all that is possible to succor us consistent with
+the actual situation of their finances, the former particularly. I
+have sent a copy of this via Bilboa, and another from Cadiz. I have
+not yet had the pleasure of receiving one letter from any one member
+of Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See this Memorial in <em>John Jay's Correspondence</em>, Vol.
+VII. p. 268.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 17th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Since writing the preceding letter, bills to the amount of about
+fifteen thousand dollars have been presented, and at a time when the
+news of our misfortune at Charleston made an impression much to our
+disadvantage. These bills however are accepted, and the Count de
+Florida Blanca appears to interest himself more than ever in
+contributing to aid us, repeating in the strongest manner his Catholic
+Majesty's favorable intentions. What he hinted at with respect to the
+attempts of the enemy, to thwart Mr Jay's negotiations has proved
+true. A Mr Cumberland, Secretary to Lord George Germain, has obtained
+permission to come to Madrid, and is actually here at present. But as
+his Excellency has promised to communicate his proposals, whatever
+they may be, on the subject of an accommodation, we cannot entertain a
+doubt, but that he will do it with the same frankness, with which he
+made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> known to us those of Sir John Dalrymple. The Count de Montmorin,
+Ambassador for France here, is not the least alarmed by the reception
+of this gentleman, and that Court is full as much interested as we are
+in the object for which he is sent. Mr Jay will transmit to Congress a
+narrative, which I have given him, of this gentleman's motions.</p>
+
+<p>We have likewise received an account of the death of M. Miralles. He
+will soon have a successor, by whom we shall write more fully, and I
+hope more to the satisfaction of Congress. Nothing can hurt us here,
+or in Europe, so long as we are united, firm, and vigorous. I
+experienced at first a little coldness from the foreign Ministers at
+this Court, after the news of the surrender of Charleston, but that is
+worn off.</p>
+
+<p>The public papers will announce the disturbances, which have lately
+arisen at London; all is at present quiet in that quarter, and
+government seems to have acquired fresh confidence and vigor. The
+Count d'Estaing is expected at St Ildefonso the 1st of next month, to
+go from thence to take the command of the united fleets, which will
+consist of thirtysix sail of the line, from Cadiz, including the
+French from Toulon, and other French ports, and twelve or fifteen from
+Brest. The last advices import that the English squadron amounted to
+twentyeight, chiefly capital ships; they left port about the 20th ult.
+The rest of Europe is in the same situation that I have already
+mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Since writing my letter of the 28th of May, I received a letter from
+the Baron de Schulenburg,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> of which the enclosed is a copy, in
+answer to a civil letter, which I wrote<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> him on my arrival here,
+representing the situation of our affairs in a favorable light. I
+daily expect another letter from him more particular, in consequence
+of an address, which I have transmitted to him, by which he may write
+to me in safety. I have cultivated the friendship of the foreign
+Ministers and their Secretaries as often as I have had occasion, and
+as I have always avoided an appearance of prejudice, I flatter myself,
+that I have been listened to with attention. My conduct has been the
+same with those of this nation with whom I have found means to be
+acquainted, and I doubt not, with time and patience, we shall
+ultimately succeed. I cannot speak too highly of the conduct of the
+Count de Montmorin, personally or politically. M. Gerard in his
+letters to me, expresses the same attachment as ever to our cause, and
+his late acquisition of dignity and consequence, puts it more in his
+power to be useful to us. As yet, Mr Jay has received but one letter
+from Congress, which conveyed their resolves respecting the bills of
+exchange drawn on him. I beg leave to acknowledge the receipt of a
+letter from Mr Houston last week, which I shall answer, if possible,
+by this opportunity.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Missing.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, August 22d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>In the course of this month I did myself the honor of writing to you
+by the General Pickering from Bilboa, and the Captain Kyan from Cadiz,
+as also via France. In these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> letters I informed you of the situation
+of our affairs here, and of that of Europe in general; since which, we
+have advanced very little. The Minister had informed Mr Jay, on the
+5th of July, that he had sent for a person to succeed M. Miralles, and
+that on his arrival, arrangements would be made with respect to the
+bills presented to Mr Jay for payment, and that he would then enter
+into discussions on the other objects of Mr Jay's mission. Before and
+since that period, bills to the amount of thirty thousand dollars have
+been presented, of which Mr Jay has accepted for fourteen thousand, by
+the direction of the Minister, and none of the others have as yet been
+protested.</p>
+
+<p>You will see by a state of the finances of this country, which in
+compliance with Mr Jay's instructions to me, at my departure from
+Cadiz, I have had the honor to give him, that their revenues and
+resources since the war have greatly diminished, and that previous to
+that period, they were by no means so flourishing as Congress had
+reason to suppose. In most of the conferences with the Minister, the
+scarcity of cash has been objected more than the want of inclination,
+and hints have been thrown out, that it would be much more convenient
+for the Court, to grant the United States aids in money from their
+possessions in America than in Europe. Although hopes have been as
+constantly given, that a part of the sum drawn for would be furnished
+at the end of the present year, or commencement of the next, and that
+measures in the mean time might be taken to prevent embarrassments, in
+case of the arrival of bills after that period, great surprise has
+been expressed, that Congress should take such a step without
+previously informing the Court of their intentions, and obtaining its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+approbation of the measure. Congress will therefore judge of the
+propriety of disposing of any bills, that may remain unsold, until it
+is fully ascertained, that they will be punctually paid. Mr Jay, now
+at Madrid, where the death of his child, and the consequent distresses
+of his family, detain him a few days, will undoubtedly transmit more
+ample intelligence on this subject, with the various papers in his
+possession necessary to explain it. This Court has been obliged to
+make considerable loans, for their own current expenses, the nature of
+which I hope to be able to explain in a future letter. It has lately
+obtained seven millions, five hundred thousand current dollars, in
+France and elsewhere. The loan is for nine millions, and from the
+nature of it will create a temporary paper circulation to that amount
+in this kingdom. I shall transmit to Congress, as soon as it becomes
+public, a full detail of its operations.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Cumberland, whom I mentioned in my last, and whose name you will
+find in all the European gazettes, is still at Madrid, from whence he
+has lately had permission to send a courier to London, but as the
+Spanish Minister has engaged to impart any serious proposals he may
+make, and as the French Ambassador expresses no uneasiness from the
+residence of this gentleman in Spain, although this circumstance at
+this crisis is extraordinary, we cannot presume there can be solid
+ground for apprehension. Considerable revolutions, however, have
+happened in the system of politics of this country, ever since the
+accession of the House of Bourbon, and where governments are often
+more influenced by the counsels, and sometimes the caprices of
+individuals, than from regard to the real and permanent interest of a
+nation, there is always something<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> to fear. Congress judging from the
+assurances of the Minister, and the King's character, which is
+remarkable for steadiness, on the one part, and from the circumstance
+of Mr Cumberland's residence here, and the constant endeavors of our
+enemies by every insidious art to misrepresent our situation, on the
+other, will be best able to draw conclusions from the whole.</p>
+
+<p>The treaty proposed by Russia to the neutral maritime powers, to
+secure their commerce, and protect their navigation, has been or will
+be acceded to by Sweden, Denmark, the Hanseatic towns, and Holland,
+and a Russian squadron is expected in the Channel daily. Portugal, it
+is said, influenced by England, will not accede to this treaty, which
+will put a stop to the piratical conduct of that country. France and
+Spain exclaim, against the partiality of Portugal to Great Britain,
+and I have been informed, but I do not pretend to vouch for the
+authenticity of the intelligence, that strong representations have
+been made to that Court, either to shut its ports against the armed
+vessels of the nations at war, or to take a part in it. The French
+Minister to that Court said something to the same purpose to me at
+Madrid, on his way to Lisbon. The English at present sell their prizes
+there, without the formality of condemnation.</p>
+
+<p>The Count d'Estaing is now here, and on every occasion manifests the
+strongest attachment to the United States and their interests. The
+general opinion gives him the command of a part, if not the whole of
+the combined fleets, which amount to thirty six sail of the line, now
+at sea, commanded by M. Cordova. The English fleet under Geary, is
+also cruizing between Ushant and Cape St Vincent, to prevent the
+junction of the ships from Brest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> and Ferrol with the Spanish Admiral,
+and to protect their outward end homeward bound convoys, and to
+intercept those of the allies.</p>
+
+<p>I had written thus far, when a courier arrived with the important news
+of the combined fleets having fallen in with, and taken fiftysix sail
+out of sixty, destined to the East and West Indies, Madeira and
+Quebec. I have requested Mr Harrison at Cadiz to enclose to the
+Committee a list of the prizes, and the nature of their cargoes, as it
+has not yet been received here. This will be severely felt in England,
+and will occasion more clamor against the Ministry, than all their
+naval losses since the war. Mr Jay has heard from Congress but once
+since we have been in Spain, and very seldom from our other
+correspondents, the last letters from Paris, mention that Messrs
+Franklin, Adams, and Dana, were well, and that Mr Adams was going to
+Holland.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> Since sending off a copy of the preceding letter, I have the
+pleasure to inform you, that the gentleman expected by the Minister
+has arrived, and proves to be Don Diego Gardoqui, who is already known
+by his former correspondence with America. Our affairs are once more
+in train, some bills have been accepted since his arrival, but nothing
+certain has been as yet determined, and indeed I fear the Court is too
+much pressed for money, to do anything considerable for us here in
+that way. Probably this gentleman will be sent to America, by whom we
+shall have an opportunity, I hope, of conveying the final
+determination of the Court with respect to our affairs. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+navigation of the Mississippi appears to be the great, and if we can
+credit the assertions of men in power, the sole obstacle.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Cumberland has been here, and is expected again with his family in
+a few days. I have been informed, that he has offered on the part of
+Great Britain, to restore to Spain what they lost by the treaty of
+Paris, and has been permitted to reside at this Court in expectation
+of being authorised to make further concessions, and indeed on no
+other principle can I account for his residence here at this crisis. I
+mentioned in my letter of the 22d ult., that representations had been
+made to the Court of Portugal, either to shut its ports against the
+armed vessels of all nations at war, or take a part in it. I have the
+honor to inform you, that the above Court has consented to the first
+of these propositions, although this is not yet public. Another vessel
+has arrived at Nantes from Philadelphia, by which neither Mr Jay nor
+myself have received any letters. The Russian fleet, consisting of
+fifteen sail of the line, and four frigates, is arrived in England.
+Admiral Geary returned to Spithead the 19th ult. This fleet, it is
+said, will soon be sent to sea, although he had upwards of two
+thousand sick when he returned to port. Stocks fell considerably in
+England when the news arrived of the loss of the convoy
+beforementioned.</p>
+
+<p>A fleet of seven sail of the line sailed from Ferrol the 22d ult. to
+convoy off the coast a fleet of transports for the French islands, and
+probably to cruise to intercept the homeward and outward bound fleets
+of the enemy. This circumstance joined to the late loss of the convoy,
+has raised insurance prodigiously in London. The Parliament does not
+meet until the 28th of September.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">W. C.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, September 9th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I did myself the honor of writing to you the 6th instant, via Cadiz,
+Bilboa, and France, informing you that the person mentioned in my
+letters of last month, as chosen by the Minister to succeed M.
+Miralles, had arrived here, and proves to be M. James Gardoqui, and
+that since his arrival, our affairs are once more in train. I also
+mentioned that the Ministry were negotiating loans, to answer
+extraordinary expenses. I expected to have been able to send the
+Committee a full account of the nature of these loans, as I founded my
+hopes of the Court's paying the bills drawn on Mr Jay, by means of the
+supplies obtained in this way. I am therefore very sorry to inform the
+Committee, that the success of the most considerable has not answered
+the expectations of the Ministers, and what is worse, they impute its
+failure to the interference of M. Necker and others, influenced by
+that Minister, which has created a soreness, that for the moment must
+be disagreeable to our ally, and may be disadvantageous to us, unless
+more important considerations obviate the ill effects to be
+apprehended from such disappointment, and the personal disgust and
+resentment consequent thereof.</p>
+
+<p>A person with whom I am well acquainted, is the projector of the loan
+abovementioned, and although for near three months I have known that
+such a measure was in agitation, I was not able to discover the plan,
+it having been preserved with great secrecy, in order to secure its
+successful and complete operation. As this measure is so far important
+to Congress, as it may influence the conduct of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> the Court with
+respect to money matters, and affect the credit of the nation in
+future, on which all the vigor of military operations in a great
+measure depends, I will endeavor to give the outlines of the money
+negotiation to the Committee, and will forward the plan and the King's
+ordinance thereon as soon as I receive them.</p>
+
+<p>The original design of this loan was to procure nine millions of
+dollars, or thirtysix millions of livres in four months, and possibly
+to enlarge the sum according to exigencies. The projector was to
+receive ten per cent for expenses and profit, which he was at liberty
+to divide as he thought proper with the original lenders. To these, I
+think, he gave three, or three and a half per cent for the use of
+their money for four months, which money they were to remit in bills
+of exchange on Spain, and to redraw at the end of four months for
+their principal and interest. The great secret of the operation is,
+that government instead of repaying their bills in specie, issues
+paper to repay them, the credit of which is guarantied by the Crown
+and the different Chambers or Councils of the Kingdom, viz of Castile,
+&amp;c. &amp;c. This paper bears an interest of four per cent. A <em>cedula</em>, or
+royal ordinance, will be published the 20th or 21st of this month,
+which gives it currency, and inflicts severe penalties on any one who
+refuses it as a legal payment. M. Necker did not discover the latter
+part of the scheme until large sums had been remitted from France, and
+I suppose, fearing that its operation would be complete before his
+representations of what he thought its evil tendency, could be
+attended to here, he immediately gave orders not to receive the bills
+of exchange of the houses concerned in this measure at the <em>Caisse
+Royale</em> in France. Besides, the house of Gerardot, Haller &amp; Co. one of
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> most considerable in Europe, and of which he was once the head,
+and his brother is still a partner, wrote circular letters to all
+parts of Europe discrediting the loan.</p>
+
+<p>The consequence has been, that the persons in France and elsewhere,
+whose bills were refused at the <em>Caisse Royale</em> have been pushed here
+so hard by their creditors, that the Spanish government has been
+obliged to make considerable remittances to support their credit, that
+further advances of money have been stopped, and that bills of
+exchange on Spain have sold at a loss of one and one and a half per
+cent. This has irritated the merchants here, and perhaps we may be the
+innocent victims. For I am persuaded, that Spain, without obtaining it
+by loans, has not money in Europe to afford us considerable aids, how
+great soever her inclination may be to assist us, and I think the
+Committee will be of the same opinion, on reading the information I
+gave Mr Jay on the subject of the revenues of this country, in
+consequence of his instructions to me at Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p>I shall be happy to have it in my power to inform the Committee, that
+my apprehensions have been ill grounded.</p>
+
+<p>The fate of our bills must soon be determined. More than forty
+thousand dollars have been presented, of which the amount of about
+fourteen thousand have been accepted by order of the Minister. The
+Count d'Estaing will leave this in a few days, and go to Cadiz; by the
+time he can arrive at that port, the whole of the combined fleet will
+be assembled; thirtysix sail are now at Cadiz, seven on a cruise, and
+two of a hundred and one hundred and ten guns are on their voyage from
+Brest. The Count will urge a vigorous and decisive conduct, and seems
+to enjoy the King's esteem, and the good will of most of the Ministers
+and Courtiers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>The English emissary, Mr Cumberland, is still at Madrid, and is
+permitted to receive from and send couriers to London. The conduct of
+the Court appears unaccountable, and I cannot persuade myself, that it
+can be agreeable to France, although the Count de Montmorin frequently
+assures me, that we need not have any inquietude on account of the
+gentleman's residence. He no doubt, however, endeavors to insinuate
+many things to our disadvantage, and makes propositions to alienate
+Spain from the alliance with France, and from supporting the United
+States. Those about him are perpetually circulating bad news from
+America, and assert with confidence, that several States and many
+individuals in others, are negotiating to make their peace with Great
+Britain. Spain may possibly be amusing his employers, as he is
+employed to amuse the Spanish Ministry.</p>
+
+<p>The treaty for an armed neutrality was signed by Sweden the 4th of
+August; Denmark had not signed it the 8th of the same month, but there
+is no doubt she will. The English party in Holland opposed and
+retarded it there as long as possible, and finally clogged it with
+such conditions as they hope will prostrate the negotiation; for
+instance, they propose to the contracting powers, to guaranty all
+their possessions in Europe, Asia, and America, but as the States have
+gone so far, they will scarce recede, should this article be refused
+by the others. The eyes of Europe are anxiously turned to America and
+the West Indies; the friends of liberty hope everything from our union
+and perseverance, and the expectations of our enemies are founded on
+the reverse. Neither Mr Jay nor myself have received letters from
+Congress since we left America, except one from the Committee,
+enclosing the bills of exchange, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> that we are without intelligence,
+without money, or the certainty of conveying to Congress as regularly
+as we wish, the information necessary for them to receive, which will
+plead my apology with the Committee for the repetitions they will meet
+in this letter of what several other letters contain.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> The declaration of Portugal, shutting their ports against the
+armed vessels of the nations at war, which I mentioned in a letter of
+the 6th, has not yet been made public. It is supposed that the present
+Parliament will be dissolved and a new one called, while the influence
+of the present Ministry continues high. Considering the scarcity of
+cash in this country, and the present situation of affairs, perhaps
+Congress will do well to stop drawing on Mr Jay, until they receive
+information that their bills will be paid punctually. There appears no
+forwardness in this Court to enter into treaty; the navigation of the
+Mississippi is the great obstacle; the situation of America will guide
+the determinations of Congress, and I hope it will be such as to
+enable them to preserve the rights of all the States. Negotiations
+will, probably, be set on foot this winter, and it is likely this
+Court will be the theatre of them. As Spain has as yet taken no
+decided part in our revolution, England will rather choose to apply to
+this Court, and keep up the old idea of restoring peace by her
+mediation, than that of Versailles. Hints have been given, that it
+would be more convenient for Spain to furnish the States with money in
+America than here, but as they seem to think that America has not
+proposed an equivalent for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> what they demand, I am afraid assistance
+will be given very faintly.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">W. C.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, September 25th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I did myself the honor of addressing you the 6th and 9th instant, and
+in the latter expressed an apprehension, that Congress would not
+receive the pecuniary aid they expected in this country. I am now
+sorry to inform you, that on the 13th, Mr Jay was told by order of the
+Minister, that their own exigencies would not permit the King to
+provide funds for the payment of more of the bills than had been
+already accepted. I make no reflections on this event, and hope the
+Committee will suspend theirs, until Congress shall have received from
+Mr Jay, a relation of all that has passed here since the month of June
+last, with the papers necessary to elucidate it. In a day or two after
+the above information, his Majesty was pleased to offer his
+responsibility to facilitate a loan for one hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars in favor of the United States, and to promise some clothing,
+&amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23d, Mr Jay had a long conference with the Count de Florida
+Blanca, the particulars of which I immediately reduced to writing, as
+I have done with respect to others which preceded this, copies of the
+most material parts of which Mr Jay will, probably, forward to
+Congress with his other despatches. In this conference, the Count
+spoke with much pleasure of a resolution of Congress, permitting the
+exportation of flour, for the use of the Spanish fleets and armies in
+the West Indies, as also of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> measures taken by them to make a
+diversion to the southward, to facilitate their operations against
+Pensacola, &amp;c. &amp;c. He said to Mr Jay, that the King had directed him
+to convey his thanks to Congress for those marks of their friendly
+disposition, and gave the strongest assurances, that his Majesty would
+never consent to a pacification, which did not include the interests
+of America, declaring at the same time, that the negotiations for
+peace were more remote than ever, although, as he observed, the King
+had been offered all he could desire from England, in order to induce
+him to a separate peace. He informed Mr Jay he had received
+intelligence, that Great Britain once more proposed to send
+Commissioners to treat with Congress, that this measure was under the
+consideration of the Privy Council, and would, probably, be adopted.</p>
+
+<p>I seize the earliest opportunity of conveying to the Committee thus
+much of the conference, as most important for Congress to know, to
+which I add, that the Minister promised to take immediate measures for
+putting it in the power of Mr Jay, to evidence and avail himself of
+the responsibility of the King, and forwarding from Cadiz clothing for
+ten regiments, for the use of the American army. In the course of this
+conference, the Count de Florida Blanca asserted with warmth, that the
+King would never relinquish the navigation of the Mississippi, and the
+Ministry regarded the exclusive right to it as the principal advantage
+Spain would obtain by the war. This being the bar to the treaty, it
+seems not improbable, that this Court will not be in a hurry to treat
+with us, but rather trust to her interest in a general Congress for
+peace to obtain her favorite objects, preserving, in the meantime,
+such a line of conduct, as will enable her, in some meas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>ure, to be a
+mediator in it, with which idea she has been, and is flattered by
+England.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Cumberland, whom I have frequently mentioned in former letters,
+still remains at Madrid. The Abbé Hussey, his coadjutor, has just
+received a passport to go to Lisbon, from whence he will, probably,
+embark for London, and return with the ultimatum of that Court, and
+intelligence for the Spanish Minister, for it is not improbable, he
+may be a better spy than negotiator. All this, however, is conjecture.
+In all probability, great efforts will be made next campaign in
+America, if the war continues, as we are told it will. The great
+objects of it are in that part of the world. France is engaged at all
+hazards to support our independence, and will do it, and Spain is
+desirous of possessing the entire navigation of the Gulf of Mexico. I
+take the liberty of repeating these reflections to the Committee, as
+they arise from conversations on this subject with persons in a
+situation to be well informed.</p>
+
+<p>The different powers at war will, however, find some difficulty to
+procure money. England has not completed her last loans. France has
+begun to tax, and must continue to do so, notwithstanding the great
+economy of their Minister of Finances. The last operations of this
+Court to procure money, of which I gave the Committee a sketch in my
+last letter, and the state of the revenues, which I gave Mr Jay in my
+answer to his instructions, will show them the wants of this country.
+The interference of M. Necker in the operation beforementioned,
+deprived this Court of near two millions of <em>pesos</em>, and greatly
+irritated the Ministry. I hope, however, their resentments have
+subsided. This failure, they give as one reason for not being able to
+advance the money we expected, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> enable Mr Jay to pay the bills
+drawn on him by Congress. Mr Jay has, however, at all hazards,
+accepted those which have been presented, and is taking every step in
+his power to provide money to pay them, as also those that may be
+disposed of in America, previous to the advice he has given Congress
+on this head.</p>
+
+<p>The English Ministry are likely to have a large majority in the new
+Parliament, which is generally the case in time of war. The great
+neutral maritime powers of Europe, seem to regard the present war as
+an event favorable to the augmentation of their commerce, and will,
+probably, do so, until one or the other of the contending parties
+engaged in it appear to have a decided superiority. Portugal seems
+better disposed to the allies than heretofore. This change is,
+probably, the result of fear, more than of affection. The combined
+fleet at Cadiz, consists of fortythree sail of the line, besides
+frigates, &amp;c. &amp;c. The Count d'Estaing commands the French part of the
+fleet, and the whole is in readiness to put to sea. During his
+residence at this Court I was frequently with him, and he professes
+the same ardent desire to serve us as ever.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot forbear mentioning to the Committee, my sense of the friendly
+and polite conduct of the Count de Montmorin to me ever since my
+arrival here, nor can I conclude, without remarking the good effects
+that our union, vigor, and perseverance have had in Europe. A
+continuance of these will render us respectable to our enemies, and of
+consequence to our friends.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, October 15th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>My last to the Committee was of the 25th ultimo, since which time Mr
+Jay has received a letter from Dr Franklin, to whom, as well as to the
+Count de Vergennes, he wrote on the subject of his disappointment in
+money matters here; this letter has given us much pleasure. The Court
+of France continues to manifest the same generous conduct towards us
+as ever, notwithstanding its own embarrassments for money. It has in
+fact agreed to furnish another million of livres, to answer new
+demands and old claims. Among the former, Dr Franklin comprised the
+twentyfive thousand dollars drawn by the order of Congress on Mr Jay.
+Only two bills of that sum have as yet been presented, and between
+eighty and one hundred thousand of those first drawn, all of which
+have been accepted.</p>
+
+<p>Every post augments the sum, and we are still uncertain whether money
+will be procured in time to pay them, particularly should the bills
+for the whole soon come to hand. The Minister apparently has
+endeavored, and is endeavoring, to procure money for this purpose. M.
+Gardoqui, who will probably succeed M. Miralles, and a gentleman who
+planned the loan I mentioned in my letter of the 9th ultimo, are
+interesting themselves in this business. If either of these gentlemen
+can procure money, or if the Crown can obtain it by other means, it is
+probable that Mr Jay will be furnished with a part, if not the whole
+of the money necessary for this use. But I am still afraid its ability
+will not correspond with our wants and our wishes. The Court has given
+orders to enable Mr Har<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>rison at Cadiz, to obtain and ship the
+clothing for ten regiments, mentioned in my last. This gentleman is a
+native of Maryland, is well known in that State, and has on this, as
+on all occasions, manifested a disinterested zeal in the service of
+his country.</p>
+
+<p>There is no alteration in the political state of Europe since my last,
+and no event of consequence in the operations of the war. The
+convention for the armed neutrality is not finally concluded, but I am
+told the Empress of Russia is determined to maintain the system
+proposed by her. The States of Holland have not yet acceded to it.
+Their Plenipotentiaries were instructed to add some articles; one of
+which is, to procure the restitution of their vessels unlawfully
+captured by the English, another to make it a common cause, in case
+the Republic should be molested in consequence of her accession, and
+also that her possessions in all parts of the world, should be
+guarantied by the contracting parties. Their mediation is also
+proposed to bring about an accommodation between the powers at war.
+These articles in the instructions, were inserted by the friends of
+England, in order to retard, if not defeat the measure, so far as it
+respected the States. It has leaked out from the Court of Petersburg,
+perhaps expressly, that the English Minister at that Court, declared
+to the Empress, that the King was disposed to respect the neutrality,
+provided Holland was excluded. This has come to the knowledge of the
+plenipotentiaries, and it is supposed on being known to the States,
+will hasten the conclusion of the affair, which must put an end to the
+piratical rapacity of Great Britain, or involve her in new and great
+difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>Two Russian vessels, captured and carried into Eng<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>land, have been
+released, while Dutch vessels with similar cargoes are condemned. The
+Court of Portugal has given orders to equip several vessels of war,
+and seems inclined at present to preserve a strict neutrality,
+prompted to this more by fear than inclination. The combined fleet is
+still at Cadiz, it consists of between forty and fifty sail of the
+line, and has provisions on board for six months. The Count d'Estaing
+has provided clothing for the winter, for his seamen and marines, and
+M. de Guichen is expected with much impatience. His destination is a
+secret, but I think he has a strong desire of visiting our part of the
+world once more. He will not be inactive, if he can avoid being so.</p>
+
+<p>The Committee will probably take notice of an article in the foreign
+papers, which mentions a revolt in Peru. This if true and serious as
+represented, would be an event as important as disagreeable. I have as
+yet no reason to believe it of the nature represented, if true. The
+Ministry have taken no extraordinary measures, in consequence of this
+intelligence, except the fitting out some packet boats for that part
+of the world, which may be done to obtain more regular advice, than
+they have had from thence for some time past. If it should appear,
+that there is any foundation for this report, you may depend on my
+endeavors to give the earliest and most accurate information I can
+obtain with respect to the causes and consequences of such an event.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay means to send soon large packets to Congress, to which I beg
+leave to refer the Committee for more minute details on the subject of
+this and my other letters, than I can furnish it, from not being in
+possession of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> various papers, and communications which respect
+the mission.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, November 28th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I did myself the honor of addressing the Committee frequently in the
+course of the last month; this letter, therefore, can furnish little
+besides a confirmation of what I then believed to be the disposition
+of the Court, of the state of Europe, and of this part of it more
+particularly, derived from the best information in my power to obtain.</p>
+
+<p>I have in a great measure confined my inquiries to two objects, the
+situation of the finances of Spain and its disposition toward us and
+our ally. Every day gives me reason to think the former are critically
+circumstanced. I know from good authority the ways and means for the
+next year are not devised yet, and I have great reason to believe that
+the necessary funds cannot be procured by taxation, because the
+augmentation of the present year's taxes has not produced what the
+Ministry expected, and neither the commerce nor produce of Spain will
+permit further efforts in this way. In short, the current expenses of
+1780 have exceeded the revenue twentyfive millions of dollars, and
+notwithstanding, the arrearages to the public creditors are
+considerable.</p>
+
+<p>The loan for nine millions of dollars, mentioned in my former letters,
+is not yet completed, in part owing to the obstacles thrown in its way
+by M. Necker. The resent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>ment of the Spanish Ministry, which this
+interference excited, has not yet subsided, and I am afraid the
+prejudices thereby excited will not soon be eradicated, although
+common interest may stifle them apparently at present. The mode of
+raising money in the manner heretofore mentioned may become the only
+plan practicable, should others now in contemplation not succeed, and
+Spain may be obliged to have recourse to paper, from inability to
+procure money by other methods.</p>
+
+<p>The Court of Great Britain is well informed of their situation through
+Mr Cumberland, their emissary here, who spends a great deal of money.
+Influenced by which, and other advices, the King has, in his speech to
+Parliament, openly avowed his determination to prosecute the war with
+vigor, and he will be supported by a great majority in both houses.
+From the best information I have been able to collect, I am sorry to
+tell you, that the nation will be able to borrow the sum demanded for
+the expenditures of 1781, which with the usual vote of credit at the
+end of the session, will amount to sixteen millions sterling at least.
+The scheme of the Ministry to effect this is not yet public, but I am
+told, it will be on similar conditions to those of the present year.
+Ninetytwo thousand men are voted for the marine, and I have reason to
+think a considerable reinforcement will be sent early to the
+southward, and that agreeably to a proposition of Sir J. Amherst, the
+enemy means to occupy and fortify strongly a port near the month of
+Chesapeake Bay, from which with a strong garrison and a naval force,
+they hope to interrupt the navigation of the Bay, and by frequent
+incursions prevent the States of Maryland and Virginia from sending
+supplies of men, &amp;c. &amp;c. to the Carolinas. Among the troops men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>tioned
+to be embarked there, are three regiments of light dragoons. Your
+servants nearer Great Britain will give you more accurate information.</p>
+
+<p>I am persuaded that our ally will take early measures for defeating
+these designs. This latter information is derived indirectly from
+conversations with men in a situation to be well informed. The
+disposition of this Court depends much on its hopes of obtaining the
+objects for which it commenced the war, and I should not merit the
+confidence reposed in me if I did not tell you plainly, that I believe
+that the exclusive possession of the Gulf of Mexico is the favorite
+object, and that if they cannot obtain it by a connexion with the
+United States, they will endeavor to procure it, by a general, if not
+by a separate peace, to which the King's good faith is, perhaps, at
+present the greatest obstacle. The Congress knows best the situation
+of their affairs, and I hope it may be such as to enable them to
+preserve the rights of all the States.</p>
+
+<p>As I have frequent occasions of seeing the foreign Ministers here, and
+their Secretaries, I am too often obliged to remark their partiality
+for Great Britain, and jealousy of the house of Bourbon, particularly
+those of Russia, Vienna, Sardinia, Portugal, and Holland. Some of
+these, in my opinion, are the best spies England employs here.
+Jealousy on the one hand, and on the other compassion and admiration,
+begin to take the place of envy and interest. The transition from
+these to friendship and support is not difficult, if their masters do
+not differ in sentiments from their servants. Our perseverance, vigor,
+and exertions occasion a hesitation with respect to the event of the
+war, which augments or diminishes in proportion to their ideas of the
+intentions of this Court, which leads me to think it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> probable, that
+if Spain would enter into positive engagements with the United States,
+the hopes of the enemy to divide the allies would be at an end; the
+neutral powers would think our independence certain, and would
+endeavor to terminate the war, while Great Britain is in such a
+situation as to be able to preserve her other possessions.</p>
+
+<p>Should the situation of affairs in America be in a worse situation
+than I hope they are, and should the Congress judge it necessary for
+their establishment to make further advances and sacrifices, permit me
+to take the liberty of observing, that these offers should be
+accompanied with a proviso of this Court's avowing the independence of
+the States immediately, otherwise the offers should be considered as
+null, and no pretensions formed thereon in a treaty for a general
+peace. At the same time, it might suit the States to procure a sum in
+specie from the Spanish settlements in America, and to obtain certain
+advantages of preference in the admission of the produce of their
+fisheries into the ports of Spain. I think it my duty to write you
+fully and freely the sentiments which arise from the opportunity of
+information you have given me, and should be happy to give you such as
+would be more acceptable to you, and more conformable to my wishes.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay has received and accepted your bills to the amount of fifteen
+thousand dollars, and I hope will be enabled to pay them; but this
+business has thwarted the other part of his mission here, in showing
+our necessities so plainly. For this Court seems to expect equivalents
+for services rendered, and the interest of money advanced to us is not
+its object. This leads me to repeat what I mentioned in a former
+letter, of the King's satisfaction for a resolution of Congress,
+permitting the exportation of flour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> to the Havana, and that every
+similar manifestation of amity will much contribute to counteract the
+intrigues of the enemy here. The Minister of the Indies lately assured
+me, that his Majesty had directed him to return thanks, through the
+Chevalier de la Luzerne, for the respect shown at the interment of M.
+Miralles.</p>
+
+<p>Having mentioned this gentleman, I am induced to speak of his intended
+successor, M. Gardoqui, who has now been named near five months, yet
+is still here. This detention is one reason among many others, which
+makes me fear the Court has not taken a decisive part for the next
+year, although the last declarations of the Minister on this subject
+were clear and positive. I have purposely omitted speaking of the
+operations of the war in Europe, and other articles of intelligence,
+in order to have it in my power to give you the latest I have
+received. I hear from England, that Mr Laurens is closely confined,
+and treated as a prisoner of State. The Committee may be persuaded,
+that retaliation on some of the English prisoners of consequence, will
+be regarded in Europe as a proof of the confidence of Congress in the
+support of the people.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of the proposed treaty with the States of Holland, was taken
+among the papers of Mr Laurens, and sent by the British Ministry to
+the Stadtholder, who endeavored to criminate the Pensionary of
+Amsterdam and those concerned with him, in consequence of this
+discovery. He is, however, supported by the Regency, and this step of
+the Stadtholder, not having the effect intended, Sir Joseph Yorke has
+presented a violent and menacing Memorial to the States, demanding the
+punishment of the Pensionary and his accomplices.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> I am advised that
+this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> Memorial has irritated in place of intimidating, and that since
+four of the seven States have agreed to accede to the armed
+neutrality, the persons attacked by the British Court have no
+apprehensions, and, possibly, the capture of these papers may
+eventually be of great advantage to the United States, by
+precipitating the conduct of England, and obliging the States to take
+a part contrary to their dispositions, and, perhaps, to the interest
+of one or other nation. The situation of M. Dumas is rendered more
+critical by this circumstance, and it would be injustice to him not to
+mention, that he is indefatigable to contribute to our information by
+his correspondence, and by his frequent publications to represent our
+situation in the most favorable point of view.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay will transmit Congress a full state of our affairs here, with
+all the papers necessary to elucidate it. I have seen but one letter
+from Congress since my residence in Spain, from which I conjecture Mr
+Jay has received but one. He informs me he has written Congress, that
+it has not been my fault, that all copies of letters for their
+inspection did not appear with my signature. In the month of May, I
+answered in writing the instructions he gave me at Cadiz, as I did
+<em>viva voce</em> at Aranjues in April, before he entered Madrid. I should
+not mention this circumstance to the Committee, if I did not know that
+copies of these instructions had been forwarded to Congress, and only
+abstracts of the most important part of my answer sent them; I will
+take the liberty, therefore, of sending by the first safe opportunity
+the whole of my answer, from no other motive than that of evincing my
+desire to comply in every point with the duties of the trust reposed
+in me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span><em>P. S. December 8th.</em>&mdash;The Count d'Estaing sailed the 7th ult. from
+Cadiz, and, as yet, we have no news of his arrival in France. Mr
+Cumberland is still here, and waits an answer to despatches sent by
+the Abbé Hussey to England, which is daily expected. Mr Jay has
+received a letter from the Count de Vergennes, that France cannot
+provide for the payment of your bills here. But I always hope the
+credit of America must not be ruined for want of £100,000 sterling,
+although, personally, your servants have not money to pay their debts.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">W. C.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> See all the above papers in the Annual Register for 1780,
+pp. 356&ndash;380.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, December 19th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I wrote to the Committee the 20th ult. to which letter I beg leave to
+refer them. Having now an opportunity of writing by a vessel, which
+conveys a copy of my last, I seize it to inform them that the
+situation of our affairs here is much the same as at that period. Mr
+Jay has received near eighteen thousand dollars to pay the bills first
+accepted, and this, with the twentyfive thousand expected from France,
+will give us a respite until the month of March. In the interval, I
+hope the Court will enable Mr Jay to answer the others as they become
+due, though this will depend much on the facility it finds to procure
+money. I have reason to think that the Ministry expect some treasure
+from America, that they hope to negotiate in Holland a loan of forty
+millions of reals, and another at home and abroad for eight millions
+of dollars. I shall be glad to see these expectations realised.</p>
+
+<p>The States of Holland have acceded to the armed neu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>trality;
+notwithstanding this, the English contrive to take their ships every
+day, and it is not improbable, that orders have been given to attack
+their possessions in the East Indies. No satisfaction has, as yet,
+been given by the States in answer to the Memorial of Sir Joseph
+Yorke, mentioned in my last. The Dutch Minister and his Secretary have
+each told me, that it would be considered as words, and answered as
+such.</p>
+
+<p>The Empress Queen is dead, which leaves the Emperor to act at full
+liberty. He is said to be ambitious and revengeful, and well disposed
+to Great Britain. I know that his Envoy at this Court is strongly
+attached to the interests of that country; but his father, the Prince
+de Kaunitz, was too long the favorite of the mother, to expect to hold
+the same influence with the son. It is to be hoped, that the ensuing
+campaign will pass, before the Emperor can be in a situation to
+embroil the affairs of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The Count d'Estaing, who sailed from Cadiz the 7th ultimo, was not
+arrived in France at the departure of the last courier. This is an
+unlucky circumstance, as it will retard the operations of the ensuing
+year. Mr Cumberland is still here, and entertains hopes of success, or
+affects to do so. The Count de Montmorin seems to have no
+apprehensions, and while that is the case, I flatter myself that we
+need not be uneasy at a circumstance, which in itself is very
+extraordinary. I do not think, however, that M. Gardoqui will leave
+Spain, until all hopes of negotiation cease. We have no advices, or
+indeed arrivals, since the departure of the frigate, which brought the
+son of M. Rochambeau to France. Many of the letters taken with Mr
+Laurens have been published in England. I take the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> liberty of
+reminding the Committee, that I have never had the honor, as yet, to
+receive their orders.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, January 4th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I wrote you the 24th ultimo,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> since which I am advised, that the
+Abbé Hussey is on his way from Lisbon to this capital, as is supposed
+with further propositions on the part of England. I think they will be
+as fruitless as the former. I have the pleasure of informing you, that
+on the 19th ultimo, Great Britain declared war in form against
+Holland. A courier brought the news this morning, which has given
+great pleasure to the Court, if one may be allowed to judge from
+appearances. Expresses were immediately despatched by the Ministry to
+the sea-ports, to advise the Dutch consuls of this event, and to offer
+the protection of convoys, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>It is supposed, that the Empress of Russia will resent this
+declaration of England, as it is posterior to the notification of the
+accession of the Republic to the armed neutrality, which is the real
+though not the alleged cause of the war, for I make no doubt events
+will discover, that this measure was resolved the instant the English
+Ministry knew, that the accession of the States to that treaty was
+inevitable. I shall take care to give you minute and regular advice of
+the consequences likely to result from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> this event; meantime permit me
+to felicitate you on the acquisition of new friends.</p>
+
+<p>The English fleet returned to Portsmouth in a bad condition, without
+having made any attempt against that of Count d'Estaing, of which they
+were thrice in view. The French fleet was not arrived when the courier
+who brought the agreeable intelligence before mentioned left France.
+This Court expects to obtain the sums necessary for the expenses of
+the year. I hope to transmit the plan of the proposed loan in my next
+letters.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> Lest my letter of the 24th ultimo should miscarry, I repeat,
+that the Court has engaged to supply Mr Jay with three millions of
+reals, in addition to eighteen thousand dollars already furnished,
+which with the twentyfive thousand promised by France, will nearly pay
+the bills already presented, and I hope ways and means will be found,
+to provide for the payment of the residue, drawn and sold before
+reception of Mr Jay's letters of advice.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">W. C.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Missing.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, January 29th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>My last advised the Committee of the declaration of Great Britain
+against Holland; the capture of a great number of prizes, in
+consequence of this unexpected attack encourages the former, and has
+greatly irritated the latter. The States, Zealand excepted, seem
+disposed to act with vigor against the common enemy. If they
+per<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>severe, they may finally disappoint their rapacious projects. They
+depend on the interference of Russia, and I believe with reason,
+although a day or two ago, the Count de Kaunitz, the Imperial
+Ambassador here, offered his master's mediation, in conjunction with
+the Empress of Russia to terminate the differences subsisting between
+the belligerent powers. No answer to this offer has yet been given.
+The Minister from Russia has not yet received the orders of his Court
+thereon.</p>
+
+<p>The offer is rather ill timed, and I have reason to think is not very
+agreeable to the Courts of Versailles and Madrid, which will act with
+entire union on this occasion, and as long as the present King of
+Spain lives, it is probable, that this good understanding will
+continue on the whole continent, although there are some here, I
+believe, who would wish to see it interrupted. While it subsists Spain
+will not abandon our interests, though it may not support them with
+such good will, as they would have been induced to do by the
+obligations of previous engagements with the United States. It is not
+likely that these will soon take place, notwithstanding the appearance
+of good will, and repeated assurances which Mr Jay has received of his
+Majesty's favorable disposition. Nor will the late change of measures
+adopted by Congress effect this, if I am not misinformed. I have not
+seen these resolutions in full, nor do I know that Mr Jay has received
+them, but I have reason to believe, that the Court has a knowledge of
+them, either by intercepted letters, or by a direct communication from
+America. In short I repeat to the Committee, what I have taken the
+liberty of remarking before, that it was probably the policy of this
+Court to leave the adjustment of their claims to be settled at the
+general nego<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>tiation of a treaty of peace, and to reserve to
+themselves the liberty of acting then according to circumstances,
+unless they can previously secure in their own manner their favorite
+objects. This accords with the conduct they have hitherto observed,
+and with maxims of policy long adopted and persevered in by this
+Court.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, they show a decided disposition to continue the war.
+They expect some treasure from America. They are likely to procure
+eight millions of dollars on loan, and have propositions from other
+quarters. The taxes have been augmented this year, the produce of the
+last having, as I have been told, fallen short of the expectations of
+the Ministry. They have thirtysix sail of the line under sailing
+orders at Cadiz, which fleet will probably cruise to meet the treasure
+ships expected, and to intercept the succors destined to Gibraltar.
+They have ordered a press throughout the kingdom to fill up their
+regiments. The ships with the treasure were to sail from Vera Cruz to
+the Havana the 11th of October. The Court seems apprehensive of the
+Emperor's intentions, and cultivates the friendship of the King of
+Prussia, for which purpose it is about to send a Minister to Berlin,
+where they have had none for many years past. This matter is not yet
+public, and will undoubtedly chagrin the Court of Vienna.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay has been promised a part of the three millions of reals,
+mentioned in my former letters, to enable him to discharge the bills,
+which become due the ensuing month, and, I suppose, will receive the
+whole as the bills become payable, until the sum is exhausted, before
+which time, funds must be provided for such as have since been
+presented, or may hereafter come to hand. It is with pain I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> have
+lately entered to the amount of between thirty or forty thousand
+dollars, at three months' sight, as there is yet no certainty of their
+being paid, yet I flatter myself that the Court, with the good
+disposition it appears to have, will not suffer our credit to be
+ruined, after what it has done and promised to do to preserve it.</p>
+
+<p>M. Gardoqui, so often mentioned, will embark in six weeks or two
+months. Mr Cumberland is still here, inspiring all the distrust and
+jealousy in his power to prejudice our affairs. I hope, however, he
+will soon be dismissed. Vigorous preparations are making in France,
+and I flatter myself that the Count d'Estaing will once more visit our
+coasts in force. I believe he desires it, and I am told he is on good
+terms with the new Minister of Marine. The Count de Vergennes was in a
+bad state of health by the last advices from Paris, but for
+information from that quarter, I refer the Committee to letters I
+suppose Congress will receive from Dr Franklin. It is with hesitation
+I venture to give my sentiments, and if I should be deceived, it is
+not for want of pains, but of opportunity of obtaining more accurate
+information.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, February 22d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>My last was of the 29th ult. since which, I have deferred writing, in
+hopes of having it in my power to give the Committee more distinct
+information of the actual situation of affairs in Europe at this
+important crisis, when its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> attention is turned to the conduct of the
+Empress of Russia and the armed neutrality, and to that of the
+Emperor, who, notwithstanding the offer of mediation, I had the honor
+to mention in my last, is, as I am informed, regarded with a jealous
+and suspicious eye. But the vessels, which take on board part of the
+clothing, of which I advised you at the time, and since it was
+promised, being about to sail, I seize the present occasion of
+writing, lest another from the ports of this kingdom should not soon
+present itself.</p>
+
+<p>Our affairs here are in much the same state as when I last wrote the
+Committee. No further progress has been made in the negotiation. Mr
+Jay has received various letters and papers from Congress, dated in
+October. This day he has obtained an order for thirtytwo thousand
+dollars, to pay for part of the clothing to be shipped at Cadiz, of
+which he has not yet received the invoices, and to discharge the bills
+due this month. The Minister promises to furnish the whole of the
+three millions of reals mentioned in former letters, and to contribute
+to our further relief, as far as the exigencies of the State will
+permit him. These, I have reason to think, are urgent and great, and
+that the funds arising from the revenues and loans are, for the most
+part, appropriated before they are received.</p>
+
+<p>I am not informed, that any positive answer has been given yet to the
+Emperor's offer of mediation. It is ill-timed, and I believe, in
+reality, is not well taken. I know that this Court is about to send a
+Minister to Berlin, where they have had none for a long time. The
+circumstances of such an appointment at this juncture, seem to imply
+apprehensions of the Emperor's intentions. I enclose two extracts of
+letters sent to me by M. Dumas, which contain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> intelligence that
+indicates the intentions of the Empress of Russia. The first letter I
+know to be genuine, for I saw the substance of it here in <em>good</em>
+hands, before I received M. Dumas's letter. If the Empress does not
+openly declare against England, she will, at all events, protect the
+Dutch commerce, and this must terminate speedily in open hostilities.
+I have observed, of late, a change of conduct in the Russian
+Ambassador at this Court, whom I have an opportunity of meeting
+frequently in company; from being cold and distant, he is complaisant
+and affable. I also find him very attentive to the French Ambassador.</p>
+
+<p>Portugal has been much pressed by Russia to accede to the treaty of
+the armed neutrality, but the English party at this Court is too
+strong to expect success from these applications. The attachment of
+this King to his deceased sister, and at present to his niece, the
+Queen of Portugal, will prevent any violent measures being taken by
+our ally or Spain, to force that nation to adopt other measures. The
+republican party in Holland are in good spirits. Zealand has dropped
+the opposition it made to hostile measures, so that at present there
+is an unanimity in the States on that interesting point.</p>
+
+<p>The troops for America were embarked, or embarking, the last of the
+past month. They consist of three or four thousand men (recruits
+included), and of Fullarton's and another ragged regiment, to use the
+words of Mr Edmund Jennings, who gives this information. The greater
+part of these, it is supposed, are destined to the East Indies, and
+Commodore Johnson is named by the public to command an expedition,
+which is to attack the Cape of Good Hope on its passage. The Ministry
+in England is the same.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> They have a great majority in Parliament. The
+Protestant associations begin to stir a little. Lord G. Gordon is
+acquitted. Stocks have fallen considerably since the Dutch war, not
+less than two and a half or three per cent. The subscriptions for the
+loans of the present year, it is generally believed, will be paid in
+slowly. Our ally pushes the preparations for the present campaign
+vigorously, but on the 14th instant the commander was not named for
+the fleet, which is to sail next month for the American seas, and
+which I am told, will consist of twentyfive sail of the line. I have
+no exact account of the number of troops to be embarked, but the
+lowest computation makes them consist of seven thousand men. The Count
+de Maurepas was ill by the last advices from Paris.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish squadron of thirty sail of the line is at sea, that of
+England it is supposed will sail about this period of time. Mr
+Cumberland gives out, that he has demanded a passport of the Court,
+but that he is told to have patience. I hope, however, he will not
+stay here long. M. Gardoqui will, probably, embark in all next month
+or the beginning of April. I beg the Committee to consider the
+intelligence I give them from time to time, particularly that from
+other countries, as the latest and most authentic I can procure, but
+for the truth of which I cannot vouch.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, March 4th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I have received the enclosed letters from M. Dumas since my last of
+the 22d ultimo, copies of which I sent to Cadiz, to be forwarded in
+the vessels, that take from thence part of the clothing mentioned in
+my former letters. The remainder will I hope soon be embarked on board
+of other vessels, lately arrived in that port from America. As soon as
+Mr Jay receives the invoices, I will transmit copies thereof to the
+Committee. I also enclose the last accurate state of the British sea
+force in Europe. The squadron supposed to be destined for the relief
+of Gibraltar, sailed the 18th ultimo. The Spanish fleet, of nearly
+thirty sail of the line, is now at sea to impede their operations, so
+that important advices are daily expected from the coast. The exact
+number of the English squadron is not known. Count de Grasse is
+finally chosen to command the Brest squadron for the American seas,
+and is by this time nearly ready to sail.</p>
+
+<p>Our affairs are in much the same situation as heretofore. It is not
+yet known here what part the Empress of Russia will take, although it
+is generally believed, it cannot be but unfavorable to Great Britain.
+Mr Cumberland is still here. M. Gardoqui will embark the last of this
+or first of next month. I make no doubt before his departure, Mr Jay
+will know the character by which he is to announce him to Congress. I
+have no reason to believe, that he will not have formal credentials
+from the Court, for otherwise, notwithstanding the information given
+in consequence of Mr Jay's conference relative to him with the
+Minister, I suppose Congress can only regard him as an individual.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>A late publication in the <em>Courier de l'Europe</em>, extracted from
+Rivington's Gazette, asserting a mutiny of a considerable number of
+continental troops in the beginning of January, made considerable
+impression here, which happily we have had it in our power to remove
+by some arrivals from the northward. Considerable apprehensions and
+jealousies are entertained of the views of the States, of forming
+powerful establishments on the Ohio and Mississippi, in consequence of
+some publications in our papers, and other advices received by the
+Court, which has much better and more regular intelligence of our
+affairs than Mr Jay. This must be the case as long as the letters of
+Congress are confided to the common post in France and in this
+country. The difference of expense could not be so considerable to the
+public, as might be conceived, and the advantages are important. I am
+persuaded the Ministers of the above named nations, receive more
+information from the letters written to the public servants of
+Congress in Europe, than from those they employ in America. All the
+couriers of the Empress of Russia are officers of her army. We have at
+present, I presume, many young men on half pay in consequence of the
+late arrangements of our army, who would be happy to make these
+voyages in the public packets, who might be limited or brought to
+strict account for their expenses, and receive instructions from the
+Committee to answer public purposes, and be promoted or disgraced
+according to their execution of them. I beg the Committee will impute
+these suggestions to the true motive, a regard to the public service.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, March 11th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last of the 4th instant, I know of a certainty, that Mr
+Cumberland, so often mentioned in former letters, will soon leave this
+kingdom, and pursue his voyage to England by way of France. His
+departure would indicate, that all negotiations for an accommodation
+were at an end, if there was not reason to believe, that conferences
+on that subject are likely to take place in consequence of the offer
+of mediation made to the belligerent powers by the Emperor. As I have
+not the last mentioned intelligence from our <em>friends</em>, I give it with
+hesitation and not as certain. In a little time I hope to have it in
+my power, to give fuller information to the Committee on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Grasse left Paris the end of February, to take the
+command of the fleet for the American seas. I am afraid this fleet, or
+even a part of it, will not appear on our coasts until the month of
+July. I form my conjectures however from very minute circumstances,
+and may perhaps be deceived. The English grand fleet has not yet made
+its appearance. A very numerous convoy of provision vessels, &amp;c. &amp;c.
+sail with it for the East and West Indies and for America. Mr Adams
+has opened a loan in Holland for one million of florins, of which we
+shall soon know the probable success. I send enclosed the plan of the
+loan in the first copy of this letter, but finding it published in the
+Dutch and foreign papers, I suppose the Committee will receive it
+before this can reach them. The mutiny of the Pennsylvania line has
+had a bad effect in Europe, and our enemies have been indefatigable
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> represent it in the worst colors. I hope Congress has been able to
+pacify the discontented, and that as they have hitherto done, they
+will still overcome all obstacles to the freedom, tranquillity, and
+importance, of the United States.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Aranjues, May 25th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last of the 16th instant, the French Ambassador has received
+the agreeable intelligence, that M. de la Motte Piquet fell in with
+the St Eustatia fleet, consisting of thirtyfour sail, of which he
+captured twentyfour, their escort, two seventyfour gun ships and two
+frigates, having escaped by their superior swiftness; four other
+vessels of the same fleet I hear are taken. The captain of a packet
+boat, arrived at Corunna from Newport, says, that he was chased in the
+latitude of the Azores by the English fleet, which consisted of
+eighteen sail of the line. The Spanish squadron has not been heard of
+since it sailed.</p>
+
+<p>Thirtysix transports, of two hundred and two hundred and fifty tons,
+are taken up at Cadiz on government account, and provisions for eight
+thousand men for four months are ordered. The destination of the
+armament is a secret, but there is reason to think it is either
+intended for the West Indies or for their own settlements in Peru. If
+for the former, it will hardly commence its operations before the
+month of November, when the Count de Grasse will be able to join it,
+after his return from our coasts.</p>
+
+<p>Many bills, drawn by Congress last year, have already<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> been presented
+and accepted by Mr Jay; the funds are not yet provided for their
+payment, but I hope the advices lately received from Congress will
+produce a change of conduct in this Court. I allude to a letter from
+the Committee, which came in the Virginia to Cadiz. I am persuaded the
+Minister was informed of its contents before it reached Mr Jay, for
+the packets were stopped at Cadiz, and bore evident marks of having
+been inspected.</p>
+
+<p>The Committee must be sensible, that a negotiation will ever be
+carried on to our disadvantage, when the parties with whom their
+Minister treats, are thus early informed of the most secret intentions
+of Congress. This apprehension renders my correspondence with the
+Committee more irregular than it would otherwise be, for I am often
+obliged to wait ten days or more, for safe opportunities of conveying
+my letters by private hands to Cadiz, Bilboa, or the ports of France,
+to prevent a previous examination of them here.</p>
+
+<p>I hope soon to write by M. Gardoqui, but I have so often advised you
+of this gentleman's intended departure, and then been so often
+disappointed, that I cannot give full belief to the late information I
+have received on this subject.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Aranjues, May 26th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>The Court being at this place at present, Mr Jay has judged proper to
+reside here until it returns to Madrid,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> from which city I addressed
+the Committee the 23d ult. Mr Jay, since his arrival here, has seen
+the Minister and been civilly received. He will inform Congress of
+what passed on this occasion. M. de la Motte Piquet, whose squadron
+could not be ready in time to join M. de Cordova, and enable the
+Spanish fleet to oppose that of England, destined to relieve
+Gibraltar, sailed on a cruise the 24th ult. to intercept the homeward
+bound fleet from St Eustatia, or one from the leeward Islands. The
+English squadron, after relieving Gibraltar, is gone to cruise off the
+Azores or the Canaries, to intercept the fleet from the Havana with
+treasure, the amount of which I mentioned in my last; this, at least,
+is the opinion of several well informed people here. That of Spain has
+cruised for it to escort it into port, I believe, on a presumption,
+that the English would return to port, or detach a part of their
+squadron to reinforce their others in various parts of the world.
+Should the latter be the case, and these fleets should encounter, that
+of Spain will have greatly the advantage in number, it consisting of
+thirtytwo sail of the line.</p>
+
+<p>I have the pleasure of informing Congress, that the Court of France
+has engaged to guaranty a loan of ten millions of livres for the
+States, and to make large advances in stores and cash immediately. I
+wish it was in my power to furnish as agreeable accounts from this
+Court. The negotiation is in the same situation as when I had last the
+honor to write to the Committee, my sentiments of the motives for this
+conduct are still the same. The mediation seems at a stand, and,
+probably, will not be renewed before the end of the campaign. Troops
+have been ordered to march towards Gibraltar from various parts of
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> kingdom, but I have some reason to think, with a view to another
+object, viz. either to be sent to the West Indies or to Peru, where,
+it is said, there appears a spirit of disaffection, which creates some
+apprehensions here.</p>
+
+<p>The crop is likely to be more abundant throughout Spain, than it has
+been for many years past. I have not as yet heard, that Russia has
+taken a decided part in favor of the Dutch. Their squadron in the
+Mediterranean and at Lisbon are ordered home. The Portuguese preserve
+a strict neutrality at present. M. Gardoqui is still here, but I hope
+will embark next month. I have not had the honor of hearing from the
+Committee since I have been in Europe, and Mr Jay informs me, that he
+has received but three letters from Congress since his residence here.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Aranjues, June 2d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>The last post from France brought the news of M. Necker's removal from
+the Ministry. This change would have been agreeable to this Court some
+months ago, on account of the interference of that Minister in the
+operation of the loan mentioned in former letters. At present, it
+seems to be regarded in a disagreeable point of view, as M. Necker had
+engaged to furnish monthly, considerable sums to persons employed to
+procure money for this Court, on condition of being reimbursed in
+specie in Spanish America, and on other terms that would have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+advantageous to the lenders. Part of the specie thus procured, was
+intended for the payment of the French troops in North America, and,
+as I have been told, for the immediate service of Congress, as part of
+the sum the Court of France has lately engaged to furnish to the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>I have been told, that M. Necker was not disposed to make large
+advances to Congress, and, as a proof of this, it has been mentioned
+to me, that he opposed the King's guarantee of a loan, which Dr
+Franklin endeavored to negotiate last year at Genoa. He is said to
+have been obstinately attached to his own opinions, and of a
+haughtiness in supporting them, which the man who placed him could ill
+brook. He felt an opposition that he could not bear, and which,
+perhaps, he saw he must sink under, and, therefore, asked his
+dismission, which was granted him. He is regretted as a public loss.
+It would be presumption in me, to enter into a more minute detail on
+this subject, as your correspondents on the spot will certainly give
+the Committee much ampler information than it is in my power to do.</p>
+
+<p>Since my letter of the &mdash;&mdash; ult. I have had an opportunity of knowing,
+through the same channel of intelligence mentioned in former letters,
+that the Court of Vienna still persists in its good offices, to bring
+about conferences for a general peace. Without being able to mention
+particulars, I can assure the Committee, that in the middle of April,
+the Baron de Breteuil, Ambassador of France, at the abovementioned
+Court, insisted for the admission of an American Plenipotentiary at
+the proposed Congress. The Prince de Kaunitz lamented this
+proposition, as an obstacle that might impede a business, which the
+Emperor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> had much at heart. I have not been able to trace the demands
+of Spain, but I believe their pretensions in general, do not appear
+reasonable to the Imperial Court.</p>
+
+<p>We have had no news of the fleet since I had last the honor of writing
+to you. There is reason to think, by news received from England, that
+Darby had orders to return to that country. The expedition mentioned
+in former letters, will be ready for action in the month of July. The
+choice of officers to command it is not yet public. The negotiation is
+in the same situation.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JAMES LOVELL TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, June 15th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your several letters have been read in Congress; and your industrious
+care, to give frequent, early, and general information of those things
+in Europe, which may have influence upon our national affairs, has
+been not only highly pleasing in itself, but has acquired value
+lately, from the loss of all packets from Mr Adams, since his date of
+October 24th.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JAMES LOVELL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, August 16th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last, of the 15th ult. in which I enclosed the Committee a
+list of the combined fleet assembled at Cadiz, and of the troops to be
+embarked under the command of the Duc de Crillon, we have advices of
+the sailing of this fleet, and that the troops of the expedition
+passed the Straits of Gibraltar the 23d ult. They had, however, been
+detained by contrary winds, and had not left the neighborhood of
+Carthagena the 7th instant. The Court expects soon to hear of their
+landing in the Island of Minorca. It is the general opinion, that the
+force employed is not sufficient to take Port Mahon. The character of
+the General, who I have the honor to know intimately, does not accord
+with this idea. The combined fleet by the last advices was cruising
+off Cape Spartel. That of England, commanded by Darby, is at sea, to
+the number of twentythree or twentyfive sail. The Dutch fleet sailed
+on the 23d ult. and consists of seventeen sail in the whole, it is
+said to be destined to the northern seas, where England has a squadron
+inferior in number of vessels, under the command of Sir Hyde Parker.</p>
+
+<p>Our negotiation seems to be in a better train, and it is not
+improbable, that Mr Jay will be able to terminate our affairs with
+Spain previous to the general negotiation, which is much talked of at
+present among the <em>corps diplomatique</em> here. The number of couriers
+who pass and repass between the Courts of Versailles, this, and those
+of Vienna and Petersburg gives occasion to those conjectures. Mr Adams
+has been lately sent for by the Count de Ver<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>gennes, and, as I am
+informed, has had conferences with that Minister. If this should be
+the case, the Committee will have from the first authority, more ample
+details on this subject, than can be learnt from second and third
+hands.</p>
+
+<p>The United Provinces of Holland, &amp;c. appear much divided, and seem
+more employed in party quarrels and private interests, than in pursuit
+of measures for the public advantage and honor. I fear the republican
+party lost ground by their late attack against the Duke of Brunswick.
+This Court continue to borrow money, and have just concluded a loan
+for three millions of dollars, to be refunded in the Havana and Vera
+Cruz, one million in the present year, and two in 1782. They have
+other loans in contemplation, of the general nature of which, I hope
+to be able to inform the Committee in time, although it may be
+difficult to obtain the minute particulars and conditions of these
+loans. The French Minister is concerned in the last mentioned, and
+will receive part, at least, of the three millions in question, which
+I hope will ultimately centre in North America.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay continues to accept the bills drawn on him; between twenty and
+thirty thousand dollars have been accepted, for which, as yet, no
+funds are provided, but I hope we have not much to fear for their
+payment. I have rendered Mr Jay accounts of all our money transactions
+here, which, with his usual regularity, he will transmit to Congress,
+as also minute details of his other transactions here. Among the bills
+presented, it may not be improper to mention, that several have been
+endorsed by people in America, payable to merchants in Great Britain
+and Ireland. If this does not accord with the ideas of Congress, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+treasury will be instructed to convey to Mr Jay further directions on
+this subject.</p>
+
+<p>Although much is said of the forwardness of the negotiations &mdash;&mdash;
+peace, it is not probable that the preliminaries to be fixed on
+previous to the opening of the conferences can be adjusted, until the
+fate of the campaign is known, particularly if this Court acts with
+its usual deliberation, which some call dilatoriness. If the
+expedition against Minorca succeeds, and if money can be procured for
+the operations of the war, it is the opinion of some persons who are
+well informed, that the general peace will meet with more obstacles
+here than elsewhere. I have already written to the Committee, that the
+Court of Vienna found the pretensions of this Court extravagant. Its
+great objects of the war, are the possession of the entire navigation
+of the Gulf of Mexico, and Gibraltar. These are said to be the King's
+objects, who is in a good state of health, and follows with the same
+ardor his daily occupation of the chase. There is no talk of a change
+of Ministry. The fleet from Buenos Ayres, mentioned in former letters,
+is arrived, and I am afraid M. Solano will be more attentive to the
+safe arrival of that from the Havana, than to the prosecution of the
+plan of operations formed with our ally. The affairs of Great Britain
+in the east, are in a bad situation, and in consequence thereof India
+stock has fallen eight per cent.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, September 28th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Since my letter of the 14th instant,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> the Minister has notified to
+Mr Jay the King's intentions of naming a person to treat with him;
+there is reason to think his nomination and instructions will have his
+Majesty's approbation on Sunday next, though possibly it may not be
+formally communicated until the Court is at the Escurial, to which
+place the royal family goes the 10th of next month.</p>
+
+<p>M. Del Campo, whom I mentioned in my last, is the person who probably
+will be chosen. I repeat his name lest that letter should miscarry; he
+is First Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and acting Secretary of
+the Council of State; and has the reputation of possessing great
+abilities and application to business, and I believe he merits what is
+said of him. He has also the entire confidence of the Count de Florida
+Blanca; his residence in England as Secretary of the embassy there,
+and his attention to Mr Cumberland and family while here, occasioned
+some to believe him secretly inclined to the interests of that
+country, but I believe without foundation, for I know that Mr
+Cumberland left this country much chagrined, and I believe he was the
+dupe of this gentleman's policy. I have had the satisfaction of being
+on very good terms with him for several months past, and have often
+expressed to him my hopes and wishes, that he might prove another M.
+Gerard in our affairs. His being employed in this negotiation is so
+far favorable to us as its successful issue interests his own
+reputation, and will be probably a step<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> to further honors and
+employments, to which, as mentioned in my last, the public opinion
+destines him. I hope the Court is now serious in its intentions to
+conclude the negotiations, but it is still not improbable this
+business may be delayed until the fate of the campaign is known,
+unless it should be accelerated by the confirmation of news received
+from Cadiz last week, of the arrival of the Count de Grasse's squadron
+on the coast of Virginia, the consequent critical situation of the
+army of Lord Cornwallis, and the defeat of Lord Rawdon by General
+Greene.</p>
+
+<p>I shall seize every opportunity of informing the Committee of the
+progress made in this important business, and am happy to find by a
+letter I have just had the honor to receive from Mr Lovell, dated the
+15th of June, that my correspondence has contributed in any degree to
+the satisfaction of Congress, but am surprised, that so few of my
+letters have reached the Committee, for on reading the list of those
+received and comparing it with my letter book, I find several missing,
+which were sent by vessels from Bilboa and elsewhere, which I know
+arrived in safety to America, particularly my answer to Mr Jay's
+instructions to me at Cadiz, of which he sent only the state of the
+revenues and expenses of this country in the year 1778.</p>
+
+<p>I am informed by letters from Holland, that Mr Adams has had a nervous
+fever, but that he is now in a fair way to recover. The South Carolina
+frigate sailed from thence with the ships under her convoy, the 19th
+ultimo. I hope their safe arrival will convey to Congress ample
+information of the situation of their affairs in that quarter; I am
+afraid the loan does not fill fast, because I have letters from a
+house at Hamburg which mention, that Congress<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> bills to a large
+amount, that they had presented for acceptance, had been protested.
+The republican party gains ground, and the Duke of Brunswick, though
+not removed, is obliged to act with more caution, and the Stadtholder
+with more resolution and force. I am informed, that the Court of
+France has consented to replace the cargo lost in the Marquis de
+Lafayette, but Dr Franklin is not enabled to accept any more of Mr
+Jay's bills, even for our salaries.</p>
+
+<p>The rumors of a general negotiation subside, owing it is said to the
+obstinacy of Great Britain, and the demands of this Court. The
+Imperial Minister has just received a courier from his Court, charged
+with its excuses for the detention of a Spanish courier, who after
+delivering his despatches to the Spanish Ambassador at Vienna, on his
+journey from thence to Petersburg, was stopped in Hungary, and not
+permitted to proceed until released by order of the Imperial Court.
+The Imperial Minister named to the Court of Berlin from hence, will
+soon go thither; his nomination is still a secret. The Spanish
+squadron has returned to Cadiz. Major Franks will leave this next
+week. I must do this officer the justice to observe to the Committee,
+that he has conducted himself with great discretion and economy here,
+and I hope that Congress will be induced by the success and expedition
+with which he delivered their despatches to Mr Jay, to send in future
+such as are important in a similar way.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Missing.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, October 5th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>On my arrival here from St Ildefonso this day, I found the enclosed
+letters for his Excellency, the President of Congress, from M. Dumas.
+On the 14th and 28th ult. I wrote to the Committee, that the Court
+appeared more serious in its intentions of bringing on the negotiation
+than it had shown itself to be for a long time. In my last, I informed
+the Committee that M. Del Campo would, probably, be appointed to
+negotiate with Mr Jay, and that his instructions and nomination would
+have his Majesty's approbation on the night of the 30th ult. The
+Minister of State once proposed to intrust M. Gardoqui with this
+business. Yesterday, when I left the <em>Sitio</em>, the Court had not
+formally notified the appointment to Mr Jay, but from some hints I
+received from well informed persons, I have hopes that the
+communication will be made either before he comes from thence
+tomorrow, or directly after the Court is fixed at the Escurial. I
+shall, however, be very agreeably disappointed, if much progress is
+made in this affair until the fate of the campaign is known.</p>
+
+<p>The last post from France and Holland brought no news of an
+interesting nature. The French and Spanish troops, destined to
+reinforce the Duc de Crillon's army at Minorca, are not yet embarked,
+and he cannot act with effect until he receives reinforcements. It is
+said the desertion from the place is considerable. The South Carolina
+frigate, armed for that State in Holland, has put into Corunna, and I
+am concerned to find by letters from Messrs Searle and Trumbull,
+passengers on board, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> Commodore Gillon's conduct is much
+censured. Knowing Mr Searle's zeal and solicitude for the public
+interest, I must own that his letter has influenced my opinion in a
+great degree, but it would be unjust to condemn the former, before
+having seen an exposition of the reasons, which have determined his
+conduct, and which he has promised to forward to Mr Jay by express.</p>
+
+<p>The fact is, he sailed from the Texel without the ships he had engaged
+to escort, that he has cruised six or seven weeks with little success,
+and that he has been obliged to put into the port abovementioned, to
+refit and get a supply of provisions, which he writes he shall do
+immediately. It is probable Mr Jay may think proper to send me to
+Corunna in this business, which commission, I must confess, I shall
+accept with reluctance, because I not only foresee the delay and
+expense that must inevitably have place, if this government is obliged
+to interfere, but the disgrace, which must ensue from the notoriety of
+these unhappy differences between the commander and the American
+gentlemen aboard. I have another motive, which arises from the nature
+of the employment with which Congress has honored me, and which, with
+submission, I conceive does not admit of my absence at the most
+important period of the negotiation, when most knowledge is to be
+acquired of the real dispositions and intentions of this Court, and
+when I may avail myself of the esteem and confidence with which the
+proposed negotiator has appeared to honor me for several months past.
+Although, for the reasons abovementioned, and for others which I could
+add, I may leave the Court at this crisis with reluctance, I shall, if
+directed, proceed to Corunna, and execute the trust reposed in me,
+with a zeal, assiduity, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> activity, which, I hope, will always
+influence my conduct, when the public interest and reputation are in
+question.</p>
+
+<p>I enclose a letter for his Excellency, the Chevalier de la Luzerne
+from the Count de Montmorin, whose talents and warm espousal of our
+interests, not only here, but at his own Court, entitle him to the
+approbation and esteem of Congress. I just hear that the Court has
+received advices from Buenos Ayres, dated the 7th of July. These are
+very agreeable. The rebellion mentioned in my former letters is
+entirely quelled, by the defeat and capture of the Indian chief at the
+head of it, and his principal officers, cannon, treasure, &amp;c. &amp;c. It
+seems two English officers are in the number of the prisoners, and
+that many letters and papers were found, which discover that the
+Portuguese excited and fomented these disturbances.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Havana fleet is expected daily. On its arrival, perhaps, the Court
+may do something for us. But I repeat again, that little is to be
+depended on in the money way. Letters from France talk of a large
+expedition preparing at Brest. Its object is a secret. I shall seize
+every opportunity of informing the Committee of what passes in Europe
+relative to our affairs, and, in future, will multiply the copies of
+my letters to ensure their safe arrival.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> This alludes to the revolt of the celebrated Peruvian
+Chief, Tupac Amaru, of which an eloquent account is given by Dean
+Funes, in his <em>Ensayo de la Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos Ayres
+y Tucuman</em>. See North American Review, Vol. XX. p. 283.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, November 17th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>On the 2d instant the pretended Ex-Jesuit, who made so much noise in
+the English papers last winter and spring, was arrested at the
+Escurial, where he arrived the day before from Lisbon, under an
+assumed name. Commodore Johnson sent him to Rio Janeiro, in order to
+pass from thence to the Spanish settlements in Peru. He pretended to
+the Portuguese Governor, that he had been taken by Johnson on his way
+to the Caracas, but the former from some suspicion arising from the
+man's appearance and story, refused him permission to pass into the
+country, which obliged him to embark for Lisbon, at which place under
+his borrowed name he addressed Don Ferdinand Nunes, the Spanish
+Ambassador, offering to make some important discoveries to the Count
+de Florida Blanca. The former advised the Minister of these offers,
+and was directed by him to furnish the person in question with cash
+for his journey. It is said, that he was recognized the very day of
+his arrival at the Escurial, by one who knew him at Buenos Ayres. It
+is more probable, that M. Nunes knew his real character previous to
+his departure from Lisbon, for the magistrate whom the Minister of the
+Indies employs on such occasions, went to the Escurial with his
+officers, the day he arrived there, and arrested him the same evening.
+He is now in close prison, and I am told has discovered all he knew
+relative to the designs of the English, to foment the spirit of revolt
+existing in that country. This affair furnished conversation to the
+Court the few days I resided at the Escurial,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> whither I went, at the
+instance of the French Ambassador, to Mr Jay to be present at the
+<em>Besa Manos</em>, on St Carlos's day.</p>
+
+<p>I found by conversation with M. Del Campo, First Under Secretary of
+Foreign Affairs, that nothing had been done by the Court to advance
+the conferences for a treaty since it left St Ildefonso. In my letter
+of the 5th of October, I mentioned, that the gentleman abovenamed was
+nominated by the King to treat with Mr Jay; this nomination has never
+been formally communicated, but I had my information from such a
+quarter, that I am convinced the appointment was made, and the
+instructions given near about the time mentioned in my letter.
+Multiplicity of business, and the confusion occasioned by the Court's
+removal from one royal residence to another, are the present pretexts
+for this delay. The aspect of our affairs at the close of the
+campaign, the fate of which is yet unknown, and the apprehension of
+being obliged to make large advances in consequence of cementing their
+connexion with the States, are perhaps the real causes; to which may
+be added others of a different nature, though not less important to
+Ministers and courtiers.</p>
+
+<p>The palace is filled with Irish attendants, of both sexes, whose
+animosity to us and our cause is as decided and inveterate as is their
+attachment to it in America. The Princess of Asturias has on several
+occasions, and lately in particular, treated such English as come here
+with much condescension and distinction. The last instance I allude to
+happened to lady Winchelson, and the Lord her son, who came from
+America, (where he commanded a regiment) to Lisbon for his health.
+They were accompanied by a Mr Graham and his lady, and sister, both
+sisters of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> Lady Stormont, and visited the Escurial in their way to
+France.</p>
+
+<p>If the Ministers perceive any aversion in their future King and Queen
+to an alliance with us, they can easily find pretexts to retard it
+until they see their own justification in the urgency of the
+conjuncture, that may appear to have forced them into the measure.
+This however is but conjecture founded on the knowledge of some little
+incidents in the interior of the palace, and strengthened by the
+conduct of the Ministry, not only in the great object of Mr Jay's
+mission, but also in several minute particulars in which they might
+act to our satisfaction, without showing any marked partiality in our
+favor. So far from Mr Jay's having been yet able to obtain further
+succors, the French Ambassador has not procured the payment of moneys
+advanced in the month of May, by the Marquis de Yranda, to enable Mr
+Jay to discharge the bills due that month, although the Minister
+engaged his word to the Ambassador to repay this sum in equal monthly
+payments. In fact the Court itself is distressed, and with difficulty
+finds means to answer its own engagements.</p>
+
+<p>I believe I may venture to write with some certainty on this subject,
+for I have been on an intimate footing with the person who has
+transacted for the Court the most part of its money negotiations for
+more than twelve months past. I knew and cultivated him before he was
+in favor, and my introduction of him to Mr Jay, procured him the
+commission on the payment of our bills, and a considerable credit in
+consequence of the sums supposed to pass through his hands monthly for
+this purpose. As he has been the founder of the paper system in this
+country, and as he is likely soon to establish a national bank, he
+will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> probably make some figure in the annals of this reign. His name
+is Francis Cabarrus, born in Bayonne, but sent early to Spain to
+acquire a knowledge in its commerce, in which his father was
+considerably interested. His marriage at the age of nineteen (he is
+now twentynine) displeased his family, from whom after that period he
+received no assistance. With a small capital, as he himself informed
+me, he came and established a soap-work in the neighborhood of this
+city. While there he introduced himself to the notice of the Count de
+Campomanes, by becoming a member of the patriotic society, the friends
+of their country; of which the last mentioned gentleman is in a great
+measure the founder. He soon conciliated his esteem, as well as that
+of the Governor of the Council of Castile, to whom he became known by
+means of his friend and patron M. Campomanes. Through their interest
+he procured a contract to supply wheat and flour, in a time of
+scarcity, and commenced banker. The last year he proposed his plan for
+procuring cash for government, on terms mentioned in former letters.
+His genius is brilliant, active, and enterprising, with more
+imagination than solidity, although he is by no means deficient in
+acquired knowledge, arising from reading and reflection, the result of
+experience. His eloquence, enforced by a very prepossessing
+countenance and figure, seizes the heart before it convinces the
+judgment, and this joined to his knowledge of commercial and money
+transactions, has obtained for him the confidence of M. Musquiz, who
+consults him at present in all affairs of finance.</p>
+
+<p>I have thought proper to say thus much of this gentleman, not only on
+account of the part he has had, and is like to have in money matters,
+but because he has on all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> occasions manifested himself a friend to
+our cause, of which he is an enthusiastic advocate, being totally
+divested of local prejudices. He offered to procure five hundred
+thousand dollars for the States, payable at Havana on condition of
+being reimbursed by government in two years, the payments to commence
+at the expiration of two months after his orders for the delivery of
+the money to the agents of Congress were despatched. He will make the
+advances for the payment of the bills due next month, which amount to
+thirtytwo thousand dollars, and for the reimbursement of which Mr Jay
+relies on Dr Franklin, for after the delays we have experienced here,
+and the knowledge of their own distresses, there is no great reason to
+think this Court will grant us any considerable pecuniary assistance,
+unless a happy change in the situation of our affairs should
+precipitate a treaty, and lead them to extraordinary exertions, as
+proofs of their amity. The support of their fleet at Cadiz, of forty
+sail of the line, the sieges of Gibraltar and Mahon; their expensive
+armaments at the Havana, and the preparations making for an expedition
+from Europe to that quarter, which will sail next month, exhaust their
+European and American revenue, and all the resources by which they
+have hitherto obtained money.</p>
+
+<p>The insurrections in Peru augment this expense, and the same spirit of
+revolt, which seems to have extended to Mexico, will add to it. These
+discontents have been occasioned by duties imposed since the
+administration of M. Galvez, the present Minister of the Indies. The
+project was proposed by Carrasco, Marquis de la Corona, to the Marquis
+of Squillace then Minister, who was much inclined to adopt it, and
+named the projector to visit Span<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>ish America, in order to form on the
+spot the plan of its execution. He declined the mission on various
+pretexts, and another was appointed for this purpose, who died on his
+passage. M. Galvez, the present Minister of the Indies, succeeded him,
+and on his return to Spain made a report so agreeable to his Majesty,
+that it procured him the important post he now occupies.</p>
+
+<p>The novelty of these measures, joined to the vexations and impositions
+occasioned, as is said, by the collectors of them, has created much
+dissatisfaction in these countries. I have my information from some of
+the principal natives of Mexico and Peru here, and also from a
+foreigner, who obtained permission to visit Mexico, and who made the
+voyage from motives of curiosity. Four thousand troops are to be
+embarked at Cadiz for the expedition abovementioned, and it is said
+will be escorted by four vessels of the line, who at the same time
+convoy the register ships bound to the Havana and Vera Cruz. As this
+convoy will sail about the same time that the expedition from Brest
+will be ready for sea, it is probable they may form a junction. Ten
+thousand troops are to be employed in the one last mentioned, and I am
+told will sail escorted by twenty sail of the line. Part of which will
+probably join the grand fleet at Cadiz, and the rest proceed to the
+West Indies, where I have reason to think they will act in concert
+with the Spaniards. A friend of mine is to embark on board the French
+fleet as interpreter. He speaks and writes the Spanish language
+perfectly.</p>
+
+<p>I have also some reason to believe that the French naval force, and a
+larger body of troops than they have yet sent to America, will appear
+on our coasts earlier the next, than they did the present year.
+Jamaica is thought to be the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> first object of these expeditions, and
+this conjecture arises from the appointment of M. Galvez to the
+command of the Spanish force in the West Indies, whose project for
+attacking that Island is well known. In France, it is said that a part
+of the troops to be embarked at Brest, is intended for the East
+Indies; and here, that theirs are sent to suppress the revolt at Santa
+Fé, mentioned in my letter of the 17th ult.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> I rather think that
+two French ships of the line, now at Cadiz, and as many frigates, who
+have taken and are taking in provisions for a long voyage, are
+destined to the eastern part of the world, and that they will take
+with them a considerable sum in dollars, for the payment of their land
+and sea forces there. The French Ambassador has obtained, or is about
+to obtain, permission to send out of the kingdom two and a half
+million of dollars, part of which sum is probably destined to the
+purpose above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The sieges of Gibraltar and Mahon go on slowly. The operations against
+these fortresses have not been so vigorous hitherto as to promise a
+speedy reduction of either; when the efforts of these besiegers become
+more interesting, I shall transmit regular accounts of their progress.
+The Court of Great Britain proposes to send five hundred troops to
+America, exclusive of recruits, to be drawn from Germany and Ireland.
+These it is said, will sail with thirteen sail of the line in the
+course of next month. The East India Company also send a reinforcement
+of seven thousand men to the East Indies, with four sail of the line.
+If this information can be credited, the East and West India, and
+American reinforcements will sail at the same time, to insure by their
+united force their safety on the coast of Europe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>In Holland the divisions are still great, and likely to be so. The
+Provinces have not yet all agreed to the loan proposed by France for
+the use of Congress. I am informed the Stadtholder's friends give it
+all the opposition in their power. That Prince has, as I have already
+advised the Committee, been obliged to consent to the augmentation of
+the marine. The news of the birth of the Dauphin will probably reach
+America before this letter. It is expected it will be received there
+with demonstrations of satisfaction that will be highly flattering to
+the French nation. The great age and infirmities of the Count de
+Maurepas, render it probable that he will not survive the winter. The
+Queen's influence, it is thought, will increase by the birth of the
+Dauphin, and the death of this Minister. Permit me to conclude with
+the flattering hopes of a brilliant close of the campaign, which the
+well concerted plan of our General and allies communicated to me by
+the Count de Montmorin, renders highly probable. The success of this
+operation, and what is expected, may perhaps render Mr Jay's next
+information more agreeable and interesting to Congress, to whom I beg
+leave to present my humble respects.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Missing.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, December 20th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your letters of the 16th of August, and 5th of October, came to hand.
+They were read in Congress, and handed over to this office, which will
+in future, agreeably to its in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>stitution, receive and make all
+communications to and from Congress, conformable to their ordinance,
+of which I enclose a copy, having omitted it in my letters to Mr Jay.
+The importance of early and regular intelligence from Europe is so
+much felt here, that you have full credit for all the communications
+you make. I wish you would extend them so far as to permit no vessel
+to sail without letters and papers. Spanish gazettes may sometimes be
+serviceable to us.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition of the Duc de Crillon is important in many views;
+should it succeed, it will be such a blow to the British as must
+hasten a negotiation, though it may probably obstruct a peace; at any
+rate, the possession of the Island must cut the sinews of their
+Mediterranean trade. Your apprehensions about being sent to Corunna,
+will, I hope, have been groundless, as Captain Gillon's ship is not
+the property of, or under the direction of the United States. So far
+as Mr Jay's good offices can be serviceable, they undoubtedly will be
+extended. He will not think himself obliged to involve the United
+States in the expense or disgrace of Captain Gillon's misconduct, if,
+as is alleged, he has really behaved improperly. Should he determine
+to interfere, Congress make no doubt but you will conform to his
+intentions; and they rely upon your zeal and activity in the discharge
+of such trusts, as he may think proper, since he alone can judge of
+the best application of them, and will not deprive himself of the
+advantages, which your assistance and information may afford, without
+being determined by weighty and important considerations.</p>
+
+<p>It gives great pleasure here, to hear of the step that Spain is
+taking, for opening a treaty with us. The delays in that business
+begin to be resented by the people of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> country, the more
+forcibly, as they felt a high degree of respect for the Court, and
+much attachment to the people of Spain, in return for the good offices
+that they had done them. The great cause of the delay being now (as we
+hear) removed, I doubt not that the candor of the negotiators, and the
+clear views that they both have of the interest, which Spain and
+America may mutually derive from an intimate union, will remove all
+other difficulties to the wished for connexion.</p>
+
+<p>We have no other news on this side the water, than that the enemy have
+evacuated Wilmington. You, who know the spirit of disaffection which
+prevailed in some parts of North Carolina, and the commerce which it
+is capable of carrying on, particularly at this time, in articles for
+the supply of the West India markets, will see the important sacrifice
+the enemy have been obliged to make in thus quitting this post, and
+abandoning the only friends in America, upon whose fidelity and
+attachment they could rely.</p>
+
+<p>I need not repeat to you, that I shall at all times think myself happy
+in hearing from you, independent of the advantage that the public may
+derive from your letters. They will be particularly agreeable to me,
+as they may be made the means of increasing the number of friends,
+which your zeal and attention has already procured you.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, with great esteem, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, December 20th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my letter of the 17th ult. to the Committee of Foreign Affairs,
+I have had the pleasure to hear of your appointment to the office of
+Secretary for that department, and although I have not any official
+directions, respecting my future correspondence, in consequence of
+this change, I take the liberty of addressing you as I have hitherto
+done the Committee, on the subject of our affairs here, their
+situation, and that of the powers with whom we have, or may hereafter
+have, connexions. At the same time permit me to entreat you, Sir, to
+inform me, whether it is judged necessary, that I should continue this
+correspondence, having done it hitherto with a view to multiply the
+channels of information to Congress, and not from an expectation of
+conveying any material intelligence, which they will not ultimately
+receive in a fuller manner from Mr Jay and their other Ministers; to
+the former of whom I communicate instantly every information I can
+procure here, or by my foreign correspondence. I have been induced to
+continue this correspondence, from another motive, which is, that I
+find that others employed as secretaries here, are directed by their
+respective Courts, to write either to the Minister for Foreign
+Affairs, or the particular Secretary of their Sovereigns. The only
+letter, which I have had the honor to receive from Mr Lovell, since I
+have been in this country, approved of my endeavors to communicate
+early and regular information; but if it is expected I should do it
+effectually, I hope a cypher will be sent me, by the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> safe
+conveyance, under cover to Mr Harrison at Cadiz, or to our Consul in
+France, with directions to those gentlemen to forward the letter
+enclosing it, by a sure hand, to escape the inspection of the
+post-offices in France and Spain, the dread of which often retards my
+letters, which I am now obliged to send to the sea-ports, by private
+persons, or the couriers of the French Ambassador. Once possessed of a
+cypher, I flatter myself that few vessels will sail from France or
+this country without letters from me, which, although often not
+interesting, may yet in some degree contribute to the satisfaction of
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Our affairs are in much the same situation they were when I had the
+honor to forward the above mentioned letter to the Committee. M. Del
+Campo's sickness, from which he is but just recovered, is the occasion
+or pretext for this delay. His appointment, however, has been finally
+announced to Mr Jay by the Minister, and was made at the time
+mentioned in my former letters. It is probable that little will be
+done in this business, until the Court goes to the Pardo the 7th of
+next month. A principle of delicacy perhaps prevents it from seeming
+at present to precipitate its conduct, in consequence of the favorable
+aspect of our affairs, since the news of the capture of Lord
+Cornwallis, and the victory obtained by General Greene in South
+Carolina. But the delay attending the transaction of the smallest
+affair in this country, is a sufficient reason to account for the
+difficulties Mr Jay encounters at present, without surmising other
+motives. On this subject, I speak from the experience of almost all
+the <em>corps diplomatique</em>, as well as from the authority of
+individuals, who have much business with the various branches of
+administration.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>The news above mentioned, was received apparently with great pleasure
+by the King and Prince of Asturias, as I was informed the same day by
+several of their officers in waiting. The public at large was highly
+satisfied, and has spoken more favorably since of our allies, than it
+has done from the commencement of the war. The foreign Ministers were
+not all so well pleased with this event, particularly those of
+Germany, Russia and Denmark. However, in general they regard it as a
+blow which decides the Independence of the States. The new Minister of
+Sweden is open in declaring his partiality for our cause, and
+signified that he would have waited on Mr Jay on his arrival here, as
+it is the custom of those last come to do, if no other Minister had
+arrived here since Mr Jay's residence, who had not done it. His
+conduct to myself shows that this was not a mere compliment, for he
+has invited me several times to dine with him, and visited me. He is a
+particular friend, I believe, of M. Marbois, for he speaks highly of
+him, as indeed all do, whom I have conversed with, that have the
+pleasure of his acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>The Imperial and Swedish Ministers declare that their respective
+Sovereigns will reclaim all vessels under their colors, going to or
+returning from America, which comply with the articles of the armed
+neutrality, and it has been hinted to me, that it was not difficult to
+obtain letters of naturalization for the crews of American vessels,
+provided the nominal officers are subjects of either country. The
+Court has at length consented to repay the money advanced in April
+last by the Marquis de Yranda, but has not enabled Mr Jay to pay the
+bills due this month, and as Dr Franklin has not authorised him to
+draw, M. Cabarrus, as I expected in my last, has consented to advance
+the sum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> sufficient for this purpose, amounting to thirtytwo thousand
+dollars. Perhaps Dr Franklin may soon enable Mr Jay to repay him.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty thousand pounds sterling would pay all our debts here, which
+distress us more than the apprehension of not receiving our salaries,
+of which, though liberal, we have constant need, owing to the dearness
+of everything in this country, and the great expense incurred by the
+frequent change of residence of the Court, which circumstance obliges
+us to take lodgings at the royal residences; and which expense, the
+frequent journeys that we were constrained to make on account of our
+other business in Madrid, greatly augment. I should not touch on this
+subject, if Dr Franklin had not desired me to mention to Congress our
+personal difficulties and distresses, for I believe, with all the
+desire he has to serve us, he procures with difficulty sufficient
+funds for the payment of our salaries.</p>
+
+<p>The expeditions mentioned in my former letters, are now both probably
+at sea; that from France sailed the 10th instant, and I know of a
+certainty, that orders have been sent to Cadiz to hasten the departure
+of the ships and troops at that post. The French ships there,
+mentioned in my last, take on board a million of dollars, and M. de
+Bussy, who formerly signalized himself in the East Indies, has gone
+thither incognito by land, accompanied by several officers, who have
+but lately returned from the East. It is therefore highly probable,
+that these vessels, joined by others, go thither, and will take under
+their escort a part of the troops embarked at Brest.</p>
+
+<p>No great progress is made in the sieges of Gibraltar and Mahon; on the
+27th ult., the enemy made a sally from the former place, in which they
+did more damage, than has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> been published here, having completely
+ruined the advanced works of the besiegers, the repair of which will
+require some time and much money. At Mahon, the rainy season has
+retarded the operation of the assailants. I am just told the Duc de
+Crillon demands a reinforcement of two thousand men, which will be
+granted to him. The enemy receives small succors from time to time by
+sea. The Court is about to negotiate another loan, in which if it does
+not succeed, perhaps it must have recourse to another emission of
+paper. The treasury is at a low ebb. The Minister of Marine demanded
+lately ten millions of reals, and received but three. The credit of
+the paper has lately risen, it is not negotiated at one and a half per
+cent loss.</p>
+
+<p>A plan for a national bank, is at present before the Council. The
+projector, M. Cabarrus, proposes to form a capital of fifteen millions
+of dollars, of which he offers to procure six millions; each action to
+amount to two thousand reals, for which the proprietors receive a
+certain interest of four per cent, with the profits expected from this
+establishment; I have seen the plan, but had not permission to copy
+it, so that I can give but a faint sketch of it. Eight directors are
+to be chosen the first year, and six annually, by the assembly of the
+proprietors; two of these directors are to be perpetual, because it is
+proposed, that they should have the direction of the supplies for the
+army and navy, with an interest of ten per cent, to the emolument of
+the bank; these two directors are to be named by the Court, out of
+four chosen by the proprietors; in other respects the Court to have no
+influence. If this plan, which was originally a part of the scheme for
+the circulation of paper here, should succeed, the paper which will be
+discounted by it, will probably preserve its credit. The Gromios,
+companies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> possessed of exclusive privileges, will be annihilated, and
+much money, now dormant in the coffers of individuals, be called into
+circulation. The Gromios pay two and a half per cent interest, and the
+bank four, which difference, joined to the hopes of farther profits,
+will tempt the money-holders to withdraw their funds from the hands of
+the first, and place them in the latter. But these companies and their
+friends, oppose it strongly, as do also the persons employed in
+supplying the army and navy, with whom, it is said, people in various
+departments of Government have interested connexions.</p>
+
+<p>The Courts of France and Spain seem determined to continue the war
+with vigor, and you will see by the King of Great Britain's speech,
+that he is not disposed to accommodation. The Empress of Russia still
+continues her endeavors to bring about a peace between England and
+Holland, to which the British Ministry has lately appeared to listen,
+although in a haughty manner. I am told the republican party is more
+exasperated than ever, by their answer to Russia, which is published.
+But your information will be much more accurate from Mr Adams, than
+any that I can procure. My correspondents from France write me, that
+the nation is much elated by the late triumph of the allied arms. This
+success, and the flourishing state of their commerce, reconcile them
+to the war, the continuance of which their Ambassador here regards as
+inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>The resolution of Congress, prohibiting all intercourse between the
+citizens of America and the subjects of Great Britain, gives a secret
+satisfaction both in France and this country, and augments the
+jealousy of others, that the influence of France will exclude at the
+peace all amicable con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>nexions between the States and Great Britain,
+at least this is the language of several of the foreign Ministers and
+their families. The Imperial Ambassador has lately made
+representations on account of an ordinance rigorously executed of late
+in the ports, obliging all captains of vessels to make an oath,
+declaratory of the contents of all packages, &amp;c. &amp;c. on board their
+vessels. He has endeavored to make this a common cause. The commerce
+murmurs against this, and other regulations lately enforced. It must
+be confessed, that Spain seems desirous to discourage all commerce
+carried on by foreigners, and bears as hard on their allies as on
+neutral nations. Whenever a peace takes place, France will be
+constrained to make a new convention on this subject. At present, this
+Court feels its importance, and the cabinet of Versailles has points
+of a nature so much more interesting to carry, that it takes little
+notice of the breach of conventions actually subsisting. By a late
+ordinance of the Minister of Finance, a duty of twentyfive per cent
+was imposed upon all produce brought in American vessels from the
+Havana. Mr Jay has made representations on this subject, which, I
+hope, will be attended to. M. Galvez appeared well disposed to
+withdraw them. It appears also to be the intention of the present
+Minister, to diminish the consumption of salt fish, to pave the way,
+as their friends give out, for its total exclusion at the peace,
+unless cured and imported by the natives; for this purpose, they have
+obtained bills of indulgence from the Pope, permitting the use of meat
+during Lent, and on other days on which it was prohibited. The price
+of these indulgences is proportioned to the rank of the purchaser. It
+is calculated, that the sale of them in the Spanish dominions will
+produce two millions of dollars<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> annually; so that a double advantage
+is derived from this operation, the extraction of money for fish is
+prevented, and the revenue considerably augmented.</p>
+
+<p>The present Ministry seem firmly established in their respective
+posts. The Count de Florida Blanca's health does not permit him to
+give constant application to business, but is not of so dangerous a
+nature as to cause any apprehension. The Ministers of the Indies and
+Marine keep their ground in the King's favor, although they have many
+enemies. If the disturbances in America should increase, the credit of
+the first may be weakened. The latter, although disliked by his
+colleagues and disapproved by France, preserves the Sovereign's good
+graces. He has one merit, which is his constant attention to the
+safety of the Spanish fleet, a merit that may fix him in his place,
+but which renders him odious to the nation and its allies, who wish to
+see it more actively employed.</p>
+
+<p>I am afraid these particulars may appear trivial to Congress, to whom
+I should be happy to make more important communications; these are not
+to be obtained but by the dint of money, or by a long residence and
+intimacy with persons in the various departments of government. The
+first we have not for the most pressing exigencies, and the latter,
+our at present doubtful situation at this Court precludes us from in
+some degree; although neither attentions nor endeavors have been
+omitted to make useful acquaintances.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, December 24th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday Mr Jay had an audience of his Excellency, the Count de
+Florida Blanca, in which that Minister in the most express terms
+assured him, he might depend on receiving three millions of reals to
+pay such bills as he had already accepted, this sum, with near
+eighteen thousand dollars received already, and twentyfive thousand
+promised by the Court of France, will fully answer this purpose, and I
+still hope ways and means will be found to furnish funds for the
+bills, which have not yet been presented, and which, for some weeks,
+come to hand slowly. The Minister also promised his good offices with
+the Court of Portugal, and informed Mr Jay, that previous to his
+application, he had endeavored to induce the Ministry of that nation
+to conduct itself with respect to the States, in a manner more
+agreeable to the rights of humanity and the law of nations founded on
+those rights, but that the party in favor of Great Britain
+preponderated hitherto.</p>
+
+<p>I have had opportunities of speaking several times on this subject to
+the Secretary of the Embassy of Portugal here, and once to the
+Ambassador. Each seemed sensible of the injustice of the first step of
+the Court, and owned it more easy to do an injury than to repair it.
+If the Congress should be in a situation to make strong
+representations to that Court, with a recapitulation of the conduct of
+the States during the whole war in respect to Portugal, they may be
+possibly attended with success, particularly if they should accede to
+the armed neutrality, to which they are strongly pressed by Russia at
+present.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> The Minister also engaged to do justice to certain Americans
+who carried a British privateer to the Canaries, and, in short, seemed
+exceedingly well disposed to render the States every service in his
+power. I cannot forbear, however, mentioning to the Committee, that he
+spoke with much chagrin of the adherence of Congress to points, which,
+in his opinion, rendered a treaty impracticable for the present, and
+although pressed on that subject by Mr Jay, I doubt whether he will
+give his sentiments thereon in writing. He also seemed exceedingly
+apprehensive of the efficacy of the means employed by Sir H. Clinton,
+to sow jealousy and discord among the States, and even in Congress,
+and said that the letters lately received by the British Court from
+the officer abovementioned, gave great hopes of success in this
+particular. In fine, he assured Mr Jay, that considerable sums of
+money would be employed for this purpose, and as I am convinced this
+Court received its information from a person equally employed by that
+of London, I fear it will be difficult to remove these suspicions
+until time shows how ill founded they are.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, unanimity and force in America are the best arms of
+the States there, and their best arguments in Europe. To which, if
+much complaisance to the Spanish King and nation is added, even in
+objects not essential, the Congress will enable their servants to
+defeat the designs of the British emissary and their party here, so
+long as the present King lives. According to present appearances, the
+war is likely to continue. Although I have already written you
+particularly on the subject, I now repeat, that the Court is in the
+way of negotiating its loans for the expenses of the ensuing year, and
+that it expects some treasure from America. At Cadiz, they have
+twenty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>nine sail of the line ready for sea. The blockade of Gibraltar
+is continued with tolerable success hitherto. The Count d'Estaing was
+not arrived in France by the last advices. This delay will retard the
+operations intended for our succor.</p>
+
+<p>The death of the Empress Queen will probably kindle the flame of war
+in Europe, though perhaps not in the ensuing year. I am told from good
+authority the Emperor is favorably disposed to England. His Ambassador
+and Mr Cumberland are very intimate, and see each other every day. The
+residence here of the latter is extraordinary in the present situation
+of the two nations, and can only be accounted for on the principles,
+which I had the honor to mention in former letters. If I may be
+allowed to conjecture, I think Holland will be sooner or later
+involved in the war, and that orders have already been given by the
+Court of England to attack their possessions in the East Indies. This
+however is but a conjecture, although grounded on some share of
+political evidence.</p>
+
+<p>The British Parliament is prorogued to the 23d of January. Their grand
+fleet is at sea. Mr Trumbull has been arrested in England, and several
+Americans obliged to fly and abscond, among whom there is one of my
+correspondents. I have received advice, that several were included in
+the number to be arrested, whom it was not the intention of Government
+to seize, in order to give them an opportunity of returning to America
+with more eclat, to be in a situation of rendering greater services to
+Great Britain. I hope this advice is without foundation, but having
+received it, I think it my duty to communicate it, because
+circumspection can do us no material injury. M. Gar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>doqui will
+scarcely take his departure until all negotiations are at an end, and
+the campaign shall have commenced.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> Sir Joseph Yorke has presented another Memorial to the States,
+more insolent than the former. The armed neutrality propose to have
+forty sail of the line next spring in the ports of Holland.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">W. C.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, February 18th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have just had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 20th of
+December, and seize the earliest opportunity of acknowledging the
+satisfaction I feel in the hope of a more regular correspondence than
+I have hitherto had with your department. The moment I was informed,
+indirectly of your appointment, I did myself the honor of addressing
+you. My first letter was dated the same day you wrote the one above
+mentioned. On the 24th ultimo, I again solicited your attention, and
+as I sent quadruplicates of these letters, I think I may venture to
+refer you to their contents, for accounts of the state of affairs, and
+the general intelligence at the time of writing them.</p>
+
+<p>I find by your letter, that mine written in the month of September,
+had not reached Congress. I sent three copies via Bilboa, by the
+Captains Tracy, Cook, and another, whose name my correspondents
+omitted to mention to me. I have had the mortification to hear
+lately,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> that these vessels were all taken on the coasts of America.
+The fourth copy was sent from France, so that I still hope it may have
+escaped the misfortune of the others. Nothing gives me, or can give
+me, more pleasure, than the idea of contributing to the satisfaction
+of Congress, while I fill a duty, which a sense of their confidence,
+and a desire of meriting a continuance of it imposes on me. I am only
+sorry, that my abilities and opportunities do not correspond with my
+wishes, to render my communications more useful. I have already
+requested you in the letters above mentioned, to point out the line of
+my duty.</p>
+
+<p>I am infinitely obliged to you for what you mention with respect to my
+apprehension of being sent to Corunna, and having your sanction to
+direct my conduct in future. I shall implicitly follow Mr Jay's
+directions, should he even choose to send me as a courier to be the
+bearer of despatches to the sea-ports. The reason assigned in your
+letter, joined to others which I had the honor to mention in mine to
+the Committee, were such as I suggested when I expressed a reluctance
+to be employed with discretionary powers in this business. I was
+prepared however to execute Mr Jay's orders, but I believe ulterior
+reflections, and the advice of the French Ambassador, induced him to
+relinquish the idea of sending me.</p>
+
+<p>I have no cypher from Mr Morris and have seen none from him. I must
+therefore again request you to forward me one, under cover to Messrs
+Barclay and Harrison, with directions to those gentlemen to forward
+your letters by private hands, and not by the post, for I fear that
+one you sent to Mr Jay has been intercepted. No delicacy is preserved
+by this Court on this head. This practice is not confined to us, but
+extends to the correspondence of all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> the <em>corps diplomatique</em>. It has
+happened, that in the hurry of resealing letters thus examined, papers
+belonging to the department, in which they were opened, have been
+carelessly enclosed by the Secretary, and returned to the Minister by
+the person to whom the letters were addressed. Without a cypher it
+will be impossible for me to be so punctual as may be expected, for at
+present I am obliged to send most of my letters by private hands, or
+by the French Ambassador's couriers to the sea-ports, which
+circumstance often retards their arrival in America.</p>
+
+<p>Our situation with respect to money matters is still critical. The
+drafts which Dr Franklin is obliged to pay are so frequent, that he
+has not been able to obtain cash to enable Mr Jay to discharge the
+bills accepted by him here, for which M. Cabarrus, as has been
+mentioned in former letters, is nearly forty thousand dollars in
+advance. Happily there are few bills due until the middle of next
+month, which will give Dr Franklin time to endeavor to save our credit
+here, and to this Ministry to reflect on the consequence of denying us
+this small succor. The Count de Florida Blanca has been lately
+solicited on this subject by the French Ambassador, and without giving
+hopes of affording the sum demanded, he promised to do what the
+urgency of their own wants permit him to do for us. In this
+conversation he appeared dissatisfied, that Congress had taken no
+notice of the desire he had expressed of obtaining one of the vessels
+constructing in the Eastern ports, for the United States, and
+complained, that no returns had been made by the States to the proofs
+the King had manifested, of his favorable disposition towards them. In
+fact their own necessities are evident.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to what I have heretofore mentioned on this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> head, I have
+lately been informed from good authority, that a person to whom the
+Crown is indebted twelve millions of reals, in order to obtain
+payment, has been constrained to propose to purchase the salt
+belonging to his Majesty, to the amount of twentyfour millions of
+reals, for the payment of which, after deducting the sum due to him,
+he is obliged to advance immediately five millions of reals, although
+he has little hopes of disembarrassing himself shortly, of such an
+immense quantity of an article, for which there is little demand at
+present. The Minister, to soften the harshness of his refusal to make
+further advances, informed the Count de Montmorin, that M. Del Campo's
+instructions would be ready in a few days, and that Mr Jay might then
+commence his conferences on the subject of the proposed treaty. If I
+may be allowed to hazard a conjecture again on this subject, I must
+repeat what I have often mentioned already, that Spain seems desirous
+to retard this business until a general treaty takes place. Perhaps it
+may not be unworthy the attention of Congress, to prepare eventual
+resolutions should this prove to be the intentions of the Court.</p>
+
+<p>Since commencing this letter, we have the agreeable news of the
+capitulation of Mahon, in twentyeight days after the trenches were
+opened. The garrison are prisoners of war, and, including sailors,
+&amp;c., amount to two thousand six hundred men. Sickness, which reduced
+their number of effective men to one thousand three hundred,
+unwholesome provision, fatigue, and despair of succor, are the motives
+assigned by the Governor, for the surrender of this important place,
+which has cost Spain two hundred killed, and three hundred wounded.
+The joy of the Court is excessive. The Count de Florida Blanca has the
+merit of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> having planned this expedition. It is said, the
+fortifications are to be entirely ruined, and the port rendered
+incapable of receiving large vessels. The officer charged with the
+despatches, announcing this event, accuses our allies of having shown
+a backwardness and reluctance to assist in this siege, which has
+excited much indignation here. The Princess of Asturias said publicly
+at dinner, that the Spaniards had taken Fort St Philip's in sight of
+four thousand spectators, (meaning the French troops.) I had this from
+a foreign Minister who was present. I am persuaded the charge is
+without foundation, but still it will have a bad effect, and augment a
+national animosity, which prevails too much already.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that the siege of Gibraltar will now be pushed with
+more vigor. It is the King's favorite object, and the Duc de Crillon,
+I know, is of opinion that it may be taken. His late success will give
+weight to his opinion. I have been told that the Irish who obtained
+permission to return to the sea-ports, after being exiled from thence
+for several months, will again be ordered to quit them. This
+circumstance induces me to believe, that strong efforts will be made
+to take Gibraltar. The Spanish fleet has returned to Cadiz, where it
+will not remain long, the magazines being abundantly provided, and
+although there is no great number of workmen, or docks, for the
+repairs of vessels of the line, yet as few of the vessels have
+suffered in their cruise, these inconveniences will not be felt. The
+Count de Guichen was ready for sea the 28th ultimo, and only waited
+for a wind. His fleet consists of ten sail of the line, which has
+under its convoy fifty sail of transports; five of the first mentioned
+are destined for Cadiz, to join the Spanish fleet, which will then be
+superior to any the enemy can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> assemble in the seas of Europe. Admiral
+Rodney was still in the Channel the 22d ultimo, and will probably push
+for the West Indies, without any transports; the convoys for the West
+and East Indies, and America, not being yet in readiness. It is said
+that great reinforcements are to be sent to these quarters. Lord
+George Germain, it is said, will resign, and be succeeded by Mr Ellis.</p>
+
+<p>The Russian and Imperial Ministers, still interpose their good offices
+to mediate a peace. The neutral Ministers say here, that Lord
+Stormont, in a late conversation with the first mentioned, declared
+with heat, that his Sovereign would treat with France on the subject
+of our independence, when a French army was in possession of the Tower
+of London, and not before, and that they would negotiate with Spain
+for the cession of Gibraltar, in exchange for the city of Madrid. I
+should not commit this extravagance to paper if I had not heard it
+mentioned by the Count de Montmorin, and other Ministers.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Adams has demanded a categorical answer from the States-General to
+the proposition made them on behalf of the United States. The Dutch
+Secretary here informs me, that his letter was well received. The
+Dutch Minister at this Court has invited me to his house, since the
+presentation of the above mentioned demand. I have lately had
+conversation with the Swedish Minister, which I hope will enable me
+two months hence to give you some information of the disposition of
+his Court. This Minister is exceedingly well disposed to forward a
+connexion between Sweden and America, as is the Baron de Ramel,
+formerly Minister here, now Vice Chancellor of Sweden, to whose good
+offices I believe I owe the countenance and civilities of its
+representative here.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>The <em>cedula</em> for the bank will appear shortly. I shall take care to
+forward that, and any other paper that I think worthy your attention.
+I have sent the Madrid Gazette to Mr Harrison, and have desired him to
+forward it in future. This gentleman is every way deserving your
+esteem and notice. He acts at present as Consul for America at Cadiz,
+and has been very useful there. His good sense and agreeable manners,
+have acquired the good will of natives and foreigners.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, February 27th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I did myself the honor of addressing you the 18th instant, which I
+enclosed in the first copy of this. My letter of the 18th contained
+all the intelligence of the state of our affairs in Holland, which had
+come to my knowledge. My mind now is full of another object, for I
+have the mortification to inform you, that unless Mr Jay is enabled by
+Dr Franklin in a few days to pay the drafts he has accepted, he will
+be obliged to stop payment. I am persuaded the latter has done
+everything in his power to extricate us from this cruel situation, but
+he has had so many other bills to answer, and France is itself so
+pushed for money, that hitherto he has not been able to succeed, nor
+indeed to pay us regularly our salaries.</p>
+
+<p>This Court has at length consented to pay us the balance of the three
+millions, promised last year, which amounts to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> near twentysix
+thousand dollars, but this money is in some sort appropriated to the
+repayment of the advances made for two months past, by M. Cabarrus,
+who, after the conversation he has had with the Minister, is
+discouraged from making equal advances. Less than twenty thousand
+pounds sterling would now pay all our debts in this country. I shall
+not despair until the bills are refused, although after what we have
+experienced here, I have little ground to hope. The Count de Florida
+Blanca has engaged to take such measures, as that Mr Jay shall not be
+personally exposed, which, without the interference of the Court,
+might be the case, as he is not acknowledged in a public character.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay has not yet received any notice, that M. Del Campo's
+instructions are ready. That gentleman has now been near four months
+named for this business. It is now confidently asserted, that the
+works at Mahon are to be destroyed. Two ships of the line, and two
+frigates, have sailed from Cadiz, to escort the transports with troops
+from Minorca, which, it is said, are to be employed in the siege of
+Gibraltar. I know of a certainty, that the Court has given orders, to
+amass considerable sums of money in Andalusia. The Count de Guichen
+sailed on the 10th instant, and we expect every day to hear of his
+arrival at Cadiz, with five ships of the line. The English East India
+convoy sailed the 26th ult., and consists of six ships of the line, a
+frigate, and nineteen transports and ships of the Company. The letters
+and papers I have received the last posts from France and Holland,
+assert that since the arrival of Lord Cornwallis and Arnold in
+England, the king is resolved to continue an offensive war in America
+at every hazard. As this intelligence corresponds with the character
+of the king,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> and the officers above mentioned, some credit may be
+given to it. It has been asserted in the English papers, that the king
+of Great Britain was negotiating as Elector of Hanover with Saxony, to
+take into pay ten thousand of its troops, to replace the like number
+to be drawn from Hanover for the American war. The <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em>
+of Saxony at this Court assures me that this is false.</p>
+
+<p>It is expected by the friends of America, that preparations will be
+early made, to repel every attack the enemy may be in force to make,
+and if occasion presents, to act offensively. I have nothing to add to
+this or my last, but that a copy of each will be delivered to you by
+Colonel Livingston, whose zeal, abilities, application, and prudent
+conduct, have acquired him general esteem, and have made his departure
+regretted by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. Mr Vaughan,
+who accompanies him, was strongly recommended to me by Dr Franklin,
+and I have found him every way worthy of his recommendation. These
+gentlemen will be able to give more ample details of general
+intelligence, than I can do by letter, and of a later date than this.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, April 14th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>A violent defluxion of the eyes, which was epidemical here this
+winter, incapacitated me for near three weeks after the date of my
+last from writing, and the perplexed and uncer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>tain situation of our
+affairs here for some time past, induced me not to do myself the honor
+of addressing you, until I could inform you in what manner our
+difficulties were likely to have a period. Indeed, during this
+interval, my time was so much engaged by the bills of exchange
+accepted by Mr Jay, and the conversations I held with, and the visits
+I was obliged to make to the various persons interested in this
+affair, that I had very little leisure left for other occupations.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of February, I expressed my apprehensions for the fate of
+our accepted bills, although I could not but hope, that either this
+Court or that of France, would interfere in time to relieve us from
+this cruel mortification. Whether this Court withheld its aid, from
+expectation that the French Ambassador was secretly instructed to
+assist us, as on a former occasion, in case of extreme necessity;
+whether their wants, which are pressing, occasioned their indecision;
+or whether it was produced by the secret influence and artifices of
+ill disposed persons, I will not pretend to say; but the fact is, that
+notwithstanding the frequent representations of Mr Jay, and as
+frequent good offices of the French Ambassador, the Minister did not,
+until the day before Mr Jay found himself under the absolute necessity
+of protesting the bills, authorise verbally the Count de Montmorin to
+inform Mr Jay, that if M. Cabarrus persisted in his former intentions
+of making the necessary advances, he would see him repaid in ten or
+twelve months, to the amount of forty or fifty thousand current
+dollars. It must be observed that this consent was given the day after
+M. Del Campo had been informed by M. Cabarrus, at his own house, of
+the terms on which he would make the advances in question. These terms
+were different from those he had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> frequently repeated to Mr Jay and
+myself, and which Mr Jay made known to the Minister; but I believe the
+conversations with the latter, had excited apprehensions of his not
+being reimbursed even in the time he had originally proposed.</p>
+
+<p>These apprehensions were augmented by finding that the French
+Ambassador was not authorised to extricate us from our distress,
+although the Court of France was apprized of our situation. I early
+remarked these fears, and endeavored to remove them by every means in
+my power. I was clearly of opinion, however, that after the
+conversation, above mentioned, with M. Del Campo, no reliance could be
+placed on his assistance for our relief, and informed Mr Jay of my
+conjectures on this subject, as I had done from the first moment I
+discovered M. Cabarrus's fears and apprehensions. This disappointment,
+constrained Mr Jay to protest a number of bills, some of which the
+holders had the complaisance and indulgence to keep by them near three
+weeks, in order to give time to Mr Jay to make arrangements for their
+payment. Indeed, the whole commercial interest here, behaved in a
+manner that scarce could be expected from persons who have so little
+connexions with our country, and expressed their indignation and
+astonishment, that the Court should expose to this mortification, for
+a sum so trifling, a country united with them against a common enemy.
+The foreign Ministers were not less surprised, and this incident, I
+believe, furnished materials for their despatches at the time, and has
+occasioned much conjecture since.</p>
+
+<p>A letter from Dr Franklin, authorising Mr Jay to draw upon him for the
+payment of the bills he had accepted, soon established our credit to
+the general satisfaction of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> everybody who have no political
+connexions to influence their opinion, and the news from England of
+the address of the House of Commons to the King, to put an end to
+offensive operations in America, and of the general fermentation in
+Ireland, will probably give a more favorable aspect to our affairs
+here, as has been the case elsewhere. Courier after courier arrived
+from the Count d'Aranda, the Spanish Ambassador at Paris, and several
+cabinet councils were held immediately after their respective
+arrivals. Each of these couriers announced the various appearances of
+a change in the British Cabinet, and probably gave some intelligence
+of the overtures from Great Britain, made to Dr Franklin.</p>
+
+<p>The flattering prospect of our affairs in Holland, may contribute also
+to accelerate the conduct of others with respect to the United States.
+The Minister promised Mr Jay, some time ago, that the conferences with
+M. Del Campo, on the subject of a treaty should positively take place
+at Aranjues, and the actual crisis of affairs renders it probable,
+that more reliance may be placed on this than on former assurances;
+but after the experience we have had of the dilatoriness of this
+Court, I cannot flatter myself, that the treaty will be very speedily
+concluded, for I have been led to resume my former opinion, that this
+Court has wished, and still desires, to delay the acknowledgment of
+our independence, until a general treaty of peace shall take place.
+The Dutch Minister sent for me immediately after receiving advice,
+that Friesland had resolved to admit Mr Adams in a public character,
+and told me he had not the least doubt of the other provinces doing
+the same. Indeed I heard extracts of letters read, from persons of
+high repute in this republic, who speak of this affair, as a matter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+determined, and which will meet with no other obstruction, than what
+arises from the usual formalities and delays in the constitution of
+that republic. The Swedish Minister daily expects news from his Court,
+which he tells me he hopes will prove agreeable.</p>
+
+<p>These changes in the political situation of the United States and
+Great Britain, I believe are not seen by Russia and Denmark with
+pleasure, if I may be allowed to form conjectures from the conduct and
+sentiments of their respective Ministers here, who cannot conceal
+their chagrin, on the reception of any news favorable to France,
+Spain, or America. Indeed most of the neutral nations seem to have a
+particular aversion to this Court, excited as they say, by its conduct
+with respect to the capture and detention of their vessels. As I have
+an opportunity of seeing themselves, or their Secretaries very often,
+and am on an intimate footing with the latter, I am frequently a
+witness of their complaints and murmurs; Congress need not therefore
+conclude, that their inattention to Mr Jay's Memorial, is pointed or a
+proof of its ill will, for I have seen near eighty Memorials from a
+Minister more nearly connected with them than we are, few of which
+have been attended to.</p>
+
+<p>The capture of a Danish vessel laden with powder and artillery, with
+two King's officers on board, and instructions from the Admiralty, has
+excited the clamors of the Danish Minister here, who despatched a
+courier to Copenhagen on the occasion. I am promised a statement of
+the case presented by the Minister above mentioned to those of the
+armed neutrality, and copies of two letters from the Count de Florida
+Blanca, one to the Danish Minister, and the other to the neutral
+Ministers here, which if obtained shall accompany this letter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>Great preparations are making for the siege of Gibraltar. The Duc de
+Crillon is to command in chief, and it is said will have under his
+orders, from twentyfive to thirtytwo thousand men, including the
+French troops at Mahon; the place is to be attacked by sea and land,
+and I hear twelve ships are bought by government to be fitted up and
+serve as floating batteries. This operation will probably commence in
+July, a month favorable for it on account of the calms which then
+prevail. The loan proposed by this Court in Holland is not likely to
+meet the expected success. The armaments they have equipped and are
+equipping, and the expensive preparations for the siege of Gibraltar,
+straiten them exceedingly for funds. The difficulties they encounter
+in procuring money, and the alarming state of their colonies, may
+probably dispose them to peace by the end of the present campaign, but
+it is likely their claims will be great, and thought extravagant by
+all the neutral nations.</p>
+
+<p>I have frequently mentioned the reports of disturbances in their
+colonies. It is difficult to obtain accurate information on this
+subject. The King has certainly ratified a convention made with the
+malcontents at Santa Fé and in its neighborhood, which was transmitted
+by the ecclesiastical, civil, and military officers, with their advice
+to accord all the demands therein contained, as the only means to
+prevent the total revolt of these provinces. I have reason to believe
+this ratification was made with great reluctance. I am also promised a
+copy of this convention, which I shall forward with this letter if
+obtained in time.</p>
+
+<p>The papers are full of the Pope's voyage to Vienna. The Imperial
+Secretary here assures me, that the Emperor will not recede from the
+plans of reformation he has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> adopted. Some persons having suggested,
+to him, that fanaticism might possibly endeavor to put a period to his
+progress by assassination, he replied, that he had no apprehensions on
+that score, for his brother's firmness and sentiments being known to
+be the same, nothing could be hoped from a single assassination. He is
+regarded here and in Portugal as a heretic, and if his sight should be
+affected by the defluxion on his eyes at present, this misfortune will
+be regarded as a punishment from heaven, inflicted on him for his
+encroachments on the church. As I know you will receive ample details
+of all that regards the mission here from Mr Jay, I confine myself to
+a very summary detail on the subject, in order to supply in a small
+degree the loss or delay of his more important despatches. With a
+sincere wish that my intentions may be acceptable to Congress,</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S. April 29th, 1782.</em> The enclosed papers are copies of the
+letters herein mentioned. Duplicates have been already sent with their
+translations. The despatches of Mr Jay have taken up so much of my
+time for three weeks past, that it has not been possible for me to
+make out copies of the translations for Major Franks, the bearer of
+the present, and the great earnestness with which Mr Jay desires to
+send him away, prevents my sending the copy of the statement of the
+case, and the convention made with the disaffected in Spanish America.
+Mr Jay's information is so explicit, that it leaves but little for me
+to add, which I shall do this week via Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">W. C.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, May 1st, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I was favored with your letters of the 20th of December; that of the
+17th, which you mention to have written to the late Committee of
+Foreign Affairs, never came to hand. If you have received my former
+letter, you will find your question relative to the continuance of
+your correspondence already answered. But lest you should not, let me
+repeat it, by assuring you that it will always give me very great
+pleasure to hear from you. The channels of communication with this
+office are much too few to induce me to shut up one by which we
+receive the most frequent and important intelligence. I shall endeavor
+to send you a cypher by this, or the next safe opportunity, and shall
+alter that look for a strict compliance with your promise. I make no
+remark on the political parts of your letters, both because I have no
+cypher yet settled with you, and because I shall always write fully on
+these subjects to Mr Jay. It gives me pleasure to see the train you
+are establishing to procure intelligence, and to cultivate the esteem
+of persons who may be of use to us. This has been, and is still too
+much neglected, but that neglect makes your address and attention the
+more important.</p>
+
+<p>The season of the year, and the inactivity of the British, deprive me
+of the means of making a full return for the intelligence you
+communicate. Our attention is at present turned to an object, which,
+though apparently small, promises to have consequences of some moment.
+You will find in the papers enclosed, an account of the execution of a
+militia officer, Capt. Huddy, by a band of tories, on some false
+pretences. The General has demanded the perpe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>trators of this crime,
+or threatened to retaliate upon some British officer of equal rank. As
+his letter does him honor, I enclose a copy, which you will be pleased
+to show to Mr Jay. Clinton is reduced to great straits; he has already
+been the means of one officer's dying on a gibbet. He would be
+execrated by the army should he occasion the ignominious death of
+another. On the other hand, he is already very unpopular with the
+tories. Should he give up those of the refugee corps, who are
+concerned in this business, which has probably been done by the
+direction, or at least the connivance of their board of directors, he
+will be embroiled with them. They form a kind of <em>imperium in
+imperio</em>. The directors, being in a great measure independent of the
+commander-in-chief, have the custody of their own prisoners, regulate
+their own exchanges, divide the plunder they make according to their
+own rules; and correspond regularly with the Ministry, which
+circumstance alone is sufficient to excite a kind of rivalry between
+them, and the commander-in-chief.</p>
+
+<p>Several propositions have been made for the exchange and comfortable
+support of prisoners, all of which have proved abortive, from the
+resolution of the British not to pay arrears, they have incurred,
+which amounts to near £300,000 sterling. Some measures, which will
+surprise them not a little, will be taken. I shall write particularly
+to Mr Jay on this subject, because it will need explanation in Europe.
+You will consult Mr Jay on the propriety of publishing the affair of
+Huddy in the European papers; and if he shall think it may be of any
+use, take measures for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, June 12th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th instant, I had the honor to address you, enclosing a copy
+of a letter, which I wrote to Mr Jay soon after his departure from
+Madrid.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> The Court is now here, but the Ministers are generally so
+harassed by business and visits during their short stay in the
+capital, that there are few opportunities of having access to them.
+Before I left Aranjues, I frequently reminded M. Del Campo of the
+promises made me, to pay attention to the different offices passed
+from Mr Jay, interesting to various citizens of the United States. I
+was well received, and had those promises reiterated. I judged it more
+proper to solicit the notice of the Ministry to these objects in
+person, than by writing, because I could have small hopes of success
+from memorials, when I reflected how little attention had been paid to
+those written by a man so much my superior in that mode of address.
+Besides, frequent conferences, perhaps develop better the opinions and
+dispositions of men, than deliberate answers to requests, or
+remonstrances, however clearly, or however strongly they may be stated
+in writing.</p>
+
+<p>In my conversations with the Minister, and the gentleman above
+mentioned, they seemed to think the work of peace to be in a fair way.
+I have, however, some reason to suppose, that neither their
+instructions to their Ambassador at Paris for this object, nor those
+for him to treat with Mr Jay, are yet forwarded, and there are grounds
+to conjecture that this Court would have retarded the negotiation as
+much as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> possible, had not the defeat of the Count de Grasse blasted
+their hopes of taking Jamaica. Even now they will be desirous of
+knowing the fate of the siege of Gibraltar, before they agree to any
+treaty, which does not put them in possession of that important
+fortress.</p>
+
+<p>The neutral Ministers here seem to wish to intermeddle in the proposed
+pacification. There is a general jealousy among them of the house of
+Bourbon, and a particular animosity against this branch of it. This I
+have long remarked, and I have now more frequent occasions than
+heretofore. I am afraid the rumors of peace will slacken the
+preparations of the Dutch for war. The hopes of a speedy general
+pacification, and a sense of complaisance and apprehension of the
+Empress of Russia, may procrastinate the treaty between the United
+States and them. I write these conjectures with diffidence, as indeed
+I do all which depend on my own judgment.</p>
+
+<p>I am busy at present in arranging the public accounts. The projected
+bank employs so much of M. Cabarrus's time, and that of his clerks,
+that it is possible I may be obliged to follow the Court to St
+Ildefonso, to which place the king removes the 14th instant, before I
+can obtain such a settlement of them, as may enable me to transmit the
+general account to Mr Jay, for his approbation. In the meantime, I
+draw, and shall still be obliged to draw, on Dr Franklin, to enable me
+to discharge the public bills accepted by Mr Jay. Exchange is every
+day more to our disadvantage. The depreciation of the royal billets is
+now at 3<span class="frac_top">1</span>/<span class="frac_bottom">4</span> to 3<span class="frac_top">1</span>/<span class="frac_bottom">2</span> per cent, and I make no doubt will be at 6 per
+cent in two months. The Court has been again obliged to apply to the
+Gromios for assistance, whose privileges, it appears from the
+establishment of the bank, it meant to deprive them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> of. This
+circumstance marks their distress for money, and as some say, the want
+of system in their conduct.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de Crillon has set out for the camp before Gibraltar; the
+operations, however, will not seriously commence before the month of
+August, if in all that month. The expectations of success are
+sanguine. I heard the Duke himself speak with great confidence on the
+subject. The combined fleet left Cadiz the 4th instant; it consists of
+thirtytwo sail of the line, and some frigates, and proceeds
+immediately to the British channel. I avail myself of a courier from
+the French Ambassador to forward copies of this letter to the ports of
+France. The Count de Montmorin continues to give the same proofs of
+attachment to the interests of the States, and of personal kindness to
+myself, that I have ever experienced since my arrival in Spain. I beg
+leave to remind you to send me a cypher, and to entreat your
+instructions and intelligence addressed directly to myself; otherwise
+I have few opportunities of manifesting my zeal for the public
+service, or of acquiring your personal esteem.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> The letter here referred to is missing. Mr Jay left
+Madrid for Paris about the 20th of May.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, July 6th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my letter of May last, I have been favored with yours of the
+18th and 27th of February. As they contained many things of
+importance, which we had received through no other channel, I
+communicated their contents to Congress, to whom I have reason to
+think they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> were very acceptable. The great changes that have taken
+place in the administration of Britain, make us extremely desirous of
+learning minutely the measures they are pursuing. Unfortunately it is
+long since we have received any other information from Europe, than
+that contained in the public prints. Our Ministers abroad do not keep
+up such a communication with the sea-ports as to avail themselves of
+the opportunities, that are almost weekly afforded, by which means the
+intelligence they transmit, if not of a private nature, is almost
+always forestalled.</p>
+
+<p>We are at present in a state of absolute inactivity here. We are not
+sufficiently strong to attack the enemy in their works, without some
+naval aid; nor can they attack us with any prospect of success.
+Congress employ the present leisure in forming and enforcing a system
+of finance, which, notwithstanding all the difficulties it has to
+struggle with, will, I hope, shortly place our affairs on a more
+respectable footing; particularly, if any of those powers who are
+interested in supporting us, shall afford the aid we have a right to
+expect.</p>
+
+<p>Among other changes that have taken place, there is one I believe you
+will be pleased with; in the payment of your salaries, which in future
+will be paid here upon my certificate. I, as your agent, will vest the
+money in bills, and remit them to you or Dr Franklin, with orders for
+him to remit the money to you, or pay it to your order. This will
+render your payments more regular, and free you from the appearance of
+dependence, which must be disagreeable to you. I remit by this
+conveyance to him, the amount of one quarter's salary, commencing the
+1st of January last, and ending the 1st of April, which I have vested
+in bills at the present rate of exchange, which is six shillings
+three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>pence this money, for five livres, by which you gain almost five
+and a half per cent. You will be charged here two and a half per cent
+premium, which is the usual commission, and I shall consider myself as
+your agent in this business, unless you should choose to appoint some
+other. Your accounts for the next quarter will be made up immediately;
+the money vested in a bill upon Dr Franklin, which I will remit him by
+the next opportunity. Send me a general state of your account, that I
+may get it settled for you, and the arrears, if any, discharged. I
+could wish much to have a cypher with you, but find it very difficult
+to send one. Let me have one, if you have a safe conveyance, if a
+favorable opportunity offers from here, I will transmit you one.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with great esteem and regard, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, July 8th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th and the 12th ultimo I did myself the honor of addressing
+you from Madrid. On the 2d instant I came to this place, having waited
+in the capital some days longer than I intended, for the purpose of
+arranging finally the public accounts with M. Cabarrus; but finding
+that that gentleman's occupations prevented him from stating them in
+the manner directed by Mr Jay, and having by my stay, in compliance
+with his request, convinced him that the settlement and discharge of
+the balance still due, depended on himself, I judged it proper to
+follow the Court hither, in order to have frequent opportunities of
+pressing the Minis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>ter to pay attention to the different memorials
+presented by Mr Jay; of which copies have been transmitted by him to
+Congress, and to procure such information as it might be proper to lay
+before you. I did not strongly urge the settlement of the accounts
+above mentioned, because Dr Franklin had requested Mr Jay to give him
+as much time as possible for the payment of the sums due here,
+although I am persuaded the delay will be prejudicial, as it is
+probable the exchange will be more to our disadvantage every day.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3d instant, I waited on the Count de Florida Blanca and M. Del
+Campo. I found the former in conference with the French Ambassador,
+and as that had been long, and I knew he would be much fatigued, and
+also that he expected the Russian Minister and the Ambassador of the
+Emperor, who have of late received frequent couriers, I shortened my
+visit, which passed in amicable assurances on his part and hopes on
+mine, that his Excellency would put it as much in my power, as it was
+my inclination to contribute to a lasting harmony between the two
+countries, by enabling me to inform Congress of the favorable
+disposition of his Majesty, and at the same time of the measures taken
+by his Ministers to redress the grievances, which Mr Jay had so often
+laid before him. He desired me to mention these affairs in detail to
+M. Del Campo, and after repeating assurances of good will, &amp;c., he
+proceeded to inform me, that he had received a copy of a letter, which
+Mr Jay on his arrival at Paris had written to the Count d'Aranda,
+adding, that he was sorry he could not continue the conversation at
+present, for that he expected the Ministers above mentioned every
+moment, but that on the Saturday following he would be glad to see me,
+to talk over many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> matters necessary to discuss at this crisis. I took
+my leave, and actually met the Imperial and Russian Ministers at the
+door, with M. Del Campo, whom I next went to see.</p>
+
+<p>I had a long conversation, the material points of which, after having
+reminded him of the memorials, &amp;c., presented by Mr Jay, turned on the
+manner in which the propositions of the new British Administration
+would be received in America. I had the good fortune to answer in the
+most decided manner, that all proposals for a separate treaty would be
+unanimously rejected, for on my return from this visit to my lodgings,
+I found Mr Clonard, who delivered me the letter you did me the honor
+to write me on the 1st of May, and who informed me of many of the
+subsequent transactions. The same day at dinner, the Count de
+Montmorin showed me a letter from the Chevalier de la Luzerne, in
+which he informs him, that Congress had rejected the propositions made
+by General Carleton, and that all the States would follow the example
+of Maryland. This conduct has a great and good effect in Europe. The
+same day the king spoke at table of the news, and praised greatly the
+probity of the Americans, raising his voice in such a manner that all
+the foreign ministers might hear him. I have conversed with several of
+these since, and find them unanimous in their opinion that the wisest
+measure Great Britain can take, is to conclude a treaty acknowledging
+our independence.</p>
+
+<p>The couriers received, and the audiences demanded by the Russian and
+Imperial Representatives, excited my attention, and I have discovered
+that they have been once more directed by their Courts to make an
+offer of their mediation to his Catholic Majesty. They made this
+communication on the 3d instant, and have received their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> answer; for
+on the 6th the Count de Kaunitz despatched a courier. In my next I
+hope to communicate the answer of this Court. I suspect England is at
+the bottom of this business. The combined fleet is probably at this
+time in the English channel, where it will be reinforced by a squadron
+of French ships commanded by M. de la Motte Piquet. The preparations
+for the siege of Gibraltar are pushed with vigor. I have not yet had
+the honor to hear from Mr Jay. My last letter from Dr Franklin is
+dated the 11th ultimo. Messrs Grenville and Oswald were then at Paris,
+but had not yet received their full powers. Neither had Spain nor
+Holland sent instructions to their Ministers, so that the conferences
+could not properly be opened.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to enclose in the first copy of this, a letter which
+I received the 4th instant from M. Dumas. The letters brought by Mr
+Clonard for Mr Jay were forwarded by the same gentleman. I remain
+without other instructions than what are contained in yours of the 1st
+of May. If Mr Jay should be detained at Paris, I shall be without any
+information but what I may obtain by my private correspondence and my
+own industry; I beg leave to submit this to your consideration.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, July 22d, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>In my last of the 8th instant, I had the honor to inform you of an
+offer of mediation renewed to this Court by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> those of Petersburg and
+Vienna. I have since been told, that the Count de Florida Blanca's
+answer was to the following purport; "that his Catholic Majesty is
+highly sensible of the offers made by their Imperial Majesties to
+promote the establishment of the public tranquillity, but that before
+accepting their propositions it is necessary to consult his ally, and
+for this purpose instructions will be sent to his Ambassador at Paris,
+who, in order to prevent delay, will at the same time be authorised to
+communicate the answer to the Russian and Imperial Ministers at the
+Court of Versailles." I had this information from a person connected
+with the Ambassador of the Court of Vienna.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor is full of the project of removing his East India Company
+from Trieste to Ostend, and of augmenting the commerce of his
+subjects, particularly in the Low Countries. The continuation of the
+war is favorable to his designs, at all events he will seek his own
+advantage in the proposed mediation.</p>
+
+<p>All the neutral powers seem desirous of procuring stipulations
+favorable to their commerce and navigation, particularly in the
+Mediterranean, and for this purpose all appear to wish a general
+Congress. Perhaps upon the whole it would be more for the honor and
+permanent advantage of the United States, to have their independence
+acknowledged and guarantied in an assembly of this nature, than by a
+particular treaty between the belligerent powers. As Mr Jay is to
+negotiate with the Count d'Aranda at Paris the proposed treaty, my
+business here is confined to the arrangement of the public accounts,
+and the payment of the bills still due, the collecting intelligence,
+and the solicitation of redress of the various complaints laid before
+the Ministry in behalf of individuals. For this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> last purpose I wait
+on the Count de Florida Blanca, and M. Del Campo, from time to time,
+and in a respectful manner solicit their attention to these affairs.
+Personally I have no reason to complain; in my political character I
+should have more, if I did not know, that the first powers in Europe
+are treated with the same inattention and delay. I mention this not to
+excuse the conduct of this Court, but to convince you, that it is not
+singular with respect to us. I have in some instances promises of
+redress, and it is to be hoped, that circumstances, patience, and good
+humor, will terminate these affairs to the satisfaction, in some
+measure, of the parties interested.</p>
+
+<p>While Mr Jay remains at Paris, as the public despatches are addressed
+to him, I shall be deprived of intelligence from America, except what
+I may acquire by private correspondence from thence. I have not had
+the honor to hear from Mr Jay since he left this place, which may have
+been occasioned by delay or ill health on the road and afterwards. I
+have no correspondence with Messrs Adams and Dana, from whom I might
+receive, and to whom I might contribute hints, that might be of
+service to the public interest. Messrs Grenville and Oswald are still
+at Paris, but on this subject you will have from others much more
+accurate information than it is in my power to give you.</p>
+
+<p>The Count d'Artois is expected here tomorrow, and will be received and
+treated as an Infant of Spain. This visit is highly pleasing to the
+royal family. He is expected with impatience. Nothing worth your
+notice has yet passed at Gibraltar. The besiegers and the besieged,
+equally prepare the one for the attack, the other for the defence of
+the place. A courier extraordinary from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> France, brings advice of the
+capture of eighteen transports and merchantmen bound to Quebec and
+Newfoundland. Unhappily the New York fleet, which sailed with the
+vessels captured, had two or three days before separated from them. A
+fifty gun ship and a frigate, which escorted them, escaped. I have not
+yet received M. Cabarrus's account. When these are once delivered and
+settled, I shall take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to
+Congress and to Mr Jay, copies of all the public accounts in this
+country. I entreat your indulgence, and frequent remembrance of me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>My last were of the 17th and 26th ultimo, I am still without the least
+information from America, since the 1st of May, the date of your last
+letter. His Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, whom I had the
+honor to see yesterday, seemed apprehensive, that Congress might be
+induced to believe, from the capitulation accorded to the British at
+Providence, that this Court had not after what happened at Pensacola
+instructed its commanders to take care in future, that the garrisons
+of such places as his Catholic Majesty's forces might reduce, should
+be disposed of in such a manner as not to be prejudicial to any of the
+belligerent powers. His Excellency assured me how much he should be
+concerned if an oversight of the Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>eral employed on this occasion,
+should create a misunderstanding injurious to the harmony which the
+King wished to cultivate with America, and prayed me to take the
+earliest opportunity of conveying these sentiments to Congress. He
+proceeded to inform me, that immediately after the Court received the
+articles of capitulation at Pensacola, instructions were sent to M.
+Galvez, to oblige the enemy to consent in future to the transportation
+of their prisoners to Europe; that these orders did not reach him
+until he had left the Havana, previous to the necessary arrangements
+for the expedition against the Bahama Islands.</p>
+
+<p>I assured his Excellency, that I found myself happy in having an
+occasion to represent every instance of his Majesty's good will, and
+begged leave to remind him, that several complaints sustained by
+citizens of America laid before his Excellency by Mr Jay, and since
+his departure by myself, remained unredressed. That I presumed his
+Excellency had given the necessary orders for their relief, but that
+his Majesty's favorable intentions had been hitherto frustrated by the
+delay, and in some cases by the injustice of persons employed in the
+service of Government. I insinuated how agreeable it would be to me to
+remove the unfavorable impressions, that his conduct had made or might
+make in the breast of my countrymen, by having it in my power to
+communicate the orders which had been given, or which his Majesty
+might be pleased to renew, for this effect. I particularized the case
+of the Lord Howe, an English vessel with a valuable cargo, brought
+into Cadiz by part of her crew, Americans, detained by order of the
+Admiralty, and the captors confined in some measure as prisoners of
+war. I represented in the strongest terms, the little respect paid to
+a positive resolution of Congress,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> granting to the captors of vessels
+the property taken in this manner; a resolution occasioned by the
+notorious injustice of the common enemy, who commenced this practice
+of seducing American seamen, and encouraging their own to enter into
+our service with the purpose of afterwards betraying the confidence
+reposed in them.</p>
+
+<p>His Excellency desired me to pass him an office in French on the
+subject, and promised me an answer in writing, with the intention I
+imagine of its being sent to Congress. You will please to observe that
+the negligence of Mr Harrison's banker, to whom he addressed his
+letters to me on this subject, retarded my knowledge of the detention
+of this vessel. I had, however, spoken to M. Del Campo, immediately on
+hearing of its arrival at Cadiz, and repeated to him the substance of
+the resolution of Congress, from an apprehension that the officers of
+that port would observe the same conduct, as those of the Canaries had
+done in the case of the Dover cutter. I avoided mentioning
+particularly the latter affair, until I should have obtained the
+promised answer, as if that proves favorable, as I expect it will, I
+shall renew with redoubled ardor my representations on this head. They
+are, however, so much in want of money here, that I fear the captors
+will be obliged to wait some time for theirs. This scarcity of cash
+occasions the exaction of the duties at Cadiz and Bilboa, complained
+of by Mr Harrison and others. I have employed all the means in my
+power to convince not only the Count de Florida Blanca, but also the
+Ministers of Finance and the Indies, of the impolicy as well as the
+injustice of this measure.</p>
+
+<p>I have engaged several persons, who have their confidence to second
+me, and I hope that good humor, patience,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> and above all, frequent
+personal solicitations, will obtain at least a diminution of these
+duties, an object of great importance to our commerce. In the mean
+time, I have advised Mr Harrison and others to make no payments on the
+pretext that the affair is before the Ministry, for refunding is
+contrary to the spirit of this country. Important news may soon be
+expected from Gibraltar, at least my letters inform me that the attack
+is to be made this day, for that everything would be ready for the
+purpose. As I have very minute details of all that passes there from
+persons at head quarters, I hope I shall be able to give you a
+succinct relation of the operations. This correspondence is of a
+delicate nature for the parties concerned, and therefore I shall not
+hazard sending copies of my letters but by the safest conveyances. I
+am promised a drawing of the so much talked of floating batteries,
+which, as the nature and novelty of their construction may excite
+curiosity, I will forward the instant I receive it. I hope soon to
+have the honor to hear from you, and to have instructions for my
+future government. With sincere wishes that my conduct may not be
+displeasing to Congress, and with the highest respect,</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, September 12th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>All my letters of late have begun with complaints of neglect on the
+part of our Ministers, in not transmitting early and full intelligence
+of what is passing in Europe at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> this interesting period. That there
+may, however, be one exception, I will not say a word on this subject
+to you, only reminding you, that the last despatches we have been
+favored with from you are those of the 18th and 27th of February.
+These I replied to the 6th of July; a copy of that letter goes with
+this; since which, Carleton and Digby have announced the commencement
+of negotiations in Europe, and the resolution to acknowledge the
+independence of America, without exacting any condition. Leslie has
+informed the inhabitants of Charleston, that he means to evacuate it;
+measures have been accordingly taken for that purpose. The evacuation
+of New York seemed also in some measure determined on. But the arrival
+of the packet, announcing the late changes in the Administration, has
+revived the spirits of the tories, and they still retain hopes of
+maintaining their ground in America. Our armies are now united, and
+about moving to their old station at the White Plains. Pigot is at New
+York with twentysix sail of the line; and the Marquis de Vaudreuil at
+Boston, where he has unfortunately lost the Magnificence, sunk in the
+harbor. Congress have endeavored to compensate this loss by presenting
+His Most Christian Majesty with the America, built at Portsmouth. She
+will, I believe, prove a very fine ship; and with diligence, she may
+be fitted in time to be of use this campaign.</p>
+
+<p>We have nothing new among us to inform you of. The armies on both
+sides have been inactive, and our attention is turned on what passes
+in Europe. Here we are lost in the wide field of expectation and
+conjecture without a clue to lead us. I must again press you to think
+of appointing some agent here to receive your salary, which will be
+paid upon the spot; and may be vested in bills to great advan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>tage.
+Two quarters' salary have been transmitted by me, but as I am
+unauthorised in this business, I shall inform Mr Morris that he must
+devise some other way to make these remittances, which I beg leave to
+decline meddling with in future.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with great esteem, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, September 29th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I had the honor to address you on the 8th instant, since which we have
+advice of the disastrous issue of the enterprise with the floating
+batteries against Gibraltar, but although we have had notice of this
+misfortune some days past, I have delayed writing until I could
+procure authentic information of the particular circumstances of this
+event. The enclosed copies of letters and papers, written or sent me
+by a person in the General's family, will, I hope, prove more
+satisfactory than any which you will receive from other quarters. The
+projector, M. d'Arçon, is generally blamed. Enclosed you have a plan
+of the attack as it was made, and as it was intended to have been
+made, accompanied by a Memorial, which M. d'Arçon sent hither to
+exonerate himself from part of the blame. I saw a letter he wrote an
+hour after the affair, in which he avows he had deservedly forfeited
+the confidence reposed in him by two Sovereigns.</p>
+
+<p>This news dejected exceedingly the King, the Court, and the nation.
+Their chagrin from the disappointment is, in some measure,
+proportionate to their confidence of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> success. It is said, however,
+that the King is determined to continue the siege, and, I believe,
+that this will be the case. At present, an expedition in force to the
+West Indies is in agitation. I am informed from a very good quarter,
+that the command is offered to the Count d'Estaing. The party which
+opposed him at Versailles, at the head of which is the Duchess de
+Polignac, the Queen's favorite, the present Minister of Marine and the
+former one, have made advances to him, and seem convinced that he
+alone can repair the disasters of the present campaign. I hear that he
+is unwilling to accept the command at this critical conjuncture, but
+as he is the only French Admiral, who unites the suffrage of this
+Court and nation in his favor, it is to be hoped he will comply with
+the general wish of France and Spain. This affair is yet a secret.</p>
+
+<p>From all accounts I have of the Spanish marine, I fear that Gibraltar
+will be relieved. The expense of this siege has been enormous. I have
+been assured, that during the present campaign it has cost thirtytwo
+millions of piastres of fifteen reals each. This information comes
+from one of the first clerks of the treasury. The great demand for
+specie occasioned thereby has depreciated the paper money; it
+fluctuates between twelve and sixteen per cent. To prevent its further
+depreciation, the Court is endeavoring to procure gold from Portugal,
+and negotiates, as I mentioned in former letters, a loan of three
+millions of florins in Holland, to be augmented in case the
+subscriptions fill readily. I am assured from thence, they do not, and
+I am told here by a man in the secret, that the three millions will be
+delivered in Spain in the month of December. Messrs Hope, the
+negotiators of it, subscribe seven hundred and fifty thousand
+florins.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>As I have not had the honor to hear from Messrs Franklin and Jay
+anything respecting the negotiations at Paris for peace, I can speak
+only from indirect advice and my own conjectures. I have heard that
+difficulties have been started respecting the powers of the British
+Plenipotentiary to treat with our Commissioners. If this is true, it
+will require some time to remove them. On the whole, it may be
+supposed, that the negotiations will be spun out until the meeting of
+Parliament, until the event of the expedition to relieve Gibraltar is
+known; in fine, until the account of Lord Pigot's motions shall have
+reached Europe, which may appear to give a favorable turn to the
+British affairs in the West Indies. No expedition can sail from hence
+in time to prevent the enemy from pushing their operations in that
+quarter, if they proceed thither in force and with despatch. The Dutch
+are like to do nothing this year; their affairs draw to a crisis, and
+it is to be hoped, that it will prove favorable to our friends. The
+Emperor is occupied in ecclesiastical and civil changes, his health is
+in a precarious state, and he runs the risk of losing entirely his
+sight. The motions of Russia indicate a war with the Porte no longer
+Sublime. The Empress negotiates loans in Holland and at Genoa. I have
+taken measures to be informed of their success. The King of Great
+Britain, as Elector of Hanover, is recruiting in all the imperial
+cities, and it is said, he is endeavoring to obtain an additional body
+of German troops for the next campaign. The preparations for war are
+as vigorous as ever.</p>
+
+<p>I have not yet received an answer on the affair of the Lord Howe,
+mentioned in my last. I visit the Ministers, and pass offices on this
+subject and that of the duties, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> shall omit nothing that depends
+on me to obtain satisfaction, and I hope the pains I take will not
+prove wholly ineffectual. Besides the affairs above mentioned, I am
+obliged to visit and write to the Judges of the Council of the Indies,
+on account of law-suits in which some of our countrymen are
+interested, and which are before them by appeal from the inferior
+jurisdictions. Even justice here is obtained by favor and
+solicitation. In other respects, my situation is more agreeable than I
+could have expected. I live on the best footing with almost the whole
+<em>corps diplomatique</em>. The Ministers of Saxony and Prussia seem much
+disposed to induce their Courts to open a direct commerce with
+America, particularly if the war continues. For this purpose, they
+have demanded and obtained from me, all the information in my power to
+give them, with every motive that I could employ, to persuade their
+respective Courts to engage heartily in this measure. If it is
+adopted, the Maritime Company at Berlin, under the King's immediate
+protection, and the Elector or his Ministers in the name of companies
+of commerce, will be concerned in the first speculations. I do not
+enter into details on this subject until I see whether these Courts
+are serious in their intentions.</p>
+
+<p>The advances and offers made me by the Minister of Sweden, have
+rendered me less sanguine. He assures me it was insinuated to his
+Sovereign by the French Minister, that it would be impolitic in him to
+incur the ill will of England, by precipitating an acknowledgment of
+our independence previous to its being acknowledged by the rest of
+Europe. I wait with impatience for your instructions and information.
+In the month of December, all our public accounts here will be
+arranged, when I shall do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> myself the honor to transmit copies. I
+cannot conclude, without mentioning that a Mr Littlepage, from
+Virginia, has acquired reputation by his gallant conduct in the
+expedition against Mahon, where he served as Aid-de-camp to the Duc de
+Crillon, and since at Gibraltar, where he acted in the same capacity.
+The Prince de Nassau, with whom he served as a volunteer on board his
+floating battery, rendered public justice to his character at Court.
+You will permit me also to mention Mr Harrison to you as one, who, by
+his conduct, which has acquired him universal esteem, merits the
+attention of Congress whenever it shall be judged proper to appoint a
+consul at Cadiz, of which place he now performs the functions, with
+great trouble and considerable expense.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Lorenzo, October 14th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The king has resolved that the English frigate, the Lord Howe, carried
+into Cadiz by some Americans and part of the crew, shall be publicly
+sold, ship and cargo, and the value of both be deposited, at the order
+of Congress and yourself. I communicate this to you, that being
+thoroughly informed, you may take such measures as you think proper,
+and determine immediately what is to be done with the American and
+English seamen on board the said vessel. I wish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> for occasions to
+serve you, and that God may preserve you many years.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, October 29th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The state of uncertainly in which every one here has been for some
+time, respecting the motions of the combined and British fleets, to
+relieve, or prevent the relief of Gibraltar, joined to a general
+embargo at Cadiz, and the want of other occasions, has prevented me
+from doing myself the honor of addressing you since the 29th ultimo. I
+hope you will be persuaded that my time has been devoted to no other
+pursuits than those which my duty dictates. Enclosed I have the honor
+to send a particular relation of the most interesting circumstances
+which have passed in this interval. I have had occasion to compare
+this intelligence with that of others, and particularly with letters
+written by a marine officer in this service, but at the same time
+employed to convey information to another Court, and I find upon the
+whole my correspondent conforms with others in the most material
+points, and enters into more minute details than those I have seen
+from other quarters.</p>
+
+<p>My letters of the 26th and 29th will have advised you of the steps I
+have taken to obtain redress on affairs interesting to individuals,
+and to our commerce in general. The enclosed copy of a letter from his
+Excellency the Count de Florida Blanca, will show that my endeavors
+have not been entirely ineffectual. The affair of the duties is still
+under deliberation. As soon as Mr Harrison shall have disposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> of the
+Lord Howe, I shall address the Minister on the subject of the Dover
+cutter; there can then be no pretence for detention or delay. I have
+since my last received advice from Paris, but not from our
+commissioners, that the difficulties with respect to the powers of the
+British Plenipotentiary have been obviated, and that a separate agent
+has been named to treat with us. But on this head you will have more
+ample information than it is in my power to give you.</p>
+
+<p>I am also informed, that M. Rayneval, brother to M. Gerard, has gone
+to London. This circumstance renders the appearance of the negotiation
+more serious. I am persuaded the greatest obstacles to a pacification
+will come from this quarter. It is difficult to relinquish favorite
+ideas, of which to attain the accomplishment, so much treasure has
+hitherto been spent in vain. Perhaps it will be best for us that we
+have not concluded a treaty here, which we have so long solicited.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition mentioned in my last, is certainly resolved on. The
+Count d'Estaing it is said will have the command, and will sail from
+Cadiz with between forty and fifty sail of the line, and ten or twelve
+thousand troops. The squadron at Brest is fitting for sea, and is to
+consist of eight or ten sail of the line. It is conjectured it will
+sail as soon as Lord Howe's return is known. If the junction is formed
+in time, this formidable force, under the command of an officer
+distinguished for his zeal and activity, may hasten the negotiations.</p>
+
+<p>The answers to my letters to Holland, on the subject of the Russian
+loan, and to those which I have procured others to write to Genoa on
+the same point, inform me that it fills slowly. That of Spain for
+three millions will be obtained.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> I have no doubt of the truth of my
+information on this subject. In Portugal they pay dear for the gold
+they obtain from thence. The depreciation is greater than ever, and to
+prevent its further progress, is one of the most serious objects of
+the attention of the Ministry. No changes since my last have taken
+place in the general system of Europe, or in this Cabinet, except that
+the Count de Florida Blanca has joined another department in the
+Ministry to that which he before occupied, viz. that of Grace and
+Justice, vacant by the death of M. Rode. Of course he will have more
+to do than ever, and I shall be obliged to remind him more frequently
+of our little affairs.</p>
+
+<p>My situation with respect to American information is exceedingly
+disagreeable. I hear of arrivals in France, and of letters being
+received by our Ministers there, without any for me; I am persuaded
+that the blame falls on European curiosity. I expect soon to have an
+occasion of writing to you, when I shall do myself the honor to
+transmit you any further particulars that may appear worthy of your
+notice. I cannot help repeating that notwithstanding the appearance of
+peace, the preparations for war are as vigorous as ever.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, November 28th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have been favored with your letter of the 8th of July; those you
+mention to have written on the 5th and 12th of March and the 2d of
+July, never reached me. I regret<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> that you had no directions from Mr
+Jay to open his letters, as those you forwarded contained much
+information that might have been useful to you, on which account I was
+less particular than I should otherwise have been in mine to you.</p>
+
+<p>The great business of the negotiation being transferred to Paris, you
+will have more leisure to attend to the general politics of the Court
+you are at, and to procure every species of intelligence, which may
+serve to regulate our conduct here. We have yet had no information
+except what you mention, of any new proffer of their mediation by the
+Imperial Courts; it is an important object, and I wish you to throw
+all the light you possibly can upon it; as we are particularly anxious
+to know the substance of the answer, which you suppose to have been
+given to it by Spain. You need never be under the least apprehensions
+in vouching boldly for this country, that it will make no peace which
+is inconsistent with its engagement to its allies. Perhaps this string
+skilfully touched may lead nations who have hitherto kept aloof, to
+form connexions which may bind us to them.</p>
+
+<p>The enclosed resolutions will show you the sense of Congress on that
+subject; and the resolutions, which you will see in some of the papers
+sent you, expressive of the same sentiments from almost every separate
+legislature, will show that the fidelity of this country is
+incorruptible.</p>
+
+<p>The season of the year affords no military intelligence. Our troops
+are in quarters at West Point. The French army are waiting at
+Providence such orders as the operations in the West Indies may
+suggest. Their fleet is still at Boston. The America, built at
+Portsmouth, is added to them. She is pronounced by connaisseurs to be
+a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> fine ship; should she answer their expectations, we may hope
+to build others for European powers. This would be a very important
+commercial object, and as such deserves attention.</p>
+
+<p>General Carleton has restrained the savages from continuing the war,
+which they have so long carried on against our frontiers; and Haldiman
+has suffered those they had led into captivity to return on parole, so
+that we have reason to hope that a little more humanity will mark
+their future operations in this country, if ever they should find
+themselves sufficiently strong to venture from behind their ramparts.
+This consideration, together with the intercession of the Court of
+France, has induced Congress to forego their intended retaliation on
+Captain Asgill, who is discharged from his confinement and suffered to
+go to New York on parole.</p>
+
+<p>You will find in the enclosed papers, all the intelligence we have
+with respect to the proposed evacuation of Charleston. We have been in
+daily expectation of hearing that it was abandoned for a long time
+past, but have not as yet had our expectations answered.</p>
+
+<p>The enclosed resolution will inform you that Mr Boudinot is President
+in the room of Mr Hanson. Congress have again appointed Mr Jefferson
+one of their Ministers for making peace. I have not yet been informed
+whether he accepts the appointment, though I have some reason to
+conclude he will.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Stewart going to Paris affords me a safe opportunity of sending a
+cypher there for you; and if Mr Jay can contrive to get it to you
+without inspection, you will be enabled to correspond with more
+latitude in future.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, December 10th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th instant I did myself the honor to address you. To that
+letter and those of the 29th of October, and of the 17th of November,
+I beg leave to refer you for the occurrences during that period.</p>
+
+<p>I have now the pleasure to inform you, that I have just been shown a
+copy in French, of a treaty signed the 30th ult. between the United
+States and Great Britain, by our Commissioners and Mr Oswald, in which
+the essential objects desired by Congress have been obtained. Not
+having it in my power to take a copy, I confine myself to inform you,
+that it consists of nine articles, of which the principal are a
+renunciation, in the strongest terms, of all sovereignty claimed by
+the King of Great Britain for himself and his successors. A
+description of the limits of the States agreeably to the ultimata of
+Congress, as nearly as I can recollect from a cursory perusal; the
+right of fishery on the Great Bank accorded; the same on the coasts of
+Nova Scotia, in the Straits of Labrador, and the Gulf of St Lawrence,
+with the permission to cure and dry our fish on all the uninhabited
+parts of Nova Scotia and Labrador, the Islands of Magdaline and
+Newfoundland excepted; with a proviso that this permission is to cease
+whenever the said coasts and islands shall be inhabited, unless leave
+shall be demanded and obtained previously of the inhabitants thereof;
+a recommendation of Congress to the States in favor of the British who
+have not borne arms, possessing property in America; of the
+non-residents and loyal inhabitants in the same predicament, &amp;c. &amp;c.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>&amp;c. But this article depends entirely on the recommendations of
+Congress, the States being the final arbiters.</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain in this treaty associates the States in their right of
+the free navigation of the river Mississippi, and also in that of the
+river St Mary's. All places in possession of the enemy belonging to
+the United States to be restored, with the cannon, &amp;c. &amp;c. which shall
+appear to have been their property, together with the public and
+private archives, which may have fallen into their hands; all
+conquests made on the one part or the other after the signature, to be
+restored. This treaty is conditional, that is, not to take place until
+France has concluded a peace with Great Britain. Neither Spain nor
+Holland are mentioned in it. If political vengeance is ever
+justifiable, it is on the present occasion. You will pardon the hasty
+manner in which I wrote this. A desire of augmenting your sources of
+information will, I hope, plead my apology. I am much afraid that my
+situation here will be more disagreeable than ever. I flatter myself,
+that my political conduct has been such as not to draw upon me
+personal resentments. I hope, at all events, I have conducted myself
+in a manner not to have merited censure, if circumstances have not
+permitted me to acquire approbation. For the rest, I have a full
+reliance on the wisdom of Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, December 30th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th instant I had the honor to inform you, that I had seen a
+French translation of a conditional treaty, concluded between the
+Commissioners of the United States at Paris, and Mr Oswald on the part
+of Great Britain, the 30th ult. I have since received a letter from Dr
+Franklin enclosing a copy of it. I hope it will be satisfactory to
+Congress, and the people at large. Various are the reflections to
+which this event has given rise here. I am persuaded that this Court
+was far from expecting that Great Britain would make the concessions
+she has made to the States. The surprise, and even the chagrin of
+several of the Ministers and their adherents were apparent, and from
+the instant they received the intelligence, I am convinced their
+attention has been turned to peace.</p>
+
+<p>It has been suggested, that our Commissioners signed this treaty
+without the privity of the Court of France. This suggestion was made
+with a view to pacify this Court, and to calm the resentment, which at
+Versailles, it was supposed, might be conceived here on this account.
+The means employed prove that the French Ministry apprehended this
+resentment, but were in no manner sufficient to answer the purpose
+they were intended to serve. The Count de Florida Blanca, speaking of
+France upon this occasion, said to a friend of mine with some emotion,
+the French Ministry was too precipitate in beginning the war, and is
+equally so in their endeavors to conclude it. M. Musquiz, the Minister
+of Finance, and M. Del Campo have expressed the same sentiments, and
+have insinuated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> to some, that France concerted this measure with our
+Commissioners to force Spain to a peace. To others they expressed
+their apprehensions that Lord Shelburne had duped the French cabinet.
+They fear the duplicity of the latter Minister, and this fear joined
+to their present situation has, probably, rendered them more
+reasonable in their demands and concessions. They will now style this
+conduct moderation. I conjecture this, because the Count de Florida
+Blanca, speaking to the Russian Minister on the subject of the peace,
+told him, that were the propositions on the part of Spain towards an
+accommodation known, all Europe would be convinced of the moderation
+of his Catholic Majesty, and that for his part, he should have no
+objection to make them public.</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th instant a courier was despatched to Paris, with
+instructions to the Count d'Aranda. On the 18th, one was sent to the
+same Minister, with propositions which were then regarded as their
+ultimata. It is now rumored in the palace, that Spain had consented to
+leave Gibraltar in the possession of England. Since the departure of
+this courier the Count de Florida Blanca has spoken of the peace as
+certain, if the British Ministry are candid. As soon as I received
+advice of the treaty above mentioned, I consulted the French
+Ambassador on the part I had to act here. I apprehended that it would
+be improper for me to act longer in a public character, after the
+acknowledgment by Great Britain, without being received in all
+respects as such. He felt the delicacy of my situation, and advised me
+to remain tranquil until the fate of a negotiation for a general
+pacification was known. In consequence, I have confined myself to mere
+personal civilities, and have neither addressed nor solicited the
+Minister on any affair since.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>The affair of the Dover cutter remains in the same situation. The
+Ministry have consented to diminish a third part of the duties
+demanded on the produce of the West Indies imported in American
+vessels. Mr Harrison has not been obliged to pay as yet those duties
+at Cadiz. I have just received a letter from the Marquis de Lafayette,
+who arrived at that port the 23d instant, having preceded the French
+fleet of nine sail and seven thousand troops, which sailed from Brest
+the 7th. The letter was calculated for inspection, and intended to
+excite in this Ministry, distrust of Lord Shelburne, and to induce
+them to furnish Congress with funds for the prosecution of the war. I
+received it by post, and answered it in the same style, by the same
+conveyance. I also made use of the hints to throw out to persons, who
+I know will convey them to the Ministry.</p>
+
+<p>They cannot procure sufficient funds for their own expenses. They have
+just opened a loan of one hundred and eighty millions of reals, of
+which it is proposed to receive two thirds in cash, and the other in
+obligations of debts contracted in the reign of Philip the Fifth. The
+duties on tobacco are engaged for the payment of the interest, which
+is three per cent in perpetuity, and seven per cent in annuities.
+These are the outlines of the proposed plan, I have seen the brouillon
+of the schedule, which is not yet published. No great success is
+expected from this loan. On the 20th an assembly of the subscribers to
+the bank of San Carlos was held to choose directors and other
+officers, and to deliberate on further means for its establishment.
+The Governor of the Council of Castile presided at this assembly, the
+Minister of Finance was present, as likewise were the First Under
+Secretaries of the different depart<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>ments of government. I found means
+to procure admittance to this meeting. Every proposition made by the
+projector, (M. Cabarrus) was unanimously agreed to. There were no
+speeches except to applaud the bounty of the King, who, to enable the
+bank to commence its operations, has granted thirty millions of reals
+in specie, and to the same amount in grain for the supply of the army,
+navy, &amp;c. The directors chosen are much my friends, and have promised
+to give America the preference in all articles which it can furnish
+for the use of the marine, &amp;c. &amp;c. These directors as I advised you in
+former letters, are charged with the supplies for the army, navy, &amp;c.
+with a commission of ten per cent to the profit of the bank. It will
+commence its proceedings in the month of April, with a capital of
+between four and five million of dollars.</p>
+
+<p>I have mentioned, that I was formally visited by many members of the
+<em>corps diplomatique</em>, after the signature of the treaty with Great
+Britain. It may not be improper to acquaint you with the names of the
+respective countries of those who were the first to pay me their
+compliments on this occasion. The Ambassadors of Vienna and Venice,
+the Ministers of Russia, Prussia, Saxony, and Treves, and the <em>Chargé
+d'Affaires</em> of Denmark, paid me this respect. Most of them, but
+particularly the latter, seemed desirous of being informed of the
+method Congress proposed to take for the interchange of Ministers. Not
+knowing the sentiments of Congress on this subject, I replied, that
+whenever they chose to make official application to me, I would take
+the earliest opportunity of laying them before that body. Should
+Congress judge proper to employ persons at any of these Courts, permit
+me to suggest that the title of Minister will greatly augment the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
+expense of these missions. That title obliges their servants to
+support an equipage and appearance, in some degree suitable to their
+rank; which often renders it improper for them to associate with those
+from whom the most useful information is to be obtained. The King of
+Prussia has adopted this system, and I am told the Emperor means to do
+the same.</p>
+
+<p>In my next letter I expect to send copies of all our public accounts
+here, and am taking every proper step to prepare for my departure from
+hence, in case the Court should not change its conduct. I shall
+endeavor to behave on this occasion, in the manner least offensive
+possible, as well in consideration for the interests of our allies, as
+from a wish to prevent the Ministry from having any reasonable
+pretexts for disgust. For this purpose I have consulted, and shall
+continue to consult, the French Ambassador, as also the Marquis de
+Lafayette, whom I will induce to come hither should the peace take
+place, of which I have little doubt.</p>
+
+<p>The divisions in Holland, are higher than ever. The King of Prussia
+seems disposed to take a part in them in favor of the Stadtholder.
+These divisions will probably be fatal to the interests of that
+country at the peace, and afford a striking example of the necessity
+of union in similar governments. I cannot refrain from adding, that
+our friends are apprehensive of animosities and jealousies between the
+States in our confederation, and that it seems to be the hope of our
+enemies. With the most fervent wishes that the latter may be
+disappointed,</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, January 18th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I had the satisfaction to receive some days ago your letters of the
+6th of July and the 12th of September, and am sorry that of the many
+which I have had the honor to write you in the course of the spring
+and summer, none had yet reached you. I hope that this circumstance,
+which causes me the greatest affliction, will not induce you or others
+to believe that I have missed any safe occasion of writing to you. Had
+I been possessed of a cypher, I flatter myself there would have been
+less occasion for this complaint. I have been, and am at present
+obliged to avail myself of private conveyances to forward my letters
+to the sea-ports of France and Spain; these occasions do not offer so
+frequently as I could desire. Indeed, few American vessels have sailed
+from Bilboa this summer, and the embargo at Cadiz during part of the
+campaign, prevented me from sending letters regularly from that port.
+Five vessels by which my letters were forwarded have been taken by the
+enemy, and others, which I was constrained to send by post to L'Orient
+and other ports of France, taking all the means in my power to prevent
+their being inspected, although sent from hence in the months of July
+and August, were not received by my correspondents until the 16th of
+October. I have received several packets of newspapers from your
+quarter without any letters. I must confess to you, that this kind of
+intelligence is very expensive, every packet costing me from five to
+ten dollars, and we have no allowance for extraordinary expenses.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>Since my last of the 31st ult. I have repeatedly insinuated to those
+who have the confidence of the Ministers, my apprehensions that the
+conduct of Spain would oblige Congress to take steps very different
+from what were their intentions when they sent Mr Jay and myself to
+this Court; that I saw with pain, the use which Great Britain hoped to
+make of our resentment; and to give weight to these insinuations, I
+availed myself of the letters, which the Marquis de Lafayette has done
+me the honor to address me from Cadiz. I know these hints have been
+conveyed to the Ministry, and am assured underhand, that I shall have
+soon reason to be satisfied. To these assurances I replied, that with
+all the desire I had to contribute to a lasting harmony between the
+two countries, it would be impossible for me, consistent with
+propriety and the idea I had of the dignity of my constituents, to
+remain here longer unless received formally in the character with
+which I had been honored by Congress, adding, that I should not be
+surprised to receive letters of recall. The methods taken to persuade
+me to be tranquil a little longer, prove that the Court thinks
+seriously of its situation with respect to the United States, but it
+will always be with reluctance and an ill grace, that it will consent
+to do what it ought to have done long ago generously.</p>
+
+<p>Some small circumstances persuade me that M. Gardoqui will shortly be
+despatched. He applies himself to the French language with much
+assiduity, and throws out hints, that he shall soon pay a visit to his
+wife, whom he has not seen for two years and a half. I am also told by
+a lady much esteemed by M. Del Campo, that he means shortly to leave
+Spain, for he has promised her that at his departure, he will give her
+a set of horses to which he is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> much attached. It is possible he may
+be sent to aid the Count d'Aranda to arrange the commercial articles
+of the peace, of which the preliminary articles are supposed by this
+time to be signed.</p>
+
+<p>The two last mentioned gentlemen have frequently spoke to me of the
+disadvantages of their commercial connexions with England, and I have
+seized the opportunity of endeavoring to convince them, that by
+according certain advantages to our fisheries, and by contracting with
+us for tobacco, &amp;c. instead of taking the latter article from
+Portugal, they may at the same time prejudice their natural enemies,
+and perpetuate a future good understanding with America. Similar
+representations have been made by me with respect to such articles
+furnished by the northern powers, and which the States can supply.
+However, I trust more to the interest I have with the perpetual
+directors of the bank to obtain these advantages, than to any
+influence of either of these gentlemen.</p>
+
+<p>I have just been shown a copy of the proclamation of pardon and
+indemnity granted to those concerned in the insurrection at Santa Fé
+and the adjacent provinces; it was published the 12th of August, 1782.
+Although the Viceroy endeavors to preserve the dignity and honor of
+the Crown in the expressions of this peace, yet, in fact, it accords
+all the concessions demanded by the malcontents. These disturbances
+and the expensive expeditions of the Galvez family, have not only
+consumed the revenues of the Crown in Spanish America received during
+the war, but mortgaged them for some years to come. I am also
+informed, that the Court means soon to publish a new tariff on the
+imports to this country. I know that such a measure has been more than
+two years in agitation, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> I believe, it will bear hard on the
+commerce of other nations.</p>
+
+<p>I refer you to former letters for particulars respecting the
+negotiations for peace, I will only add, that the Ministry now desire
+the conclusion of the war, and even are apprehensive of the duplicity
+of the British cabinet, which apprehensions it is the interest of
+others to excite and increase. I converse often with those who have
+their confidence; I know their wants and their fears of not having
+resources for the continuance of the war, and I am confident they
+desire peace, and fear the reverse. The expedition from Cadiz would
+not be ready until towards the end of the month, if it were found
+necessary to despatch it. Fortyeight sail of the line, and from
+eighteen to twenty thousand men, and not from ten to twelve thousand,
+as mentioned in my last, are to be employed in this expedition. The
+siege of Gibraltar is obstinately and unprofitably continued, and the
+King is made to believe that in the course of the year it will be
+taken by sap.</p>
+
+<p>I have received letters from Paris, which advise me that bills for my
+salary had been mentioned by you to have been sent, but that they had
+not come to hand. Your letters, and one I received from Mr Morris,
+give me the same information. I could wish that my salary should be
+transmitted directly to me from your department, but as it does not
+appear convenient, I have directed Mr John Ross to receive it, and I
+hope you will have the goodness to facilitate him the means of doing
+it. A mistake, which is not yet corrected by Messrs Drouilliet, our
+bankers here, in the account they delivered me some time ago, prevents
+me from transmitting the public accounts with this letter, but in the
+course of a few days, I hope they will be com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>plete, when I will do
+myself the honor of forwarding them, together with my account against
+the public. I am in much distress for the arrears. I conclude with
+fervent wishes, that every future year may present the affairs of the
+United States in the same favorable point of view, in which they
+appear it the commencement of the present; and with sincere thanks for
+your indulgence hitherto,</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, February 21st, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I had the honor to address you on the 31st of December, and the 18th
+and 30th of January, to which letters I beg leave to refer you for the
+particular occurrences during that period.</p>
+
+<p>I have now the pleasure to inform you, that the Court of Spain has at
+length thought proper to receive me formally as the <em>Chargé
+d'Affaires</em> of the United States. The letters above mentioned will
+have advised you of the political motives, which induced me to wish
+the presence of the Marquis de Lafayette. They will also have informed
+you of the means I employed, and which his correspondence enabled me
+to employ more efficaciously, to impress this Court with an idea of
+the necessity of immediately acknowledging the independence of the
+United States.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> Since they were written, the Count de Montmorin had
+a long conver<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>sation on the subject of our affairs with the King, and
+afterwards with the Count de Florida Blanca. The King's answer to the
+Ambassador's representations was, <em>we shall see</em>. The Minister
+appeared still desirous of procrastinating.</p>
+
+<p>On the &mdash;&mdash; instant, the Marquis de Lafayette arrived, and with that
+zeal and ardor, which ever influenced him when the interests of the
+United States were in question, immediately consulted with me on the
+steps to be taken with the Minister. I informed him of what I had
+done.</p>
+
+<p>We were of the same opinion, viz. that he should seize the first
+opportunity of speaking to the Count de Florida Blanca, on the subject
+of our affairs. He did so, communicating to me the particulars of the
+conversation. As the Marquis proposes to address you by the same
+vessel, by which you will receive this letter, I refer you to his
+circumstantial relation of his conferences. My reception in a public
+character has been the result; and last night the Marquis accompanied
+me to an audience of the Minister. He was content with my reception,
+and personally I had no reason to be dissatisfied. The Count de
+Florida Blanca remarked to me, smiling, that he thought that I had
+left Madrid. I did not choose, as things were in so good a train, to
+enter into a discussion of the reasons which induced me to forbear my
+visits to him, and therefore only replied, that I never found myself
+so well at Madrid as at present. It is unnecessary to repeat such
+parts of the conversation as were merely personal. His expressions of
+friendship for the Marquis were unbounded, and the latter omitted no
+opportunity of pressing, in the strongest manner, the Minister to take
+speedy and effectual measures to convince the States of the desire of
+his Catholic Majesty to cultivate their amity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>The Marquis informs me, that he sent you a copy of the letter he wrote
+to the Minister, in order to obtain a written answer, conceding points
+to which he had agreed in conversation. He pressed an answer to this
+letter, and was assured by the Count de Florida Blanca, that he should
+have it on the Saturday morning following, and that it would be
+satisfactory. The Count invited me to dine with him on that day as
+<em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> of America, and as I had suggested to the Marquis,
+that I should choose a written invitation in the customary form, the
+Marquis took the Count aside and spoke to him of it, in the
+Ambassador's name. The latter admitted the propriety of the proposal,
+and promised to send it. There is but one circumstance which occasions
+a difficulty with respect to my presentation, it has hitherto been the
+etiquette to present no <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> to the King and royal
+family, except those from France and Vienna. The Count mentioned this
+to us, but at the same time said, I should be received in the most
+honorable manner. Personally these distinctions will never influence
+my conduct, but nationally, I should wish to obtain every mark of
+honor possible for the representatives of the United States. For this
+reason I gave it as my opinion to the Marquis, that I ought not to go
+to Court until this point was settled. His sentiments were the same.</p>
+
+<p>There are, however, difficulties to be apprehended in the attainment
+of this object. The short stay of the Marquis here, the necessity of
+my being constantly with him, the desire he has shown to treat me on
+all occasions, and in the most public manner as the representative of
+the country he serves, and to be introduced by me everywhere; all
+these circumstances have engaged so much of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> my attention and time, as
+to preclude me from entering into further details; details which will
+be unnecessary after those you will assuredly receive from himself. It
+is the happiest circumstance of my life, that the man whose services I
+was instrumental in procuring to my country, should be the one to whom
+in a great measure I owe my first public appearance at the Court of
+Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The precipitate departure of the Marquis prevents me from copying, in
+time for this conveyance, the public accounts. In ten days they will
+all be complete, and I hope I shall be enabled, by our Minister in
+France, to pay the balances, which are not considerable, and by that
+means commence our political career here with the credit and
+reputation, which we have hitherto preserved.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See the letters here referred to in <em>M. de Lafayette's
+Correspondence</em>, in the present work.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, March 13th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I had the honor to address you on the 18th and 30th of January, and
+the 21st ult. In the last I advised you, that this Court had consented
+to receive me in a public character, and as such I had been formally
+invited to dine with the <em>corps diplomatique</em>, at the Count de Florida
+Blanca's table. On the 22d ultimo, accompanied by the Marquis de
+Lafayette, I went to the Pardo, the present residence of the royal
+family, where we dined together, a circumstance which not a little
+surprised several of the foreign Ministers, who knew that I had for
+some time neglected to pay my court there. Those of Russia and Vienna
+were particu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>larly curious. From their conduct then and since, I am
+persuaded they are mortified in having led their respective Courts to
+believe, that a connexion between the United States and Spain was more
+distant than it appears to be at present.</p>
+
+<p>The not having as yet been presented, occasioned many conjectures, and
+subjects me to many questions. I have been asked by several of the
+foreign Ministers, if I meant to pay the usual visits, and to make the
+customary notifications of this event to the <em>corps diplomatique</em>
+here. I have in general replied, that I had not determined as yet what
+would be my conduct on the occasion, but that certainly, if presented
+in the absence of Mr Jay, I should visit none, however great my
+personal respect might be for them, without being previously informed,
+that they would return my visit. It is my opinion, I ought to wait on
+none but those of France, Holland, and Prussia; the latter, because on
+his presentation to the royal family, he paid the same compliment to
+me as to others. I presume that my presentation will not take place,
+until the Count de Florida Blanca receives an answer from the Count
+d'Aranda, whom he directed to communicate to Mr Jay the present
+disposition of this Court.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th ult. the Court of Portugal thought proper to repeal an
+ordinance, published the 5th of July, 1776, prohibiting the entry of
+all American vessels into the ports of Portugal, &amp;c. &amp;c., and
+directing in future, that they shall be treated on the same footing as
+those of other nations in friendship with that Crown.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of January I had the honor to inform you, that it was more
+than probable that the Emperor and Russia meditated great designs. It
+has been my constant en<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>deavor since to procure information on that
+head. I will not pretend to give as authentic, the result of my
+inquiries, although I have collected my information from various
+persons in a situation of knowing what passes at these Courts. From
+these I have collected, that in the month of April, 1780, the Courts
+of Vienna and Petersburg adopted the project of attacking the Turkish
+empire in Europe, and at that period concluded an eventual partition
+treaty. In order to have time to make the necessary preparations for
+this war, and to conceal their real intentions, these Courts offered
+their mediation to the belligerent powers, and proposed a general
+Congress, in which they hoped to embroil matters still further, and to
+retard the peace. The Courts of France and Spain were aware of their
+intention, and although they accepted the proffered offer of
+mediation, they evaded, under different pretexts, fixing either the
+place or the time for assembling the Congress. I remarked, that soon
+after the signature of our provisional treaty with Great Britain, the
+Ambassador of the Emperor and the Russian Minister were very uneasy,
+and exceedingly inquisitive to know whether there would be a general
+Congress or not, sounding me on that subject on a supposition, that I
+should be advised of it by Dr Franklin. Lately, they have circulated a
+report, that the Congress would be held at Vienna. The Count de
+Montmorin, who was compromitted in this rumor, took an opportunity to
+mention publicly, that neither <em>viva voce</em>, nor by letter had he given
+the least surmise that would authorise it. Since, from the same
+quarter, it has been insinuated, that the Courts of Vienna and
+Petersburg had taken their measures, and would not be deterred from
+the prosecution of them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>Great pains have been taken to persuade others, that the King of
+Prussia had acceded to this confederation on consideration of
+Courland, and that part of Silesia, still in possession of the
+Austrian family, being ceded to him. This gained credit even at Court,
+and my intimacy with the Prussian Minister induced me to speak of it
+to him in a friendly way, as a circumstance that would be prejudicial
+to his negotiation here. He then assured me he had no information on
+the subject, and on my naming to him the source from whence I had my
+information, he cautiously avoided appearing united with the Imperial
+and Russian representatives, and a day or two ago positively assured
+me, that he had received letters from the King, which authorised him
+to say, that there was no foundation for this rumor. He made, I
+believe, the same communication to the Count de Montmorin, and further
+observed to me, that the Court of Vienna had made use of the same
+artifice to induce the Elector of Bavaria to consent to a
+dismemberment of his country.</p>
+
+<p>The last letters from the north speak much of the great preparations
+for war, making in the Austrian and Russian dominions. The firm
+conduct of the Court of France may dissipate this storm, if the
+accession of the Court of Prussia to this confederation should not
+prove true. I have been assured from a very good quarter, that Lord
+Shelburne saw with uneasiness the intentions of the Emperor and
+Russia. But the late triumphs of his opponents in Parliament will
+probably oblige him to resign. The preliminary articles of peace,
+particularly those with the United States, were very ill received. The
+address of thanks in the lower House was negatived by a majority of
+sixteen, and carried in the upper by eight only. Lord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> Grantham told
+the <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> of Spain, that the treaty with America had
+been the ruin of Lord Shelburne's administration; that he expected to
+be obliged to give in his resignation also, for which reason he could
+not proceed in his negotiation, until he saw whether the
+administration, of which he was a member, kept its ground or not.</p>
+
+<p>Thus for the present all is anarchy and confusion in England. The same
+spirit of division seems to have seized the army and navy. There have
+been great riots at Portsmouth. The scarcity of grain may occasion
+similar disturbances in different parts of the kingdom. The Danish
+Envoy at this Court has just communicated to me letters, which he has
+received from his Court, in answer to those which he wrote in
+consequence of his conversation with me on the subject of the treaty
+between the United States and Denmark. The Minister advises him, in
+order to accelerate this affair, that the King had thought proper to
+send to Paris a person, with powers to treat with Dr Franklin. That
+this gentleman was to leave Copenhagen the middle of February, and had
+instructions to communicate to him the result of his conferences with
+Dr Franklin, and that he himself had orders to impart to me this
+correspondence. He added, that the King was sincerely disposed to
+cultivate an amity with the States, that Denmark would make
+Christianstand a free port to the commerce of America, and give it
+every other advantage in Europe and the West Indies, which could be
+reasonably desired. He finished, by entreating me to make known these
+sentiments to Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The Saxon Minister daily expects permission to give me extracts from
+such despatches of his Court to him as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> relate to our affairs, in
+order to convince Congress of the early desire of the Elector to form
+connexions between the citizens of the States and his subjects. The
+Minister of Sweden is much mortified, that the negotiation which he
+commenced with me should have been taken out of his hands, and given
+to the Ambassador from that Court at Paris. He informs me that a
+treaty of amity and commerce is on the point of being concluded, if
+not already signed, by Dr Franklin and the Swedish representative at
+Paris.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, Sir, we have the pleasure to see arrive, the period when our
+friendship is solicited by most of the European nations. As we shall
+have, undoubtedly, a considerable commerce in the Mediterranean, it is
+to be wished that early measures may be taken to cultivate the
+friendship of the States of Barbary. It has been reported here, that
+Spain will make another attempt on Algiers as soon as the definitive
+treaty is signed.</p>
+
+<p>The bank, so often mentioned in former letters, will very soon
+commence its operations. The subscription fills fast, and the
+directors assure me they shall be able to fulfil what they have
+promised to the public. The directors for the supply of the army and
+navy, have engaged to give America the preference for such supplies as
+they may from time to time stand in need of from thence, and for this
+purpose have taken from me the address of mercantile houses in the
+different States. I mention this, in order that the different members
+in Congress may be enabled to inform their constituents, who, perhaps,
+might choose to furnish supplies of the produce of the States to which
+they belong to this country, and who may be able to do it on better
+terms than the parties I have recommended. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> articles most in
+demand will be masts, spars, tar, pitch, turpentine, flour, grain,
+fish, &amp;c. The tariff, mentioned in my last, excites universal
+complaint; there is scarce a Minister from a maritime Court, who is
+not preparing to make remonstrances. I shall see what success they
+have, and regulate my conduct thereby. If we obtain any partial
+advantages, they must be derived from treaty, and the desire of Spain
+to cultivate our friendship.</p>
+
+<p>The Court has not yet named a Minister to the United States. Indeed,
+it is difficult to find a proper person for this employment. I
+proposed to a M. Josè Llanos, a gentleman highly respected here for
+his abilities and his agreeable manners, this commission. He is nephew
+of the Duke d'Osada, a favorite of the King. The proposal was received
+with great marks of satisfaction, and will contribute to secure his
+good will and friendship, as well as that of his uncle, if it answers
+no other purpose. The same Under Secretary in the foreign department,
+who is charged with the affairs of Great Britain, has also the
+direction of those of the United States. On being informed of this
+circumstance, I paid him my compliments, and shall neglect nothing
+which shall enable me to secure his good will, on which, in a great
+measure, depends the despatch of business which passes through his
+hands.</p>
+
+<p>Since my residence in this country, I have written several long
+letters to the Philadelphia Philosophical Society, in which, among
+other things, I recommended to its attention, the nomination of
+persons in this country as honorary members. I know not whether these
+letters ever came to hand, for which reason permit me to suggest to
+you, whether the nomination of the most distinguished literary
+characters in the different countries of Europe might not be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> useful.
+The suffrage of the republic of letters has contributed to give us a
+celebrity during the war, and this union formed with its chiefs in
+various countries, will secure useful connexions to our Ministers, as
+well as to the American youth who may travel for instruction. Should
+this idea meet your approbation, I would take the liberty of
+recommending the Count de Campomanes, Fiscal of the Council of
+Castile, the above mentioned Don Gaspar Josè Llanos, and the Abbé
+Gavarra, Secretary of the Academy of History.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of your request to nominate a person to receive my
+salary, I have written to Mr John Ross to act for me. I have now more
+than three quarters due, and am absolutely obliged to live on credit.
+I am under great obligations to Dr Franklin for his kindness in
+assuming the bills, which I have been constrained to draw on him
+hitherto; but dare not draw for the amount of salary due me, lest he
+should not have funds. It is impossible for me to retrench my
+expenses, without, at the same time, depriving myself of the occasions
+of seeing frequently those here from whom alone useful information can
+be drawn.</p>
+
+<p>I am happy to have had the Marquis de Lafayette, a witness of my
+conduct, and I flatter myself that his testimony will convince you,
+that I have neglected nothing to conciliate the esteem of the best
+informed natives, and the most distinguished foreigners at this Court,
+from whom I could expect either countenance or intelligence. If
+possible, I will endeavor to send with this letter copies of all
+public accounts. Having no one to assist me in the comparing with the
+books and examining the number of bills which have been paid, their
+dates, &amp;c. &amp;c. in making out copies, and being but an indifferent
+accountant, I pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>ceed more slowly than I desire in their arrangement.
+I hope Congress will finally have no reason to complain, as it has
+been and ever will be, my highest ambition to merit the confidence
+reposed in me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, May 7th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate you upon the turn our affairs are likely to take with
+you, and the prospect your letters open of a speedy connexion between
+us and the Court of Madrid. Her cold and distant conduct (which I much
+lament) has somewhat damped the ardor of this country to render that
+connexion as intimate as possible. No people in the world are more
+governed by their feelings than the Americans, of which the late war
+was a striking proof, and those feelings have been long sported with
+in Spain. Yet men of reflection see the propriety of overlooking the
+past, and forming in future a durable connexion.</p>
+
+<p>We are necessary to each other, and our mutual friendship must conduce
+to the happiness of both. Should Spain have the magnanimity to reject
+partial considerations, and offer such a treaty of commerce as her own
+true interest and ours require, we shall now lay the foundation of a
+friendship that will endure for ages. But should she contend with us
+for the free navigation of the Mississippi, which is now ours by the
+titles, should she deny us the privilege of cutting wood in the bays
+of Campeachy and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> Honduras while she grants it to the English, she
+will, without serving herself, injure us, and open the wounds which
+her kindness should close.</p>
+
+<p>I have no particular directions to give you with respect to your
+mission; your conduct is perfectly agreeable to Congress, and I doubt
+not that you will continue to pursue such a line as will render you
+most acceptable to the Court of Madrid. We have now no particular
+favors to ask, and the ground on which we stand, will, I hope,
+preserve us from future neglects, and enable you to obtain the
+practice you have been so long soliciting in those matters of a
+private nature which you mention.</p>
+
+<p>I am surprised to hear that you have not received your salary, since
+it has been regularly remitted every quarter to Dr Franklin ever since
+the first of January, 1782. By letters from Mr Lewis Morris, you will
+learn that the money paid here was laid out in bills of exchange at
+six shillings and threepence, this money, for five livres, and the
+bills sent out. This exchange was in your favor, but by the enclosed
+retrospective resolution, (passed in consequence of a representation
+from Dr Franklin, that the salaries should not depend upon the
+fluctuations of exchange,) Congress have deducted that advantage from
+the quarter's salary, which was due on the 1st of April. The balance
+will be paid in bills to Mr Ross, agreeably to your order, as soon as
+I can prevail on Mr Robert Morris to draw, which he says will be in a
+few days. No commission has been, or will be charged by me upon these
+money transactions, so that your salary will be five livres, five sous
+per dollar, considered at four shillings and sixpence sterling, not
+without deduction from the 1st of January, 1782.</p>
+
+<p>I need not tell you, that the terms of the provisional<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> treaty were
+very acceptable here; all but those articles that relate to the
+loyalists, upon which subject I fear the recommendations of Congress
+when made, will not effect what is expected of them. Of this the
+unhappy people who are the objects of them appear to be very sensible,
+and are going in much greater numbers than I could wish, to Nova
+Scotia. Congress have ratified the treaty; we are now mutually
+discharging prisoners. We shall send in about six thousand men in good
+health and spirits, in return for a few hundred poor debilitated
+wretches who have lost their health in the prison-ships. You will be
+struck with the contrast between our conduct to the captives and
+theirs, when I assure you that out of one thousand men confined in
+close jail in Philadelphia for a twelvemonth, but sixteen died. Though
+the knowledge of this can answer no political purpose at present, it
+is not amiss that facts, which mark the humanity of a young nation
+should be known. The measures, which Congress have lately adopted for
+securing half pay to the troops, have given them satisfaction, and
+they look with patriotic pleasure to the hour of their dissolution. We
+have yet no knowledge of the time the British have fixed for the
+evacuation of New York, on which subject I imagine they have yet
+received no orders; though the communication between us and them is
+perfectly open at present. You will continue to employ your leisure in
+writing to us, and when no public business demands your attention, let
+us learn from you the political and commercial history of the Court
+and country you are in. In doing this I beg leave to remind you, that
+general histories are in everybody's hands. That minute details are
+requisite to an accurate knowledge of a country.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>I thank you for the information you have given relative to the siege
+of Gibraltar; it is curious and interesting.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 19th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>A few days ago I had the satisfaction to receive a letter, which you
+did me the honor to write me the 7th of May. It is the only one which
+has reached me from the department of Foreign Affairs since the 12th
+of September, 1782. I am happy to find my conduct has the approbation
+of Congress. The delicate situation in which I have found myself here,
+and a total privation of intelligence from America, embarrassed me
+greatly; I was apprehensive, on the one hand, that a marked resentment
+of the coldness and delays of this Court might compromise our ally,
+and embroil still further our affairs here; and on the other, I felt
+that it was not decent longer to solicit the amity of a nation, which
+has long trifled with the proposals of the States. I was not
+authorised to negotiate, and if I had been, I had no instructions but
+those which were given to Mr Jay in 1779.</p>
+
+<p>Our affairs have taken such a different aspect since that period, that
+these could be of little use to me. Thus circumstanced, I contented
+myself with taking every opportunity of pointing out to the Count de
+Florida Blanca and others, the conduct which I presumed would be most
+advantageous to my country, while, at the same time, it would cement a
+lasting harmony between the two nations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> I received constantly
+general assurances of the favorable disposition of the King; the
+letter transmitted by the Marquis de Lafayette, and those which I have
+had the honor to write to you before and since that period, will have
+informed you of the nature of them. I was induced to believe these
+assurances were sincere, more from the opinion that it was the true
+interest of this Court to follow that line of conduct, than from any
+confidence in the real good will or good faith of government here. Its
+apparent jealousy of our rising importance, and of our vicinity to
+their American possessions, joined to its past conduct, I think will
+justify these sentiments.</p>
+
+<p>A few days ago, the Minister of the Indies, speaking of America in
+general, wished the whole continent at the bottom of the ocean. I
+believe he has his particular reasons for this wish. The advice which
+I have had the honor to transmit you from time to time, of the
+discontents and disturbances in Mexico and Peru, will in some measure
+explain the cause of his dissatisfaction. The last intelligence
+received from Buenos Ayres is by no means agreeable. The Court keeps
+the most guarded silence on this subject, and the Minister has taken
+care to stop all letters of a late date brought by packets from that
+part of the world. I have, however, been informed by natives of
+consequence from these countries who reside here, and who pay their
+court every day to M. Galvez, that the spirit of revolt increases, and
+that the conduct of the officers civil and military sent from hence,
+is so odious and intolerable to all classes of people, that the worst
+consequences are to be apprehended. These Americans treat me with the
+cordiality of countrymen. The other night being at the Tertullia,
+(Assembly) of Madame Galvez, the Count d'Oreilly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> entered. I saw
+indignation immediately painted on their countenances, and one of them
+accosting me, said, "there, my countryman, is a specimen of the
+Governors they send us," alluding to the perfidy and cruelties of that
+General in Louisiana. I was cautious in my reply, as indeed, I have
+been in all conversations which I have had with these or others on
+this subject. The apprehensions, which the situation of their Colonies
+might be supposed to excite, do not appear to influence the conduct of
+the Count de Florida Blanca.</p>
+
+<p>In my letter of the 25th of June, I had the honor to submit to you my
+conjectures on the part Spain seemed disposed to take in the war
+commenced by Russia against the Turks. These conjectures have been
+confirmed by circumstances, which have since come to my knowledge. The
+Count de Florida Blanca takes an active part in negotiating and
+exciting the distrust of other nations against the supposed designs of
+the Imperial Courts. There have been frequent conferences of late
+between that Minister, the French and Portuguese Ambassadors, and the
+Count de Fernan Nunez, now here on <em>congé</em> from Portugal. It is
+surmised, that the object of them is to exclude from the ports of the
+Court of Lisbon the fleet which Russia has talked of sending into the
+Mediterranean, and to avoid giving a pointed offence to the Empress by
+this exclusion, it is proposed to extend it to all nations at war.
+Many circumstances induce me to credit this surmise. The Russian
+Minister here is informed from Lisbon of this negotiation, and accuses
+the Portuguese Ambassador, (who is a weak and vain man) of being
+entirely gained by the court paid him here.</p>
+
+<p>Efforts have been made to engage the Genoese and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> Venetians to enter
+into the same views. I know the sentiments of the Ambassador from the
+latter Republic on this subject. He is piqued by the little confidence
+placed in him by this Court, on account of letters from him to his
+constituents, placing the affairs of this country in an unfavorable
+aspect. Copies of these letters have some how or other been procured
+by the Spanish Ambassador there, and transmitted hither. He advises
+the republic to remain neutral, notwithstanding the jealousies which
+others endeavor to inspire of the Emperor's intentions. That Prince
+continues to make the most formidable preparations, while at the same
+time he endeavors to persuade others, particularly the Court of
+France, that he does not enter into the designs of Russia. Your
+information from Paris will be much more accurate than any that I can
+give you on this subject. If the Court of Versailles was not well
+satisfied with the dispositions of this Court, the Count de Montmorin
+would not be permitted to return to France at this crisis. He talks of
+leaving Spain in the month of September, or sooner, should the
+definitive treaty be concluded. A courier is daily expected with the
+news of the signature.</p>
+
+<p>This intelligence will be the more agreeable, as doubts have been
+entertained of the intentions of the English cabinet. The frequent
+conferences of Mr Fox and the Russian Minister at London, and the
+permission given to Russian Commissaries to prepare for the reception
+of the fleets of that nation, may have excited these doubts. Mr Fox,
+in the course of the negotiations of the definitive treaty, has
+cavilled on every point, and raised difficulties and delays on every
+occasion. It would, perhaps, have facilitated the conclusion of our
+treaty with this country, if we could have adjusted the articles of it
+before theirs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> with Great Britain is signed. I am afraid it will be
+difficult to obtain permission to cut wood in the bays of Campeachy
+and Honduras. This point, as I informed you in my last, was a subject
+of long discussion at London. The limits occasioned the obstacles on
+the part of Spain. I have insinuated from time to time to the Count de
+Florida Blanca, the good effects the grant of this permission to the
+citizens of the United States would have in America. But M. Galvez, as
+Minister of the Indies, will be consulted on this point, as well as on
+that of the free navigation of the Mississippi, and I believe will
+obstruct as much as possible the cessions we desire. He is obstinate
+to the last degree, and rarely swerves from the system he has once
+adopted. Perseverance and steadiness on our part must from the nature
+of things probably prevail.</p>
+
+<p>There is no appearance of material changes in the Ministry here. It is
+said, the King is not satisfied with the new Minister of Marine. The
+friends of the Count d'Oreilly flattered themselves that he would be
+named Minister of war. But his return to his government of Andalusia,
+after a shorter stay than he intended, dissipated the expectations
+formed on this head. I paid him my court during the time he was here,
+in order to secure his influence in favor of our commerce at Cadiz.
+The appointment of a consul is very necessary at that port, and
+certainly no person will ever perform the functions of that office
+with more credit to himself and country than Mr Richard Harrison, who
+for three years past has gratuitously done all our business here.</p>
+
+<p>The time of the Count de Florida Blanca is so much occupied by
+projects of reform in the administration of the revenues, &amp;c. and by
+the negotiations before men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>tioned, that it is difficult if not
+impracticable to see him, particularly while the Court is in the
+capital. He promised at Aranjues to give me a positive answer here
+with regard to my presentation to the King and royal family, but I
+have been so accustomed to promises and delays, that I have little
+expectations he will keep his word. I attend the answer of Congress to
+my letter of the 23d of May, in which I recapitulated the difficulties
+started on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition against Algiers sailed on the 2d instant. Enclosed I
+have the honor to send you a list of its force. The religious
+ceremonies observed previous to the departure of this armament, recall
+to mind those practised in the time of the crusades. A pompous
+procession, composed of the clergy of all orders, and of the civil and
+military officers at Carthagena, attended a miraculous image of the
+virgin of Mount Carmel, from the church to the port. There, with great
+ceremony, it was placed in the barge of Barcello, the chief of the
+expedition, who himself took the helm, and conducted it on board the
+Admiral's ship, parading through the fleet, which displayed its
+colors, and saluted with firing and music during the time the ceremony
+lasted. The image was reconducted to the altar from which it had been
+taken with the same pomp, and no doubt that many of the spectators and
+assistants are convinced, that this honor paid to the virgin will
+insure the success of the expedition. I take the liberty of giving you
+this detail, as it marks the character of a part of the nation.
+Sensible people smile when the circumstance happens to be mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of July, 1780, I gave to Mr Jay in writing, a general
+account of the disposition of the Court; the state of the finances of
+this country, &amp;c. &amp;c. I know not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> whether it has ever been transmitted
+to Congress. I have from time to time since been employed in
+correcting and enlarging it. I have hopes of obtaining an accurate
+account of the revenues and debts of this nation. The person, through
+whose means I hope to procure it for the time necessary to copy it, is
+now absent. Should I be successful, I must entreat the greatest
+secrecy, on account of the person who I expect will favor me on this
+point. In 1781, I transmitted to the Philosophical Society of
+Philadelphia, a relation of the measures taken in this country for the
+encouragement of arts and agriculture, particularly by societies
+established with the title of <em>Amigos del Pais</em>, (friends of the
+country) these societies owe their existence to the celebrated Count
+de Campomanes; from him I drew my information on this subject, and I
+must add in justice to his liberality of thinking, that I have found
+him on all occasions disposed to contribute to my instruction; for
+this and other reasons heretofore mentioned, I pressed his nomination
+as honorary member of our philosophical society. You will pardon me
+for reminding you of this circumstance.</p>
+
+<p>Urged by necessity, I have been constrained to draw on Dr Franklin; I
+never have been advised by him of the reception of bills of exchange
+for my salary. Mr Temple Franklin wrote me many months ago, that
+advice had been received that bills had been drawn for that purpose,
+but that they had not come to hand. In the course of this summer, he
+informed me, that six months of my salary had been remitted by your
+department, and that I had been credited with that sum in my account
+with Dr Franklin. I have heard nothing on the subject since. You will
+please, therefore, direct its being transmitted in future through the
+hands of Mr John Ross.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>I have just been informed, that an envoy is arrived at Cadiz from
+Morocco, charged with powers to treat in behalf of the Emperor with
+our Commissioners at Paris. I beg leave to recall to your attention,
+that I had the honor to commence our first negotiations with Sweden,
+Denmark, and Saxony, and that others have been authorised to conclude
+them, to the great mortification of the Ministers of those Courts
+employed here. I shall be perfectly satisfied if the Congress remains
+persuaded of the zeal which has animated me, and will ever animate me,
+to contribute my feeble efforts to promote the interest and glory of
+the States, and to merit the confidence reposed in me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 22d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since closing my letter of the 19th instant, a courier arrived from
+Alicant, brings advice that the armament against Algiers, which sailed
+the 2d, has been dispersed by bad weather, and obliged to take shelter
+in that port and others on the coast. If I can procure the details of
+this disaster, I will forward them by this opportunity. This
+dispersion will afford more time for the Algerines to prepare for
+their defence. The fleet from the Havana is daily expected; some
+vessels have already arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Great hopes are conceived of the influence which this treasure, and
+the produce embarked in the convoy, will have in enlivening the
+commerce of this country, and appreciating the paper money in
+circulation. In this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> capital that paper loses five per cent, in the
+sea-ports, three and a half per cent. The operations of the bank have
+not been attended hitherto with the success expected from them.</p>
+
+<p>Solano, who commanded the maritime forces of Spain in the West Indies,
+subject to the order of General Galvez, has excited the indignation of
+the King and Ministry, by refusing to receive on board the vessels
+under his command, the general officers and troops destined to return
+to Spain. It is said here, that his refusal proceeded from a desire to
+turn to his private advantage and that of his officers, this occasion
+of lading the ships of war with the produce of Spanish America. This
+has been too much the custom in this country. He will find a powerful
+enemy in the Minister of the Indies, whose nephew is obliged by this
+man&oelig;uvre to embark in a merchant-man.</p>
+
+<p>We have yet no news of the signature of the definitive treaty. Mr
+Adams did me the honor to write me in a letter, which I have just
+received by a private hand, "that they were moving on with the same
+sluggish pace in the conferences for the definitive treaty, and could
+by no means foresee the end." This letter is dated the 18th of June.
+The Court and the French Ambassador give out that they expect the news
+of its signature in eight days. If it was not imprudent to hazard
+conjecture against such authority, I should be induced by other
+motives, to think that this event will not take place, until
+despatches carried from hence last week arrive in London. I have
+additional reason to suppose that the convention mentioned in my last,
+to exclude from the ports of Portugal the Russian ships of war, has
+been, or is on the point of being concluded. The Prince de Masseran,
+who charges himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> with the delivery of this to my correspondent at
+Bordeaux, being about to set out, I am obliged to conclude.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>FROM THE SAXON MINISTER IN SPAIN TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 28th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have just received instructions, which contain the result of what
+has been for a long time the subject of our conversations. The trading
+interest of Saxony has seized with avidity the overtures and details,
+which, after our interviews, I placed under the eyes of the Ministry.
+Persuaded that the goodness and cheapness of our commodities will give
+them an advantage in such an enterprise, they have adopted the plan,
+which you have indicated, of sending to America a person, who shall
+look after their interests, and obtain the knowledge indispensable for
+their direction. Their choice has fallen upon a merchant of Bordeaux,
+a native of Leipzic, whose name is Philip Thieriot, known as a man of
+probity, intelligence, and good conduct, who is now in Saxony, but
+will soon establish himself in Philadelphia, to transact business in
+the character of a merchant, both on his own account and that of
+others.</p>
+
+<p>The Elector has assented to this choice, and permits that for the
+present M. Thieriot shall hold in America, the functions of
+Commissary-General of the commerce of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> Saxony, with the view of
+founding mercantile relations between the two countries, and that he
+may receive the commissions of Saxon merchants, direct their
+enterprises, and guard and support their interests, both in relation
+to Congress and other respects, till circumstances shall make it
+proper for him to be supplied with more particular directions. For
+this purpose the oath has been administered to him, and he has been
+furnished with suitable instructions, and the power of making
+appointments. He sets off immediately for France, where he has certain
+affairs to arrange, and he will then be ready to embark from Bordeaux
+in the month of August.</p>
+
+<p>As the time is too short for him to pass by the way of Madrid, and
+receive the benefits of the personal counsels, with which I flatter
+myself you would be disposed to favor him, I shall be under great
+obligations to you, if you will fulfil the promises, which you have
+had the goodness to make, and give to this gentleman letters of
+recommendation both for the Congress of the United States and other
+persons of consideration, which may procure for him the protection of
+the one, and the confidence and assistance of the others.</p>
+
+<p>As on the one hand I flatter myself, from the account I have had of
+the talents and good character of M. Thieriot, that he will do honor
+to your recommendation, so I am satisfied on the other, that it will
+contribute more than anything else to render his residence useful and
+agreeable, to facilitate the success of his mission, and strengthen
+the bonds of utility between the two nations, of which the merit
+belongs to you of having greatly contributed to lay the foundation.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">GORSDORFF.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 29th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>In former letters I have had the honor to mention to you the
+conversation, which had passed between the Saxon Minister at this
+Court and myself, on the subject of forming commercial and amicable
+connexions between the United States and the Elector. As I had no
+authority or instructions from Congress, I could only avail myself of
+general expressions of the desire of my constituents to cultivate the
+friendship of the different powers of Europe, and of extending their
+commerce to all. I declined when pressed, to give my sentiments in
+writing, unless the Saxon Minister would give me, by permission of his
+Court, such extracts of his official letters as might enable me
+immediately to notify to Congress in a proper manner, the amicable
+disposition of his master; assuring him, however, that I should not
+fail of communicating to that body the substance of our general
+conversations, which I was persuaded would receive with great
+satisfaction an account of the Elector's friendly intentions. This
+gentleman being rather indiscreet in his conduct, I was perhaps more
+upon my guard with him than I should have been with a person of a
+different character. On his pressing me, however, to give him my
+sentiments on the best means to forward an intercourse between the two
+countries, I replied verbally, that in my opinion, the speediest and
+most effectual method would be, to send from Saxony to America a
+person well acquainted with the commerce of his own country, and
+properly authorised, who being able to judge on the spot what
+advantages were to be derived from such intercourse,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> might
+immediately treat with Congress if the Elector thought proper.</p>
+
+<p>After some hesitation, he agreed to my propositions, and advised his
+Court thereof. Yesterday he addressed me a letter, of which I have now
+the honor to enclose you a copy, together with an extract of his
+official despatches. A visit which he paid me a few hours after he
+sent me the above papers, rendered a written answer unnecessary. I
+confessed to him, the high sense which Congress would have of this
+proof of the Elector's good will, and added, that I would take the
+earliest opportunity of communicating it. I promised him also the
+letters he required for M. Thieriot. I hope my conduct will have the
+approbation of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing material has transpired since my last of the 25th instant,
+except that I am persuaded, that the convention between France, Spain,
+and Portugal was signed here between the 15th and 17th of this month.
+I am told, that it has for its basis a treaty concluded between the
+two latter nations in 1778, with supplementary secret articles. The
+northern powers, particularly Russia, appear jealous of the objects of
+this treaty. Great Britain seems to have had no knowledge of it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, August 2d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th ultimo, I had the honor to enclose you copies of sundry
+papers, relative to the establishment of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> a commercial intercourse
+between the citizens of the United States and the subjects of the
+Elector of Saxony. By that communication you will have learned with
+great satisfaction, that the commerce of Saxony, with the approbation
+of the Sovereign, had chosen M. Philip Thieriot, a person of
+acknowledged merit, to reside in America in the character of
+Commissary-General of commerce. By the papers above mentioned you will
+have seen the nature and extent of that gentleman's commission. I have
+now the honor to present him to your notice, persuaded that you will
+with pleasure procure him occasions of putting effectually into
+execution the views of the court and commerce of his country. Their
+nomination of him to this important trust, until circumstances may
+demand that he be immediately authorised by his Sovereign, will, I
+make no doubt, be a sufficient motive with you to secure him all the
+civilities and services which it may be in your power to afford him.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, August 30th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th, 22d, and 29th ultimo, and the 2d of this month, I had the
+honor to address you from Madrid. On the 5th instant I followed the
+Court to this place, where it had been since the 24th of last month.</p>
+
+<p>I took the earliest opportunity of waiting on his Excellency, the
+Count de Florida Blanca, to remind him of his promise to present me to
+the King and royal family, and of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> other affairs interesting to
+individuals mentioned in former letters, for which I had been obliged
+to apply to him. He gave me the strongest assurances of his desire to
+terminate, to the satisfaction of the parties interested, the affairs
+in question, imputing to other departments the delays I had
+experienced in their adjustment. On the subject of my presentation, he
+seemed much embarrassed, stating the difficulties he should be exposed
+to in procuring that honor for me, which his Majesty refused to others
+vested with the same character, mentioning the case of the <em>Chargé
+d'Affaires</em> of Denmark, a copy of whose letter to this Minister on the
+subject of his presentation, I had the honor to enclose you on the
+25th of June. He observed, that the Russian and Swedish Ministers were
+about to leave the Court, and would, if I was presented, insist on the
+presentation of their Secretaries also.</p>
+
+<p>I begged leave in reply to assure his Excellency of the concern it
+gave me to expose him to the least inconvenience upon that account,
+but that he would be pleased to recollect the promise he had made to
+the Marquis de Lafayette and myself in writing on this subject. That
+copies of the letter which the Marquis de Lafayette had written him
+and of his Excellency's answer had been transmitted to Congress; that
+that body, from the confidence which they had in his Catholic
+Majesty's amicable disposition, of which his Excellency had been so
+often the interpreter, undoubtedly expected that I had long ago been
+presented; that in consequence of his Excellency's assurances to me at
+various times since the transmission of the copies of the letters
+before mentioned, I had confirmed my constituents in this belief; that
+this being the case, it would be improper for me to go to Court, until
+I should receive their in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>structions on the subject. I added, that I
+hoped his Excellency knew me too well to suppose that I was influenced
+by any personal considerations in this affair. He interrupted me with
+an assurance to the contrary, and that he would do everything in his
+power to give me satisfaction, telling me to call upon him in a few
+days, when he would acquaint me with the result of his endeavors. Thus
+ended our first conference.</p>
+
+<p>Not to appear too urgent, I avoided speaking to him on the subject
+until ten days ago, although I had occasion to see him several times.
+But hearing the British Minister was on his way to Madrid, I thought
+it proper to bring the matter to a decision before his arrival and
+presentation; for which purpose I again waited on the Minister. I soon
+discovered that he was in ill humor; however, as he immediately
+commenced the conversation, by telling me that he had not yet found an
+opportunity of speaking to the King, I prayed his Excellency to
+recollect the time which had elapsed since he had been pleased to tell
+me that I should be presented, and recapitulated the reasons before
+mentioned. He interrupted me several times, telling me how much he had
+been persecuted by Mr Elfried and the Russian Minister, who espoused
+the interests of that <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em>, adding, with warmth, that
+gentleman will never be presented, unless to take leave and receive
+his present. I replied, that his Excellency would do me the justice to
+own, that I had been by no means importunate. That it was not my
+intention to be so, and that nothing but my duty, joined to my
+particular desire to cultivate a good understanding between our two
+countries, made me now press him for an explicit answer. He told me
+that he was convinced that I did not wish to embarrass him, but
+ob<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>served, with some peevishness, &mdash;&mdash; as Mr Elfried is by the
+Russian. He cites precedent and you have none.</p>
+
+<p>I answered, that I flattered myself his Excellency had too good an
+opinion of me to suppose that I needed a prompter, when either the
+honor or interests of my country were in question. That as for
+precedent, part of my business with his Excellency, was to establish
+one for such of my countrymen as the United States might hereafter
+send to Spain in the same character in which I had the honor to be
+employed; adding, that I had more confidence in his Excellency's word,
+than in all the precedents the book of etiquette of the Court could
+furnish me; and that to give him a farther proof of my unwillingness
+to embarrass him, I did not insist on my presentation, but on an
+explicit answer from his Excellency, of which I might immediately send
+copies to Congress, not only for my own justification, but also to
+enable that body to decide the manner in which <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em>,
+from the Court of Spain should be treated by the United States. He
+seemed pleased with the reliance placed on his word, for he instantly
+told me, that he would speedily give me an explicit answer, and that I
+should see that he was a man of his word. That he wished, from respect
+to the States, and personal regard for myself, to procure me an
+advantage which was denied to others, but that he was afraid his
+Majesty was (to make use of his own expression) <em>trop entêté</em> on this
+point. He then asked me for a copy of the translation of the letter
+from Congress to the King. I had it with me. This is the third copy,
+which I have given to his Excellency. We left his apartments as he was
+then going to the King. In the ante-chamber he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> again repeated aloud
+in Spanish, before thirty or forty persons, who were waiting to pay
+him their court, that I should find him a man of his word, and that I
+should have an explicit answer. I took my leave, assuring him it was
+all I desired.</p>
+
+<p>I presume that he took his Majesty's orders thereon the same day, for
+the next he sent me a polite message, desiring me to come to his
+house. Having waited on him, agreeably to his request, on my entry he
+took me by the hand and told me, that he hoped I would now be
+satisfied, for that on conferring with the King, his Majesty had been
+pleased to fix a day for my presentation; that no one felt more
+sensibly than himself the happy conclusion of this affair, as well on
+account of his desire to show every possible respect to the United
+States, as from his esteem for me. That the King, contrary to his
+expectations, had consented to change the etiquette with respect to me
+on this subject, as "an extraordinary act of royal good will," and
+that he hoped, that his conduct on this occasion would convince
+Congress of his Majesty's intentions to cultivate in a particular
+manner their amity. I expressed in reply, the sense which I knew my
+constituents would have of this proof of the King's amicable
+disposition, and of my gratitude to his Excellency for the obliging
+interest which he took in what regarded me personally, assuring him
+that I would take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to Congress
+this additional proof of his Majesty's desire to cultivate their
+friendship, and of his Excellency's manner of fulfilling his
+Sovereign's intentions. I then asked him on what day the King chose to
+receive me, he answered, the day after tomorrow, (the 23d instant.) I
+expressed some concern that the Ambassador of France, then at Madrid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+would not return before the time appointed for my reception. He
+replied, that the King having named the day, no alteration could take
+place. To this I was obliged to acquiesce. His Excellency then made me
+many professions of personal regard, which it is unnecessary to
+repeat, and which, perhaps, I should not even hint at, if the French
+Ambassador, the Marquis de Lafayette and others, had not been
+witnesses on former occasions to similar assurances. I proceeded to
+mention to his Excellency the different objects on which I had
+heretofore addressed him, and prayed him to give me an opportunity, at
+the same time that I informed Congress of my presentation, to advise
+them also of the happy termination of these. He begged me to pass him
+offices again on these points, and assured me that I should receive
+such answers as would be agreeable and satisfactory to the States. He
+continued to speak to me in an open and friendly manner of the
+obstacles which a well intentioned Minister had to encounter in the
+execution of his measures in this country.</p>
+
+<p>I paid him indirect compliments on what I knew to be his favorite
+projects, viz. the improvement of the roads, the protection and
+encouragement of manufactures, &amp;c. and the changes which he meditates
+in the system of finance and commerce, and after continuing with him
+some time, was about to take my leave. He asked me whom I had left in
+the ante-chamber; on mentioning the names of the persons, he requested
+me to remain with him, observing, that he should be plagued by these
+gentlemen. During my stay, the conversation turned on different
+subjects, in which I received every proof of candor and politeness.
+The same evening I informed the Ambassador of France by letter, that
+the King had consented to my being pre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>sented, a circumstance on which
+he had always entertained doubts, although he has ever done everything
+in his power, that could be expected from his public and private
+character, to contribute to the success of our negotiation. Perhaps
+some expressions on the part of Congress, testifying their sense of
+the zeal which this nobleman has manifested to further their
+interests, may be ultimately productive of good effects at the Court
+of Versailles, if not here.</p>
+
+<p>On the day appointed for my presentation, I waited on his Excellency,
+the Count de Florida Blanca, and from his house, accompanied by his
+servant whom he had the politeness to send with my own, I paid my
+visits to the principal officers and ladies of the palace. This
+ceremony finished, I went to the King's apartments, where the Minister
+appointed me to meet him. When his Majesty arose from table, his
+Excellency presented me as <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> of the United States.
+As I had been informed, that the King did not like long harangues, I
+contented myself with expressing to his Majesty my happiness in being
+the first of my countrymen who had the good fortune to assure him of
+their desire to cultivate his amity. He answered me in a gracious
+manner, and with a smiling countenance, saying, that he hoped I should
+have frequent occasions of making him the same assurances. He then
+passed into the audience chamber, to the Ambassadors and Ministers,
+where, as several of them have informed me, he was pleased to speak
+favorably of me.</p>
+
+<p>The royal family dining at the same hour and separately, the same
+etiquette being observed, viz. the presentation after dinner, it
+required some days to finish this business; the Count de Florida
+Blanca accompanying me more than three quarters of an hour each day,
+with a po<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>liteness and good nature rarely found in men who have so
+many important occupations in their hands. The Prince of Asturias
+spoke of me during the dinner as of a person he had long known, and
+when I was presented he told me so. The Princess, who was present,
+spoke to me six or seven minutes in French and Spanish, and among
+other things said to me, that I ought to like Spain, because she had
+been told, that I was much liked by the Spaniards. I replied, that the
+only title I had to their esteem was my well known regard for the
+nation. The other branches of the royal family received me equally
+well.</p>
+
+<p>It perhaps may be thought, that I have dwelt too long on these minute
+details, but I hope I shall be excused when it is considered this is
+the first presentation of a servant of the States at this Court, and
+that it has already made some noise among the <em>corps diplomatique</em>,
+who think themselves entitled to the same privilege which I have
+obtained. As soon as the <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> of Denmark was advised of
+my presentation, he came hither. The enclosed note to the Minister, of
+which I found means to obtain a copy, will show you in what light his
+Court regards this preference.</p>
+
+<p>The ceremonial of my presentation being finished, I waited on his
+Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, to thank him for his obliging
+attentions in the course of it, and took that opportunity of
+insinuating to him the propriety of his Catholic Majesty's immediately
+naming a Minister to the United States. I had touched on this subject
+formerly. He told me that he would speak to his Majesty, and inform me
+of his intentions.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_head">
+<h2><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">JOHN LAURENS;</span><br />
+<span class="sub_name">SPECIAL MINISTER TO THE COURT OF FRANCE.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>John Laurens was the son of Henry Laurens, whose Correspondence is
+printed in the second volume of this work. He was born in Charleston,
+South Carolina, in the year 1755. At the age of sixteen he accompanied
+his father to Europe, where he was left to pursue his education first
+at Geneva, and afterwards at London. He was diligent in his studies,
+and made rapid attainments in the different branches of knowledge, as
+well as in the other accomplishments of a scholar and a gentleman. In
+1774 he became a student of law in the Temple, but the stirring
+events, that were causing so much excitement on this side of the
+Atlantic, drew his attention strongly to the interests and claims of
+his native country, and determined him to return and connect his
+destiny with hers. After a voyage of considerable peril, he arrived in
+Charleston in 1777, and immediately resolved to join the army.</p>
+
+<p>As the army then abounded with officers, and there was no opening
+suited to him in their ranks, General Washington took him into his
+family as a supernumerary Aid-de-camp. In this capacity he was at the
+battles of Germantown and Monmouth. He soon afterwards attached
+himself to the army on Rhode Island, where he had the command of a
+small body of light troops, and displayed so much bravery and good
+conduct, that Congress, on the 5th of November, 1778, resolved, "that
+John Laurens, Aid-de-camp to General Washington, be presented with a
+continental commission of lieutenant-colonel, in testimony of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
+sense, which Congress entertain of his patriotic and spirited services
+as a volunteer in the American army; and of his brave conduct in
+several actions, particularly in that of Rhode Island on the 29th of
+August last; and that General Washington be directed, whenever an
+opportunity shall offer, to give Lieutenant-Colonel Laurens a command
+agreeable to his rank." The next year he repaired to the southern
+army, was present at the unsuccessful attack on Savannah, and was
+among the prisoners at the capitulation of Charleston. He was soon
+after exchanged and reinstated in the army. On the 28th of September,
+1779, he was chosen by Congress Secretary to the Minister
+Plenipotentiary from the United States to the Court of Versailles, but
+he did not accept the appointment.</p>
+
+<p>In the year following, Congress became so much pressed for the want of
+means in money and military supplies, that they resolved to send a
+special Minister to France for the purpose of representing, in a
+strong and just light, the extreme necessities of the United States,
+and soliciting new aid from the French Court. It was supposed, that a
+person going directly from the scene of action and suffering, and with
+a full knowledge of all the particulars from personal observation,
+would be more likely to succeed in such an application than the
+resident Minister Plenipotentiary, who could only speak from his
+general instructions. As the assistance was chiefly wanted for the
+relief of the army, it was moreover considered that this messenger
+should be selected from that body. The choice fell on Colonel Laurens,
+who, on the 23d of December, 1780, was appointed a special Minister to
+the Court of Versailles for the above purpose. He was then only
+twentyfive years old. He sailed from Boston in February, and arrived
+in Paris on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> the 19th of March, and immediately applied himself with
+great assiduity to the objects of his mission. His success, though not
+to the extent of his wishes, or the hopes of Congress, was yet more
+complete than could reasonably have been expected, considering the
+liberal grants, which the French government had recently made to the
+solicitations of Dr Franklin. All that could be effected by zeal,
+activity, perseverance, and intelligence, was accomplished by Colonel
+Laurens; but so great was his eagerness to do his duty on the
+occasion, and to render the most essential service to his country,
+that his forwardness and impatience were somewhat displeasing to the
+French Ministry, as not altogether consistent with their ideas of the
+dignity and deference belonging to transactions with Courts. They made
+allowance, however, for the ardor and inexperience of youth, and seem
+not to have been influenced by these objectionable points of manners,
+in their estimation of his noble and generous traits of character, or
+in their disposition to listen to his requests.</p>
+
+<p>Having compassed the aims of his mission with uncommon despatch,
+Colonel Laurens left Paris, and reached Philadelphia towards the end
+of August, having been absent from the country but little more than
+six months. As soon as he had made a report of his doings to Congress,
+he repaired again to the army in time to be present at the memorable
+siege of York Town. Here he displayed great courage and gallantly in
+storming and taking a British battery, as second in command to
+Hamilton. After the capitulation he joined the southern army under
+General Greene, having previously acted as a representative in the
+legislature of his native State, which convened at Jacksonborough in
+January, 1782. While with the army, during the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> summer, he
+was ill with a fever, from which he had hardly recovered when
+intelligence came, that a party of the British were out on a marauding
+excursion to Combakee. He went in pursuit of the enemy, and while
+leading an advanced party, he received a mortal wound, which
+terminated his life on the 27th of August, 1782, in the twentyseventh
+year of his age. His death was deeply lamented by the army and the
+nation.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_head">
+<h2><span class="head">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">JOHN LAURENS.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN LAURENS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">In Congress, December 23d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>You will herewith receive a commission appointing you our Minister at
+the Court of Versailles; in pursuing the objects of which, you will
+conform to the following instructions.</p>
+
+<p>Upon your arrival you will communicate fully to our Minister
+Plenipotentiary at that Court the business on which you are sent, and
+avail yourself of his information and influence for obtaining the aids
+mentioned in the estimate delivered to you. Instructions to him for
+that purpose are herewith transmitted, which you will deliver
+immediately on your arrival. You will convey to his Most Christian
+Majesty the grateful sense Congress have of the noble and generous
+part he has taken, with regard to the United States, and use every
+possible means to impress him with the urgent and critical state of
+our affairs at present, which induced the appointment of a special
+Minister to solicit his effectual aid.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>You will, in particular, give him full information of the present
+state of our military affairs, and the measures taken for providing a
+respectable force for the ensuing campaign. It will be proper, at the
+same time, to point out the causes which rendered the last campaign
+unsuccessful.</p>
+
+<p>You are to use every effort in your power to enforce the necessity of
+maintaining a naval superiority in the American seas. You will assure
+his Most Christian Majesty on our part, that if he will please to
+communicate to us his intentions respecting the next campaign in
+America, we will use every effort in our power for an effectual
+co-operation. You are to give his Majesty the most positive and
+pointed assurances of our determination to prosecute the war for the
+great purposes of the alliance agreeable to our engagements.</p>
+
+<p>Should his Majesty grant the aids requested, and send to our
+assistance a naval force, you will take advantage of that conveyance
+for forwarding the articles furnished. If no naval armament should be
+ordered to America, you will endeavor to obtain some vessels of force
+to transport the said articles, or take advantage of some convoy to
+America, which may render the transportation less hazardous. You will
+call upon William Palfrey, our Consul in that kingdom, for such
+assistance as you may stand in need of for forwarding any supplies
+which you may obtain. You are authorised to draw upon our Minister
+Plenipotentiary for such sums as you may from time to time stand in
+need of, giving him early notice thereof, that he may aid you from
+funds procured on our account, without doing injury to our other
+concerns. You may also draw upon any other funds, which you may know
+to have been procured for us to Europe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>You will, on your arrival at the Court of Versailles, present the
+letter to his Most Christian Majesty, which you will herewith receive.
+Previous to your departure from the United States, you are to confer
+with the Commander in Chief of the American army, the Minister
+Plenipotentiary of France, the commanders in chief of his Most
+Christian Majesty's fleet and army at Rhode Island, the Marquis de
+Lafayette, if it should not retard your voyage, upon the subject of
+your commission, and avail yourself of every information you may
+obtain from them respectively. You will embrace every opportunity of
+informing us of the success of your negotiations, and receive and obey
+such instructions, as you may from time to time receive from Congress.</p>
+
+<p>When the purpose of your mission shall be as fully effected as you may
+deem practicable, you are to return, and report your success to
+Congress without delay, unless you shall previously receive other
+orders.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">We pray God to further you with his goodness in the several objects
+hereby recommended and that he will have you in his holy keeping.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, <em>President</em>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> For Additional Instructions to Dr Franklin respecting
+Colonel Laurens's mission, see <em>Franklin's Correspondence</em>, Vol. III.
+p. 185.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN LAURENS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">In Congress, December 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the loan, we foresee that the sum which we ask will be
+greatly inadequate to our wants. We wish, however, to depend as much
+as possible on our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> internal exertions. In this negotiation, the state
+of our finances require that you should endeavor to procure as long a
+respite after the war, for payment of the principal, as may be in your
+power. You may agree for an interest not exceeding the terms allowed
+or given on national security in Europe, endeavoring to suspend the
+discharge of the interest for two or three years, if possible.</p>
+
+<p>You are hereby empowered to pledge the faith of the United States, by
+executing such securities or obligations for the payment of the money,
+as you may think proper, and also that the interest shall not be
+reduced, nor the principal paid during the term for which the same
+shall have been borrowed, without the consent of the lenders or their
+representatives.</p>
+
+<p>You are to stipulate for the payment of both principal and interest in
+specie.</p>
+
+<p>The loan must prove ineffective unless the specie is actually
+remitted. Experience has shown, that the negotiation of bills is
+attended with unsupportable loss and disadvantage. His Most Christian
+Majesty, we are persuaded, will see in the strongest light the
+necessity of despatching an effective naval armament to the American
+seas. This is a measure of such vast moment, that your utmost address
+will be employed to give it success. By such a conveyance, the specie
+may be remitted in different ships of war with a prospect of safety.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, <em>President</em>.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, January 3d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Although my instructions relative to the objects of my mission do not
+explicitly direct what conduct I am to observe, in case the aids
+solicited from the Court of France cannot be obtained in their full
+extent, yet I presume it is not the intention of Congress to confine
+me without alternative to the precise demands which they have made.
+There is the more reason that this matter should be clearly
+understood, as my prospects, especially in the important article of
+pecuniary succors, are far from being flattering. I apprehend then,
+that I shall have satisfied my duty by aspiring, with every effort, to
+complete success, and upon failure of that, by approaching it as
+nearly as shall be found practicable.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the estimate of the Board of War, as it descends into
+the minutest detail, and includes a great variety of articles, it
+appears to me that it will be necessary to attach myself in preference
+to the objects of first necessity for the ensuing campaign, that the
+most indispensable supplies may not be retarded by those of a
+secondary nature, and that the former being secured as far as
+possible, and the latter left in a train of execution, I may the
+sooner be at liberty to return and make my report. As I apprehend that
+these ideas need only to be submitted to Congress to obtain their
+sanction, I shall consider myself authorised to act in consequence,
+unless I receive new orders to the contrary.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with the profoundest respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Boston, February 4th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I do myself the honor of informing Congress, that I arrived at this
+place on the 25th ultimo.</p>
+
+<p>After passing two days at Morristown in fruitless expectation of
+meeting the Commander in Chief, I proceeded to head quarters, where my
+conference with the General, on the objects of my mission, detained me
+three days. The impediment of floating ice in the North River, which
+induced the necessity of crossing it much higher than at the usual
+place, and other difficulties of the season, will account for the rest
+of my delay on the journey.</p>
+
+<p>Upon delivering my despatches to the Navy Board, I found, that the two
+indispensables, men and money, were wanting to fit the Alliance for
+sea. I urged the necessity of the most prompt and decisive exertions
+on their part. They returned me such assurances as left me no reason
+to doubt, that the General Court would authorise an impressment to
+complete the deficiency of our crew, and that a sufficient supply of
+money would be procured. This determined me to devote the interval of
+preparation to making my visit to New York. On my return this day, I
+learned with great surprise and mortification, that the motion for an
+impressment had been rejected, private motives having superseded those
+of general good. In these circumstances I was obliged to apply to
+General Lincoln for authority to engage such recruits of this State,
+and such soldiers of the invalid corps, as might be qualified for the
+marine service. This resource however has afforded us but a few men. I
+have just obtained permission from Governor Hancock to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> enlist
+volunteers from the guard of the Castle. The Navy Board has
+commissioned a merchant of popularity and influence among the
+seafaring men, to offer a tempting bounty, with such precautions as
+will prevent uneasiness among those who entered for a smaller
+consideration. I am now addressing the principal merchants to spare a
+few men from their ships, to be replaced from the Navy Board. In the
+mean time the rendezvous of the frigate continues open.</p>
+
+<p>But these are all precarious expedients, and my expectations are by no
+means sanguine. Nothing however shall be left unattempted; if my
+prospects do not brighten, I shall try the effect of a second memorial
+to the General Court, and finally insist upon Captain Barry's putting
+to sea with the crew he can obtain by the middle of the week. There is
+an additional difficulty in procuring the remainder of the ship's
+compliment, which is the necessity of hiring not only seamen, but
+natives, as a counterbalance to the bad composition of the men already
+on board, too many British prisoners having been admitted; their
+numbers, the value of the ship, and the business on which she is
+employed, are temptations to an enterprise, in favor of their ancient
+connexions.</p>
+
+<p>Several gentlemen go as passengers, on condition of serving on the
+quarter deck in case of an encounter, and they will reinforce the
+party of the officers in case of a mutiny. I have endeavored to
+procure every useful information in the several conferences directed
+by Congress. The General and Admiral at Newport received me with that
+politeness, which characterises their nation, and professed an earnest
+desire to promote, as far as depends on them, the objects of my
+mission. I must however apprize Congress, that the French army and
+navy are demanding in the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> pressing terms, pecuniary supplies for
+themselves. Their bills of exchange sell at a discount of from
+twentyfive to twentyeight per cent. This demand and the tenacity of
+the Spaniards in pursuing their favorite object, Gibraltar, are
+unfavorable to my negotiation. Upon the whole I am more than ever
+convinced, that the most powerful and unremitting efforts at home will
+be required to accomplish the great objects of the war.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with the profoundest respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Boston, February 7th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my letter to your Excellency on the 4th instant, the measures
+taken by Governor Hancock relative to the Castle guard proving
+insufficient, I addressed a Memorial to the General Court. Their
+permission to engage volunteers from that corps, and a sum of specie
+granted for the purpose, the volunteer draft from the continental
+troops, and the unremitting exertions of General Lincoln, have put us
+at length barely in condition to go to sea. I shall embark today, and
+expect Captain Barry will sail with the first fair wind. I have to
+acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's letter of the 12th
+ultimo, and the letter and packets enclosed. Particular attention
+shall be paid to your instructions relative to the latter.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with the profoundest respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">L'Orient, March 11th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor of informing Congress, that I arrived at this place
+on the afternoon of the 9th instant; and should have proceeded,
+without an instant's repose, to Passy, had not the commandant of the
+town assured me, that the Marquis de Castries would arrive here that
+evening on his way to Brest, where he was going to accelerate by his
+presence the execution of his naval disposition. The prospect of an
+immediate conference with the Minister on the objects of my mission,
+which relate to his department, the danger of missing him by our
+travelling different routes, and the repeated assurances of his
+expected arrival, have detained me till this morning; but as the delay
+has been much greater than I apprehended, and the Minister's approach
+is not announced, I have determined to pursue my journey.</p>
+
+<p>The accounts, which the commandant has communicated to me of the naval
+preparations at Brest, are, that twentyfive sail of the line are ready
+for sea, with ninety transports, on board of which are six thousand
+troops; that the ships of war are destined part for the West Indies,
+and part with the troops for North America.</p>
+
+<p>The rupture between England and the United Provinces has hitherto
+proved very prejudicial to the latter, as they were exceedingly
+vulnerable by having so great a number of merchant ships at sea. On
+our voyage we captured a British privateer in company with a Venetian
+ship, of which she had made a prize, contrary to the laws of nations.
+This appeared to me a happy opportunity for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> manifesting the
+determination of Congress to maintain the rights of neutral powers, as
+far as depends on them. After a short consultation, Captain Barry and
+his officers very readily acceded to the liberation of the Venetian,
+and the complete restoration of the cargo and property, which were
+very valuable. The captain was accordingly left to pursue his voyage,
+and the privateer was brought into port. Mr Palfrey, our consul, is
+not yet arrived at this port; it is generally feared that this ship
+foundered in a storm, which separated her and the Franklin in the
+commencement of their voyage, as she has not been heard of since.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be with the profoundest respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Passy, March 20th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I had the honor to write to your Excellency from L'Orient the 11th
+instant. On my journey hither, I met the Marquis de Castries, and
+obtained a hasty conference with him, in which I insisted principally
+on the necessity of a constant naval superiority on the American
+coast. He observed on his pert, that the dispositions of the fleet
+were already made; that it was not in his power to alter them; that it
+was necessary at the present juncture to make naval exertions in more
+places than one; that the French West India possessions, a nearer
+interest, must naturally be first secured; at the same time he
+repeatedly assured me, that the United States had a very considerable
+share in the present armament, the movements of which he was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> going to
+accelerate; that he hoped a maritime superiority would exist on the
+part of the allies, but that it must depend upon the events of war. He
+excused himself from descending into particulars, and urged me to
+proceed with all possible despatch to Versailles. Upon my arrival
+here, I found that the letter of Congress to his Most Christian
+Majesty, of the 22d of November, 1780,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> had been delivered by our
+Minister Plenipotentiary; that he had proceeded to negotiate the
+succors solicited by Congress, and had received the following
+communication from the Count de Vergennes.</p>
+
+<p>"It is impossible for his Majesty to favor a loan in this kingdom,
+because it would prejudice those which he has occasion to make himself
+for the support of the war; but his Majesty, in order to give a signal
+proof of his friendship for the United States, grants them under the
+title of a donation, a sum of six millions livres tournois. As the
+American army is in want of arms, clothing, &amp;c. Dr Franklin will be so
+good as to deliver a note of them. The articles will be procured of
+the best quality, and on the most reasonable terms. General Washington
+will be authorised to draw for the remaining sum, but the drafts are
+at long sight, in order to facilitate the payment at the royal
+treasury. The Courts of Petersburg and Vienna have offered their
+mediation. The King has answered, that it will be personally agreeable
+to him, but that he could not accept it as yet, because he has allies
+whose concurrence is necessary. Dr Franklin is requested to acquaint
+Congress of this overture and the answer, and to engage them to send
+their instructions to their Pleni<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>potentiaries. It is supposed that
+Congress will eagerly accept the mediation."</p>
+
+<p>In my first interview with the Count de Vergennes, I represented to
+him, in the strongest terms, the insufficiency of the above mentioned
+succor, and the danger to which France was exposed of losing all her
+past efforts in favor of America, unless the requests of Congress were
+complied with. I afterwards addressed to him the enclosed letter, in
+which I transcribed the result of my conference with General
+Washington on the objects of my mission, contained in a letter from
+the General to me of the 15th of January. In consequence of the Count
+de Vergennes' desire, that I would select from the estimate of the
+Board of War the articles of most urgent necessity, I extracted a list
+in which I confined myself to the artillery, arms, military stores,
+clothing, tents, cloth, drugs, and surgical instruments, and
+accompanied it with a letter.</p>
+
+<p>My personal solicitations have not been wanting to hasten an answer to
+these letters, and render them favorable. The constant language of the
+Count de Vergennes is, that our demands are excessive, that we throw
+the burthen of the war upon our ally, that the support of it in
+different parts of the world has cost France exertions and expenses,
+which fully employ her means, that the public credit, however well
+established, has its limits, to exceed which would be fatal to it. He
+adds, at the same time, the strongest assurances of the good will of
+our ally. This Minister and M. de Maurepas inform me, that nothing can
+be determined until the return of the Marquis de Castries, which will
+be the day after tomorrow; that the matter must be deliberated, and
+that they will consider what can be done. My expectations are very
+moderate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>We have received no intelligence of the sailing of the Brest fleet. It
+consists of twentyfive sail, five of which are destined for the East
+Indies with troops, but it is said they will be detained for want of
+transports. The remaining twenty are to proceed to the West Indies,
+where ulterior dispositions will be made, of which the Chevalier de la
+Luzerne is instructed. The British fleet, of twentyeight sail of the
+line, with the convoy for Gibraltar, sailed the 13th instant, and
+Commodore Johnston's squadron put to sea the same day. The Spanish
+fleet is likewise at sea.</p>
+
+<p>I am firmly of opinion, that the British in the present moment of
+success will not accede to those preliminaries, which France and the
+United States can never depart from, and, consequently, that the news
+of the mediation of Petersburg and Vienna should have no other effect,
+than to redouble our ardor and exertions for the campaign.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> See this letter in the Secret Journals of Congress, Vol.
+II. p. 343.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3><em>Memorial to the Count de Vergennes.</em></h3>
+
+<p>As in presenting a Memorial to your Excellency on the objects of my
+mission, I should necessarily repeat in part a conference, which I had
+by order of Congress with General Washington, previous to my
+departure, I prefer presenting your Excellency with such extracts from
+it as relate to my purpose. They are as follows.</p>
+
+<p>"1. That considering the diffused population of these States, the
+composition and temper of a part of its inhabitants, the want of a
+sufficient stock of national wealth as a foundation for credit, and
+the almost extinction of com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>merce, the attempts we have been
+compelled to make for carrying on the war, have exceeded the national
+abilities of this country, and by degrees brought it to a crisis,
+which render immediate assistance and efficacious succor from abroad
+indispensable to its safety.</p>
+
+<p>"2. That notwithstanding from the confusion always attendant on a
+revolution, from our having had governments to frame, and every
+species of civil and military institution to create, from that
+inexperience in affairs necessarily incident to a nation in its
+commencement, some errors may have been committed in the
+administration of our finances, to which a part of our embarrassments
+are to be attributed; yet they are principally to be attributed to our
+essential want of means; to the want of a sufficient stock of wealth
+as mentioned in the first article, which, continuing to operate, will
+make it impossible, by any merely interior exertions, to extricate
+ourselves from these embarrassments, restore public credit, and
+furnish the funds requisite for the support of the war.</p>
+
+<p>"3. That experience has demonstrated the impracticability of
+maintaining a paper credit, without funds for its redemption; the
+depreciation of our currency was in the main a necessary effect of the
+want of those funds, and its restoration is impossible for the same
+reasons, to which the general diffidence, that had taken place among
+the people, is an additional, and in the present state of things, an
+insuperable obstacle.</p>
+
+<p>"4. That the mode, which for want of money has been substituted for
+supplying the army, by assessing a proportion of the productions of
+the earth, has hitherto been found ineffectual, has frequently exposed
+the army to the most calamitous distress, and from its novelty and
+incompatibility<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> with ancient habits, is regarded by the people as
+burthensome and oppressive, has excited serious discontents, and, in
+some places, alarming symptoms of opposition. This mode has besides
+many particular inconveniences, which contribute to make it inadequate
+to our wants, and ineligible but as an auxiliary.</p>
+
+<p>"5. That from the best estimates of the annual revenues, which these
+States are capable of affording, there is a balance to be supplied by
+credit. The resource of domestic loans is inconsiderable, because
+there are, properly speaking, few monied men, and the few there are
+can employ their money more profitably otherwise; added to which, the
+instability of the currency and the deficiency of funds have impaired
+the public credit.</p>
+
+<p>"6. That the patience of the army, from an almost uninterrupted series
+of complicated distress, is now nearly exhausted, their wants carried
+to an extremity, which has recently had very disagreeable
+consequences, and demonstrate, the absolute necessity of speedy
+relief, a relief not within the compass of our means. You are too well
+acquainted with all their sufferings, for want of clothing, for want
+of provisions, for want of pay.</p>
+
+<p>"7. That the people being dissatisfied with the mode of supporting the
+war, there is danger to apprehend, that evils actually felt in
+prosecuting it may weaken the cause which began it, evils founded not
+on immediate sufferings, but on a speculative apprehension of future
+sufferings from the loss of their liberties; there is danger that a
+commercial and free people, little accustomed to heavy burthens,
+pressed by impositions of a new and odious kind, may not make a proper
+allowance for the necessity of the conjuncture, and may imagine they
+have only exchanged one tyranny for another.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>"8. That from all the foregoing considerations result, 1st, the
+absolute necessity of an immediate, ample, and efficacious succor of
+money, large enough to be a foundation for substantial arrangements of
+finance to revive public credit, and give vigor to future operations.
+2dly, the vast importance of a decided effort of the allied arms on
+this continent the ensuing campaign, to effectuate once for all the
+great object of the alliance, the liberty and independence of these
+United States. Without the former, we may make a feeble and expiring
+effort the next campaign, in all probability the period to our
+opposition; with it we should be in a condition to continue the war as
+long as the obstinacy of the enemy might require. The first is
+essential; both combined, would bring the contest to a glorious issue,
+crown the obligations which America already feels to the magnanimity
+and generosity of her ally, and render the union perpetual by all the
+ties of gratitude and affection, as well as mutual interest, which
+alone render it solid and indissoluble.</p>
+
+<p>"9. That next to a loan of money, a constant naval superiority is the
+most interesting; this would instantly reduce the enemy to a
+difficult, defensive war, and by removing all prospects of extending
+their acquisitions, would take away the motives for prosecuting it.
+Indeed, it is not to be conceived, how they could subsist a large
+force in this country if we had the command of the seas to interrupt
+the regular transmission of supplies from Europe. This superiority,
+with an aid of money, would enable us to convert the contest into a
+vigorous offensive war. I say nothing of the advantages to the trade
+of both nations, nor how much it would facilitate our supplies. With
+respect to us, it seems to be one of two deciding points, and it
+appears<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> to be the interest of our allies, abstracted from the
+immediate benefits to this country, to transfer the naval war to
+America. The number of ports friendly to them and hostile to the
+British, the materials for repairing their disabled ships, the
+extensive supplies towards the subsistence of their fleet, are
+circumstances which would give them a palpable advantage in the
+contest of the sea. No nation will have it more in its power to repay
+what it borrows than this. Our debts are hitherto small. The vast and
+valuable tracts of unlocated lands, the variety and fertility of
+climates and soils, the advantages of every kind, which we possess for
+commerce, insure to this country a rapid advancement in population and
+prosperity, and a certainty (its independence being established) of
+redeeming in a short term of years the comparatively inconsiderable
+debts, it may have occasion to contract. Notwithstanding the
+difficulties under which we labor, and the inquietudes among the
+people, there is still a fund of inclination and resource in the
+country equal to great and continued exertions, provided we have it in
+our power to stop the progress of disgust, by changing the present
+system, and adopting another more consonant with the spirit of the
+nation, and more capable of activity and energy in measures of which a
+powerful succor of money must be the basis.</p>
+
+<p>"The people are discontented, but it is with the feeble, oppressive
+mode of conducting the war, not with the war itself; they are not
+unwilling to contribute to its support, but they are unwilling to do
+it in a way that renders private property precarious, a necessary
+consequence of the fluctuation of the national currency, and of the
+inability of government to perform its engagements oftentimes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>coercively made. A large majority are still firmly attached to the
+independence of these States, abhor a re-union with Great Britain, and
+are affectionate to the alliance with France. But this disposition can
+ill supply the means customary and essential in war, nor can we rely
+on its duration amidst the perplexities, oppressions, and misfortunes,
+that attend the want of them."</p>
+
+<p>From those extracts it will appear to your Excellency, that the fate
+of America depends upon the immediate and decisive succor of her
+august ally, in the two points of a specific loan and a naval
+superiority. The most accurate calculation of the expense requisite
+for a vigorous campaign, and the interior means which Congress have of
+defraying that expense, prove that there is a deficiency of the full
+sum solicited by Congress. The grant of six millions, which his
+Majesty is pleased to make under the title of a donation to the United
+States, will be acknowledged with the liveliest emotions of gratitude
+by affectionate allies, at the same time it would be frustrating the
+gracious intentions of his Majesty towards his allies, and betraying
+the common cause of France and America, to encourage a belief, that
+the above mentioned aid will enable the United States to surmount the
+present perilous juncture of our affairs. The reasoning in the
+foregoing extracts will evince how inadequate the sum is to the
+present exigency.</p>
+
+<p>I must likewise remark to your Excellency, that the credit in bills of
+exchange is subject to difficulties and disadvantages, which render
+such a resource very unfit for the conduct of the war. Bills are
+obnoxious to the vicissitudes and speculations of commerce, and it is
+easy to foresee, that his Majesty's allies would be great sufferers by
+their drafts, and at the same time be incapable of giv<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>ing that vigor
+and energy to their operations, which would be derived from specie.
+The same enlightened policy and generous regard for the rights of
+mankind, which prompted France to espouse the cause of America, still
+dictate the conduct which she is to pursue; they demand every effort
+on her part to prevent America from being reduced to the British
+domination, her commerce, and those sources of wealth being restored
+to the tyrant of the European seas, the ancient rival of France; but
+on the contrary, the abasement of this rival, and the establishment of
+a faithful ally, united by all the ties of gratitude, affection, and
+the most permanent mutual interests. To those invaluable purposes give
+me leave to repeat to your Excellency, that the decisive measures in
+the foregoing extracts are necessary.</p>
+
+<p>I submit to your Excellency, whether the objection to his Majesty's
+favoring a loan in the name of Congress, may not be obviated by an
+additional loan in the name of his Majesty, on account of the United
+States, for which Congress will be accountable. The excellent state of
+the finances of this kingdom, the exalted state of public credit, must
+unquestionably give the greatest facility for this purpose, and it may
+be clearly proved, that giving decisive succor in this article at the
+present juncture will be infinitely more advantageous, than suffering
+the war to languish, by affording partial and inadequate assistance.
+Supposing that fortunate casualties, at this time very improbable,
+should enable us to continue the war upon its present footing, I beg
+leave to repeat to your Excellency, that the greatest promptness in
+this business is essential. The British, by being in possession of two
+States, fertile in grain, timber, and naval stores, have acquired new
+anima<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>tion, and fresh resources for the war, and every day, according
+to present appearances, brings America nearer to the period of her
+efforts.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3><em>Questions proposed to Colonel Laurens; with his Answers to them.</em></h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, March 29th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p>"1st. To what number can the United States increase their continental
+troops?</p>
+
+<p>"2dly. What will be the expense of the number fixed?</p>
+
+<p>"3dly. This expense is to be distinguished into pay and appointments,
+clothing, arms, ammunition, and provision.</p>
+
+<p>"4thly. What does the artillery of the United States consist of, and
+what is the number of carriages?</p>
+
+<p>"5thly. What is the number of provision wagons?</p>
+
+<p>"6thly. What are the plans of General Washington, in case his army
+should amount to fifteen, twelve, or ten thousand men, independently
+of the French troops?"</p>
+
+<p>After answering the foregoing questions generally, both with respect
+to the northern and southern army, I added the following remarks.</p>
+
+<p>The plans of General Washington are absolutely subordinate to the
+succors, which his Most Christian Majesty will be pleased to grant to
+his allies. If Congress obtain the succor in money and military
+effects, and the naval superiority which they solicit, they will be
+enabled to revive public credit, to make solid arrangements of
+finance, to give activity to the resources of the country, to augment
+their troops, to appease their discontents, and to rein<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>force General
+Washington with a select corps of ten thousand militia.</p>
+
+<p>With the addition of this force and the French troops, the General
+will be in condition to undertake the siege of New York. It is
+unnecessary to say how glorious and decisive the success of this
+operation would be for the common cause; it is equally unnecessary to
+add, how much the promptness of succor from France would contribute to
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The expense of artillery required for this operation will be found in
+the estimate delivered; that of clothing, &amp;c. for the army in its
+present state, will be found in deducting a quantity proportioned to
+the number of men; but it is impossible to represent too strongly,
+that this excess far from being superfluous, is absolutely necessary
+to recruit the army in general; a precaution which is indispensable,
+unless we should choose to hazard all upon the event of a single
+operation. That the Congress besides, owes great arrearages of
+clothing to the soldiers, and that as the estimate of Indian presents
+has not been included in the present demand, we may be obliged perhaps
+to sacrifice a part of the clothing now solicited, to maintain the
+friendship of some of the tribes attached to France and America, and
+that it is of the greatest importance to prevent them from joining the
+hostile tribes, who in conjunction with the English tories ravage the
+country, destroy our harvests, put to flight and massacre all the
+inhabitants on the western frontier, from New York to Virginia. We may
+more especially expect, that this diversion will be employed during
+the siege of New York. It is to be added, that a number of men will be
+found who have already served, who would eagerly rejoin their ancient
+standards, provided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> they had the assurance of proper treatment,
+instead of the misery and sufferings which they have hitherto
+experienced. That the army would be augmented, notwithstanding the
+daily loss in the trenches, by levies perfectly accustomed to fire.</p>
+
+<p>The extreme weakness of the southern army is attributable to the
+following causes.</p>
+
+<p>1st. That two of the States that furnish quotas to this army are
+invaded by the British.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. That they have all a great many prisoners in the hands of the
+enemy, and that their troops in general have been wasted, as well by
+the excessive marches, which they have undergone in carrying succors
+to the southward, as by the different misfortunes which have happened
+there.</p>
+
+<p>The naval superiority of the British, and the rapidity of their
+movements by sea, secured to them the capture of Charleston, and all
+their southern successes; enjoying the advantages they have had in
+their power, to transport a body of troops, with all requisites in
+ammunition and provision, from one end of the continent to the other
+in fourteen days, to attack a feeble point; while the American
+succors, wasted by a march of two months, commenced in the rigors of
+winter, and without intermission from the fatigues of a campaign,
+could only arrive to increase the public calamity, by being beat in
+detail.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Versailles, April 9th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since I had the honor of writing to your Excellency, on the 23d
+ultimo, I have employed the most unremitting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> efforts to obtain a
+prompt and favorable decision relative to the objects of my mission.
+After many difficulties and delays, with the details of which it is
+needless to trouble Congress, the Count de Vergennes communicated to
+me yesterday his Most Christian Majesty's determination to guaranty a
+loan of ten millions, to be opened in Holland, in addition to the six
+millions granted as a gratuitous gift, and the four millions
+appropriated for the payment of bills of exchange drawn by Congress on
+their Minister Plenipotentiary. The purchase money of the clothing,
+which must be an affair of private contract, and the value of the
+military effects which may be furnished from the royal arsenals, are
+to be deducted from the six millions.</p>
+
+<p>I shall use my utmost endeavors to procure an immediate advance of the
+ten millions from the treasury of France, to be replaced by the
+proposed loan, and shall renew my solicitations for the supplies of
+ordinance and military stores on credit, that the present of six
+millions may not be absorbed by those objects, and the purchase of
+necessary clothing. The providing this article I fear will be attended
+with great difficulties and delays, as all the woollen manufactories
+of France are remote from the sea, and there are no public magazines
+of cloth suitable to our purposes. The cargo of the Marquis de
+Lafayette will I hope arrive safe under the convoy of the Alliance;
+and by satisfying our immediate necessities prevent the delays above
+mentioned from having any disagreeable consequences.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis de Castries has engaged to make immediate arrangements for
+the safe transportation of the pecuniary and other succors destined
+for the United States, and has repeatedly assured me, that the naval
+superiority will be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> established on the American coast the ensuing
+campaign. The French fleet, he informs me, was on the 27th ultimo
+sixty leagues west of Cape Finisterre, proceeding to its destination,
+in good order and with a favorable wind.</p>
+
+<p>I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency extracts of the
+most conspicuous letters of an intercepted mail, taken in a packet
+bound from Falmouth to New York. Your Excellency will have been
+informed, that the Court of London have referred the offered mediation
+of Russia, between England and the United Provinces, to a general
+pacification. I have been some days stationary at Versailles for the
+facility of seeing the different Ministers, and accelerating their
+deliberations. Being just apprized of an opportunity from Nantes to
+America, I take the liberty of sending this short provisional letter,
+lest upon my return to Passy I should not have time to write more
+fully.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3><em>Memorial from Colonel John Laurens to Count de Vergennes.</em></h3>
+
+<p>The underwritten, special Minister of the United States of America,
+has the honor to represent to his Most Christian Majesty in behalf of
+Congress and by their orders, that the crisis is extreme, and that it
+demands prompt and decisive succors.</p>
+
+<p>The United States claim with confidence the power and good will of
+their august ally. They had requested,</p>
+
+<p>1st. A loan of twentyfive millions.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. A naval superiority on the American coast.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>3dly. Arms and ammunition, materials for clothing, equipments and
+tents, estimates of which have been laid before the Ministry.</p>
+
+<p>The underwritten, being informed by the Count de Vergennes of the
+King's intentions with regard to pecuniary succors, earnestly offers
+in the name of the Congress the homage of the most lively gratitude,
+but at the same time it is his duty to represent, that although this
+succor tends to the object which his Majesty has in view, it is
+nevertheless demonstrated in the present state of affairs, that it is
+insufficient, considering the urgent necessities of the army and the
+administration, its engagements and debts, the exhausted condition of
+America, the absolute deficiency of resources and specie, and the
+enormous expense essential to the vigorous support of the war. It is
+on this account, that the underwritten earnestly entreats his Majesty
+to grant, on credit to the United States of America, the artillery,
+arms, ammunition, &amp;c. which shall be drawn from his Majesty's arsenals
+and magazines, as a very considerable sum must be absorbed for the
+payment of clothing and other articles to be collected in France.</p>
+
+<p>The underwritten further entreats his Majesty to consider, that the
+operation of a loan in Holland cannot be terminated in less than three
+months, that the delay of this result may commit the safety of
+America, and the common cause, lose the fruit of all the expense and
+sacrifices hitherto made; a single instant is precious, the least
+delay becomes of the most dangerous consequence, while the successes
+of the British multiply their resources and give them new energy.</p>
+
+<p>The loan which will be opened in Holland under the auspices of his
+Majesty, favored by the guarantee which he is pleased to grant, cannot
+fail of success.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>The underwritten flatters himself, therefore, that his Majesty will
+find no inconvenience in ordering the immediate advance of ten
+millions to be delivered at the disposal of the United States, which
+will be returned to his royal treasury by means of the loan in
+question.</p>
+
+<p>Events of the greatest importance depend upon this disposition equally
+good and indispensable. The underwritten would think himself deficient
+in his duty, if he did not persevere in entreating his Majesty to
+adopt and order it.</p>
+
+<p>The arrival of this sum is necessary to give a vigorous impulse to the
+organisation of administration in the present state of things, renew
+the tone of parts which have lost their energy, and revive public
+credit by making the resources of the country concur in the expenses
+of the war, which resources cannot be turned to account without coin
+to determine them.</p>
+
+<p>If it is impossible to make it a part of the general arrangement to
+grant safe means of conveyance for the whole of this sum, the
+underwritten entreats his Majesty to cause as considerable a portion
+as possible to be remitted immediately, and to fix a very early date
+for the departure of the remainder.</p>
+
+<p>The underwritten further earnestly solicits, that a naval superiority
+be permanently maintained on the American coast. The practicability
+and success of all military operations and the event of the war,
+depend directly and even exclusively on the state of the maritime
+force in America.</p>
+
+<p>The British, by preserving this advantage, will be able to accomplish
+all their plans by the rapidity of their movements. The facility of
+transporting themselves everywhere secures them a series of successes,
+which are ren<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>dered still more decisive by the certainty of finding no
+opposition in defenceless points.</p>
+
+<p>It is by these means that they have been able lately to possess
+themselves of a very important maritime point in North Carolina, and,
+by effecting a sudden junction between two divisions of their army,
+have been able to penetrate to the granary of that State. This
+position is the more favorable to the enemy, as he encloses between
+his army and the port of Wilmington, of which he is master, a
+considerable number of Scotch colonists attached to the interests of
+England, and who will be determined, perhaps, by his successes to
+declare themselves openly. Such consequences are to be expected from
+great successes in all civil wars. If his Majesty thinks proper to
+oppose a naval superiority to the British, they will be obliged to
+recall their troops from the interior country to reunite for the
+defence of the most important maritime points, the communication
+between which will be cut off, and the choice of attacks left to the
+allies.</p>
+
+<p>The abasement of Great Britain, the dismemberment of its empire, the
+inestimable commercial advantages arising to France, present great
+interests, and merit powerful efforts. If this opportunity be
+neglected, if too much be left to chance, if time be lost, and the
+means employed be insufficient, the British pride will know neither
+bounds nor restraint; our object will be missed perhaps forever; it is
+easy to foresee how fatal the consequences would be to the French
+islands.</p>
+
+<p>The underwritten renews the assurances of the most inviolable
+attachment on the part of the United States. Whatever may be the
+decision of his Majesty on these representations, his goodness towards
+his allies will never be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> effaced from their hearts; they will support
+the common cause with the same devotion to the last extremity, but
+their success must necessarily depend upon their means.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<p><em>Paris, April 18th, 1781.</em></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, April 24th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I had the honor of addressing to your Excellency a letter on the 9th
+instant, conformably to which I presented the Memorial now sent, after
+preparing the way for it by as many conferences as an intervening
+vacation would permit. In the course of these I discovered that it was
+impossible to obtain any further detachment of ships of force from
+hence; consequently, that the sum of specie to be sent immediately to
+America would be limited by the means of conveyance, and that
+successive epochs must divide a risk, which would be too considerable
+if simultaneous.</p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of these ideas Count de Vergennes declared to me, that it
+had been solemnly determined to send no more than two millions in a
+frigate with me, and to have the remainder transmitted afterwards at
+different periods; this sum appeared to me so inconsiderable, compared
+with our necessities, that I thought it my duty to make the warmest
+remonstrances on the subject, and the succeeding day I delivered the
+Memorial above mentioned. In the mean time I have been employed in
+engaging a conveyance from Holland, which is so unexceptionable as to
+enable me to demand with confidence an additional sum for the first
+remittance of specie. The conveyance alluded to is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> the Indian, a
+vessel having the dimensions of a seventyfour gun ship, mounting
+twentyeight French thirtysix pounders on her main deck, and twelve
+twelves on her quarter deck and forecastle, sold by the Chevalier de
+Luxembourg to the State of South Carolina for the term of three years,
+loaded in part with articles of clothing, &amp;c. on said State's account,
+nearly ready for sea, but reduced to the impossibility of sailing for
+want of ten thousand pounds sterling to discharge an accumulation of
+debts contracted in port. In these circumstances Captain Gillon, her
+present commander, has applied to me in the most pressing terms for
+assistance, and has offered to cede me the cargo which he has on
+board, on condition of furnishing the means of extricating himself
+from his present difficulties. As there appeared to me a happy
+coincidence in this matter, of the interests of the State and the
+Continent, I determined to accept his offer, annexing certain
+conditions, as will be seen in the enclosure.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>The advantages in favor of the continent are in the first place a very
+important and considerable gain of time in forwarding supplies of
+clothing, as no considerable quantity could have been obtained at the
+proper seaport of France at an earlier date than the 10th of June.
+Secondly, the excellence of the conveyance removes a powerful
+objection on the part on the Ministry against augmenting the first
+remittance of specie.</p>
+
+<p>The advantages on the part of the State are, that she will be able to
+avail herself of the services of her ship, of which without the
+present interposition there would not be the least prospect, and
+besides, she will derive her share in common with the other members of
+the Union from the general advantages.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>I have not as yet received a definitive answer from the Count de
+Vergennes to my last Memorial and subsequent applications, but I learn
+from M. Necker, that the following will be the distribution of what
+relates to his department, viz. that two millions will be sent in the
+frigate with me, one million on board the Indian, and that it is
+besides in agitation to make an arrangement with Spain for assigning a
+sum of specie at Vera Cruz, to be transported from thence by a frigate
+to be ordered on that service from one of the West India Islands.</p>
+
+<p>I have reason to apprehend an unfavorable answer to my request, that
+the military effects from the public arsenals should be granted on
+credit. The expense of these articles will make a considerable
+deduction from our pecuniary resources. Your Excellency will observe
+that the same difficulties exist with respect to these objects, as
+with regard to the manufactures of cloth, the great deposits of them
+all being situated in the interior country, remote from the sea. The
+cargo of the Marquis de Lafayette, that of the Indian, (including the
+additional purchases, which I have directed to be made in order to
+complete her tonnage) and the supplies collected at Brest, or on their
+way thither, will nearly include the most essential articles of the
+Board of War's estimate. The purchases in France are made under the
+direction of an Intendant in the War Department. Those in Holland are
+made by M. de Neufville &amp; Son, whom I employed because they appeared
+to possess the confidence of our Minister Plenipotentiary in that
+country.</p>
+
+<p>I found great difficulties and delays likely to attend the plan of
+casting howitzers of English calibre in France. The scarcity of
+materials, the great danger of a want of precision in the proportions,
+and the facility with which we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> cast shells in America, induced me to
+substitute six inch howitzers of French calibre, to those demanded by
+the Board of War. This size, in the opinion of the most experienced
+artillerists, is preferable to the larger, their effects being the
+same, and their inferior size rendering them much more manageable, as
+well as less expensive of ammunition. A certain number of shells will
+accompany the howitzers, but it will be necessary that the Board of
+War should give immediate orders for making a larger provision of
+them. Their dimensions may be taken from those with the French
+artillery under General Rochambeau.</p>
+
+<p>The same reasons as those above mentioned, determined me to substitute
+the French twelve-inch mortar to the thirteen inch of English calibre,
+as there was no other way of procuring them but by having them cast,
+and the same observation is to be made with respect to their shells as
+with respect to those of the howitzers. A store-ship, freighted by
+government, is to proceed under convoy of the frigate on board which I
+shall sail, and will be charged with such supplies as can be collected
+in time at Brest.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as I shall have accomplished all that requires my presence
+here, which I flatter myself will be in a few days, I shall proceed to
+Brest, to do everything that can depend on me for hastening the
+departure of the frigate. I shall in the mean time despatch Captain
+Jackson, an officer of great intelligence and activity, who
+accompanied me from America, with instructions to exert his utmost
+efforts to get the Indian to sea without loss of time.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with the greatest veneration, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Missing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> For a correspondence on this subject between Dr Franklin
+and Captain Jackson, see <em>Franklin's Correspondence</em>, Vol. III. pp.
+121, 232.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><em>Memorial from John Laurens to the Director-General of Finance.</em></h3>
+
+<p>The underwritten, special Minister of the United States of North
+America, renews his representations to the Director-General of
+Finance, upon the necessity of augmenting the present remittance of
+pecuniary succors destined for America. He cannot repeat too often,
+that upon the quantity and seasonableness of these succors, the fate
+of his Majesty's allies must necessarily depend.</p>
+
+<p>He entreats him to recollect, that in the first discussion with regard
+to the sum, the difficulties which opposed an immediate remittance,
+more proportionate to the urgent necessities of the United States,
+were unconnected with reasons of finance. With respect to the
+apprehension of exposing ourselves to simultaneous risks that would be
+too considerable, which was the principal reason alleged, he thinks
+himself warranted in saying, that comparing the sum with the risk, the
+strictest laws of prudence would not be violated in shipping the
+amount of six millions on board of two frigates, well armed and good
+sailors, despatched from ports distant from each other.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of procuring money from Vera Cruz or the Havana, the success
+and speedy execution of which were regarded as certain, would have
+dispensed government from making any very considerable remittance from
+hence at the present moment, but as according to the
+Director-General's own account, there is reason to apprehend a delay,
+which would render this plan delusive, the underwritten sees no other
+remedy, than in augmenting the sums remitted from hence, as far as the
+present means of conveyance will authorise, and seconding this first
+remittance by a de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>finitive arrangement for having it closely followed
+by the remainder.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the distribution between the two ships, the
+underwritten would prefer committing the most considerable portion of
+the specie to the frigate in Holland, on account of her very superior
+force.</p>
+
+<p>He has the honor to apprize the Director-General, that he has
+authorised Mr W. Jackson, Captain of infantry in the service of the
+United States, to give receipts for the sum destined to be shipped in
+Holland, and that he will himself sign receipts for the sum to be
+shipped at Brest.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<p><em>Paris, April 29th, 1781.</em></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, May 15th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since I had the honor of writing to your Excellency on the 24th ult.
+my prospects of pecuniary succor have suffered a very unfavorable
+change, first in the suspension and I apprehend the total failure of
+the plan of procuring a sum of specie at Vera Cruz, to be transmitted
+immediately from thence for the service of the United States. This
+arrangement which the Spanish agent at this Court was at first very
+desirous of making with M. Necker, and which would have been a
+convenience to the finance of this country, was prevented from being
+carried into execution by the arrival of intelligence, that the
+treasure had been safely transported from Vera Cruz to the Havana; in
+consequence of which the agent declined engaging to furnish the money
+on any other terms than by a schedule<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> of bill of exchange, payable at
+six months' sight. M. Necker has since made him an offer of a profit
+on the money to be supplied at the Havana, and the agent has written
+to his Court on the subject, but it does not appear to me, that the
+offer is likely to be accepted. As soon as I was apprized of this, I
+delivered the preceding Memorial to the Director-General of Finance.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to this disappointment we have received notice from
+Holland of the total refusal of the Dutch to countenance the proposed
+loan of ten millions on account of the United States. M. Necker was of
+opinion, that the Dutch would lend more readily on this footing than
+to France alone, as there would be a double security; but the event
+has proved, that its being a concern of the United States was
+sufficient for political reasons to occasion the overthrow of the
+business. I have uniformly insisted from the beginning upon the
+necessity of securing this aid to the United States from the finances
+of France, and while I pleaded the fertility of her resources, and
+facility of borrowing in her own name, I have enlarged upon the fatal
+consequences to which we should be exposed by referring the matter to
+an uncertain and dilatory operation. I apprehend some new efforts are
+making on the subject of the loan. His Majesty in the mean time
+engages to supply the failure of the loan from the finances of his
+kingdom. The future transmissions of specie are to be concerted
+between the Minister of Marine and the Director-General of Finance,
+and Count de Vergennes has promised me to urge them upon the subject.
+I have not been able to obtain any greater augmentation of the sums
+destined to be embarked at Brest and in Holland, than half a million
+at the first, and nearly the same sum at the latter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>With respect to the maritime succors so repeatedly solicited, I am
+authorised only in general terms to assure Congress, that such
+dispositions are made for detaching from the West Indies, as give
+every reason to hope a naval superiority will exist on the part of the
+allies in America; that the fleet will probably remain on that station
+three months, and that it will be time on my arrival to commence the
+most vigorous preparations for co-operating with it.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on closing this packet, I shall set out for Brest, and use
+my utmost efforts to accelerate our sailing. My frigate is ready in
+the roads. If any delay arises it will be owing to the store ship,
+which she will have under convoy.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> Those despatches will be delivered to your Excellency by
+Captain Jackson of the first South Carolina regiment, whose zeal for
+the service made him cheerfully undertake the journey to Holland, for
+the purpose of accelerating the departure of the Indian, and to whom I
+am much indebted for his assistance in this country.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">J. L.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>COUNT DE VERGENNES TO JOHN LAURENS.</h3>
+
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Versailles, May 16th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p>Congress has directed Mr Laurens to solicit from the King an aid of
+money, and to request his guarantee for a loan. In consequence his
+Majesty has been pleased to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> grant six millions tournois,<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> in form
+of a gift, and he has likewise agreed to be security for a loan of ten
+millions, to be opened in Holland, for account of Congress; and if
+that loan should meet with difficulties, he has even resolved to
+supply it out of his own finances, as soon as possible. The six
+millions, which his Majesty has granted, have been employed in the
+following manner; two million five hundred thousand livres are sent to
+Brest, there to be shipped; one million five hundred thousand are sent
+to Amsterdam, to be likewise shipped there; about two millions are to
+be employed in payment for the goods, which Mr Laurens was directed to
+purchase. Besides the sum above mentioned, his Majesty has been
+pleased to grant Dr Franklin four millions to discharge the bills of
+exchange drawn on him by Congress. In case the loan, which is to be
+opened in Holland on account of the Americans, should fail of success,
+his Majesty will be under the necessity of supplying it. It is
+understood, that the United States shall repay his Majesty the sum of
+ten millions, in order to fulfil the engagements, that shall be
+entered into in Holland.</p>
+
+<p>The operations of the campaign, of which his Majesty has given a plan
+to the commander of his fleet in America, form the second object, in
+which the United States are interested; and without being able to fix
+the attention of Congress or General Washington upon the moment when
+his fleet shall appear on the coast of North America, he assures them,
+that the success of their armies makes a principal part of his views
+for the ensuing campaign. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> is therefore proper, that, upon the
+arrival of Colonel Laurens, the United States should put themselves in
+condition to take advantage of the operations of his fleet in America.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DE VERGENNES.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> These six millions were not obtained "in consequence" of
+Colonel Laurens's solicitation, but were granted to Dr Franklin,
+before Colonel Laurens's arrival. See <em>Franklin's Correspondence</em>,
+Vol. III. p. 230, and also Colonel Laurens's letter above, dated March
+20th;&mdash;also the following letter of September 2d.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, September 2d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Happy in this opportunity of renewing the assurances of my inviolable
+duty and attachment to the United States, in Congress assembled, I
+have the honor of submitting to them a supplementary report of the
+negotiation, with which they were pleased to intrust me, by their
+commission of the 23d of December, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to my arrival in France, the letter from Congress of the 22d
+of December to his Most Christian Majesty had been delivered, and the
+application for succors supported by our Minister Plenipotentiary, the
+result of which was a gratuitous donation from the King of France of
+six millions of livres, to be drawn for by General Washington at
+distant periods, and an offer to provide clothing and other supplies
+for the army, the expense to be deducted from the donation above
+mentioned. The disproportion between this and the necessities of the
+United States upon which their demand was founded, as well as the
+exceptionable manner of touching the money, determined me without
+delay to renew the negotiation, in which I had the concurrence of our
+Minister Plenipotentiary, and the advantage of his counsels.</p>
+
+<p>After my first interview with the Count de Vergennes, I presented, in
+form of a memorial, a copy of which has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> been transmitted to Congress,
+an extract of a letter from General Washington, written in consequence
+of my conference with him by order of Congress, making such small
+additions as were suggested by the state of the business. The
+advantage of the General's credit in Europe made me prefer his letter
+to any common form of memorial, especially as he had treated the
+principal objects of my mission in a manner no less full and explicit
+than conformable to the ideas of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>I accompanied it with the estimate of the Board of War, after making a
+deduction of many articles, the demand of which I apprehended would
+throw an unfavorable cast on the whole business. A translated
+duplicate of the complete estimate had been long since delivered by Dr
+Franklin. The Count de Vergennes exclaimed vehemently against the
+exorbitance of the demand, to which the strength of our army was so
+disproportioned, adding, that duplicate cargoes of such value could
+not be afforded, and that the articles demanded would exhaust all our
+money; for he refused to understand as I did, the intention of
+Congress to solicit the supplies in addition to the loan.</p>
+
+<p>Argument and expostulation on this subject were fruitless. In
+pursuance of his definitive request, I formed a reduced list
+accompanied by a letter, a copy of which has been transmitted. An
+allowance was made for the Lafayette's cargo, as well as a very
+imperfect sketch of it could enable me. This list was immediately
+referred to the War Department. In all my interviews with the
+Ministers, I endeavored to represent in their strongest light the
+following important articles. That notwithstanding the unalterable
+determination of the United States to support their independence,
+notwithstanding the virtue and firm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>ness of the citizens in general,
+the immense pecuniary resources of Great Britain, and her constant
+naval superiority were advantages too decisive to be counterbalanced
+by any interior exertions on the part of the United States. That these
+must infallibly impose a term to the efforts of a nation, whose
+extended maritime and inland frontier rendered her obnoxious to sudden
+descents and incursions on all sides; whose army was consequently
+exposed to excessive marches, attended with insupportable expense of
+money and waste of soldiers, that the exhausted state of their
+finances reduced Congress to the impossibility of calling the natural
+resources of the country into activity; that the aggravated calamities
+of a war, which in its principles had been precautionary, began now to
+produce dangerous uneasinesses and discontents; that we had concealed
+enemies to contend against; that the British left no measures
+unattempted either of open force or secret intrigue; and finally,
+unless instant succor were afforded as solicited by Congress, that
+France was in danger of losing all the fruits of the part she had
+hitherto taken in the contest; that if instead of being actuated by a
+generous and enlightened policy, the Court of France had
+systematically protracted the war, in order that Britain and America
+might mutually exhaust themselves, while she had reserved her power to
+decide only in the last extremity, this period with respect to America
+had arrived; that the importance of the objects of the war on one
+hand, and the mischiefs of suffering Great Britain to re-annex to
+herself the resources of America, demanded the greatest exertions;
+that the honor of the King, as well as the national interest, was
+engaged, and that, considering the flourishing state of the French
+marine and finances, the succor solicited was as easy as, considering
+our situation, it was indispensable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>I endeavored, above all, to hasten their determinations. The general
+language held by the Ministry was, that the demands of Congress were
+excessive; that to induce succor from their ally, there should be
+greater exertions on the part of the United States; that the King had
+the greatest good will towards them, but that the expenditures of the
+war were immense; the necessity of supporting a maritime war in
+different quarters, and the indispensable defence of his own colonies,
+limited his power of giving assistance; that the public credit of
+France, however good, had its limits, which it were dangerous to
+exceed; that the administration of the American finances was not
+calculated to inspire confidence; that a dangerous wound had been
+given to our public credit by the resolution of the 18th of March,
+1780, a measure, which, however judicious it might have been in time
+of peace, was exceedingly pernicious in time of war; that the
+application of Congress was tardy, and by its suddenness excluded
+expedients which might otherwise have been employed for our relief;
+that with regard to the national interest and honor, France had been a
+great kingdom, and the King a powerful monarch, when America was
+composed of feeble colonies.</p>
+
+<p>To this kind of discourse I answered, by enlarging on the natural and
+political disadvantages of America in the present contest, the fertile
+resources of the British, their power and activity; the impossibility
+of our supporting a paper credit without a foundation of specie,
+adding, that the continental currency must have died a natural death
+if it had not been checked at a late stage of depreciation, by the act
+of Congress in question; that persons, who had clamored most on this
+subject, had been instrumental in hastening the discredit of our
+paper, by various commer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>cial speculations, but that the downfall of
+the currency must be attributed principally to a want of funds for its
+support; for this object Congress were renewing their application in
+the most pressing terms; that the King of France's glory could not but
+suffer if the British triumphed in the present dispute, as his
+consideration in Europe would be lessened by it; that his interests
+besides, and those of his kingdom, would certainly be deeply wounded
+by a re-accession of America to Great Britain, and that the same fleet
+and army, which should prove decisive there, would be at hand to
+possess themselves of the French islands.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis de Castries, Minister for the Marine Department, being
+absent, and a vacation produced some delay, I waited on this Minister
+immediately on his return to Court, and observed to him that the most
+important decisions relative to the common cause of France and America
+had been suspended on account of his absence; urged him particularly
+on the great point of a naval superiority, reminding him, that the
+British Marine was the principal instrument of their power; that the
+efforts of the allies to reduce this force could nowhere be made with
+such a prospect of success as on the American coast; that it would be
+very easy after a decisive campaign in America, in which his personal
+glory was so much interested, to transport a sufficient force from the
+continent to reduce any British island; that in the mean time the
+French islands would be in the most perfect security. He repeated
+nearly what he had said at our first interview, with stronger
+assurances of his prospect of a naval superiority the ensuing
+campaign.</p>
+
+<p>In a word I used every argument of national interest, and added such
+personal motives as I thought applicable to the different Ministers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>On the 8th of April Count de Vergennes communicated to me his Most
+Christian Majesty's determination to become security for a loan of ten
+millions of livres, to be opened on account of the United States in
+Holland; that he had immediately despatched a courier extraordinary to
+M. de la Vauguyon with a letter relative to this business; that I had
+reason to be satisfied with this in addition to the donation of six
+millions, and four millions that had been appropriated to the payment
+of bills drawn on Mr Franklin. I pressed him by many arguments to
+leave an opening for the remaining five millions; exposed the false
+policy of incomplete succors; observed that Congress had solicited no
+more than was necessary; that there should be no other limits to the
+present succor than the invincible bounds of possibility; that it was
+not the condition on which the money was obtained, but the sum and
+opportuneness of remitting it, that were above all important; that in
+this point of view I would prefer converting the donation into a loan,
+if it would make the advance more convenient to the French finances,
+and facilitate the augmentation of the total sum, destined for the
+United States. I repeated the same thing to the Director-General of
+Finance, but their answer was, the King had passed his word and could
+not retract.</p>
+
+<p>I entreated both M. de Vergennes and M. Necker not to abandon the
+United States to the operation of a loan, but to secure us from the
+finances of France the sum in question, and above all, to make
+immediate arrangements for the remittance of it.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time I pressed the Minister of Marine on the subject of
+ships, but I found that it was far from the intention of the Court to
+furnish the means for remitting any considerable sum immediately.
+Count de Vergennes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> urged the imprudence of exposing such precious
+succors to a simultaneous risk, and the necessity of dividing the
+danger by successive remittances, adding besides, that as permission
+had been given to draw, an allowance was to be made on this account,
+and a provisional sum for payment retained; that pursuant to those
+ideas it had been solemnly determined to send no more than two
+millions in a frigate with me. I observed, that the first difficulty
+would be obviated by proportioning the escort to the value of the
+specie; with regard to the other objection, I gave it as my opinion,
+that no bills would be drawn in consequence of the mode for touching
+the donation of six millions. The Count said, that I was not
+sufficiently impressed with what had been already done on our account,
+and appealed to our Minister Plenipotentiary. In addition to the
+warmest verbal remonstrances on the subject, I presented the Memorial,
+a copy of which was forwarded to Congress.</p>
+
+<p>In these circumstances I was induced to make an arrangement with
+Captain Gillon, of the frigate South Carolina, in order to secure an
+unexceptionable conveyance for a further remittance of specie, as well
+as for other reasons to be mentioned hereafter. This conveyance being
+approved by the Ministry, it was proposed by M. Necker, that one
+million should be remitted by this opportunity, two in the frigate
+from France as above mentioned, and that an arrangement should be made
+with the Spaniards for a further remittance from Vera Cruz, agreeably
+to an offer from their agent in Paris. Unfortunately, while this
+latter plan was in agitation, the agent received intelligence that the
+whole of the Spanish treasure destined for Europe had arrived safe at
+the Havana, in consequence of which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> he changed the terms of his first
+proposal, from an order payable at sight, to bills at six months'
+date; this, joined to the disagreeable intelligence from Holland of
+the failure of the loan proposed on account of the United States,
+occasioned my giving a Memorial to the Director-General, and
+insisting, in several interviews with him, on the necessity of
+something decisive in his department, adding, that the administration
+could not pursue a better plan for securing the triumph of Great
+Britain than the present system of giving inadequate and dilatory
+succor to America.</p>
+
+<p>All that I could obtain was an addition of half a million to the
+specie to be embarked at Brest, and about the same sum to that in
+Gillon's ship. The Director-General informed me, that he had passed
+the sum of the proposed loan to the debit of the King's finances, and
+repeated his assurances, that our further remittances should be made
+successively.</p>
+
+<p>I have already informed Congress, that the reduced list of supplies
+had been referred to the War Department, where it had to undergo a
+recopying and more methodical distribution under several heads. I used
+my endeavors to hasten the decisions on this subject, and to procure
+orders at least with respect to some particular articles, the
+providing of which obviously required a more early notice than others;
+but he said no partial arrangement could be made, and that a decision
+must be definitively given in council upon the whole business,
+previous to his engaging in the execution of his part.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of April I received a letter from M. de Corney, Provincial
+Commissary, informing me, that the Marquis de Segur had appointed M.
+de Viemerange in conjunction with him to confer with me on the objects
+of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> estimate, and the time and means of procuring them. I
+immediately repaired to Versailles for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>As the ancient administration for clothing the French troops was
+abolished, and each regiment in France makes its own contracts for
+habiliments and equipments, there exists no public magazine of
+supplies in this way, either in the War or Marine Department, and
+there was no other resource for this article than the remainder of
+some supplies at Brest, which had been provided for General
+Rochambeau's army; it was proposed then to cede these to the United
+States, and continue the provision upon the same terms as had been
+settled for the King's service. The quantity was extremely
+inconsiderable, compared even with the reduced list, which I had
+presented; the time proposed for augmenting it was long, and my
+prospects upon the whole were very discouraging, but the
+impracticability of doing better in present circumstances obliged me
+to yield. The difficulties and delays, however, which occurred in this
+transaction, and a persuasion that it would not be so economical as I
+had at first been taught to expect, were powerful additional motives
+with me for accepting Captain Gillon's offer relative to the South
+Carolina frigate, in order to avail myself of the supplies in his
+possession, and to complete his vacant tonnage by purchases in
+Holland, where the vicinity of the seaport and manufacturing towns
+insured despatch. Copies of all the papers, relative to the supplies,
+are in the hands of the Minister Plenipotentiary. I apprized him of
+the necessity of watching the punctual execution of the terms of
+Sabatier &amp; Co's agreement, notwithstanding the superintendence of the
+War Department. The artillery, arms, ammunition, and encamping
+supplies, were to be collected at Brest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> from different arsenals in
+Brittany and elsewhere, at the same rates at which they were provided
+for the national service.</p>
+
+<p>When the subject of casting howitzers, conformably to the British
+calibre, came to be more minutely and definitively discussed,
+difficulties with respect to the scarcity of materials, the danger of
+errors in the proportion, the want of a proper person to inspect the
+business, in a word, objections of different kinds were started;
+these, added to the facility of casting shells in America, determined
+me finally to substitute six inch howitzers of French calibre.
+Experience has proved, on a comparison of their effects with those of
+the larger sized howitzers, that the difference is trifling, and that
+the former will answer all the purposes of the latter, while their
+proportions render them more manageable, and economise ammunition. The
+French artillerists, enlightened by this discovery, have determined
+the reform of all their larger howitzers.</p>
+
+<p>Upon my arrival at Brest I found the whole of the articles agreed to
+be furnished for the first convoy were not yet arrived. In these
+circumstances I substituted some articles which I found in the
+magazine there, that there might not be any further loss of time, and
+that there should be the least possible interval between our sailing
+and the embarcation of the specie, which once commenced could not be
+kept secret in passing through a number of hands, and might be a
+temptation to enterprises on the part of the enemy. The same motive
+determined me not to shift the whole of the money into cases, which
+would have been more portable. This precaution became indispensable
+however with respect to two of the casks, that had suffered too much
+from the violent shaking on the road to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> embarked in that
+condition, and although all the casks are double, I apprehend the most
+scrupulous care will be necessary in their debarcation and removal. I
+send herewith the Chevalier de l'Angle's receipt for the specie on
+board the frigate Resolve, the copy of the Treasurer's note at Brest,
+and invoices of the cargoes on board the Cibelle and the Olimpe.
+Besides these, the whole of the surgical instruments, drugs, and tin
+and wire for camp kettles, agreeably to the Board of War's estimate,
+are supplied upon the same footing as the other articles. The drugs
+and tin I expect in the brigantine Active. In addition to the list, I
+left a statement of the ulterior demands. These, in addition to the
+cargo expected by Gillon, and the invoices already cited, include the
+total of the supplies.</p>
+
+<p>The deduction of money for their payment was incompatible with so
+ample a provision, as prudence might otherwise have dictated.
+Necessitated to confine myself to a reduced list of the most
+indispensable articles, in order to leave the sum for remittances as
+unimpaired as possible, I avoided every purchase and additional
+expense of workmanship, that could be readily supplied by our artisans
+and manufacturers at home, as the money expended here, besides
+accomplishing the primary object, after descending in various channels
+to the encouragement of arts, and animation of industry among
+ourselves, would return its contribution to the great reservoir of
+public resources.</p>
+
+<p>I am sorry not to be able to give Congress a more satisfactory and
+definitive account of Captain Gillon's proceedings. The papers sent
+herewith will show the measures I had taken, and all the intelligence
+I had received relative to this business previous to my departure.
+Relying on the zeal and activity of Captain Jackson, aided by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> the
+counsels of the Minister Plenipotentiary in Holland, I cannot
+apprehend any improper delay.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Jackson alone was intrusted with the secret of the specie to
+be embarked, I enjoined him not to communicate it to any one, until
+the moment when it should become necessary to embark it; and, that the
+bankers might not be apprized of its destination, I sent the order for
+it enclosed to him.</p>
+
+<p>I used every argument, at taking leave of the several Ministers, that
+I thought could influence them, and previous to my departure from
+Brest, renewed my solicitations in writing. I imagine some further
+effort will have been made relative to the loan in Holland, but at all
+events the ten millions are to be supplied from the King of France's
+finances. The Marquis de Castries, and M. Necker, were to concert the
+future remittances; they gave me fair promises on the subject, and
+Count de Vergennes assured me he would press them; he likewise gave me
+some hopes of credit for the supplies of military stores. The naval
+superiority, it is expected, will be established on the American coast
+for a sufficient time to enable us to enterprise something important.</p>
+
+<p>Enclosed herewith is an answer from the Most Christian King to my
+letter of credence. Count de Vergennes informed me, that an answer to
+the other letter of Congress had been already despatched.</p>
+
+<p>At taking my leave of his Most Christian Majesty, he desired me to
+renew his assurances of affection to the United States. The succeeding
+day his Majesty honored me with the accustomed present of his
+portrait. Republican strictness, and the utility of the precedent,
+lead me to refer it to the supreme representative of the majesty of
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> American people, the organ of that sovereign will to which I am
+devoted.</p>
+
+<p>The Resolve sailed from Brest, with the Cibelle and Olimpe under her
+convoy, the 1st of June. The judicious precautions, and unwearied
+attention of the Chevalier de l'Angle, commander of the frigate,
+relative to his convoy, during a passage in which we experienced every
+contrariety, deserve the highest applause.</p>
+
+<p>I entreat the further orders of Congress, being exceedingly solicitous
+to lose no time in rejoining the army.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> My first intention was to have steered for Philadelphia, but
+learning from a vessel, which we pursued for the purpose of
+intelligence, that Count de Grasse was not arrived, I judged it most
+prudent to make a safe eastern port, and arrived at Boston the
+afternoon of the 25th ult.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">J. L.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, September 6th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of the desire of the committee of conference on the
+subject of my mission to France, I do myself the honor to communicate
+to Congress all the information I am possessed of relative to the
+present situation of Henry Laurens, and the prospect of his
+enlargement or exchange. It appears from the letter of a gentleman in
+London, who had access to him under certain restrictions, that though
+the rigor of his confinement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> was in some degree abated, he still
+labored under several interdictions and restraints, as unprecedented
+as illiberal, and that the British Court still affected to consider
+him as amenable to their municipal laws, and maintained the idea of a
+future trial.</p>
+
+<p>After I had finished the general business with which Congress had
+charged me, I consulted the several Ministers at the Court of France
+upon the proper measures to be taken, when such a flagrant violation
+of the laws of nations had been offered in the person of a public
+Minister, and solicited their intervention and assistance. They all
+declared, that however anxious they were to restore to his country a
+citizen, so valuable by his services, they had not the least hope,
+that any benefit would be derived from their interference, the British
+Court being as little disposed to gratify the Court of France, as they
+were to gratify the United States; and the unanimous opinion of these
+gentlemen further was, that nothing would determine the British to
+pursue a reasonable conduct in the present case, but the most exact
+retaliation on the part of Congress. For this purpose they advised,
+that one or more British prisoners of sufficient note and importance
+to cause a sensation by their own complaints, or those of their
+friends, to their Court, should be held as security for the safety of
+Mr Laurens, and that their mode of confinement and treatment should
+invariably follow the rule of the conduct of the British government
+towards him.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the report, which I had the honor to make the 2d
+instant, I take the present opportunity of enclosing to Congress the
+duplicate account of the frigate Alliance's disbursements, by Messrs
+Gourlade and Moylan of L'Orient. The misfortune of Mr Palfrey left us
+without other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> resource, than an application to a mercantile house.
+The persons above mentioned offered their services, and were
+recommended. The sum total appeared both to the Minister
+Plenipotentiary and myself very considerable for the short stay of the
+vessel in port, and the charge of advanced officers' pay
+unprecedented; but Captain Barry had signed the original account, and
+M. Moylan's house had advanced the money, and offered every authentic
+voucher. I thought myself obliged to write from Brest, requesting Dr
+Franklin to order payment after necessary security.</p>
+
+<p>I found myself under the necessity of drawing, under the authority of
+Congress, for three hundred and fifty louis, on their Minister
+Plenipotentiary at the Court of France. Fifty of these were given to
+Mr Jackson on his departure for Holland. On my arrival at Boston, I
+borrowed on my private credit forty guineas, twentyfive of which have
+been paid for the purchase of saddles, and the expense of the journey,
+including that of an express with the despatches from France for the
+French Minister and army, and that of an escort of dragoons, which it
+became prudent, on account of my papers, to take from Danbury to a
+place a few miles on this side of the North River.</p>
+
+<p>I had recourse to the State of Rhode Island for horses, &amp;c. a
+particular account of which will be given to the Board of War.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with the greatest veneration, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN LAURENS.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_head">
+<h2><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">CHARLES W. F. DUMAS;</span><br />
+<span class="sub_name">AGENT OF THE UNITED STATES IN HOLLAND.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>Charles William Frederick Dumas was a native of Switzerland, but he
+passed a large portion of his life in Holland, chiefly employed as a
+man of letters. He was a person of deep learning, versed in the
+ancient classics, and skilled in several modern languages, a warm
+friend of liberty, and an early defender of the American cause. About
+the year 1770, or a little later, he published an edition of Vattel,
+with a long preface and notes, which were marked with his liberal
+sentiments.</p>
+
+<p>When Dr Franklin was in Holland on his way to France, a short time
+before his return to his own country, at the beginning of the
+Revolution, he became acquainted with M. Dumas. Having thus witnessed
+his ability, his love of freedom, and his zeal in favor of America, he
+considered him a suitable person to act as agent in promoting our
+affairs abroad. When the Committee of Secret Correspondence in
+Congress was formed, towards the close of the year 1775, of which Dr
+Franklin was chairman, it was resolved to employ M. Dumas for
+executing the purposes of the Committee in Holland. A letter of
+general instructions was accordingly written to him by Dr Franklin in
+the name of the Committee, and from that time M. Dumas commenced a
+correspondence with Congress, which continued without interruption
+during the Revolution, and occasionally to a much later period. He
+acted at first as a secret agent, and after John Adams went to Holland
+as Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> M. Dumas
+performed the office of Secretary and translator to the Minister. On
+the departure of Mr Adams for Paris, to engage in the negotiations for
+peace, M. Dumas remained in the character of <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> from
+the United States. In this capacity he exchanged with the Dutch
+government the ratification of the treaty, which had been previously
+negotiated by Mr Adams.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen by M. Dumas's correspondence, that his services were
+unremitted, assiduous, and important, and performed with a singular
+devotedness to the interests of the United States, and with a warm and
+undeviating attachment to the rights and liberties for which they were
+contending. Congress seem not to have well understood the extent or
+merits of his labors. He was obliged often to complain of the meagre
+compensation he received, and of the extreme difficulty with which he
+and his small family contrived to subsist on it. Both Mr Adams and Dr
+Franklin recommended him to Congress as worthy of better returns, but
+with little effect. This indifference to his worth and his services
+while living renders it the more just, that his memory should be
+honored with the respect and gratitude of posterity.</p>
+
+<p>M. Dumas was still living in 1791, when Mr John Quincy Adams went to
+Holland as Minister from this country, but he died soon afterwards at
+an advanced age.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_head">
+<h2><span class="head">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">CHARLES W. F. DUMAS.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>B. FRANKLIN TO M. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, December 19th, 1775.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I received your several favors of May 18th, June 30th, and July 8th,
+by Messrs Vaillant &amp; Pochard, whom if I could serve upon your
+recommendation, it would give me great pleasure. Their total want of
+English is at present an obstruction to their getting any employment
+among us; but I hope they will soon obtain some knowledge of it. This
+is a good country for artificers or farmers, but gentlemen of mere
+science in <em>Les Belles Lettres</em> cannot so easily subsist here, there
+being little demand for their assistance among an industrious people,
+who, as yet, have not much leisure for studies of that kind.</p>
+
+<p>I am much obliged by the kind present you have made us of your edition
+of Vattel. It came to us in good season, when the circumstances of a
+rising State make it necessary frequently to consult the law of
+nations. Accordingly, that copy which I kept, (after depositing one in
+our own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> public library here, and sending the other to the College of
+Massachusetts Bay, as you directed,) has been continually in the hands
+of the members of our Congress now sitting, who are much pleased with
+your notes and preface, and have entertained a high and just esteem
+for their author. Your manuscript "<em>Idée sur le Gouvernement et la
+Royauté</em>," is also well relished, and may, in time, have its effect. I
+thank you, likewise, for the other smaller pieces, which accompanied
+Vattel. "<em>Le court Exposé de ce qui est passé entre la Cour Britanique
+et les Colonies, &amp;c.</em>" being a very concise and clear statement of
+facts, will be reprinted here for the use of our new friends in
+Canada. The translations of the proceedings of our Congress are very
+acceptable. I send you herewith what of them has been farther
+published here, together with a few newspapers, containing accounts of
+some of the successes Providence has favored us with.</p>
+
+<p>We are threatened from England with a very powerful force to come next
+year against us. We are making all the provision in our power here to
+prevent that force, and we hope we shall be able to defend ourselves.
+But as the events of war are always uncertain, possibly, after another
+campaign, we may find it necessary to ask aid of some foreign power.
+It gives us great pleasure to learn from you, that "all Europe wishes
+us the best success in the maintenance of our liberty." But we wish to
+know whether any one of them, from principles of humanity, is disposed
+magnanimously to step in for the relief of an oppressed people, or
+whether if, as it seems likely to happen, we should be obliged to
+break off all connexion with Britain, and declare ourselves an
+independent people, there is any State or Power in Europe, who would
+be willing to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> enter into an alliance with us for the benefit of our
+commerce, which amounted, before the war, to near seven millions
+sterling per annum, and must continually increase, as our people
+increase most rapidly. Confiding, my dear friend, in your good will to
+us and our cause, and in your sagacity and abilities for business, the
+Committee of Congress, appointed for the purpose of establishing and
+conducting a correspondence with our friends in Europe, of which
+Committee I have the honor to be a member, have directed me to request
+of you, that as you are situated at the Hague, where Ambassadors from
+all the Courts reside, you would make use of the opportunity, which
+that situation affords you, of discovering, if possible, the
+disposition of the several Courts with respect to such assistance or
+alliance, if we should apply for the one or propose for the other. As
+it may possibly be necessary, in particular instances, that you
+should, for this purpose, confer directly with some great Ministers,
+and show them this letter as your credential, we only recommend it to
+your discretion, that you proceed therein with such caution, as to
+keep the same from the knowledge of the English Ambassador, and
+prevent any public appearance, at present, of your being employed in
+any such business, as thereby, we imagine, many inconveniences may be
+avoided, and your means of rendering us service increased.</p>
+
+<p>That you may be better able to answer some questions, which will
+probably be put to you concerning our present situation, we inform
+you, that the whole continent is very firmly united, the party for the
+measures of the British Ministry being very small, and much dispersed;
+that we have had on foot the last campaign an army of near twentyfive
+thousand men, wherewith we have been able,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> not only to block up the
+King's army in Boston, but to spare considerable detachments for the
+invasion of Canada, where we have met with great success, as the
+printed papers sent herewith will inform you, and have now reason to
+expect that whole Province may be soon in our possession; that we
+purpose greatly to increase our force for the ensuing year, and
+thereby, we hope, with the assistance of well disciplined militia, to
+be able to defend our coast, notwithstanding its great extent; that we
+have already a small squadron of armed vessels to protect our coasting
+trade, which have had some success in taking several of the enemy's
+cruisers and some of their transport vessels and store-ships. This
+little naval force we are about to augment, and expect it may be more
+considerable in the next summer.</p>
+
+<p>We have hitherto applied to no foreign power. We are using the utmost
+industry in endeavoring to make saltpetre, and with daily increasing
+success. Our artificers are also everywhere busy in fabricating small
+arms, casting cannon, &amp;c. Yet both arms and ammunition are much
+wanted. Any merchants, who would venture to send ships laden with
+those articles, might make great profit; such is the demand in every
+Colony, and such generous prices are, and will be given, of which, and
+of the manner of conducting such a voyage, the bearer, Mr Story, can
+more fully inform you. And whoever brings in those articles is allowed
+to carry off the value in provisions to our West Indies, where they
+will fetch a very high price, the general exportation from North
+America being stopped. This you will see more particularly in a
+printed resolution of the Congress.</p>
+
+<p>We are in great want of good engineers, and wish you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> could engage and
+send us two able ones in time for the next campaign, one acquainted
+with field service, sieges, &amp;c. and the other with fortifying
+sea-ports. They will, if well recommended, be made very welcome, and
+have honorable appointments, besides the expenses of their voyage
+hither, in which Mr Story can also advise them. As what we now request
+of you, besides taking up your time, may put you to some expense, we
+send you, for the present, enclosed, a bill for one hundred pounds
+sterling, to defray such expenses, and desire you to be assured that
+your services will be considered and honorably rewarded by the
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>We desire, also, that you would take the trouble of receiving from
+Arthur Lee, agent for the Congress in England, such letters as may be
+sent by him to your care, and of forwarding them to us with your
+despatches. When you have occasion to write to him to inform him of
+anything, which it may be of importance that our friends there should
+be acquainted with, please to send your letters to him under cover,
+directed to Mr Alderman Lee, merchant, on Tower Hill, London, and do
+not send it by post, but by some trusty shipper, or other prudent
+person, who will deliver it with his own hand. And when you send to
+us, if you have not a direct safe opportunity, we recommend sending by
+way of St Eustatia, to the care of Messrs Robert &amp; Cornelius Stevens,
+merchants there, who will forward your despatches to me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With sincere and great esteem and respect, I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">B. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, March 22d, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I wrote to you lately by Mr Story, and since by another conveyance.
+This line will be delivered to you by Mr Deane, who goes over on
+business of the Congress, and with whom you may freely converse on the
+affairs committed to you in behalf of that body. I recommend him
+warmly to your civilities. Messrs Vaillant &amp; Pochard continue close at
+their new business, and are already able to subsist by it; as they
+grow more expert, they will be able to make more money.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Mr Deane will inform you of everything here, and I need not add more,
+than that I am, with esteem and respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">B. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO B. FRANKLIN, CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Utrecht, April 30th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I received on the 6th instant at the Hague, from Mr Thomas Story, the
+despatches of the 19th December, 1775, of which he was the bearer.</p>
+
+<p>I am deeply penetrated by the honor done me, and the confidence
+reposed in me by the committee appointed by the General Congress to
+maintain the correspondence between the American United Provinces and
+Europe, and of which you, Sir, are one of the worthy members. I shall
+die content if the remainder of my life can be devoted to the service
+of so glorious and just a cause. I accept, therefore, joyfully the
+commission you have be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>stowed, and whatever you may think fit to give
+me in future, and I promise a hearty good will and an untiring zeal. I
+hope my ability will justify the favorable opinion you entertain of
+me. This promise on my part is in fact an oath of allegiance, which I
+spontaneously take to Congress; receive it as such.</p>
+
+<p>When I remarked in my last letter to you, "that all Europe wishes you
+the most happy issue in your defence of your liberty," I meant the
+unprejudiced, equitable, humane, European public; in a word, the
+citizens of universal society, men in general. You must except from
+this number the holders of English funds, and those Courts of Europe
+who have an understanding with England; these, far from assisting you,
+will sacrifice you to their interests or their fears. The allies,
+which under such circumstances are suitable for you, are France and
+Spain; for it is their interest that you should be free and
+independent of England, whose enormous maritime power fills them with
+apprehensions. I have, therefore, opened myself to the French
+Minister, and a copy and translation of your requests and letters of
+credence to me have been for a fortnight in his hands. In the
+conversation I had with this Minister I observed, that the wishes of
+his nation are for you. He said, that there was one difficulty in
+affording aid to the Colonies; if they should be reconciled with
+England, they would assist her against the power which had aided them,
+and would imitate the dog in the fable. I had no reply to make to
+this, except that in this case reasonable beings were concerned, that
+if they saw the object was not to deprive them of the liberty for
+which they were contending, but to assure it to them, they would not
+be so ungrateful as to join against their benefactors, those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> who
+wished to destroy that liberty. Finally, he desired to know from me
+positively, what I would ask for the Colonies of his Court. I
+answered, that you wished to be informed, 1. If the King of France
+would, from motives of humanity and magnanimity, interpose his
+mediation on behalf of an oppressed people and effect a
+reconciliation, which should preserve to them all the liberties they
+formerly enjoyed. 2. In case such a reconciliation could not be
+effected, would the nations, subjects of the house of Bourbon, be
+willing to accede to an alliance with the Colonies, with the
+advantages of an immense commerce? He was pleased with the former
+proposition to offer to his young king the glory of conferring peace
+on the subjects of others as well as on his own. The other proposition
+is not disagreeable to him, were it not for the dreadful war which
+would ensue in Europe. I then delivered to him, together with your
+letter, a memorial, showing how important it was for France not to
+allow the subjugation of the Colonies. The whole was sent to his Court
+about a fortnight since, and if the answer should be delayed it will
+be of no disadvantage. Meanwhile, we have gained this advantage, that
+an opening is made, which must dispose France in your favor, and
+engage her to tolerate and secretly to encourage even any assistance
+your vessels can derive from France, Spain, and the Indies. I have,
+therefore, in the extract, copied exactly what you pointed out to me
+as the most necessary, as engineers, arms, munitions, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>I have done all this with the most profound secrecy. The person of
+whom I have spoken to you required it from me, and promised it in
+return, so that no one in this country, excepting him and me, knows
+anything of it. It is more advantageous to you and safer for me, that
+I should not be known as your agent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>Mr Story, not daring to take two letters with him to England, one for
+Arthur Lee, the other for Mrs Hannah Philippa Lee, left them in safe
+keeping with me, and he did well. I learn by two letters, which I have
+received from Mr A. Lee, of the 20th and 23d of April, that on Mr
+Story's landing in England, they took from him a letter, which I had
+sent by him for Mr Lee; fortunately it was not signed with any true
+name, and could give no information to your adversaries. They have,
+therefore, committed this additional violence to no purpose. I have
+sent those letters to a friend at Rotterdam, according to the request
+of Mr Lee, and that friend informs me under date of May 3d, that he
+has forwarded the packet by a captain of a sloop, one of his old
+friends, who promised him to deliver them himself to the address which
+I put upon them by Mr Lee's directions. The sudden departure of the
+vessels will prevent me from informing you whether they have been
+safely delivered. I shall do it by some future opportunity. I joined
+to the packet a cypher for Mr Lee, like that I sent to you, but
+grounded on different words, so that we shall be able to communicate
+with each other in perfect safety. I informed him also, that I had the
+honor of writing you frequently, so that he can send his letters
+through me, if he has no better way.</p>
+
+<p>I know an engineer over thirty years of age, able, experienced, and
+very well qualified not only in his branch, but in the whole art of
+war; in a word, a fine officer, but very inadequately rewarded. I
+shall not be able to speak with him for several weeks, when I will
+propose to him the service of the Colonies. But as he is a widower,
+without means, and has several children, it will probably be necessary
+if he accepts, to make him some advances to enable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> him to go over. I
+will give you an account in due time of the conversation I shall have
+with him.</p>
+
+<p>I have endorsed today your bill of exchange of £100 sterling to the
+order of M. Rey, bookseller at Amsterdam. Good reasons prevented me
+from doing it sooner and at any other place than Amsterdam. May the
+conscientious use which I shall make of this fund entirely satisfy
+your wishes, and the confidence with which you have honored me. I am
+persuaded of the generosity of Congress, and I pray heaven that I may
+deserve by my services to be the object of it, when God shall have
+blessed their labors for the welfare and prosperity of the Colonies,
+either by a firm and sincere reconciliation, or by the success of your
+righteous and just arms. In reality, I hope much more than I fear on
+this point. The wisdom of Congress, so constantly manifested, the
+perfect union and harmony which prevail there, encourage me more and
+more. By this rare, happy, and admirable union, much more surely than
+by all the alliances in the world, you are, and you will finally be
+superior to your enemies, however formidable they may appear.
+<em>Concordiâ res parvæ crescunt, discordiâ maximæ dilabuntur</em>; may this
+great truth and the sublime words of Themistocles to Eurybiades, who
+raised a weapon against him in the Council, "<em>Strike but hear</em>," be
+constantly present to your minds and hearts as well as to those of
+your constituents. What power will then be able to withstand yours?
+Ascribe the freedom of this address to the enthusiasm with which I am
+animated for your union, the noblest edifice that liberty has ever
+reared. In it centres all that the political world contains attractive
+for me.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you, Sir, for your fatherly kindness to the two French
+gentlemen. They are young, and ought not there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>fore to entertain even
+the idea of being an instant a burden to any one, and a useless load
+to society.</p>
+
+<p>I am very glad that the <em>Statement of the Points in Dispute between
+Great Britain and the Colonies</em> has been approved, so far as to cause
+it to be printed for the instruction of your friends, the Canadians.
+This is the only effect of that paper, for the printer not having sold
+enough of his journals to be at any other expense than the impression,
+has ceased to pay the author of those pieces. I have obtained his
+address for the purpose of engaging him to assist me in refuting the
+Jew, Pinto, whose venal pen has been employed in the most insolent
+manner against the Americans. A certain person, whom you know, regrets
+having allowed himself to be dazzled by his financial system, so far
+as to approve it without reserve in a letter, or advertisement, at the
+head of the treatise on "Circulation;" for although there are some
+good things in it here and there, yet that person has long since bean
+enlightened, in regard to many false brilliants, which the Jew passed
+on for genuine.</p>
+
+<p>As for the <em>Idea on Government and Royalty</em>, I learn with pleasure,
+that it has been agreeable, and that the time will perhaps come when
+it will receive more attention. This idea renders me more happy and
+proud, than if I had written the Iliad; for I think with Phædrus,
+<em>nisi utile est quod fucimus, stulta est gloria</em>. It is a seed, which
+I thought myself bound to sow in your country, the only place in the
+known world where it could spring up. I consider that idea more and
+more practicable and true, and of all political systems the most
+completely proof against all objections. It requires only to be
+developed. God grant that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> we may soon be able to do it in peace and
+at leisure. I shall then beg you, Sir, with the estimable and learned
+author of the <em>Pennsylvania Farmer</em>, to correspond with me on this
+subject, and to prove it, if not to our contemporaries, at least to
+posterity.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you, Sir, for the Journal of Congress from the 10th of May to
+the 1st of August, 1775, which you have had the kindness to send me;
+be good enough to complete it by sending what precedes and follows;
+for we have here nothing authentic relating to your affairs. All that
+we know of you, we get from the gazettes, imperfectly, by scraps, in a
+vague and uncertain manner, a mixture of truth and falsehood.</p>
+
+<p><em>May 9th.</em> I have just received the following letter without
+signature. "You will perhaps be tempted to come to the fair at the
+Hague. I shall have the honor to renew the expressions of my sincere
+esteem. I shall be at your orders every day at noon or sooner, if you
+will write me from your lodgings to let me know what hour will be most
+convenient for you. We shall be able to moralise some moments upon
+subjects, which we have already discussed. I have but little to say to
+you, which I shall do with a sincerity and candor, which I trust you
+will approve." I shall make this visit Saturday night, so as to return
+here Sunday night or Monday, not being able to do it otherwise. I
+shall send this letter today to Amsterdam, as they tell me the vessels
+will else sail without it. I shall therefore give you an account of
+the conversation in another letter, either by the same vessel or by
+some other. I am sorry to be obliged to leave you in suspense on a
+subject so interesting.</p>
+
+<p>Receive, Sir, for all the members of Congress in gene<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>ral, and for
+yourself, Mr Dickinson and Mr Jay in particular, the sincere
+assurances of my profound respect.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> M. Dumas commonly wrote his despatches in French, but
+sometimes in English. It has not been thought necessary to designate
+between those translated, and those written originally in English.
+Although he wrote the language with a good deal of accuracy, yet
+foreign idioms and other defects will occasionally be perceived. In
+some instances the editor has taken the liberty to make free
+corrections of the author's style, and to omit a good deal of
+irrelevant matter.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Utrecht, May 14th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I wrote the 9th to the person who wrote me the letter of the 6th, of
+which I have given you a copy, that if what he had to say to me was
+pressing, I would go and return in two succeeding nights, to be with
+him Sunday the 12th, which is between the two; but if the interview
+could admit a week's delay, I should be able to make the journey more
+conveniently. He answered the next day, 10th of May, as follows.</p>
+
+<p>"I have received, Sir, the letter you did me the honor to write. I
+obey instantly the order you have given to answer you as to the day
+when I shall be able to have the pleasure of seeing you. As what I
+shall have the honor of saying to you is not pressing, you may put
+off, till Saturday next, eight days hence, that is to say the 18th of
+this month, the visit with which you flatter me. Nay, I take the
+liberty to anticipate you in the offer of expenses in all cases where
+your good offices will be useful to me. Flat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>tered, honored as I am
+with the acquaintance I have made with you, I should be very sorry to
+be a burden to you, and to abuse your kindness.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, at your command."</p>
+
+<p>Do not think, Gentlemen, that a childish vanity leads me to recite to
+you this letter, and to take to myself sincerely the compliments which
+are addressed to me.</p>
+
+<p><em>May 21st.</em> I am at length returned from my journey, with which I have
+been much satisfied, because I think you will have reason to be so.
+After we had conversed some time on the great and very late news of
+the evacuation of Boston by your enemies, as a new mark of the wisdom
+of your operations, our friend, (whose name I have promised not to
+reveal,) said, the King of England does not forget himself,
+nevertheless, as you see; and he showed me in a gazette a prohibitory
+edict very severe, of the Empress Queen of Hungary, against all
+exportation of arms and munitions from her States for America. I had
+already seen it, and I told him so. But what you do not know, said he,
+is that the King has demanded this of the Empress by a letter written
+with his own hand. I gave him to understand, that I hoped his Court
+would not be so partial. You shall know, he replied, for you will
+comprehend it. As to your first demand, the mediation of the King
+cannot take place whilst the Colonies are subjects of the King of
+England, who, besides, would not accept it. As to your second demand,
+the King is a true knight, his word is sacred. He has given it to the
+English to live in peace with them. He will hold to it. While France
+is not at war with the English, he will not ally himself against them
+with the Colonies, and will not furnish aids to the latter. But on the
+other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> hand, for the same reason, the Americans have the same
+protection and liberty as all other English to resort to France, to
+export thence merchandise, arms, and munitions of war, without however
+forming magazines of them in France, which is not permitted by any
+nation. Besides, added he, the Colonies have no need that either
+France or Spain should enter into this war. Commerce alone will
+furnish to the Americans all that they want to defend themselves.</p>
+
+<p>I am of his opinion. I think even that it will be more advantageous to
+you and to France also, that she should not be hasty to declare openly
+for you. Once more, gentlemen, your union, your constant love of
+liberty, your fortitude in turning from all that looks like luxury and
+in despising it, your hatred of tyranny and despotism, which are the
+sad fruits of luxury; in fine, all your republican virtues will render
+you superior to your enemies, and invincible even without allies.
+These, however, will not be wanting, be assured, for it cannot be
+thought, that with what is passing in your part of the world, ours can
+long remain at peace. The time will come when your friends will show
+themselves, and when your alliance will not only be accepted but
+sought. Meanwhile you have struck a great and wise blow in driving
+your enemies from Boston. They publish, that they have evacuated the
+place, with profound political motives; the public laughs at this
+pretence.</p>
+
+<p>I forgot to mention to you, that the person in question offered to
+reimburse to me the expenses of my journey; and that I answered they
+were already paid. On which he requested me to tell him at least in
+what he could do me a favor. I answered, that he was doing me such in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>
+rendering great services to the Americans. Finally, he desired me to
+correspond from time to time with him. I engaged to do it, and shall
+not fail. Thus it depends only on you, Gentlemen, to render this
+correspondence more and more interesting. On my part I will be
+vigilant to profit by all events that can make any change in Europe.
+Those which happen in America will require, without doubt, that you
+give me frequently new instructions and orders provided always with
+letters of credence, or at least with one that will serve for the
+time, as you judge proper. I know to whom to address myself to ask for
+intelligence at the Court of France, and to have an answer in a few
+days.</p>
+
+<p><em>June 6th.</em> Here you have a copy of a letter from London, dated May
+21st. You know well from whom it is.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> I have sent to him under the
+envelope the two letters which Mr Story had left with me, and I added
+a cypher, which he has already used with success.</p>
+
+<p>"Everything is safe. I shall write you fully next week by our friend
+Story. One Hortalez will apply to you on business that concerns our
+friends. He has your address. Be so good as to assist him."<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>I expect these gentlemen with impatience, and shall do all that
+depends on me for your service and theirs.</p>
+
+<p>I trust you will always answer me speedily, and inform me if my
+letters reach you. I will send you once more a general copy of my
+preceding letters, to supply the loss of one or both, in case the
+vessels that carry them are lost or are taken.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>When I promised the Minister, with whom I had an interview on your
+affairs, not to name him to you, it is only until you expressly
+require that I make him known to you; for in that case you may know
+him when you will.</p>
+
+<p>In about eight days I shall leave Utrecht for a country house within
+seven leagues of the Hague, where I expect to pass the summer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The person here referred to is Arthur Lee. See <em>Arthur
+Lee's Correspondence</em>, Vol. II. p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> This note refers to Beaumarchais, who proposed to go to
+Holland, when he saw Mr Lee in London. But he afterwards altered his
+mind and returned directly to Paris.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">August 10th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Mr Arthur Lee in his letter of the 11th of June observes, that "Mr
+Story goes from hence directly to America. A French gentleman named
+Hortalez having something to negotiate for the Congress, I have given
+him your address." On the eve of my departure from Utrecht, on the
+21st of June, I wrote as follows to the person whom you know.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<div class="embedded"><p>"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"In the hope that you have consented to make me understand that I
+shall be one day useful to you, I think it my duty to advise you,
+that I shall depart tomorrow from this city to pass the summer at
+a country house half way from here to &mdash;&mdash;. I shall receive there
+in all safety your orders, if you send your letters to, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>"I propose also, to pass to &mdash;&mdash; as soon as I can, merely to
+profit by the permission you have given me to render you my
+services from time to time. Without having any new plan to
+propose, the work already marked out has need of your good
+directions, and I shall be very sorry to fail of the honor of an
+interview with you at least once more before your departure, if it
+is near." </p></div>
+
+<p>To this I received the following answer, dated June 23d.</p>
+
+<div class="embedded"><p>"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I have received the letter you did me the honor to write me the
+21st of this month. You flatter me with the hope of seeing you at
+&mdash;&mdash; to which you are brought near by the residence you intend to
+make during the summer at a country house. This proximity will
+afford you opportunity to make journeys, by which I shall profit
+with much pleasure. I am sensible of the esteem which is your due,
+and of the advantage of meriting the friendship of an experienced
+man like yourself, uniting literature to the duties of society. I
+shall listen to you always with an eager desire of profiting by
+your counsels, and this on all subjects that have engaged your
+thoughts. I do not yet know the time that I shall remain at &mdash;&mdash;.
+Perhaps it will be sufficiently long to enjoy often the honor of
+receiving you. This depends on the orders of my Court. We are in
+the least active, or most dissipated season. Business will not
+flourish much till the fall of the leaves, or even not get warm
+till the return of snow. I speak of the old world; for I wish not
+to extend the picture too much.</p>
+
+<p>"Have you any news of the Doctor and his friends? I shall be
+obliged to you to follow my instructions in this respect. I will
+bear willingly the charge of an express, whom you may send to me
+when you shall judge proper;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> otherwise write uniformly by the
+post. Should I be on a journey, I shall have the honor to inform
+you of my residence and address. I do not know how to express to
+you sufficiently, Sir, the desire I have to serve you and to
+deserve a place in your thoughts." </p></div>
+
+<p>About fifteen days after, I replied to this letter as follows.</p>
+
+<div class="embedded"><p>"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"The letter with which you honored me, dated 23d of June, has
+given me the assurance, which was needed to console me for the
+disappointments that have detained me here. Perhaps I shall be at
+the Hague on Sunday morning. Be assured, Sir, that if anything
+comes to my knowledge worthy of your attention, you shall be
+informed of it immediately. I have no reason to expect soon to
+receive news directly. I have written two letters by two different
+vessels, that have sailed from Amsterdam for St Eustatia; and I
+expect when another vessel departs to despatch a third. Before I
+have an answer much time will pass, and in this time many events.
+There is, however, a man charged with some commission on their
+part, to whom they have given my address at Leyden; and I have
+received two letters from that city, the one of the 21st of May,
+the other of the 11th of June, in which they pray me to render him
+service. This is all that I know of him, for the man has not yet
+appeared.</p>
+
+<p>"The more I am favored with your letters, Sir, the more I wish to
+deserve your good opinion. In the meantime, I ought to be on my
+guard against too much presumption, and to think how natural it is
+to give a gracious reception to the servant for the love of the
+master. I own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> to you, Sir, that in giving an account to the
+Doctor and his friends of our correspondence, I have thought
+proper to forewarn them thereon. They will be informed of the
+obliging interest with which you ask news of them. I hope that the
+time will come, when you will be able to permit me to reveal your
+name.</p>
+
+<p>"After having thought long and much, it seems to me, that in order
+to answer completely their intention, I ought to present myself
+also to the <em>Hotel d'Espagne</em>, to be known there simply as charged
+with such a commission, to open to myself thereby ways of serving
+my constituents on diverse occasions, which may present themselves
+at one moment or another, and not incur the blame, which may be
+reflected even on these gentlemen, of having neglected a power so
+worthy of their efforts. For the rest, I shall not do or say
+anything in this respect till I have had the honor of seeing you,
+Sir, and I pray you to believe that I shall observe scrupulously,
+the conduct and the discretion that you have had the goodness to
+prescribe to me." </p></div>
+
+<p>In consequence, I have again conferred with this gentleman. He went to
+dine at that same house, said that I had been with him, and that I
+told him I would go also to the other house the next day at eleven
+o'clock. I went in fact, and was received <em>tête à tête</em> with great
+ceremony in the hall of audience. I opened briefly my business and
+drew out a memoir to read to him. He told me that he could not hear me
+without the order of his master. I read, notwithstanding, and he did
+not stop his ears. I prayed him to receive and keep the memoir. He
+refused, alleging continually that he could do nothing without orders.
+I drew out then my originals and showed him my three sig<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>natures,
+which he looked at eagerly. In separating, I asked him to keep my name
+concealed at &mdash;&mdash;. He said to me that he would keep it secret
+everywhere. He asked me, however, if that was my true name. I assured
+him it was; he paid me some personal compliments, and we parted. I
+learnt on the next day by another channel, that he had,
+notwithstanding, given an account to his master of this visit; which
+suffices me, for I have need, as you know, of only one of these good
+houses. I am always very politely received, and as a friend. This is
+all that I ask. I do not multiply too much my visits, but to render
+them always desirable, I never appear there without having something
+interesting to say; and to this end, the letters of my worthy
+correspondent at London are very useful to me. This last has addressed
+to me lately a person, whose conversation, joined to the contents of
+the letter of which he was bearer, has served me in the composition of
+a memoir which they approve, and I have reason to think they have
+sent.</p>
+
+<p>This person has induced me to write a letter to you, dated the 4th of
+August, by way of Bordeaux to St Domingo, under an envelope of Mr
+Caton, merchant at Port St Nicholas in that island, of which here is
+an extract.</p>
+
+<div class="embedded"><p>"A gentleman belonging to Jamaica, a particular friend of Dr
+Franklin, and very well known to him, has charged me to write to
+him, to assure him on good authority, of the singular esteem that
+he has for him and his friends; that they ought to think, <em>and
+that he prays him to let them know it</em>, that the present voice of
+Parliament is the voice of the English people; that there exists,
+and gathers strength, <em>a great body</em>, which, in truth, is not the
+strongest, but which regards the cause of the Americans as its
+own,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> their safety and liberty as its own, which will prefer to
+see them independent rather than subjugated, and which will make,
+at the future meeting of Parliament, the greatest efforts in their
+favor; that the basis of this party is already forty Peers, and
+one hundred and sixty members of the Commons." </p></div>
+
+<p>The letter which this gentleman brought me began thus; "This will be
+delivered to you by Mr Ellis, a friend of Dr Franklin, of liberty, and
+of America. He is a philosopher, very well instructed on the subject
+of America, and, I trust, will be both an agreeable and useful
+acquaintance while he remains near you." This assuring me, I
+discovered to him that I was the man whom he was seeking, provided
+with credentials and orders from Congress sufficient to do all the
+good offices that his friends could wish to render. Thereupon I showed
+him my credentials; he was satisfied with them, and we exchanged
+addresses. He promised to write me; and we separated satisfied with
+each other.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Meaning the person with whom he had the interview,
+mentioned in the preceding letter, doubtless the French Ambassador.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">London, July 6th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This will be delivered you by Mr Ellis, a friend of Dr Franklin, of
+liberty, and of America. He is a philosopher, very well instructed on
+the subject of America, and, I trust, will be both an agreeable and
+useful acquaintance while he remains near you.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you for your favor of the 21st of last month. By the last
+advices from America, General Howe was pre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>pared to sail for Halifax,
+and, it is imagined, to land at New York, where he will certainly be
+strongly opposed. He numbers ten thousand regulars, and it will be
+fortunate for us, if he makes his attempt before he is joined by the
+Germans, who sailed the 6th of May.</p>
+
+<p>The Americans have taken post upon the river Richelieu and the lakes,
+so that Montreal, not being tenable, is evacuated. General Lee is in
+Virginia, with ten thousand men, expecting Lord Cornwallis and General
+Clinton. General Washington commands at New York, and General Ward in
+Boston.</p>
+
+<p>The strange timidity <em>de la Cour Française</em> requires great patience
+and management; but I think it will at last be brought to act an
+avowed and decided part. When that happens, <em>Angleterre</em> must submit
+to whatever terms they please to impose, for she is totally incapable
+of sustaining a war with France.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Adieu,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ARTHUR LEE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 26th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The enclosed letter from Dr Franklin will hint at my business in this
+city, where I arrived the 7th instant, and I should have sent forward
+this earlier, had I not had hopes of having the honor of presenting it
+to you in person. This I now find I cannot expect, without delaying it
+beyond all bounds. I therefore forward it by the common conveyance,
+and inform you that my address in this city is to Messrs Germany,
+Guardot &amp; Co. bankers; that I shall tarry here till the last of
+August, when I propose going to Dunkirk,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> thence to Amsterdam and
+Hamburg, in which journey I hope for the pleasure of seeing you. In
+the meantime, I shall be happy in a correspondence with you on the
+subject of the dispute between the United Colonies and Great Britain,
+or any other that shall be agreeable to you; and I wish to be informed
+if I shall be in danger of any disagreeable treatment in my journey
+through Holland, in a private capacity, though it should be known that
+I was in the service of the United Colonies. It has been suggested to
+me, that I might meet with some interruption or difficulties from the
+friends of the British Ministry, which occasions my making this
+inquiry.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> I read and understand the French language tolerably well,
+though I am unable to write it.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">London, August 13th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I answered your last letter immediately. I now enclose you several
+pamphlets, which contain such an authentic state of facts, and such
+arguments on the American question, as will enable its advocates with
+you to maintain their ground against the pensioner of this Court. I
+beg particularly, that you will send some of them to the gentleman who
+has answered Pinto, the pensioner of this Court.</p>
+
+<p>The pamphlet entitled the <em>Rights of Great Britain</em>, &amp;c. is full of
+the grossest falsehoods. A very material one is exposed by the
+enclosed extracts from the acts of Parlia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>ment, granting bounties upon
+American produce, which proves by their own words, that those bounties
+were given for their own interests only. Yet that pamphlet has given a
+long list of the amount of those bounties, and charged it to the
+Colonies. The fact is, as Dr Smith, a Scotchman, and an enemy to
+American rights, has stated it, in his late labored and long expected
+book on the Wealth of Nations. "Whatever expense," says he "Great
+Britain has hitherto laid out in maintaining this dependency, has
+really been laid out in order to support their monopoly." Speaking of
+the debt incurred last war, he says,&mdash;"This whole expense is, in
+reality, a bounty, which has been given in order to support a
+monopoly. The pretended purpose of it was to encourage the
+manufactures, and to increase the commerce of Great Britain." The
+operation of this monopoly against the Colony he states thus,&mdash;"The
+monopoly of the Colony trade, therefore, like all the other mean and
+malignant expedients of the mercantile system, depresses the industry
+of all other countries, but <em>chiefly that of the Colonies</em>."</p>
+
+<p>When you write to the Congress it would be well, I think, to mention
+that as all the evils have been produced by Scotch counsel, and those
+people prosecute the business with more rancor and enmity, a
+distinction ought to be made between the treatment of them and other
+people, when made prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>We expect every day some decisive news from New York. The last gazette
+gives us no reason to fear anything but the chance of war, against
+which no prudence can provide. We have certain intelligence from
+Canada, that it will be the last of August before the boats will be
+ready upon Lake Champlain for the Ministerial army; so that there is
+no possibility of their joining Howe. They are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> putting eleven ships
+of the line in commission, here, which is kept very secret, or it
+would shake the stocks exceedingly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Adieu,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ARTHUR LEE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, August 18th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your favor of the 8th, and one earlier, but without a date, are before
+me, and I return you my thanks for the attention paid to mine, and
+more especially for the good opinion you entertain of my countrymen,
+and your tenders of service. The business before me is of such a
+nature, that I must be detained some time in this city. If I take a
+journey to Holland, it will be my choice to make it as a private
+gentleman; as such I am in Paris, and that character I shall keep,
+unless obliged to alter it. Parade and pomp have no charms in the eyes
+of a patriot, or even a man of common good sense; but at the same
+time, I can never submit to the changing of my name, unless I am
+convinced that so humiliating a step will promote the service of my
+country. I can pass unnoticed under that name, as well as any other,
+whilst I conduct in every other step as a private gentleman. I have
+now but little hopes of being in Holland till October, before which,
+such intelligence may arrive from America, as may alter my present
+designs.</p>
+
+<p>The declaration of independency, made by the United Colonies, is
+announced in the English papers, but I have received no despatches on
+the event, though I am in daily expectation of them. You ask me two
+questions in your<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> first letter; to the former, I answer at once
+affirmatively, that I have a certain prospect of succeeding in my
+business; but as to the latter, or second query, I cannot so readily
+reply, for I know not how far the knowledge of me and my concerns may
+have extended. I am here as a private merchant, and appear as such,
+whatever suspicion may circulate. As such, I can travel, I trust, in
+your country, which I most ardently wish to see, and the more so on
+account of the kind, simple, and engaging invitation you have given
+me. It really affected me, and brought instantaneously to view those
+happy and peaceful scenes of domestic felicity, to which I am at
+present a stranger. You have all I can give you, a grateful
+acknowledgment of your kindness, and depend that I will in person
+acknowledge it on my first arrival in Holland.</p>
+
+<p>It is the policy of the United Provinces of Holland to be neuter to
+every attention. The United Colonies only wish them to keep steady to
+their only true system of policy in the present case; and give me
+leave to say, that a reflection on their former struggles must show
+them in what point of light the Americans are to be considered. The
+United Colonies ask no aid or alliances. Let Britain court every, even
+the most petty and mercenary power in Europe, the United Colonies only
+ask for what nature surely entitles all men to, a free and
+uninterrupted commerce and exchange of the superfluities of one
+country for those of another; and the first power in Europe, which
+takes advantage of the present favorable occasion, must exceed every
+other in commerce.</p>
+
+<p>But I am rambling. I pray to know in your next letter, what sums are
+due to Holland from the government of England. Whether the King of
+Prussia is wholly inatten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>tive to the present proceedings, and on
+which side his wishes are. <em>Omnia tentanda.</em> I really hope to be at
+the Hague in October, and promise myself great pleasure in seeing you
+and your lady, to whom, though otherwise unknown, since you have
+introduced me, you cannot refuse presenting my best respects.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with great esteem, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM LEE TO C. F. W. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">London, September 10th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The 27th ult. and the 7th instant, in the absence of my brother,
+Arthur Lee, your two letters for him came safe to my hands. My brother
+is now on the continent, and perhaps may write to you from where he
+is. The declaration of independence on the part of America, has
+totally changed the nature of the contest between that country and
+Great Britain. It is now on the part of Great Britain a scheme of
+conquest, which few imagine can succeed. Independence is universally
+adopted by every individual in the Thirteen United States, and it has
+altered the face of things here. The tories, and particularly the
+Scotch, hang their heads and keep a profound silence on the subject;
+the whigs do not say much, but rather seem to think the step a wise
+one, on the part of America, and what was an inevitable consequence of
+the measures taken by the British Ministry. In short every one wants
+to form his judgment by the event of the present campaign, as
+something decisive is expected to happen from the arrangements under
+General and Lord Howe, and General Carleton, before the meeting of
+Parliament, which will be the 24th of October.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>In the meantime every effort is made to prevent France from taking any
+open or even private part with America, for which purpose Mr Stanley,
+Mr Jenkinson, one of the Lords of the Treasury, and confidential
+friend of Lord Bute, and of the Solicitor-General, Mr Wedderburne,
+have been at Paris some time to aid the negotiations of the British
+Minister, Lord Stormont. As far as money will answer their purpose, it
+will not be spared. The French are generally acute enough in observing
+what is for their interest, but most people here are at a loss to
+conceive what plan they have in view, as they have not hitherto, as we
+know of, taken any part with America.</p>
+
+<p>The public papers will tell you all the material news we have from
+America, but in general it is supposed the Americans will stand
+greatly in want of arms, ammunition, and artillery, to oppose such a
+force as is sent against them, and it is evident they have not
+experienced officers sufficient to manage such extensive operations as
+they have in hand. Should you have occasion to write to me, you may
+address, under cover, as you do to my brother.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with esteem, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM LEE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, September 11th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have to acknowledge the receipt of yours of the 29th ultimo, of the
+2d, 5th and 7th of this month, and at the same time to make my excuses
+for not answering them earlier; which was owing to my hurry of
+business, in part, and part to my hopes of being able to send you
+something<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> agreeable from America, when I should next write you.
+Forgive therefore this seeming inattention, and accept my warmest
+thanks for the kind sentiments, which you and your good lady entertain
+for me and my country. The cause of the Americans is the cause of
+mankind in general, and naturally interests the generous and the good
+in every part of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The measures you took before my arrival, respecting this Court, were
+perfectly right, and you may rely on my secrecy as to your concerns.
+Our commerce is now on as good a footing in this kingdom and in Spain,
+as the commerce of any other nation; and I trust will very soon have
+an important preference. When I said in a former letter we wanted only
+a friendly intercourse by way of commerce, I had not the vanity to
+suppose the actual assistance of European powers was not an object
+deserving attention; but I must say seriously, that if the American
+commerce can be established with the trading powers of Europe, and if
+those powers of Europe would protect that commerce, it would be all
+the assistance necessary; and the Colonies by land would be more than
+equal to anything Great Britain could bring against them. You are
+entirely right in saying, that the House of Bourbon are the allies we
+should first and principally court. France is at the head of this
+House, and therefore what is done here is sure to be done by the
+whole. This, therefore, requires my whole attention, and I can only
+say to you, my prospects are nowise discouraging.</p>
+
+<p>As to the King of Prussia, I will in my next explain more fully my
+meaning, and at the same time send to you a state of the United
+Colonies, of their commerce, of their present contest, with some
+thoughts or observations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> on the manner in which Europe must be
+affected, and what part they ought to take in the present important
+crisis. My name and business have long since been known to the British
+Ambassador here, and to the Court of London; and they have
+remonstrated, but finding remonstrances to no purpose, they have
+wisely determined to take no notice of me, as I do not appear as yet
+in a public character.</p>
+
+<p>Let me ask of you, if a workman skilful in the founding of brass and
+iron cannon can be engaged in Holland to go to America? Also, if I can
+engage two or three persons of approved skill in lead mines, to go to
+America on good engagement. Your answer will oblige me, and by the
+next post I will write you more particularly. The British arms will
+not, probably, effect anything in America this season, as they had not
+begun to act the 8th of August, and that brings winter to the very
+door, as I may say, and an indecisive campaign must prove to Great
+Britain a fatal one.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">London, September 23d, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>My absence from town till now prevented my answering your two last
+favors of September 3d.</p>
+
+<p>By our latest and best accounts from America the die is now cast, and
+we may every day expect to hear of a decisive action at New York;
+decisive I mean as to the fate of General Howe and New York, but not
+of America, which depends very little upon the event of New York being
+taken or saved.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>There is a public torpor here, which, without being superstitious, one
+may regard as a visitation from heaven. The people in general think
+the declaration of independence as a thing of course, and do not seem
+to feel themselves at all interested in the vast consequences, which
+that event must inevitably draw after it. The Ministry have by certain
+man&oelig;uvres contrived to keep up the demand for, and price of
+manufactures; and while trade and manufactures apparently prosper, the
+people are so deaf, that wisdom may cry out in the streets and not be
+heard. But the course of the seasons is not more fixed, than it is
+certain that these ministerial arts must be temporary in their
+operation and fatal in their issue; because the more men are
+flattered, the more desperate they are when the calamity comes upon
+them. Already the West India Islands begin to cry out, as you will
+have seen in the address from the Island of Barbadoes. The great
+number of captures lately made of West India ships by the Americans,
+have already had very visible effects upon the Royal Exchange. Holland
+taking the alarm, which the least movement on the part of France would
+produce, must shake our stocks to the foundation, and give an equal
+shock to a deluded prince and a deluded people.</p>
+
+<p>The characters you desire me to touch upon are such as seldom occur in
+the same period. Lord Sandwich has been noted through a long life for
+everything in word and deed, directly opposite to honesty and virtue.
+With moderate abilities, and little real application, he maintains an
+appearance of both by impositions and professions, which at a time so
+averse to inquiry as the present pass for facts. Lord George Germain,
+though cradled in England, has all the principles of a Scotchman;
+subtle, proud, tyrannical,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> and false. In consequence of his
+patronising the Scots, they have always been his panegyrists and his
+advocates, and as they are a people indefatigable in all interested
+pursuits, they have procured him a character for ability, which he
+very little deserves. Dissimulation and craft in worldly occurrences
+too often pass for real wisdom; and, in that sense, Lord George is a
+wise man. Such a man could not long pass unnoticed and unpatronised by
+a Court, which searches with Lyncean eyes for the basest hearts, and
+is actuated by Scotch principles and Scotch counsels. Lord Suffolk is
+a peer of sullen pride and arbitrary principles. He listed in the
+public cause with Mr Wedderburne, under the banner of George
+Grenville; and while his life gave the hope of success in getting
+preferment, they were the loudest in opposition; but immediately upon
+his death, they made their terms, and have been ever since the most
+devoted tools of the Court. Lord Suffolk recommends himself very much
+to the King, by an indefatigable attention to the little detail
+business of his department, and an obsequiousness that knows no
+bounds. Lord Rochford is by birth a tory, and is linked with Lord
+Mansfield; but his fears have made him withdraw himself upon an ample
+pension, for he is persuaded, that France will soon strike a blow,
+which will endanger the heads of those who conduct these measures.</p>
+
+<p>I have been apprized by Hortalez, that the business for which I
+recommended him to you is to be transacted through France, which is
+the reason of your not seeing him.</p>
+
+<p>I do not conceive you need be under any alarm about intercepted
+letters, as the Ministry have too much upon their thoughts, and too
+many more immediately dangerous and known opponents at home, to suffer
+them to look<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> abroad for victims. Their success must be certain and
+decisive before they will venture to attack the friends of America in
+Europe, and provoke retaliation. I flatter myself with being as much
+within the eye of their enmity as any man can be. But I think that the
+enmity of bad men is the most desirable testimony of virtuous merit.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Adieu,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ARTHUR LEE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">September 30th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>After having sent to your correspondent at St Eustatia, whose address
+you gave me in your letter of the 12th of December, 1775, my third
+letter of which you have here annexed a large extract, I commence my
+fourth despatch.</p>
+
+<p>M. Hortalez, of whom Mr Arthur Lee spoke in two of his letters, has
+not yet appeared; nor have I received the letter that you say you have
+written to me between that of the 12th of December, 1775, and that of
+the 2d of March, 1776. The non-appearance of this gentleman, and of
+the letter here referred to, disquiets me somewhat, not only because
+all that comes to me from you, Gentlemen, and from your friends, is
+dear and precious to me, but also, and above all, because I fear that
+the service of the general Congress may suffer by it.</p>
+
+<p>The bearer of your letter of the 2d of March, (Silas Deane) arrived at
+Paris the 7th of July, whence he sent it to me with one of his own,
+dated the 26th. I have another from him of the 18th of August, in
+which he re<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>marks to me, "that he has a certain prospect of succeeding
+in his business." He proposes also to visit Holland.</p>
+
+<p>I have before told you, that the letters I received had contributed
+much to render my visits, my letters, and memoirs agreeable in a
+certain quarter. This will be seen from the following note, which I
+received a short time since, dated August 26th. After having spoken to
+me of a service, which he had consented to render me in his country,
+where I had some affairs to settle, and which we had agreed upon as a
+pretext to mark our interviews, the writer thus proceeds; "Madame &mdash;&mdash;
+has taken the trouble to send me your letters, and I beg you to send
+me by her all interesting particulars, including the narration of the
+person whom you expect, (Silas Deane.) I pray you to send me all that
+you have received since your last letter. I receive packets from all
+quarters; it pertains to my office. So I shall receive with gratitude
+whatever you may have the goodness to send me."</p>
+
+<p>I have sent to him open, with a flying seal, the letter that I wrote
+you by St Domingo. We agreed on this verbally, and he promised me to
+send it to Bordeaux well recommended. I have cause to think that this
+letter has been forwarded and pleased certain persons, on whose
+account I had expressed, at the close of the letter, that when by
+legislation and a wise constitution you shall have crowned the work of
+your liberty, I shall die content with having seen a great King and a
+great Republic sincerely wish the good of the people.</p>
+
+<p>I received some days ago another letter from Mr Deane, dated at Paris,
+14th of September. All the letters that I have received from him, as
+well from you, are precious to me, and this one doubly so, since
+besides the kind expres<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>sions with which it is filled, my zeal for
+your cause is recompensed by the testimony that I have well served it.</p>
+
+<p>If I continue not to sign my name,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> it is not from fear, but
+because I think your service requires that I remain yet some time
+unknown, at least until Mr Deane arrives here, for then I shall be
+known everywhere for the most zealous American in all the Republic,
+and it will be my pride. All that can come of it will be the loss of
+my present post; but in this case I am sure that Congress will
+indemnify me by a subsistence suitable for me and mine, seeing that I
+shall be able to continue useful to them as much and even more than in
+time past, because I shall not be encumbered with other duties, and
+all my faculties will be employed in the service of America. I have
+been much mortified in not being at liberty, as I have expressed to Mr
+Deane. I should have flown to Paris to assist him, at least by the
+knowledge I have of many European languages.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> M. Dumas usually signed his despatches with a fictitious
+name.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, October 1st, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have just time to acknowledge the receipt of your two packets, with
+the pamphlets enclosed, the contents of which are very satisfactory.
+You will hear from me more fully in a little time.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great esteem, I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">B. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> We have a great force brought against us here, but continue
+firm.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, October 3d, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last, in which I mentioned the King of Prussia, I have
+obtained a method of sounding that monarch's sentiments more directly
+through another channel, which voluntarily offering, I have accepted,
+and therefore waive writing on the subject for the present anything,
+save that you may undoubtedly serve the United States of America most
+essentially in this affair in a few weeks from this. The attention to
+my business here, which is not merely political, but partly
+commercial, the critical situation of affairs at this Court, and the
+anxious suspense for the events at New York and Canada have actually
+fixed me here, and the having received no intelligence for some time
+past has well nigh distracted me. I have, however, favorable
+prospects, and the most confirmed hopes of effecting my views in
+Europe. I am too much engaged to say more in this, and will be more
+particular in my next.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, October 6th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yours of the 1st instant I received, and observe by the contents, that
+Mr Lee is returned to London. I have not seen Mr Ellis. In answer to
+your queries; first, a reconciliation between Great Britain and the
+United States of America is improbable ever to take place; it is
+absolutely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> impossible, until after the sitting of Parliament.
+Secondly, Admiral Howe joined his brother early in August, and sent on
+shore to General Washington a letter, which was returned unopened, as
+no title was given to General Washington; a second was sent, and met
+the same fate. The Congress justified the General in his conduct, and
+ordered him to receive no letters, except they were directed to him
+with his proper title. Lord Howe sent to the Governors of several
+Colonies his proclamation, which, by the army and people of New York,
+was treated with contempt and ridicule.</p>
+
+<p>Thus matters continued until the 20th of August, when General Howe had
+collected his whole force, and was preparing to attack New York. On
+the other side, all the eminences and advantageous posts near the city
+were secured and fortified, and the Americans strongly entrenched on
+them; the city of New York fortified with batteries next to the water,
+and all the principal streets with barriers across them, and, at the
+same time, the houses filled with combustibles ready to be set on
+fire, should the city be found tenable. The two men-of-war, which had
+passed up the river above the city, were returned terribly damaged by
+attacking a battery. This, in a word, was the state of affairs in New
+York on the 20th of August, from which important news may be expected
+every hour.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly, I know what Dr Franklin's sentiments were when I left
+America, and that nothing but a miracle could convert him to wish for
+an accommodation on other terms, than the independence of the
+Colonies. Depend upon it, my good friend, the Ministry of Great
+Britain labor incessantly to propagate stories of an accommodation,
+for it is well known, that they despair of reducing the Colonies by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>
+arms this campaign; at the close of which, the national debt will
+amount to nearly £150,000,000 sterling, part of which will remain
+unfunded; and where are their resources for supporting the next
+campaign? He that can discover the philosopher's stone can answer.</p>
+
+<p>To your fourth query, you will excuse my answering more, than that
+your conjecture is not far out of the way. My letter will inform you
+why I must still delay sending what I promised you the 14th ultimo. In
+the meantime, Sir, you may add to indigo and rice, tobacco, logwood,
+redwood, sugar, coffee, cotton, and other West India produce, which
+pass through the hands of the North Americans, in payment for their
+supplies to the West India Islands, which cannot exist without their
+produce. Also, in course of trade, spermaceti oil and salt-fish may be
+supplied to Prussia and Germany as cheap, or cheaper from the
+Colonies, than from Holland and Germany. The United Colonies exported
+to Europe chiefly, indeed, to Great Britain, fish-oil, whalebone,
+spermaceti, furs, and peltry of every kind, masts, spars, and timber,
+pot and pearl ashes, flax-seed, beef, pork, butter and cheese, horses
+and oxen; to the West Indies chiefly, wheat-flour, bread, rye, Indian
+corn, lumber, tobacco, iron, naval stores, beeswax, rice, and indigo,
+&amp;c. &amp;c. to the amount of more than £4,000,000 sterling annually, and
+for some years past, and received the pay in European manufactures;
+and when I remind you that the inhabitants of that country double
+their number every twenty years, and inform you that this exportation
+has increased for the last century in the same ratio, you will be able
+to form some idea of this commerce, and of how much importance it is
+to Europe. I hope, by the coming post, to send you some favorable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>
+news from America, and I may not add to this without missing the post.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with the most sincere esteem, dear Sir, your most
+obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, October 9th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I wrote you by last post. This comes by Mr Carmichael, a gentleman of
+Maryland, in America, who has for some time lived with, and assisted
+me in my business. You can have the fullest confidence in him, and as
+he knows I place the most absolute in you, it would be trifling to
+swell a letter with news or observations, of both which he can <em>viva
+voce</em> satisfy you. He will communicate to you his business in Holland,
+and I am sure you will assist him to the utmost of your power. He can
+tell you what an anxious and laborious life I lead here; and, what
+adds to my misfortune, how impossible it is, in the present critical
+situation of affairs, for me to quit this post for a single day; much
+more it is as yet impossible for me to leave long enough to visit you
+in Holland, which having long promised to myself, and anticipated with
+pleasure, the disappointment greatly chagrins me. To have so kind and
+hospitable, and, at the same time, so judicious and safe a friend,
+inviting me to what must at once yield me the purest pleasure and the
+most solid advantage, viz. an interview, and not to be able to profit
+by it at once, is a misfortune I feel most sensibly.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Carmichael can give you the best intelligence of our present
+affairs in America, and his observations and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>ferences will be from
+the best grounds, and made with precision and judgment. My most
+grateful and respectful acknowledgments to your lady, whom I yet may
+have the honor of waiting on in the course of a month.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, October 13th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Before the receipt of this, you will have seen Mr Carmichael, to whom
+I refer you on many subjects. Yours of the 8th I received since his
+departure, and have only to ask of you to procure the proper
+testimonials of this very extraordinary and cruel proceeding at H&mdash;&mdash;,
+respecting Mr Shoemaker, a family of which name I knew in
+Philadelphia. These testimonials will be a proper ground to go upon in
+demanding satisfaction, which I do not think, however, had best be
+asked, until the independence of the Colonies has been formally
+announced; and proper powers for this step have been delayed
+strangely, or, perhaps, interrupted. Your zeal in this cause reflects
+honor on your private, as well as public sentiments of justice and
+rectitude, and I will transmit to the honorable Congress of the United
+States in my first letters a copy of your memoir. I am still without
+intelligence of any kind from America, save that on the 20th of August
+a battle was hourly expected at New York. No prospect of
+reconciliation. The British forces in Canada are not likely to effect
+anything this season; and, consequently, all hopes in England rest on
+the event of a single action at New York, which the public are made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>
+to believe will prove decisive; and so it may, if the fate of the day
+should be for us, and the enemy have no retreat or resources in
+America; but by no means decisive if it incline the other way. I
+trouble you with the enclosed for Mr Carmichael.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with great respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, October 22d, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I enclose a letter, which I expected to deliver ere this in person. I
+arrived here last Friday, and had so many inquiries to make to gratify
+Mr Deane's curiosity, that it has not been in my power to attend to
+you so soon as I could wish. For fear that I should not be able to
+leave this tomorrow, to do myself the honor of waiting upon you, I
+have sent this letter. When I come to the Hague, I shall put up at the
+<em>Hotel de Turenne</em>, where you will do me much pleasure to leave your
+address particularly. The knowledge I have had of you for many months
+by Mr Deane and others, makes me regret every moment that delays me
+here, and denies me the pleasure of assuring you in person, how much I
+am, what every true American is,</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Your very humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, October 24th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Our worthy friend, Dr Franklin, being indefatigable in the labor of
+his country, and few men so qualified to be useful to the community of
+which he is a member, you will not be surprised that the unanimous
+voice of the congress of delegates from the United States of America
+has called upon him to visit the Court of France, in the character of
+one of their Commissioners for negotiating a treaty of alliance, &amp;c.
+with that nation. He is the bearer of this letter, and on his arrival
+will forward it. To him we refer you for information as to the
+political state of this country; our design in addressing you at this
+time being only to continue that correspondence, which he has opened
+and conducted hitherto on our behalf.</p>
+
+<p>We request to hear from you frequently; and if you make use of the
+cypher, the Doctor has communicated the knowledge of it to one of our
+members. Your letters, via St Eustatia, directed to the Committee of
+Secret Correspondence, then put under a cover to Mr Robert Morris,
+merchant, Philadelphia, and that letter covered to Mr Cornelius
+Stevenson, or Mr Henricus Godet, merchants at St Eustatia, or under
+cover to Mr Isaac Gouveneur, merchant at Curraçoa, will certainly come
+safe, and if you can send with them regular supplies of the English
+and other newspapers, you will add to the obligation. The expense of
+procuring them shall be reimbursed, together with any other charges,
+and a reasonable allowance for your time and trouble in this agency.
+The members of this committee, styled the Committee of Secret
+Correspondence, are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> John Jay, Thomas G. Johnson, Robert Morris,
+Richard Henry Lee, William Hooper, and John Witherspoon; and as
+vacancies happen by death or absence, the Congress fill them up with
+new members, which we mention for your information, and with great
+respect and esteem remain, Sir, your most obedient, humble servants,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT MORRIS,<br />
+RICHARD HENRY LEE,<br />
+JOHN WITHERSPOON,<br />
+WILLIAM HOOPER.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, October 27th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>You owe to my forgetfulness what ought only to proceed from my
+respect, yet I will not quarrel with anything that gives me an
+opportunity of writing to you.</p>
+
+<p>I left the Memoir on Commerce in your hands, and it is necessary I
+should have it as soon as possible. I send you <em>Common Sense</em>, but you
+must look on my presents as <em>Indian</em> ones, for I, like they, expect
+much larger in return; as much as you please, and I am sure you can
+spare a great deal of what I send you. My present is only the rough
+material of America, your returns will be elegant and superb
+manufactures of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The English mail is not arrived. I have a very angry letter from Mr
+William Lee on the subject I mentioned to you, respecting Dr B. I am
+happy to know that I acted for the public good, and that, without
+partiality to any person, will, I hope, always be the rule of my
+conduct.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">London, November 15th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The indispensable business of my profession has hitherto prevented me
+from complying, as I wished, with the desire of your very obliging
+favors.</p>
+
+<p>You will have seen, by the proceedings of Parliament, how decided the
+King is in prosecuting the American war. For, in truth, he alone is
+Minister, and his will governs with absolute sway. At the same time
+the powers which he has given to Lord Howe appear, from his
+declaration in America, to be most ample. That, however, I rather
+attribute to what is deemed the art of government, than to any pacific
+or redressing intention. We can never forget the perfidy of making
+Lord Botetourt declare to the assembly, that the revenue acts should
+be repealed, when in fact no such thing was intended or done; and the
+Secretary of State being ordered to tell the agents of Congress, that
+his Majesty had received their petition very graciously, and from the
+importance of it would lay it before his two Houses of Parliament,
+when, at the same time, the same Secretary wrote, by his Majesty's
+commands, to all the governors of America, denominating that very
+Congress an illegal meeting, their grievances pretended, and ordering
+them to prevent their meeting again. These facts are too decisive to
+leave a doubt of the credit that is due to the promises of this Court,
+and, at this very time, they are abusing the Howes for negotiating;
+the language of Court being, "we sent them to use their hands, and
+they are employing their heads."</p>
+
+<p>The Rockingham part of the opposition are determined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> upon seceding
+from Parliament, in which Lord Shelburne, Lord Camden, and the Duke of
+Grafton refuse to accompany them for two reasons; 1st, because the
+feelings of the public are not high enough for so decisive a measure;
+and, 2dly, because the others will not agree to make the great
+fundamental abuse of the constitution, as well as the temporary
+misconduct of government, the groundwork of that secession. In a word,
+because they will not declare, that the object of the measure is to
+obtain the abolition of corruption, and not merely the change of those
+who minister it. This schism will, however, reduce opposition so as to
+leave the Court at perfect ease from that quarter.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you for the magnanimity of your sentiments towards our
+friends, on the supposition that the late occurrences are events of
+consequence. I am by no means of that opinion. After the affair of
+Long Island, the loss of New York was inevitable; but is not the
+successful army still faced and kept at bay, by that over which it is
+supposed to have obtained, these decisive advantages? Could any one
+expect more from a new raised army, than that it should face the
+disciplined invaders, almost equal in numbers, and much superior in
+equipments, to win its way by inches. Where, then, is the ground for
+despair, when our friends are looking the enemy in the face, and he
+does not dare to attack them? Of two things, Sir, you may be
+satisfied, that the advantage on Long Island was obtained neither by
+the superiority of the troops nor of the General, but by his having
+bribed the officer who commanded the first pass,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> who giving up his
+post, without suffering a gun to be fired, enabled Clinton to march in
+the night and take<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> the left wing of the Americans, so as to put them
+between two fires, from much superior numbers, with an immense train
+of artillery. The other fact is, that the officer who brought the last
+despatches declares, that the American lines upon New York island
+cannot be forced, but with a certainty of so much loss as cannot be
+hazarded. General Howe will therefore try his former art of treachery
+and corruption, from which alone I am satisfied we have anything to
+fear.</p>
+
+<p>The talk of the Congress having sent Deputies to Staten Island, to
+negotiate with Lord Howe is not, that I know of, authenticated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Adieu,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ARTHUR LEE.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> This wants proof before it can be adopted as a
+historical fact.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Without date.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am still indebted to you for your favors of the 29th ultimo, and the
+15th instant, to which I should earlier have replied, but for a slight
+indisposition, and much chagrin at some unfavorable news. However, I
+am recovering in health, with which my spirits return, and I keep ever
+in my mind the motto <em>de republicâ nil desperandum</em>. I counted the
+cost when I entered the lists, and balanced private fortune, ease,
+leisure, the sweets of domestic society, and life itself in vain,
+against the liberties of my country; the latter instantly
+predominated, and I have nothing to complain of, though much to grieve
+at, occasioned by the miscarriage or delay of my full powers for open
+and public application. I sent you a memoir on American commerce, and
+wish to know your sentiments on that subject. The vessel detained at
+Bilboa has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> dismissed, and the commissary reprimanded for her
+detention, and ordered to lend the Captain every assistance he needed.
+This is a great point gained. I must suspend saying anything on the
+proposals of officers for entering the service of the American States,
+as also anything further on the other artists I wrote about, until I
+receive intelligence, which I hourly have long expected, and which I
+think cannot possibly be far off, as I despatched a vessel early in
+September, express, with an account of my situation, and that of
+affairs here; besides, a war is evidently at hand here in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Carmichael warmly described the kind reception you gave him, and
+your zeal for the interest of the United States, and friendship for
+me, which he might have spared, as every one of your letters
+demonstrates the sincerity and disinterestedness of your friendship,
+as well for my country as for myself; and as you value your being the
+first Plenipotentiary of the American States, I equally value myself
+on your friendship and correspondence in the part I have the honor of
+acting with you in this important scene, and am happy to think, that
+to the present or coming actors in, or spectators of, the foundation
+and rise of this State in a new world, our correspondence will show
+that our sentiments ever coincided. Be not discouraged, my dear
+friend, America must come off in the end triumphant, and under new and
+unprecedented laws, liberty, and commerce, be the happy asylum for the
+sons of men in future ages. Whatsoever disappointments I may meet
+with, I never will despair of my country, for which I shall count it
+my glory to suffer all things, if it receive any advantage therefrom,
+and if not, I shall at least enjoy the pleasure, the unalienable
+pleasure, resulting from a consciousness of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> having done all in my
+power for its happiness, and connectedly for the happiness of mankind
+in general.</p>
+
+<p>The temper of the times is in favor of America, and it is now as fresh
+and striking an object to Europe as when first discovered and called
+the new world. It is among my principal mortifications, that I cannot
+have a few days at least personal conversation with you; but the
+situation of affairs here will not allow of a moment's absence, which
+Mr Carmichael, I doubt not, explained to you. With persons in public
+or private, who are friendly, yet equally apprehensive of
+consequences, willing to aid, yet timid, and at the same time not well
+acquainted and informed, the task you are sensible is as laborious as
+delicate, and at a time when events bear down arguments, one cannot be
+released a moment from the closest attention to everything rising real
+or imaginary. Your lady's kind preparations for me, Mr Carmichael most
+affectionately mentioned, and I will, life permitting, the moment I
+can quit Paris, in person acknowledge, as far as words are capable of
+expressing, how sensible I am of this more than hospitable kindness,
+since to provide for and receive the stranger on arrival is the duty
+of hospitality, but here is a work of supererogation, and though no
+Roman Catholic myself, yet so catholic as not the less to love and
+esteem generous actions on all occasions. My most respectful and
+affectionate regards, with my ardent wishes for your mutual felicity,
+attend you.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> Pray for what sum per annum can a young man be educated at
+Leyden, adhering to the strictest economy?</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, December 13th, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am indebted for two letters, and the same cause of my neglect, viz.
+a hurry of business still subsisting, I cannot make amends by a long
+letter in this, but the substance will be agreeable, which is, that Dr
+Franklin is arrived at Nantes, and I expect him at Paris tomorrow. He
+left Philadelphia the last of October, and everything was favorable in
+America. On his passage the ship he was in made two prizes on this
+coast. I received a letter from my venerable friend on his landing,
+who was in high spirits and good health. Here is the hero, and
+philosopher, and patriot, all united in this celebrated American, who,
+at the age of seventyfour, risks all dangers for his country. I know
+your heart rejoices with me on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Havre, January 21st, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Were I to acknowledge the receipt of all the letters you mention
+having written, it would be necessary to apologise for my silence;
+this I fear would require a detail long enough to need still another
+apology, which would be making it a labor <em>ad infinitum</em>. I shall,
+therefore, only say, that from the heart of Germany, I am now on the
+borders of the Atlantic, and that I have been on the gallop ever since
+I parted with you at Leyden. No Saint in the cal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>endar ever ran
+through countries with more zeal to gain inhabitants for heaven, than
+I have to do miracles on earth. But unfortunately it is not an age for
+miracles. I am at present here to botch up a piece of work, which was
+originally well imagined but badly executed.</p>
+
+<p>You will no doubt have our Paris news from the prophet, who draws down
+fire from heaven. I shall, therefore, only give you my comment on the
+text, which is, that France has done too much and much too little. Too
+much, since she alarmed England, and made that country put itself in a
+better posture of defence than before; or at least, strengthened the
+hands of her Ministers for that purpose; much too little, because,
+depending even on that little, we looked not out elsewhere in time.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, January 26th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>My having quitted London some time since to join my colleagues here,
+is the reason you did not hear from me, as you complain in your last
+letter to Mr Deane. As I am soon to leave this place for one very
+remote,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> I am afraid this will be the last letter I shall have the
+honor of writing to you.</p>
+
+<p>There are so many and more immediate calls for the attention of the
+Congress, that we are not surprised at not receiving any intelligence
+from them. We learn too, from Havre, that despatches for us have been
+intercepted at sea, so that we remain totally uninformed by authority
+rela<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>tive to the state of things in America. We hope the best, and if
+the powers of Europe are not so totally blind to their own interest as
+to refuse maintaining that freedom and enjoyment of our commerce,
+which our declaration of Independence offers them, their support will
+save us much distress and blood. The liberties, however, and
+redemption which we work out through labor and endurance will be more
+precious.</p>
+
+<p>By accounts from London, the press for seamen produces little, though
+their merchant ships are stopped in their ports, and insurance from
+Jamaica, with convoy, is risen to twentyfive per cent. During the last
+war it never amounted to more than seven.</p>
+
+<p>Our cruisers, therefore, appear to do their duty. Had we anything of a
+fleet to assist them, England would soon repent of a war, they have so
+unjustly engaged in, and from which they have not wisdom to retreat.</p>
+
+<p>No nation seems more interested in opening our commerce, by abolishing
+the British monopoly, than the Dutch. The carrying trade by which they
+flourish must be greatly increased by the change. It would also very
+infallibly reduce that natural power and superiority at sea, which the
+English exercise with so much insolence, and the sinews of which are
+derived from America by their usurpation and tyranny; and yet, such is
+the pusillanimity of the times, the States are crouching to the
+English, and in effect aiding them in confirming that tyranny and
+those advantages. It is astonishing, that the smallest power in Europe
+should fear Great Britain, at a time when she is set at defiance by
+America alone, yet in its infancy, and laboring under so many
+disadvantages.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I wish you every happiness, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ARTHUR LEE.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> A journey to Spain.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, January 29th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p>My dear friend may be assured, that the omission of writing to him for
+so long a time either by Mr Deane, or myself, was not in the least
+owing to any want of respect, or change of sentiment towards him, but
+merely from the extreme hurry we have been engaged in ever since my
+arrival, which has prevented our writing to many other of our
+correspondents. I now enclose several letters, one of which was
+written by me when in Philadelphia, and sent via Martinique; Mr Deane
+has but this day received it; another that I wrote soon after my
+arrival, which has been mislaid.</p>
+
+<p>I hope you and yours are in good health, and good spirits, as we are,
+not doubting of the success of our affairs, with God's blessing. We
+have nothing to complain of here.</p>
+
+<p>I have taken a lodging at Passy, where I shall be in a few days, and
+hope there to find a little leisure, free from the perpetual
+interruption I suffer here, by the crowds continually coming in, some
+offering goods, others soliciting offices in our army, &amp;c. I shall
+then be able to write you fully. Be of good cheer, and do not believe
+half what you read in the English gazettes.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great esteem, I am ever,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">B. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">London, March 21st, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Government here has received within these ten days past, several
+expresses from General Howe, at New York, in North America, as late as
+the 19th of last February, which are, in every respect, very
+disagreeable indeed. He writes in severe terms against General
+Heister, whom he calls <em>an old woman</em> in the field, and a stupid and
+incorrigible blockhead in the cabinet; he also says, that the Hessians
+and other Germans are the worst troops under his command, and are not
+fit to be trusted in any business; he has, therefore, desired several
+particular English officers to be sent to command them; some of them
+that he has pointed out have refused to go on such a forlorn hope; but
+General Burgoyne, much against his will, is, it seems, obliged to go,
+and one Colonel Charles Gray, who was only a Lieutenant-Colonel upon
+half pay, has agreed to go, being appointed to a regiment, with the
+rank of a Major-General in America.</p>
+
+<p>General Howe has with some difficulty and considerable loss got his
+troops back to New York, that had attempted to make good their
+situation at Brunswick, in the Jersies. He has recalled the greater
+part of those troops that had been sent to Rhode Island. At New York
+they were in the greatest distress for all kinds of fresh provisions
+and vegetables; at the same time, a fever, similar to the plague,
+prevailed there, that in all probability before the Spring will carry
+off to the Elysian shades, at least one half of the troops that remain
+there, and prepare an immediate grave for the Germans, and all the
+other troops that are about to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> be sent to that infected place. At the
+same time we learn that the American army under General Washington
+increases in numbers every day, and being accustomed to the climate,
+have kept the field in all the severe weather. Notwithstanding this
+melancholy prospect of affairs, our papers talk of a foreign war, but
+in my opinion we are in no condition to engage in one, for you may be
+assured, that we have not in the kingdom sailors enough to man fifteen
+ships of the line, though you may see thirty or forty ships put in
+commission, as the public prints will tell you. And as to soldiers,
+the draft for America has been so great, that we have not ten thousand
+in the whole island, yet our Ministers have lately attempted to bully
+the States of Holland by a high flying memorial relative to the
+conduct of some of their governors in the West Indies. It might,
+however, be attended with very serious consequences if the Hollanders
+were to take their money out of the English funds.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM LEE.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> If you please, insert the foregoing in the Dutch, Brussels,
+Francfort and Hamburg papers.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, April 2d, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Mr Carmichael, who has regularly corresponded with you, has given you
+the salutation from time to time for myself. I have really had no
+leisure for several months to write a single letter, but what the
+instant necessity of the time required, and am much obliged to you for
+the regular information we have through him from you. Enclosed I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> send
+you a bill for one thousand florins, which you will receive, and
+credit the Congress for the same. As you have said nothing, at any
+time, on the subject of your disbursements for the Congress, the
+Commissioners are ignorant of your situation in that respect, and have
+desired me to send you the enclosed bill, and to ask of you to favor
+them with the general state of your disbursements, and to assure you
+that they are too sensible of the services you are rendering their
+country, to wish you to remain without an adequate reward. We have no
+intelligence of any kind from America since the 1st of March last, and
+you have been informed of the situation of our affairs at that time.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, April 12th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>The letter of the date of October 24th, 1776, with which you have
+honored me, did not arrive till the 4th of February of this year.
+Sensible, as I ought to be, Gentlemen, of the great honor you do me in
+charging me to continue with you the correspondence, which Dr Franklin
+commenced and maintained with me on the affairs of the United States,
+I am only able to repeat, what I have written to him and to the
+honorable Committee of Foreign Affairs, of which he was then a member,
+that I will ever impose on myself a sacred law to answer your
+confidence and expectation. You will have here annexed a copy of
+letters, which have been written to me by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> French Ministers at the
+Hague, the Abbé Desnoyers and the Duc de la Vauguyon. You will easily
+conjecture the contents of those, which I wrote to them, and which are
+too long to recite here; moreover, a copy of the whole was not
+preserved.</p>
+
+<p>As to what you add, Gentlemen, that my expenses and labors shall be
+reimbursed and compensated, I have the honor to say to you, that I
+should esteem myself the most happy of men, in being able to make
+without return all the advances and services of which you have need,
+to sustain this memorable war. The Supreme Being, who sees the depth
+of my heart, is witness to the truth of this sentiment in all its
+extent. But to my great regret, although without shame, I avow myself
+as poor in means as rich in good will. The draft remitted to me by Dr
+Franklin, of one hundred pounds sterling, on London, has been paid. On
+the other hand, since I received Dr Franklin's letter and the orders
+of the Committee, I have not hesitated to sacrifice to a commission so
+important, so honorable, and so agreeable to my principles and taste,
+not only a small running pension of sixty pounds, which a bookseller
+paid me for a part of my time, that was devoted to a work, an account
+of which I communicated to Dr Franklin some years since, but also
+about seventy pounds, which I have already received for part of the
+work delivered, without which, considering my other actual duties, it
+would have been impossible for me to have time to attend to the
+execution of these orders. If I add to this at least fifty pounds,
+that I have spent in postages, travelling charges, and other expenses,
+I find myself at this time seventy pounds at least in advance. But I
+should be very sorry, Gentlemen, that what I say here, should turn you
+an in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>stant from the important duties requiring your constant
+attention. For the same reason, I have been unwilling to interrupt
+with these details the occupations of our gentlemen at Paris. If
+(which God forbid) America have not the success which my heart
+desires, her misfortunes will afflict me infinitely more than my loss.
+But if, on the contrary, I shall have the satisfaction to see liberty
+established and her prosperity secured, I doubt not she will render me
+an ample indemnity and reward.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, April 28th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Although nothing new has happened to us here worthy of notice, I take
+up my pen merely to assure you, that our want of punctuality is not
+owing to want of friendship or respect. To entertain you with
+continued complaints of the inactivity of the European powers, is a
+subject which I wish to banish as much from my thoughts, as I do our
+enemies from our country. We are now acting a play which pleases all
+the spectators, but none seem inclined to pay the performers. All that
+we seem likely to obtain from them is applause. When I say all, I mean
+anything that will materially help our cause. This campaign will
+decide the fate of the war, though it may not finish it. The want of
+resolution in the House of Bourbon to assist us in the hour of
+distress will be an argument with our people, if successful, to form
+no binding connexions with them. If conquered, they will follow the
+conduct of the unsupported Scots, in the war of 1745.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>In the meantime, they, to secure the little assistance which other
+Princes may be induced to give them, must offer a share of that
+commerce to others, which France might have wholly to itself. England
+is now offering to relinquish a share of a lucrative commerce to
+France, on condition that the latter shuts its ports against us. But a
+few weeks ago an English agent assured me, that the English
+Administration saw through the designs of the House of Bourbon, saw
+that they meant to weaken us both, and by that means command us, and
+he offered every security America could wish, to preserve its
+liberties as they stood in the year 1763, and a repeal of such acts as
+bound their trade previous to that, only that they must so far comply
+with the King's humor, as not to give up his sovereignty, which would
+be of no use to him, were the privileges of the Americans extended to
+the latitude mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>To be the instrument of inducing my countrymen to accept these terms,
+the possession of an affluent income was offered to be secured to me
+in any part of the world I chose, whether successful or not in the
+attempt. You may judge how our conference ended. One reason why I am
+induced to stay in Europe is, that I should be obliged to give, in
+America, a faithful account of the situation of their affairs in
+Europe; as I am sure that the picture would be worth more to England,
+than their subsidies to your hero, the Margrave of Hesse. We shall
+never be the subjects of the British Crown, I believe, but unless
+openly assisted by a power in Europe, we shall be an impoverished
+people, unable to distress our enemies abroad, or to assist our
+friends. I am so confident myself of the interior weakness of England,
+that I would sacrifice my life on the issue, that if France, Spain,
+and the Emperor,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> would only agree to acknowledge the independence of
+the United States, there would not be occasion to strike a blow; from
+that moment the credit of England would be no more inspirited by such
+a resolution taken in our favor in Europe; we would drive her armies
+from America, and soon her fleets from our coasts; but these generous
+resolutions subsist not in European politics. I hoped to have soon
+seen you, but your last letter, and one from Sir George Grand, have
+altered my resolution on that head. I have been laboring here to put
+you in such a situation as to enable you to follow the dictates of
+your own generous hearts in serving us more effectually, but the
+torpedo has struck us too.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Adieu,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, May 8th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>We have received your several favors to the first of May,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> and
+shall always have a grateful memory of your sentiments and exertions
+in our cause. But as we have new Commissioners settled in France, we
+think it needless that you should be at the trouble of forwarding to
+us from time to time, that collection of papers, which we formerly
+mentioned to you. We shall inform our friends at Paris of our opinion
+on this head, and leave it to them to point out the way in which your
+zeal may be most useful to them and us, with the least degree of
+trouble to yourself and injury to your domestic interests.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>The humility of the Count de Welderen's Memorial seems to have been
+followed by some positive orders to our disadvantage in the West
+Indies. We doubt not you will continue to give our Commissioners at
+Paris the fullest information on all such points, from whom we shall
+consequently obtain it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">We have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">BENJ. HARRISON,<br />
+ROBERT MORRIS,<br />
+JAMES LOVELL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Thus in the original, but probably an error in the
+month, as this letter is dated on the eight of May.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, May 9th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>At length we have an opportunity of discovering, what we have long
+imagined, the arts which the English government has made use of to
+circulate their various falsehoods through Europe, respecting their
+affairs in America. Their packet from Hardwick to Helvoetsluys is
+fallen into our hands, with every letter from the Ministry and others,
+though I make no doubt, that they will give out, that their most
+important letters are saved. Such a report will answer more ends than
+one. It will set at peace the alarmed consciences, or rather
+apprehensions of their correspondents. We have it under Lord Suffolk's
+Secretary's hands, Mr Fraser, and Mr Eden, that government had no
+advices from New York on the last of April, but that at this
+particular period, when the eyes of all the world would be upon them,
+viz. when opening the budget, it was necessary to toss out a tub to
+the whale, for which reason <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>it was thought necessary to &mdash;&mdash; General
+Washington, and to put Mr Dickenson at the head of five thousand men,
+in the lower counties of Delaware. A very curious reason is given for
+promulgating the latter lie, that the less probability there appears
+to be in it, the more readily the world will believe it; for will they
+imagine that Ministers dare circulate what no one will imagine true?
+And they appeal to former untruths of similar absurdity, which had
+their effect, and when found false were overlooked by the indulgent
+public.</p>
+
+<p>The line of Sir Joseph Yorke's conduct is marked and curious, as well
+as that of their Minister at <em>another Court</em>; our plan did not wholly
+take effect, or we should have had his despatches likewise.</p>
+
+<p>The miserable Prince of Hesse affords his friends in England some
+merriment, but he can make use of the old adage,&mdash;<em>let them laugh who
+win</em>. He has the absurdity to be angry with your Gazetteer of Utrecht,
+and the English news writers; and his Minister there is ordered to
+complain on the subject. The reflections of the English Minister, Lord
+Suffolk, on this complaint, are as curious as they are just, and merit
+well reaching the Prince. If he bribes me with a part of his
+slave-money, he shall have the letter at length, signed "Suffolk." I
+always said, and have now proof positive before me, that in the height
+of English arrogance and success, their Chatham-aping Minister, Lord
+George Germain, meant to hold the same language to France, that they
+unfortunately did to Holland, and were prepared, should this Court
+show the least refractoriness, to begin the same game they played in
+1756. An open war they have never feared from France, for they were
+well assured that would not be the case, but the French preparation
+gave them a good excuse for arming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> completely, and for drawing money
+from the people, and the American Minister, Lord George Germain, was
+too shrewd to let slip an opportunity. We paid so much respect to your
+States, that we would not seize Sir Joseph Yorke's messenger in the
+packet from Helvoetsluys, for we could have boarded her with as much
+ease as the others.</p>
+
+<p>I have not time to communicate the thousand little particulars, which
+have lately been inspected by me, but hope to have a future
+opportunity of doing it. Our captain, being in search of bank bills,
+and bills of exchange, did not pay much attention to <em>personages</em>, for
+which I am heartily vexed; however, good nature must make allowances.
+This matter will occasion a little bustle, perhaps a great deal. I had
+rather be sent home to fight manfully, or to make peace politically,
+than to be in this miserable shilly-shally way here. I have the
+pleasure to acquaint you that Hopkins's squadron, all but two, have
+got to sea, so that Sir Peter Parker may write information to the
+Ministry, and this will be giving a good account of them as he
+promised. Our levies went on swimmingly, and had the Howes, sent out
+from here, arrived there when it was intended they should, we should
+have pushed Howe again to Halifax.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Passy, near Paris, May 12th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Last night we received a packet from North America with some advices,
+of which I send you the substance. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> see your letters now and then to
+Mr Deane and Mr Carmichael, and thank you for the kind mention made of
+me in them. I am so bad a correspondent, that I do not desire a letter
+from you directly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">But I am nevertheless, with great esteem, dear Sir, your
+affectionate friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">B. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> I suppose Mr Deane has sent you the bill.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, May 16th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I send you, with some gazettes, an extract of my last despatch, and a
+piece entitled "<em>Advice to the Hessians</em>," which, having passed about
+in manuscript through this country, was afterwards printed in a
+handbill, and at length inserted in the periodicals. The day before
+yesterday, the 14th, the bookseller Rey received from the Hague the
+following note, which he immediately sent to me at a country house,
+where I am residing, thinking I might know the person interested,
+which I do not. "Mr Rey is desired to inform the author of '<em>Advice to
+the Hessians</em>' to quit Holland immediately. Orders are despatched to
+arrest him." I am not at present at the Hague, but as soon as I shall
+be able to return thither I will inform myself of this affair. In the
+meantime I think it is false that they have given such orders, and
+that this letter was only written to intimidate, as was that written
+from Cassel to one of our journalists.</p>
+
+<p>I am sorry not to be able to devote all my time to your service. I
+might contract many connexions and acquaint<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>ances, and make some
+useful journeys, profiting by favorable circumstances and moments both
+at the Hague and Amsterdam, which I am now obliged to let escape, not
+being able to go and remain as long as is necessary in these cities.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 7th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I understand that the British Minister's emissaries are very busy in
+Holland propagating reports of an accommodation between the Congress
+and Great Britain. They are playing the same game here. I have long
+since been convinced that there is no action too atrocious for them to
+attempt, nor any report too ridiculous and improbable for them to
+propagate to serve their purposes. The last authentic intelligence
+from Congress, or from New York, was about the 10th of April, when
+there was not the least prospect of any accommodation. The sole
+overture that had been made was a hint, I may say, from General Lee,
+that Lord and General Howe wished to renew a conference with the
+Congress, and to open a treaty, to which the Congress replied they
+would neither confer nor treat till their independence should be
+acknowledged. You will therefore see at once how very little ground
+there is for such kind of assertions.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen such strange and unexpected events, as well as been
+witness to such extraordinary conduct, that I am almost beyond being
+surprised at anything; yet should an accommodation take place between
+those contending na<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>tions, whilst the Congress have the least prospect
+of foreign succor and support, I confess I shall be greatly surprised.
+But if the British Ministry, as they roundly assert, are assured that
+no power in Europe will countenance the United States in their
+independence, and if they can bring the Congress to believe the same,
+who will be surprised if they make terms, and accommodate, rather than
+hazard longer a contest with the most formidable power in Europe, and
+its allies, without prospect on their part of aid or support? I say,
+who will be surprised, or rather who will not be surprised, should
+they still persist in continuing the war unsupported? However, I, who
+know my countrymen perfectly, and the principles by which they are
+actuated, do not believe they will ever accommodate on terms lower
+than independence; yet in the same situation, and with the same offers
+made them, I am certain any other people in the world would
+accommodate.</p>
+
+<p>You are not to impute what I say to vanity. I am not raising my
+countrymen above every other nation in the world; far from it; but
+they are a new people, and have certain notions, that are either new
+in the world, or have been so long unpractised upon, and unheard of,
+except in the speculations of philosophers, that it is difficult,
+perhaps impossible, to compare them with any other nation.
+Unprejudiced reason, and plain common sense, will enable the few to
+judge; but the many, the ninetynine of one hundred at least, will
+determine as usual by the event. I am not fond of bold assertions or
+predictions, but I dare hazard my credit upon it, that either no
+accommodation on any terms will take place, or, if it does, a war in
+Europe will be the immediate consequence; and I submit it to the
+consideration of those Ministers and politicians, who are afraid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> to
+offend Great Britain now, whilst America alone employs more than her
+whole natural force, how they will be able to contend with her when at
+peace and on good terms, perhaps in alliance with America.</p>
+
+<p>Universal monarchy has at many periods been feared from the House of
+Bourbon, and England has been exhausted to prevent it; she has engaged
+allies pretendedly to keep the balance of power in Europe, as it is
+ridiculously and unintelligibly termed by European politicians; but
+you will permit an American to give his sentiments; they may at least
+divert and make you smile. From the period when the feudal system
+prevailed over all Europe, when every lord was sovereign, to this
+hour, the number of kingdoms or distinct powers in Europe has been
+decreasing, and if we look three centuries back, and reckon up the
+distinct powers then existing and compare them with those of the
+present, and extend our view forward, the whole must at some not very
+distant period be brought into one; for not an age passes, and scarce
+a single war without annihilating or swallowing up several of them.
+But from what quarter is this universal empire in Europe to originate?
+I answer negatively; not from the House of Bourbon, though formidable
+for its connexions and alliances in the South; but I will venture to
+predict, that if Great Britain, by forming an accommodation of
+friendship and alliance with the United States, renders herself, as by
+that measure she easily can, mistress of that world, by taking the
+affairs of the East Indies into her own hands, she will be in
+possession of exhaustless treasure, and in 1780 the charter of the
+East India Company expires, when both the territory and commerce will
+be at her disposal. Add to all this her strict and close alliance
+with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> Russia. I say, that laying these circumstances together, it is
+easy to foresee, that Great Britain, America, and Russia united, will
+command not barely Europe, but the whole world united.</p>
+
+<p>Russia like America is a new State, and rises with the most
+astonishing rapidity. Its demand for British manufactures, and its
+supplies of raw materials, increase nearly as fast as the American;
+and when both come to centre in Great Britain, the riches as well as
+power of that kingdom will be unparalleled in the annals of Europe, or
+perhaps of the world; like a Colossus with one foot on Russia and the
+East, and the other on America, it will bestride, as Shakspeare says,
+your poor European world, and the powers which now strut and look big,
+<em>will creep about between its legs to find dishonorable graves</em>.</p>
+
+<p>I dare say you smile at my prophecy, but you will observe it is a
+conditional one, and I am persuaded, like most other prophecies, will
+neither be believed nor understood, until verified by the event,
+which, at the same time, I am laboring like my good predecessors of
+old, (who prophecied grievous things,) to prevent taking place if
+possible; for it is my ultimate and early wish that America may
+forever be as unconnected with the politics or interests of Europe, as
+it is by nature situated distant from it, and that the friendly ties
+arising from a free, friendly, and independent commerce may be the
+only ties between us.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Adieu,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">SILAS DEANE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 13th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>We are still without any news from America, except what we get by the
+way of England. The campaign was not opened the end of April, Howe
+being scarce of provisions, and without forage. I have seen a letter
+from an English officer in the service, dated the 25th of that month,
+and have been much pleased with the sight of it; a horrid pleasure,
+which derives its source from the prospect of human misery. The flux
+raged much in the army of the Philistines, as the saints of New
+England style it, owing to their food, salted meat, and no vegetables.
+I believe a certain brig, from a place called Rotterdam, has fallen
+into the hands of the chosen people, for one of my countrymen crossed
+the Atlantic in a small vessel of about twenty tons, on purpose to
+take her; at least he informs me that he had carried into Cherbourg a
+brig laden with about two hundred hogsheads of Geneva, some pitch,
+oil, &amp;c. from Rotterdam; which said articles will, before this reaches
+you, be metamorphised into louis d'ors of France.</p>
+
+<p>I have crossed the Chesapeake in this very ferry boat, in which my
+bold countryman crossed the Atlantic. I had been told by a man high in
+office in England, that resistance was a chimera in us, since their
+armed vessels would swarm so much in our rivers, as even to intercept
+the ferry-boats. His assertions are verified <em>vice versa</em>; our
+ferry-boats ruin their commerce. You smile, and think me amusing you.
+Be assured that is not the case. This very little boat took on her
+passage another brig of two hundred tons from Alicant, and sent her
+into America;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> she also took four or five vessels in the Channel,
+chiefly smugglers, and plundered them of their cash, and the Captain
+being a good natured fellow let them go, as he did a transport, which
+he took in sight of a man-of-war, and was obliged to give her up,
+bringing off, however, with him his people. He has promised for the
+future to burn those he cannot send in, and I believe will be as good
+as his word. This is the way the English serve not only ours, but the
+French vessels, which they take on our coast. The Captain tells me, he
+was told this last circumstance by several French Captains, whom he
+saw prisoners, (himself a prisoner) at New York. The eyes of this
+Court will be opened, it is to be hoped, before it is too late, a war
+being inevitable, in my opinion, to force an accommodation. They will
+unite with us on our own terms, and discerning from the past how
+little effective assistance we have to hope from France for the
+future, will make a war with this nation one article of the Federal
+Union. Whichever strikes first will probably succeed. Our valuable
+commerce is more hurt on the French coast than on our own. We have
+lost above £60,000 sterling, from South Carolina only, all which was
+coming to be laid out for French manufactures. It is a fact at
+present, that the manufacturers of this country cannot execute so fast
+as they receive orders.</p>
+
+<p>The English papers published by the authority of General Howe, at New
+York, tell with triumph, that one of their cruisers has sunk a twenty
+gun French ship at some distance from the Delaware, and every soul
+perished. We have some fears that this is the Amphitrite. Another ship
+was taken, French property, a few leagues from the harbor of St
+Pierre, which she had just quitted. If they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> dare do this in their
+present critical situation, what will they not dare if successful, or
+at peace and united with us?</p>
+
+<p>I wrote you before what I repeat again, that had General Howe got
+possession of Philadelphia last winter, as insolent a Memorial as that
+presented by Sir Joseph York, would have been presented by Lord
+Stormont here, and had not their demands been instantly complied with,
+the immediate destruction of the French commerce would have been the
+consequence. All the navy, all the army contracts are made, for five
+years, in England. Letters of marque were given to contractors, and
+friends of government, for what? To cruise against our trade? No; but
+to be ready at a signal given, to enrich themselves by the first
+captures on the French nation; for the gleanings of our commerce are
+no object to a private adventurer, assured as the English Ministry are
+of the pacific intentions of this Court. From the quarter I mentioned
+to you in my last, they will try his patience, and they do right, for
+the only hope they now have of conquering us is to deprive us of the
+means of resistance, and the hopes of foreign aid, which keeps up the
+spirits of the people. If the Amphitrite is really lost, General
+Washington will open the campaign without any of their military
+stores, so long promised, and so vainly expected, except about twelve
+thousand muskets.</p>
+
+<p>We expect with impatience direct news from America; the moment it
+arrives I will communicate it to you. The gentlemen are well, and beg
+me to present compliments.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Dear Sir, yours, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> You will not mention publicly, for particular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> reasons, the
+history of the little privateer. When the Captain of our small
+privateer boarded the transport, and told him he was his prisoner, he
+very insolently asked where his ship was, not conceiving that any
+person would have crossed the ocean in so small a boat.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">June 14th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I have escaped, as much as I am able, from my chains, to make journeys
+to the Hague, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam, in order to maintain and
+increase useful acquaintances; and when I obtain any light I
+communicate it to friends. The great majority, almost the whole of our
+merchants, are for you. The regencies of our cities, and among others
+Amsterdam, seem to take part with the Court, which is allied with and
+friendly to England. But all this is precarious, and will change with
+your fortune. Let us hear of a successful campaign, and your friends
+will show themselves, your partizans will multiply; they will lose by
+degrees this panic terror for a power, that is not loved by the
+multitude. These persons are chiefly large annuitants, whose hearts
+are in the sources of their income.</p>
+
+<p>Another important truth, which I have learned at Amsterdam, is that no
+banking house is willing to take part, to the amount of a shilling, in
+the loan of five millions sterling, which England has raised, because
+they were not content with the offered premium and with her solidity,
+nor sure of selling the stock in detail. Distrust increases here, in
+proportion as England sinks. The premium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> ought to be two and a half
+per cent, but we know that in England even the bankers are content
+with their sales in detail at five eights per cent.</p>
+
+<p>I have made acquaintance and connexion with a House, to whom I shall
+address in future all my despatches for you, and under cover to whom
+you may in safety address to me your letters, viz. Messrs Lalande &amp;
+Fynge, merchants, Amsterdam. If you will send me regularly, by your
+vessels going to St Eustatia and Curaçoa, one at least of your best
+public papers to the address above pointed out, or in the packets of
+friends in France, I will make good use of it for your service in our
+periodical papers. They complain everywhere of knowing nothing of your
+affairs, but what the English wish Europe should know; and on this
+subject we have often to wait some months before the truth is unfolded
+from a heap of impostures, which do not fail sometimes to answer the
+malice of your enemies in leaving false impressions on minds, which I
+wish to be able to destroy in their birth.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the Honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">August 22d, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>In spite of my extreme circumspection, your enemies are not altogether
+without knowledge of me, and, not able to persecute me openly, are
+endeavoring secretly to deprive me of my post in this country. I sent
+an account yesterday to Paris, and today to a certain person at the
+Hague, of what has happened to me. I am sustained in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> all my losses by
+the firm resolution to live and die the faithful servant of United
+America, and by consequence, also, with the most profound respect for
+the honorable General Congress and yourselves. God bless your just
+arms.</p>
+
+<p><em>September 5th.</em>&mdash;It would be useless for me to give you copies of the
+last letters that I wrote to Paris. They chiefly concern myself; and I
+await their answers. I will say only in general here, that from the
+moment when I was first honored with your orders and your confidence,
+I have devoted to you in every event, my person, services, and
+fidelity; and this for the love I bear to your cause, and on the most
+perfect conviction of its justice. I have conducted myself in the
+execution of your orders with all imaginable prudence, circumspection,
+and patience. At last, however, I am the victim of the suspicions and
+implacable hatred of your enemies. They have found it an easy task to
+injure me indirectly in the sordid, ungrateful, and treacherous heart
+of a person on whom my fortune depended, and who is devoted to them. I
+should be ruined, with my family, if I had not firm confidence of
+receiving in your service the annual stipend allotted for their
+subsistence, of which I have been deprived. To this injustice they
+have added the insult of tempting me by deceitful offers, which I
+rejected with disdain, because I could not accept them without
+exposing your secrets, or at least degrading the character with which
+you have honored me, in the eyes of those who have knowledge of it. My
+refusal has exasperated them against me; they will secretly ruin me as
+far as they are able. But I have said enough of myself.</p>
+
+<p>Your enemies have begun to take the Dutch vessels in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> Europe as well
+as in America; among others, one for St Eustatia. They are impatient
+at Amsterdam to know how the Regency will take this; and they write me
+that this circumstance will, probably, be the cause of the detention
+of vessels, bound for the Islands, two months in this port.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, October 14th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>If I do not speak to you in all my letters, of the person with whom
+you know I am connected at the Hague, it is not because this connexion
+does not continue daily, but because it is sufficient to give an
+account of our conferences to your honorable commission in Europe, and
+also, considering the time that my packets are on the way, my reports
+would be as superfluous and useless to you, as they would be long and
+difficult to decypher, or dangerous to transmit without cypher. The
+enemy alone would be able to profit by them. Moreover, I doubt not but
+your Commissioners transmit to you the result of all that passes.</p>
+
+<p>Our States-General are assembled; and they have begun with labors,
+which by no means please your enemies. The first was to make a claim
+directly, in the name of their High Mightinesses, upon the English
+Minister for the Dutch vessel destined for St Eustatia, and taken in
+the Channel by an English vessel of war, under the pretext that the
+vessel was American built. (The Dutch had purchased her at Halifax.)
+Our States have sent instruc<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>tions on this subject to their Envoy at
+London, with orders to have discontinued whatever process has been
+instituted by the captor before the English Judges against this
+vessel; and an order also to the owners of the vessel and cargo not to
+plead before the Judges, because they have proved here, that they had
+conformed in all things to the laws of this country, and to its
+conventions with Great Britain. We are impatient here to learn the
+answer of England.</p>
+
+<p>Their second debate was on a petition in very strong terms, signed by
+a hundred of the principal commercial houses of Amsterdam, (except the
+house of Hope, devoted to England) for the purpose of asking a convoy
+for their vessels going to the West Indies.</p>
+
+<p>I have all this from the best authority; as also that the party of
+your enemies in this country, though yet considerable, are visibly
+losing their influence, and cannot fail to seccumb, especially if the
+English continue to seize our vessels, and if they wish to engage this
+Republic to involve itself in a war on their account; for we desire
+here to be at peace with all the world.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">December, 16th, 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate you, and the honorable Congress, and all United America
+with all my heart. This news (Burgoyne's capture) has made the
+greatest possible sensation in this country; a deep consternation
+among those who have all their interest in England; a marked joy
+among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> those who hate your enemies. My correspondent at Amsterdam
+writes thus. "Many thanks for the prompt advice of the affair so
+glorious for our friends. Letters from England received here this
+morning confirm it entirely. All was in motion today in our <em>cafés</em>
+and on the exchange. The royalists here are entirely depressed, and
+even fear the like catastrophe for General Howe, if he hazard himself
+further into the country." This news has made an astonishing
+impression everywhere; all is considered lost to the English.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 19th.</em>&mdash;I have received advice from my correspondents, to
+whom I had forwarded packets according to your orders, by which they
+inform me, under date of 26th of September and 18th of October, of
+having received and forwarded my packets for you. My correspondent at
+Amsterdam, who transmitted them to me, has pointed me to the following
+passage. "The Anti-Americans are not yet recovered from their fright;
+they see the Americans at present with a different eye, and desire
+strongly that the Ministry may be changed, that by mild means we may
+obtain peace as favorable as possible." Another writes from Rotterdam;
+"I received on the 11th, the account of the victory of General Gates.
+It was pulled out of my hands. I pray you as soon as you receive
+advice, that Howe has done as well as Burgoyne, to let me have the
+great pleasure of knowing it first, that I may regale many persons
+with the news. You cannot think what a bustle there is yet in all
+companies and <em>cafés</em> about this affair, and how they fall on the
+English Ministers."</p>
+
+<p>We have confirmation from Germany of the increasing obstructions,
+which the levying of recruits against America meets with.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>I this moment learn that the States-General have despatched messengers
+of State extraordinary to all the Provinces; and it cannot be doubted
+that the contents of their despatches, which are kept secret, relate
+only to the catastrophe which the English have suffered in America,
+and to the consequences which it is presumed it will have, as well on
+this side of the ocean as on the other.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, April 14th, 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I have the satisfaction of being able to apprize you, that since the
+declaration of France, made here the 18th of March, affairs have taken
+in this country a most favorable turn. My last journey to Amsterdam
+has not been useless. But I cannot trust to paper, and to the
+vicissitudes of so long a voyage, the detail of my operations. I
+constantly give information to your honorable Commissioners, to whom I
+write almost every post. I will say only in general, that the cabal of
+your enemies fails in all the attempts it has made to engage this
+Republic to put herself in the breach for them. The Republic is firmly
+determined to the most perfect neutrality, if there be war; and I wait
+only the letters of the honorable Commissioners at Paris, whom I have
+requested to propose a friendship and commerce direct and avowed
+between your States and theirs.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>We are preparing a third piece upon credit. I will add copies of it to
+my packet when it is printed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>At the moment I am about to seal my packet, I learn for certain, "that
+Lord Chatham on the 7th of April in the House of Lords pleaded with so
+much warmth for not giving up the dependence of America, nor giving
+away the Americans, because he considered them a hereditament of the
+Prince of Wales, the Bishop of Osnaburgh, and the whole royal line of
+Brunswick, that he fainted away, but was soon recovered by the aid of
+two physicians. He confessed however that he did not know what the
+means were of preserving both."</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> On this subject see a letter to M. Dumas in the
+Commissioners' Correspondence, Vol. I. p. 463.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> For a letter from the Committee of Foreign Affairs to M.
+Dumas, dated May 14th, 1778, see the Correspondence of the
+Commissioners in France, Vol. I. p. 386.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO M. VAN BERCKEL, PENSIONARY OF AMSTERDAM.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">July 27th, 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Directed by the Plenipotentiaries of the United States of America in
+Paris, to send you the annexed copy of a treaty of amity and commerce
+concluded between France and the said United States, with the
+testimony of the high esteem and consideration they have for you in
+particular, and for all the honorable members of the Regency of
+Amsterdam in general, I acquit myself of these orders with all the
+satisfaction and eagerness, which my respectful devotion to the
+interest of this Republic dictates. The Plenipotentiaries pray you,
+Sir, to communicate this treaty in such a manner that copies of it may
+not be multiplied, until they have written me that it may be published
+and in the hands of all the world. I have carried this morning to Mr
+&mdash;&mdash; a like copy with the same request.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>I add to this a proclamation of Congress that I have received, and the
+communication of which I think will give you pleasure. It will appear
+in the Gazettes in French and Dutch, and ought to satisfy all the
+maritime powers, no less than it does honor to the sagacity and equity
+of Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with the truest respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>M. VAN BERCKEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, July 31st, 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am much obliged to you for the kindness you have done, in sending me
+the copy of the treaty of amity and commerce, concluded between France
+and the United States of America. And as it was at the request of the
+Plenipotentiaries of the said United States, may I venture to ask you
+to testify to those gentlemen the gratitude of the Regency of
+Amsterdam in general, and my own in particular, for this mark of
+distinction. May we hope that circumstances will permit us soon to
+give evidence of the high esteem we have for the new republic, clearly
+raised up by the help of Providence, while the spirit of despotism is
+subdued; and let us desire to make leagues of amity and commerce
+between the respective subjects, which shall last even to the end of
+time. What troubles me is, that it is not in our power to make the
+other members of the government do as we could wish; in which case the
+Republic would be at once disposed to another course. But I am
+persuaded that the Americans are too wise not to penetrate the true
+causes, or to attrib<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>ute the inaction of &mdash;&mdash; until the present time
+to any want of esteem and affection for the United States.</p>
+
+<p>This Republic is full of people who think rightly, but there will be
+found here, as elsewhere, partizans of a certain system, who, by their
+ignorance or stupidity, or by the wickedness of their hearts and
+abominable vices, hinder the people from doing as much as they could
+wish. I expect to hear important news in the actual circumstances of
+Europe, and am impatient to receive some, which may have a good effect
+on the affair in question. I shall take care that the abovementioned
+treaty does not go into bad hands, and that no copy be made before the
+time.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p class="signed">VAN BERCKEL.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> For other particulars on this subject, see the
+Correspondence of the Commissioners in France, Vol. I. pp. 376, 456,
+463.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO M. VAN BERCKEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, August 17th, 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have had the honor of informing you, that I intended answering your
+favor of the 31st of July last, wherein you did me the honor of
+charging me to send to the Plenipotentiaries of the United States of
+America, in Paris, the testimony of the satisfaction that had been
+given to the honorable Regency of your city and to you in particular,
+by the transmission of a copy of their treaty of amity and commerce
+with France. Not only has your request been complied with, by
+transmitting to those gentlemen a copy of your letter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> but I did
+more; for having occasion at the same time to write to America
+directly, I have added another copy for Congress. That body,
+therefore, will, without delay, be informed of the benevolent sympathy
+which the Republic in her turn feels for her worthy sister, as also of
+the happy effects which this sympathy cannot fail to produce, when the
+obstacle unfortunately attached to the ship shall have lost the power
+of obstructing her progress. Meantime, continue, Sir, by your
+patriotic efforts, to clear away difficulties, to provide means, and
+to hasten the moment of a connexion so desirable on both sides, and
+present and future generations will bless your name and your memory.</p>
+
+<p>You will have seen by the gazettes, and especially by that of Leyden,
+with what unanimity and dignity the United States disdained the
+propositions, injurious to their good, great, and august ally, as well
+as to their own majesty, made to them by the British Commissioners. I
+have in hand and will show you the authentic proofs of this, as well
+as of the horror, which the Americans have, of ever returning under
+the iron sceptre they have broken. This confounds the falsehoods, that
+have been uttered and kept up with so much complacency in this
+country. Will they never cease to give credit to such impudent
+assertions? I cannot forbear to transcribe what a friend<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> has
+written to me. This friend does not know in detail what I have been
+doing here. He had asked me how I advanced. I had told him <em>festino
+lente</em>.</p>
+
+<p>"In general," says he, "I am not disposed to precipitation, especially
+in important affairs. But I can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>not help saying, that there may be
+some danger of the good people in Holland losing some advantages in
+commerce with America by their too great caution. I have reason to
+believe, that the British Ministry have already sent orders to their
+commissioners to give up the point of independence, provided they can
+obtain some exclusive benefit in America."</p>
+
+<p>I wish, however, that we could concert some new movement. There is yet
+time to think of it before the meeting of the assembly. In all that
+concerns myself, I can only promise my best efforts.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> William Lee, who was at this time in Francfort.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, December 3d, 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>The act of despotism, which I announced to you in my letter of the
+16th,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> was consummated on the 18th of November. The resolution
+adopted by the majority had a specious design, to wit, to refuse the
+commissaries which the English Ambassador demanded, to agree that the
+article of naval stores, legalized by the treaty of 1674, should be
+for the future contraband; but in the end, all was spoiled by the
+refusal of convoy to ships carrying these articles to France.</p>
+
+<p>But Amsterdam has inserted in the acts a formal protest, by which this
+resolution is declared null, by its having been adopted in a manner
+contrary to the constitution, which requires unanimity in this case.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>
+The protest indicates, at the same time, the consequences which this
+affair may have. They may be very serious if they push the city to
+extremities. The first will be the closing of the public chest, as far
+as concerns her contribution towards the expenses of the
+confederation. This city alone pays about one quarter of all the
+expenses of the republic, and if they should push things to extremity
+she may ask succors of France, who certainly would not suffer her to
+be oppressed. The Ministerial gazettes in England announce this to
+their nation as a great success. <em>Qui vult decipi decipiatur.</em> On the
+other side, France threatens to seize in her turn English property on
+board of Dutch ships, and to deprive these of the favors they enjoy in
+her ports, if the Republic does not cause her flag to be respected by
+the English, according to treaties. On the fifteenth, the States of
+the Province will be reassembled.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Missing.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>MEMORIAL,<br /><br />
+
+<em>Presented by His Excellency, the Duc de la Vauguyon, Ambassador of
+France, to the States-General of the United Provinces.</em></h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, December 7th, 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">High and Mighty Lords,</p>
+
+<p>The conviction which the king, my master, has had, that their High
+Mightinesses, animated with a desire to perpetuate the perfect harmony
+which subsists between France and the States-General, would conform<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span>
+themselves scrupulously, in existing circumstances, to the principles
+of the most absolute neutrality, has induced his Majesty to include
+the United Provinces in the order that he made in the month of July
+last, concerning the commerce and navigation of neutrals. His Majesty
+has less room to doubt of the perseverance of their High Mightinesses
+in these principles, because they have given him repeated assurances,
+and because they are the basis and most solid guarantee of the repose
+and prosperity of the Republic. His Majesty, however, thinks he ought
+to procure, in this respect, an entire certainty; and it is with this
+view that he has directed me to demand of your High Mightinesses an
+explanation, clear and precise, of your final determination, and to
+declare to you that he will decide according to your answer to
+maintain or annul, so far as concerns the subjects of your High
+Mightinesses, the orders which he has already given.</p>
+
+<p>To make better known to your High Mightinesses the views and
+intentions of the king, my master, I have the honor to observe to you,
+that his Majesty flatters himself that you will procure to the flag of
+the United Provinces all the freedom which belongs to it as a
+consequence of their independence, and to their commerce all the
+integrity which the law of nations and treaties secure to it. The
+least derogation from these principles would manifest a partiality,
+the effect of which would impose on him the necessity of suspending
+not only the advantages that his Majesty has insured to your flag, by
+his order in favor of neutrals, but also the material and gratuitous
+favors, which the commerce of the United Provinces enjoys in the
+ports<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> of his kingdom, without any other consideration than the good
+will and affection of his Majesty for your High Mightinesses.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMISSIONERS AT PARIS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, December 18th, 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I have seen our friend. There are two committees at work, one for the
+new remonstrances occasioned by the English, the other on the answer
+to be made to the Memorial of the French Ambassador.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 19th, forenoon.</em> The Admiralty it was said would not be in
+favor of an answer, till next week; but measures were taken to make
+them pass one this morning, in which were <em>verba pretereaque nihil</em>;
+there was nothing changed in the restriction of convoy as to naval
+provisions. The Ambassador having been notified of it, sent today,
+early in the morning, to the Grand Pensionary a note so energetic that
+it will be difficult to avoid giving a precise answer, yes or no,
+which will save or lose to the Seven Provinces the commerce of France.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 19th, evening.</em> In spite of the note of the Ambassador, the
+English party has prevailed in the provincial Assembly, and all except
+Amsterdam have adopted by a majority the opinion of the Admiralty.
+Thereupon, Amsterdam delivered her protest, in which she confirmed her
+former protest against the resolution of the 18th of November. She
+declared further, that she held herself irresponsible and discharged
+of all inju<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>rious consequences to the Republic, which the
+unsatisfactory answer they had given France might have. Our friend has
+caused me to read this protest, which is moderate but energetic.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 22d.</em> I have a copy of the resolution and protest. I know on
+good authority that the Court of London has declared, that it is no
+better satisfied with the resolution adopted on the 18th of November.
+Thus those who have wished to be wholly subservient to that Court are
+very badly paid for their complaisance. The above resolution, adopted
+by the majority of the States of Holland, on the 19th of this month,
+has not yet been presented to the States-General. The Assembly of
+Holland, which was to have separated this week, adjourned to Tuesday
+next. The Deputies of the cities will depart on Thursday, to seek, it
+is said, new instructions for another answer, such as the Ambassador
+can receive. Those of Amsterdam remain here, because they have no need
+of an <em>ad referendum</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 24th.</em> The British Court has communicated to the Republic
+its order, which declares liable to seizure neutral ships carrying to
+France munitions of war, military and naval. This order is directly
+contrary to the resolution of the 18th of November, by which the
+States refuse to permit this article to be put in question, which
+treaties secure to them.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, December 25th, 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Your friends here do all that they can to bring about future
+connexions between the two Republics. The phrase, that I have
+underlined in the Declaration,<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> expresses nothing else than the
+authentic information, which the city of Amsterdam has of the
+disposition by which a majority is influenced in the Republic. See in
+it then only the wish of the city, that your virtuous perseverance in
+a union, on which alone depends your sovereignty, may frustrate this
+influence. It can do nothing against you without unanimity; but,
+without this same unanimity, all the good will of the city can at the
+present time do nothing more for you, as to the conclusion of a treaty
+of amity and commerce, than project it, in order to have it ready when
+it shall be able to propose it with some appearance of success. A copy
+of the Memorial, presented on the 7th of December, by the French
+Minister to their High Mightinesses, was sent to me by himself, on the
+8th, to be communicated to you.</p>
+
+<p>They have sent me from Amsterdam, with the same intent, a copy of the
+protest of the city against the resolution adopted by the majority for
+refusing convoy to naval articles. This important paper is very long,
+(20 pages in folio.) Expecting that I may be able to send it to you,
+translated and copied, I will transcribe for you, Gentlemen, what a
+good Dutch citizen, to whom I lent it, thought of it. "It is scarce
+possible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> for me," said he, "to paint the vexation with which I have
+read the resolve adopted by the majority. A document at once puerile,
+jesuitical, and made unintelligible, as I think, from design, to
+conceal the palpaple contradictions and absurdities of which it is
+full. I can compare it to nothing better than to a serpent, which
+hides its ugly head under the tortuous folds of its horrible body. The
+protest, on the contrary, is the finest document of its kind, that I
+remember to have seen. As precise as it is luminous, it presents at
+once, and gathers, so to speak, into a single focus, all the reasons
+for the opposite sentiment, in a manner to strike all eyes which are
+not voluntarily closed to its light. But we live in the midst of a
+people, who do not hesitate to call white black, and black white,
+provided it favors the party of the Boreases of England and of our
+country." The States of Holland assembled yesterday. They have named
+two committees to deliberate, the one on the answer to be made to the
+Court of France, the other on the new complaints to which the English
+have just given cause. We shall not know the result till next week.</p>
+
+<p>In the circumstances, Gentlemen, in which you see things, it will be
+necessary that I should be provided with a letter of credence from
+your honorable Congress, like, <em>mutatis mutandis</em>, that which I
+received from it under date from the 9th to the 12th of December,
+1775, and of which I made use at the Court of France, in April, 1776;
+with this difference, that the other being unlimited and accommodated
+to existing circumstances, that which I now ask for should be limited
+to this Republic, and conformable to the present situation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> and
+dignity of the American confederation, to the end that I may be able
+to produce it to whomever it shall be proper, and to labor with all
+requisite credit and weight, in concert with your friends in this
+country, on the proposal of amity and commerce between the two
+Republics. Such a paper becomes every day more necessary; and I dare
+say, that it will be necessary to the United States that I should be
+provided with it as soon as possible, so as not to give it publicity,
+which everywhere, except in France and Spain, seems to have no good
+effect; but to continue, as I have done hitherto, to increase and
+strengthen your friends here, and to hinder your enemies from
+realising, at the expense of this Republic, the fable of the monkey
+who drew his chestnuts from the fire with the cat's paw. <em>Malo esse
+quam videri</em> ought to be the constant maxim of all those, who are
+called to serve so fine a cause as that of the American Union. It is
+certainly mine. It is this that dictates the precise answer, which I
+have yet to give to what you had the goodness to write concerning me,
+in the letter with which you honored me, under date of the 14th of May
+of this year, to wit; "We shall write particularly to the gentlemen at
+Paris, respecting the injuries you have received from our enemies, and
+shall instruct them to pay the strictest attention to our engagements
+made to you at the commencement of our correspondence."</p>
+
+<p>These gentlemen, in sending me the letter, wrote me nothing on this
+business, and I have not drawn on them for more than I had agreed with
+Mr Deane, towards the end of the past year, to be necessary for me to
+live here in a style of mediocrity, and with much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> economy, namely,
+two hundred louis d'ors this year. I shall continue on this footing,
+drawing always a hundred louis d'ors every six months, till it please
+your honorable Congress to fix my stipend. In expectation that the
+situation of affairs will permit the United States to observe in
+respect to me, or in case of my death, in respect to my daughter, the
+wise magnanimity that befits sovereigns, I will serve them, with the
+same zeal as if they gave me double, and with more inward satisfaction
+than if any other Power should give me ten fold. I can assure you,
+Gentlemen, that from the beginning, I have done for the whole American
+people, as I would do for a friend in danger. For the rest, I am well
+satisfied and grateful for the obliging things you have written me on
+this subject, and I do not ask new assurances. It is sufficient for
+me, that you know my true sentiments, and that you will have the
+goodness to make them known to the honorable Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> This Declaration is missing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Several letters from M. Dumas, on the affairs of
+Holland, in the year 1778, may be found in the Commissioners'
+Correspondence, in the first volume of the present work.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, January 1st, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th of December, the Grand Pensionary of Holland, before going
+to the Assembly of the States of Holland, received from the Duc de la
+Vauguyon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> Ambassador of France, a note, explanatory of the Memorial
+presented to their High Mightinesses the 7th, as follows.</p>
+
+<p>"The king, determined to have perfect certainty of the final
+resolution of the States, flatters himself that their High
+Mightinesses will explain themselves in a clear and precise manner,
+upon the point of perfect neutrality, which his Majesty is persuaded
+that they do not wish to swerve from. He expects that they will
+preserve to the flag of the United Provinces all the liberty that
+belongs to them, in consequence of their independence, and to their
+commerce all the integrity that the law of nations secures to it, and
+that treaties confirm to it. But this liberty will become illusory,
+and this integrity violated, if their High Mightinesses do not
+maintain it by a suitable protection, and if they consent to deprive
+their subjects of convoy, without which they cannot enjoy, in their
+full extent, the rights which they have acquired and claim. A
+resolution of whatever nature it be whose effect should be to deprive
+them of a protection so legitimate, whether for all branches of their
+commerce in general, or in particular for articles of naval stores of
+any kind, would be regarded under present circumstances as an act of
+partiality derogatory to the principles of an absolute neutrality, and
+would inevitably produce the consequences mentioned in the Memoir,
+which has been sent to their High Mightinesses. It is especially to
+this essential object, and with the further intention to observe a
+neutrality thus described, that the king asks of their High
+Mightinesses an answer clear and precise."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>The same morning the States of Holland adopted by a majority the
+following answer, previously advised on the 16th by the Admiralty.</p>
+
+<p>"That their High Mightinesses have always set, and will set, much
+value on a good understanding with his Majesty, and that they would
+cultivate willingly his friendship and affection for this State, by
+all means which insure the independent repose of the Republic, and
+contribute to their perfect neutrality in the existing differences
+between his Majesty and the king of Great Britain. That their High
+Mightinesses do not fear to declare with openness and candor to his
+Majesty, that their design is to adhere scrupulously to the said
+neutrality, in firm confidence that the two powers will be satisfied,
+and that they will permit to their High Mightinesses the peaceable
+enjoyment of it. That the commerce and navigation of the Republic,
+being one of its principal means of subsistence, its free exercise
+their High Mightinesses have strongly at heart. Their High
+Mightinesses flatter themselves also that the two powers are inclined,
+and will be persuaded to leave to them the course which the law of
+nations and treaties guaranty, and that if any discussion takes place
+on this subject, it will be attributed solely to the moderation and
+caution of their High Mightinesses, in compliance with the suggestions
+of prudence, if to measures adapted to the protection of their
+commerce and their free navigation, without distinction as to the
+property of the cargoes, and to the support of their neutrality, they
+add others, intended to avoid all occasions of misunderstanding; that
+their High Mightinesses are too firmly convinced of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> Majesty's
+justice, to doubt that he will be satisfied with this candid
+exposition of the sentiments of their High Mightinesses, or that he
+will continue to observe, in his treatment of neutrals, and
+consequently of the subjects of their High Mightinesses, the rules,
+which his Majesty has himself considered to be conformable to the law
+of nations; and that he will continue in the disposition, on which the
+commerce, at present existing between the subjects of both powers, to
+the mutual advantage of both parties, is founded."</p>
+
+<p>The resolution adopting this answer was invalidated at the same time
+by the following protest.</p>
+
+<p>"The Deputies of the city of Amsterdam, adhering to their protest and
+note inserted on the 18th of November last, against the resolution
+adopted the same day, on the final remonstrance of the merchants of
+this country, on the subject of the seizure of their vessels by the
+English, and the carrying them into English ports, as is therein more
+fully detailed, have declared, that they cannot agree to the
+resolution of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, adopted this day on
+the Memorial presented to their High Mightinesses by the Duc de la
+Vauguyon, wherein he demands the observance of an exact neutrality
+during the existence of the troubles with England in general, and the
+maintenance of the freedom of the flag of the Republic, as well as of
+the commerce and navigation of this country to the French ports in
+particular; unless in the meantime should be given by the said
+resolution the clear and precise answer demanded by the said Memorial,
+and on which depends in great part the commerce of this country to the
+ports of France, declaring also that they would not be in any manner
+responsible for the evils that come upon the com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>merce and navigation
+of the Republic, as well from the present resolution as from that of
+the 18th of November last."</p>
+
+<p>This has not hindered the States-General from adopting also the
+answer. On the 30th of December it was carried, by the agent of their
+High Mightinesses, to the Ambassador, who did not accept it, as not
+being such as the King demanded. On which they have determined to send
+it to M. de Berkenrode, at Paris, to endeavor to cause it to be
+accepted by his Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>On my return here on Tuesday evening, I went to see our friend.
+Nothing has yet been done; but in spite of all that can be done
+tomorrow, said he, things will finally go well. He told me also, that
+the credit of Sir Joseph Yorke with a certain great personage was
+manifest more and more, and that there was no longer room to doubt
+that the latter had secret engagements with the Court of London.</p>
+
+<p>I was the next day at the house of the French Ambassador. Their High
+Mightinesses had sent him their answer to the Memorial, and he had
+sent it back, as not admissible. He has in his pocket the Declaration
+of the King, by which the subjects of the State are excluded from his
+order in favor of neutrals, and deprived of the privileges which they
+enjoy in the ports of the kingdom. It will be soon published. This
+affair will do as much good to the Anti-English in these provinces, as
+the taking of Bergen-op-zoom did them harm thirty years ago. The time
+will come when they will be obliged to have recourse to the city of
+Amsterdam, to remove the proscription, which too much complaisance to
+the Court of London is drawing upon these Provinces.</p>
+
+<p>Late on Wednesday I went to see our friend. He could only give me one
+moment. The answer of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> States-General to the Memorial of the
+French Ambassador is the same as that adopted by a majority in the
+States of Holland, excepting some additions which are not material.
+The Deputies have not even consulted their respective Provinces
+thereon; another blow given to the constitution. One of the Deputies,
+with whom I had some conversation, gave me as the only excuse;&mdash;"<em>It
+is not the first time we have done it.</em>" I have seen a letter from an
+able hand, in one of the Provinces, wherein much censure and heavy
+reproaches are cast on this method of proceeding. Friesland can least
+of all dispense with the commerce of France.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 2d.</em> There is today a grand concert at the <em>Hotel de France</em>.
+The Court is there. The Ambassador does the reverse of what is
+practised at the theatre; he began with the farce, and will finish
+with the tragedy. They flatter themselves here, that he will not press
+matters, because they have given him to understand that they have
+convoked the Admiralty to deliberate more fully on the convoys. But
+they do not say what all the world knows, that they have sent the
+rejected answer to the Ambassador of the Republic at Paris to endeavor
+to have it accepted by the King. Labor lost.</p>
+
+<p>Our friend is fortunate in all this. He has the finest part to
+perform, and he will perform it to his glory. He advances rapidly in
+the paths of former great men of the Republic. On the other side, the
+firmness of Amsterdam is seconded very seasonably by the Memorial.</p>
+
+<p>I doubt not, Gentlemen, but the result has made you see the importance
+of what has passed here, and how far my proceedings have been useful
+in the business, to bring it to the point where it now is.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMISSIONERS AT PARIS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, January 12th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>The States of Holland assemble tomorrow. Our friend comes this evening
+and I shall see him. They are here every day more embarrassed. Far
+from the answer to the Memoir sent by their High Mightinesses to their
+Ambassador at Paris being accepted, the Ambassador of France has
+received an express from his Court, the purport of which we shall know
+at the same time with the result of the deliberations of the States of
+Holland.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 13th.</em> The Assembly today has been occupied only with simple
+formalities. I know on very good authority, that Amsterdam will have
+permission to trade to the French Isles in America, as well directly
+as by way of St Eustatia and Curaçoa; and I have been authorised to
+inform certain armed houses [<em>maisons armés</em>] of it, in order that
+they may be able to speculate in advance upon it.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 14th.</em> They wished to resolve today by a majority for a delay
+of four months longer for the convoys of ship timber. All at once
+Haerlem is ranged on the side of Amsterdam, and Alcmaer has taken the
+matter <em>ad referendum</em>; which has much displeased a grand personage
+present. The Grand Pensionary cried out also much upon it, and wished
+to engage the Deputies of this city to accede to the opinion of the
+majority; but they alleged the orders of their city in excuse. This is
+the cause that the resolution cannot be passed till next week. It will
+be such, moreover, that the Court of France will regard it as
+derogatory to perfect neutrality; for the majority will always
+prevail, but then Amsterdam, Haerlem and perhaps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> Alcmaer will
+protest. You see, Gentlemen, that the opposition not only sustains
+itself, but gains ground. This opposition was almost nothing six
+months ago; it was a feeble plant that could only stand by bending
+when the wind blew; now it is a solid and robust body, well supported,
+which resists all the efforts of the English party, which has broken
+them, and which will succeed at length in prevailing over this party,
+and will restore to the Republic its ancient dignity.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 16th, morning.</em> Yesterday, the 15th, in the evening, the
+Ambassador sought me out to go and confirm, on his part, to our
+friend, that this morning he should present a Memorial to the
+President of their High Mightinesses, with the new order of the King,
+which excludes the commerce and navigation of &mdash;&mdash; from the favors
+which France permits neutrals to enjoy on the sea and in her ports,
+and preserves them only to the flag of the city of Amsterdam, and that
+after that he should, (though against usage) make the circuit of the
+hotels of all the cities of Holland, and testify to their respective
+Pensionaries the regret and repugnance with which the King will see
+himself forced by themselves to publish the said order. I waited at
+the <em>Hotel de France</em> till two o'clock in the morning, to give to the
+Ambassador, who supped abroad, the answer of our friend. He sent it
+off the same night by express to his Court, and I hold myself ready
+this morning to report on his part to our friend the manner in which
+all shall pass.</p>
+
+<p><em>16th, evening.</em> This morning the Ambassador, after having presented
+his Memorial to the President of their High Mightinesses, made the
+rounds to give information of it to the Grand Pensionary of Holland,
+to the Secretary of their High Mightinesses, to the Prince
+Stadtholder, to the Pen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>sionaries of the cities of Amsterdam, Dort,
+Brille, and Rotterdam. He was nearly two hours with the Deputies of
+this last city. He testified to all of them the regret of the King in
+having to withdraw from them his favors, and to permit one patriotic
+city alone to enjoy them. All manifested more discontent at this
+distinction, than at the privation, and there is danger of I know not
+what fatal consequences. They pretend that it is a thing without
+example and against their constitution to treat with one city only.
+The Ambassador replied to them, that this was a wrong view, that there
+was neither treaty nor convention between France and Amsterdam, but
+that he merely let this place continue to enjoy what she enjoyed
+before, and that the Republic ought to be on the contrary well
+satisfied that by means of this city she would not lose all. The next
+week he will see the Pensionaries of the other cities. For the rest I
+am of opinion that all this will be arranged yet satisfactorily, and
+that the Republic, seeing that the thing is serious, will take the
+part of giving satisfaction to France.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 17th.</em> I gave the Ambassador today an account of the
+discourse that I held yesterday with our friend. I must return
+tomorrow with the Ambassador. I only tell you, Gentlemen, the
+essentials, and spare you the detail of messages, which they charge me
+with, whose result only is interesting. My interposition saves the
+noise there would be from too frequent interviews between persons who
+are watched.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 20th.</em> The two Pensionaries of Amsterdam went this morning on
+the part of their city to the house of the Ambassador, to give thanks,
+and to say that they hoped his Majesty would not deprive the other
+confederates of favors, which he is willing to preserve to them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>
+Thence they went to the Grand Pensionary, to give him information of
+this proceeding. In place of sour looks and altercations, which they
+expected as well at the States of the Province today as elsewhere,
+they were agreeably surprised to find themselves treated everywhere
+with much respect. Those of Rotterdam, among others, sought their
+intercession for their city. The merchants of Rotterdam came to
+implore the protection of the gentlemen of Amsterdam, who properly
+sent them away to their own magistrates. The Ambassador, on his part,
+notified this morning the Grand Pensionary by word of mouth, and
+afterwards, at his request, by a note in form of a letter, that the
+King has fixed the 26th of January to publish the new order, if he
+should not receive such an answer as he demands.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 21st.</em> Nothing is done yet. The advice of the Admiralty
+proposed today to the States of Holland is in contradiction with
+itself. They annul in truth their famous resolution of the 18th of
+November, as to the restriction of convoy, (from which they wished
+then to exclude ship timber) but would suspend the adoption of the
+resolution as to the extension of these convoys, until the time when
+they would assign their crews. This is only pushing time by the
+shoulders; it is the Lernean hydra, whose heads started up in place of
+those that were destroyed. For they agree on all the rest. There were
+yesterday only altercations and reproaches, to which those of
+Amsterdam answered with as much moderation and decency as firmness.
+All has been deferred till tomorrow, and if they will decide the
+affair by the majority, Amsterdam will protest anew.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 22d.</em> Nothing yet is done in the Assembly of Holland. The
+Grand Pensionary had proposed a draft of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> a resolution, which
+Amsterdam would not agree to, because there were terms, which appeared
+deceptive, and which were susceptible of a different explanation at
+the Court of London from what it might receive at that of France. The
+principal is this; they would delay the final resolution for the
+extension of convoy to the 26th, the day when the Admiralty must
+assign the crews and armaments. Now this extension will only signify
+in relation to one of the powers, the force of the convoys; in
+relation to the other, the suspension of convoy for ship timber. Those
+of Haerlem have, therefore, proposed some amendments. If all
+acquiesce, they may tomorrow adopt a unanimous resolution that may,
+perhaps, satisfy France.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 23d.</em> Yet undecided. All the cities, meanwhile, are of one
+mind with Amsterdam, on the plan proposed by Haerlem. But a great
+personage, with the majority of the nobility, still dispute about the
+terms. Pending this, a courier has been despatched today to Paris, to
+obtain, if possible, a further delay of a week in favor of the city of
+Amsterdam, which strongly interceded in behalf of the others. It
+remains to be known if this courier can arrive in time on the 26th.
+Amsterdam has declared today that she will remain firm and immovable,
+and will neither suffer herself to be forced or deceived. A very
+strong expression.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 29th.</em> Contrary to all appearances they have not resolved
+anything today. The answer proposed by the Admiralty was so obscure
+and ambiguous, that Amsterdam has given notice, that she will protest
+again that it was only necessary to communicate to France the
+resolution of the 26th instant, by which the republic repealed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> that
+of the 18th of November, which displeased France, and embraced the
+most perfect neutrality. They were not willing to follow this advice,
+and they have again prolonged the Assembly till Tuesday or Wednesday
+next. They wish to deceive us, said our friend, but they will not
+succeed.</p>
+
+<p><em>February 4th.</em> The Assembly of Holland resolved today, by a majority,
+on the answer to be given to France, referred from yesterday, against
+which Amsterdam with Haerlem has renewed formally her protestation of
+the 19th of December. After which the Assembly separated. It will meet
+again the 25th of February.</p>
+
+<p><em>February 16th.</em> The States-General have not yet made answer to the
+Ambassador. The Deputies of the Provinces have declared, that they
+were not authorised thereto by their constituents.</p>
+
+<p>I am returned from Amsterdam, where I have been to see if the four new
+Burgomasters, who have entered upon office, are in the same
+disposition as those of the past year; and I have found that all goes
+on well; as also if the merchants intend to profit forthwith by the
+privileges conceded to them. A letter will not admit of the details,
+which I have communicated hereon to the Ambassador of France. The
+paper here annexed, which I have drawn up and circulated, will give
+you a summary view of all that has passed of interest.</p>
+
+<p>Our friend has sent me the materials for a plan of a treaty between
+the two Republics. I am occupied with it. As soon as it is drafted, I
+will make copies for America and Paris.</p>
+
+<p>The long silence that America keeps, and the rumors which are
+industriously spread, and which nobody has au<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>thentically
+contradicted, of divisions that prevail there, of the submission even
+of two or three of the most Southern States, and even of Virginia,
+make me see and experience more reserve and timidity, on the part even
+of those of Amsterdam, than in the past year. I pray God to guard
+America from traitors as well as from open enemies.</p>
+
+<p><em>February 24th.</em> There is a letter from the Prince Stadtholder to the
+States of the Province of Friesland, which will have serious
+consequences, because it is very partial to England and against
+France. I had the good fortune, Friday the 19th, to be able to procure
+an authentic copy of it for the Ambassador. I learned the same day,
+that it was printed at Amsterdam. It sells, circulates rapidly, and
+makes much noise.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 1st, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I have nothing to add to the extracts here annexed, except to press
+anew the necessity there is that the most honorable Congress send me a
+commission in all its forms of <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em>, and agent of the
+United States of America in the United Provinces of the Low Countries,
+with power to manage and watch over their political interests, and
+those of the navigation and commerce of the American Union, as well
+near their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United
+Provinces of the Low Countries, now and at all times when opportunity
+shall be presented, as near each Province, city, and individual of
+this Republic.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>The opposition formed, sustained, and consolidated against the
+enormous influence which your enemies had over this republic, is the
+work of three persons, of whom I have the honor in my sphere to be
+one.</p>
+
+<p>With orders and powers more precise on the part of Congress, I should
+have been able to contract long since, with merchants of this country,
+for useful expeditions, and to defeat divers adventurers and
+intriguers, who, falsely boasting of full powers and of credentials
+which they have not, have abused and much deceived the people and
+compromised the dignity and credit of the United States. The little I
+have been able to do in this respect, has been done with a pure zeal,
+and a disinterestedness and discretion, which I dare propose as an
+example to others, who may be called to a similar service. I can
+boldly defy all the world to accuse me of having in any case preferred
+my own interest to that of the American people.</p>
+
+<p>My request, at the commencement of this letter, has for its object the
+service of the United States of America, as much at least as the
+proper care of my fortune, of my family, my honor and credit, my
+character and safety. The earliest of your agents and correspondents,
+Gentlemen, in Europe, out of Great Britain, has risked all these
+things from the time he received and accepted this honor, with a
+confidence equal to that with which it was offered.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, April 29th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>In all this month nothing has passed remarkable here, unless it be the
+Memorial presented by the English Ambassador. But in this interval I
+have taken part in a secret operation, which has confided the credit
+and secrets of America to a House at Amsterdam, truly patriotic, and
+not suspected of collusion with the enemy. Dr Franklin is fully
+apprized of it all.</p>
+
+<p>Here is an extract from a letter to him.</p>
+
+<p>"The States of the Province of Holland have assembled here this
+morning. It is only an ordinary session; and our friend said to me
+pleasantly, '<em>We have only come to hold the fair.</em>' He foresees also
+that the resolution of the States-General, as to convoy, will not be
+such as to engage France to revoke or mitigate her last edict of
+navigation. One of the first Houses of Amsterdam, and whose
+predilection for England is known, has sold £60,000 of English funds.
+This has revived the idea of a declaration from Spain, and has
+depressed the English funds at Amsterdam from three to four per cent.
+There is a shower of pamphlets here, both in French and Dutch, against
+the last Memoir of Sir Joseph Yorke."</p>
+
+<p>For a long time, Gentlemen, we have heard nothing here of American
+affairs, but through the wicked channel of your enemies, who do not
+cease to paint the Americans as a people disunited and discordant.
+These eternal repetitions, and their pretended success in Georgia, do
+not fail to disquiet your friends and to embarrass all my endeavors.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, May 15th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I have already had the honor of informing you many times, that some of
+my frequent letters to Passy are of a nature not to be communicated to
+you, even in abridgement, through the risk that my packets run of
+being intercepted; such are, particularly, divers letters written to
+Dr Franklin, from the 25th of January to the 29th of April. There is a
+cabal of Genevan and Swiss bankers, as well in France as at Amsterdam,
+friendly to your enemies, which does as much injury as it can under
+the mask of friendship. It was my duty to unmask some of them to Dr
+Franklin, and to make known to him a safe Anti-English patriotic
+House, having the confidence of the magistracy of Amsterdam. The
+Ministry in France know it.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the last petitions of the merchants of Dort, Amsterdam,
+Rotterdam, and Friesland, the States-General, after having previously
+deliberated and advised, and then reconsidered the affair, adopted on
+Monday, the 26th of April, the resolution to equip for the service of
+the current year, 1779, thirtytwo vessels of war, as follows;</p>
+
+<table summary="Breakdown of 32 vessels of war.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">4</td>
+  <td>vessels of</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td>guns,</td>
+  <td class="table_right">350</td>
+  <td>men</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">240</td>
+  <td>guns,</td>
+  <td class="table_right">1400</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">340</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">340</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">290</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">290</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">8</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">50</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">300</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">400</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">2400</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">2</td>
+  <td>frigates</td>
+  <td class="table_right">40</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">250</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">80</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">500</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">8</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">36</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">230</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">288</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">1840</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">7</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">20</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">150</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">140</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">1050</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">1</td>
+  <td>snow</td>
+  <td class="table_right">12</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">100</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">12</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">100</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">32</td>
+  <td colspan="6">vessels and frigates,</td>
+  <td class="table_right">1280</td>
+  <td>guns,</td>
+  <td class="table_right">7920</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>Of these thirtytwo vessels and frigates, the College of Admiralty of
+Meuse will furnish</p>
+
+<table summary="Vessels supplied by the College of Meuse.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td>vessel of</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">350</td>
+  <td>men</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">350</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">50</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">300</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">50</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">300</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">3</td>
+  <td>frigates</td>
+  <td class="table_right">36</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">230</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">108</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">690</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">20</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">150</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">20</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">150</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">1</td>
+  <td>snow</td>
+  <td class="table_right">12</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">100</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">12</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">100</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">7</td>
+  <td colspan="6">vessels and frigates,</td>
+  <td class="table_right">250</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">1590</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The College of Amsterdam,</p>
+
+<table summary="Vessels supplied by the College of Amsterdam.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">2</td>
+  <td>vessels of</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">350</td>
+  <td>men</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">120</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">700</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">4</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">50</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">300</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">200</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">1200</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">2</td>
+  <td>frigates</td>
+  <td class="table_right">40</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">250</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">80</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">500</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">2</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">36</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">230</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">72</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">460</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">2</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">20</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">150</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">40</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">300</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">12</td>
+  <td colspan="6">vessels and frigates,</td>
+  <td class="table_right">512</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">3160</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The College of Zealand,</p>
+
+<table summary="Vessels supplied by the College of Zealand.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td>vessel of</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">350</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">290</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">50</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">300</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td>frigate</td>
+  <td class="table_right">36</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">230</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">1</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">20</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">150</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">5</td>
+  <td>ves. &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="table_right">226</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">1320</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The College of West Friesland and the Quarter of the North,</p>
+
+<table summary="Vessels supplied by the College of West Friesland and the Quarter of the North.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td>frigate of</td>
+  <td class="table_right">36</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">230</td>
+  <td>men</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">36</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">230</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">2</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">20</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">150</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">40</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">300</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">3</td>
+  <td colspan="6">frigates</td>
+  <td class="table_right">76</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">530</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span>The College of Friesland,</p>
+
+<table summary="Vessels supplied by the College of Friesland.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td>vessel of</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">340</td>
+  <td>men</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">60</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">340</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">2</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">50</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">300</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">100</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">600</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">1</td>
+  <td>frigate</td>
+  <td class="table_right">36</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">230</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right">36</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">230</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">1</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">20</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right">150</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+  <td>=</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">20</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 1em">"</td>
+  <td class="table_right table_cell_0010">150</td>
+  <td style="padding-left: 0.9em">"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="table_right">5</td>
+  <td colspan="6">vessels and frigates,</td>
+  <td class="table_right">216</td>
+  <td>guns</td>
+  <td class="table_right">1320</td>
+  <td>men.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The expense of this enrollment of seven thousand nine hundred and
+twenty men amounts, at thirtysix florins a head, by the month, to two
+hundred and eightyfive thousand seven hundred and twenty florins each
+month, and for fourteen months, to three millions nine hundred and
+ninetyone thousand six hundred and eighty florins, of which the moiety
+(or one million nine hundred and ninetyfive thousand eight hundred and
+forty florins) is taken from the appropriation <em>de la petition de
+guerre</em> of the 3d of November of the past year, and the other moiety
+from the appropriation <em>des droits augmentés d'entrée et de gabelle</em>.</p>
+
+<p>The payments will be made to the respective Colleges of Admiralty on
+the usual footing, to wit, the quarter of the whole charge of each
+vessel, when the vessel shall be equipped, the half when the vessel
+shall have served twelve months after the enlistment of the crew, and
+fourteen months if it is a vessel continued in the service after
+having been equipped for former service. The resolution enjoins on the
+Admiralty to hasten the equipments, to the end that every month there
+may be a convoy for the ports of France and England; for Lisbon and
+the Mediterranean as often as wanted; and for the West Indies twice a
+year.</p>
+
+<p>I got a knowledge of this resolution the 1st of May, in the evening.
+The next day I apprized the French Ambassa<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>dor, who would not believe
+it at first. I gave him a copy, and sent a translation to Passy. The
+secrecy with which they adopted it, and kept it unknown many days,
+shows that they wished to prevent its publicity, and as it is yet a
+little deceptive as to ship timber, which is neither named nor
+excepted, it will not be, probably, communicated to the French
+Ambassador. It is important, as serving to support the Province of
+Holland against the other Provinces, all devoted to the Court.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of May, the body of merchants of Amsterdam presented an
+address to the Admiralty to hasten the convoy in consequence of the
+above resolve of the 26th of April, on the faith of which they had
+already made their speculations and taken their measures, especially
+as to ship timber.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th I learned that the Admiralty not having answered
+satisfactorily the above address of the merchants of Amsterdam, the
+latter had prepared an address to their High Mightinesses, to
+remonstrate more strongly than ever. On the other side, the excitement
+and murmurs increasing at Rotterdam, whence the merchants threaten to
+withdraw and establish themselves at Amsterdam, the Deputies of
+Rotterdam have made a proposition to the Provincial Assembly, that
+they shall finally adopt, in concert with the other Provinces, or, in
+case of their default, with Holland alone, a decided resolution, and
+measures to put an end to all these differences, and to prevent the
+total ruin of the city of Rotterdam. The proposition has been
+committed.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>M. CHAUMONT TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Passy, September 2d, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I desire you may repair immediately to Amsterdam to render all the
+services that may depend on you to a squadron under command of Mr
+Jones, bearing the American flag, which is bound to the Texel.</p>
+
+<p>The vessels which compose this squadron are,</p>
+
+<table summary="Vessels in squadron under command of Mr Jones.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td>Bon Homme Richard,</td>
+  <td>Capt. Jones,</td>
+  <td>42 guns.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Alliance,</td>
+  <td>Capt. Landais,</td>
+  <td>36 guns.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Pallas,</td>
+  <td>Capt. Cottineau,</td>
+  <td>30 guns.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Cerf,</td>
+  <td>Capt. Varages,</td>
+  <td>18 guns.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Vengeance,</td>
+  <td>Capt. Ricot,</td>
+  <td>12 guns.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Vessels which may have joined.</p>
+
+<table summary="Vessels which may have joined squadron under command of Mr Jones.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td>Monsieur,</td>
+  <td>Capt. &mdash;&mdash;,</td>
+  <td>40 guns.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Grandville,</td>
+  <td>Capt. &mdash;&mdash;,</td>
+  <td>12 guns.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Mifflin,</td>
+  <td>Capt. &mdash;&mdash;,</td>
+  <td>22 guns.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>It is necessary that you require of the commandants of these vessels
+the greatest circumspection not to offend the Dutch and not to afford
+subject for any complaint.</p>
+
+<p>If this squadron has need of any refreshments or aid, you will address
+yourself to M. De Neufville to procure them.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as said squadron arrives, I wish you to advise me of it, that
+I may take the necessary measures to send to the Americans the
+supplies of which they may have need.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">LE RAY DE CHAUMONT.</p>
+
+<p>Approved, B. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO B. FRANKLIN.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, September 14th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Political affairs continue here on the same footing as I left them.
+Convoys are not granted, not even for vessels and cargoes of which
+there is no dispute, because they are unwilling that vessels loaded
+with timber should take advantage of the opportunity, and join
+themselves to the fleet under convoy. On the other side, Leyden has at
+length joined the party of Amsterdam, which consists, at present, of
+eight or nine cities in favor of the deliberations for the Province to
+provide separately for the protection of its commerce; otherwise all
+the trafficers in wool, who do a great business in this article, among
+others for Flanders, both French and Austrian, will retire from Leyden
+to Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p>The Ambassador of France wishes that the great city had shown itself
+less inflexible against the army augmentation, and that it had set off
+this augmentation against unlimited and effectual convoys. I am not of
+this opinion. I think they would thereby put a dangerous weapon into
+the hands of the Anglomanes, and that the convoys would be no less
+evaded, and the republican party led by the nose. Our friend reasons
+better, in wishing that his country should be a commercial, and not a
+mediating power in Europe. In fact, since from the acknowledgment of
+the Anglomanes themselves there is little to fear for the Republic,
+(for on the part of the English it is clear that it is not military
+but naval forces that she wants); and since both are so much at the
+disposal of the Anglo<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>manes, it is as well for us and for the Republic
+itself that they should remain on the old footing; and this probably
+will happen; for commerce, seeing they do not protect it, will not the
+next year pay the double of the right of entry and the excise; and
+this will reduce the fleet of the Republic from thirty two to
+twentytwo vessels, great and small.</p>
+
+<p><em>September 20th.</em> The Court of France has made a declaration here,
+that it has prohibited throughout the kingdom, the importation of
+cheese from North Holland. This interdict will not be removed until
+the cities of North Holland have acceded to the affair of convoy.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, September 20th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Returned from Passy, where I have been detained some weeks longer than
+I had expected, and during which, affairs have not suffered here from
+my absence, because I constantly kept up correspondence with our great
+and worthy friend in this country; returned also from Amsterdam, where
+I was ordered to go for some secret business; I have the honor to send
+you herewith the public papers, which will apprize you of what has
+happened throughout Europe these last few months; you will see also by
+my letter to Dr Franklin, the present state of affairs in this
+Republic.</p>
+
+<p>Dr Franklin has not yet had leisure to send me back the plan of a
+future treaty with this Republic, to which he is to join his remarks.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>I am to set out immediately for Texel, with letters and secret
+instructions to Commodore Jones's squadron, whose arrival there I
+expect every hour; therefore I must finish here abruptly, and defer
+writing to his Excellency, the President of Congress, concerning his
+letter of the 3d of January last to Dr Franklin, also a resolution of
+Congress about Colonel Diricks, of December 23d, 1778. I only add
+here, that I have no doubt the Colonel is fitter for fighting battles
+than for negotiating a treaty or a loan.</p>
+
+<p>Neufville, too, seems to me, as well as to the gentlemen at Passy, to
+have promised more than he can now effectuate respecting a loan;
+however, I still recommend his house to other good American merchants,
+as a house very proper to deal with in the mercantile line. But <em>ne
+sutor ultra crepidam</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3><em>Agreement between John Paul Jones and Captain
+Pearson.</em></h3>
+
+<p>It is hereby agreed between John Paul Jones, Captain in the American
+navy, Commander of the continental squadron now in the road of Texel;
+and Richard Pearson, Captain in the British navy, late Commodore of
+the British Baltic fleet, and now a prisoner of war to the United
+States of North America; as follows.</p>
+
+<p>1st. Captain Jones freely consents, <em>in behalf of the United States</em>,
+to land on the Island of Texel the dangerously wounded prisoners now
+in his hands, to be there supported and provided with good surgeons
+and medicine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> at the expense of the United States of America, and
+agreeable to the permission, which he has received from the
+States-General of Holland, to guard them with sentinel in the fort on
+the Texel, with liberty to remove them again from thence at his free
+will and pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. Captain Pearson engages, <em>in behalf of the British Government</em>,
+that all the British prisoners that may be landed as mentioned in the
+last article shall be considered afterwards as prisoners of war to the
+United States of America, until they are exchanged, except only such
+as may in the meantime die of their wounds.</p>
+
+<p>3dly. Captain Pearson further engages, <em>in behalf of the British
+Government</em>, that should any of the British subjects, now prisoners of
+war in the hands of Captain Jones, desert or abscond, either from the
+fort on the Texel or otherwise, in consequence of the first article,
+an equal number of American prisoners shall be released, and sent from
+England to France by the next cartel.</p>
+
+<p>4thly. And Captain Jones engages, <em>on the part of the United States</em>,
+that if any of the prisoners who shall be landed should die while on
+shore in his custody in the fort, no exchange of them shall be
+claimed.</p>
+
+<p>Done on board the American frigate the Pallas, at anchor in the Texel,
+this 3d day of October, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">R. PEARSON,<br />
+JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE COLLEGE OF ADMIRALTY OF AMSTERDAM TO THE STATES-GENERAL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, October 8th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">High and Mighty Lords,</p>
+
+<p>Captain Riemersma, commanding in the absence of Vice-Admiral Reynst,
+in the Road of the Texel, has informed us by message, of the entry
+into the said road of five vessels, viz. two French frigates, one
+American frigate, and two prizes made by them, under command of Paul
+Jones, who has addressed himself in person to said Captain Riemersma,
+and has asked him if he might put on shore the English Captains, and
+hire also a house for the recovery of the wounded; the said Captain
+demanding thereon our orders, and asking besides if he should return
+this visit.</p>
+
+<p>On which we have answered to Captain Riemersma, that we could not
+grant the request made by the commander of these vessels, to put on
+shore the English Captains, nor permission to hire a house on shore to
+put his sick and wounded in; that for the rest, we suppose that the
+instructions received from his Most Serene Highness would enable the
+said Captain to comport himself suitably.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, that he the Captain ought to look out, that for unloading, or
+in advancing further into the Roadstead than is necessary for
+protection from storms and other accidents, he should not contravene
+by his vessels the Placard of their High Mightinesses, of November 3d,
+1756.</p>
+
+<p>We have the honor to submit all this to the view of your High
+Mightinesses, hoping that our conduct will be so fortunate as to meet
+your approbation, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><em>Placard of 1756, referred to in the above Letter.</em></h3>
+
+<p>"The States-General of the United Provinces, to all to whom these
+presents shall come, Greeting. Be it known, that having been advised
+that some vessels of war or foreign privateers, abusing the liberty
+that was granted them of resorting to and anchoring in our harbors, in
+case of want or accident, and of bringing with them the vessels or
+effects taken by them from their enemies, have undertaken to sell or
+dispose of their said prizes, which is directly against our intention,
+and may give rise to a misunderstanding between us and our neighbors,
+which we desire to prevent as much as is in our power, by all possible
+means, having considered what may best conduce to this end, we have
+thought good to declare, ordain and resolve as follows.</p>
+
+<p>"Hereafter all vessels of war and foreign privateers, whatever they
+may be, which shall enter into the roadsteads, rivers and waters, of
+this State, shall hoist on their arrival the flag of the nation to
+which they belong, and not advance further into said rivers and
+waters, than to secure themselves from tempests and other perils,
+without permission of the College of Admiralty, in the district in
+which they may be. They shall abstain from every act which may offend
+or aggrieve any one, whether stranger or subject of the State, but
+conduct on the contrary, in said waters in a manner not to harm or
+give cause of complaint to any one, under penalty not only of not
+receiving any assistance, but also of being expelled by force. In case
+that any vessel of war or privateer having letters of reprisal refuse
+to hoist on arrival its flag, or may be in the said waters and rivers
+without permission of the College of Ad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>miralty in the district where
+they are, the crew will be regarded and treated as pirates. All
+officers of vessels of war or foreign privateers, which shall enter
+into the mouths of rivers of this State with their vessels and prizes,
+or with their prizes only, shall be bound to abstain from announcing
+or publishing in any manner said prizes, from discharging them in
+whole or in part, from selling or disposing of them; but they shall
+keep or retain them entire, and put to sea with them, returning in the
+same state as when they arrived; under pain of being deprived of said
+prizes, which shall be seized by the officers of this State and kept
+by the College of Admiralty of the district, till the counsellors of
+said College, having taken cognizance of the fact, shall judge proper
+to dispose of them agreeably to the exigency of the case.</p>
+
+<p>"And to the end that these orders may be better executed, all officers
+and masters of privateers, which shall anchor in the harbors of this
+State, shall be holden to give notice at the first place where they
+shall come, of the cause of their arrival to the officers charged by
+the State with the inspection of the entry of vessels, to present to
+said officers their commissions, and especially to declare what prizes
+they have made, on what nation they have made them, and in general in
+what their cargoes consist. Moreover the said vessels of war or
+privateers shall permit the said officers to put persons on board said
+prizes to guard them, and prevent anything from being sold or
+discharged contrary to the present decree, and in this manner they
+shall put to sea with their prizes, and depart from the harbors of
+this State.</p>
+
+<p>"And to give more effect to our intentions, and the better to prevent
+all difference on this subject, we advise by these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> presents all the
+inhabitants of this State, and others who reside here, that they will
+have to conform to their provisions, and will be careful of taking
+upon themselves to purchase, accept, or take for their own account,
+part or the whole of any prize brought into the harbors of this State
+under any pretext whatever, and also of aiding or facilitating, with
+their persons, vessels, or boats the sale, discharge, or removal of
+said prizes; under penalty, not only that all the effects they shall
+have acquired against the present decree, (without receiving any
+compensation for what they have disbursed, or their arrears of wages,)
+shall be seized by the College of Admiralty of the District, and
+confiscated to the profit of whom it may concern; but also that the
+party shall be condemned to the payment of one thousand florins, one
+third of which shall be to the use of the State, one third to the
+informer, whose name shall remain secret, and the remaining third for
+the officer who shall have received the complaint.</p>
+
+<p>"And in order that no person may pretend ignorance, we desire and
+request the Lords the Committee of Roads and the Deputies of the
+States of the respective Provinces immediately to announce, publish
+and post up the present Placard wherever need shall be, and as it is
+customary to practise. We enjoin moreover and command the Counsellors
+of the Admiralty, the Advocate of the Treasury, the Admirals,
+Vice-Admirals, Captains, Officers and Commandants, as also the
+Commissaries, and Commissioners of Search in the harbors and other
+places to execute and cause to be executed the present order; to
+proceed and cause proceedings to be had against offenders, without any
+connivance, favor, dissimulation or agreement; for we have thus judged
+necessary for the service of the State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>"Done and concluded at the Assembly of their High Highnesses the
+States-General at the Hague, the third of November, one thousand seven
+hundred and fiftysix."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>FROM THE COLLEGE OF ADMIRALTY OF AMSTERDAM TO THE STATES-GENERAL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, October 12th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">High and Mighty Lords,</p>
+
+<p>To satisfy the orders of their High Mightinesses and their resolution
+of the 8th of this month, wherein it has pleased them to demand our
+opinion and our consideration of the annexed Memorial of Sir Joseph
+Yorke, Ambassador Extraordinary from his Majesty the King of Great
+Britain near the Republic, we take the liberty to answer respectfully
+their High Mightinesses, that we had the honor to inform them by our
+letter of the 8th of this month of the entry of five ships; and at the
+same time of the answer we had given to Captain Riemersma, commanding
+at that time in the Roads of the Texel, on the request that had been
+made to him by Captain Paul Jones, the said answer containing in
+substance that in the belief that these ships would depart on the
+first opportunity, we should not grant the debarkation and the stay on
+shore which was asked for, of two English Captains, nor permit the
+hiring of a house to transport the sick and wounded; and that moreover
+we charged the said Captain to keep watch there; that to provide that
+these ships should be in security and safe from storms and other
+accidents, would not contravene the placard of your High Mightinesses
+of November 3d, 1756, which we regard as the rule according to which
+all foreign ships of war whatever they be, and from whatever port<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>
+they come, which enter into the harbors or roadsteads of the Republic
+ought to be treated, and as having been given with the view that the
+said foreign ships should put to sea with their prizes, without
+discharging them in whole or in part and without selling them or
+disposing of them in any manner; that for these reasons, it has
+appeared to us that the seizure of the said ships and officers and
+sailors would be a contravention of the said placard; that besides,
+humanity requires that the said ships may stay to effect any repairs
+of which they have need, and to procure to the sick and wounded all
+the alleviations necessary, for the administering of which it is
+expedient that they be brought on shore.</p>
+
+<p>On which we have judged it proper to make representation to their High
+Mightinesses, whether it would not be proper to charge Captain
+Riemersma, commandant at the Roadstead of the Texel, and to give him
+order to permit the debarkation of the sick and wounded from said
+ships, to enable them to receive the most prompt assistance; which we
+should have already granted ourselves upon the requests, which have
+been addressed to us on behalf of said sick and wounded, if we could
+have thought we had a right to do it without the authorisation of
+their High Mightinesses; submitting in this respect all final
+determinations to their high wisdom, and to their better opinion.</p>
+
+<p>Deliberating on this, the Deputies of the Province of Holland and of
+West Friesland have taken a copy of the above letter to be more amply
+communicated; and nevertheless it has been found good and determined
+that a copy of said letter should be put into the hands of M. de
+Linden de Hemme and other deputies for marine affairs to see, examine
+and take into consideration the opinion of the Commissioners of the
+respective Colleges of Admiralty, and to make report thereon to the
+Assembly.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>PERMISSION TO LAND THE SICK AND WOUNDED OF THE ENGLISH VESSELS TAKEN
+BY PAUL JONES.</h3>
+
+<p class="extract">Extract from the records of their High Mightinesses.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">October 15th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Heekeren de Brantzenburg, President of the Assembly, has
+imparted to their High Mightinesses, that he was informed by Sir
+Joseph Yorke, of the deplorable condition of the sick and wounded who
+are on board the English vessels Serapis and Countess of Scarborough,
+taken by Paul Jones and brought into the Texel, and who, as humanity
+requires, not only has not refused them accommodation, but even has
+procured them all the assistance and all the supplies possible, and
+submitted to the consideration of their High Mightinesses if it would
+not please them without delay to authorise the College of Admiralty of
+Amsterdam to have put on shore the said sick and wounded, to be there
+tended and nursed.</p>
+
+<p>On which, having deliberated, it has been thought good and decreed,
+that without prejudice to ulterior deliberations of their High
+Mightinesses on the Memorial, which has been sent to them on this
+subject by Sir Joseph Yorke, the 8th of this month, <em>everything
+continuing in this respect in the same state</em>, it be written to the
+College of Admiralty of Amsterdam to authorise it, and it is
+authorised by the present resolution to permit not only that the sick
+and wounded, who are in said vessels, be landed or put on board a
+hospital ship, as soon as one can be prepared for this purpose, but
+besides that they be furnished by the ships of war of the Republic now
+in the Roadstead, with the medicines and provisions necessary, and
+that the surgeons of said ships of war may bestow their care in the
+treatment of those sick and wounded who shall be debarked. It being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>
+well understood, that by this arrangement nothing shall be accounted
+to be changed relative to the condition of said sick and wounded; that
+their High Mightinesses will not be responsible for those, who may be
+able to take advantage of the opportunity for escape, and that under
+any pretext, either to guard the prisoners or to maintain discipline,
+there may not be allowed to go on shore armed men, more than three or
+four, and armed only with their swords; that finally, nothing may be
+done in said department and dependencies but with the knowledge and
+under the authority of the officer commanding the vessels of the
+Republic, which are in the Roadstead, and of those in whose
+jurisdiction shall be the place where the sick and wounded may be
+debarked.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>INSTRUCTIONS OF HOLLAND AND WEST FRIESLAND TO THEIR DEPUTIES.</h3>
+
+<p>Their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, the Lords States of Holland and of
+West Friesland, in their Assembly of Thursday, the 21st of October,
+1779, having resolved to qualify their Deputies in the Generality to
+conform in the Assembly of their High Mightinesses to the following
+advice;</p>
+
+<p>They are of opinion, that they should answer the Memorial of Sir
+Joseph Yorke, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of his
+Britannic Majesty, presented the 8th of this month, that their High
+Mightinesses be informed that a short time since there entered into
+the Texel three frigates, viz. two French, and one styling itself
+American, commanded by Paul Jones, having with them two prizes, made
+by them at sea, named Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, designated
+in his Memorial.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>That their High Mightinesses, having for more than a century
+constantly observed and manifested by successive placards, that they
+would not in any manner give any judgment for or against the legality
+or illegality of the acts of those who not sailing under these
+provinces make prizes at sea and bring them into the roadsteads of
+this country, not opening their ports to them on any other terms than
+for them to put in, in case of tempest, or other disasters, and
+obliging them to return with them to sea as they brought them in, they
+would not undertake to examine whether the prizes brought in by said
+three frigates belong to the French or to the Americans, whether they
+are legal or illegal, but must abandon all this to the decision of
+those who have jurisdiction, and that they would compel them
+altogether to return to sea, for that, subject here to be retaken as
+if they had never landed in this country, they will be judged by the
+proper tribunal; inasmuch as the Ambassador will acknowledge himself,
+that he would have no less a right to reclaim them, if they belonged
+to English subjects, than if they were vessels of the King, which they
+happened to be in this case; and by consequence, this would not
+authorise their High Mightinesses to bring it before the tribunals of
+this country, any more than the person of Paul Jones.</p>
+
+<p>That with respect to acts of humanity, their High Mightinesses have
+already manifested to the Ambassador their eagerness to exercise them
+in regard to the wounded on board said vessels, and that they have
+given orders in consequence.</p>
+
+<p>They would be of opinion, moreover, that they ought to answer the
+College of Admiralty of Amsterdam, that their High Mightinesses
+approve what is done; that in conform<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>ity to their placard of the 3d
+of November, 1756, which prohibits the overhauling and breaking up of
+the cargoes of prizes, for the purpose of securing them from
+recapture, and allowing to the captor the right of disposing of them,
+they persist in it also in the case of the prizes, Serapis and
+Countess of Scarborough; authorising said College to do what is in
+their power that the said five frigates depart, the sooner the better,
+and to take care that there be not delivered to them nor carried on
+board any munitions of war or naval stores, but such things only as
+they want in order to put to sea and reach the first foreign port, to
+prevent all suspicion of their equipment and arming in this country.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO JOHN PAUL JONES.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, October 29th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I ought to advise you, that M. de Sartine has informed me, that he has
+renounced the intentions that I had been charged to communicate to
+you, and that you will find at Dunkirk orders for your final
+destination. I learn with much pleasure, that the necessary repairs of
+the ships, which you command, will be completed immediately, and that
+you have received all the assistance you could, and ought to expect. I
+desire very earnestly that success shall again reward your valor. No
+person will be more rejoiced at it than myself. Believe me, with the
+sincerest sentiments, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>SIR JOSEPH YORKE TO THE STATES-GENERAL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, October 29th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">High and Mighty Lords,</p>
+
+<p>In thanking your High Mightinesses for the orders your humanity has
+dictated in relation to the wounded, who were on board two vessels of
+the King, the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, I only discharge
+the orders of his Majesty in renewing the most strong and urgent
+demand for the seizure and restitution of said vessels, as well as for
+the enlargement of their crews, who have been seized by the pirate
+Paul Jones, a Scotchman, a rebellious subject and state criminal.</p>
+
+<p>The sentiments of equity and justice of your High Mightinesses leave
+no room to doubt, that in taking into a more mature deliberation all
+the circumstances of this affair, you will recognize readily the
+justice of a demand, founded as well on the most solemn treaties,
+which have subsisted more than a century between the Crown of Great
+Britain and the United Provinces, as on the principles of the law of
+nations, and the custom of friendly and allied States.</p>
+
+<p>The stipulations of the treaty of Breda, of the 31st of July, 1667,
+confirmed and renewed expressly in that of 1716, and in all the
+subsequent ones, are too clear and incontestible in this respect not
+to be felt in all their force.</p>
+
+<p>The King considered it derogatory to his dignity, as well as to that
+of your High Mightinesses, to expose the particulars of a case so
+notorious as that in question, or to cite to the ancient friends and
+allies of his Crown analogous examples of other Princes and States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>I shall confine myself to the remark, that the placard of your High
+Mightinesses, in prescribing to the captains of foreign ships of war
+to show their letters of marque or commissions, authorise you
+according to the general custom of Admiralties to treat as pirates
+those, whose letters are found to be illegal for not being issued by a
+sovereign power.</p>
+
+<p>The character of Paul Jones, and all the circumstances of the affair,
+cannot by their notoriety be unknown to your High Mightinesses. Europe
+has her eyes fixed on your resolution. Your High Mightinesses know too
+well the value of good faith, not to give an example of it on this
+important occasion. The least deviation from a rule so sacred, in
+weakening friendship among neighbors, produces often unfortunate
+consequences.</p>
+
+<p>The King has always made it his pride to cultivate the friendship of
+your High Mightinesses. His Majesty persists steadfastly in the same
+sentiments; but the English nation does not think itself bound, by any
+of its proceedings, to have its citizens detained prisoners in a port
+of the Republic by an outlaw, a subject of the same country, and who
+enjoys the liberty of which they are deprived.</p>
+
+<p>It is for all these reasons, and many others equally solid, which
+cannot escape the great penetration and sagacity of your High
+Mightinesses, that the undersigned hopes to receive a ready and
+favorable answer to the above, conformable to the just expectation of
+the King, his master, and of the British nation.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOSEPH YORKE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>JOHN PAUL JONES TO LIEUTENANT COLONEL WEIBERT, IN THE SERVICE OF THE
+UNITED STATES.</h3>
+
+<p>Their High Mightinesses, the States-General of Holland, have granted
+permission to us to land on the Island of Texel, a number of wounded
+British prisoners of war now in our hands, to guard them by our
+American soldiers in the fort of that Island, with the draw bridges
+hauled up or let down at our discretion, and to remove them again from
+thence to our ships at our free will and pleasure, and dispose of them
+afterwards as though they had not been landed. Therefore you are
+hereby appointed Governor-General over the wounded, and the soldiers,
+that are destined this day to conduct them there, until further
+orders.</p>
+
+<p>These wounded prisoners are to be supported and provided with good
+surgeons and medicine, and with necessary attendance at the expense of
+the United States. The Commissary of the Admiralty, who resides on the
+Texel, has undertaken, by our orders, to furnish you with the
+necessary provisions; and surgeons, medicine and bedding, &amp;c. are sent
+from the squadron. In short, these prisoners, together with such other
+sick and wounded as we may hereafter see fit to send to your care in
+that fort on the Texel, are to be treated with all possible tenderness
+and humanity. And you are to take care that no person under your
+command may give any cause of complaint whatever to the subjects or
+government of this country; but, on the contrary, to behave towards
+them with the utmost complaisance and civility.</p>
+
+<p>For which this shall be your order.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span>Given on board the American ship of war, the
+Serapis, at anchor in the Road of Texel, November
+1st, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JOHN PAUL JONES TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Texel, November 4th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This morning the commandant of the Road sent me word to come and speak
+to him on board his ship. He had before him on the table a letter,
+which he said was from the Prince of Orange. He questioned me very
+closely, whether I had a French commission, and if I had, he almost
+insisted upon seeing it. In conformity to your advice, I told him that
+my French commission not having been found among my papers since the
+loss of the Bon Homme Richard, I feared that it had gone to the bottom
+in that ship; but that, if it was really lost, it would be an easy
+matter to procure a duplicate of it from France. The commandant
+appeared to be very uneasy and anxious for my departure. I have told
+him, that as there are eight of the enemy's ships laying wait for me
+at the south entrance, and four more at the north entrance of the
+Port, I was unable to fight more than three times my force; but that
+he might rest assured of my intention to depart with the utmost
+expedition, whenever I found a possibility to go clear.</p>
+
+<p>I should be very happy, Sir, if I could tell you of my being ready. I
+should have departed long ago, if I had met with common assistance;
+but for a fortnight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> past I have every day expected the necessary
+supply of water from Amsterdam, in cisterns, and I have been last
+night only informed, that it cannot be had unless I send up water
+casks. The provisions too, that were ordered the day I returned to
+Amsterdam from the Hague, are not yet sent down, and the spars that
+have been sent from Amsterdam are spoiled in the making. None of the
+iron work that was ordered for the Serapis is yet completed, so that I
+am, even to this hour, in want of hinges to hang the lower gun ports.
+My officers and men lost their clothes and beds in the Bon Homme
+Richard, and they have as yet got no supply. The bread that has been
+twice a week sent down from Amsterdam to feed my people has been,
+literally speaking, rotten; and the consequence is, that they are
+falling sick. It is natural, also, that they should be discontented,
+while I am not able to tell them that they will be paid the value of
+their property in the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, if either
+or both of them should be lost or taken after sailing from hence.</p>
+
+<p>Thus you see, Sir, that my prospects are far from pleasing. I have but
+few men, and they are discontented. If you can authorise me to promise
+them, at all hazards, that their property in the prizes shall be made
+good, and that they shall receive the necessary clothing and bedding,
+or money to buy them with, I believe I shall soon be able to bring
+them again into a good humor. In the meantime, I will send a vessel or
+two out to reconnoiter the offing and to bring me word. Whatever may
+be the consequence of my having put into this harbor, I must observe
+that it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> done contrary to my opinion, and I consented to it only
+because the majority of my colleagues were earnest for it.</p>
+
+<p>I am under a very singular obligation to you, Sir, for your kind
+letter, which you did me the honor to write to me on the 29th of last
+month. It shall be my ambition to get clear of my present
+embarrassment, and to merit, what I so much esteem, the good opinion
+of your Excellency and of the Court, by my future service in support
+of the common cause.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>M. DUMAS TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Helder, November 9th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>To fulfil my promise, it is my duty by the first post to give
+information to your Excellency, that in spite of the bad roads and
+dark nights I arrived here this morning. I saw immediately M.
+Cottineau, from whom here is a letter enclosed to your Excellency.
+There was a violent storm, which prevented me from going on board the
+Serapis. Nevertheless, having found means to make known my arrival to
+the Commodore, he came on shore this evening for half an hour only in
+order that he might reach his ship again before night. He will send
+his boat tomorrow for me to breakfast with him, to converse longer on
+our affairs, and it may be to make a visit together to the
+Vice-Admiral.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime I have already learnt, that not only the Commodore has
+not written anything at all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> on what has given us uneasiness, but even
+that he has not said anything, of which they can make an authentic
+use; that he showed to M. Riemersma, on his arrival, as well as to the
+other Captains his commission, which is American, not having any
+other; that he will give me a copy, with a declaration signed at the
+bottom by himself, that he had shown it; and that as to the cartel
+made between himself and Captain Pearson, they have had no other
+surety for its basis, than the permission of this government to put on
+shore the wounded prisoners, without changing in any manner their
+condition, having taken upon them, besides, each one on his part, to
+engage their respective sovereigns. All, therefore, that I shall be
+able to do further in this respect will be to get signed by Mr Jones
+the copy he sent me of this cartel. The crowded inns leave me no place
+for a lodging but the house of a peasant, where I write this letter as
+I can. I fear that notwithstanding the good will of the Commodore, he
+will not be in condition to depart in fifteen days; and on examining
+things closely, and comparing the complaints of one with those of
+another, as to the delays, I find that the great and true cause is
+this bad Roadstead, distant from Amsterdam twentyfive leagues by
+water.</p>
+
+<p>The copy of the resolution of the 21st of October, which I have sent
+to the Commodore, is a paper very necessary to him.</p>
+
+<p>They will not be able longer to impose on him or spread snares for
+him. His way will be clear. He regrets only that it had not been
+sooner.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">On board the Serapis, November 11th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>According to my letter of the day before yesterday, I was yesterday
+morning on board the Serapis. The weather was so thick in the evening,
+that there was no chance of sending anything on shore that night. The
+Commodore and myself, with great difficulty, went to make a visit to
+the Dutch Vice-Admiral, in which all that has been said was so well
+cleared up, that nothing can (at least on our part) cause a change in
+the state of things as they were after the 21st of October. The result
+of the visit is, in substance, that they do not much approve the
+expedient of providing two different flags in order to make use of one
+in default of the other; that they rather preferred that the whole
+squadron should have been entered under the flag and commission of
+France, as not being liable to any difficulties; but since what had
+been done could not be otherwise, they desire and expect that the
+squadron shall depart with the first fair wind; as also that there
+shall not be in this Roadstead any transportation of prisoners on
+board the King's cutters that are here; which the Commodore promised.</p>
+
+<p>Today we have been with M. Ricot on board one of the cutters, where we
+found the two captains, Messrs de la Laune and de la Bourdonnoie, who
+received us with all the cordiality and manifested all the good will
+imaginable. They do for us what they can, and M. de la Laune will
+inform your Excellency of it.</p>
+
+<p>I hope to be able to depart for Amsterdam the morning after tomorrow,
+if I can without danger be put on shore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> tomorrow, with the
+satisfaction of having by my journey hither cleared up, and much
+accelerated affairs; in a word, of having been useful. I see no
+possibility of being able to write to Dr Franklin. He cannot,
+therefore, know anything, nor, consequently, the Minister, except what
+your Excellency shall judge worthy to be communicated in your
+despatches, of the contents of my letters, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, November 11th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have received the letter that you addressed to me the 9th of this
+month, and that of M. Cottineau, which was annexed. I learn with
+pleasure what you tell me relative to the object, which induced me to
+urge your departure. I hope you will not delay to give me, in this
+respect, details yet more satisfactory, and perfectly conformable to
+the intentions I have unfolded to you.</p>
+
+<p>M. Cottineau represents to me the extreme inconvenience, which results
+from the impossibility of putting on shore the sick and wounded among
+the prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>I think it would be proper that you might see with prudence and
+discretion, if it would not be possible to obtain permission of the
+Admiralty; but it would be necessary, in order to ask it, to be very
+sure beforehand that you will not be refused.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">You know the truth of my inviolable sentiments.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, November 12th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have just received orders from the Minister of the Marine, which I
+must communicate to you, and it is necessary that you return here
+immediately. You will please to say to Mr Jones, that he ought not to
+set sail before I have imparted to him the instructions, which have
+been sent, as it will be necessary to suspend his departure till a new
+order; but not to lose an instant in hastening the repairs.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">November 13th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I was at the Texel with the Commodore, to adjust affairs
+with a Commissioner of the Admiralty, as to the light-house dues, so
+as to satisfy everybody; but this morning the Dutch Vice-Admiral
+sought me in his boat, to repeat to me what he had already said to the
+Commodore, that he ought to depart with the first good wind; in
+consequence, I have been with Captain Ricot and the commandant of the
+Scarborough on board of the French cutter to adjust things, of which I
+will give a verbal account to your Excellency.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, November 17th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>They write me from the Hague, that the States of Holland adopted
+yesterday, by a majority, a resolution to compel Mr Jones to depart. I
+inform you of it, that you may lose no time in returning to the Texel
+and executing the necessary arrangements.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, December 9th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th and 17th of November, the French Ambassador having given
+us a meeting at Amsterdam, apprized us of the intention of the King,
+to wit, that the cruise should terminate at the Texel, and that the
+prizes should be conducted into France by two French Captains of the
+squadron. Captain Jones on his part had an order from Dr Franklin to
+go on board the Alliance. On the 18th and 19th we returned to the
+Texel. The following days we effected these changes. The Dutch
+Vice-Admiral (a decided tory, who had succeeded the brave Captain
+Riemersma, a good republican and friend to the Americans) perceived it
+and disturbed us very much, particularly after having received the
+resolution of the 19th of November, and the instructions of his Court
+on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>Every day he pressed and threatened us, though the wind was always
+contrary. On the 24th of November,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span> among others, the officer second
+in command came to read to us a paper, which he afterwards put in his
+pocket. I had anticipated the contents, and made, on my part, a
+writing, which I likewise read to him as follows.</p>
+
+<p>"The Commodore loses not a moment in providing for his departure with
+the first good wind, in his vessel, the Alliance, and he will give the
+signal for departure to the others, which will follow him if they can.
+He thinks he cannot give a stronger proof of his respect for the
+resolution of their High Mightinesses. Thus the threats of the
+Vice-Admiral are superfluous and against the very terms of this
+resolution of their High Mightinesses. He cannot go on board any other
+vessel than the Alliance, without counteracting the designs of his
+superiors.</p>
+
+<p>"As to the prizes, the placard of 1756, and of course the designs of
+their High Mightinesses, are scrupulously observed, in that they have
+not disposed of or changed anything, and that when they depart they
+may be recaptured. I require for the future every order or threat in
+writing, in order to send copies to the General Congress and to Dr
+Franklin."</p>
+
+<p><em>November 28th.</em> Having sent again to hasten us, I made him confess
+with a loud voice, in presence of our crew, and of his own rowers,
+that he required an impossibility; a declaration which I made the
+pilot sign afterwards. Then he let us alone during ten days.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 8th.</em> The wind appearing favorable, his officer found us
+ready to depart; but the wind changing, it was necessary to cast
+anchor again, after it had been already weighed.</p>
+
+<p>By the extract of the resolution of the 26th November you will see,
+Gentlemen, that the Stadtholder had taken on him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span>self to apply to the
+Alliance only, what had been resolved in regard to the whole squadron,
+and especially to the prizes; that the States-General have approved
+it, and that thus they have thought they might dispense with
+consulting the Province of Holland on this new case. They are not
+content with this arbitrary procedure, and will make new protests,
+copies of which they have promised to furnish me. The others on their
+side appear to think that they have gone too far, as may be seen by
+the letter of the Vice-Admiral, which certainly is not written without
+order. As to the arrangement made on the 16th and 17th, I suspend my
+opinion till I see where the whole will end. But I highly applauded Mr
+Jones for having answered the Dutch Admiral as he did.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">December 10th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>The following intelligence will show in what manner the States-General
+have proceeded respecting Sir Joseph Yorke's demand for the seizure of
+Paul Jones's prizes.</p>
+
+<p><em>Leyden, November 25th.</em> "The publicity of the claims, which Sir J.
+Yorke, Ambassador of Great Britain, has made by order of his Court on
+the occasion of the entry of Paul Jones with his prizes into the Road
+of the Texel, having excited the attention of Europe to this affair,
+on which subject the spirit of party on both sides has spread sundry
+unfounded reports, we think ourselves under obligation to communicate
+to our readers the definitive resolution, which the States-General
+took in relation to it last Friday; a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span> resolution which reconciles the
+most scrupulous obligations of neutrality with the friendship which
+subsists between Great Britain, and this Republic. Here is the
+translation of it.</p>
+
+<p>'<em>Wednesday, Nov. 19th, 1779.</em> Having deliberated by resolution on the
+Memorial presented by Sir Joseph Yorke, Ambassador Extraordinary and
+Plenipotentiary of his Majesty, the King of Great Britain, to their
+High Mightinesses, on the 29th of last month, to renew in pursuance of
+the precise orders of his said Majesty, the most urgent instances for
+the seizure and restitution of two of the King's ships, Serapis and
+Countess of Scarborough, as well as for the release of their crews,
+which a certain Paul Jones had seized, as is more fully related in the
+registers under date of the 29th of last month, it has been resolved
+and determined to answer the aforesaid Memorial of Sir Joseph Yorke;
+that upon the reiterated instances which the Ambassador has made, by
+order of his Court, for the seizure and restitution of the ships
+Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, as well as for the release of the
+crews of said vessels, which a certain Paul Jones has taken, and with
+which he has entered into the Road of the Texel, their High
+Mightinesses have repeatedly taken into mature consideration all the
+circumstances of this affair, and they find themselves under the
+necessity of requesting his Majesty to consent, that their High
+Mightinesses should persist in their ancient maxim, which is, that
+without interfering in any decision upon the legality or illegality of
+prizes brought into their ports, they should compel them to put to
+sea, their High Mightinesses judging, that this maxim itself is
+founded on treaties.</p>
+
+<p>'But for evident proof that they do not desire, that any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span> supplies may
+be furnished from this country to the inhabitants of his Majesty's
+American Colonies, they gave orders immediately on the arrival of Paul
+Jones, that he should not be furnished with any munitions of war or
+other articles, except those of which he would have need in order to
+put to sea, and reach the nearest port in which he might be admitted.
+That their High Mightinesses will also give orders, that he set sail
+as soon as his vessels can put to sea, and when wind and weather will
+permit, and even will compel him in case it should be required. That
+their High Mightinesses are assured, that it will be evident thereby,
+that they persist invariably in the declaration made to his Majesty,
+"that they desire to do nothing from which it might lawfully be
+inferred, that they recognize the independence of the Colonies of his
+Majesty in America," and that they grant to Paul Jones neither
+supplies nor harbor, but that following solely the treatment which
+they have at all times been accustomed to give to those, who come into
+their Roads to obtain for a time shelter against the disasters of the
+sea, they do not concern themselves with what passes on the sea, and
+without taking cognizance of it, they leave and cause to be restored
+everything to the state in which it was a short time before the
+vessels came into the country. That their High Mightinesses flatter
+themselves, that his Majesty and the English nation, for whom their
+High Mightinesses have all possible respect, will be satisfied with
+these dispositions, without insisting further on the claim they have
+made; that an extract from the resolution of their High Mightinesses
+will be sent to Sir Joseph Yorke, by the agent, Vander Burch de
+Spierinxhoek.</p>
+
+<p>'That, moreover, directions shall be given to the College of Admiralty
+at Amsterdam, to cause it to be signified and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> made known to Paul
+Jones, that their High Mightinesses are assured, that having only put
+in to place his injured vessels in shelter from the dangers of the
+sea, there has been sufficient time to put them in condition for sea,
+and that consequently they desire that he should make sail as soon as
+possible, when the wind and weather shall be favorable, and withdraw
+from this country; forasmuch as their High Mightinesses cannot permit
+him to continue here, and as the season of winter which is approaching
+may create greater inconveniences in this respect; so that to avoid
+them it is necessary that he allow no favorable opportunity to escape
+of putting to sea. That this is the serious intention of their High
+Mightinesses, and that they cannot delay; but if he should not comply,
+it would oblige them to take measures that would not be agreeable to
+him.</p>
+
+<p>'That, however, to allow no mistake on this point, and to prevent
+delays, his Serene Highness will be required, and he is hereby
+required, to give orders to Vice-Admiral Reynst, or to the officer
+commanding in the Roadstead of the Texel to effect with all possible
+discretion that the aforesaid Paul Jones depart with his prizes as
+soon as wind and weather will permit; not to admit any delay in this
+respect, that the nature of the case does not require, and to provide,
+if need be, by all suitable means, not excepting force, that the
+orders of their High Mightinesses be executed in the Roadstead.'"</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, December 11th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I send you the following intelligence relating to further proceedings
+in regard to Captain Paul Jones.</p>
+
+<p>"Circumstances having changed in regard to the squadron of Paul Jones
+in the Texel, the States-General have thought proper to suspend the
+effect of their resolution of the 19th of November, by another, which
+their High Mightinesses adopted on the 26th of the same month. It
+appears that on the 4th inst. they received a letter from the Prince
+Stadtholder, in which his Serene Highness informs them 'that,
+conformably to their said resolution of the 19th of November, he had
+sent the necessary orders to Vice-Admiral Reynst, commanding in the
+Road of the Texel, that he would conduct with all possible discretion,
+and that he would effect by all suitable means, not excepting even
+force, that Paul Jones should put to sea with the vessels under his
+command and with his prizes. But that after Paul Jones had declared he
+was ready to obey the orders of their High Mightinesses, and that as
+soon as he should be in condition he would profit by the first
+occasion to take the sea, it happened on the 25th of November, that
+Vice-Admiral Reynst having sent Captain Van Overmeer on board the
+Serapis, to notify again, in the most formal manner the commanding
+officer, that he must be provided with a pilot, and depart with the
+first favorable wind; he was answered, that this vessel was no longer
+commanded by Paul Jones, but by the French Captain, Cottineau de
+Cosgelin, who had taken possession in the name of the King of France.'
+The Prince Stadtholder referred, be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span>sides, to the letter itself of
+Vice-Admiral Reynst, as well as to the pieces thereto annexed; and his
+Serene Highness added, 'that in awaiting the final orders of their
+High Mightinesses he had provisionally written to Vice-Admiral Reynst
+not to use force till further orders, in regard to those vessels whose
+commanders should prove, that they were provided with a commission
+from the King of France; the preceding orders remaining nevertheless
+in their full force in regard to the Alliance, actually commanded by
+Paul Jones;' and that he at the same time charged the above named
+Vice-Admiral 'to take care that conformably to the Placard of their
+High Mightinesses of the 3d of November, 1756, none of the prisoners,
+who were not brought into the Road on board said ship Alliance, should
+be carried away in this ship;' his Serene Highness flattering himself
+that their High Mightinesses would approve his proceedings in this
+business. Upon which their High Mightinesses having deliberated,
+immediately thanked the Prince Stadtholder for the communication that
+his Serene Highness had made, and approved in all respects his
+procedure in the affair of which he had written them, reserving to
+themselves a further deliberation on the part to be taken on this
+occasion."</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JOHN PAUL JONES TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Alliance, Texel, December 13th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps there are many men in the world, who would esteem as an honor
+the commission, that I have this day<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> refused. My rank from the
+beginning knew no superior in the marine of America; how then must I
+be humbled, were I to accept a letter of marque! I should, Sir, esteem
+myself inexcusable were I to accept, even a commission of equal or
+superior denomination with that I bear, unless I were previously
+authorised either by Congress or some other competent authority in
+Europe, and I must tell you that on my arrival at Brest from my
+expedition, in the Irish Channel, Count d'Orvilliers offered to
+procure for me from Court a commission of Captain des Vaisseaux, which
+I did not then accept for the same reason, although the war between
+France and England was not then begun, and of course the commission of
+France would have protected me from an enemy of superior force.</p>
+
+<p>It is matter of the highest astonishment to me, that after so many
+compliments and fair professions, the Court should offer the present
+insult to my understanding, and suppose me capable of disgracing my
+present commission! I confess that I have not merited all the praise,
+that has been bestowed on my past conduct; but I also feel that I have
+far less merited such a reward! Where profession and practice are so
+opposite, I am no longer weak enough to form a wrong conclusion. They
+may think as they please of me; for when I cannot continue my esteem,
+praise or censure from any man is to me a matter of indifference.</p>
+
+<p>I am much obliged to them, however, for having at least fairly opened
+my eyes and enabled me to discover truth from falsehood.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoners shall be delivered, agreeably to the orders which you
+have done me the honor to send me from his Excellency the American
+Ambassador in France.</p>
+
+<p>I will also, with great pleasure, not only permit a part<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span> of my seamen
+to go on board the ships under your Excellency's orders, but I will
+also do my utmost to prevail with them to embark freely; and if I can
+now or hereafter, by any other honorable means facilitate the success
+or the honor of his Majesty's arms, I pledge myself to you as his
+Ambassador, that none of his own subjects would bleed in his cause
+with greater freedom than myself, an American.</p>
+
+<p>It gives me the more pain, Sir, to write this letter, as the Court has
+enjoined you to propose what would destroy my peace of mind, and my
+future veracity in the opinion of the world.</p>
+
+<p>When <em>with the consent of Court</em>, and by order of the American
+Ambassador, I gave American commissions to French officers, I did not
+fill up those commissions to command privateers! nor even for a rank
+<em>equal</em> to that of their commissions in the marine of France. They
+were promoted to a rank <em>far superior</em>; and why! not from personal
+friendship, nor from my knowledge of their personal abilities, the men
+and their characters being entire strangers to me, but from the
+respect which I believed America would wish to show for the service of
+France. While I remained eight months at Brest, seemingly forgotten by
+the Court, many commissions, such as that in question, were offered to
+me; and I believe, (when I am in pursuit of plunder,) I can still
+obtain such a one without application to Court.</p>
+
+<p>I hope, Sir, that my behavior through life will ever entitle me to the
+continuance of your good wishes and opinion, and that you will take
+occasion to make mention of the warm and personal affection, with
+which my heart is impressed towards his Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>JOHN PAUL JONES TO B. FRANKLIN.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Alliance, Texel, December 13th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have this day had the honor to receive your Excellency's orders of
+the 6th current, respecting the prisoners taken in merchant ships,
+and, at present, on board the Alliance. And I hope that the within
+copy of my letter to the Duc de la Vauguyon will meet your
+approbation; for I am persuaded, that it could never be your intention
+or wish, that I should be made the fool of any great R&mdash;&mdash; whatsoever,
+or that the commission of America should be overlaid by the dirty
+piece of parchment, which I have this day rejected! They have played
+upon my good nature too long already; but the spell is at last
+dissolved. They would play me off with assurances of the personal and
+particular esteem of the King, to induce me to do what would render me
+contemptible, even in the eyes of my own servants! Accustomed to speak
+untruths themselves, they would also have me give, under my hand, that
+I am a liar and a scoundrel! They are mistaken, and I could tell them
+what you did your wayward servant, "We have too contemptible an
+opinion of one another's understanding to live together." I could tell
+them too, that if M. de C&mdash;&mdash; had not taken such sage precaution to
+keep me honest by means of his famous <em>concordat</em>, and to support me
+by means of so many able colleagues, these great men would not now
+have been reduced to such mean shifts, for the prisoners would have
+been landed at Dunkirk the day that I entered the Texel, and I should
+have brought in double the number.</p>
+
+<p>We hear that the enemy still keeps a squadron cruising<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> off here; but
+this shall not prevent my attempts to depart whenever the wind will
+permit. I hope we have recovered the trim of this ship, which was
+entirely lost during the last cruise; and I do not much fear the enemy
+in the long and dark nights of this season. The ship is well manned,
+and shall not be given away.</p>
+
+<p>I have sent to Congress three copies of my late transactions in
+Europe, down to the 7th of this month, and M. Dumas has undertaken to
+forward them.</p>
+
+<p>I need not tell you I will do my utmost to take prisoners and prizes
+in my way from hence.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am ever, with sentiments of the most lively affection and esteem,
+your Excellency's most obliged, and most humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Alliance, December 13th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have received your esteemed favor from Amsterdam. I leave the
+enclosed letter for his Excellency, Dr Franklin, open for your
+perusal; I also send a copy of my letter to the Duc de la Vauguyon. I
+shall be glad of your remarks on both. The occasion that produced them
+was the most extraordinary that ever happened to me; and language
+cannot express my astonishment at so unworthy a proposition.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Adieu, my dear friend. I am, in cool blood, yours,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>VICE-ADMIRAL REYNST TO JOHN PAUL JONES.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, December 17th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I made a request to you yesterday, that you would take the trouble to
+come on board my vessel, from which you excused yourself; and again
+this morning. I also make request by this present, that you will have
+the goodness to inform me how I ought to consider the Alliance, on
+board of which you are; as a vessel of the King of France or of
+America? In the first case, I expect you will show me the commission
+of his Majesty, and that you will hoist the French flag and pendant,
+confirming it with a salute from your guns; and, in the second case, I
+expect that you will not neglect any opportunity to depart according
+to the orders of their High Mightinesses.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">P. H. REYNST.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JOHN PAUL JONES TO VICE-ADMIRAL P. H. REYNST.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Alliance, Texel, December 17th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>In answer to the letter, which you have done me the honor to write me
+this day, I must observe, that I have no orders to hoist the flag of
+France on board the Alliance; nor can I take upon me to hoist, in this
+port, any other than American colors, unless I receive orders for that
+purpose from his Excellency, Benjamin Franklin.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, it is my wish to find a favorable opportunity to sail
+from hence; and whenever the pilot will take upon him to conduct this
+ship to sea, I will give him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span> my best assistance. Should I receive any
+new orders, I shall not fail to communicate my situation to you.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Alliance, Texel, December 17th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p>I am, my Dear Sir, to acknowledge your sundry kind favors from
+Amsterdam. I thank you for your advice, which, by my last, as well as
+the enclosed, you will see I had followed before the appearance of
+your letters. Let not that circumstance disquiet you; for I have made
+myself some compliments on my thinking in many points so like you.
+Know me always your affectionate friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>M. DE LIVONCOURT, FRENCH NAVY AGENT AT AMSTERDAM, TO JOHN PAUL JONES.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Helder, December 17th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I thank you for your politeness in communicating to me what
+Vice-Admiral Reynst had written you. I perceive by this letter, that
+you would give great pleasure, if you would display the royal flag.
+Meanwhile, I can make no more entreaty, if you persist in not using
+the commission, which I was charged to send you. Reflect that all the
+French here, in the service of the King, have strongly at heart to
+maintain the Republic in sentiments favorable to the allies of his
+Majesty. It is in conformity with these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> views, and for the good of
+the common cause, and only for this transient object, that the
+commission, for the origin of which you imagine a thousand ill-natured
+motives, and which, finally, you refuse to accept, has been addressed
+to you.</p>
+
+<p>You know all that I have had the honor to say to you on this subject
+has been as well for your personal quiet, as for the honor and
+satisfaction of the common allies.</p>
+
+<p>I am still at your service, if you desire it, and I will continue to
+act with the same earnestness as heretofore for the advantage of this
+cause, and for your own interests. The Ambassador has expressed to you
+the same sentiments. My dispositions and my orders are entirely
+conformed thereto.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DE LIVONCOURT.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Alliance, at Sea, December 27th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am here, with a good wind at east, under my best American colors. So
+far you have your wish. What may be the event of this critical moment,
+I know not. I am not, however, without good hopes. Through the
+ignorance or drunkenness of the old pilot, the Alliance was last night
+got foul of a Dutch merchant ship, and I believe the Dutchman cut our
+cable.</p>
+
+<p>We lost the best bower anchor, and the ship was brought up with the
+sheet anchor so near the shore, that this morning I have been obliged
+to cut the cable, in order to get clear of the shore, and that I might
+not lose this opportunity of escaping from Purgatory.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span>I wish Mr Hoogland would have the sheet and best bower anchors taken
+up, that they may either be sent to France, or sold, as M. de
+Neufville may find most expedient.</p>
+
+<p>The pilot knows where the anchors lie, and unless he assists willingly
+in taking them up, he ought not, in my opinion, to be paid for his
+service on board here.</p>
+
+<p>Adieu, my dear friend. Present my best respects to your family, and to
+the good patriot; and believe me to be always affectionately yours,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, December 30th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>This day I have received a letter from Captain Jones, of which a copy
+is here joined. I hope in a short time to hear of his safe arrival.
+The prizes, Serapis and Scarborough, and the two French ships, Pallas
+and Vengeance, are still riding under French colors and captains.</p>
+
+<p>The good Alliance, while here, has caused me much anxiety and trouble.
+Now she leaves me exposed to the ill-nature of my old foes in this
+country, whom, however, I dread not so much as certain false friends,
+highly incensed now against me, for not having found me as blind and
+complaisant to their particular views as they had expected I would be.
+The formal confirmation by Congress of my character as agent of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span>
+United States, which I have already spoken of in my former despatches,
+and which I must entreat you to procure for me, will silence them.
+Indeed I cannot be quiet nor safe without such a testimonial.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Passy, January 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I received yours of the tenth instant. I shall be glad to learn how
+the taking of the Dutch ships has been accommodated. We have yet no
+news of the Alliance, but suppose she is cruising. We are more in pain
+for the Confederacy, which sailed on the 28th of October, from the
+Capes of Delaware. There is some hope that she went to Charleston, to
+take in Mr Laurens, as some passengers arrived in France, who left
+Philadelphia several weeks after her sailing, say it was a general
+opinion she would call there before she departed for Europe.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p>
+
+<p>I send you enclosed a translation of a letter, which I think I sent
+you the original of before. Perhaps it may serve our Leyden friend.</p>
+
+<p>I am sorry you have any difference with the Ambassador, and wish you
+to accommodate it as soon as possible. Depend upon it that no one ever
+knew from me, that you had spoken or written against any person. There
+is one, concerning whom I think you sometimes receive erroneous
+information. In one par<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span>ticular, I know you were misinformed, that of
+his selling us arms at an enormous profit; the truth is, we never
+bought of him.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am ever, with great esteem, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">B. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> See the history of the voyage of the Confederacy in
+<em>John Jay's Correspondence</em>, Vol. VII. p. 174.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 15th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last letter of the 30th of December, the ice has so
+obstructed our waters, and my ill health has been such, as not to
+permit me to write till now. I send you herewith the plan of a treaty
+to be concluded between the United States and the Seven United
+Provinces of the Low Countries, as soon as the circumstances will
+permit it. A great deal of its materials has been furnished me by the
+Pensionary of Amsterdam, who, as well as Dr Franklin, has examined and
+corrected it. If Congress shall be pleased to do the same, and send me
+the plan back again, with powers to carry on a negotiation on such
+terms, then nothing will remain but to watch opportunities, which may
+perhaps very soon present themselves.</p>
+
+<p>I am told that Mr Laurens will soon come over here as Plenipotentiary.
+I shall be very glad of it, and promise to be his <em>fidus Achates</em> in
+every sense, for the public as well as his own service.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 21st, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Honored since many years with the correspondence and friendship of Dr
+Franklin, I received in April, 1776, by an express, (Mr Thomas Story,)
+instructions and credentials from the Committee of Foreign Affairs,
+signed B. Franklin, J. Dickenson, and J. Jay, at Philadelphia, dated
+December 9th and 12th, for founding the dispositions of the several
+European Courts towards the American confederates, and making
+proposals of intercourse and alliance to those I should find inclined
+to accept them; "recommending to my discretion, to proceed in this
+affair with such caution, as to keep the same from the knowledge of
+the English Ambassador, and prevent any public appearance, <em>at
+present</em>, of my being employed in any such business, as thereby they
+imagine many inconveniences may be avoided, and my means of rendering
+service to America increased. They sent me, <em>for the present</em>,
+enclosed a bill for one hundred pounds sterling to defray expenses,
+and <em>desired me to be assured, that my services will be considered and
+honorably rewarded by Congress</em>." By another letter of the 2d of
+March, 1776, Dr Franklin "recommended to my correspondence, the
+bearer, Mr Silas Deane."</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime I had addressed myself to the Court of France, with a
+deep interest in your concerns, and to the account I gave the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs of my negotiation, Dr Franklin answered
+in the following terms on the 1st of October;&mdash;"I have just time to
+acknowledge the receipt of your two packets, with the pamphlets
+enclosed, the contents of which are very satisfactory. You<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> will hear
+from me more fully in a little time." He soon after came over, and
+brought me a letter from the same committee, signed Robert Morris,
+Richard H. Lee, J. Witherspoon, W. Hooper, wherein they expressly
+"<em>desire me to continue that correspondence</em>, which he had opened and
+conducted, and they write me <em>on behalf of Congress, requesting to
+hear from me frequently</em>, promising me the reimbursement of expenses,
+and a reasonable <em>allowance</em> for my time and trouble in <em>this
+agency</em>." The committee wrote me two other letters, August 8th, 1777;
+and May 14th, 1778, in the latter of which they "acknowledge that I
+had so early and warmly espoused their cause, and aided it with such
+judgment and resolution, that they shall write particularly to the
+gentlemen at Paris, respecting the injuries I had received from their
+enemies, and shall instruct them to pay the strictest attention to the
+engagements made to me in behalf of Congress, at the commencement of
+our correspondence."</p>
+
+<p>By some dark man&oelig;uvres of those enemies, who by intercepters and
+spies had got at last some general knowledge of my operations, I had
+been defrauded not only of the sum of six hundred pounds sterling due
+to me, but also of a livelihood, which had rendered me hitherto,
+yearly, three hundred pounds sterling. However, I did not apply to the
+Commissioners for the above sum; and after having received for the
+course of the whole year, 1777, only one hundred pounds sterling, I
+obtained two hundred pieces a year for 1778, and twenty five pieces
+more for the ordinary charges and expenses of the following years.
+With this small sum of two hundred and twenty five pieces to live on
+in a country like this, I have been obliged, not only to dismiss my
+servant, but to make other reductions in my house,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span> which makes my
+little family, as well as myself, unhappy, because they apprehend I
+have undone them. I keep them up, however, with the confidence I have
+in the justice and magnanimity of Congress, who, when affairs become
+more prosperous, will not forget me, nor my daughter, a good child of
+thirteen years old, who, from the beginning of this war, has been
+taught to pray fervently for the United States.</p>
+
+<p>This State, by its constitution, can make no war, nor any treaty with
+a sovereign power, without a unanimity of all its provinces and
+cities. And as there is a very strong party in favor of England, there
+is not the least probability that they will conclude a treaty with the
+United States, before England permits them to do so by setting them
+the example. The only, but very necessary thing, therefore, which
+remained to be done here, was to hinder the English from drawing this
+Republic into their quarrel, which, by her immense wealth and public
+credit would have had very bad consequences against America. And to
+this your humble servant has greatly and daily co-operated these three
+years past. We found a very weak opposition, which is now strong
+enough to resist the torrent.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the Commissioners at Paris, to whom I constantly communicate
+all that passes, Mr William Lee, who, from September, 1776, to May,
+1779, was my correspondent, knew my exertions. He wrote to me so early
+as December 26, 1777, in these terms. "Though I have not for some time
+past, had the pleasure of your correspondence, yet I have not been a
+stranger to your continued exertions in the cause of humanity and
+liberty, for which thousands yet unborn will bless your memory." Even
+with respect to a treaty, I left the matter not untried. For<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span>
+immediately after the conclusion of the treaty between the United
+States and France, I concerted with the city of Amsterdam and the
+Commissioners at Paris to communicate the said treaty, by means of the
+Great Pensionary of Holland, to their High Mightinesses, together with
+a letter of Dr Franklin to the Great Pensionary, inviting them to
+treat on the same footing, <em>mutatis mutandis</em>, whenever they should
+think fit; on which an answer was politely declined for the present.
+Of this curious transaction, I sent at that time, an account to Paris,
+as well as to the Committee of Foreign Affairs. One of the letters of
+the First Pensionary of Amsterdam, our great and worthy friend, dated
+July 31, 1778, has been translated, and printed in the Baltimore
+Journal, with these words at the head of it, "<em>Letter of a steady
+friend of America, at the Hague.</em>" I have besides in my power the
+proofs of all this in several letters of the honorable gentlemen at
+Paris and at Amsterdam. Mr William Lee knew this too, when he
+concerted with M. de Neufville, a merchant of Amsterdam, at Francfort
+first, and then at Aix la Chapelle, unknown to me, to get a
+Declaration from M. Van Berckel, the Pensionary, of the friendly
+dispositions of the city of Amsterdam, which this good gentleman
+delivered, thinking Mr William Lee was one of the Commissioners at
+Paris. A like Declaration M. Van Berckel delivered to me on the 23d of
+September, 1778,<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> with an explanatory letter of the expression,
+<em>dès que l'indépendence des Etats-Unis en Amérique sera reconnue par
+les Anglais</em>, because I told him, such a condition would hurt the
+honorable Congress, and make them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> pay no attention at all to a
+Declaration, which would appear to them insignificant. Both the
+Declaration and letter<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> will be found in the records of the
+Committee aforesaid, to whom I sent copies of them towards the end of
+1778. As to the sketching and proposing a treaty, his opinion and mine
+also were, that it was premature at that time; and therefore we
+postponed it till the last summer, when he delivered me some papers,
+out of which, and of the French treaty, I have made the sketch,
+reviewed afterwards and corrected by him and by Dr Franklin, of which
+I have despatched on the 19th of this month three different copies to
+the Committee aforesaid, and which I expect back again, with the
+corrections of Congress, and with instructions and credentials for
+proposing it on the first opportunity, which in the meantime I am
+carefully watching.</p>
+
+<p>It is with a very painful concern I mention to your Excellency this
+attempt of Mr Lee to undermine me in this manner; when I thought he
+had enough ado to fulfil his commissions through Germany, and
+therefore was very open and unaware in my letters to him. It is with
+the same concern, I learn just now by a letter of a very worthy
+servant of the United States, that his brother Arthur Lee, has
+complained against me in a Memorial to Congress, as if I had extolled
+Dr Franklin at his expense in the Leyden Gazette. Whoever told him so,
+has told him an absolute falsehood. This assertion may perhaps
+receive, even in his own mind, additional strength, by my ingenuously
+telling him, however, that his being at enmity with Dr Franklin, will
+not hinder me to retain still in my bosom a most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> tender respect and
+love for the latter. I am sure he will do the same when dispassionate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I recommend myself to the protection of Congress, and
+am with the deepest respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> See this letter and the Declaration in the
+<em>Correspondence of the Commissioners in France</em>, Vol. I. pp. 456, 457,
+483.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The Explanatory Letter is missing, but a letter from the
+Commissioners in relation to the subject of it may be seen as above,
+<a href="#Page_476">p. 476</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Passy, March 29th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>It is some time since I have written to you, having nothing material
+to communicate; but I received duly your letters of February 1st,
+18th, 25th, March 2d, 11th, 13th, 17th, and 23d; and thank you for the
+intelligence they contain. The last this minute came to hand, and I
+shall answer it separately.</p>
+
+<p>I pray you to assure M. &mdash;&mdash; of my respect, and that it was only on
+one packet for him that I put my name, when I thought to have sent it
+by a friend. The baseness of the post-office opening it surprises me.
+No other letter for him has since passed through my hands. If any
+others come to me for him, I shall send them under cover to you.</p>
+
+<p>I forwarded your letter to Captain Jones. I do not know which of his
+English pilots it was, mentioned in yours to &mdash;&mdash;. I know he has been
+generous to an excess with them. Explain to me, if you please, the
+fact that is the subject of that letter, and who Mr Gordon is.</p>
+
+<p>I am curious to know what the States will do about the confiscation of
+the goods taken in Byland's convoy.</p>
+
+<p>I received your large packets; that for Captain Jones shall be
+carefully sent to him. I thank you for the philo<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span>sophical pieces,
+which I will read attentively as soon as I have time. The original
+acts of confederation are very curious, and will be acceptable to
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am ever, my Dear Sir, yours affectionately,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">B. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, April 13th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since the Memorial presented to their High Mightinesses by the
+Plenipotentiary of Russia, (of which, as well as of the
+Declaration<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> of his Court to those of Versailles, Madrid, and
+London, I join here copies in the Leyden Gazette,) the Provincial
+States of Holland are deliberating on the invitation of the Empress,
+and I am sure (knowing it from a very good hand) the resolution of
+this Province will be taken within the next week, agreeably to the
+views of the Empress, and to the general wishes of all good men. Now
+as the resolutions of this Province are commonly adopted by the
+others, there is very good hope that this Republic will take a step,
+which must accelerate a general pacification.</p>
+
+<p>This intelligence is thought, not only by myself, but by many others,
+very important for the United States. The most devoted partisans of
+the English Court here, seeing that they cannot, without rendering
+themselves too odious, prevent such a resolution from being taken, do
+what they can to enervate it by obscure and ambiguous expressions,
+which they propose to be inserted; but our good men take care to sweep
+the dust which the others throw in their way.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span>As to the two other objects, which at present take up this Republic,
+viz. the unlimited convoys, and the assistance which the English Court
+demands from this Republic, the Province of Holland has already,
+several weeks ago, unanimously resolved the former, and declined
+granting the succors, as being not within the <em>casus f&oelig;deris</em> by
+this war. To this resolution the Provinces of Friesland, Overyssel,
+and Groningen, have successively acceded; and it is expected the three
+others will do the same.</p>
+
+<p>I advised the Committee of Foreign Affairs by my letter of June 21st,
+1779, to think of sending here, <em>aliquem e medio vestrum pietate
+gravem ac meritis virum</em>; it is now time for such a man to be here, at
+first incognito, till it should be proper to display the character of
+Plenipotentiary. Some American friends here have told me, that Mr
+Laurens, formerly President of Congress, was designed to come over for
+this purpose. I should be very glad to have him already arrived.
+Whenever he comes, he may dispose of my faithful services.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> See this Declaration and the Memorial in <em>John Adams's
+Correspondence</em>, Vol. IV. pp. 488, 490.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Passy, April 23d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am much pleased with the account you give me of the disposition with
+which the proposals from the Empress of Russia have been received, and
+desire to be informed from time to time, of the progress of that
+interesting business.</p>
+
+<p>I shall be glad to hear of your reconciliation with &mdash;&mdash; because a
+continuance of your difference will be extremely inconvenient. Permit
+me to tell you frankly, what I formerly hinted to you, that I
+apprehend you suffer yourself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> too easily to be led into personal
+prejudices, by interested people, who would engross all our confidence
+to themselves. From this source have arisen, I imagine, the charges
+and suspicions you have insinuated to me, against several who have
+always declared a friendship for us in Holland. It is right that you
+should have an opportunity of giving the <em>carte du pays</em> to Mr
+Laurens, when he arrives in Holland. But if in order to serve your
+particular friends, you fill his head with these prejudices, you will
+hurt him and them, and perhaps yourself. There does not appear to me
+the least probability in your supposition, that the &mdash;&mdash; is an enemy
+to America.</p>
+
+<p>Here has been with me a gentleman from Holland, who was charged, as he
+said, with a verbal commission from divers cities, to inquire whether
+it was true, that Amsterdam had, as they heard, made a treaty of
+commerce with the United States, and to express in that case their
+willingness to enter into a similar treaty. Do you know anything of
+this? What is become, or likely to become of the plan of treaty,
+formerly under consideration?</p>
+
+<p>By a letter from Middlebourg, to which the enclosed is an answer, a
+cargo seized and sent to America, as English property, is reclaimed
+partly on the supposition, that free ships make free goods. They ought
+to do so between England and Holland, because there is a treaty which
+stipulates it; but there being yet no treaty between Holland and
+America to that purpose, I apprehend that the goods being declared by
+the Captain to be English, a neutral ship will not protect them, the
+law of nations governing in this case as it did before the treaty
+abovementioned. Tell me if you please your opinion.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With sincere esteem and affection, I am ever,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">B. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, May 21st, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The express sent to Petersburg, with the answer of the States-General,
+has not yet returned. In the meantime it is known here by a despatch
+of the Resident of the Republic at Petersburg, that the news of the
+Provincial Resolution of Holland, which always gives the tone to the
+others, has caused there a very agreeable sensation, not only to the
+Court of Russia, flattered to see the Republic enter into its views,
+but also to the foreign Ministers resident there; and that the
+Prussian Minister, above all, expressed himself very strongly on the
+insolence of the English, and on the indignity of their procedure to
+the Republic; in fine, that the system of the armed neutrality to
+humiliate the English, gains force more and more at the Court, and
+among the powers; which is very visible in the conversations among the
+ministers.</p>
+
+<p>I wrote some days ago to Amsterdam, to advise them to offer to the
+State every fifth sailor of their merchant ships, in order to take
+away the pretext for the scarcity of sailors in the fleet of the
+Republic; and I recommended to them to prevent evil minded persons
+presenting a counter address. They answered me, that the address
+demands of the States the prompt protection of commerce, and offers
+them whatever they may wish to draw from that commerce, whether it be
+the every fifth or third seaman; and that though all have not signed
+it, no one will dare to oppose it. This address will be presented next
+week; and if I can have a copy of it soon enough, I will add hereto a
+copy or translation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span>We flatter ourselves soon to see Mr Laurens arrive here, as we have
+been assured. It is time for the politics as well as for the credit of
+America that some person, as distinguished as himself, should come
+here. He cannot yet display a public character; but his presence will
+do none the less good among the friends of America in this country. I
+wish he was already with us.</p>
+
+<p>I was going, Sir, to close this packet, when I received the visit of
+M. Van de Perre, partner of M. Meyners, who form together the most
+eminent commercial house at Middlebourg, in Zealand. He begs me to
+support the claim that he has made through Messrs I. de Neufville &amp;
+Son, and by another way also to Congress on the ship Berkenbos, bound
+from Liverpool to Leghorn, and loaded with herrings and lead for Dutch
+and Italian account, taken by John Paul Jones, Captain of the
+Continental frigate Alliance. M. Van de Perre is of the most
+distinguished family in Zealand, Director of the East India Company,
+nephew of M. Van Berckel, First Counsellor, Pensionary of Amsterdam,
+the brave republican of whom all my letters make mention, and who is
+the great friend of Americans. I have no need to say anything more to
+recommend the affair of this vessel to Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JOHN ADAMS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 6th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I thank you for your letter, in answer to mine of the 21st of May, and
+for your kind congratulations on my arrival here.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span>Mr Brown, with whom you took your walks in the neighborhood of Paris,
+has been gone from home some weeks, on his way hence. I should have
+had much pleasure if I had been one of the party. I have rambled in
+most of the scenes round this city, and find them very pleasant, but
+much more indebted to art than to nature. Philadelphia, in the
+purlieus of which, as well as those of Baltimore and Yorktown, I have
+often sought health and pleasure in the same way, in company with our
+venerable Secretary, Charles Thompson, will in future time, when the
+arts shall have established their empire in the new world, become much
+more striking. But Boston above all, around which I have much oftener
+wandered, in company with another venerable character, little known in
+Europe, but to whose virtues and public merits in the cause of
+mankind, history will do justice, will one day present scenes of
+grandeur and beauty, superior to any other place I have ever yet seen.</p>
+
+<p>The letter of General Clinton, when I transmitted it to you, was not
+suspected to be an imposition. There are some circumstances, which are
+sufficient to raise a question, but I think none of them are
+conclusive, and upon the whole I have little doubt of its
+authenticity. I shall be much mortified if it proves a fiction, not on
+account of the importance of the letter, but the stain that a practice
+so disingenuous will bring upon America. When I first left America,
+such a fiction, with all its ingenuity, would have ruined the
+reputation of the author of it, if discovered, and I think that both
+he and the printer would have been punished. With all the freedom of
+our presses, I really think, that not only the government but the
+populace would have resented it. I have had opportunities of an
+extensive ac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span>quaintance with the Americans, and I must say, in justice
+to my countrymen, that I know not a man that I think capable of a
+forgery at once so able and so base. Truth is indeed respected in
+America, and so gross an affront to her I hope will not, and I think
+cannot go unpunished.</p>
+
+<p>Whether it is genuine or not, I have no doubt of the truth of the
+facts, in general, and I have reasons to believe, that if the secret
+correspondence of Bernard, Hutchinson, Gage, Howe, and Clinton could
+all be brought to light, the world would be equally surprised at the
+whole thread of it. The British administration and their servants have
+carried towards us from the beginning a system of duplicity, in the
+conduct of American affairs, that will appear infamous to the public
+whenever it shall be known.</p>
+
+<p>You have seen Rodney's account of the battle of the 17th of April. The
+sceptre of the ocean is not to be maintained by such actions as this,
+and Byron's, and Keppel's. They must make themselves more terrible
+upon the ocean, to preserve its dominion. Their empire is founded only
+in fear&mdash;no nation loves it. We have no news.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>PROTEST OF THE CITY OF AMSTERDAM.</h3>
+
+<p class="extract"><em>Extracted from the Resolutions of the Council of that City of the
+29th of June, 1780, and inserted in the Acts of the Provincial
+Assembly of Holland, at the Hague, July 1st, 1780.</em></p>
+
+<p>The Deputies of the city of Amsterdam, in the name and on the part of
+their constituents, in order to justify<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span> themselves to posterity, have
+declared in the Assembly of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses that
+their Committee is of opinion that it is necessary, without loss of
+time, to write on the part of their High Mightinesses to M. de Swart,
+their Resident at the Court of Russia, and charge him to enter into a
+conference, the sooner the better, with the Commissioners of her
+Imperial Majesty of Russia, and of other neutral powers in the place
+of his residence and elsewhere, where it shall be judged suitable, in
+order to conclude together a convention for the mutual protection of
+the commerce and navigation of neutral powers, on the basis of the
+declaration made by her Majesty to the belligerent powers, and of the
+resolution adopted on this subject by their High Mightinesses, on the
+24th of April last, adding to it only, that said M. de Swart shall
+take for the rule of his conduct the simplicity which her Imperial
+Majesty of Russia herself has proposed in the explanations which she
+made on five points at the request of his Swedish Majesty, and which
+M. de Swart has communicated to their High Mightinesses, to the end,
+that with such a provisional convention, they would be well pleased to
+decree together the reciprocal protection of the merchant ships of
+each other, which, fortified with the requisite papers shall be
+nevertheless insulted on the sea; so that these merchant vessels being
+in reach of one or more vessels of war of one of the allied powers,
+wherever it may be, they may receive, in virtue of such an alliance,
+any assistance; and that at the same time the contracting powers
+engage to put to sea, provisionally, all the vessels of war they can,
+and to give to the officers who shall command them necessary orders
+and instructions that they may be able to fulfil these general,
+salutary and simple views.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span>And that, further, as to arrangements to be made for the future, which
+may require more particular detail, and which cannot be adjusted with
+the expedition which the present perilous state of the navigation of
+the neutral powers in general, and of this Province in particular
+demands, M. de Swart will reserve all this for a separate article, of
+which her Imperial Majesty of Russia made mention in the above named
+explanations, and that he will declare in regard to this that their
+High Mightinesses have given thereon their final and precise orders,
+in which they will constitute one or more Plenipotentiaries who will
+be able to treat of the necessary arrangements on this subject with
+the neutral powers.</p>
+
+<p>That said constituents, to give greater weight to their present
+advice, add further to the above, that if this advice was rejected,
+and if the affair was negotiated on the basis of the previous opinion,
+exhibited on the 23d of June last, in the Assembly of Holland, the
+consequence of it will be that the Russian squadron, which, according
+to orders of her Imperial Majesty of Russia, must have already put to
+sea, will appear in the seas bordering on this country, without giving
+any protection to the commerce of this country; while, on the other
+side, though commerce has been a long time charged with double duties,
+their High Mightinesses, meantime, grant it no protection, because the
+Colleges of Admiralty of this country profess themselves unable to do
+it, or at least to put to sea sufficient convoys to avoid affronts
+like those which the squadron under the orders of Rear-Admiral de
+Byland had lately endured.</p>
+
+<p>That from this total failure of protection to the navigation of this
+country, on the one side, and from the continual insults of which
+their High Mightinesses every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span> day receive grievous complaints on the
+other, there must naturally ensue an entire suspension of the commerce
+of this country; and thence, it is easy to foresee, that this commerce
+will be diverted and take its course by other European channels, and
+that the burdensome impositions with which it is charged, in order to
+obtain means for its protection being continued, will precipitate its
+ruin.</p>
+
+<p>That in this confusion of affairs, and in the extreme necessity in
+which they find themselves, to take advantage of an offer of
+assistance and succor so generously and magnanimously made and
+proposed by her Imperial Majesty of Russia to this State, on a footing
+so easy and so little burdensome; the Lords Constituents will leave
+posterity to judge of the weight of the reasons alleged by some
+members of the Assembly of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses in the
+deliberation on this subject, as if the acceptance of said means for
+the necessary protection of the commerce of this country, and in
+particular of foreign succor, could be considered a means of drawing
+on a war on the part of those, against whom it is found necessary to
+defend ourselves, in making use of said means to all lawful purposes;
+and as if we ought, for this reason, to decline the said offer of
+assistance, unless her Imperial Majesty of Russia, beside her said
+magnanimous plan of re-establishing the liberty of the seas, will also
+engage with the other neutral powers to guaranty to this nation all
+its possessions fixed and immovable, both in and out of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>That the Lords Constituents will only remark, that in order that such
+an attack on the fixed and immova<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span>ble possessions of the Republic may
+appear likely, it would be necessary at least, to allege some
+plausible reasons or pretexts to defend it, in the eyes of all Europe,
+from the most manifest injustice and violence; whereas it is clear
+that such hostilities could not have any foundation on a protection of
+commerce to which their High Mightinesses find themselves absolutely
+forced by the open violation of the treaty of commerce concluded with
+England in 1674; that thus the probability of an attack of this sort,
+seeing the manifest injustice of such an enterprize, must vanish; and
+this especially, if we consider the great number of enemies that
+England has drawn upon her, and that it would be madness to increase
+the number; that such being the case, the said suppositions are of too
+small weight and too far removed from all probability to refuse the
+means which are offered of protecting the commerce of the subjects of
+the State, and that to refuse an aid so powerful while it is not in a
+condition to protect its commerce by its own unaided forces, will be
+evidently to renounce all protection possible, while the burdensome
+imposts under which commerce, in expectation of some protection, has a
+long time groaned, and still groans, would, against all reason, remain
+in their rigor.</p>
+
+<p>That in addition to this the Lords Constituents will remark further,
+that it appears by the successive despatches of M. de Swart to their
+High Mightinesses on this affair, that he insists strongly on
+hastening the business, and on sending, the sooner the better,
+necessary instructions for this purpose, after the example of Sweden,
+who has already instructed her Minister to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span> conclude the said
+convention. That this is the more necessary because we know that all
+sorts of indirect means are set to work to deprive the Republic of the
+advantage of an alliance so beneficial, and to involve it in a war
+with France.</p>
+
+<p>From this it is clear that such pernicious views will be accomplished,
+if not only they put off the completion of the convention, but also,
+as is but too apparent, if they evade it altogether by making her
+Imperial Majesty of Russia propositions of guaranty, which not only
+are entirely foreign to the plan which this Princess has laid before
+the eyes of Europe, but which her Majesty, in the explanations she has
+given, has roundly declared she would never listen to.</p>
+
+<p>In fine that the Lords Constituents are of opinion, that it is
+necessary to satisfy the wishes of her Imperial Majesty of Russia, by
+making the declaration in question on the part of their High
+Mightinesses to the belligerent powers, and by assuring her Majesty
+that as soon as said convention shall be signed, their High
+Mightinesses will make the said declaration to the Courts of the
+belligerent powers.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime the committee referred thereon to the better advice of the
+honorable Council. On which, having deliberated and the voices having
+been taken, the Burgomasters and Counsellors thanked the committee for
+the trouble they had taken and agreed to the above advice.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">A. VAN HINGELANDT.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>JAMES LOVELL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, July 10th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I know not how I can profess all the regard which I feel for you,
+without appearing, on the one hand, to do it upon slight grounds, or,
+on the other, to have delayed it too long.</p>
+
+<p>I have been steadily in Congress without once visiting my family in
+Boston, since January, 1777, and from May, that year, have been a
+member of the Committee of Foreign Affairs; consequently, I am well
+informed of your truly republican spirit, your particular affection
+for these States, and your industry in their service, most of your
+numerous letters, down to December 30th, 1779, having come to hand.</p>
+
+<p>The honorable gentleman who will deliver this, being also a member of
+Congress, has a just esteem for you, and promises himself much
+advantage from an opportunity of conversing with you. Mr Searle is
+well able to make a due return of the benefits from the fund of his
+intimacy with American state affairs, his extensive commercial
+knowledge, and his science of mankind gained by former travels.</p>
+
+<p>I shall shortly write to you again by another respectable gentleman of
+our assembly, and I will use every means to make him the bearer of
+what you have so rightfully solicited, as a faithful <em>first</em>
+correspondent of our Committee, from whom you will, probably, have
+regular official letters under a new arrangement of a secretaryship,
+which has been vacant from the days of a confusion excited by an
+in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span>discreet and illiberal publication here, on the 5th of December,
+1778, and which you have read with grief.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, I hope you will receive kindly this individual
+testimony of cordial friendship, from, Sir, your very humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JAMES LOVELL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, July 15th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last of the 21st of May, nothing has passed of much interest
+in the Assemblies of this Province, to deserve repetition. I send an
+account of all that passes to Dr Franklin at Paris, almost every post.
+The fitting out of ships of the Republic for convoy goes on slowly,
+and the resolutions in this respect, and for the negotiations with
+Russia, drag equally slow. The English party, led by the English
+Ambassador, and by another person who leads the majority here,
+continue to perplex, delay, and cross everything; and he who is at the
+head of all, follows their impulses. In a word, the English intrigue
+more here than in all Europe besides. The difficulties they excite in
+Germany and foment on the subject of the coadjutor of Munster and
+Cologne, are intended to embarrass this Republic, and hinder it from
+being successfully occupied in the re-establishment of its navy. It
+was in agitation to make choice of a Prince of Austria for coadjutor,
+and, of consequence, for future Elector of Cologne. The King of
+Prussia is opposed to it; and France also. England, in the name of
+Hanover, favored the views of the House of Austria. This may kindle a
+war in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The protest here annexed of the minority in the Chapter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> of Munster,
+is a paper as important as it is well done. I received it in German
+and translated it, and while I am writing this, a copy of it is
+making.</p>
+
+<p>I have nothing more to add, except that a body of ten thousand
+Prussians, quartered in Westphalia, have orders to hold themselves
+ready to march to Munster on the first signal.</p>
+
+<p>The misfortune of Charleston has animated the courage of the
+Anglomanes here, and filled our friends with consternation. I do my
+best to encourage them, and I succeed. In spite of the intrigues of
+the English, they will gain nothing important here, because there must
+be unanimity in the resolutions for war or peace.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, July 22d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>As everything is here in the inactivity of summer, nothing new has
+occurred. The States of the Province of Holland do not assemble till
+the 26th of this month. It is to be wished that we may soon receive
+news from America, which will raise again the courage of the friends
+of the United States, to whom the misfortune of Charleston has caused
+much pain, in proportion as it has reanimated those who favor your
+enemies. The latter, in the meantime, forge and utter every day rumors
+injurious to the United States, such as, that they are about to
+submit. "The Congress," say they, "is disunited and ready to dissolve;
+the southern Provinces successively yield, and they flatter themselves
+in England, that those in the north will follow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span> their example." The
+King himself flatters his Parliament with this idea. I can, for the
+present, only oppose patience to all this, and keep myself mostly out
+of sight; for they look on me as a lost man, and one who will be soon
+abandoned by America herself. Besides, my feeble health, which has not
+been able to resist this shock and a concurrence of many others,
+forces me to this inaction for a time.</p>
+
+<p>Two Plenipotentiaries depart hence to regulate at Petersburg with the
+Empress of Russia, the armed neutrality. The Court of Denmark has
+followed the example of Russia, in making the same declarations to the
+other powers. It appears that the affair of Munster will not trouble
+the peace of Germany. This election must be made the 16th of next
+month, and, probably, the Archduke will be coadjutor.</p>
+
+<p><em>July 24th.</em> The sudden declaration of Denmark, unforeseen by all the
+world, much embarrasses those here who hope to see the armed
+neutrality fail. Amsterdam has protested against sending
+Plenipotentiaries to Petersburg, to whom embarrassing instructions
+have been given. She wishes, with reason, that they would be content
+simply to send full powers to M. de Swart, Resident of the Republic at
+Petersburg, with orders to conform to the resolution of their High
+Mightinesses, which is positive and clear on the accession to said
+armed neutrality. It is expected that Sweden will make, on the first
+opportunity, a like declaration. Then the opposition will not be able
+to force the Republic to recede, without making themselves odious.</p>
+
+<p>We hope by the next post, among other things, to receive good news
+from the combined fleet of the Count de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span> Guichen and Don Solano; as
+also from M. de Ternay, and from the continent.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 24th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I confess myself very remiss in not answering your favor of the 21st
+ultimo sooner. The removal of the Court from Aranjues to this city,
+and a bilious disorder which has oppressed me more than a month, and
+which still afflicts me, have in part, been the reason. I have no news
+to communicate to you, which can console you for our late misfortunes;
+I can assure you, however, that they do not deject me. <em>Per aspera ad
+astra.</em> Heaven does not intend to exempt us from the adversities,
+which have befallen other nations, who struggled for their liberty, by
+giving as almost full and instantaneous enjoyment of it. I have full
+confidence in the perseverance of our countrymen. They will, I hope,
+act with more vigor in consequence of their misfortunes. I have
+received letters from America, dated in the end of April, and the 1st
+of May, which speak of the loss of Charleston as certain, and which
+predict other successes of the enemy in the Northern States, but which
+show no despondency.</p>
+
+<p>I shall pay implicit obedience to the request you make me, with
+respect to your family, and you may rely upon me, when I tell you that
+as long as I have any influence, or any friends in the councils of
+America, they shall not want strenuous advocates, and this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span> letter
+will always be a memento that would put me to the blush, should I be
+deficient in a promise, which I think myself even in justice to my
+country obliged to endeavor to fulfil in the best manner possible. The
+Spanish, or rather allied fleet, has returned to Cadiz, except a few
+vessels which cruise near that port. The Count de Estaing is expected
+at St Ildefonso in about a week, the Count being now at that place. I
+go there this week.</p>
+
+<p>I see that the <em>Courier de l'Europe</em> mentions that Mr Jay has received
+his <em>congé</em>, &amp;c. &amp;c. Not a word of truth. The English papers sent our
+commissioners from France frequently, yet a treaty was made by these
+same <em>congéd</em> commissioners. I have received your cypher safe. Begin
+when you please your observations on men and things. I shall be much
+obliged to you, to separate and seal up all the letters you have ever
+received from me, unless it be this, under a cover for me, which, in
+case of death, which heaven forbid, you will direct to me, delivered
+to my orders.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">My best compliments to your family, and Messrs de Neufville, and
+believe me ever, your friend and servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, July 25th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The 21st of March last I had the honor to write your Excellency a long
+letter on my own concerns, of which I annex here an extract. I add
+here, that when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span> I received the first commission of the committee on
+the part of Congress, dated in December, 1775, in which they honored
+me with their orders and credentials, I did not solicit to be
+employed; I did not even think of it. But chosen and named, by this
+respectable body, in a manner as unexpected as it was definite and
+authentic, to serve essentially the United States, my ardent thoughts
+and life were consecrated with zeal to the cause of the United States.
+Persuaded that it was the cause of humanity, of liberty, and of
+virtue, I have sacrificed everything to this noble service, during
+nearly five years, with all possible zeal and fidelity. The Congress
+also testified to me soon after, that they were well satisfied with my
+services. I have corresponded assiduously since that time with the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs, with the Plenipotentiaries of the United
+States at Paris, and with a number of other servants of America. I
+have raised up, cemented and nourished in Holland a considerable party
+in their favor, whereby I have drawn upon myself the hatred of a party
+more powerful, which wishes to see me perish, and which has already
+done me all the wrong and all the mischief of which it was capable. I
+have participated in the adverse fortune of America, in the just
+confidence that the United States and their Congress will have my
+interest at heart, as I have constantly and successfully had theirs,
+and as their magnanimity, their dignity, and their honor require in
+the eyes of the European public.</p>
+
+<p>I have yet fully this confidence; and it is this which caused me to
+solicit, more than a year since, in several of my letters to the
+Committee of Foreign Af<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span>fairs, a formal confirmation of my agency on
+the part of Congress, for my safety and quiet. I beg, Sir, that you
+will second my request and obtain for me a resolution as favorable as
+my demand is just.</p>
+
+<p>I know that some Americans, whom I honor in other respects, have
+entertained and propagated the idea, that a commission of the
+honorable Committee of Foreign Affairs was not so valid as one of
+Congress. One of them said so to me. I will not, Sir, give myself up
+to an idea so injurious, as to think, that Congress would refuse to
+ratify what their Committee has done; and the engagements it has made,
+but this body is not always composed of the same persons; it has many
+other affairs; it may forget me, and I may be cruelly supplanted,
+abandoned, and consequently at the age of sixty years, ruined with my
+family, without resource and without means. I put, then, my cause into
+the hands of your Excellency, to endeavor to obtain for me, as
+promptly as possible, the satisfaction I desire, and to send me the
+commission I solicit. The service of the United States requires it,
+and this will not interfere with the powers of Minister
+Plenipotentiary, who may be sent here; on the contrary, I shall be
+useful to him, if God spares my life.</p>
+
+<p>One consideration, also, to which I pray Congress to give their
+attention, is that far from being recompensed for my past labors, the
+two hundred and twenty five louis d'ors or guineas which I draw yearly
+for my subsistence and to defray the expenses of journeys, postages,
+&amp;c. charges, which, from prudence, and considering circumstances, I
+have never carried to the account, are not sufficient; and I have been
+obliged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span> constantly to expend my own in addition. Besides my age, the
+privation not only of a copyist, which the service demanded, but even
+of a valet, which I have been obliged also to deny myself in order to
+be able to subsist, for about three years, makes my life extremely sad
+and painful.</p>
+
+<p>In perfect trust that Congress will consent to give attention to my
+petition, and to my state, I commend myself with my wife and daughter
+to their protection.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Ariel, Road of Croix, September 8th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>I dare say, my dear friend, my silence for so long a time must have an
+extraordinary appearance to you, and have excited in your mind various
+conjectures not much to my advantage. I will now endeavor to make some
+atonement by confessing the truth. I have been ashamed to write to you
+on account of the strange variety of events that have taken place, and
+detained me in port, from the 10th of February until this date.</p>
+
+<p>I wish to pass over these events for the present in silence, choosing
+rather to suffer a little ill-natured misconstruction, than to attempt
+explanations before the matters are brought to a proper and final
+decision. I hope it will then appear, that I have been not very fairly
+treated, and that my conduct has been blameless. M. D. C. pursued his
+resentment to such a length as obliged me in April to pay a visit to
+the Minister, greatly against my will at that moment, for I then
+thought myself neglected, and not very well used by him;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span> but I was
+most agreeably undeceived by the very friendly reception I met with.
+My every demand was granted respecting the prizes; it became me
+therefore to be very modest. I found that I had C. alone to thank for
+the altercations at the Texel. I had the happiness to be feasted and
+caressed by all the world at Paris and Versailles, except himself. He,
+however, looked guilty; we did not speak together, not because I had
+any determined objection, for I love his family, but he could not look
+me in the face, and fled whenever chance brought us near each other.</p>
+
+<p>Without studying it, I enjoyed over him a triumph, as great as I could
+wish to experience over Jemmy Twitcher. His Majesty ordered a superb
+sword to be made for me, which I have since received, and it is called
+much more elegant than that presented to the Marquis de Lafayette. His
+Majesty has also written, by his Minister, the strongest letter that
+is possible in approbation of my conduct, to the President of
+Congress, offering to invest me with the Cross, an institution of
+military merit, which I carry with me for that purpose, to the
+Chevalier de la Luzerne. The Minister of Marine has besides addressed
+a very kind letter to myself, and I have also had the like honor shown
+me by the other Ministers. I continue to receive constant marks of
+esteem, and honorable attention from the Court, and the ship I now
+command was lent to the United States in consequence of my
+application. Nothing has detained me from sailing for this past month,
+but that my officers and men are still without wages or prize money.
+There is a strange mystery, which when explained, must surprise you.
+C., who pretends to exercise authority over these moneys, will I fear
+persist in withholding them, till he obliges me to lay a second
+complaint before the Minister against him,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span> and if I am reduced to the
+necessity of this step, he will not come off so well as he has
+hitherto done, on the score of betraying secrets.</p>
+
+<p>I will take care of your packets, and as I expect to remain but two or
+three days longer, I hope to hear from you through the hands of our
+friend R. M. of Philadelphia. Let me know how Mr Round Face, that went
+lately from Paris to the Hague, is proceeding? I understand he has
+gone to Amsterdam. I wish he may be doing good. If he should
+inadvertently do evil, as a stranger, I shall, as his fellow-citizen,
+be very sorry for it, but you being a native will hear of it. I
+confess I am anxious about his situation. The man has a family, and in
+these troublesome times, I wish he were at home to mind his trade and
+his fireside, for I think he has travelled more than his fortune can
+well bear. Present my respects to Madam and the virgin muse. I got
+many little pieces addressed to me while near the Court, but I made
+very little return.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, my dear philosopher, with unalterable regard, yours.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN PAUL JONES.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, September 12th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>There has been a great dearth of news for some time, which is happily
+interrupted by the capture of the English East and West India fleets,
+by the combined fleets of France and Spain, as your Excellency will
+see by the accompanying journals. Important as this event is in
+itself, we consider it here as the presage of what we are to hope<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span> in
+America; the capture of the twelve English vessels bound to Quebec,
+made by the Americans off Newfoundland, and the failure of General
+Kniphausen at Springfield, is an agreeable foretaste of what we may
+expect from the combined operations of the French and Continental
+forces. There is nothing going on here, the States of Holland having
+done nothing in their present session, except to deliberate on a
+petition of the merchants of Amsterdam, for the free passage into
+France of naval stores and copper, by the canals of Flanders and
+Brabant, until the navigation of the Republic is better protected. The
+inaction of the States-General still greater; they are awaiting the
+letters from their Plenipotentiaries, who must have arrived at
+Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>We learn from London, that the King has dissolved the present
+Parliament, and will convoke a new one. In Ireland, although the
+majority of the Parliament are subservient to the Court, the
+associations of the disaffected increase. The Russian, Danish, and
+Swedish squadrons in concert, protect the commerce of their respective
+nations; and this Republic protects nothing. The combined fleet of
+Spain and France is at sea, and is expected to show itself in the
+Channel. The Archduke Maximilian has been chosen coadjutor, and
+consequently future Elector of Cologne, and Bishop of Munster. The
+Prince and Princess of Orange expect daily a visit from the King of
+Sweden, on his return from Spa. The Prince of Prussia is at
+Petersburg; the Emperor is returned to Vienna. The King of Prussia is
+engaged with the review in Silesia.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO B. FRANKLIN.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, October 3d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have just seen our friend. Their High Mightinesses have received a
+courier from Petersburg, with a convention drawn up by the Empress.
+Our friend is well satisfied with the conduct of the Plenipotentiary
+of the Republic and their despatches, which are,</p>
+
+<p>1st. The convention founded on that made between the northern Courts,
+to which are added two articles. One of them has for its object the
+restitution of the vessels taken from the Republic; the other is, that
+in case the Republic should, on account of this convention be
+attacked, molested, or injured, the other powers shall take part and
+make common cause with her and will defend her. To this is added a
+separate article, importing that the design of the armed neutrality
+is, to endeavor as soon as it is perfected, to make peace between the
+belligerent powers.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. The despatches inform us, that the Ministers Plenipotentiary
+learned from the Minister of Prussia, that the English Envoy at
+Petersburg had declared to her Imperial Majesty, that his Court would
+pay due respect to the armed neutrality of the northern powers,
+provided Holland was excluded from it.</p>
+
+<p>Our friend informed me with great pleasure, that this Republic will
+not be able to retreat; that it must sign in spite of the opposition
+of the temporizers, who have now no pretence for delay, without
+rendering themselves absolutely odious, and becoming responsible for
+consequences. The French Ambassador has also received despatches from
+the French Minister at Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span>Our friend has no doubt but the King of Prussia will accede to the
+convention. And, very probably, the Emperor will do the same. For the
+Empress was so well pleased with his visit, that she made him a
+present of a man of war. And we have no longer any doubts of the
+accession of Portugal.</p>
+
+<p>I have it from the best authority, that the Empress will not
+relinquish her simple and noble plan to establish for the nations a
+maritime code equally honorable and beneficial to all. Besides, there
+are two circumstances, which confirm me in this.</p>
+
+<p>1st. The apparent concert between the northern Ministers and those of
+France, Spain, and Prussia, with the cabinet at Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. The orders given in Russia and Sweden, to fit out immediately
+for sea new fleets equal to those they have already fitted out.</p>
+
+<p>The King of Sweden, in his passage here, as well as his whole journey,
+discovered very little regard for the English. A good deal of pains
+was taken to induce him to accept an invitation to sup with Sir Joseph
+Yorke. He supped twice with the French Ambassador, who entertained him
+twice with a play, which was acted at a theatre fitted up for the
+purpose. His Excellency, the Ambassador, was so obliging as to present
+me himself, with six tickets to attend the two plays with my wife and
+daughter.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>EXTRACT OF LETTERS FROM LONDON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">London, October 6th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Henry Laurens was brought to town last night, rather in better
+health. He was lodged that night in the messenger's house in Scotland
+Yard, and denied all sort of communications with his friends, or those
+who wished to speak to him. He was examined at noon at Lord George
+Germain's, and committed by a warrant of Justice Addington, a close
+prisoner to the Tower, with orders that no person whatever should
+speak to him. These people are so foolishly changeable, that most
+likely in a few days the severity of his confinement may be relaxed.
+At present, two men are always in the same room with him, and two
+soldiers without.</p>
+
+<p><em>October 10th.</em> Since my last, of the 6th, there has been no material
+incident relative to Mr Henry Laurens's commitment; nor is the rigor
+of his confinement abated. No person whatever can speak to him, but in
+hearing and sight of the two attendant messengers. It is said, that
+the Secretary of State's order will produce admittance to his room,
+but nothing else. Some of his tory relations, and a Mr Manning, a
+merchant of the city, and a correspondent of Mr Laurens, have made
+attempts to speak to him, but did not succeed. He is wise enough to be
+cautious whom he speaks to. It is generally thought that this rigor
+will be taken off in a few days, and that his friends, who are now
+backward for fear of any stir that may be disadvantageous to him, will
+have admittance. Almost every person is crying out, shame upon this
+sort of treatment of Mr Laurens.</p>
+
+<p><em>October 17th.</em> It was not until the 14th instant, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span> any person
+whatever was permitted to see Mr Laurens in the Tower. On that day,
+after repeated applications for admission, Mr Manning and Mr Laurens
+junior, a youth of sixteen or eighteen years, who has been some years
+at Warrington school, were permitted to see him. An order went signed
+from the three Secretaries of State, Hillsborough, Stormont, and
+Germain, to the Governor of the Tower, permitting the two gentlemen
+above named to visit Mr Laurens for half an hour; the warrant
+expressly intimating that their visit was to be limited to that time,
+and that they could not, a second time, see him without a new order.
+The Governor sent a note to Mr Manning, that he had received such an
+order from the Secretaries of State, and he, with young Laurens, went
+accordingly last Saturday morning. They found him very ill, much
+emaciated, but not low spirited, and bitter against the people of
+England for their harsh treatment of him. He spoke very handsomely of
+Captain Keppel, who took him and the Lieutenant to London; but from
+the period of putting his foot on shore, he was treated with a
+brutality, which he could never expect from Englishmen.</p>
+
+<p>His weakness from sickness, and his agitation on seeing his son, took
+up the first ten of the thirty minutes allowed him to converse with
+his friends. The rest was filled with bitter invectives against the
+authors of his harsh treatment. His outer room is but a very mean one,
+not more than twelve feet square, a dark, close bed-room adjoining,
+both indifferently furnished, and a few books on his table; no pen and
+ink or newspaper has been yet allowed him, but he has a pencil and a
+memorandum book, in which he occasionally notes things. The warden of
+the Tower, and a yeoman of the guard are constantly at his elbow,
+though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span> they never attempt to stop his conversation. Mr Manning and
+his child being the first visitors he has had, perhaps Mr Laurens was
+led to say everything he could of the severity of his treatment, in
+order that it might be known abroad, and contradict the general report
+of his being exceedingly well treated. He has hitherto declined any
+physical advice, or the visits of any of those creatures near him, who
+may be put in with a view to pump. Mr Penn is making application and
+will probably see him. It is doubtful if the son will again get leave.
+His harsh treatment being now pretty generally known, every one is
+crying out shame against it, and they accuse a great personage, known
+by the name of White Eyes, as the immediate author of it.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> For other particulars on this subject, see <em>Franklin's
+Correspondence</em>, Vol. III. pp. 174, 176, 305. Also, <em>Henry Laurens's
+Correspondence</em>, Vol. II. p. 463.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, December 19th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last, they have advised in the States of Holland, not to
+answer at all to the Memorial of Sir Joseph Yorke. This I think is the
+best they can do in these circumstances. But Sir Joseph Yorke has
+presented a new Memorial, as offensive at least as the preceding one,
+and the several provinces are now deliberating on its contents.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>
+But their resolution, I am assured, will not please the British
+Court.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span>I had the honor some days ago of presenting Mr Searle to the French
+Ambassador, and of serving them both as an interpreter in an
+interesting conversation, as to the best method of expelling the enemy
+out of the United States, and of putting a speedy end to the war in
+America. The intention of a majority of fifteen out of the eighteen
+cities of Holland, by disavowing the conduct of Amsterdam concerning
+the projected treaty, is visibly to leave no pretext at all to Great
+Britain for attacking this Republic on other grounds than that of
+resentment for her accession to the armed neutrality.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 26th.</em> The States of this Province have taken unanimously
+the provisional resolve, of putting the <em>project of a treaty</em> between
+the United States and this Republic, together with the letter of the
+city of Amsterdam, concerning the same, into the hands of the
+Provincial Court of Justice, to be examined by them, and to decide <em>if
+there is any constitutional law of the Union, which can be said to
+have been violated by the Regency of Amsterdam in this affair</em>.
+Supposing for a moment, this should be the case, the high sheriff of
+the city would then be requested to pursue the violators of such a
+law. But as this cannot be the case, the said States, who are to
+assemble on the 5th of January, will take the final resolution; 1st,
+of asking satisfaction of the Court of Great Britain, for her indecent
+Memorials; and 2dly, of laying the whole proceedings before the
+Northern Courts, and showing them the false pretence under which the
+said Court endeavors to conceal her resentment against this Republic
+for her accession to the armed neutrality.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 27th.</em> The States having acquainted Sir Joseph Yorke with
+the aforesaid provisional resolve, he re<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span>fused to receive the
+communication; and on the 25th inst. he set out early in the morning,
+according to the orders of his King, for Antwerp. The very day of his
+leaving the Hague, the Committee of Holland residing constantly at the
+Hague, sent circular letters to the several cities of this Province,
+acquainting them with this event, and summoning them for coming
+immediately <em>with proper instructions from their cities</em>, to form a
+<em>speedy, cordial, and vigorous resolve</em>. One of these letters has been
+shown to me in the original.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 28th.</em> Consequently, the Second Pensionary and other
+Deputies of the city of Amsterdam, have set out this morning for the
+Hague, where all will meet tomorrow. The First Pensionary, M. Van
+Berckel, will follow them, as soon as he shall see himself justified
+by the decision of the Court of Holland.</p>
+
+<p><em>The Hague, January 12th, 1781.</em> Last Monday, a courier, who left
+Petersburg on the 19th of December, arrived with despatches to the
+Grand Pensionary of Holland, containing, "that the Empress, satisfied
+with that of their High Mightinesses, of November 27th, had seen, with
+indignation rather than astonishment, the two last Memorials of Sir
+Joseph Yorke; that she was greatly disposed in favor of the Republic;
+that the convention would soon be signed, and the acts of it sent by
+another courier." Yesterday was resolved, and today begins the
+distribution of letters of marque, both for men of war and privateers.
+The decision of the Court of Justice of Holland, cannot come out
+before the 15th of February, because of the absence of several of its
+members; but everybody knows already, that it cannot but be a good
+one. Till then M. Van Berckel will not appear here.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span><em>January 23d.</em> On the 21st the Grand Pensionary of Holland received a
+letter from M. de Swart, the Dutch Resident at Petersburg, of which
+the following extract is taken by myself from an authentic copy
+communicated to me. "<em>January 5th.</em> On the 31st of December last, the
+Dutch Plenipotentiaries and M. de Swart had a final conference with
+the Russian Plenipotentiary, when, having settled the matter of
+command in case of their men of war or squadrons meeting or acting
+jointly, in the same manner as this Republic is used to do with all
+other Crowns, and the whole transaction having been laid before the
+Empress, and approved by her, the accession of this Republic to the
+treaties of Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, for the mutual protection of
+the trade and navigation of their subjects, has been concluded and
+signed on January 4th, by the Plenipotentiaries of the parties, and
+the acts of it despatched (they also arrived here on the 21st) to be
+ratified by their High Mightinesses. During the whole transaction of
+this treaty, the English had left no artifice untried, in order to get
+the Republic excluded from this alliance; and even to the last moment,
+they strived most desperately against her admission. But the Empress
+and her Ministry, unshaken, rejected their Memorials with firmness,
+and even with indignation."</p>
+
+<p>With all my heart I congratulate the United States upon this happy
+event; an event which must accelerate the humiliation of their proud
+enemy, and assert with the acknowledged liberty of America, that of
+the seas through the world; the latter of which cannot be obtained
+without the former.</p>
+
+<p>Couriers have been sent from hence, eleven days ago, for the purpose
+of asking from the three Northern Powers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span> the stipulated succor, as
+being attacked in resentment, for having acceded to their alliance.
+The money which this Republic has now occasion to take up from her
+subjects, will greatly increase the difficulty of the English in
+obtaining money, and sink their stocks still more.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> These two Memorials are contained in <em>John Adams's
+Correspondence</em>, Vol. V. pp. 372, 386.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT MORRIS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, December 24th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your letter of the 7th of January last was long on its passage, and, I
+am sorry to say, has remained too long in my possession without an
+answer, which you must attribute entirely to the multiplicity of
+employments, in various ways, that occupy very fully my whole time.
+Had I complied with the dictates of that respect and esteem, which Dr
+Franklin first, and your steady adherence to this country since
+inspired, you would have heard from me immediately; but men who are
+involved in much business, as I am, cannot follow their inclinations,
+but must submit to such things as call most pressingly for their
+attention.</p>
+
+<p>The letter you enclosed to me, for Messrs Sears &amp; Smith, I sent
+forward immediately, and you may depend on me for much more important
+services, when in my power to render them to you or any of your
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>After serving my country in various public stations for upwards of
+four years, my routine in Congress was finished; and no sooner was I
+out, than envious and malicious men began to attack my character, but
+my services were so universally known, and my integrity so clearly
+proved, I have, thank God, been able to look down with contempt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span> on
+those that have endeavored to injure me; and what is more, I can face
+the world with that consciousness, which rectitude of conduct gives to
+those who pursue it invariably.</p>
+
+<p>You will excuse me for saying so much of myself. I should not have
+mentioned the subject had I not been attacked; and as I think no man
+ought to be insensible to applause and approbation, I cannot help
+wishing to retain that opinion you have been pleased to entertain of
+me.</p>
+
+<p>As I maintain my acquaintance amongst the present members of Congress,
+you will be assured I will most cheerfully promote your interest
+whenever I can, for I feel the force of your observations on that
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Carmichael is returned to Europe, and Mr Deane is about embarking
+for France, and I dare say you will hear from them both.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I most sincerely wish an honorable, happy, and speedy end to the war
+we are engaged in; and with sentiments of great esteem and respect, I
+remain,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT MORRIS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, February 5th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>A courier, despatched by the Russian Ambassador here on the 29th of
+December last, with the news of Sir Joseph Yorke having left the Hague
+by order of his Court without taking leave, has come back again with
+letters from the Dutch Plenipotentiaries at Petersburg to the Great
+Pensionary, the contents of which are still very satisfactory; so that
+there is no doubt nor uneasiness concerning a favorable answer, which
+they expect here, but not before the end of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span> this month, to the
+demands made, by a courier despatched from hence on the 12th of
+January last.</p>
+
+<p>By letters from Ostend we are told, that the Russian Minister at
+London had left that Court without taking leave. If this proves true,
+or whenever else the expected rupture between Russia and Great Britain
+will be fully ascertained, then it will be time to set on foot a
+negotiation with the four new allied powers, for the acknowledgment of
+the independency of America, and making treaties with her of amity and
+commerce. The first, and perhaps only application for this purpose,
+must then be made to Russia; and I am now carefully watching the
+moment when such an application will be proper, and attended with the
+prospect of success, in order to inform Mr Adams and take with and
+under him, such measures as may be necessary. Till then we must keep
+them close, and make no application to this Republic, which, since her
+accession, cannot and will not make any private step without the
+quadruple alliance, of which Russia is the leading power; and, as I
+have good reasons to think, well disposed towards the United States.</p>
+
+<p>I have been repeatedly assured, that the exportation of the two
+thousand lasts of grain to England from Ostend, has been refused at
+Brussels to Sir Joseph Yorke, and that he is going, if not already
+gone, from Antwerp to Ostend, to embark for England. This gives no
+great opinion of the pretended negotiation set on foot between the
+Emperor and Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, February 22d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The expected courier from the Dutch Plenipotentiaries at Petersburg
+has not yet arrived. They think his departure thence has been delayed
+till the coming back of another whom they had sent to London. The
+decision of the Court of Holland concerning the conduct of the Regency
+of Amsterdam is not yet given, and will not come out for some weeks.
+The pretended reason of this new delay is that M. Van Citters, one of
+the Counsellors of that Court, must go to Zealand, because of the
+sickness of his mother. The true reason may be, to get rid here of
+certain gentlemen as long as possible, and to gratify their &mdash;&mdash; by
+deferring their justification. A little more resolution, when it was
+perhaps more proper to dare than to waver, would have spared them such
+a trick. But now their honor and dignity not suffering them to appear
+here till they are justified, those that cannot but justify them, will
+delay the doing it as long us they can.</p>
+
+<p><em>March 2d, 1781.</em> In consequence of orders brought by a courier
+despatched to the Russian Ambassador here, he has presented a
+Memorial<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> to their High Mightinesses, importing that the Empress
+was willing to interpose her mediation between this Republic and
+England, to bring on an accommodation. The Court of Justice of this
+Province will meet on Monday next, to draw up their decision
+concerning the conduct of Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with the greatest respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> See this Memorial in <em>John Adams's Correspondence</em>, Vol.
+V. p. 468.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 5th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since the Memorial presented on the 1st instant to their High
+Mightinesses by the Russian Ambassador, offering the mediation of the
+Empress between them and Great Britain, a letter of February 9th has
+been received here, written by the Dutch Plenipotentiary at
+Petersburg, of which being decyphered, the Grand Pensionary of
+Holland, instead of delivering copies as usual, has only permitted the
+inspection and perusal to the several members of the States. It gives
+the following account of the assurances made to them by the chief
+Minister of the Empress, Count Panin, viz. 1st. That the Empress is
+still in the same favorable dispositions towards the Republic, and
+that he himself will support, with all his power, the just claim of
+the Dutch, to have all the vessels returned to them, which the English
+have taken from them since their accession to the armed neutrality.
+2dly. That the mediation offered by the Court of Vienna, to procure,
+by the good offices of that Court, in conjunction with that of Russia,
+a peace between the belligerent powers, will not be accepted without
+the preliminary condition <em>sine qua non</em>, of Great Britain's
+acknowledging the independency of the United States, and the rights of
+the neutral powers in matters of commerce and navigation. 3dly. That
+the Empress had seen, with great satisfaction, the propositions made
+by the Dutch Plenipotentiaries to the several northern Crowns, for
+being supplied by them, on conditions to be agreed on, with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span>
+sufficient number of men of war; and that the number they wanted was
+ready for the service of their High Mightinesses.</p>
+
+<p>There was a report current here, and through the whole country, of
+three encampments to take place this summer in this Province. A great
+personage has assured a gentleman in distinguished station, that this
+had never been his intention. I have it from the gentleman himself.
+The same assures me, "the Court of Justice was now busy with making up
+the decision concerning the conduct of the Regency of Amsterdam. They
+had taken the advice of an eminent lawyer; he had seen this advice; it
+was a very good one."</p>
+
+<p>Mr Adams favored me yesterday both with his presence, and with the
+sight of the despatches of December last, which he has received from
+your Excellency. I shall do my best to second his operations; heartily
+wishing that things may ripen, and our endeavors be crowned with
+success. To this hope let me join that of the so often solicited
+attention of Congress to my long and faithful services, and to the
+circumstances in which they have involved me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 22, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The States of this Province separated last week, to meet again the
+next week. The Provinces have given their agreement to the mediation
+offered by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span> Russia. This affair, I fear, will prove a lingering
+business, as well as that of the decision of the Court of Justice of
+Holland, which, I am told, is drawn up in a manner that will not at
+all satisfy the Regency of Amsterdam, and consequently will not be
+suffered to be delivered; and so things will remain in <em>statu quo</em>,
+God knows how long. All this is owing to the devices of the friends of
+Great Britain in this country, and not in the least to any
+disaffection from Russia, &amp;c. How can people be helped, that will not
+be helped? In the meantime, the enemies carry on with success their
+perfidious scheme. Congress by this time must have heard of their
+taking St Eustatia, filled with riches, a great part of which they say
+is American property. And now they pretend by this stroke to have cut
+off the great resource of America for continuing the war, and to force
+her into submission.</p>
+
+<p>I have from good authority, that the English have refused the
+mediation of Russia. This surprises me not at all, because I am sure
+their arrogancy and stubbornness will never let them acknowledge
+either the independence of the United States, or the rights of
+neutrality, till their heads are broken; a blessed work, fit for
+heaven only and America to achieve, while European politicians take
+time to consider.</p>
+
+<p><em>April 2d.</em> They expect here very interesting news from Petersburg
+towards the end of this month, as there are two couriers gone thither,
+the one from hence on the 23d of March, the other from England much
+about the same time. The merchants of Amsterdam, who have a great
+share in the effects seized on at St Eustatia, having resolved to send
+Deputies to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span> the English Ministry, in order to have them restored to
+them, and having invited the merchants of Rotterdam to join with them
+in this Deputation, the latter have answered, that with men capable of
+acting so ruffianlike, they would rather let them keep all that they
+had robbed, than debase themselves by courting the robbers. This noble
+answer would be still more so, if Rotterdam had lost as much at St
+Eustatia as Amsterdam; there being, as for that, a very great
+difference.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>GENERAL J. H. BEDAULX TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Nimeguen, April 28th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>As a friend to humanity, it is hoped you will be so good as to
+relieve, by your correspondence with Congress, a good family from
+their uneasiness on account of the fate of a son, of whom,
+notwithstanding all our inquiries, during these two last years, by the
+way of France, Spain and Holland, we have not been able to get any
+positive intelligence. This son, Frederick Charles Bedaulx, cannot be
+unknown to Congress, to their War Office, and to the commanders of
+their army; having been engaged in their service since the year 1776,
+when he embarked for St Eustatia; but the vessel being taken, he
+escaped from Falmouth, and went over with the Marquis de Lafayette;
+and in consequence of a capitulation made before his first going,
+served and distinguished himself there as Lieutenant-Colonel, in which
+quality he commanded the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span> infantry of the Pulaski Legion. For more
+than two years we have had no letter from him, and of many letters,
+which were delivered for him to Mr Deane, when he was Minister from
+the United States at Paris, we do not know if one has been received by
+M. Bedaulx. According to some loose reports, being sick, he had been
+removed to Philadelphia, where he died. But this has been contradicted
+since by other people, who say he is still living, and sent away or
+confined by the intrigues of some enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Sure of the principles of probity and honor with which he has been
+brought up, we cannot think he has been wanting in his duty; and on
+the other hand, after so many repeated applications made to Congress,
+and to the body in which he has served, we cannot but be surprised and
+troubled to find them absolutely silent. You will oblige me, his
+uncle, Sir, his worthy father, and a whole family, by helping us out
+of this cruel uncertainty.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">J. H. BEDAULX,<br />
+<em>Major-General in the Dutch Service</em>.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, May 1st, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last letter there has been no opportunity to write to
+America. This time has been employed in getting useful intelligence,
+and preparing all things with Mr Adams for the step he will take on
+Friday next, of presenting his Memorial to their High Mightinesses.
+This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span> evening I carried a card from him to the Grand Pensionary, who
+will receive a preparatory visit from him tomorrow morning. It is
+still uncertain whether he will be admitted at present, or if they
+will advise for a medium. The expected courier is not yet arrived from
+Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>A good French translation of the Memorial was absolutely necessary to
+be presented with the original. I am happy to have made it to the
+satisfaction of Mr Adams, and this translation will be read to their
+High Mightinesses, whenever the Memorial shall be laid before
+them.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p>
+
+<p><em>May 2d.</em> I have attended Mr Adams to the Grand Pensionary. When he
+told him, that his intention was to present himself on Friday next, to
+the President of their High Mightinesses, in quality of Minister
+Plenipotentiary from the United States, and that he had likewise
+credentials from the same to his Serene Highness, the Prince of
+Orange, the Pensionary answered, that he apprehended a difficulty
+would arise against his admission in such a character, from their High
+Mightinesses having not yet acknowledged the independence of America.
+Mr Adams having replied, that this objection, since the war had broken
+out between Great Britain and this Republic seemed to have lost all
+its weight, the Pensionary agreed, that it was true at least both
+nations had now the same enemy; however, he would make his report to
+his masters and to the Prince of the notice given him.</p>
+
+<p><em>May 4th.</em> This morning his Excellency went to the Grand Pensionary
+with a copy of his Memorial, which he declined to receive, saying it
+was not the usage, when Memorials were presented to the President of
+their High Mightinesses, to deliver copies of them to the Grand
+Pen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span>sionary of Holland; and that it would be more proper to deliver
+one to the Graphiary of the States-General. This we judged proper to
+delay till after the audience at the President's, who received his
+Excellency with great politeness, but declined charging himself with
+the Memorial, alleging his acceptance of it would imply an
+acknowledgment he could not take upon himself, but must reserve it to
+their High Mightinesses, to whom he would immediately report the case.
+His Excellency told him, that to avoid misconstructions, he should
+find himself obliged to lay his Memorial before the whole world, by
+publishing it immediately. At this the President smiled; and they
+parted. It was now become improper to carry a copy to the Graphiary,
+and therefore we dispensed with it. The President went into the
+Assembly of the States-General, and made the report, which having been
+recorded, the Deputies of all the Provinces (except those of Zealand,
+who remained silent) asked a copy of the report, to transmit it to
+their respective Provinces, when it will be matter of deliberation in
+their Provincial Assemblies.</p>
+
+<p>From the President, we went to the Baron de Larrey, Privy Counsellor,
+&amp;c. to the Prince of Orange, to whom his Excellency delivered another
+Memorial, in a sealed letter for the said Prince, which the Baron
+promised to deliver immediately to the Prince. He did so; and the
+Prince having summoned M. Fagel the Graphiary, and the Grand
+Pensionary, consulted with them what was to be done with the letter;
+two hours after, when we were ready to dine, the Baron came at the
+inn, with the letter unopened, and a polite excuse from the Prince,
+that he could not receive it, till after their High Mightinesses
+should have resolved if and when he was to be admitted in the
+character, which he had set forth with them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span><em>May 11th.</em> Mr Adams setting out last Saturday for Amsterdam, left me
+his order to publish the Memorial with the original French
+translation, made by your servant, acknowledged and signed by his
+Excellency, and to procure also a Dutch translation; which I have
+performed today, by distributing through the cities a sufficient
+number of each.</p>
+
+<p><em>May 16th.</em> All the public journals of this country have inserted the
+Memorial, which is now generally known, pleases and puzzles at once
+everybody.</p>
+
+<p>M. Van Berckel, the First Pensionary of Amsterdam, presented on the
+4th instant a very spirited address to the States of Holland,
+petitioning them, either to be impeached, that he might defend
+himself, or formally declared not guilty.</p>
+
+<p><em>May 19th.</em> This day the cities of Dort and Haerlem, by an annotation
+in the registers of Holland, have formally declared their accession to
+the proposition of Amsterdam, and with thanks acknowledged the true
+patriotism of this last city. The other cities have taken the
+proposition <em>ad referendum</em>; and the final resolution on it will be
+taken by the next Assembly.</p>
+
+<p><em>June 6th.</em> I presented yesterday a letter from Mr Adams to the
+President of their High Mightinesses, and another to the Privy
+Counsellor of the Prince of Orange, with a copy to each, of the
+accession of Maryland to, and the final ratification of, your
+Confederation. I had sealed up the papers, and put on the covers the
+proper superscriptions. They received them, and desired me to come
+today for an answer. Accordingly I have waited on them this morning.
+They both had opened, and consequently read the contents, but said
+they could not keep them, and that I must take them back.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span>The President seemed to me much embarrassed, and a little cavilling on
+my having delivered to him the letter from Mr Adams, without adding
+the quality of Minister Plenipotentiary, assumed in the subscription;
+by which omission he pretended I had deceived him; otherwise he would
+not have received the letter. I denied any intention to conceal from
+him a quality, which he knew as well as I and the whole nation, Mr
+Adams had openly assumed. He put them in my hat, and I told him I
+would, out of respect for the head of this Republic, keep <em>in
+deposito</em> the papers, which in time might be thought of greater
+importance to them than now. The other gentleman received me with the
+greatest cordiality; and apologising very frankly for restoring me the
+papers (likewise opened,) desired me repeatedly to understand, and to
+give to understand, that this was a mere formality; and that while the
+admission of Mr Adams was under deliberation of the several Provinces,
+the Prince could not be beforehand with their High Mightinesses, nor
+their High Mightinesses with their constituents, in such a matter of
+the first importance.</p>
+
+<p><em>June 16th.</em> I have been happy with the presence of Mr Adams, and with
+his approbation of my conduct. The States of Holland have separated.
+Their next meeting, after the 27th instant, may be very stormy, not
+only on account of the proposition of Amsterdam, but also on that of a
+verbal remonstrance made by the same city to a great personage,
+desiring him to exclude from all political business the Duke of
+Brunswick, formerly his tutor, when a minor; a message which has
+exceedingly hurt them both.</p>
+
+<p><em>June 22d.</em> The great city persists in her late de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span>mand to the Prince
+of Orange, concerning the desired exclusion of the aforesaid great
+man, having, since the verbal proposition, sent the same by writing to
+the great personage, and to the Grand Pensionary. Thus the
+fermentation rises, and draws to a very interesting crisis, which
+probably will decide itself within a fortnight, either into some
+catastrophe, or into a <em>ridiculus mus</em>. I learn just now, that the
+Duke of Brunswick presented yesterday to their High Mightinesses a
+long letter to justify himself. Many, even unconcerned people, think
+it an improper step, because he is, in fact, not vested with any
+public department, and therefore not answerable, nor to be brought to
+account. His position seems to me near akin to that of Lord Bute.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<p><em>July 4th.</em> There has been made mention, in the Provincial Assembly,
+by the Grand Pensionary, but a very slight one, of the Duke of
+Brunswick's letter to their High Mightinesses as taken <em>ad referendum</em>
+by the several Provinces. The nobility has acquainted the Provincial
+Assembly with the desire of the Stadtholder of presenting to their
+High Mightinesses, a proposition of his own, for having inquired into
+the causes of the defenceless state and inactivity of the Republic,
+and the means to be taken, &amp;c. But the cities have declined
+countenancing it, and even the taking it <em>ad referendum</em>, because
+there was already such a proposition made by the city of Amsterdam, a
+<em>membrum integrans</em> of the Republic, on which they had received their
+instructions. The Stadtholder was present, and visibly disappointed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span>Yesterday I was shown in confidence a despatch just now received from
+Petersburg, purporting an insinuation<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> made to the Dutch
+Plenipotentiary, by that Court; "That the said Court had agreed with
+the Emperor of Germany, to treat at Vienna for procuring a general
+pacification between the belligerent powers; and if therefore their
+High Mightinesses should be inclined to intrust both their Imperial
+Majesties with a mediation in behalf of this Republic, they might make
+overtures in consequence to Prince Galitzin, the Russian Minister at
+the Hague." The republicans here are of opinion, that, instead of
+this, vigorous measures should be taken immediately with the
+belligerent powers; to which the opposite party will by no means
+listen.</p>
+
+<p><em>July 10th.</em> The offered mediation will be accepted, even by the
+advice of the patriots; because they apprehend, if they do not, the
+opposite party would continue to insist upon begging for peace
+directly in England, either by the good offices, as they call them, of
+the Sardinian Envoy at London, who is entirely at their and the
+British Court's devotion, or by sending deputies from hence. The final
+resolution of this Province, concerning the important proposition of
+Amsterdam, is delayed till the next ordinary Assembly, by cavilling on
+the expression of <em>next Assembly</em>, used in the proposition, as if this
+Assembly, an extraordinary one, was but a prolongation of the last.</p>
+
+<p><em>July 13th.</em> The report which was current on the 10th, of the Emperor
+being inclined to support the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span> Duke of Brunswick has proved false. I
+know from the best authority, that quite the reverse is true. When the
+monarch arrived, the Duke sent to him for permission to wait on him.
+Instead of which the Emperor went immediately himself to the Duke.
+What passed between them is not known. But the Duke having soon after
+returned the visit, he was observed coming back with visible marks of
+discomposure. The following day, the Emperor dining at the Prince of
+Orange's seat, called the House in the Wood, showed himself very
+gentle in his address to the Princess of Orange, and to everybody
+else, but to the Duke, to whom he said not a single word, being
+remarkably cold to him, which apparently was the cause of the Duke's
+withdrawing sooner than any other. Besides this, the Emperor has
+explained himself with other great men here this very day, by saying
+the Regents of Amsterdam did their duty as brave patriots. He spent
+the evening at the French Hotel, where he discoursed much with the
+French and Russian Ambassadors. The Grand Pensionary, although invited
+repeatedly by the Prince himself, excused himself from dining at the
+House in the Wood, because he was ill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> See this Memorial in <em>Mr Adams's Correspondence</em>, Vol.
+V. p. 481.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> See the above remonstrance against the Duke of
+Brunswick, and his reply, in <em>John Adams's Correspondence</em>, Vol. VI.
+pp. 70, 76.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> See <em>John Adams's Correspondence</em>, Vol. VI. p. 146.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, August 23d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last, the Provincial States of Holland have been separated
+till last week.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span>I was not unacquainted with the negotiation set on foot by the French
+Ambassador here for a loan of five millions of florins, or five
+hundred thousand pounds, at four per cent, nor with his notes lately
+presented for this purpose to the Graphiary, M. Fagel; and although
+the Ambassador does not yet know that I am acquainted with it, I
+thought myself obliged to abstain discreetly from writing or speaking
+about it for obvious reasons. I am now happy with the assurance given
+me, that the proposition of this loan is committed, and will soon be
+agreed by their High Mightinesses, either by their taking up the money
+themselves, and lending it to France, or by their countenancing and
+warranting the taking it up directly by France; the only secret, or at
+least not publicly acknowledged particular of this agreement, will be
+the destination of this money in behalf of the United States. This
+true account is given me by a friend, who has it officially from the
+mouth of the Grand Pensionary.</p>
+
+<p>The Baron Lynden had written and delivered into the hands of the
+President of the States-General, a letter to their High Mightinesses,
+containing the reason which engaged him to resign his Embassy to
+Vienna, and to decline any other, viz; the unconstitutionality of a
+foreigner's (the Duke of Brunswick,) being the only counsel to the
+Stadtholder, for internal as well as external politics and
+administration of this Republic. This letter the Baron had been
+prevailed upon to desist from having read to their High Mightinesses;
+and he took it out of the hands of the President, in presence of the
+Grand Pensionary of Holland, and of the Graphiary of their High
+Mightinesses, reserving to himself, however, the liberty of presenting
+it again, whenever he should think it convenient. Some persons (your
+servant for one) have been favored with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span> perusal of this letter.
+This compliance having somewhat discredited the Baron among the
+patriots, he brought his letter back on Tuesday last to the President;
+telling him it must be laid open to their High Mightinesses without
+any further delay, otherwise, he should publish it by printing.</p>
+
+<p><em>August 24th.</em> I have been favored by the Baron de Lynden with the
+sight, 1st of a letter written by him last Monday to the Stadtholder,
+in which he tells him, that seeing him still influenced and
+prepossessed in favor of, and directed by the Duke of Brunswick, he
+found his own honor and conscience did not suffer him to withhold any
+longer from their High Mightinesses and from his country, the
+abovementioned letter; 2dly. The answer of the Stadtholder, telling
+him, that it was for the sake of the Baron personally, that he had
+endeavored to persuade him to suppress that letter; but seeing him now
+determined to pull off the mask, and join with his adversaries, he
+gave him up to his own reflections; 3dly. The reply of the Baron,
+viz.; that whereas his Highness was sorry for the letter's being
+presented for his (the Baron's) sake only, he was determined to
+present it for the same sake, which he did accordingly; and the letter
+has been read to their High Mightinesses, the Baron himself being
+present at the second reading, or <em>resumption</em>, as they call it, the
+day following.</p>
+
+<p>The original of a very noble and unanimous resolution of the city of
+Dort, respecting the Duke of Brunswick, where he is considered merely
+as a military servant of the Republic, and where the conduct of the
+Regency of Amsterdam is vindicated, has been read confidentially to
+me. Several other authentic and interesting pieces are in my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span> hands,
+viz., 1st. A resolution of the city of Dort, of June 25th last, in
+which their Deputies are ordered to insist upon the important
+propositions of Amsterdam of May 18th being taken into serious
+consideration; and principally upon a good plan of operations during
+this war being concluded with France and her allies. 2dly. The reports
+of the several Admiralties of this Republic, showing their having
+accomplished the building, equipping, and putting into service ships,
+according to the orders of their High Mightinesses; to which the
+Admiralty of Amsterdam has added a remark, which has much displeased
+this Court, viz. that, after having done their duty in this matter, an
+account of the most proper application and disposition of the forces
+set in readiness, for the protection of this country, must not be
+asked from them, but from the higher power, which had the direction of
+their exertions; 3dly. A resolution of the Province of Holland, for
+another squadron to be speedily ordered to convoy to the Baltic, not
+only the merchant fleet of Amsterdam, lying in the Texel roads, which,
+after the glorious action of the 5th, against Parker, has been obliged
+to come back, but also those of Rotterdam, whose merchants, in a
+spirited address, have complained of being neglected. I would fain
+join herewith translated copies of these voluminous and interesting
+pieces, but without the aiding hand of a clerk, such a task is
+impossible for me to perform.</p>
+
+<p><em>August 30th.</em> To shorten the business of the abovementioned loan,
+probably, their High Mightinesses will open it themselves on their own
+credit, by warranting the capital and interest at four per cent, for
+surety of which they will receive, in that case, a general bond from
+France. Regularly they may pay no more than three per cent for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span>
+themselves, and notwithstanding such small interest, the course of
+their paper is at twelve, fourteen, and even sixteen per cent purchase
+above the capital sum. By this method, if pursued, the subscription at
+four per cent will be rapidly completed.</p>
+
+<p><em>September 2d.</em> A very interesting resolution of August 28th, of one
+of the principal cities of this Province, was received the day before
+yesterday by her Deputies here, of which the substance is as follows.</p>
+
+<p>"Having been informed by their Deputies of the contents of two notes,
+which they were told by the Grand Pensionary had been presented
+successively to the Graphiary of their High Mightinesses by the French
+Ambassador; and being desirous of facilitating the use which the Court
+of France intends to make of the proposed loan, because such a
+compliance with her desire will not only fasten a most necessary
+confidence between that Court and this Republic, but also annoy
+directly the common enemy, by strengthening the Congress of North
+America, in whose behalf his Majesty the King of France intends,
+according to certain secret informations, to dispose of the whole
+loan, so that the said Congress may the better carry on the war
+against Great Britain;&mdash;Resolved; that the Deputies of this city at
+the Assembly of this Province, shall be, and are hereby qualified,
+when the business shall be reported to the Assembly, to favor with all
+their power the conclusion of it, and moreover to advise and further a
+resolution, that may promote the intents and purposes aforesaid.
+Besides this, when done, our said Deputies at the Provincial Assembly
+are charged herewith, pursuant to our resolution of June 25th last, to
+insist by way of proposition, upon their Noble and Grand Mightinesses
+taking into serious de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span>liberation the proposition laid before them by
+the Regency of Amsterdam on the 18th of last May, and bring forth a
+final resolution about the same; and particularly upon the Deputies of
+this Province, in the Assembly of the States-General, being ordered to
+direct things there to such effect, that the French Court may be
+requested by their High Mightinesses to deliberate with them on the
+manner of acting jointly, by communicating the plans of operation; a
+measure which must visibly clog the enemy, and directly fortify the
+affair of this Republic."</p>
+
+<p><em>September 12th.</em> Last Thursday they were busy at the Assembly of this
+Province in deliberating on the Duke's letter to their High
+Mightinesses. The votes of eight cities, viz. Dort, Haerlem, Delft,
+Leyden, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Gorcum, and Schiedam, were directly
+against it. The speeches of Haerlem and Leyden, which being written
+were read, have been admired. The points wherein the eight agree, are
+1st. The impropriety of the Duke's addressing himself by letter (when
+as a military servant he should have done it by request) to their High
+Mightinesses, which are by no means competent judges, when he should
+have applied to the true and only Sovereign here, viz. to the Province
+of Holland. 2dly. That of any foreigner whatever being in fact the
+only counsel of the eminent chief of this Republic. 3dly. That,
+without crediting or countenancing current charges of corruption, this
+foreigner's being hated and suspected by the bulk of this nation, as
+not patriotic, produces the same effect, and forbids his having any
+management, or influence, direct or indirect, in public affairs.
+4thly. That the nobility's constantly opposing the advices of the
+cities is a circumstance, which will at last ruin this Republic.
+5thly. That the cities have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span> the constitutional right of remonstrating
+against whomsoever they think proper, according to the resolutions of
+1586, 1622, and 1663, which last is the strongest <em>act of indemnity</em>
+for the purpose. With all that they could not come to a resolution;
+the nobility, with the ten other cities, pretending their not having
+yet enough considered the matter. I think the Duke will dispute the
+ground with some success, as long as he can preserve his old influence
+over his pupil; but, on the other hand, he will by no means obtain the
+satisfaction he craves.</p>
+
+<p>I have been favored, by a very good patriot, with the sight of the two
+short notes of the French Ambassador. The contents are, that the King
+being satisfied with the notice given him of their being now disposed
+to exert all their powers for annoying the enemy, his Majesty proposes
+to them an occasion for distressing them greatly, by their consenting
+to a loan of five millions of florins, at four per cent a year,
+payable every six months, which interest as well as the capital the
+King should procure to be paid exactly at their expiration. The
+destination of the money in behalf of the United States has been added
+verbally.</p>
+
+<p>There are two very strong propositions against the Duke made by the
+Quarter of Westergo in Friesland, to which that of Ostergo, and part
+of Sevenwolde, have acceded. The first is inserted already in the
+Leyden Gazette; the second the Gazetteer hesitates as yet to insert,
+because it is very violent against their High Mightinesses. If he does
+not, I shall translate and transmit it.</p>
+
+<p><em>September 13th.</em> I am just now informed, that this Province has
+consented in the loan for France, by their resolutions of the 7th and
+10th inst.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, October 11th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of September the Baron Lynden wrote a letter to the Prince
+of Orange, telling him, that after he had so much complied with the
+wishes of his Highness, as to withhold for a considerable time his
+letter from their High Mightinesses, he had expected from the honor of
+his Highness, that the Embassy for Vienna would not be disposed of in
+behalf of another, till there was a greater necessity for it than
+there is at present, and till his own motives for refusing a post,
+which in every other respect would have been very delightful to
+himself, had been attended to; but seeing himself not fairly treated,
+by another's (the Count of Waffenaar Twickels, who, however, has not
+yet dared to accept it) being appointed to it, he should be obliged if
+his Highness should go on, without paying regard to the present
+letter, to publish it with the foregoing ones that had passed between
+his Highness and him, together with what he knew from the late Counts
+of Rhoon and Bentinck, concerning a secret <em>Act</em>, by which his
+Highness, when of age, had promised the Duke, that he should ever be
+his <em>only counsel</em>.</p>
+
+<p>A very unfaithful account having since been circulated of this letter,
+the Baron makes no difficulty of showing it to those whom he wishes to
+be undeceived, and probably he will at last publish it with the
+others. In the meantime, I have seen the original draft. Several very
+violent Dutch pamphlets have been published within a few days, not
+only against the Duke, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span> even against the Stadtholder and against
+the Stadtholdership in general, and the whole Orange dynasty, the last
+of which is a masterly performance, but too large for me to translate.
+There is more moderation in the <em>considerations</em> herewith enclosed;
+and therefore I have consented without difficulty to get them printed,
+at the request of some very good people, as your Excellency will see,
+by the annexed copy of my letter to their society at Rotterdam.</p>
+
+<p>The States of Holland have met again this morning. I have not heard if
+any of the Provinces, besides Holland and Friesland, have consented to
+the loan proposed by France, in the manner I told your Excellency in
+my last. They are too much taken up at present with their domestic
+quarrels.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, November 28th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to inform you, that the correspondence with you will
+in future be through the office of Foreign Affairs, at the head of
+which Congress have done me the honor to place me, as will appear by
+the enclosed resolutions.</p>
+
+<p>I have before me your interesting letters from December to July. The
+minute detail into which you go, of the facts in which either your
+government or ours is concerned, is highly acceptable to Congress. You
+will not, therefore, fail to continue it; and from time to time
+transmit, in addition thereto, such papers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span> and pamphlets as serve to
+throw light on the politics of the United Provinces, or of the
+Northern Powers. Dr Franklin will defray the expense to which this may
+put you. Be pleased to subscribe for the Leyden and Amsterdam
+Gazettes, and transmit them to me as opportunity offers. We have as
+yet received no account from Mr Adams of the presentation of his
+Memorial, or the reception it met with, nor any other particulars on
+this interesting subject, than what you have related. We consider this
+as a proof of his reliance upon your exactness in the relation.</p>
+
+<p>You have before this heard the variety of agreeable events, which have
+with the divine blessing taken place in America. The particulars of
+the capture of Cornwallis and General Green's victory are sent to Mr
+Adams, though you will probably have them earlier by way of France.
+Our affairs here are in such a situation, that even our enemies have
+given up the idea of conquest, or the most distant expectation of our
+re-union with Great Britain, whose unheard of cruelties have excited
+the most inveterate hatred. This is perhaps the moment in which other
+nations might, by a generous and decided conduct, take their place in
+our affections; and before our tastes were so formed as to give the
+preference to the fashions or manufactures of any one country, to
+establish their commerce with us on the ruin of that of Britain. I
+wish both for your sake and ours, that the United Provinces knew how
+to avail themselves of this invaluable opportunity by entering boldly
+into commercial connexions with us, and by ingratiating themselves
+into our affections by some such act of friendship as would strike the
+senses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span> of the people. But alas! this is too daring for your Councils,
+and is rather to be wished than expected.</p>
+
+<p>It gives me pain to inform you, that Lieutenant-Colonel Bedaulx is
+dead. It will, however, be some consolation to his friends, (in whose
+sorrows I sympathise) to hear, after what has been injuriously
+repeated to them, that his reputation was untarnished, and that he
+died, with the character of a man of honor and a soldier, fighting in
+the cause of freedom at Savannah.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>Congress are very sensible of your attention to their interest, and
+wish the situation of their finances would admit of their rewarding it
+more liberally, but having retrenched expenses of every kind, and
+reduced the salaries as low as the strictest frugality requires, they
+do not think it expedient at this time to make any additions to that
+allowed you by Dr Franklin, which they will direct him to pay
+regularly. You will be pleased in future to direct your letters, not
+to the President, but to me, as Secretary of the States for Foreign
+Affairs; and when you favor us with anything written in French or
+Dutch, to give it in the original language. This may save you some
+trouble, and enable us in quoting it to make use of the original
+expression, which you know is often very necessary. As you appear to
+labor under a mistake, with respect to Mr Searle, I take the liberty
+to inform you that he is not a member of Congress, his delegation
+having expired before he left America. I cannot close my letter
+without congratulating you on the spirit and gallantry of Admiral
+Zoutman, and his officers and men. Had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span> Britain known that your Van
+Tromps and De Ruyters were still alive, she would have thought the
+treasures of your islands too dearly purchased by provoking their
+resentment.</p>
+
+<p>It will give you pleasure to hear that the British have been foiled in
+every quarter of this country. A considerable body of them with a
+number of Indians, who crossed the lakes from Canada upon a ravaging
+expedition, with no nobler view than that of burning farm houses, and
+scalping women and children, were met twice and defeated, with
+considerable loss in killed and prisoners, by <em>an inferior number of
+militia</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Congress are engaged in preparations for the most vigorous exertions
+as soon as the spring shall open, from which, by the blessings of
+Divine Providence, we have the highest reason to promise ourselves
+success.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, with great esteem and respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">R. R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> See General Bedaulx's letter to M. Dumas on this
+subject, above, <a href="#Page_452">p. 452</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, January 7th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>It would require a volume and several hands, to relate the events of
+which I have been a daily witness, and not seldom an active one, since
+my last despatch of October 11th. Indifferent health, as well as
+prudence, has forbidden me to write down and send a journal of them,
+as I formerly did. The rage of the English, and of their faction here,
+is increased with their late disappointments; and while things draw
+nearer to some conclusion, my own experience and that of others has
+taught me not to trust too much to any public conveyance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span>I heartily congratulate Congress upon the glorious event of the 19th
+of October last, which has given joy to our friends and confusion to
+our enemies here.</p>
+
+<p>The loan of five millions of guilders to France in behalf of the
+United States having been unanimously agreed to by their High
+Mightinesses has been subscribed in one day; and this stock is no more
+to be had under two per cent above the capital.</p>
+
+<p>Tomorrow the States of Holland will meet again at the Hague, to
+deliberate about the offered mediation of Russia, already accepted by
+Great Britain, for a peace between the latter and this Republic. In
+spite of the English faction, I have good reason to foretell that two
+conditions, <em>sine quibus non</em>, will be insisted on as preliminaries by
+the Republic. 1st. All the rights of a free and unlimited navigation
+offered to this Republic, in virtue of former treaties as well as of
+her being part of the armed neutrality. 2dly. That this negotiation
+for a particular peace shall not hinder the Republic in the meantime,
+and till concluded, from concerting measures with France for carrying
+on the war. Without these clauses expressed in the resolution that is
+to be taken this or next week, I am assured that none will be taken,
+because it is a matter which requires unanimity.</p>
+
+<p>After having managed an interview between Mr Adams and some gentlemen
+at the Hague, I have accompanied him hither during the vacation time.
+Tomorrow we intend to go back to the Hague, where we have agreed with
+the said gentlemen, and with the French Ambassador, upon Mr Adams's
+addressing their High Mightinesses for a categorical answer on the
+errand of his mission.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, January 15th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>According to my last of the 7th instant, I went with Mr Adams on the
+9th to the President of their High Mightinesses, to whom his
+Excellency having made his requisition, I repeated it, that the
+President might understand it exactly, in the same terms as are to be
+seen in the Leyden Gazette here sent, where I have got them inserted;
+and he promised to make his report accordingly. After this, having
+received word from the Grand Pensionary of Holland, where we intended
+to go, that being himself very sick, he could receive nobody but by
+the means of his Secretary, I alone made the communication to the
+latter the same morning. The day following, being Thursday, we were
+received by M. Fagel, the Graphiary of their High Mightinesses, who,
+after I had read to him the requisition, told us, "that the President
+had made report of it to the States-General, and that the Deputies of
+<em>all</em> the Provinces had taken it <em>ad referendum</em>, to be transmitted to
+their several Provinces; that the same had been done respecting the
+first report in May last, without any instruction being hitherto
+received about it; and, therefore, some patience more was necessary
+for a categorical answer."</p>
+
+<p>The reception met with from the President and the said Ministers was
+duly polite. From them we went round to the deputations of the
+eighteen cities of this Province, now assembling here, who received
+us, without exception, with a very good humored cordiality, thanking
+us for our kind communication, of which they promised to make report
+to their cities, and assuring us, that they wished earnestly for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span> a
+speedy establishment of amity and good harmony between both Republics;
+to which several of them added, affectionately, that they loved the
+Americans.</p>
+
+<p><em>January 17th.</em> This morning those of Dort have loudly complained in
+the Assembly of Holland, of the disregard shown by the other
+Provinces, and even by part of this Province, to the common welfare,
+roundly declaring that they will not consent to the proposed mediation
+for a peace with Great Britain, unless it should be agreed and
+resolved before, to concert measures with France for carrying on the
+war without any truce, till peace should be fairly concluded. The same
+city, with that of Leyden, I am assured, will soon insist also in the
+Assembly, upon due attention being paid to our requisition.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, January 30th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Last Friday, the co-operating with France against the common enemy
+would have been resolved upon, if the little city of Briel had not
+voted with the nobility, for resolving, at the same time, the
+acceptance of the mediation proposed by Russia for a particular peace
+with Great Britain, which the other refused to do. Neither of these
+points being agreed on, they have adjourned till Tuesday, the 5th of
+February.</p>
+
+<p>Before their parting, Dort and six other principal cities inserted
+their protest against the unconstitutional manner of carrying on the
+correspondence by their High<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span> Mightinesses with the Emperor,
+concerning the abolition of the barrier treaty and the dismantling of
+the barrier cities without consulting the Provinces about it;
+threatening to recall their Deputies at the States-General. This
+unexpected step has much frightened and humiliated the latter.
+Probably the next week will decide, first of all, the business of
+concerting measures with France, and then that of the mediation, of
+which they are determined to limit the acceptance by such clauses as
+may disappoint the friends of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 29th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>It is with great satisfaction that I find myself authorised to begin
+an official correspondence with you, by congratulating the United
+States on the acquisition of two illustrious sisters, whose example
+will be speedily followed by five others. On the 26th of February
+last, Friesland, and yesterday Holland adopted the Provincial
+resolutions to instruct their Deputies in the States-General, to
+direct affairs in that body in such a manner as to procure Mr Adams's
+admission for the purpose of presenting his credentials from the
+United States to their High Mightinesses. This is an acknowledgment of
+your independence, and opens the road to negotiation. I have received
+triplicates of your favor, and shall have the honor of answering more
+fully on the first opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>I hope the two pamphlets accompanying this, &mdash;&mdash; and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span>&mdash;&mdash;, which are
+very celebrated, rare, and valuable here, will reach you in safety.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> The names of Messrs Gyzelaer, Zeeberg, Van Berckel, and
+Vischer, Pensionaries of the cities of Dort, Haerlem and Amsterdam,
+are worthy of being remembered with the highest esteem by every true
+American.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, April 4th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The 29th ult. I had the honor to address you a packet under cover to
+Dr Franklin at Paris, with a short letter, in which I had the
+satisfaction to commence the honor of my official correspondence with
+you, in congratulating the United States on the acquisition of two
+illustrious sisters, whose example will be followed by five others, as
+you will see by the papers annexed.</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate you, Sir, and myself also on your elevation to the high
+post that you fill, and I recommend my interests and my character to
+your attention before Congress. I shall communicate to Dr Franklin the
+account of my expenses for the pamphlets and other charges, which I
+have already begun, and which I shall continue to forward to you
+according to your orders, and I shall draw on him for the amount. I
+purchased, in February last, for Mr Adams and by his order, at a cheap
+rate, a hotel at the Hague, where we shall live happily together, if
+God please, the first of next month. This purchase, besides the
+economy of it, has produced politically very good effects.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span> Only
+France, Spain and now the United States, possess hotels as their own
+at the Hague. All the other foreign Ministers occupy, at a dear rate,
+hired hotels.</p>
+
+<p>There is no longer cause to blame the slowness of this nation on our
+affairs. Its inclination for us, like a spring pressed by a strong
+hand, is escaping and declares for us nobly, by an accumulation of
+addresses of corporations, which appear from all parts. I think that
+before the end of this month, Mr Adams will be admitted to present his
+letters of credence. I came to him here for a secret transaction
+concerted with our friends at the Hague, which must make our triumph
+over Anglomany complete. On his part, he went this morning to confer
+with the French Ambassador at the Hague. He will return here on
+Saturday, where I shall keep him company till the end of next week.
+Our sure and permanent address will be for the future, <em>à l'Hôtel
+d'Amérique à la Haie en Hollande</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JOHN ADAMS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, May 2d, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your favor of the 30th I had the honor to receive yesterday, with Mr
+Nolet's letter and your answer. What shall I say to this affectionate,
+as well as polite invitation to dine at Schiedam? I am now, and shall
+be a long time exceedingly fatigued with the affair of the loan, which
+takes up the greater part of my attention and time. The treaty of
+commerce is also, you know, under consideration, and the merchants of
+the American Coffee House have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span> proposed a public dinner here; but I
+have begged to be excused. You see the difficulties, for which reasons
+I earnestly wish, that our kind friends of Schiedam would be so good
+as to excuse us; but I will leave the whole to you, and if I cannot be
+excused, I will conform to the day you agree upon. But there is
+another affair, which not only perplexes me in this business of the
+dinner, but in many other matters of importance. There is a serious
+negotiation going on for peace, between the Courts of London and
+Versailles, and Dr Franklin, who has sent me the whole, has invited Mr
+Laurens, Mr Jay, and me to Paris, to consult and treat. This may make
+it necessary to go at a short warning.</p>
+
+<p>I hope you are in possession of the house at the Hague, and advise you
+to live in it. Your answer to Mr Nolet is very just.</p>
+
+<p>It is my opinion, with submission to Congress, that it is the interest
+and duty of the United States, to send you a commission to be
+Secretary of this Legation, and <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em>, with a salary of
+five hundred pounds sterling a year during the time that there is a
+Minister here; and at the rate of a thousand a year, when there is
+not; and you have my consent to transmit this opinion to Congress, by
+sending an extract of this letter, or otherwise by as many ways as you
+please. I shall write the same myself. I wrote as much more than a
+year ago, but know not whether the letter has been received, as a vast
+number of my letters have been thrown overboard, and many taken.</p>
+
+<p>If the dinner at Schiedam should be agreed on, there will be no
+difficulties in finding a way for us three to go all together. All
+that is before said about the negotiation for peace, you know must be
+kept secret. But if I go to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span> Paris, I shall break up my house here
+entirely, and dismiss all my servants.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with compliments to the ladies,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>VERBAL MESSAGE OF C. W. F. DUMAS TO THE CITY OF SCHIEDAM.</h3>
+
+<p>The following verbal message, on the part of Mr Adams to the Secretary
+of the city of Schiedam, was given by M. Dumas, on the 8th of May,
+1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The diversity of sentiments which exists in this Republic, in relation
+to the circumstances in which it stands to the United States of
+America, having appeared to Mr Adams capable of causing some
+embarrassment to the merchants of Schiedam, if he accepted their
+polite invitation, he has thought that he could not better prove the
+regard and affection which he has for those gentlemen, than by
+declining their polite request. He has therefore charged me, Sir, to
+assure you of his extreme sensibility, for the honor and friendship
+they have manifested in his person to his Sovereign; and of his
+intention, not only to make mention of it in his first despatches to
+Congress, but also to show on all occasions how much he is disposed to
+reciprocate this cordial civility, by every means in his power.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, May 10th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my last of the 4th of April, I have not had a moment of leisure,
+by a succession of agreeable occupations,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span> which have brought us
+rapidly to the result which I predicted to you.</p>
+
+<p>The voice of the people has made itself heard from all parts. The
+Provinces having successively sent their resolutions here annexed to
+the Generality, the 19th of April was the great day when the unanimous
+resolution of their High Mightinesses was adopted to admit Mr Adams;
+and on the 20th in the morning he went to present his letters of
+credence to the President of the week. On Monday, at nine o'clock in
+the morning, I went <em>par etiquette</em> to the house of his Excellency,
+the French Ambassador, to ask of him the hour when Mr Adams should
+come and impart to him officially his admission, and in the meantime
+we were to leave our cards at the houses of all the members of the
+States-General. The visit to the Ambassador was made in form, and
+publicly returned in the same way. That of the Envoy of Spain, not
+requiring the same ceremonial as the rank of the Ambassador, we had
+given him notice on Sunday evening in a familiar visit, under a
+condition previously agreed, that he would return it in like manner
+the next day; and he kept his word. Monday, the 22d, I went to ask
+audience for Mr Adams, of his Serene Highness, the Stadtholder, who
+granted it immediately. We dined on Tuesday, the 23d, with the French
+Ambassador, who had invited all the <em>Corps Diplomatique</em>, and they all
+attended. Wednesday morning we made the tour of the cities of Holland
+at their hotels with cards. We left also cards of notification at the
+hotels of the Ministers of foreign neutral Courts, who probably have
+written to their Courts to know if they should return the visit. There
+has been no return of it but from the Minister of Liege. The same
+morning I went to ask audience for Mr Adams<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span> of her Royal Highness the
+Princess of Orange, which immediately took place.</p>
+
+<p><em>Monday, 6th of May.</em> Mr Adams was present at a breakfast with M.
+Boreel, Deputy of the States-General, where he had been invited with
+all the Court and the <em>Corps Diplomatique</em>.</p>
+
+<p>An address having been presented on Monday, the 22d, to Mr Adams, by
+six Deputies of the body of merchants of Schiedam, having at their
+head the Secretary of the city, who invited him at the same time to a
+grand festival, which they wished to give him, I had the happiness
+yesterday to excuse him from this festival without dissatisfying these
+gentlemen, as you will see by the copy of my verbal message to the
+Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>Add to all this, Sir, the confusion of our removal into the Hotel of
+the United States of America, which is not yet over, and will not be
+for several weeks, and you may well have some indulgence for the
+imperfection of my present correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday last, after dinner, at the request of the French Ambassador and
+of our friends here, and with the consent of Mr Adams, I made a
+journey by post to Amsterdam, charged with a secret commission
+relating to a concert of operations in this country, which the
+Anglomanes appeared willing to trouble by some intrigue, and I
+returned the next day. All is now settled to the satisfaction of
+France; and the Anglomanes are frustrated.</p>
+
+<p>Day before yesterday we were again at a familiar and friendly dinner
+at the house of the French Ambassador, with whom Mr Adams was very
+much satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>I give you, Sir, only a sort of index, very imperfect, of the
+principal events, which have passed here lately. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span> leave to Mr Adams,
+who presented on Monday, the 22d of April, the sketch of a treaty of
+amity and commerce to their High Mightinesses, to enlarge. I write
+from memory, not having been able to keep a journal, still less one of
+my going and coming, my secret interviews, conferences, and
+negotiations, which were necessary to prepare and bring about what has
+been done, and which ought not yet to be trusted to paper. No one has
+better characterised the truly national revolution, which has taken
+place here, than the French Ambassador, in saying, that the Dutch
+nation had avenged itself, with the greatest success, of all the
+political and other evils, which the English have done them since
+Cromwell; and the Envoy of Spain, who said to Mr Adams, that he had
+struck the greatest blow, which had been given in Europe for a long
+time.</p>
+
+<p>I conclude by recommending, Sir, to your attention and to that of
+Congress, the copy of a letter which Mr Adams wrote me from Amsterdam
+the 2d of this month. I have not had a moment of leisure to write the
+present despatch sooner; nor by consequence to make a prompt use of
+this letter according to the intention of Mr Adams, and which,
+nevertheless, interests the United States as much as myself. It
+surprised and affected me very agreeably, and it was no doubt, his
+intention so to surprise. You know, Sir, or you may know by the papers
+of your department, since the end of 1775, the intimate part I have
+had in political affairs without interruption, in executing faithfully
+the orders of Congress, unsolicited, but accepted on my part with an
+ardor, which I am bold to say, has never changed, and which has drawn
+upon me personally all the enemies, open and concealed, of America,
+and has cost me and my family great persecutions, mortifications,
+losses and sacrifices.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span> I should fear, therefore, to weaken the
+letter, so energetic and so honorable to me, of Mr Adams, (who told me
+by word of mouth, a few days since, that he was surprised Congress had
+not before made such a disposition on the subject of my affairs,) if I
+should add anything more, except that I have never had any other
+principle in my actions, especially in these six or seven years of
+faithful and painful labor, than the service of humanity, of the
+United States, and of their honorable Congress; and if in my last
+sigh, I could add to this testimony of my conscience the idea of
+having retained, the esteem and friendship of all your respectable
+Ministers, both in Europe and America, and especially yours, Sir,
+which will be very dear to me, and which I pray you to bestow on me, I
+shall contentedly close my days with the words of Horace in my mouth;
+<em>non ultima laus est principibus placuisse viris</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with the most sincere respect,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S. May 12th.</em> There arrived here yesterday a second proposition of
+Fox for peace with this Republic. It will be presented tomorrow to the
+States-General; a new snare, which is happily foreseen and escaped. I
+shall speak of it in my next.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, June 1st, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>My last was of the 10th of May. Since that time I have been constantly
+occupied with the French Ambassador and the good patriots of this
+country in counter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span>acting the pretended mediators for a separate peace
+between Great Britain and this Republic; and we have so far succeeded
+that Holland has adopted a good resolution in relation to it, which is
+all ready and which will nearly destroy this man&oelig;uvre of the
+Anglomanes. On the 21st and 22d of May, I made at the request of the
+Ambassador a journey to Dort, where was ready a sketch of a resolution
+(since matured and perfected) of which I at the same time made a
+translation for the Ambassador. We shall see the effect this will
+have.</p>
+
+<p>I know that one of the principal Ministers of the Republic, on the
+good will of whom we begin to rely a little more than formerly, has
+declared that he has in his pocket the full proofs of the intention of
+the British Ministry to amuse and deceive the Republic, which I hope
+to see soon irrevocably pledged not to make a peace except in
+conjunction with the three other belligerent powers. I cannot explain
+myself more at present. If it were not for the disaster of De Grasse
+in the West Indies, which delays our progress a little, we should be
+already more advanced.</p>
+
+<p><em>June 18th.</em> The abovementioned resolution, although printed on the
+5th, was not finally decreed by the States of Holland till the 12th
+instant, with some changes, after which they separated, not to come
+together again for about three weeks. In this interval, the cities
+will have examined the report of the Admiralty, on the treaty of amity
+and commerce between the United States and this Republic; and I am
+assured that this treaty will be brought to a conclusion at the first
+sitting. There will be a question also at that time on the nomination
+of a Minister of this Republic to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span> reside near Congress; the Prince
+having declared his willingness to propose it to the same assembly.</p>
+
+<p>I accompanied Mr Adams yesterday morning to an audience with the
+Prince at the Château du Bois; and he supped there the same day with
+the Prince, the Princess, and many foreign Ministers. The stay of
+Grenville at Paris, and his pretended instructions to negotiate peace,
+have all the air of being only a trick of the Court of London; and I
+think it will require one more campaign to bring them to talk
+seriously of a general peace, or rather to ripen the revolution or
+civil war, which has appeared to me for a long time springing up in
+their bosom, and which will bring about finally the catastrophe of
+this great tragedy. May the catastrophe be only fatal to the authors
+of the evil, and turn to the happiness of the human race in general,
+and especially to that of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><em>June 20th.</em> The Ambassador has informed us, that the combined fleet
+departed from Cadiz the 4th instant, and in great confidence that Mr
+Grenville, who is at Paris, has received from his Court full powers
+more ample, to treat with all the belligerents. This is well, if his
+powers are explicit and sincere. But to trust to them it seems
+necessary that the British Court should declare, that it recognises
+the United States for a belligerent power, otherwise it will be a
+Proteus; it will escape from us when we think to hold it, and will
+pretend to do us a great favor by condescending to a truce, which
+would be more pernicious to America than the war. It would draw on the
+United States a host of evils. It would leave, in the opinion of all
+the world, not excepting your allies and yourselves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span> an idea of the
+uncertainty of your independence, which would never be effectual, and
+derogate, by consequence, explicitly from the 2d, 3d, 8th and 9th
+articles of your treaty of alliance with France, so justly admired;
+would degrade your power, your credit, your dignity; would open the
+door to distrust, to dissensions, to corruption and treachery among
+yourselves, to combinations against you in Europe; would put you under
+the necessity of keeping a standing army, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c. God preserve the
+United States from this Pandora's box! If ever Congress could have had
+a thought, in the most difficult times, to have recourse to this
+dangerous palliative of the evils of war, the present moment should
+inspire it with one very different, which will infallibly bring to
+terms an enemy fatigued, exhausted and ruined, and will assure to the
+United States, with peace, the respect, the regard and friendship of
+all powers. An unbounded solicitude for the safety, the prosperity and
+glory of the United States will serve, I hope, as an apology for the
+boldness with which I dare to expose here my sentiments to Congress,
+of whose firmness and magnanimity, as well as of those of its
+ministers, I have an idea as great, in proportion, as my opinion of
+the intentions of the enemy and of its favorers, is small.</p>
+
+<p>The Academy of Franequer in Friesland has caused to be exhibited on
+occasion of a celebration in honor of the connexion between the United
+States and this Republic, beautiful fire works, with an illumination.
+On a triumphal arch you may read this distich;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Plus valet una dies, quæ libera ducitur, acta,<br />
+Quam mali sub domini sæcula mille jugo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span>There has been struck at Leuwarde in Friesland, to perpetuate the same
+event, and all that was resolved in their Provincial Diets of February
+and April last, a medal representing a Frieslander stretching out his
+right hand to an American, in token of fraternity, and rejecting with
+his left the advances made to him by an Englishman. We are invited to
+dinner on Sunday by the French Ambassador, who augurs better than we
+do of Grenville's mission. God grant that he may be right.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, August 16th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>At length the treaty of commerce has passed, and was approved day
+before yesterday in the States of Holland; and the States-General
+proposed immediately a conference with Mr Adams, to put a final hand
+to it.</p>
+
+<p><em>August 19th.</em> The States of Holland separated on the 17th, after
+having resolved and decreed instructions for the Plenipotentiaries,
+which the Republic sends to treat with Mr Fitzherbert, in conjunction
+with France and her allies. They talk, among other things, of acting
+in all respects in a communicative manner, and in concert with the
+Ministers of the King of France, and the other belligerent powers, in
+the preparatory and preliminary negotiations, which they may begin
+with the Ambassador of Great Britain, to do nothing without them, and
+to be assured above all of the sincere and unequivocal intentions of
+the British king, to leave for the future the Republic in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span> full
+enjoyment of the rights of neutrality, established in the Russian
+declaration of the 28th of February, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, September 5th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>It was not till within these few weeks, that I received your favor of
+the 4th of April last, together with the interesting paper it
+enclosed, since which time we are informed that your prediction
+relative to the reception of Mr Adams has been verified. It would have
+given me great pleasure to have learned so important an event, with
+the steps that immediately led to it from your pen. Your usual
+punctuality induces me to believe that your letters have been
+unfortunate, since I cannot ascribe this omission to neglect. When you
+do me the honor to write again, be pleased to enter minutely into the
+subject; since everything that relates to it is not only important in
+itself, but will be so much the object of curiosity hereafter, that it
+should have a place among our archives.</p>
+
+<p>It would be a great advantage to you and to us, if you maintained such
+a correspondence with your sea-ports as would enable you to avail
+yourselves of every opportunity of writing to us, as it would give
+your letters the charms of novelty, and preserve to you the character
+of attention, and to us, as it would enable us to confirm or
+contradict the accounts, that we continually receive by private
+letters, or through the enemy's papers, some time before we have your
+relation of them.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy have at length evacuated Savannah, and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span> all probability
+Charleston, by this time; since, on the 7th of August they gave notice
+in general orders for the tories to prepare themselves for such an
+event. Their fleet, consisting of fifteen sail of the line, arrived
+yesterday at Sandy Hook. The French fleet, under the Marquis de
+Vaudreuil had arrived some time before at Boston, where he
+unfortunately lost one of his ships, which struck upon a rock and sunk
+in the harbor. Congress, willing to testify their sympathy in this
+misfortune, have presented the America, a ship of seventyfour guns, to
+his Most Christian Majesty. She is in such a state that she can in a
+short time be fitted to join his fleet.</p>
+
+<p>We wait with the utmost impatience some account from Europe of the
+state of the negotiations for a general peace.</p>
+
+<p>The caution of the enemy in keeping within their posts, will probably
+render this an inactive campaign, though we never had a finer or
+better appointed army than at present.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, September 12th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Just after I had closed the letter you will receive with this, I was
+honored by your despatches from the 10th of May to the 9th of July
+inclusive. You will easily believe, Sir, that I received great
+pleasure from the important intelligence they communicate; and the
+more so as we had been long in the dark with respect to your
+transactions.</p>
+
+<p>I am sorry that the packet which is to carry this, leaves me no time
+to enlarge, but this will be the less necessary, as I shall write very
+fully to Mr Adams.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</a></span>With respect to your own affairs, I can only say that you have my
+sincerest wishes for your prosperity and promotion. I have already
+reported upon the subject, but what the issue will be, I cannot yet
+venture to predict. I know Congress to be very sensible of your
+assiduity and attachment; and if anything prevents their rewarding
+them as they would wish, it will be the present state of their
+finances, which requires the most rigid economy.</p>
+
+<p>The change in the British Administration will induce, it is imagined,
+a similar change in measures here. We are in hourly expectation of
+hearing of the evacuation of Charleston, which had been formally
+announced to the inhabitants, who came out in crowds to demand pardon
+with the concurrence of General Leslie. It is probably too late to
+countermand that order, although they will in all likelihood still
+retain New York, contrary to what had appeared to have been their
+determination, before the arrival of the packet. Happily the
+continuance of the war will be much less burdensome to us now, than at
+any former period; not only because habit has reconciled us to it, and
+introduced system in our mode of conducting it, which makes it less
+inconvenient to the individual, but because I think I may say without
+boasting, that there is not at this time a better disciplined or a
+better disposed army in the world; scarce a man among them who has not
+been repeatedly in action. They are now, too, completely clothed and
+armed, an advantage they never before enjoyed. We are at present just
+in the situation in which free people should always wish to be. Peace
+will not come unwelcomed, nor war unprepared for.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, September 27th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>My last came down to the 4th of September. There has been an important
+resolution of this day taken by the States of Holland, constituting a
+commission of five Deputies, accompanied by the Grand Pensionary, to
+seek of the Prince the cause of the bad state of the maritime forces
+of the Republic, and of their inactivity.</p>
+
+<p><em>October 3d.</em> The abovenamed committee have been received by the
+Prince with all the honors due to Sovereigns, and have opened
+conferences with him. The same day, their High Mightinesses in secret
+session having deliberated on the Memorial of the French Ambassador,
+by which he had made them a proposition "to send ten ships of war to
+Brest, to be there joined by the vessels of the King, and to act with
+them against the common enemy, either in Asia or Europe," have
+resolved, that the Prince be requested to designate immediately the
+demanded squadron, viz. five vessels of sixty guns, three of fifty,
+two frigates, and a cutter for this purpose, to depart if the winds
+will permit before the 8th of October, to avoid the risk which would
+attend them after that time of being intercepted by an enemy of
+superior force.</p>
+
+<p><em>October 11th.</em> The officer designated to command the said squadron
+arrived here the 4th, while the wind coming round, became all at once
+favorable on the 5th to depart; and he reported to the Prince, who did
+not communicate the report until the 7th, in secret session, that the
+squadron was not in a state to go to Brest, for want of provisions,
+cordage, sails, anchors, clothes for the seamen, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[Pg 492]</a></span> other necessary
+articles;<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> on which the committee abovenamed presented themselves
+today to the Prince, to express their surprise and ask an explanation.
+The Prince professed that he had no account to render but for the
+past, and none for the present or the future; at least till a new
+resolution of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses. On their side, the
+committee conceiving with reason "that the resolution which was
+committed to them, contained particular instructions to look into the
+points which it specified, and particularly a general order to report
+on all subjects relating to the marine, and especially the direction
+of the present war, as much as should appear to them necessary to
+dissipate all obscurity," have in consequence made their report to the
+Assembly.</p>
+
+<p><em>October 16th.</em> Their Noble and Grand Mightinesses having deliberated
+on the report, all the cities were ready to conform to it except
+Schiedam, la Brille, and Medemblick, which have taken it <em>ad
+referendum</em>, the final resolution being deferred; but it will be
+adopted as reported next week, at least by the majority, which is
+sufficient in this case.</p>
+
+<p>His Excellency Mr Adams departed this morning, the 16th of October,
+for Paris. In taking leave of the President and Secretary of their
+High Mightinesses the States-General, he did me the honor to present
+me as <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> of the United States; which is an
+indispensable custom. He had before advised the Grand Pensionary of
+it, to whom I shall make tomorrow a visit of politeness in
+consequence.</p>
+
+<p><em>October 18th.</em> A young officer, (De Witte,) convicted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[Pg 493]</a></span> of high
+treason, for having attempted to assist the enemy in an invasion of
+the coast of Zealand, was about to be tried by the High Council of
+War, which is wholly dependent on the Prince, when the States of
+Holland solemnly signified to the Prince that he ought to cause
+prosecution to be stayed before this tribunal, as incompetent, and
+carry it up before the Court of Justice of Holland and Zealand. This
+High Council of War, is, besides, odious to the nation, and regarded
+as tyrannical and unconstitutional.</p>
+
+<p>I have not spoken in this letter of our treaty of amity and commerce
+with this Republic, signed finally by both parties the 8th of this
+month, because Mr Adams will give you this detail better than I can. I
+shall content myself with saying, that I have every reason to be
+persuaded that he is satisfied with the zeal, with which I have
+fulfilled the tasks which he has required of me, in the operations
+which have preceded this signature, and pray God that the United
+States may gather from it the most abundant fruits.</p>
+
+<p><em>October 22d.</em> I am anxious to see an answer to the extract I sent to
+your Excellency, agreeably to the wish and permission of Mr Adams, of
+a certain letter which he wrote me. For so long as I am not openly
+recognised and suitably sustained by Congress, my precarious condition
+here is cruel, in the midst of the Anglomanes, who wish to see me
+perish ignobly, and in the bosom of a family whose complaints and
+reproaches I fear more than death. Mr Laurens, in his hasty passage
+through this country, was perfectly sensible of it. He knows that I
+serve the United States constantly, without respect of persons. "<em>You
+have been slighted</em>," are his own words; and when I testified to him
+my regrets for his departure from Europe, he had the goodness to add,
+that these regrets were contrary to my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[Pg 494]</a></span> interest. Permit me, Sir, to
+commend them to you, and if Mr Laurens has returned to you safely, as
+I hope, on the arrival of this, will you express to him the sentiments
+of the most affectionate respect which I retain for him, as well as
+for all the great men in America, who have served under the sublime
+principles, which have animated me as well as them; and in which I, as
+well, as they, will live and die.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with great respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The 12th of September, the Prince on his return from the
+Texel, reported positively to their High Mightinesses, that all was
+there ready, that the vessels were in a condition for sea and for
+action, and waited only for his orders.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, November 15th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning, after a conference with his Excellency the Duc de
+la Vauguyon, I went in a post chaise to Rotterdam and Dort, in order
+to advise our friends in these two cities of some changes about to be
+made in the instructions of their Ministers Plenipotentiary at Paris,
+to deprive the English Minister of all pretext for conferring with
+those of the other belligerent powers without them. I succeeded to the
+satisfaction of his Excellency, and our friends were duly informed and
+disposed, when they received this morning, while I was returning,
+letters on this subject from the Grand Pensionary. My journey has
+gained the time which would have been lost, if they had, on
+re-assembling here taken the thing <em>ad referendum</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>November 17th.</em> I had the pleasure to receive this morning, on behalf
+of the Ambassador, absent at Amsterdam, the news of the re-admission
+of M. Van Berckel, First Pensionary of Amsterdam, to the Assembly of
+their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, where he will re-appear on the
+20th, radiant as the sun, <em>disjectis nubibus</em>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[Pg 495]</a></span>There has arrived a circular letter from Friesland, to take away from
+the Prince the direction of affairs. I shall have it, and will add it
+to the gazettes.</p>
+
+<p><em>November 18th.</em> On my return, Friday evening, I found, Sir, your
+favors of the 5th and 12th of September, to which I can only answer
+succinctly, that the present may not be delayed.</p>
+
+<p>I have thought a long time how much it might be advantageous both for
+Congress and for me, as you observe, Sir, if I could enter into a
+minute and frequent detail of all that passes here within the sphere
+of my action. But let Congress remember at last that <em>qui vult finem,
+vult media</em>, being both essential and subsidiary. I labor all day.
+Often I have scarcely time left to note briefly for myself what is
+done or said. I am alone. It is necessary to copy the same despatches
+four times, if one would hope for their arrival. I could have many
+things to say on all this. But to what good, if Congress does not say
+it also? I have not put my light under a bushel. I have made it shine
+constantly before both worlds, for the service of the United States,
+since they have called me here.</p>
+
+<p>If the truths I transmit come more slowly than the falsehoods of the
+enemy, which they may serve to contradict, it is because they may
+forge stories as they please, but not the truth which arrives when it
+can, and which besides, cannot always be hazarded prematurely, still
+less be foretold, especially when the enemy might profit by it.</p>
+
+<p>As to peace, we know not here what has been done about it at Paris. My
+opinion is, that two or three more campaigns will be infinitely more
+salutary to the American Confederation than a patched-up peace,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[Pg 496]</a></span> which
+shall leave the enemy possessor of Canada, Nova Scotia and
+Newfoundland; whence he would not cease nor be slow to vex you by all
+manner of means, perhaps to divide you, which will be worse.</p>
+
+<p>But let us wait what Parliament says at the end of this month. Then we
+may be able to say of the Congress of Peace, what the poet Rousseau,
+in his Ode to Fortune, said of a hero becoming man again;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Le masque tombe, George reste,<br />
+Et le Romain s'évanouit.</p>
+
+<p>And so much the better, I think, for America and for this Republic. I
+am, with very great respect, Sir,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> I thank you, Sir, for the excellent letter of Mr Payne to the
+Abbé Raynal. If it is possible I shall publish it in French.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, December 12th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Some days ago I was about to prepare a new despatch, touching affairs
+on the carpet here, when an unforeseen event prevented me. It is
+nothing less than a conspiracy, which might be termed Catilinarian, if
+there had been an able Catiline in it; but they only had the intention
+of the Roman, without his sagacity.</p>
+
+<p>We were congratulating ourselves here on the despatches from Paris,
+which informed the Grand Pensionary, much to the regret of the
+conspiracy, of the news of the signing of preliminaries between the
+Min<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</a></span>isters of the United States and Great Britain. We were only
+surprised at the oath of secrecy exacted of the members of the
+Assembly, before communicating to them the contents of despatches so
+well suited to reassure and relieve the nation of the fear, which, to
+excite discontent, it had been industriously endeavored to inspire,
+that it would be deceived and abandoned by the other powers, when on
+the 5th and 6th, the festival of St Nicholas, famous in this country,
+which they seemed disposed to make another St Bartholomew's, the
+conspiracy broke out and failed. Persons were sent about during these
+two days, with the Orange cockade in their hats and an address of
+thanks in their hands, applauding the good management of the marine,
+and at night about thirty men, paid and intoxicated, made a noisy
+procession through the streets and squares, to endeavor to raise the
+populace, who, however, would not sign, nor join the seditions, to
+make an attack, as they foolishly expected, on every person obnoxious
+to them. Saturday, 7th, they endeavored, in order to renew the scene
+the following Monday, to gain the peat carriers, who answered, that
+the troubles of 1748 had taught them to be more wise for the future.
+The evening of the same Saturday they hinted secretly to the
+Pensionaries of Dort and Amsterdam (remaining in the city) that they
+must not depart on their peril. But they, disregarding the danger,
+immediately went to require the Grand Pensionary to convoke an
+extraordinary Assembly on Monday. He obeyed in spite of himself, and
+despatched couriers during that night.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday morning, the 9th, the Assembly adopted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[Pg 498]</a></span> by the large
+majority of sixteen, against two cities (la Brille and Enkhuisen) and
+to the confusion of the nobles and the Stadtholder, who were present,
+a resolution (a true <em>quousque tandem</em>) in which the Court and the
+officers of justice, municipal and provincial, are strongly censured
+for having looked on without interfering, and in which the Provincial
+Court of Justice is ordered to prosecute the affair criminally; and
+the Counsellor Deputies, to provide that for the future like disorders
+shall not be committed. The same day the Provincial Court of Justice
+assembled in consequence, and named two Commissioners of its own body,
+and another fiscal not suspected, to attend to the examination of the
+conspiracy. The Counsellor Deputies have likewise named a commission,
+to effect what is enjoined on them. From these two commissions are
+excluded the old Provincial Fiscal of Justice, who has besides a
+<em>quasi</em> gout, and the Grand Bailiff of the Hague, who, on the part of
+the nobles, is of the Council of Deputies, and who prudently declined
+before rejection, for both are under censure by the resolution.</p>
+
+<p>The Court, alarmed at the consequences which they feared from all
+this, engaged M. Thulemeyer, Envoy of Prussia, to act for them, who,
+in continuation of a certain measure, which he took about two months
+ago by order of his Court, has been this morning to the Deputies of
+Dort, Haerlem, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, to tell them "that his Majesty
+has learned with displeasure the dissensions which have place in the
+Republic, that, <em>without wishing to meddle, in the domestic affairs of
+the Republic</em>,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> the interest that his Majesty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[Pg 499]</a></span> takes equally in the
+welfare of their High Mightinesses and of the Prince, his kinsman,
+does not permit him to look with indifference on any diminution of the
+rights of the Stadtholder; and that he would guaranty that this Prince
+should not abuse his prerogatives; and he hoped by this step that
+harmony would be re-established." Amsterdam has answered, "That they
+were surprised to find the King so misinformed, that for themselves,
+they did not know that they had ever diminished the rights of the
+Stadtholder, and that the Stadtholder himself had never complained of
+it to the States; that this would no doubt have been done, if the fact
+had been true; that, as for the rest, they would write to their city
+what the Envoy had said to them, that it might if it should judge
+proper write directly to the King, to inform him better, and put his
+Majesty also in a way to know those who had thus imposed on him."</p>
+
+<p>This answer evidently confounded the Envoy. The other cities have
+answered the same in substance.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 13th.</em> The committee charged with arrangements for sending a
+Minister of the Republic to the United States, made its report
+yesterday to the Assembly of the States of Holland, the members of
+which took it <em>ad referendum</em>. This Minister is to have twenty
+thousand florins per annum, and ten thousand for his outfit.</p>
+
+<p>This morning the committee of five has returned again to the Prince.</p>
+
+<p>The resolution of Zealand, that the prisoner Witte<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</a></span> should be
+delivered to the Provincial Court, is received, and the Prince will
+yield.</p>
+
+<p>The deliberation on the circular letter of Friesland, interrupted by
+the disturbance, which in history may be denominated the <em>Cockade
+Conspiracy</em>, to distinguish it from that of the <em>Gunpowder Plot</em>, will
+be resumed next week.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> The expression in italics was added by the Envoy, in his
+address to the gentlemen of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, because those of
+Dort asked him, if the King pretended to meddle in the domestic
+concerns of the Republic? Haerlem was not able to receive him.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, December 17th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This morning the Minister of Prussia, M. Thulemeyer, has again visited
+the Deputies of the eighteen cities of Holland, to inform them of a
+Memorial, which he has presented to their High Mightinesses against a
+certain libel, in which, among other calumnies, is an insinuation,
+that the Princess attempted to imitate the conduct of a certain
+Empress in relation to her husband.</p>
+
+<p>It has been replied to him, "that their Noble and Grand Mightinesses,
+as well as their High Mightinesses, had long since done everything in
+their power against libels by severe placards; that the further
+measures, which seemed to be expected of them, and which, perhaps,
+were suitable enough in arbitrary governments, could not be adopted in
+this Republic, of which the liberty of the press is the Palladium;
+that it is like every other good thing, the use of which is free to
+all, and the abuse subject to the animadversion of the bailiffs and
+fiscals; that the Minister knows how lately their Noble and Grand
+Mightinesses have had reason to complain of the negligence of those
+officers of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[Pg 501]</a></span> justice; that the Princess, the Prince, and the whole
+House of Orange, more nearly connected with them than with the King,
+his master, did not need any foreign commendation to make themselves
+beloved and respected by the nation, and protected by the Sovereign,
+&amp;c."</p>
+
+<p><em>December 21st.</em> The three ostensible exciters of the <em>Cockade
+Conspiracy</em>, protected by an invisible hand, have escaped from justice
+and fled to Cranenberg, a village in the Duchy of Cleves. The Court
+having sent its officers to arrest them at the peril of the
+complainants, the Regency of Cleves, contrary to the law of nations,
+has refused to allow the arrest. This morning the States held an
+extraordinary session to deliberate on the subject, and,
+notwithstanding the opposition of the nobles, adopted a resolution,
+requiring the court of justice to make a solemn demand of the
+fugitives at Cleves, in the name of the Sovereign; on Friday next, a
+letter will be addressed on this subject directly to the King of
+Prussia, and Duke of Cleves.</p>
+
+<p>The Grand Bailiff of Utrecht (Count d'Athlone) has lost, with costs of
+suit, his case against the editor of a weekly newspaper, (<em>de Post van
+den Neder-Rhein</em>) which for about two years has produced a wonderful
+impression on the nation. This is a brilliant victory of the patriots
+over their enemies. Some of the expressions, which have given offence
+were, <em>la brouette va de travers, qu'il-y-a une main invisible qui
+gâte tout, &amp;c.</em></p>
+
+<p>In Friesland, the majority of the eleven cities, which form the fourth
+Quarter of the Sovereignty, have annulled the influence of the Court
+on the appointment of their circuits. Thus the resolution of the
+Province, so disagreeable to the Court, will be unanimous.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[Pg 502]</a></span><em>December 24th.</em> I have just been confidentially informed, on
+condition of my writing an account of the fact to my friends at Dort
+and Amsterdam, that this morning the Prince went to declare to their
+High Mightinesses, that, on the resolution of Zealand, taken on the
+report of the court of justice, although there was much to be said
+relative to that report, he was ready, under leave of their High
+Mightinesses, to transfer the prisoner Witte from the hands of the
+High Council of War to those of the court of justice. On which the
+Grand Pensionary first protested with a loud voice, that it was
+necessary to wait till Friday for the resolution of the Sovereign
+thereon; and then, in a low voice, he intimated to the President, that
+it might be done by a majority. The prisoner will, therefore, be
+transferred to night.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday last, a courier despatched from hence to anticipate the
+demand of the court of justice, arrived at Cleves the same night,
+caused the gates to be opened, the three conspirators, who were abed,
+to be called, conducted them hastily out by the other gate, and after
+going some distance on foot, stowed them away in a carriage, which,
+according to appearances, carried them to Hanover.</p>
+
+<p><em>December 26th.</em> The accompanying note I sent to M. Van der Hoop,
+Fiscal of the Admiralty of Amsterdam, in consequence of the request
+presented at Amsterdam by the agents of an American letter of marque.
+My demand of a passport for these people, to protect them from being
+made prisoners when ashore, has been granted. I congratulate myself,
+that my first public measure has been, like all my other measures,
+<em>secundum libertatem</em>. It has been suggested to me to make another
+against a certain libel, "<em>The Magic Lantern</em>," in which America and
+her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[Pg 503]</a></span> worthy Plenipotentiary here have been roughly handled. I replied,
+that I would do nothing, which could afford any pretext for violating
+the liberty of the press; of which the present instance of abuse
+deserved only contempt.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, January 11th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This morning their Noble and Grand Mightinesses adopted a resolution
+conformable to the report hereto annexed, relative to the mission of a
+Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, with instructions to
+their Deputies of the Province in the States-General, to press the
+conclusion of this matter by the States. This evening, between ten and
+twelve o'clock, one of the gentlemen, coming to take leave of me until
+Tuesday week, concerted with me the measures it would be proper to
+take during his absence, to make the choice fall, if the plan
+succeeds, on a person who will be as agreeable to the United States,
+as he is esteemed by the patriots of this country. I shall give
+information of it by letter next Tuesday to Mr Adams.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday arrived some despatches from the Plenipotentiaries of the
+Republic at Paris, with the reply of his Britannic Majesty to the
+preliminaries which had been proposed; this reply is not satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[Pg 504]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, January 20th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This morning M. Thulemeyer, Envoy of Prussia, presented the Memorial
+hereto annexed to their High Mightinesses. I shall say nothing about
+it, because I should have too much to say, and because it is better to
+see what they will say whom it concerns.</p>
+
+<p>Tomorrow the Chamberlain, Baron de Heide, will set out for Paris, sent
+by the Prince, to give his Most Christian Majesty a good opinion of
+his patriotism, his measures, and his disposition.</p>
+
+<p>The cities of Guelderland and Overyssel continue, after the example of
+those of Friesland, to raise their heads one after another.</p>
+
+<p><em>February 22nd.</em> I have yet to give you an account of a secret and
+important negotiation and correspondence, between the gentlemen here
+and our Ministers at Paris, which has been carried on by my
+intervention for more than a month. But besides that it will take much
+time to copy all these letters, the subject will not allow me to risk
+the copies at sea, until the vessels can navigate with more safety.
+The article relating to the liberty of the seas is the subject of
+discussion; this matter they wish to see definitively arranged
+previously to the general peace, and with good reason.</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate the United States on the signature of the preliminaries
+between the United States, France, and Spain on one side, and England
+on the other. God grant that the peace may follow soon, and a
+permanent peace; which cannot be without solidly establishing the
+principles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</a></span> of the armed neutrality between these powers and the
+Republic.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> Next Friday this Province will propose the Baron de Dedem,
+Lord of Peckendam, &amp;c. as Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic
+near the United States. The other party is canvassing warmly, but
+secretly against him. All appearances, however, are in favor of this
+good patriot, and I recommend him beforehand as such to your
+Excellency. He is a cousin-german of M. de Capelle du Pol, formerly a
+correspondent of your uncle, the Governor of the Jersies.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>MEMORIAL OF THE PRUSSIAN AMBASSADOR.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">January 20th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">High and Mighty Lords,</p>
+
+<p>The King had flattered himself, that the amicable representations and
+intimations, which the undersigned has made, by the express order of
+his Majesty, to several distinguished members of the States-General of
+the United Provinces, on the subject of the present unhappy
+excitement, which manifests itself at present in Holland, would
+produce the desired effect, conformably to the positive assurances he
+had received on this point. But his Majesty has learned with as much
+displeasure as surprise, that these domestic troubles, instead of
+being quieted are constantly increasing, and that it is even meditated
+to deprive the Prince Stadtholder of the command of the army and navy,
+and thus to strip him of his chief prerogatives of hereditary
+Captain-General and High Admiral. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[Pg 506]</a></span> King cannot believe that this
+is the general sentiment and desire of the nation, and of the rulers
+of the State. His Majesty on the contrary is persuaded, that it is
+only the private wish of a few individuals, who are inimical to the
+Most Serene House of Nassau, from personal hatred or private views,
+without regard to the true welfare and common interest of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Every good Dutchman will remember with gratitude, that the foundations
+of his present liberty and prosperity were laid by the Princes of the
+illustrious House of Orange-Nassau, and acquired in part at the price
+of their blood; that this House has formed, and established on a firm
+basis, the present constitution of the Republic, and after
+extraordinary vicissitudes and revolutions, in some respects
+resembling the present crisis, has rescued the Republic from the
+perils which threatened it, and re-established it in its former
+lustre. It is not to be doubted, that the welfare and safety of the
+Republic depend on the preservation of that form of government, which
+has so happily subsisted for two centuries, and of the Stadtholderate,
+which is inseparable from it. Every good Dutch patriot must feel
+persuaded of the truth of this. All the neighboring powers appear
+equally convinced of it, and are able to see that dissensions, not
+less dangerous than inexcusable, the consequences of which may prove
+not less ruinous to this Republic, than they have been to other States
+under similar circumstances, subsist and constantly increase in
+violence in the bosom of the United Provinces. These powers are all
+equally interested in the maintenance of the Dutch Republic. The King
+is more particularly so, both from his consanguinity to the Most
+Serene House of Orange, and from his being the nearest neighbor, and
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[Pg 507]</a></span> constant and sincere friend of the Republic. His Majesty is
+persuaded he knows it from the most positive assurances, that the
+Prince Stadtholder has the purest and most salutary views of the good
+of the Republic, and the support of the present constitution; that if
+evil disposed persons attribute to him any other intentions, it is an
+insinuation as destitute of all probability, as it is injurious to his
+character and his enlightened policy; that the Prince will follow and
+execute undeviatingly the principles adopted and established by the
+sovereign power of the United Provinces, and will for the future
+remove even a suspicion of the contrary.</p>
+
+<p>The undersigned, Envoy Extraordinary, has the honor to submit all
+these important considerations to their High Mightinesses, the
+States-General of the United Provinces. He is directed by the most
+precise orders of the King, to recommend them to their most serious
+reflections, and to urge their High Mightinesses to reject and repel
+all propositions and opinions calculated to diminish the lawful
+prerogatives of the Stadtholderate, and change the form of their
+government, so long established and so happily preserved; but on the
+other hand, to take effectual measures to quiet the internal troubles,
+to check the attempts of the factious, to put a stop to their
+calumnies, and to restore not only the harmony of the State, but also
+the authority and respectability of the Prince Stadtholder, and of all
+engaged in the government of the Republic.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty flatters himself, that their High Mightinesses will
+receive his representations as the counsel and exhortations of a
+neighbor, who is their true and sincere friend, who is not indifferent
+to the fate of the Republic, but who will always feel the liveliest
+and warmest interest in the preservation of its constitution.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">THULEMEYER.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[Pg 508]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, January 24th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The sudden and unexpected manner in which we have received the news of
+the signing of the preliminaries, by all the belligerent powers,
+except that in which we are most interested here, filled our friends
+at first with apprehensions; but after having recovered from their
+first surprise, M. Van Berckel, at the suggestion and on the request
+of the Grand Pensionary, in a secret conference, proposed the most
+dignified and sure method of attaining the object desired and
+desirable to all. The Grand Pensionary adopted it with eagerness, and
+it was, that M. Van Berckel should request me to consult you, as early
+as possible, on this method. It is as follows.</p>
+
+<p>"To accelerate the negotiation of a general peace, and to prevent
+ulterior discussions between their High Mightinesses and Great
+Britain, on the question of free and unlimited navigation. Mr Adams is
+requested to declare, whether he is authorised by Congress to accede
+to the armed neutrality, already concluded between certain powers of
+Europe, or to enter into a similar negotiation with France, Spain, and
+the United Provinces.</p>
+
+<p>"In either case their High Mightinesses would make the same
+proposition to France and Spain, in order to prevent discussions on
+the subject of the liberty of the seas, which may retard the general
+peace, and assist the Republic in concluding a peace on her part with
+Great Britain, which may otherwise be delayed by difficulties, arising
+from particular stipulations or arrangements to be made with England
+on this subject.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[Pg 509]</a></span>"The definitive treaty between England and the Republic might then be
+concluded, with a reserve of the natural right of all nations, who are
+in the enjoyment of this right, unless they should modify it by
+particular treaties on the subject of contrabands, recognised as such
+by the contracting parties.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr Adams is requested to communicate his ideas on this subject as
+speedily as possible, and to add his views on the means of furthering
+such a negotiation, and hastening the conclusion of the general peace;
+since it appears, that the Republic could meanwhile accede to the
+armistice, which must result from the signing of the preliminaries of
+peace by the other belligerent powers, and treat with England on all
+the points in dispute."</p>
+
+<p>It is for you to decide, if you will confer ministerially with M.
+Brantzen on this matter.</p>
+
+<p>It only remains for me to present to you the compliments of M. Van
+Berckel, with the warmest expression of his esteem; he has just left
+me, to give me an opportunity of writing the above.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> See Mr Adams's reply to this letter, Vol. VII. p. 13.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, January 28th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>You have probably received today my letter of the 24th, sent by a
+courier of the French Ambassador. It is of the utmost importance to
+those on behalf of whom I wrote it, and they wait with anxiety for
+your answer, because the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</a></span> effect they expect it to produce, is in
+their opinion alone able to repair the immense and unpardonable fault,
+(I use their words) which has been committed in abandoning,
+sacrificing, and deluding them. This is their own language even to the
+Ambassador, who wishes them to enter upon this negotiation directly
+with the French Minister, and in that case promises them complete
+success; this they flatly refuse. He said to me and to them too, that
+he thought you would make no difficulty in taking it upon yourself,
+but that your colleagues would probably oppose it. They replied, that,
+not seeing any reason why any opposition should be made to the joint
+adoption of the measure by the three belligerents, rather than leave
+it to the caprice of the Minister of a single power, they should
+consider any such opposition as owing to the influence of such
+Minister; that then it would be useless to apply any longer to them
+for any negotiations whatever, and in that case his Excellency must in
+future be contented to apply to their High Mightinesses, without
+requiring them and their cities to expose themselves farther to
+contempt and danger.</p>
+
+<p>I have thought it my duty, in so important an affair, to inform you
+fully of all the circumstances. I will add, that the nation is
+indignant at the last act of the French Minister, and that he will
+lose their confidence entirely, if he intrigues against that measure,
+which they propose with an entire reliance on your candor and your
+good intentions.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I read to the Grand Pensionary <em>in extenso</em> the copy of the
+preliminaries between America and Great Britain, with which you have
+favored me. I then read it to other friends, but no one shall have a
+copy until you grant permission.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Gyzelaer, whom I have seen this morning, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[Pg 511]</a></span> Messrs Van Berckel
+and Visscher, with whom I supped last evening, have directed me to
+give their most respectful compliments to your Excellency.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, January 30th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The letters I had the honor to write you on the 24th and 28th inst.,
+are the most faithful picture of the sentiments of our republicans. I
+have added nothing of my own; on the contrary I have softened the
+matter as much as possible. If the affair cannot be arranged as I have
+proposed, the credit of France here is gone forever. I send you copies
+of letters relative to this subject, as I promised. France and our
+republicans have been from that time, the object of the bitterest
+sarcasms and raillery of the evil-disposed; and our republicans,
+without losing their courage in opposition to their domestic
+adversaries, are indignant, and have no longer any confidence in what
+is said to them by the French Ministry to color what is past, or to
+engage them to adopt further measures. They pity the Duc de la
+Vauguyon personally, and say that he is sacrificed, and that he is
+deprived of all the fruits of his wise measures, indefatigable
+industry, and splendid success here, by a stroke of a pen. They
+declare besides, that they will not be ruled, influenced, or kept in
+leading-strings by France nor by England, and that whatever may be
+proposed by France, they will not carry it to their cities, without
+sufficient guaranties in their pockets. If you carry the measure I
+have proposed, it will be, in my opinion, an important po<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[Pg 512]</a></span>litical
+stroke, of the greatest advantage to the United States, because it
+will establish their credit, dignity, and glory here forever. Your
+judgment and profound penetration, render it unnecessary for me to
+enter into long reasonings on this subject. It is enough that this
+measure will be equally advantageous to all, since all will
+participate in it, and will guaranty it to each other.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Llano requested me this morning to communicate to him the
+Preliminaries, of which the Duc de la Vauguyon told him I had a copy.
+He was satisfied with my reasons for declining to give him a copy, and
+with the verbal account I gave him of their substance. I have done the
+same favor to M. Asp.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, February 4th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your favor of the 29th has fully satisfied the gentlemen; and the
+Pensionary, M. Van Berckel, in the name of all, has directed me to
+thank you, and to assure you that it is precisely what they wanted,
+and what they hoped would be done by you and your colleagues; and that
+you may rely entirely on them, as they rely perfectly on you, in
+subsequent proceedings. I have also communicated it to the Grand
+Pensionary, who appeared to think with them, and I have been assured
+from good authority, that he has no less reason than France, to desire
+that the English party should no longer prevail here. I have the
+respects of all to present to you; I am delighted to find them so easy
+to be satisfied; for it appears to me that they ask nothing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[Pg 513]</a></span> more than
+the mutual guarantee, which is provided for in the treaties of America
+with this Republic and with France. They are determined not to sign,
+until the article relating to navigation shall be in the terms
+proposed, and not to cede Negapatnam; and they fear that if France
+does not find some remedy for this difficulty, she will again lose the
+confidence and favor of this nation, which are of more importance to
+her than Tobago.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Vergennes, to excuse the precipitancy in signing the
+treaty, has said to the Ministers of the Republic at Paris, that, on
+one side, America, who declared herself exhausted, feared an
+insurrection if the taxes were increased, demanded through Dr Franklin
+twenty millions for the ensuing campaign, if there were one, and
+wished to enjoy peace and her treaty, rather than to risk the
+continuance of the war, which might prevent the execution of it; and
+on the other, Spain, who, equally exhausted, demanded this conclusion
+absolutely&mdash;had compelled France to sign so precipitately; but that
+this does not affect the intention of his Majesty not to conclude,
+unless their High Mightinesses are included in the general peace and
+are satisfied. God grant it may be so. It appears that the Ambassador
+and the Grand Pensionary have received, each by his own courier the
+same assurances. The latter, however, has not yet imparted his
+despatches to our other friends. I have taken care to treat the nation
+with the Boston proclamation in the papers of the day.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, February 18th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Our friends are well satisfied with the repeated declarations I have
+made them from you and your colleagues. They will act in consequence,
+in regard to the Court of France, including that of Spain, and above
+all to your Excellencies. They appear convinced that the measure can
+and ought to succeed. At all events they direct me to propose the
+following question, to obtain an answer thereto, favorable, if
+possible, which will assure and tranquilise them.</p>
+
+<p>"If their High Mightinesses should propose to France to sign a
+convention, founded on the principles of the armed neutrality, for the
+preservation of the freedom of navigation, conjointly with Spain, the
+United States, and the United Provinces of the Low Countries; in case
+France and Spain should appear disposed to postpone such a convention,
+or should decline entering into it before the signing or concluding of
+the definitive treaty; would Mr Dana, and, during his absence, Mr
+Adams, either alone, and as Minister of the United States near this
+Republic, or with his colleagues, be ready to sign such a provisional
+convention, when proposed to them in the name of their High
+Mightinesses, between the United States and the United Provinces?"</p>
+
+<p>It is believed here, that without such a treaty, either between
+France, Spain, the United States and the United Provinces, or in
+defect of the two first, at least between the two last powers, nothing
+can save from the shame of the definitive treaty this Republic, which
+joined in the war<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</a></span> only for the liberty of the seas, and which has
+made it a condition <em>sine qua non</em> in its preliminaries.</p>
+
+<p>It is much to be wished that one of these arrangements were
+practicable, as this would at once pave the way for the definitive
+treaty. At least there would be no other difficulty than that relating
+to Negapatnam, and to the commerce to the Moluccas, on which I have
+just read the report of the seventeen directors of the Company, which
+opposes the strongest objections to the yielding of either.</p>
+
+<p>My opinion is, always with submission to your better judgment, that
+your acquiescence in the demand of these gentlemen may be founded on
+three considerations. 1st. On the resolution of the United States of
+October 5th, 1780, communicated by you to their High Mightinesses by a
+letter of March 8th, 1781, and on which you have observed to me, that
+your powers for that purpose were not recalled. 2dly. On the
+circumstance that their High Mightinesses are a party to the armed
+neutrality, to which Mr Dana is waiting the pleasure of another party
+to admit the United States. 3dly. On the fact, that the only point in
+question is in regard to the mutual guarantee, which you have already
+acceded to in the treaty of amity and commerce concluded with their
+High Mightinesses.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Praying you to pay my respects to Messrs Franklin, Jay, Laurens, and
+Brantzen, I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 4th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This note is intended merely to correct a statement I had the honor to
+make you a few days since, via Amster<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[Pg 516]</a></span>dam. By an unexpected change, M.
+Van Berckel, Burgomaster of Rotterdam, and brother of the celebrated
+Pensionary of Amsterdam, instead of M. de Dedem, has been nominated by
+the Province of Holland, and accepted by their High Mightinesses, for
+Minister Plenipotentiary near the United States. What I have said,
+however, of the patriotism of one, is entirely applicable to the
+other, and it is with the greatest satisfaction and cordiality that I
+recommend him to your confidence and friendship.</p>
+
+<p>This morning their High Mightinesses have adopted a resolution,
+conformable to that of Holland, relative to the instructions to their
+Plenipotentiary at Paris, to exert himself to effect a general
+pacification. Thus there will soon be an opportunity to congratulate
+the United States on the completion of this momentous affair.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 4th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This morning their High Mightinesses adopted a conclusion conformable
+to the opinion of the Province of Holland, on the instructions to be
+given to their Plenipotentiaries to obtain a general peace. This
+conclusion is unconstitutional, as it was not adopted unanimously. The
+Deputies of three Provinces, Friesland, Zealand, and Groningen, have
+declared they are not yet authorised to give their consent. But this
+will come.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 5th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>It is with as much confidence in your goodness, as zeal to serve the
+worthy Minister, who will represent this Republic to yours, that I
+hasten to transmit you the copy hereto annexed, of a letter he has
+just written to me.</p>
+
+<p>I will add, that M. Van Berckel intends to embark at Rotterdam for
+Philadelphia within three months at the latest. He will take his two
+sons with him, and when his house at Philadelphia is ready, he will
+send for his wife and three daughters, and reside permanently during
+the rest of his life near the Congress, who will find him as amiable
+as he is estimable. I am very sorry to lose him, but much rejoiced
+that the United States will make the acquisition. You will consider
+it, I hope, not unreasonable, if desiring to serve to the extent of my
+power my most respectable friend, whom you will soon receive as yours,
+no less on account of his personal virtues, than of his political
+character, which will connect him more closely with you than with any
+other person, I take it for granted not only that you will pardon, but
+be gratified with the liberty I take of addressing this commission to
+you, with a request, that you will confide the execution of it to some
+gentleman, in whom you can place entire confidence, and who will
+discharge it according to the wishes of, and on the most advantageous
+terms for M. Van Berckel; so that on his arrival he may find the house
+hired and at his command, the coach made, and the horses ready for
+use.</p>
+
+<p>The expenses will be paid by M. Van Berckel on his arrival, or even
+sooner, if necessary and possible in so short a time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</a></span>If I could have an answer to this before he sets sail, which will be
+in May or June at the latest, it would confer a great obligation on
+him. He will make the passage in a good frigate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<p><em>P. S.</em> M. Van Berckel speaks English very well. If this circumstance
+is fortunate for him, it will be no less so for those with whom he is
+to be connected in America.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 6th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>You must have already received, as well as the Ministers of France and
+Spain, the overture of the Ministers of this Republic at Paris, to
+begin the negotiation by a treaty of a mutual guarantee of the liberty
+of the seas. These gentlemen rely principally on the repeated promises
+I have made them on your part, confident that the American
+Plenipotentiaries will not allow themselves to be influenced by
+Shelburne and company, who, they say, understand each other like
+robbers at a fair. You will have no difficulty in understanding the
+allusion. If this convention could be made before the signing of the
+definitive treaty, the republicans here would triumph. A certain
+person having objected to me, that England might take umbrage if this
+treaty were made before the other, "Indeed!" I replied, "how long is
+it since France began anew to fear giving umbrage to England?"</p>
+
+<p>Your declaration concerning the armistice has been in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span>serted in the
+gazettes according to your wish; as has also the English proclamation.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, March 27th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>While the powers are taking a <em>siesta</em> to digest the provisional
+peace, previous to putting the finishing hand to it, I can only speak
+to you of the domestic affairs of this Republic.</p>
+
+<p>1st. Five Provinces have conformed to the opinion of Holland, for the
+criminal process on account of the disobedience of the squadron, which
+should have sailed from Brest in the beginning of October last. The
+opinion of Guelderland, the States of which will assemble next month,
+is the only one wanting.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. There is a provisional report of seven of the principal cities
+of Holland, which the others have taken <em>ad referendum</em>, to require
+explanations from the Prince on the last Memorial of M. Thulemeyer,
+Envoy of Prussia, by declaring whether he really has to complain of
+the loss of any prerogatives constitutionally belonging to him; or if
+the remonstrances of the King on that point are not founded on a
+mistake? Those who are suspected of being the only focus from which
+this, <em>brutum fulmen</em>, (shall I call it) or this <em>will o' the whisp</em>,
+has proceeded, are doing all they can to prevent a majority, which
+would convert this report into a resolution. If they cannot succeed in
+this, the nobles, that is, the Prince, whom they allow to dispose of
+their vote, will delay the resolution by pretending<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</a></span> not to be ready
+to vote. But then the others can appoint a day on which they must be
+ready, and, meanwhile, they will print the report; which will increase
+the difficulty of the Court, and, perhaps, of the kind M. Thulemeyer,
+in saving themselves from the dilemma, I will not say with honor,
+which is impossible, but without mortification.</p>
+
+<p>3dly. The city of Alcmaer, by a formal deputation, has declared to the
+Prince, that in future it will dispose not only of nominations, but
+also of the consequent elections without his participation; asserting
+that this right belongs to it in virtue of certain ancient privileges.
+It persists in its design, and the Prince, who it was said at first,
+had intended to complain to the States of the Province by letter, has
+renounced his intention, for want of any solid objections to the
+measure.</p>
+
+<p>4thly. The arrangement of the military jurisdiction is another
+formidable operation for him, which will begin next week to occupy the
+serious attention of the States of Holland.</p>
+
+<p>5thly. Finally the court of justice continues to make rigid and minute
+examinations on the affair of St Nicholas, or of the 6th of December
+last, and is preparing a full report, which will be published, and
+which, as I am assured from good authority, will demonstrate that it
+was an actual conspiracy, the leaders of which were certain nobles and
+placemen, almost all of whom are already discovered.</p>
+
+<p>Congress will see by these specimens, that the republican party here
+is far from being discouraged by the approaches of peace, as some
+flattered themselves, and others feared or foretold they would be.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</a></span>The Prince has lost the enthusiastic love, which the large part of the
+nation bore him; this loss is irreparable, and the conduct he is
+induced to adopt renders it more and more incurable. In the Provinces,
+as for instance, Overyssel, Utrecht and Guelderland, where he was the
+most absolute, they are still more alienated, irritated, and disgusted
+with abuses, than in this. I do not say that this will or ought to end
+in a revolution, but a considerable diminution of his usurped and
+unconstitutional power, will, according to all appearances, be the
+result. The course of these people and that of the cabinets,
+negotiating a peace, may be compared to the hare and the tortoise in
+the fable; the former began with long leaps, and rapid strides, and
+after these preliminaries fell asleep at a little distance from the
+goal, thinking it easy for him to reach it at any moment; our
+tortoise, in spite of his tardy movements, may yet attain some of his
+objects, before the hare awakes.</p>
+
+<p>I see constantly and confidentially the French Ambassador and the
+<em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> of Sweden, sometimes likewise the Minister of
+Spain. I cannot serve the first in the present circumstances with so
+much success as formerly; my friends wish to see the wrongs of which
+they complain redressed, before they can rely with their former
+confidence on future promises; it is not his fault and I pity him,
+but, after all, I cannot say that my friends are wrong.</p>
+
+<p>The other diplomatic agents appear to be here merely to vegetate and
+kill time, sometimes at what they call the Court, sometimes with each
+other.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, April 18th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Our friends are returned here to meet, provided with good
+instructions, not only in regard to the military jurisdiction but also
+to other subjects, which it will be agreeable here to see on the
+carpet of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses the States of Holland.
+Those of Dort are in substance as follows;</p>
+
+<p>I. To grant the annual requisition of the Council of State for the
+department of war, except the forty or fortyfive thousand florins,
+which the High Council of War expend for the Province annually, and
+which the city wishes to be struck off. The six other Provinces
+together pay about thirty thousand florins besides, for the support of
+the Council.</p>
+
+<p>II. To exert themselves in inquiring into and reforming abuses which
+have been introduced into the army, and particularly, 1st. to prevent
+in future titular promotions, by which a prodigious number of officers
+are created with higher titles than their rank and pay entitle them
+to, which does not fail to cost the country 600,000 florins annually
+to no purpose; 2dly. To abolish the venality of the companies and
+other posts, which has existed for some time.</p>
+
+<p>In Friesland they are equally firm. A Westphalian, having defrauded
+the revenue, was condemned to ten years' hard labor in prison. The
+Regency of Munster having solicited his pardon the Counsellor Deputies
+of Friesland, principally devoted to the Court, reported therein to
+the States of Friesland that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</a></span> case was pardonable, but that the
+right of pardon being devolved on the Prince by the abdication of the
+right by the States, it was necessary to refer the affair to him. To
+disavow this pretended abdication, and because the case is one of
+those called royal cases, the States in opposition to this report
+granted the pardon without consulting the Prince.</p>
+
+<p>In a fortnight, a man imprisoned for disturbances on the 8th of March,
+the birthday of the Prince, will be whipped, at Rotterdam. Two other
+of these fellows are in prison at Delft, for having committed similar
+disorders at Overschie, a village near Rotterdam, in the jurisdiction
+of Delft. As they broke into houses they are in danger of being hung.
+A body of three hundred volunteers, of young men of the best families
+of Rotterdam, has been formed to maintain public order in case of any
+similar disturbances. They exercise daily, and have petitioned to be
+authorised by their Regency. They will succeed, through the influence
+of the Burgomaster Van Berckel, who prevails in the legislative body
+of the city, notwithstanding the opposition of the Burgomaster Van der
+Heim, who is devoted to the Court, and who has the majority in the
+executive.</p>
+
+<p>The French Ambassador will set out next Monday, on a visit of several
+months to France. Meanwhile M. de Berenger, Secretary of Legation,
+will attend to the business of the embassy.</p>
+
+<p>I have been requested to sound Mr Dana, to know, "whether, in case
+their High Mightinesses should think proper to send full powers to
+their Minister at Petersburg, to conclude a treaty with the Minister
+of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</a></span> United States, on the principles of the armed neutrality, Mr
+Dana could enter on such a negotiation." I have written him in
+consequence.</p>
+
+<p><em>April 23d.</em> On the 20th, the French Ambassador gave a farewell
+dinner, at which I had the honor to be present.</p>
+
+<p>I wrote to Mr Adams a letter on the 11th, of which I yesterday
+received an answer dated the 16th, and this morning waited upon M.
+Fagel, the Secretary, to say to him, that I had the satisfaction to be
+able to free their High Mightinesses from all anxiety on the point of
+titles, by assuring them, that the United States had adopted no other,
+than that of the <em>United States of America in Congress assembled</em>, and
+that the qualification of <em>Friends and Allies</em>, which their High
+Mightinesses will add, did not require to be enriched by any epithets.
+You see, Sir, added I, that in America they practise the maxim of
+Boerhaave, <em>sigillum veri simplex</em>. He approved this remark, and
+politely thanked me for the information. On leaving him I went to
+communicate the same thing to the Pensionaries of Dort and Amsterdam,
+who said to me, smiling, there is still one little thing, that puzzled
+the Secretary; it is not customary in Holland to say <em>you</em> in
+addressing any one, and he has been able to find no expression but <em>El
+Edelere</em> (<em>Your Noblenesses</em>) in addressing the Congress. I answered
+in the same tone, that the Americans recognise no other nobility than
+that of soul, and that as the simple address would not, in my opinion,
+be disagreeable to them, if the Secretary used it without any
+appendages.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Without date.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letters to March
+4th inclusive. I am sorry to find by them, that the ferment occasioned
+by the causes you explain, continues to work. How far it may be
+necessary to purge off the impurities, which your government has
+contracted by long inaction, I will not pretend to say. It is certain,
+however, that the want of harmony in its different branches has had
+the most melancholy effects upon your operations the last war; and
+deprived you of important advantages in the conclusion of it. Though I
+sincerely wish that the struggles of your patriots may be attended
+with the same happy consequences with ours, yet I take the liberty to
+remind you, that your public character puts you in a delicate
+situation with respect to them, that as a foreign nation, whatever we
+may wish, we have no right to express those wishes, or in any way to
+interfere in the internal disputes of our allies, that our conduct
+should show, that we were the enemy of no party, except so far as
+their measures were inimical to us. You will not, Sir, consider this
+as a reproof, for I have not the smallest reason to believe, that you
+have not made these reflections yourself, and acted conformably
+thereto. On the contrary, I rather conclude, that you have, from the
+long habit in which you have been of conducting public affairs which
+require prudence and delicacy. I only mention it, therefore, as a
+caution which will not probably, but may possibly be necessary to one
+who is animated by the spirit of freedom, and may as a patriot be
+hurried beyond the limits we should prescribe to our Ministers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</a></span>You will be pleased to discontinue in future all the Dutch papers, and
+send us only the Leyden Gazette, the <em>Courrier du Bas Rhin</em>, and the
+<em>Courrier de l'Europe</em>, together with such publications on political
+subjects, written in French, as may be worth our attention. I commit
+the enclosed letters to Mr Dana to your care.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing has yet been done in your affairs, though they lay before
+Congress; a variety of important matters have pressed of late for
+their consideration, and you are too well acquainted with popular
+assemblies to be surprised at the slowness of their proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>We have returned the prisoners on both sides, and Congress have made a
+considerable reduction in the army, by permitting those who are
+enlisted for the war to return home on furlough. We cannot yet learn
+with certainty from General Carleton, when he means to evacuate New
+York. I sincerely rejoice at M. Van Berckel's appointment, and wish
+you had informed me when we might expect him here, where the patriotic
+character of his family cannot but ensure him an agreeable reception.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, May 8th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The great blow of the suppression of the High Council of War, and the
+restriction of the military jurisdiction, was finally and decisively
+struck in the States of Holland last week, as your Excellency will see
+by the resolutions and publications in the gazettes sent with this;
+there is no doubt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</a></span> that the other Provinces will conform to that of
+Holland. Thus have the republicans gained a signal victory over the
+other party, and which would never have happened but for the war,
+which has so humbled the English and the Anglomanes.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen the last despatches of the Plenipotentiaries of this
+Republic at Paris, to the Grand Pensionary of the 25th and 28th of
+April, and of M. Tor, Secretary of M. Brantzen at London, of the 18th
+of April, received here the 3d of May, from M. Brantzen. It appears
+from these letters, that they could not agree, either at Paris or
+London, upon the articles of peace between this Republic and Great
+Britain. The Secretary, Mr Fox, with whom M. Tor had two conferences,
+made evasive answers, and this <em>man of the people</em> does not seem to
+have the same esteem for the republicans as formerly. He put two
+singular questions to M. Tor; 1st. why they were so dissatisfied with
+the Prince of Orange in the United Provinces? 2dly. what impression
+the measures of the King of Prussia in favor of the Prince had made?
+M. Tor in turn evaded these questions, which lead us to conclude, that
+this <em>man of the people</em> is no better than the others. Meanwhile the
+Deputies of Dort and Schoonhoven, have proposed the reform of several
+great abuses in the army; 1st. The creation of supernumerary officers,
+by raising them above their actual rank, and excusing them from
+service. 2dly. The venality of posts. 3dly. The introduction of
+foreign officers in the national regiments. These propositions have
+been committed. In due time I shall give an account of the report of
+the committee, and of its result.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">[Pg 528]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, May 25th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The States of Holland will assemble next Wednesday, and meanwhile I
+have nothing interesting to add to what the annexed papers contain,
+except that the last letters from Paris of the 16th and 19th, inform
+me that nothing has yet been done to forward the conclusion of the
+general definitive treaty.</p>
+
+<p>I learn from good authority, that Mr Harris, British Minister at the
+Court of St Petersburg, is intended for that post here, after
+everything is settled. I shall communicate this intelligence to our
+friends at Dort and Amsterdam this evening. They will be pleased with
+it, for they feared the return of Sir Joseph Yorke and his old arts,
+which under present circumstances would be injurious here, without
+being of any real benefit to England.</p>
+
+<p>I take the liberty to recommend to the attention and kindness of the
+United States and their citizens, Captain Riemersma, commander of the
+Overyssel, ship of the line, who will sail from the Texel after the
+19th June, carrying M. Van Berckel to Philadelphia. He is a brave
+officer, an excellent patriot, a constant friend of liberty and of
+America, and he received the squadron of Commodore Paul Jones in the
+Texel in 1779, in a very friendly manner, for which he was punished by
+the Anglomanes, whose intrigues effected his removal from the command
+of the Road, and who have ever since prevented him from being employed
+and advanced; in this they have injured only their country; for he is
+wealthy, and it is not interest, but honor and taste for the
+profession, which induce him to serve.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>NOTE TO THE STATES-GENERAL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, June 5th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p>The undersigned, <em>Chargé d'Affaires</em> of the United States of America,
+has the honor to inform their High Mightinesses, that in the absence
+of the Minister Plenipotentiary, for reasons known to their High
+Mightinesses, he has intrusted to him the honor of laying before them
+the treaty and convention concluded between the two Republics on the
+7th of October last, and since ratified by the United States in
+Congress assembled; and also of receiving in exchange the
+ratifications of their High Mightinesses.</p>
+
+<p>The undersigned congratulates himself on being permitted to discharge
+a duty so congenial to his zeal for the United States, to his respect
+for their High Mightinesses, and to his attachment to a nation, in the
+bosom of which he has had the pleasure of living for many years.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<p>By order of Mr Adams I sent this note to the Secretary, M. Fagel, and
+a copy to the Grand Pensionary, Van Bleiswick. M. Fagel has requested
+several days to allow time for the clerks to prepare the ratification
+of their High Mightinesses, "which," he said to me, "I should
+communicate with great pleasure to Mr Adams if he were here, and I
+shall communicate it to you, Sir, with the same pleasure."</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530">[Pg 530]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>M. FAGEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, June 19th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Our ratification cannot be ready until next Monday. If you will call
+on me at Court on Monday morning, at one o'clock, I shall be able to
+exchange the ratifications with you.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">H. FAGEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, June 20th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I received a note from the Secretary of their High
+Mightinesses, of which I annex a copy. I shall therefore receive the
+act there mentioned next Monday, and shall keep it until I can
+transmit it to Mr Adams, according to his orders.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Gorcum has followed, by a large majority, the example of
+Dort, Schoonhoven, Rotterdam, Schiedam, and Alcmaer, by a resolution
+abolishing the influence of the Prince, on the nominations to vacant
+places; there is nothing left him but the right, which the
+constitution secures to him, of choosing among several persons
+nominated. This week their Noble and Grand Mightinesses will
+deliberate on the abolition of the venality of military offices.</p>
+
+<p>This contradicts the notion, which it was attempted to inculcate, that
+the ardor for reform would relax, at the end of the war.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, June 23d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>At one o'clock this afternoon, an exchange of the ratification of the
+treaty and convention concluded the 7th of October last, between the
+United States and the United Provinces of the Low Countries, took
+place in the business hall between the Secretary of their High
+Mightinesses and your servant. I keep these two acts, according to the
+orders of Mr Adams, to place them in his hands on his return. They are
+authenticated according to the usage of this country, with the seal of
+the Republic, enclosed in two large silver boxes attached to each, on
+which are engraven the arms of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>M. Van Berckel sets out today from Amsterdam for the Texel, and I am
+in haste to send this by him.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have only to assure you of, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DUMAS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p class="volume_end">END OF THE NINTH VOLUME.</p>
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div id="trannote">
+<h2>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE.</h2>
+
+<p>Omitted words, shown as blank spaces in the original, have been transcribed as four hyphens ('&mdash;&mdash;').</p>
+
+<p>Spelling variations between letters have been preserved.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, Vol. IX, by Various
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diff --git a/29438.txt b/29438.txt
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+++ b/29438.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, Vol. IX, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution, Vol. IX
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Jared Sparks
+
+Release Date: July 18, 2009 [EBook #29438]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Frank van Drogen, Chris Logan and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by the BibliothA"que nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
+http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF THE
+
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+VOL. IX.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF THE
+
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION;
+
+BEING
+
+THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN JAY,
+ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM
+CARMICHAEL, HENRY LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M. DUMAS,
+AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
+DURING THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;
+
+TOGETHER WITH
+
+THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, AND THE
+SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+ALSO,
+
+THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS, GERARD AND LUZERNE,
+WITH CONGRESS.
+
+
+Published under the Direction of the President of the United States,
+from the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably
+to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.
+
+
+EDITED
+
+BY JARED SPARKS.
+
+
+VOL. IX.
+
+
+BOSTON:
+
+NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN;
+
+G. & C. & H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.
+
+
+1830.
+
+
+
+
+Steam Power Press--W. L. Lewis' Print.
+
+No. 6, Congress Street, Boston.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+OF THE
+
+NINTH VOLUME.
+
+
+WILLIAM CARMICHAEL'S CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                                                 Page.
+
+    To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Amsterdam,
+    November 2d, 1776,                                               5
+
+        Sent by Mr Deane on a mission to Berlin.--Disposition of
+        the Dutch.--Financial credit of the different
+        powers.--Credit of the United States.--Plan for
+        attacking the English coasts.--The conduct of Congress
+        in relation to Portugal has made a favorable
+        impression.--Offers of a House in Amsterdam to discount
+        bills of Congress, drawn on certain conditions.
+
+    To William Bingham, at Martinique. Paris, June 25th to July
+    6th, 1777,                                                      14
+
+        Reasons for opening a correspondence with him.--Causes
+        of the temporising policy of France.--The English loan
+        completed at home.--Dispute between Spain and
+        Portugal.--Warlike preparations of France and Spain.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Yorktown, June 17th, 1778,        19
+
+        Receives information of his appointment as Secretary to
+        the Commissioners.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Off Reedy Island, November
+    25th, 1779,                                                     19
+
+        Acknowledges the reception of certain resolutions of
+        Congress.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Martinique, December 27th,
+    1779,                                                           20
+
+        Naval operations of the English and French in the West
+        Indian Seas.
+
+    To John Jay. Madrid, February 18th, 1780,                       21
+
+        Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca, who promises
+        to answer Mr Jay's letter.--Advises Mr Jay to prepare
+        for a journey to Madrid.--Mr Lee's correspondence.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, February 19th, 1780,      23
+
+        Favorable reception.--Kindness of the French Ambassador
+        and of M. Gerard.--English forces.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, May 28th,
+    1780,                                                           24
+
+        Difficulty of communication.--Dispositions of the
+        Spanish Court.--English policy in Spain.--Dispositions
+        of the other European powers.--Bills on Mr Jay.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, July 17th,
+    1780,                                                           30
+
+        Mr Cumberland, English agent at Madrid.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, August
+    22d, 1780,                                                      32
+
+        Finances of Spain.--Mr Cumberland.--Armed
+        neutrality.--Naval forces and operations of France and
+        Spain.--M. Gardoqui succeeds M. Miralles.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, September
+    9th, 1780,                                                      38
+
+        Failure of the Spanish loan attributed to M.
+        Necker.--Scheme of the loan.--Unsettled policy of
+        Spain.--Armed neutrality.--The navigation of the
+        Mississippi the chief obstacle to the opening of
+        negotiations with Spain.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, September
+    25th, 1780,                                                     43
+
+        Supplies from Spain.--Conference with the Count de
+        Florida Blanca.--The Count declares that Spain will
+        never relinquish the exclusive navigation of the
+        Mississippi.--Finances of the belligerent powers.--The
+        Count de Montmorin.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, October 15th,
+    1780,                                                           47
+
+        The Spanish government finds it difficult to raise
+        money.--The armed neutrality and Holland.--Revolt in
+        Peru.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, November 28th,
+    1780,                                                           50
+
+        Finances and financial operations of Spain.--Vigorous
+        preparations of England.--Spain aims at the exclusive
+        possession of the Gulf of Mexico.--The European powers
+        are jealous of the House of Bourbon.--Suggests the
+        expediency in securing the alliance of Spain by further
+        concessions.--Proceedings in Holland.--The Count de
+        Vergennes informs Mr Jay that France cannot pay the
+        bills drawn on him.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, December 19th,
+    1780,                                                           56
+
+        Amount of bills drawn on Mr Jay.--Accession of Holland
+        to the armed neutrality.--Disposition of the
+        Emperor.--Mr Cumberland continues to reside at Madrid.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, January 4th,
+    1781,                                                           58
+
+        England declares war against Holland.--Supplies promised
+        by Spain.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, January 29th,
+    1781,                                                           59
+
+        Offer of mediation by the German Emperor and the Empress
+        of Russia.--Spanish policy in regard to America.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, February 22d,
+    1781,                                                           62
+
+        Supplies.--Imperial offer of mediation.--Russia
+        unfavorably disposed towards England.--English
+        preparations.--French preparations.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, March 4th,
+    1781,                                                           66
+
+        M. Gardoqui.--The correspondence of the American
+        Ministers is known to the European governments, by
+        opening the letters.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, March 11th,
+    1781,                                                           68
+
+        Mr Cumberland intends to leave Spain.--Naval forces of
+        the belligerents.--Bad consequences of the mutiny of the
+        Pennsylvania line.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, May 25th,
+    1781,                                                           69
+
+        Secret armament preparing at Cadiz.--Difficulty of
+        communicating safely with America.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, May 26th,
+    1781,                                                           70
+
+        Naval operations.--Supplies granted by France.--Probable
+        destination of the force raising in the South of Spain.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Aranjues, June 2d,
+    1781,                                                           72
+
+        Dismission of M. Necker disagreeable to the Court of
+        Spain.--M. Necker not favorable to the granting of
+        supplies to the United States.--His character.--Proposed
+        mediation by the Court of Vienna.
+
+    James Lovell to William Carmichael. Philadelphia, June 15th,
+    1781,                                                           74
+
+        His communications have been valuable to Congress.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, August
+    16th, 1781,                                                     75
+
+        Progress of the negotiations.--Loans raised by
+        Spain.--Bills on Mr Jay.--Apprehensions that the demands
+        of Spain may delay the general peace.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. St Ildefonso, September
+    28th, 1781,                                                     78
+
+        The Court promises to appoint a person to treat.--M. Del
+        Campo.--Little prospect of a general negotiation.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, October 5th,
+    1781,                                                           81
+
+        No progress has been made in the
+        negotiation.--Complaints against Commodore Gillon.--The
+        rebellion in Peru quelled.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, November 17th,
+    1781,                                                           84
+
+        Arrest of an English agent.--No progress towards opening
+        a conference with Mr Jay.--Animosity of the Irish at the
+        Spanish Court against America.--Account of M.
+        Cabarrus.--Spanish expedition against their
+        Colonies.--French naval expeditions.--State of affairs
+        in Holland and France.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    December 20th, 1781,                                            91
+
+        Mr Carmichael's communications valuable to
+        Congress.--Commodore Gillon is not in a United States
+        ship.--Delays of Spain beget feelings of ill-will in
+        America.--Evacuation of Wilmington.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 20th, 1781,           94
+
+        Motives of his correspondence.--Delays of
+        Spain.--General satisfaction in Spain at the capture of
+        Lord Cornwallis.--Imperial and Swedish Ambassador desire
+        to favor the trade with America.--Advances by M.
+        Cabarrus.--State of the sieges of Gibraltar and
+        Mahon.--M. Cabarrus's plan of a new bank.--Spain
+        endeavors to discourage the commerce of foreigners in
+        her ports.--Attempt to exclude salt-fish, by the sale of
+        indulgences permitting the use of meat on fast
+        days.--Character of the Spanish Ministry.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 24th, 1781,          102
+
+        Mr Jay receives promises of supplies.--The Count de
+        Florida Blanca also promises to interfere with Portugal
+        in favor of the United States.--Probable consequences
+        of the death of the Empress.--Proceedings of England.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, Feb. 18th, 1782,              105
+
+        Difficulty of meeting the drafts.--Financial
+        embarrassments of the Spanish Court.--Capitulation of
+        Mahon.--Imperial mediation.--Reply of Lord Stormont to
+        the proposal.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, February 27th, 1782,          111
+
+        Mr Jay is unable to obtain supplies.--No progress made
+        toward negotiations.--The King of England is said to be
+        determined to push the war in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, April 14th, 1782,             113
+
+        Mr Jay obliged to protest bills.--Conduct of the Spanish
+        Minister on this occasion.--The Spanish Court delays
+        negotiations from policy.--Colonial
+        disturbances.--Reforms of the Emperor.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    May 1st, 1782,                                                 120
+
+        Desires a continuance of his correspondence.--Affair of
+        Captain Huddy.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, June 12th, 1782,              122
+
+        The Spanish Ministers show no inclination to
+        treat.--Jealousy of the House of Bourbon among the
+        European powers.--Financial difficulties of
+        Spain.--Siege of Gibraltar.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    July 6th, 1782,                                                124
+
+        Complains of want of information.--Payment of salaries.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, July 8th, 1782,         126
+
+        Interview with the Count de Florida
+        Blanca.--Conversation with M. Del Campo.--New offer of
+        mediation from the Imperial Courts.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, July 22d, 1782,         129
+
+        Count de Florida Blanca's answer to the proposed
+        mediation.--The neutral powers desire a Congress.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1782,    132
+
+        Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    September 12th, 1782,                                          135
+
+        State of affairs in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, September 29th, 1782,   137
+
+        Failure of the attack on Gibraltar.--Financial
+        embarrassments of Spain.--State of the negotiations at
+        Paris.--The preparations for war continue.
+
+    Count de Florida Blanca to William Carmichael. St Lorenzo,
+    October 14th, 1782,                                            141
+
+        The English frigate carried into Cadiz by American
+        seamen is ordered to be sold, and the proceeds to be
+        deposited to the credit of Congress.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, October 29th, 1782,           142
+
+        The progress of the negotiations will be impeded by
+        Spain.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    November 28th, 1782,                                           144
+
+        America will make no peace inconsistent with her
+        engagements to her allies.--State of the military forces
+        in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 10th, 1782,          147
+
+        Terms of the treaty between Great Britain and the United
+        States.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, December 30th, 1782,          149
+
+        Dissatisfaction of Spain with the conclusion of the
+        treaty.--Letter from M. de Lafayette.--Financial
+        operations in Spain.--Receives the ceremonial visits of
+        the _Corps Diplomatique_.--Intends to leave Spain, if
+        the Court does not change its conduct.--Divisions in
+        Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, January 18th, 1783,           154
+
+        Interruptions of the communication with
+        America.--Endeavors to induce the Ministry to receive
+        him formally.--M. Gardoqui will soon be despatched on a
+        mission.--The Ministry desires peace.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, February 21st, 1783,          158
+
+        Is formally received as _Charge d'Affaires_ of the
+        United States, through the influence of M. de Lafayette.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, March 13th, 1783,             161
+
+        Dines with the Count de Florida Blanca.--Supposed
+        motives of the offer of mediation by the Imperial
+        Courts.--Reported confederacy of Russia, Austria, and
+        Prussia for the partition of Turkey.--State of affairs
+        in England.--Friendly propositions from other
+        powers.--The army and navy commissaries have agreed to
+        obtain supplies from America.--Proposes M. Jose Llanos
+        as Minister to the United States.--Recommends the
+        nomination of distinguished Spaniards as members of
+        American societies.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to William Carmichael. Philadelphia,
+    May 7th, 1783,                                                 169
+
+        The past conduct of Spain has not been such as to
+        conciliate America.--She ought not to exclude America
+        from the privileges allowed to Great
+        Britain.--Operations of the provisional treaty.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, July 19th, 1783,              172
+
+        Receives assurances of the favorable disposition of the
+        King.--The Spanish-Americans treat him as their
+        countryman.--Plans of Austria and Russia.--Mr Fox raises
+        difficulties to the conclusion of the Definitive
+        Treaty.--Points in the treaty with Spain.--Spanish
+        expedition against Algiers.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, July 22d, 1783,               179
+
+        Dispersion of the armament against Algiers by stress of
+        weather.--Slow progress of the negotiations at Paris.
+
+    From the Saxon Minister in Spain to William Carmichael.
+    Madrid, July 28th, 1783,                                       181
+
+        Establishment of commercial relations with America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, July 29th, 1783,              183
+
+        Proceedings relative to the formation of commercial
+        connexions between Saxony and the United States.--Treaty
+        between France, Spain and Portugal.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, August 2d, 1783,              184
+
+        M. Thieriot appointed Saxon Commissary-General of
+        Commerce in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. St Ildefonso, August 30th, 1783,      185
+
+        Interview with the Count de Florida Blanca.--Objections
+        of that Minister to his presentation.--Second interview
+        on the same subject.--The King consents to fix a day for
+        his presentation.--The presentation.
+
+
+JOHN LAURENS'S CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+    Instructions to John Laurens. In Congress, December 23d,
+    1780,                                                          199
+
+    Additional Instructions to John Laurens. In Congress,
+    December 27th, 1780,                                           201
+
+    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January 3d,
+    1781,                                                          203
+
+        Method of obtaining supplies.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Boston, February 4th, 1781,      204
+
+        Delay of his departure.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Boston, February 7th, 1781,      206
+
+        Preparations for sailing completed.
+
+    To the President of Congress. L'Orient, March 11th, 1781,      207
+
+        Remains at L'Orient in expectation of an interview with
+        the Marquis de Castries.--Naval preparations at Brest.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Passy, March 20th, 1781,         208
+
+        Conversation with the Marquis de Castries.--Answer of
+        the Count de Vergennes to the application of Congress
+        for aid, granting six millions.--Urges the necessity of
+        further aid.--Naval forces of the belligerents at sea.
+
+    Memorial to the Count de Vergennes,                            211
+
+        On the necessity of further aid in money, and of a naval
+        superiority of the allies.--Answer to the objections
+        made to the raising of a loan in France by the United
+        States.
+
+    Questions proposed to Colonel Laurens, with his Answers to
+    them. Paris, March 29th, 1781,                                 218
+
+        Advantages of augmenting the army.--Causes of the
+        weakness of the southern army.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Versailles, April 9th, 1781,     220
+
+        France consents to guaranty a loan of ten millions to be
+        opened in Holland.--Solicitations for supplies.
+
+    Memorial from Colonel John Laurens to Count de Vergennes,      222
+
+        Represents the grant already made to be insufficient and
+        requests supplies in arms, &c. on credit.--Desires the
+        amount of the loan proposed to be raised in Holland may
+        be advanced by France.--Urges the necessity of
+        maintaining a naval superiority in the American seas.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, April 24th, 1781,         226
+
+        Remittance of the aid in specie.--Reasons for engaging
+        the South Carolina ship, the Indian, for the
+        conveyance.--Nature of supplies in arms, ammunition, &c.
+
+    Memorial from John Laurens to the Director-General of
+    Finance,                                                       230
+
+        Urging the increase of the intended remittance of
+        specie.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, May 15th, 1781,           231
+
+        Failure of the plan of obtaining remittances from Vera
+        Cruz.--Refusal of Holland to countenance the proposed
+        loan in that country.--Promises of additional succors
+        from France.
+
+    Count de Vergennes to John Laurens. Versailles, May 16th,
+    1781,                                                          233
+
+        Disposition of the six millions granted by
+        France.--Additional grant of four millions.--The
+        proposed loan of ten millions shall be advanced by
+        France.--Military and naval operations.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 2d,
+    1781,                                                          235
+
+        General account of his proceedings on his late mission
+        to France, as contained in the preceding letters.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 6th,
+    1781,                                                          247
+
+        Confinement of Henry Laurens in the Tower.
+
+
+CORRESPONDENCE OF C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+    B. Franklin to M. Dumas. Philadelphia, December 19th, 1775,    255
+
+        Acknowledges the reception of certain works of M.
+        Dumas.--Requests him to sound the Ministers to discover
+        if America can expect countenance from any of the
+        European powers in declaring independence.--State of the
+        country.--Desires that skilful engineers may be sent
+        out.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, March 22d,
+    1776,                                                          260
+
+        Introducing Mr Deane.
+
+    To B. Franklin, Chairman of the Committee of Secret
+    Correspondence. Utrecht, April 30th, 1776,                     260
+
+        Conversation with the French Minister relative to
+        rendering assistance to the Colonies.--Writings of M.
+        Dumas.--Receives a letter without signature, desiring a
+        meeting at the Hague.
+
+    To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Utrecht, May
+    14th, 1776,                                                    267
+
+        Interview with the writer of the letter from the
+        Hague.--Letter from Mr A. Lee recommending Hortalez.
+
+    To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. August 10th,
+    1776,                                                          271
+
+        Extract of a letter from Mr Lee, recommending Hortalez
+        to his confidence.--Correspondence with the person with
+        whom he had the interview at the Hague.--Interview with
+        the same person and with the Spanish Ambassador.--Mr
+        Ellis requests him to write to America that there is a
+        strong American party in England.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, July 6th, 1776,          276
+
+        Introducing Mr Ellis.--State of affairs in America.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, July 26th, 1776,         277
+
+        Desires to correspond with him.--Wishes to know if there
+        would be any personal risk in visiting Holland.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, August 13th, 1776,       278
+
+        The Colonial expenses of Great Britain were undertaken
+        for her own benefit.--Scotch hostile to America.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, August 18th, 1776,       280
+
+        Intends visiting Holland in a private character.--The
+        American Colonies do not desire aid nor alliances, but
+        only free commerce.
+
+    William Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, September 10th, 1776,   282
+
+        The declaration of Independence changes the character of
+        the contest between Great Britain and America.--England
+        uses every means to prevent the interference of France.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, September 11th, 1776,    283
+
+        If free commerce were allowed America, the Colonies
+        would need no assistance.--The English Ambassador is
+        acquainted with Mr Deane's official character.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, September 23d, 1776,     285
+
+        Sentiments of the English nation.--Character of the
+        English Ministry.
+
+    To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. September 30th,
+    1776,                                                          288
+
+        Communicates his letters from America in a certain
+        quarter.--Reasons for signing an assumed name.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, October 1st,
+    1776,                                                          290
+
+        Acknowledging the receipt of letters.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 3d, 1776,        291
+
+        Obtains an opportunity of sounding the sentiments of the
+        Prussian Cabinet.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 6th, 1776,       291
+
+        Disposition of the American people in regard to an
+        accommodation.--American commerce.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 9th, 1776,       294
+
+        Introducing Mr Carmichael.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, October 13th, 1776,      295
+
+        Treatment of an American citizen in Holland.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, October
+    22d, 1776,                                                     296
+
+        Informing him of his intended visit.
+
+    Committee of Secret Correspondence to C. W. F. Dumas.
+    Philadelphia, October 24th, 1776,                              297
+
+        Dr Franklin appointed Commissioner to the French
+        Court.--Committee of Secret Correspondence.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, October
+    27th, 1776,                                                    298
+
+        Requesting certain papers.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, November 15th, 1776,     299
+
+        Disposition of the British Court.--The Rockingham party
+        proposes to secede from Parliament.--Cause of the
+        advantage gained by the English on Long Island.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Without date,                   301
+
+        Difficulties of his situation.--Prospect of ultimate
+        success.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, December 13th, 1776,     304
+
+        Arrival of Dr Franklin in France.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Havre, January 21st,
+    1777,                                                          304
+
+        Return from a tour in Germany.--Impolicy of the present
+        measures of France.
+
+    Arthur Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 26th, 1777,       305
+
+        Want of intelligence from America.--Interest of Holland
+        to secure the commerce with America.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 29th, 1777,      307
+
+        Forwarding letters from America.
+
+    William Lee to C. W. F. Dumas. London, March 21st, 1777,       308
+
+        State of the British and American forces.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, April 2d, 1777,          309
+
+        Enclosing a remittance.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, April 12th,
+    1777,                                                          310
+
+        Inadequacy of the allowance hitherto made him.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, April 28th,
+    1777,                                                          312
+
+        Dangers of the temporizing policy of the European powers
+        toward America.--Mr Carmichael is offered a pension on
+        condition of bringing the Colonies to terms.--The
+        acknowledgment of the independence of America by the
+        European States is all that is necessary to her success.
+
+    The Committee of Foreign Affairs to C. W. F. Dumas.
+    Philadelphia, May 8th, 1777,                                   314
+
+        Desiring him to communicate information to the
+        Commissioners at Paris.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, May 9th, 1777,    315
+
+        English papers intercepted.--False rumors propagated by
+        the English Ministry.--Arrogant policy of that Court.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, near Paris, May 12th,
+    1777,                                                          317
+
+        Communicates advices from America.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Amsterdam, May 16th,
+    1777,                                                          318
+
+        The author of 'Advice to Hessians,' threatened with
+        arrest.
+
+    Silas Deane to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, June 7th, 1777,          319
+
+        Reports of reconciliation spread by English
+        agents.--There will be no accommodation without an
+        acknowledgment of independence.--The balance of power in
+        Europe is a mere chimera.--One power must finally
+        preponderate.--Growing importance of Russia.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, June 13th,
+    1777,                                                          323
+
+        American privateering.--Preparations for the war in
+        England.--Had the English operations been successful in
+        America, the same tone would have been assumed towards
+        France as Holland.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. June 14th, 1777,          326
+
+        Disposition of the Dutch towards America.--Success is
+        necessary to gain Holland.--The Dutch houses refuse to
+        take up the English loan.--Ignorance of American affairs
+        in Europe.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. August 22d, 1777,         327
+
+        Subject to persecutions on account of his agency in the
+        American service.--Dutch vessels captured by the
+        English.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, October
+    14th, 1777,                                                    329
+
+        Meeting and proceedings of the States-General.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. December 16th, 1777,      330
+
+        Impression produced by the news of Burgoyne's
+        capture.--Proceedings of the States-General.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, April 14th,
+    1778,                                                          332
+
+        Effect of the declaration of France in Holland.--The
+        Republic will maintain her neutrality.
+
+    To M. Van Berckel, Pensionary of Amsterdam. July 27th, 1778,   333
+
+        Communicating the treaty between France and the United
+        States.
+
+    M. Van Berckel to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, July 31st,
+    1778,                                                          334
+
+        Disposition of the Regency of Amsterdam to enter into
+        amicable and commercial relations with the United
+        States.
+
+    To M. Van Berckel. The Hague, August 17th, 1778,               335
+
+        Rejection of the propositions of the British
+        Commissioners by the United States.--Extract of a letter
+        from W. Lee, complaining of the indecision of Holland.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December 3d,
+    1778,                                                          337
+
+        Amsterdam protests against the resolution of the States,
+        refusing a convoy to ships carrying naval stores to
+        France.
+
+    Memorial, presented by his Excellency, the Duc de la
+    Vauguyon, Ambassador of France, to the States-General of the
+    United Provinces. The Hague, December 7th, 1778,               338
+
+        Necessity that Holland should protect her commerce, if
+        she desires to enjoy the privileges of neutrality.
+
+    To the Commissioners at Paris. The Hague, December 18th,
+    1778,                                                          340
+
+        The Admiralty gives an evasive answer to the Memorial of
+        the French Ambassador.--This answer adopted by the
+        States.--Amsterdam protests.--The English Court declares
+        its intention of seizing Dutch ships carrying munitions
+        of war to France.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December
+    25th, 1778,                                                    342
+
+        Resolution of the States and protest of
+        Amsterdam.--Desires letters of credence.--Inadequacy of
+        his compensation.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, January 1st,
+    1779,                                                          345
+
+        Containing a note of the Duc de la Vauguyon, explanatory
+        of his Memorial; the answer of the States of Holland to
+        the same, and the protest of Amsterdam against the
+        answer.--The answer adopted by the
+        States-General.--English influence at the Dutch
+        Court.--The French Ambassador has a declaration of his
+        Court excluding Holland from the French order in favor
+        of neutrals.
+
+    To the Commissioners at Paris. The Hague, January 12th,
+    1779,                                                          351
+
+        Proceedings of the States of Holland.--The American
+        interest gains ground.--The Duc de la Vauguyon presents
+        to the States-General the order excluding Holland from
+        the privileges of neutrals.--Proceedings in relation to
+        the same.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, March 1st,
+    1779,                                                          357
+
+        Desires to be invested with the character of _Charge
+        d'Affaires_ of the United States.--His past services.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, April 29th,
+    1779,                                                          359
+
+        Assembly of the States of Holland.--Misrepresentations
+        on American affairs.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, May 15th,
+    1779,                                                          360
+
+        Naval force ordered to be equipped by the
+        States-General, for purposes of convoy.
+
+    M. Chaumont to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, September 2d, 1779,      364
+
+        Requesting him to render all necessary aid to the
+        squadron of Commodore Jones.--Catalogue of the vessels
+        composing the squadron.
+
+    To B. Franklin. The Hague, September 14th, 1779,               365
+
+        Proceedings in Holland and France relative to the
+        granting convoys to Dutch commerce.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, September
+    20th, 1779,                                                    366
+
+        Intends going to Texel to meet Commodore Jones.
+
+    Agreement between John Paul Jones and Captain Pearson,         367
+
+        Relative to British prisoners in the squadron of
+        Commodore Jones.
+
+    The College of Admiralty of Amsterdam to the States-General.
+    Amsterdam, Oct. 8th, 1779,                                     369
+
+        On the request of Commodore Jones to be permitted to
+        land his prisoners.
+
+    Placard of 1756, referred to in the above letter,              370
+
+        Containing directions for foreign vessels bringing
+        prizes into Dutch ports.
+
+    From the College of Admiralty of Amsterdam to the
+    States-General. Amsterdam, Oct. 12th, 1779,                    373
+
+        Proposing to grant permission to land the sick and
+        wounded from Commodore Jones's squadron.
+
+    Permission to land the sick and wounded of the English
+    vessels taken by Paul Jones. Extract from the records of
+    their High Mightinesses. October 15th, 1779,                   375
+
+    Instructions of Holland and West Friesland to their
+    Deputies,                                                      376
+
+        Directing them to order the squadron of Commodore Jones
+        to sail as soon as possible, according to the general
+        practice of Holland in regard to belligerents bringing
+        prizes into the Dutch ports.
+
+    The Duc de la Vauguyon to John Paul Jones. The Hague,
+    October 29th, 1779,                                            378
+
+        Informing him that he will receive instructions at
+        Dunkirk.
+
+    Sir Joseph Yorke to the States-General. The Hague, October
+    29th, 1779,                                                    379
+
+        Demanding the seizure of the King's vessels in the hands
+        of Paul Jones, a pirate and rebel.
+
+    John Paul Jones to Lieutenant Colonel Weibert, in the
+    service of the United States,                                  381
+
+        Instructions for the care and safe keeping of the
+        wounded prisoners landed on the island of Texel.
+
+    John Paul Jones to the Duc de la Vauguyon. Texel, November
+    4th, 1779,                                                     382
+
+        Interview with the Commandant of the Road.--Causes of
+        the delay of sailing.
+
+    M. Dumas to the Duc de la Vauguyon. Helder, November 9th,
+    1779,                                                          384
+
+        Proceedings of Commodore Jones.
+
+    To the Duc de la Vauguyon. On board the Serapis, November
+    11th, 1779,                                                    386
+
+        Visit to the Dutch Vice-Admiral in company with
+        Commodore Jones.
+
+    The Duc de la Vauguyon to C. W. F. Dumas. The Hague,
+    November 11th, 1779,                                           387
+
+        Landing of the prisoners.
+
+    The Duc de la Vauguyon to C. W. F. Dumas. The Hague,
+    November 12th, 1779,                                           388
+
+        Directing Commodore Jones not to sail till he has
+        received instructions.
+
+    To the Duc de la Vauguyon. Nov. 13th, 1779,                    388
+
+        The Dutch Vice-Admiral urges the departure of Commodore
+        Jones.
+
+    The Duc de la Vauguyon to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam,
+    November 17th, 1779,                                           389
+
+        The States of Holland adopt a resolution to compel
+        Commodore Jones to set sail.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December
+    9th, 1779,                                                     389
+
+        Urgency of the Dutch Vice-Admiral for the departure of
+        Commodore Jones.--M. Dumas reads to him a declaration,
+        promising to set sail with the first fair wind.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. December 10th, 1779,      391
+
+        Resolutions of the States-General relative to Sir Joseph
+        Yorke's demand of the seizure of Commodore Jones and his
+        prizes.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December
+    11th, 1779,                                                    395
+
+        Further proceedings relative to the squadron of
+        Commodore Jones in consequence of the transference of
+        the Commodore to the Alliance.
+
+    John Paul Jones to the Duc de la Vauguyon. Alliance, Texel,
+    December 13th, 1779,                                           396
+
+        Rejecting the offer of a letter of marque from
+        France.--Expresses his indignation at the offer.
+
+    John Paul Jones to B. Franklin. Alliance, Texel, December
+    13th, 1779,                                                    399
+
+        Remarks on his treatment by the French Court.
+
+    John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Alliance, December 13th,
+    1779,                                                          400
+
+        Enclosing the preceding letters.
+
+    Vice-Admiral Reynst to John Paul Jones. Amsterdam, December
+    17th, 1779,                                                    401
+
+        Requiring to be informed of the character of the
+        Alliance, and demanding that the French flag be hoisted
+        on board that frigate, or that she be put to sea without
+        delay.
+
+    John Paul Jones to Vice-Admiral P. H. Reynst. Alliance,
+    Texel, December 17th, 1779,                                    401
+
+        Refuses to hoist the French flag.--Is ready to put to
+        sea whenever the pilot will conduct his ship.
+
+    John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Alliance, Texel, December
+    17th, 1779,                                                    402
+
+        Thanking him for his advice.
+
+    M. de Livoncourt, French Navy Agent at Amsterdam, to John
+    Paul Jones. Helder, December 17th, 1779,                       402
+
+        Requesting him to hoist the French flag.--Reasons for
+        addressing to him the commission alluded to in a
+        preceding letter.
+
+    John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Alliance, at Sea,
+    December 27th, 1779,                                           403
+
+        Succeeds in getting to sea.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, December
+    30th, 1779,                                                    404
+
+        Difficulties on account of the Alliance.--Desires to be
+        formally named agent of Congress.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, January 27th, 1780,      405
+
+        Regrets his differences with the Ambassador.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, March 15th,
+    1780,                                                          406
+
+        Transmits the plan of a treaty between the United States
+        and Holland.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, March 21st, 1780,     407
+
+        Enumeration of his services and sacrifices.--Inadequacy
+        of his compensation.--Complains of William and Arthur
+        Lee.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, March 29th, 1780,        412
+
+        Acknowledging the receipt of certain papers and
+        requesting information.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, April 13th, 1780,     413
+
+        Deliberations on the Russian Memorial to the
+        States-General.--Resolutions in favor of unlimited
+        convoys and declining succors to England, adopted by
+        several Provinces.--Necessity of an American Minister in
+        Holland.
+
+    B. Franklin to C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, April 23d, 1780,         414
+
+        Receives visits from gentlemen from Holland, who desire
+        information relative to the rumored treaty between
+        Amsterdam and the United States.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, May 21st, 1780,       416
+
+        Dissatisfaction of the northern powers with the conduct
+        of England.--Address of Amsterdam to the States.--Claim
+        of M. Van der Perre to a ship captured by Commodore
+        Jones.
+
+    John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, June 6th, 1780,           417
+
+        Relative to a certain letter of General Clinton,
+        suspected of being a forgery.--Duplicity of the British
+        agents in America.
+
+    Protest of the City of Amsterdam. Extracted from the
+    Resolutions of the Council of that City of the 29th of June,
+    1780, and inserted in the Acts of the Provincial Assembly of
+    Holland, at the Hague, July 1st, 1780,                         419
+
+        Urging a connexion with the neutral powers.
+
+    James Lovell to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, July 10th,
+    1780,                                                          425
+
+        Services of M. Dumas.--Introduces Mr Searle.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, July 15th, 1780,      426
+
+        Intrigues of England in Holland and Germany.--Affair of
+        the choice of a Coadjutor of Munster and Cologne.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, July 22d, 1780,       427
+
+        Rumors unfavorable to America.--Declaration of Denmark.
+
+    William Carmichael to C. W. F. Dumas. Madrid, July 24th,
+    1780,                                                          429
+
+        The Americans will not be discouraged by their
+        reverses.--False report of Mr Jay's being sent from
+        Spain.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, July 25th, 1780,      430
+
+        Past services.--Inadequate compensation.
+
+    John Paul Jones to C. W. F. Dumas. Ariel, Road of Croix,
+    September 8th, 1780,                                           433
+
+        Reception in Paris.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, September 12th,
+    1780,                                                          435
+
+        Naval operations.--Affairs of Europe.
+
+    To B. Franklin. The Hague, October 3d, 1780,                   437
+
+        Proposed terms of accession to the armed neutrality by
+        Holland.--Plan of the Empress.
+
+    Extract of Letters from London to C. W. F. Dumas. London,
+    October 6th, 1780,                                             439
+
+        Treatment of Mr Laurens in the Tower.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Amsterdam, December 19th,
+    1780,                                                          441
+
+        Proceedings of the Provincial States of
+        Holland.--Accession of the Republic to the armed
+        neutrality.
+
+    Robert Morris to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia, December
+    24th, 1780,                                                    445
+
+        Attacks on his character.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, February 5th, 1781,   446
+
+        Proceedings in regard to the armed neutrality.--Reported
+        rupture between Russia and England.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, February 22d, 1781,   448
+
+        Delays in the decision of the Court on the conduct of
+        Amsterdam.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, March 5th, 1781,      449
+
+        Disposition of the Empress to support the demands of
+        Holland against England.--The proposed imperial
+        mediation will be founded on an acknowledgment of the
+        independence of the United States.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, March 22d, 1781,      450
+
+        Causes of the delays in Holland.--Proceedings of the
+        merchants of Amsterdam and Rotterdam relative to the
+        seizure of St Eustatia.
+
+    General J. H. Bedaulx to C. W. F. Dumas. Nimeguen, April
+    28th, 1781,                                                    452
+
+        Requesting information concerning his nephew in America.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, May 1st, 1781,        453
+
+        Mr Adams visits the Grand Pensionary, preparatory to
+        presenting himself in the character of Minister of the
+        United States.--The Grand Pensionary, the President of
+        the States-General, and the Prince of Orange decline
+        receiving the Memorial of Mr Adams.--Mr Adams causes it
+        to be printed.--The President and the Privy Counsellor
+        of the Prince decline receiving a letter from Mr Adams,
+        announcing the completion of the
+        confederation.--Amsterdam demands the exclusion of the
+        Duke of Brunswick from the public councils.--Imperial
+        mediation.--Coolness of the Emperor toward the Duke of
+        Brunswick.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, August 23d, 1781,     460
+
+        French loan will be agreed to by the
+        States-General.--Correspondence between the Stadtholder
+        and Baron Lynden relative to the Duke of
+        Brunswick.--Anti-Anglican proceedings in
+        Holland.--Proceedings of the States of Holland in regard
+        to the Duke of Brunswick's letter to the
+        States-General.--French loan.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, October 11th, 1781,   467
+
+        Letter of Baron Lynden to the Prince of Orange in regard
+        to the Duke of Brunswick.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia,
+    November 28th, 1781,                                           468
+
+        Desires him to transmit journals and pamphlets.--Capture
+        of Cornwallis.--Congress cannot make any addition to his
+        allowance.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Amsterdam, January 7th, 1782,    471
+
+        The French loan has been taken up in one
+        day.--Diminution of English influence in Holland.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, January 15th, 1782,   473
+
+        Visit to the Secretary of the States-General and the
+        Deputies of the Province with Mr Adams, to demand
+        permission to present his credentials.
+
+    To the President of Congress. The Hague, January 30th, 1782,   474
+
+        Proceedings of the States-General.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 29th, 1782,          475
+
+        Friesland and Holland adopt resolutions in favor of the
+        reception of Mr Adams.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Amsterdam, April 4th, 1782,           476
+
+        Purchases a hotel for Mr Adams.--Mr Adams will probably
+        be received without further delay.
+
+    John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas. Amsterdam, May 2d, 1782,         477
+
+        Declines the invitation to dine at Schiedam.--M. Dumas
+        ought to be appointed _Charge d'Affaires_ of the United
+        States.
+
+    Verbal message of C. W. F. Dumas to the city of Schiedam,      479
+
+        Mr Adams declines the invitation to a dinner.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, May 10th, 1782,            479
+
+        Reception of Mr Adams.--Transmits Mr Adams's letter
+        recommending him to the attention of Congress.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, June 1st, 1782,            483
+
+        Attempts to effect a separate peace between Holland and
+        England.--Insincerity of the English in their proposals
+        of peace.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 16th, 1782,         487
+
+        Proceedings of the States of Holland relative to the
+        negotiations at Paris.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia,
+    September 5th, 1782,                                           488
+
+        Receives no communications from him.--Affairs in
+        America.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Philadelphia,
+    September 12th, 1782,                                          489
+
+        Congress will take his requests into
+        consideration.--State of things in America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, September 27th, 1782,      491
+
+        Proceedings in Holland relative to the naval force
+        ordered to join the French fleet.--Complains of the
+        neglect of Congress.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, November 15th, 1782,       494
+
+        Reasons for the infrequency of his communication.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, December 12th, 1782,       496
+
+        Riot at the Hague.--Representations of the Prussian
+        Envoy on the dissensions in Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, December 17th, 1782,       500
+
+        Representations of the Prussian Envoy on a libel against
+        the Princess of Orange.--Reply to the same.--The
+        prisoners arrested on account of the disturbances at the
+        Hague allowed to escape.--Obtains passports for
+        Americans.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, January 11th, 1783,        503
+
+        Proposed mission of a Minister from the Republic to the
+        United States.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, January 20th, 1783,        504
+
+        Proceedings in Holland.--Minister to the United States.
+
+    Memorial of the Prussian Ambassador. January 20th, 1783,       505
+
+        On the opposition to the Prince of Orange.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, January 24th, 1783,                  508
+
+        Is requested to consult Mr Adams, whether his powers
+        authorise him to accede to the armed neutrality, and to
+        enter into a similar negotiation with the allied
+        belligerents.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, January 28th, 1783,                  509
+
+        Dissatisfaction of the Dutch with the conduct of France.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, January 30th, 1783,                  511
+
+        Same subject.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, February 4th, 1783,                  512
+
+        Same subject.--Reasons of the Count de Vergennes for
+        hastening the signing of the treaty.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, Feb. 18th, 1783,                     514
+
+        Is requested to inquire if the United States will enter
+        into a convention with Holland, guarantying freedom of
+        navigation.--Considerations which authorise the American
+        Ministers to accede to this demand.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 4th, 1783,           515
+
+        Appointment of M. Van Berckel Minister to America.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, March 4th, 1783,                     516
+
+        The States adopt a resolution, giving instructions to
+        their Plenipotentiaries in regard to a general peace.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 5th, 1783,           517
+
+        Requesting him to make preparations for M. Van Berckel.
+
+    To John Adams. The Hague, March 6th, 1783,                     518
+
+        Guarantee of the freedom of navigation desired by
+        Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, March 27th, 1783,          519
+
+        Domestic affairs of Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, April 18th, 1783,          522
+
+        Same subject.--Is requested to inquire of Mr Dana if he
+        will negotiate a convention on the principles of the
+        armed neutrality with Holland.--The Secretary of the
+        States-General desires to be informed of the titles by
+        which Congress is to be addressed.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to C. W. F. Dumas. Without date,          525
+
+        Impropriety of a foreign Envoy engaging in the parties
+        of the country where he resides.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, May 8th, 1783,             526
+
+        Proceedings in Holland.--Difficulties in settling the
+        articles of peace between Holland and Great Britain.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, May 25th, 1783,            528
+
+        Recommending Captain Riemersma.
+
+    Notes to the States-General. The Hague, June 5th, 1783,        529
+
+        Laying before them the treaty and convention between the
+        two Republics.
+
+    M. Fagel to C. W. F. Dumas. The Hague, June 19th, 1783,        530
+
+        Agrees to exchange ratifications of the treaty and
+        convention.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, June 20th, 1783,           530
+
+        Proceedings in Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, June 23d, 1783,            531
+
+        Exchanges ratifications of the treaty and convention
+        between the two Republics.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+WILLIAM CARMICHAEL;
+
+CHARGE D'AFFAIRES FROM THE UNITED STATES TO
+THE COURT OF SPAIN.
+
+
+
+
+William Carmichael was a native of Maryland. At the beginning of the
+revolution he was in Europe. From London he went over to Paris in the
+spring of the year 1776, and was there when Silas Deane arrived as a
+commercial and political agent from the United States. He lived with
+Mr Deane for some time in Paris, and aided him in his correspondence
+and the transaction of his affairs. It was suggested by the Prussian
+Minister, that the King would be pleased with information respecting
+American commerce, and would receive at Berlin any American who could
+give such information. Mr Deane proposed the enterprise to Mr
+Carmichael. He performed the journey in the autumn of 1776, by way of
+Amsterdam.
+
+From Berlin he returned to Paris, where he lived on intimate terms
+with the American Commissioners, occasionally executing specific
+duties at their request, for more than a year, till he sailed for his
+native country. He arrived at Boston in May, 1778, and soon afterwards
+received an appointment which had recently been conferred on him by
+Congress, as Secretary to the Commissioners at the Court of France. It
+does not appear that he ever accepted this appointment, for on the
+19th of November following he took his seat in Congress as a delegate
+from Maryland.
+
+Mr Carmichael remained in Congress till Mr Jay was elected Minister
+Plenipotentiary to the Court of Spain. He was chosen Secretary of
+Legation to the same Mission on the 28th of September, 1779, and went
+to Spain in company with Mr Jay, and remained with him during the
+whole of that Minister's residence in Madrid. When Mr Jay joined Dr
+Franklin in Paris, June, 1782, to aid in the negotiations of peace, Mr
+Carmichael was left as _Charge d'Affaires_ at the Court of Spain.
+After the peace he was regularly commissioned in that character by
+Congress, and recognized as such by the King of Spain.
+
+He continued to reside there in the same capacity during the term of
+the old Confederation, and for some time after the organization of the
+new government under Washington. In the year 1793, Mr Short was joined
+with him in a commission for negotiating at Madrid a treaty between
+Spain and the United States. Several months were passed in this
+attempt, but without success. Mr Carmichael returned soon afterwards
+to the United States.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                         Amsterdam, November 2d, 1776.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Previous to your attention to what follows, it will be necessary for
+you to know that I have lived with Mr Deane since his first arrival at
+Paris; that I took that city in my way from London to Nantes, to find
+a passage to my native country, and with despatches, which Mr Arthur
+Lee intrusted to my care, for the honorable Congress. Having a relapse
+of a disorder, which prevented me from travelling, I stopped at Paris,
+and endeavored to find out, by means of Count d'Estaing and other
+persons of eminence, the sentiments of the French Court respecting our
+affairs; and the moment I knew of Mr Deane's arrival, offered him all
+the services in my power, and, of consequence, we have lived together
+until the 10th of the present month.
+
+At that time the agent of the King of Prussia, who had often, as Mr
+Deane has informed you, made proposals of a commercial nature,
+expressed a desire that some American would go to Berlin, and this he
+gave us to understand was at the instance of his Sovereign, who wished
+to have a clear idea of the nature of our commerce, and expressed a
+curiosity, which he wished to gratify, by a minute detail of our
+affairs. Mr Deane thinking this an opportunity not to be neglected to
+interest a Prince, who for several years has been dreaming of making
+his port of Emden, an Amsterdam, proposed it to me. However unequal to
+the task, I have cheerfully accepted it; happy to find any opportunity
+of showing with what a fervent zeal I am devoted to the glorious
+cause, which, at present, by interesting their humanity as well as
+policy, gives us so much consequence in the eyes of Europe.
+
+Here I have endeavored to engage merchants to speculate in a direct
+commerce to America, to find out the sentiments of the people in
+general respecting us, to know whether, in case of necessity, the
+United States would be able to negotiate a loan, whether England would
+be able to obtain further credit, and by this barometer of the ability
+of Princes, to discover their present situation. On these heads I have
+written Mr Deane, but having an opportunity by the way of St Eustatia,
+and thinking none should be neglected of giving information, though
+mine, perhaps, may not be of importance enough to merit that title, I
+have taken the liberty of addressing the honorable Committee. Arriving
+but two days after the accounts had reached this city, of our
+misfortune on Long Island, I found many, even of the sanguine friends
+of America dejected, and those of England almost in a frenzy of joy.
+In this disposition, it is easy to judge, no hopes could be
+entertained of engaging merchants in a direct trade. I find they have
+the greatest inclination to serve us, and at the same time
+themselves, for no people see their interests clearer, but their fears
+that we shall be subdued, the confident assertions of the friends of
+England confirming these apprehensions, the prodigious sums they have
+in the English funds, with this unlucky business at New York, all
+conspire to prevent direct speculation.
+
+As my letters from Paris introduced me to the first houses here, I
+have had the best opportunity of knowing their sentiments, and I can
+venture to say, that with many who are apparently adverse to us, it is
+interest combating with principle, for insulted, searched, and
+plundered as the Dutch were the last war, and are at present, there
+are individuals who by no means want sensibility to feel, though the
+public wants spirit to resent the injury. The States have, however, in
+answer to a fresh remonstrance of General Yorke, declared that their
+ports are open to vessels of all nations, and that their trade to and
+from their own Colonies shall be unmolested, their subjects complying
+with the ordinances issued by their High Mightinesses. In fact, their
+prohibition of exporting warlike stores, extends to all British
+subjects. I hope it will not be long before all Europe will own us in
+another character. It is very certain, that without a very material
+and apparent success of the British arms in America, a loan would be
+very slowly negotiated for England here. There is nothing hinders them
+now from selling out of the English funds, but their not knowing what
+to do with their money; for this country may be called the treasury of
+Europe, and its stock of specie is more or less, according to the
+necessity of the different Princes in Europe. It being a time of
+peace, the call has not been very great of late.
+
+Having mentioned the credit of England, that of France is next to be
+considered, and I am very sorry to say that has been very low here of
+late. The dreadful mismanagement of the finances in the late King's
+reign, and the character of the late Controller General, M. d'Olugny,
+had reduced it so low, that it was impossible to borrow anything
+considerable on perpetual funds. Perhaps a Minister of Finance, in
+whose probity the world have a confidence, may restore their credit.
+At this moment that is in some measure the case, for the French stocks
+rise on the appointment of M. Taboreau. That it is possible for France
+to borrow may be demonstrated; for at the time M. Turgot was removed,
+he was negotiating a loan here, and was likely to succeed, for sixty
+millions of guilders. The credit of Spain is extremely good, and that
+kingdom may have what money it will, and on the best terms. The
+Emperor's credit is also good, not as Emperor, but from his hereditary
+dominion. Sweden and Denmark both have good credit. The former, the
+best; they have money at four per cent; and it is not long since the
+King of Sweden borrowed three millions of guilders at this interest,
+to pay off old debts at five per cent. His interest is paid
+punctually. Prussia has no credit here, but the King's treasury is
+full by squeezing the last farthing from the people, and now and then
+he draws a little money from this Republic, by reviving obsolete
+claims. The credit of the Empress of Russia is very good; for she has
+punctually paid the interest of twelve millions of guilders, which she
+borrowed in her war with the Turks, and has lately paid off one
+million and a half of the principal. These are the strongest
+circumstances she could have in her favor with a mercantile people. I
+have this statement of credit from persons employed in negotiating the
+several loans, and, therefore, can depend upon the truth of the
+information.
+
+To come next to America, should time and necessity oblige her to look
+abroad for money. In the present state of affairs, it is not probable
+that a loan is practicable. But should success so attend our arms,
+that it should appear evident that we are likely to support our
+independence, or should either France or Spain acknowledge our
+independence, in either of these cases I believe we might have money,
+and when it was seen that we were punctual in our first payments of
+the interest, we should have as much as we pleased. The nature of the
+security, or the fund for the payment of interest, I have not been
+able to imagine. But, observing in a letter to Mr Dearethart, it was
+the writer's opinion, that the honorable Congress did not wish to
+circulate too much paper, for fear of depreciating its value, I
+thought that bills issued similar to those in circulation in the
+Provinces, and lodged in a public bank in Europe, might be accepted as
+a pledge or deposit for money borrowed by the United States. I beg
+pardon for the crudity of the idea, and would not have mentioned it
+here, but that having hinted at it in general conversation, people
+thought it might, on a future occasion, be adopted.
+
+You will please to observe, that everything here mentioned came from
+an individual, who only as such avowed himself interested for his
+country's fate, and for its benefit sought information.
+Notwithstanding the rise of stocks, occasioned by our misfortune on
+Long Island, the Dutch are selling out, and my strongest
+representations have not been wanting to contribute a mite to this
+circumstance. The price of our product is great. Rice sells for
+twentyfive shillings sterling per cwt. and tobacco for eight stivers
+and four ---- per pound. You have been threatened, that the Ukraine
+would supply Europe with tobacco. It must be long before that time can
+arrive. I have seen some of the tobacco here, and the best of it is
+worse than the worst of our ground leaf. Four hundred thousand pounds
+have been sent here this year. The Russian Ambassador said at the
+Baron le Guerre's, Ambassador from Sweden, where I had the honor to
+dine, that Russia soon would be able to supply the market with that
+article. In this he spoke more like an Ambassador than as a merchant.
+I took occasion in reply to observe, that if that was the case, and on
+many other accounts, it was the interest of her Majesty that all
+intercourse between Great Britain and America should be broken off,
+for that then the former would be dependent on Russia for all those
+articles, which hitherto the latter had supplied her with.
+
+Having expressed a desire of knowing these reasons at large, with the
+assistance of M. D---- and the approbation of Mr Deane, I purpose
+giving in a little memoir on the subject, which the Ambassador assures
+me shall be sent to St Petersburg. Not being so sanguine as to think,
+that it will prevent Russia from supplying England with troops, should
+the other demand them, but it may give a secret dilatoriness to their
+assistance, which may finally operate in our favor.
+
+If it should be determined to send any cargoes of tobacco here, on the
+public account, it will perhaps be thought proper to convoy them. The
+frigates destined to that service might retaliate the injuries we have
+received by the destruction of Falmouth and Norfolk, by destroying the
+towns and shipping of Greenock and the port of Glasgow, or Ayre and
+Cambleton. I have been particularly informed of the situation of
+those places until the present moment. They have no batteries to
+protect, or soldiers to defend them, or quartered near enough in any
+numbers to be assembled for that purpose, and not a vessel of war on
+the whole coast larger than a tender, to receive men for the sea
+service. Their rendezvous might be the entrance of the northern
+channel, where, while they waited a junction, in case they should be
+separated, they might take the outward bound ships, and by the
+information obtained from them, insure their success. In returning, a
+party landed on the Isle of Bute, might destroy the house of that
+favorite. Little objects strike most forcibly little minds. This
+affair completed, which would alarm Britain and astonish Europe, the
+ships trading to the Baltic, with cargoes not only that suit, but are
+necessary for our Provinces, might be their next object. This ought
+all to be done in the months of March, April, and May. The destruction
+of the Greenland fishery, might be the last object of the expedition.
+I am confident, that not having a distrust of such attempts, the
+success would be more certain. Should there be a necessity of seeking
+shelter or refreshments, I have it from the Swedish Ambassador here,
+that we shall find both in their ports. I only hinted to him, that it
+was possible some of our adventurers might explore those seas in
+search of plunder.
+
+This is the rough outline of a plan, which the honorable Congress may,
+should it in any shape be approved, digest into form. I would stake my
+life on the success of the greatest part of it, if inviolable secrecy
+is preserved, and the execution is trusted to persons who have not
+only wealth but glory in view. If prompted by a heated and indignant
+imagination, this plan should appear dangerous and impracticable, I
+hope it will be imputed to the desire of retorting our injuries on
+that country, which has in some measure been the cause, and is at
+present endeavoring, with the rancor of private animosity, to
+accumulate our distress. I entreated Mr Deane to propose some part of
+it to the consideration of Congress sometime ago, and I have the
+pleasure to find his opinion corresponds with my own on the subject.
+
+The resentment, which it is said the honorable Congress have shown, on
+the conduct of the King of Portugal towards us, has been attended with
+a very good effect, and should a manifesto be published by that
+honorable body, hinting only the necessity of taking similar measures
+with all those who denied them the common rights of mankind, I am
+persuaded it would be to our advantage. It was the dread of such a
+blow to their trade, that was one of the strongest arguments made use
+of by the merchants of this country, in their petition to the States.
+I need not mention to you anything respecting what is like to take
+place in Europe another year, for of that ere this, you, I hope, have
+information. I will only say, that the greater part contemplates with
+pleasure the gloomy prospect for England; there is not an Envoy of the
+most petty State in Italy, but exults at it. The want of intelligence
+from America, hurts the cause prodigiously in Europe, and the anxiety
+of those who have its interest at heart, is from that circumstance,
+inconceivable. I hope I need not offer assurances to convince the
+honorable Congress of the zeal with which I wish to serve them. To be
+directed by that honorable body in what manner to do it most
+effectually, will be the happiest circumstance of my life.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ I cannot seal this letter without recommending Colonel Prevet,
+should the fortune of war put him into our hands, to all the
+indulgence, to himself and family, his situation will possibly admit
+of. Mr Grand, his wife's father, an eminent merchant here, animated
+with that love of liberty which distinguishes his country,
+(Switzerland) offers all the services in his power to the public, and
+a thousand civilities to its individuals. If by the same fortune, Mr
+Dowdswell, of the first regiment of guards, should fall into our
+hands, his father's merits and his own reluctance, will give him the
+same indulgence.
+
+Since I wrote the above, Mr Grand has assured me, that should the
+honorable Congress determine to negotiate loans in Europe, and would
+draw bills accepted by the principal merchants in America, payable at
+two, three, and five years' sight, and send them to their house, they
+should be discounted by them at five per cent interest. This was the
+manner in which money was raised for the city of Leipsic during the
+last war. The gentlemen of the committee will please to observe, that
+this is to be kept very secret, for no loan can be publicly negotiated
+here as yet. The firm of this house is Messrs Horneca, Fizeaux & Co.
+and is one of the most capital in this city. Should any cargoes be
+consigned here on public account, perhaps it may be thought proper to
+address them to these gentlemen. I can assure you, gentlemen, and that
+from my own knowledge, that many bills remitted from America, and
+supposed to be drawn on account of Congress, have been refused payment
+by the English Ministry knowing beforehand when they would be
+presented for payment, and by that means, having an opportunity of
+bribing, threatening, or flattering the parties on whom they were
+drawn, either to refuse payment absolutely, or at least noting them
+for protest, in order to hurt the credit of our merchants in Europe. I
+do think that the less connexion, for this and other reasons, we have
+in future with houses whose principal business depends on Great
+Britain, the better. I beg pardon for giving my opinion thus freely,
+but it is the effect of my zeal.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  TO WILLIAM BINGHAM AT MARTINIQUE.
+
+                                   Paris, June 25th to July 6th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A letter from a person unknown to you but by name, had need of a long
+introduction to apologise for the address, but not being a man of
+ceremony myself, and besides having but little time for formality, I
+content myself with saying, that engaged in the same cause with
+yourself, I have assisted Mr Deane since his arrival in Europe, and
+know intimately well our affairs abroad, their situation here, and in
+such Courts, where it has been thought necessary to address ourselves
+for countenance and assistance. I have of course been no stranger to
+your correspondence, and have been sorry to find so punctual a
+correspondent should have any reason to complain of the want of
+punctuality in others. This is not owing to want of inclination in Mr
+Deane, but to the multiplicity of business which occupies his whole
+time; for Mr Lee is absent, being at Berlin, where I first broke the
+ice last autumn,[1] and the age of Dr Franklin in some measure hinders
+him from taking so active a part in the drudgery of business as his
+great zeal and abilities would otherwise enable him to execute. He is
+the master to whom we children in politics all look up for counsel,
+and whose name is everywhere a passport, to be well received. As I
+trouble you therefore with forwarding some letters to my friends, I
+wish to pay the postage by any European intelligence in my power to
+communicate.
+
+I have another motive to incite me, which is, that I think your
+situation of singular consequence to bring on a war so necessary to
+assure our independence, and which the weak system of this Court seems
+studiously to avoid. Either from this weakness, or from a jealousy,
+that by a precipitate interference, our independence would be too soon
+and too formidably established, the Court shuns everything in Europe
+which might appear a glaring violation of their treaties with England.
+This line of conduct has delayed the stores so long promised, and at
+last sends to Martinique, what ought to have been on the continent in
+February at furthest. This occasioned the loss of the Seine, which was
+despatched half laden, that such necessary articles as tents and
+fusils, might get early to America, the captain having positive orders
+to proceed thither without touching at the Islands, and I myself
+protested to the ship's owners, that Mr Deane would have no concern in
+the risk, if on any account but stress of weather, the vessel
+proceeded to the West Indies. As such is their miserable policy, it is
+our business to force on a war, in spite of their inclinations to the
+contrary, for which purpose, I see nothing so likely as fitting out
+privateers from the ports and Islands of France. Here we are too near
+the sun and the business is dangerous; with you it may be done more
+easily, and indeed has already been attended with happy effects, as
+you will see by the enclosed copy of a letter from the Chamber of
+Commerce at Liverpool to that of Bristol. The natural antipathy of the
+nation is such, that their passions being once fully excited, they
+will proceed to such acts of reprisal and mutual violence, as will
+occasion clamors and altercations, which no soft words can palliate.
+As I pretend to know something of the counsels of both nations, I know
+there are strong advocates for war in both. The more reasons they have
+to produce in favor of their system, the sooner it will be adopted.
+
+In England, when General Howe's successes in the Jersies, and the
+prospect of getting possession of Philadelphia, made the Ministry hope
+for a speedy termination of their dispute with us, I know war with
+France was nearly determined on. The insolence of apparent success
+dictated that Memorial, which Sir Joseph Yorke presented to their High
+Mightinesses, and which you have undoubtedly seen. One of a still more
+insolent nature was prepared and even sent to Lord Stormont here, and
+a refusal and even delay of compliance with the requisitions therein
+made, was to have been the harbinger of war, and the immediate
+destruction of the French commerce and Islands. Happily for our
+enemies, the news of our success at Trenton prevented its delivery.
+
+In France, the nation and some of the Ministers wish to act
+vigorously, but are retarded in all their operations by the imbecility
+of age, or the more powerful operation of English gold. As the English
+Ministry seem convinced of the pacific, or rather undecided, state of
+the rulers here, they hasten, by the most vigorous exertions against
+us, to end the war, and are less reserved in the treatment of the
+French prisoners abroad. Could they be provoked to unequivocal proofs
+of violence, it would be a good point gained. This your situation may
+bring about, by encouraging the arming of vessels manned by Frenchmen,
+and by prompting the captains to provoke unjustifiable reprisals, on
+the part of the inhabitants of the English Islands.
+
+To you, filled with liberal ideas, and a high sense of the interest of
+the French nation, to give us powerful support, these hints may appear
+extraordinary, but from experience I can assure you, that public
+councils, at least in Europe, are directed more by caprice, or the
+interest of _individuals_, than by a generous concern for the whole.
+At a distance, we think more of the wisdom of statesmen than they
+merit. The nearer we approach them the less is our reverence. If our
+enemies are not successful, they mean to close with us on the best
+terms they can, sensible, that if this great effort does not succeed,
+they have little to hope in future. This is an animating reason for us
+to persevere in the glorious contest. In the meantime, it is our
+business to keep up the spirits of our common people to the utmost.
+For which reason, what I write you is in confidence, or for the
+inspection of the Committee only, if it may be thought to merit their
+notice.
+
+The English have completed their loan among themselves. No foreigners
+have assisted them, although the terms to the lender are better than
+any yet offered by that nation, except once. Foreigners know that they
+have yet several millions to fund, for which they must offer still
+better terms. The Spaniards have refused the mediation of France and
+England in their dispute with Portugal, being determined to prosecute
+the war until Portugal demands peace, and makes reparation. They have
+taken the important Island of St Catharine's, on the coast of Brazil,
+without loss, and mean vigorously to prosecute their operations on
+Brazil. This I have from undoubted authority, one of the family
+Ministers. A report prevails, that the Indians of the east have fallen
+on their oppressors, and have taken Madras. India stock has,
+consequently, fallen. Both France and Spain continue their armaments
+as if preparing for some great event. This obliges England to do the
+same. All their naval and army contracts are for five years, and they
+employ as many workmen in their dock yards, as they did in the height
+of the last war. You will serve us essentially, by pushing the
+cruisers who visit you into the European seas, particularly those of
+the north, in the months of August, September, and October, directing
+them to send their prizes into France or Spain. It would render our
+negotiation with Prussia more successful, if a tobacco ship could by
+any means be pushed into Emden, which ship might make her returns in
+manufactures necessary for us, and fifteen or twenty per cent cheaper
+than we can have them here. Urge it to the honorable Committee.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ Two vessels with stores are just despatched from different
+ports. Forward them, my Dear Sir, immediately to our dear country.
+Captains Wickes, Johnson, and Nicholson, have just destroyed sixteen
+vessels on the English and Irish coast. I am despatching Conyngham
+from hence on the same business in a privateer. I begin to think war
+unavoidable.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+_Dunkirk, July 6th._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Mr Carmichael's letters from Berlin, if he ever wrote any, are
+missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            Yorktown, June 17th, 1778.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my arrival here, I have been informed of the honor conferred on
+me by Congress, in being appointed Secretary to the Commissioners at
+the Court of France, an honor which greatly overpays the feeble
+efforts of my zeal, and is more than I could expect, considering the
+well founded pretensions of others to their notice.
+
+I beg leave through you, Sir, to express my grateful sensibility of
+this proof of their confidence, as well as the ardent desire I have of
+meriting it in future.[2]
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] It does not appear that Mr Carmichael ever accepted this
+appointment. He was chosen a delegate to Congress from Maryland, and
+joined that body on the 19th of November, 1778.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                Off Reedy Island, November 25th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I received at Chester, the copies of the resolves, you did me the
+honor to enclose me, and shall punctually comply with your request, by
+forwarding them as soon as I arrive, to Dr Franklin and Mr Johnson. I
+am sorry that the business with respect to the latter, is left in its
+present state, because there are very few men, who neglect a certain
+and profitable occupation, to engage in another where they are sure of
+offending, without an equal certainty of an adequate reward for their
+trouble and impartiality.
+
+I am much obliged to you for your good wishes, although I must
+candidly own they would be still more agreeable accompanied by a ship
+of the line, for we are informed that the Romulus and Roebuck, are
+waiting for us to intercept us, and were they animated, would, like
+the Death and Sin of Milton, bless their lucky stars 'destined to that
+good hour.' I beg you to make the proper compliments for me to the
+gentlemen of your family.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                      Martinique, December 27th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I take the liberty of enclosing to your Excellency, a paper containing
+a relation of a late affair, between part of the small squadron
+commanded by M. la Motte Piquet, and the English fleet, under the
+orders of Sir Peter Parker. It was given me by direction of the French
+Admiral, that a true account of this action, which has done him much
+honor here, might be published in America.
+
+On the 23d of this month, Admiral Arbuthnot arrived at Barbadoes with
+six or seven sail of the line, and sixteen regiments. An attack on the
+Grenadas or Dominica, is daily expected. The latter is well fortified
+and garrisoned by twelve hundred men. The Marquis de Bouille seems to
+have no apprehensions for any of their Islands, except those lately
+taken from the enemy.
+
+Mr Jay informs Congress by this opportunity, of the misfortune which
+befel us, and the reasons which induced the officers to bring the ship
+to this Island.[3] I can only express my regret for the delay, which
+this accident will occasion in the execution of the business with
+which Congress has done us the honor to intrust us. With the highest
+sentiments of respect,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] See _Jay's Correspondence_, Vol. VII. p. 174.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 18th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I did myself the honor of writing to you by a courier whom the French
+Ambassador despatched to Cadiz yesterday morning; since which, I have
+been introduced to their Excellencies, delivered your letter to the
+latter, and explained to the former the reasons, which induce you to
+address the other, with which he was perfectly satisfied. Don Joseph
+de Galves told me, that he should give your letter to the Count de
+Florida Blanca, whose business it was to lay it before the King, and
+receive his orders on the subject, and that the Count or himself would
+be directed to answer it. I repeated the substance of your
+instructions to me as far as they respect him, and was answered, that
+he would take an opportunity of conversing with me on our affairs, and
+would inform me through the French Ambassador, when it would be
+convenient for him to receive me. Some compliments passed with respect
+to the characters he had received of us, which it is unnecessary to
+repeat.
+
+The Count de Florida Blanca told me that he would lay your letter
+before the King the same night for his consideration. I took this
+opportunity of mentioning the pleasure it would give Congress to hear
+of your reception at Madrid, from the earnest desire they had to
+cultivate the King's friendship, that their expectations were
+sanguine, having been led to believe the dispositions of the Court
+were favorable, by the suggestions of persons supposed to be well
+acquainted with its intentions, that the hopes of the people were also
+great, and I hinted, that there were several vessels about to sail
+from Bilboa, and the ports of France, by which you would be happy to
+communicate this news to Congress, and to gratify the expectations of
+the people.
+
+He then told me he had informed the King of your arrival at Cadiz,
+although they had understood your original destination was to France;
+that the King had ordered him to receive your overtures, and that I
+was at liberty to give you this information, and after a pause, added,
+that on Monday he hoped to have it in his power to return an answer.
+You will please to observe, that it had not been read by either when
+this conversation passed. He also told me, that he would take an
+opportunity to converse with me, and would inform me when it would be
+convenient for him to see me through the channel beforementioned.
+
+On Monday next I go to the Pardo, by their appointment. Here I see
+every day a person, who I believe to be sent by them to converse with
+me, although I appear to know nothing of his connexion with the Court.
+I think you may make the necessary preparations for your journey on
+the receipt of this. Messrs Adams and Dana were at Bordeaux the 2d
+instant. They mean to proceed to Amsterdam from thence, so that the
+plan spoken of has taken place. They go in a good time, as the Dutch
+are at present much irritated against Great Britain.
+
+Mr Arthur Lee corresponded with the Count de Florida Blanca, but if I
+am well informed, the correspondence consisted of American news on the
+one part, and compliment on the other.[4] M. Gerard leaves this
+tomorrow, he has had conversations with the Spanish Ministers, of
+about two hours at one time and three at another. I am in a way of
+obtaining most of the information you desired. I beg you to present
+the proper compliments to your lady and Colonel Livingston.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] See _Arthur Lee's Correspondence_, Vol. II. pp. 36-54.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 19th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The short time I remained at Cadiz, and the constant employment in
+which I was engaged of copying Mr Jay's letters and making the
+necessary preparations for my journey, prevented me from doing myself
+the honor of writing to your Excellency from thence. But having now an
+opportunity by M. Gerard to France, and an offer from M. Gardoqui to
+forward my letters by the way of Bilboa, I enclose to Congress copies
+of those I have written to Mr Jay since my arrival in this city, as
+they contain the most material intelligence I have been able to
+procure. I have every reason to be pleased with the disposition of
+those whom I have seen here, as well foreigners as natives, and I
+cannot sufficiently express my gratitude for the liberal and friendly
+manner in which I have been received by the Count de Montmorin, the
+Ambassador of France, which I should impute entirely to M. Gerard's
+good offices, was not his own good will and desire to conform to the
+favorable disposition of his Court apparent. M. Gerard in the circle
+of foreign Ministers, is more of an American than a Frenchman, and I
+should do him injustice if I did not mention it.
+
+The English squadron sailed from Gibraltar the 13th instant, and part
+of it is said to be destined for the West Indies. The French will have
+seventytwo sail of the line in actual service this year. The troops,
+at the disposition of the person mentioned in the first[5] letter to
+Mr Jay, will amount to near four thousand, and consist chiefly of
+Germans; six sail of the line will escort them, and I am well informed
+they will sail in less than two months. It is said the English
+Ministry will be able to procure the necessary supplies for the
+present year, owing to their late successes. I beg leave, through your
+Excellency, to assure Congress of my unremitted attention to merit the
+confidence reposed in me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] See _Jay's Correspondence_, Vol. VII. p. 207.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 28th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Mr Jay having judged it proper for me to reside at this place while
+the Court remains here, I did not know until his letters for Congress
+were closed, that Mr Harrison, who charges himself with the care of
+them to Cadiz, was on the point of setting out from Madrid for that
+city. This prevented me from assisting him in copying papers, which he
+tells me he has transmitted by this opportunity. I regret exceedingly,
+my not having received earlier information, because I wished to convey
+several papers, which I do not choose to trust to the ordinary post.
+Our situation in this respect is very disagreeable and delicate, for
+we can neither send nor receive letters without their being subject to
+the inspection of others, and, indeed, we have sometimes the
+mortification to hear of the arrival of letters from America in the
+sea-ports, which, notwithstanding, never reach us. Our opportunities
+of information thus become very precarious, and I am much afraid, that
+the same cause will frequently interrupt our correspondence with
+Congress.
+
+Before Mr Jay arrived in the capital, I did myself the honor to inform
+his Excellency, the President, of my arrival at Madrid, and enclosed
+him copies of the letters I wrote to Mr Jay, on the subject of his
+reception, and of the disposition in which the Court appeared to be.
+As I sent several copies of these letters, I subjoined all that
+occurred worthy of the notice of Congress in the interval of the
+departure of several copies. Not having had any instructions to
+address myself to Congress, unless in the absence of Mr Jay, or in
+case of any event that deprived the public of his services, I know not
+whether I may not appear officious at present; particularly as I have
+already communicated to him regularly, all the intelligence I have
+been able to procure, as also my reflections on that intelligence,
+which his ability and long experience in affairs, will enable him to
+put in a much clearer point of view than I can pretend to do. If I
+err, I hope the Committee will set me right, and instruct me how to
+conduct myself in future.
+
+The King, the Prince of Asturias, and the Ministry, appear favorable
+to our cause, but I am much afraid their ability to assist us in the
+article of money, is neither equal to our expectations, or their
+desires to serve us. The papers sent by Mr Jay, will show the
+sentiments of this Court with respect to the object of his mission. I
+think the negotiation will be attended with more delay than Congress
+had reason to apprehend when we left America. This Court manifest a
+strong desire of excluding every other nation from the navigation of
+the Mississippi, and indeed of the Gulf of Mexico. The situation of
+the affairs of America will undoubtedly regulate the conduct of
+Congress on this subject, and I hope it will be such as to enable them
+to adhere to the rights of all the States.
+
+Our enemies are making use of the time before Spain takes a decided
+opinion, to sow jealousies between us. Governor Johnson sounded the
+dispositions of this Court early last winter. At the close of it Sir
+John Dalrymple obtained permission to come to Madrid, on the pretence
+of the bad state of health of his lady. His strange Memorial to the
+Count de Florida Blanca, is transmitted to you.[6] I have no doubts
+that other attempts will be made to bring about a negotiation. If they
+succeed no better than Sir John's, we shall not have much to apprehend
+on that score. The Count de Florida Blanca appears to act with much
+candor, and gives Mr Jay such strong and frequent assurances of the
+King's favorable intentions, and his own disposition to second them,
+that I hope we may rely on what he tells us. His character for probity
+is high in this country, and among the foreign Ministers at this
+Court. As I have frequent opportunities of mixing with the latter, I
+have not omitted to give them proper impressions of our strength,
+union, and firmness, without seeming too solicitous to do it. It is
+possible, that if the neutral maritime powers were fully persuaded of
+this unanimity and firmness, and were sincerely disposed to bring
+about a peace, instead of regarding with pleasure the mutual losses of
+the House of Bourbon and Great Britain, they might end the war by
+declaring their disposition to acknowledge our independence.
+
+The King of Prussia seems to be a cool calculator, prepared to profit
+by the general distress. Denmark is influenced by Russia, and Sweden
+by France. Great Britain also still retains some influence in Denmark.
+The Court of Vienna will be adverse to us, as long as the Empress
+Queen exists. How the Emperor is inclined, I do not know. Sardinia and
+Portugal are friendly and attached to England. The Dutch are divided
+into parties, neither of which is strong enough to give firmness and
+decision to the conduct of the Republic. The Stadtholder and his party
+find means to thwart and retard all the vigorous resolves, which the
+French and republican party engage the state to enter into, to support
+their honor and dignity. The hopes entertained in Great Britain of the
+influence of the former party, and the proneness of the King and his
+Ministers to violent measures, induced the late extraordinary conduct
+of that Court, with respect to the Dutch. They will submit to this and
+more, rather than go to war. If the Empress of Russia is determined to
+support her late declaration, and to coincide effectually with the
+powers whom she has invited to accede to it, Great Britain must,
+however, recede from her present conduct, or offend highly the neutral
+powers.
+
+The negotiation between Russia and Holland proceeds slowly. The Court
+party in England has gained once more its superiority in Parliament; a
+feigned sickness of the speaker, Sir Fletcher Norton, gave the
+Minister time to rally his forces, since which opposition grows more
+feeble every day. That of Ireland, for want of system and union among
+its members, and by the promises of places and honors, is a little
+staggered. There is however a fermentation in both nations, which the
+continuance of the war and its consequent distresses will probably
+increase, if not bring to maturity. The distresses of our army last
+winter, the depreciation of our paper money, the exaggerated accounts
+of our divisions, and our apparent inactivity, have had a bad effect
+in Europe, which I hope the firmness and unanimity of Congress, added
+to the exertions of our ally, and those of this Court, will entirely
+efface.
+
+The expedition, which sailed from Cadiz the 28th ultimo, consisting of
+twelve sail of the line, besides frigates, and eleven thousand five
+hundred men, proceeds to the Windward Islands, and there joins M. de
+Guichen, or goes against Jamaica or the Floridas, as circumstances may
+render it proper. Another expedition from France, follows M. Ternay's,
+I believe, to reinforce M. de Guichen, who, if I am not deceived, will
+join the Spaniards to the leeward in the hurricane months, and if
+necessary and practicable, send eight or ten ships to our coasts in
+the beginning of the autumn. This depends, however, much on the
+events of war. Spain in concurrence with France, will have between
+forty and fifty sail of the line, to oppose the grand English fleet,
+which I am informed will sail the last of this month or the beginning
+of next. The allied fleet is not in such readiness. Strong interest is
+making for the Count d'Estaing to command in chief, and I think he
+will be nominated.
+
+A very little time will determine the fate of the bills drawn on Mr
+Jay. I received the first last week, in a letter from M. Nesbitt of
+L'Orient who very prudently did not negotiate it, until he consulted
+me on the subject. I am also informed, that bills on Mr Laurens are in
+circulation, and we have not yet heard of his arrival. I have written
+to Dr Franklin, and Messrs Adams and Dana, and if I have not heard
+from them oftener, I impute it to the miscarriage of their letters,
+which was the case of those of Dr Franklin, the first two months after
+my arrival at Madrid. Mr Jay will transmit an account of the revenues,
+and expenses of Spain, with which I have furnished him, which will
+show, that Congress cannot depend on such pecuniary assistance from
+this nation as they expected.
+
+Mr Jay's situation has been particularly disagreeable; the sum
+allotted by Congress, by no means accords with his necessary expenses,
+even if he received his salary as it became due. I do not complain,
+although I have been obliged since my departure from America to expend
+more than six hundred and fifty pounds sterling, and have not as yet
+received more than two hundred pounds of my salary. Almost everything
+that passes, even in Congress, is known here, either by intercepted
+letters, or otherwise. You, Gentlemen, will conceive, how delicate Mr
+Jay's situation must be, if he delivers faithfully his sentiments of
+men and measures. I must repeat again, however, that there is a great
+appearance of candor and good faith. The Count de Florida Blanca, and
+M. Galvez speak with much apparent civility and frankness, and seem
+desirous of doing all that is possible to succor us consistent with
+the actual situation of their finances, the former particularly. I
+have sent a copy of this via Bilboa, and another from Cadiz. I have
+not yet had the pleasure of receiving one letter from any one member
+of Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] See this Memorial in _John Jay's Correspondence_, Vol. VII. p.
+268.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 17th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since writing the preceding letter, bills to the amount of about
+fifteen thousand dollars have been presented, and at a time when the
+news of our misfortune at Charleston made an impression much to our
+disadvantage. These bills however are accepted, and the Count de
+Florida Blanca appears to interest himself more than ever in
+contributing to aid us, repeating in the strongest manner his Catholic
+Majesty's favorable intentions. What he hinted at with respect to the
+attempts of the enemy, to thwart Mr Jay's negotiations has proved
+true. A Mr Cumberland, Secretary to Lord George Germain, has obtained
+permission to come to Madrid, and is actually here at present. But as
+his Excellency has promised to communicate his proposals, whatever
+they may be, on the subject of an accommodation, we cannot entertain a
+doubt, but that he will do it with the same frankness, with which he
+made known to us those of Sir John Dalrymple. The Count de Montmorin,
+Ambassador for France here, is not the least alarmed by the reception
+of this gentleman, and that Court is full as much interested as we are
+in the object for which he is sent. Mr Jay will transmit to Congress a
+narrative, which I have given him, of this gentleman's motions.
+
+We have likewise received an account of the death of M. Miralles. He
+will soon have a successor, by whom we shall write more fully, and I
+hope more to the satisfaction of Congress. Nothing can hurt us here,
+or in Europe, so long as we are united, firm, and vigorous. I
+experienced at first a little coldness from the foreign Ministers at
+this Court, after the news of the surrender of Charleston, but that is
+worn off.
+
+The public papers will announce the disturbances, which have lately
+arisen at London; all is at present quiet in that quarter, and
+government seems to have acquired fresh confidence and vigor. The
+Count d'Estaing is expected at St Ildefonso the 1st of next month, to
+go from thence to take the command of the united fleets, which will
+consist of thirtysix sail of the line, from Cadiz, including the
+French from Toulon, and other French ports, and twelve or fifteen from
+Brest. The last advices import that the English squadron amounted to
+twentyeight, chiefly capital ships; they left port about the 20th ult.
+The rest of Europe is in the same situation that I have already
+mentioned.
+
+Since writing my letter of the 28th of May, I received a letter from
+the Baron de Schulenburg,[7] of which the enclosed is a copy, in
+answer to a civil letter, which I wrote him on my arrival here,
+representing the situation of our affairs in a favorable light. I
+daily expect another letter from him more particular, in consequence
+of an address, which I have transmitted to him, by which he may write
+to me in safety. I have cultivated the friendship of the foreign
+Ministers and their Secretaries as often as I have had occasion, and
+as I have always avoided an appearance of prejudice, I flatter myself,
+that I have been listened to with attention. My conduct has been the
+same with those of this nation with whom I have found means to be
+acquainted, and I doubt not, with time and patience, we shall
+ultimately succeed. I cannot speak too highly of the conduct of the
+Count de Montmorin, personally or politically. M. Gerard in his
+letters to me, expresses the same attachment as ever to our cause, and
+his late acquisition of dignity and consequence, puts it more in his
+power to be useful to us. As yet, Mr Jay has received but one letter
+from Congress, which conveyed their resolves respecting the bills of
+exchange drawn on him. I beg leave to acknowledge the receipt of a
+letter from Mr Houston last week, which I shall answer, if possible,
+by this opportunity.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                       St Ildefonso, August 22d, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+In the course of this month I did myself the honor of writing to you
+by the General Pickering from Bilboa, and the Captain Kyan from Cadiz,
+as also via France. In these letters I informed you of the situation
+of our affairs here, and of that of Europe in general; since which, we
+have advanced very little. The Minister had informed Mr Jay, on the
+5th of July, that he had sent for a person to succeed M. Miralles, and
+that on his arrival, arrangements would be made with respect to the
+bills presented to Mr Jay for payment, and that he would then enter
+into discussions on the other objects of Mr Jay's mission. Before and
+since that period, bills to the amount of thirty thousand dollars have
+been presented, of which Mr Jay has accepted for fourteen thousand, by
+the direction of the Minister, and none of the others have as yet been
+protested.
+
+You will see by a state of the finances of this country, which in
+compliance with Mr Jay's instructions to me, at my departure from
+Cadiz, I have had the honor to give him, that their revenues and
+resources since the war have greatly diminished, and that previous to
+that period, they were by no means so flourishing as Congress had
+reason to suppose. In most of the conferences with the Minister, the
+scarcity of cash has been objected more than the want of inclination,
+and hints have been thrown out, that it would be much more convenient
+for the Court, to grant the United States aids in money from their
+possessions in America than in Europe. Although hopes have been as
+constantly given, that a part of the sum drawn for would be furnished
+at the end of the present year, or commencement of the next, and that
+measures in the mean time might be taken to prevent embarrassments, in
+case of the arrival of bills after that period, great surprise has
+been expressed, that Congress should take such a step without
+previously informing the Court of their intentions, and obtaining its
+approbation of the measure. Congress will therefore judge of the
+propriety of disposing of any bills, that may remain unsold, until it
+is fully ascertained, that they will be punctually paid. Mr Jay, now
+at Madrid, where the death of his child, and the consequent distresses
+of his family, detain him a few days, will undoubtedly transmit more
+ample intelligence on this subject, with the various papers in his
+possession necessary to explain it. This Court has been obliged to
+make considerable loans, for their own current expenses, the nature of
+which I hope to be able to explain in a future letter. It has lately
+obtained seven millions, five hundred thousand current dollars, in
+France and elsewhere. The loan is for nine millions, and from the
+nature of it will create a temporary paper circulation to that amount
+in this kingdom. I shall transmit to Congress, as soon as it becomes
+public, a full detail of its operations.
+
+Mr Cumberland, whom I mentioned in my last, and whose name you will
+find in all the European gazettes, is still at Madrid, from whence he
+has lately had permission to send a courier to London, but as the
+Spanish Minister has engaged to impart any serious proposals he may
+make, and as the French Ambassador expresses no uneasiness from the
+residence of this gentleman in Spain, although this circumstance at
+this crisis is extraordinary, we cannot presume there can be solid
+ground for apprehension. Considerable revolutions, however, have
+happened in the system of politics of this country, ever since the
+accession of the House of Bourbon, and where governments are often
+more influenced by the counsels, and sometimes the caprices of
+individuals, than from regard to the real and permanent interest of a
+nation, there is always something to fear. Congress judging from the
+assurances of the Minister, and the King's character, which is
+remarkable for steadiness, on the one part, and from the circumstance
+of Mr Cumberland's residence here, and the constant endeavors of our
+enemies by every insidious art to misrepresent our situation, on the
+other, will be best able to draw conclusions from the whole.
+
+The treaty proposed by Russia to the neutral maritime powers, to
+secure their commerce, and protect their navigation, has been or will
+be acceded to by Sweden, Denmark, the Hanseatic towns, and Holland,
+and a Russian squadron is expected in the Channel daily. Portugal, it
+is said, influenced by England, will not accede to this treaty, which
+will put a stop to the piratical conduct of that country. France and
+Spain exclaim, against the partiality of Portugal to Great Britain,
+and I have been informed, but I do not pretend to vouch for the
+authenticity of the intelligence, that strong representations have
+been made to that Court, either to shut its ports against the armed
+vessels of the nations at war, or to take a part in it. The French
+Minister to that Court said something to the same purpose to me at
+Madrid, on his way to Lisbon. The English at present sell their prizes
+there, without the formality of condemnation.
+
+The Count d'Estaing is now here, and on every occasion manifests the
+strongest attachment to the United States and their interests. The
+general opinion gives him the command of a part, if not the whole of
+the combined fleets, which amount to thirty six sail of the line, now
+at sea, commanded by M. Cordova. The English fleet under Geary, is
+also cruizing between Ushant and Cape St Vincent, to prevent the
+junction of the ships from Brest and Ferrol with the Spanish Admiral,
+and to protect their outward end homeward bound convoys, and to
+intercept those of the allies.
+
+I had written thus far, when a courier arrived with the important news
+of the combined fleets having fallen in with, and taken fiftysix sail
+out of sixty, destined to the East and West Indies, Madeira and
+Quebec. I have requested Mr Harrison at Cadiz to enclose to the
+Committee a list of the prizes, and the nature of their cargoes, as it
+has not yet been received here. This will be severely felt in England,
+and will occasion more clamor against the Ministry, than all their
+naval losses since the war. Mr Jay has heard from Congress but once
+since we have been in Spain, and very seldom from our other
+correspondents, the last letters from Paris, mention that Messrs
+Franklin, Adams, and Dana, were well, and that Mr Adams was going to
+Holland.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ Since sending off a copy of the preceding letter, I have the
+pleasure to inform you, that the gentleman expected by the Minister
+has arrived, and proves to be Don Diego Gardoqui, who is already known
+by his former correspondence with America. Our affairs are once more
+in train, some bills have been accepted since his arrival, but nothing
+certain has been as yet determined, and indeed I fear the Court is too
+much pressed for money, to do anything considerable for us here in
+that way. Probably this gentleman will be sent to America, by whom we
+shall have an opportunity, I hope, of conveying the final
+determination of the Court with respect to our affairs. The
+navigation of the Mississippi appears to be the great, and if we can
+credit the assertions of men in power, the sole obstacle.
+
+Mr Cumberland has been here, and is expected again with his family in
+a few days. I have been informed, that he has offered on the part of
+Great Britain, to restore to Spain what they lost by the treaty of
+Paris, and has been permitted to reside at this Court in expectation
+of being authorised to make further concessions, and indeed on no
+other principle can I account for his residence here at this crisis. I
+mentioned in my letter of the 22d ult., that representations had been
+made to the Court of Portugal, either to shut its ports against the
+armed vessels of all nations at war, or take a part in it. I have the
+honor to inform you, that the above Court has consented to the first
+of these propositions, although this is not yet public. Another vessel
+has arrived at Nantes from Philadelphia, by which neither Mr Jay nor
+myself have received any letters. The Russian fleet, consisting of
+fifteen sail of the line, and four frigates, is arrived in England.
+Admiral Geary returned to Spithead the 19th ult. This fleet, it is
+said, will soon be sent to sea, although he had upwards of two
+thousand sick when he returned to port. Stocks fell considerably in
+England when the news arrived of the loss of the convoy
+beforementioned.
+
+A fleet of seven sail of the line sailed from Ferrol the 22d ult. to
+convoy off the coast a fleet of transports for the French islands, and
+probably to cruise to intercept the homeward and outward bound fleets
+of the enemy. This circumstance joined to the late loss of the convoy,
+has raised insurance prodigiously in London. The Parliament does not
+meet until the 28th of September.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                    St Ildefonso, September 9th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I did myself the honor of writing to you the 6th instant, via Cadiz,
+Bilboa, and France, informing you that the person mentioned in my
+letters of last month, as chosen by the Minister to succeed M.
+Miralles, had arrived here, and proves to be M. James Gardoqui, and
+that since his arrival, our affairs are once more in train. I also
+mentioned that the Ministry were negotiating loans, to answer
+extraordinary expenses. I expected to have been able to send the
+Committee a full account of the nature of these loans, as I founded my
+hopes of the Court's paying the bills drawn on Mr Jay, by means of the
+supplies obtained in this way. I am therefore very sorry to inform the
+Committee, that the success of the most considerable has not answered
+the expectations of the Ministers, and what is worse, they impute its
+failure to the interference of M. Necker and others, influenced by
+that Minister, which has created a soreness, that for the moment must
+be disagreeable to our ally, and may be disadvantageous to us, unless
+more important considerations obviate the ill effects to be
+apprehended from such disappointment, and the personal disgust and
+resentment consequent thereof.
+
+A person with whom I am well acquainted, is the projector of the loan
+abovementioned, and although for near three months I have known that
+such a measure was in agitation, I was not able to discover the plan,
+it having been preserved with great secrecy, in order to secure its
+successful and complete operation. As this measure is so far important
+to Congress, as it may influence the conduct of the Court with
+respect to money matters, and affect the credit of the nation in
+future, on which all the vigor of military operations in a great
+measure depends, I will endeavor to give the outlines of the money
+negotiation to the Committee, and will forward the plan and the King's
+ordinance thereon as soon as I receive them.
+
+The original design of this loan was to procure nine millions of
+dollars, or thirtysix millions of livres in four months, and possibly
+to enlarge the sum according to exigencies. The projector was to
+receive ten per cent for expenses and profit, which he was at liberty
+to divide as he thought proper with the original lenders. To these, I
+think, he gave three, or three and a half per cent for the use of
+their money for four months, which money they were to remit in bills
+of exchange on Spain, and to redraw at the end of four months for
+their principal and interest. The great secret of the operation is,
+that government instead of repaying their bills in specie, issues
+paper to repay them, the credit of which is guarantied by the Crown
+and the different Chambers or Councils of the Kingdom, viz of Castile,
+&c. &c. This paper bears an interest of four per cent. A _cedula_, or
+royal ordinance, will be published the 20th or 21st of this month,
+which gives it currency, and inflicts severe penalties on any one who
+refuses it as a legal payment. M. Necker did not discover the latter
+part of the scheme until large sums had been remitted from France, and
+I suppose, fearing that its operation would be complete before his
+representations of what he thought its evil tendency, could be
+attended to here, he immediately gave orders not to receive the bills
+of exchange of the houses concerned in this measure at the _Caisse
+Royale_ in France. Besides, the house of Gerardot, Haller & Co. one of
+the most considerable in Europe, and of which he was once the head,
+and his brother is still a partner, wrote circular letters to all
+parts of Europe discrediting the loan.
+
+The consequence has been, that the persons in France and elsewhere,
+whose bills were refused at the _Caisse Royale_ have been pushed here
+so hard by their creditors, that the Spanish government has been
+obliged to make considerable remittances to support their credit, that
+further advances of money have been stopped, and that bills of
+exchange on Spain have sold at a loss of one and one and a half per
+cent. This has irritated the merchants here, and perhaps we may be the
+innocent victims. For I am persuaded, that Spain, without obtaining it
+by loans, has not money in Europe to afford us considerable aids, how
+great soever her inclination may be to assist us, and I think the
+Committee will be of the same opinion, on reading the information I
+gave Mr Jay on the subject of the revenues of this country, in
+consequence of his instructions to me at Cadiz.
+
+I shall be happy to have it in my power to inform the Committee, that
+my apprehensions have been ill grounded.
+
+The fate of our bills must soon be determined. More than forty
+thousand dollars have been presented, of which the amount of about
+fourteen thousand have been accepted by order of the Minister. The
+Count d'Estaing will leave this in a few days, and go to Cadiz; by the
+time he can arrive at that port, the whole of the combined fleet will
+be assembled; thirtysix sail are now at Cadiz, seven on a cruise, and
+two of a hundred and one hundred and ten guns are on their voyage from
+Brest. The Count will urge a vigorous and decisive conduct, and seems
+to enjoy the King's esteem, and the good will of most of the Ministers
+and Courtiers.
+
+The English emissary, Mr Cumberland, is still at Madrid, and is
+permitted to receive from and send couriers to London. The conduct of
+the Court appears unaccountable, and I cannot persuade myself, that it
+can be agreeable to France, although the Count de Montmorin frequently
+assures me, that we need not have any inquietude on account of the
+gentleman's residence. He no doubt, however, endeavors to insinuate
+many things to our disadvantage, and makes propositions to alienate
+Spain from the alliance with France, and from supporting the United
+States. Those about him are perpetually circulating bad news from
+America, and assert with confidence, that several States and many
+individuals in others, are negotiating to make their peace with Great
+Britain. Spain may possibly be amusing his employers, as he is
+employed to amuse the Spanish Ministry.
+
+The treaty for an armed neutrality was signed by Sweden the 4th of
+August; Denmark had not signed it the 8th of the same month, but there
+is no doubt she will. The English party in Holland opposed and
+retarded it there as long as possible, and finally clogged it with
+such conditions as they hope will prostrate the negotiation; for
+instance, they propose to the contracting powers, to guaranty all
+their possessions in Europe, Asia, and America, but as the States have
+gone so far, they will scarce recede, should this article be refused
+by the others. The eyes of Europe are anxiously turned to America and
+the West Indies; the friends of liberty hope everything from our union
+and perseverance, and the expectations of our enemies are founded on
+the reverse. Neither Mr Jay nor myself have received letters from
+Congress since we left America, except one from the Committee,
+enclosing the bills of exchange, so that we are without intelligence,
+without money, or the certainty of conveying to Congress as regularly
+as we wish, the information necessary for them to receive, which will
+plead my apology with the Committee for the repetitions they will meet
+in this letter of what several other letters contain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ The declaration of Portugal, shutting their ports against the
+armed vessels of the nations at war, which I mentioned in a letter of
+the 6th, has not yet been made public. It is supposed that the present
+Parliament will be dissolved and a new one called, while the influence
+of the present Ministry continues high. Considering the scarcity of
+cash in this country, and the present situation of affairs, perhaps
+Congress will do well to stop drawing on Mr Jay, until they receive
+information that their bills will be paid punctually. There appears no
+forwardness in this Court to enter into treaty; the navigation of the
+Mississippi is the great obstacle; the situation of America will guide
+the determinations of Congress, and I hope it will be such as to
+enable them to preserve the rights of all the States. Negotiations
+will, probably, be set on foot this winter, and it is likely this
+Court will be the theatre of them. As Spain has as yet taken no
+decided part in our revolution, England will rather choose to apply to
+this Court, and keep up the old idea of restoring peace by her
+mediation, than that of Versailles. Hints have been given, that it
+would be more convenient for Spain to furnish the States with money in
+America than here, but as they seem to think that America has not
+proposed an equivalent for what they demand, I am afraid assistance
+will be given very faintly.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 25th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I did myself the honor of addressing you the 6th and 9th instant, and
+in the latter expressed an apprehension, that Congress would not
+receive the pecuniary aid they expected in this country. I am now
+sorry to inform you, that on the 13th, Mr Jay was told by order of the
+Minister, that their own exigencies would not permit the King to
+provide funds for the payment of more of the bills than had been
+already accepted. I make no reflections on this event, and hope the
+Committee will suspend theirs, until Congress shall have received from
+Mr Jay, a relation of all that has passed here since the month of June
+last, with the papers necessary to elucidate it. In a day or two after
+the above information, his Majesty was pleased to offer his
+responsibility to facilitate a loan for one hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars in favor of the United States, and to promise some clothing,
+&c. &c.
+
+On the 23d, Mr Jay had a long conference with the Count de Florida
+Blanca, the particulars of which I immediately reduced to writing, as
+I have done with respect to others which preceded this, copies of the
+most material parts of which Mr Jay will, probably, forward to
+Congress with his other despatches. In this conference, the Count
+spoke with much pleasure of a resolution of Congress, permitting the
+exportation of flour, for the use of the Spanish fleets and armies in
+the West Indies, as also of measures taken by them to make a
+diversion to the southward, to facilitate their operations against
+Pensacola, &c. &c. He said to Mr Jay, that the King had directed him
+to convey his thanks to Congress for those marks of their friendly
+disposition, and gave the strongest assurances, that his Majesty would
+never consent to a pacification, which did not include the interests
+of America, declaring at the same time, that the negotiations for
+peace were more remote than ever, although, as he observed, the King
+had been offered all he could desire from England, in order to induce
+him to a separate peace. He informed Mr Jay he had received
+intelligence, that Great Britain once more proposed to send
+Commissioners to treat with Congress, that this measure was under the
+consideration of the Privy Council, and would, probably, be adopted.
+
+I seize the earliest opportunity of conveying to the Committee thus
+much of the conference, as most important for Congress to know, to
+which I add, that the Minister promised to take immediate measures for
+putting it in the power of Mr Jay, to evidence and avail himself of
+the responsibility of the King, and forwarding from Cadiz clothing for
+ten regiments, for the use of the American army. In the course of this
+conference, the Count de Florida Blanca asserted with warmth, that the
+King would never relinquish the navigation of the Mississippi, and the
+Ministry regarded the exclusive right to it as the principal advantage
+Spain would obtain by the war. This being the bar to the treaty, it
+seems not improbable, that this Court will not be in a hurry to treat
+with us, but rather trust to her interest in a general Congress for
+peace to obtain her favorite objects, preserving, in the meantime,
+such a line of conduct, as will enable her, in some measure, to be a
+mediator in it, with which idea she has been, and is flattered by
+England.
+
+Mr Cumberland, whom I have frequently mentioned in former letters,
+still remains at Madrid. The Abbe Hussey, his coadjutor, has just
+received a passport to go to Lisbon, from whence he will, probably,
+embark for London, and return with the ultimatum of that Court, and
+intelligence for the Spanish Minister, for it is not improbable, he
+may be a better spy than negotiator. All this, however, is conjecture.
+In all probability, great efforts will be made next campaign in
+America, if the war continues, as we are told it will. The great
+objects of it are in that part of the world. France is engaged at all
+hazards to support our independence, and will do it, and Spain is
+desirous of possessing the entire navigation of the Gulf of Mexico. I
+take the liberty of repeating these reflections to the Committee, as
+they arise from conversations on this subject with persons in a
+situation to be well informed.
+
+The different powers at war will, however, find some difficulty to
+procure money. England has not completed her last loans. France has
+begun to tax, and must continue to do so, notwithstanding the great
+economy of their Minister of Finances. The last operations of this
+Court to procure money, of which I gave the Committee a sketch in my
+last letter, and the state of the revenues, which I gave Mr Jay in my
+answer to his instructions, will show them the wants of this country.
+The interference of M. Necker in the operation beforementioned,
+deprived this Court of near two millions of _pesos_, and greatly
+irritated the Ministry. I hope, however, their resentments have
+subsided. This failure, they give as one reason for not being able to
+advance the money we expected, to enable Mr Jay to pay the bills
+drawn on him by Congress. Mr Jay has, however, at all hazards,
+accepted those which have been presented, and is taking every step in
+his power to provide money to pay them, as also those that may be
+disposed of in America, previous to the advice he has given Congress
+on this head.
+
+The English Ministry are likely to have a large majority in the new
+Parliament, which is generally the case in time of war. The great
+neutral maritime powers of Europe, seem to regard the present war as
+an event favorable to the augmentation of their commerce, and will,
+probably, do so, until one or the other of the contending parties
+engaged in it appear to have a decided superiority. Portugal seems
+better disposed to the allies than heretofore. This change is,
+probably, the result of fear, more than of affection. The combined
+fleet at Cadiz, consists of fortythree sail of the line, besides
+frigates, &c. &c. The Count d'Estaing commands the French part of the
+fleet, and the whole is in readiness to put to sea. During his
+residence at this Court I was frequently with him, and he professes
+the same ardent desire to serve us as ever.
+
+I cannot forbear mentioning to the Committee, my sense of the friendly
+and polite conduct of the Count de Montmorin to me ever since my
+arrival here, nor can I conclude, without remarking the good effects
+that our union, vigor, and perseverance have had in Europe. A
+continuance of these will render us respectable to our enemies, and of
+consequence to our friends.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                           Madrid, October 15th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+My last to the Committee was of the 25th ultimo, since which time Mr
+Jay has received a letter from Dr Franklin, to whom, as well as to the
+Count de Vergennes, he wrote on the subject of his disappointment in
+money matters here; this letter has given us much pleasure. The Court
+of France continues to manifest the same generous conduct towards us
+as ever, notwithstanding its own embarrassments for money. It has in
+fact agreed to furnish another million of livres, to answer new
+demands and old claims. Among the former, Dr Franklin comprised the
+twentyfive thousand dollars drawn by the order of Congress on Mr Jay.
+Only two bills of that sum have as yet been presented, and between
+eighty and one hundred thousand of those first drawn, all of which
+have been accepted.
+
+Every post augments the sum, and we are still uncertain whether money
+will be procured in time to pay them, particularly should the bills
+for the whole soon come to hand. The Minister apparently has
+endeavored, and is endeavoring, to procure money for this purpose. M.
+Gardoqui, who will probably succeed M. Miralles, and a gentleman who
+planned the loan I mentioned in my letter of the 9th ultimo, are
+interesting themselves in this business. If either of these gentlemen
+can procure money, or if the Crown can obtain it by other means, it is
+probable that Mr Jay will be furnished with a part, if not the whole
+of the money necessary for this use. But I am still afraid its ability
+will not correspond with our wants and our wishes. The Court has given
+orders to enable Mr Harrison at Cadiz, to obtain and ship the
+clothing for ten regiments, mentioned in my last. This gentleman is a
+native of Maryland, is well known in that State, and has on this, as
+on all occasions, manifested a disinterested zeal in the service of
+his country.
+
+There is no alteration in the political state of Europe since my last,
+and no event of consequence in the operations of the war. The
+convention for the armed neutrality is not finally concluded, but I am
+told the Empress of Russia is determined to maintain the system
+proposed by her. The States of Holland have not yet acceded to it.
+Their Plenipotentiaries were instructed to add some articles; one of
+which is, to procure the restitution of their vessels unlawfully
+captured by the English, another to make it a common cause, in case
+the Republic should be molested in consequence of her accession, and
+also that her possessions in all parts of the world, should be
+guarantied by the contracting parties. Their mediation is also
+proposed to bring about an accommodation between the powers at war.
+These articles in the instructions, were inserted by the friends of
+England, in order to retard, if not defeat the measure, so far as it
+respected the States. It has leaked out from the Court of Petersburg,
+perhaps expressly, that the English Minister at that Court, declared
+to the Empress, that the King was disposed to respect the neutrality,
+provided Holland was excluded. This has come to the knowledge of the
+plenipotentiaries, and it is supposed on being known to the States,
+will hasten the conclusion of the affair, which must put an end to the
+piratical rapacity of Great Britain, or involve her in new and great
+difficulties.
+
+Two Russian vessels, captured and carried into England, have been
+released, while Dutch vessels with similar cargoes are condemned. The
+Court of Portugal has given orders to equip several vessels of war,
+and seems inclined at present to preserve a strict neutrality,
+prompted to this more by fear than inclination. The combined fleet is
+still at Cadiz, it consists of between forty and fifty sail of the
+line, and has provisions on board for six months. The Count d'Estaing
+has provided clothing for the winter, for his seamen and marines, and
+M. de Guichen is expected with much impatience. His destination is a
+secret, but I think he has a strong desire of visiting our part of the
+world once more. He will not be inactive, if he can avoid being so.
+
+The Committee will probably take notice of an article in the foreign
+papers, which mentions a revolt in Peru. This if true and serious as
+represented, would be an event as important as disagreeable. I have as
+yet no reason to believe it of the nature represented, if true. The
+Ministry have taken no extraordinary measures, in consequence of this
+intelligence, except the fitting out some packet boats for that part
+of the world, which may be done to obtain more regular advice, than
+they have had from thence for some time past. If it should appear,
+that there is any foundation for this report, you may depend on my
+endeavors to give the earliest and most accurate information I can
+obtain with respect to the causes and consequences of such an event.
+
+Mr Jay means to send soon large packets to Congress, to which I beg
+leave to refer the Committee for more minute details on the subject of
+this and my other letters, than I can furnish it, from not being in
+possession of the various papers, and communications which respect
+the mission.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          Madrid, November 28th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I did myself the honor of addressing the Committee frequently in the
+course of the last month; this letter, therefore, can furnish little
+besides a confirmation of what I then believed to be the disposition
+of the Court, of the state of Europe, and of this part of it more
+particularly, derived from the best information in my power to obtain.
+
+I have in a great measure confined my inquiries to two objects, the
+situation of the finances of Spain and its disposition toward us and
+our ally. Every day gives me reason to think the former are critically
+circumstanced. I know from good authority the ways and means for the
+next year are not devised yet, and I have great reason to believe that
+the necessary funds cannot be procured by taxation, because the
+augmentation of the present year's taxes has not produced what the
+Ministry expected, and neither the commerce nor produce of Spain will
+permit further efforts in this way. In short, the current expenses of
+1780 have exceeded the revenue twentyfive millions of dollars, and
+notwithstanding, the arrearages to the public creditors are
+considerable.
+
+The loan for nine millions of dollars, mentioned in my former letters,
+is not yet completed, in part owing to the obstacles thrown in its way
+by M. Necker. The resentment of the Spanish Ministry, which this
+interference excited, has not yet subsided, and I am afraid the
+prejudices thereby excited will not soon be eradicated, although
+common interest may stifle them apparently at present. The mode of
+raising money in the manner heretofore mentioned may become the only
+plan practicable, should others now in contemplation not succeed, and
+Spain may be obliged to have recourse to paper, from inability to
+procure money by other methods.
+
+The Court of Great Britain is well informed of their situation through
+Mr Cumberland, their emissary here, who spends a great deal of money.
+Influenced by which, and other advices, the King has, in his speech to
+Parliament, openly avowed his determination to prosecute the war with
+vigor, and he will be supported by a great majority in both houses.
+From the best information I have been able to collect, I am sorry to
+tell you, that the nation will be able to borrow the sum demanded for
+the expenditures of 1781, which with the usual vote of credit at the
+end of the session, will amount to sixteen millions sterling at least.
+The scheme of the Ministry to effect this is not yet public, but I am
+told, it will be on similar conditions to those of the present year.
+Ninetytwo thousand men are voted for the marine, and I have reason to
+think a considerable reinforcement will be sent early to the
+southward, and that agreeably to a proposition of Sir J. Amherst, the
+enemy means to occupy and fortify strongly a port near the month of
+Chesapeake Bay, from which with a strong garrison and a naval force,
+they hope to interrupt the navigation of the Bay, and by frequent
+incursions prevent the States of Maryland and Virginia from sending
+supplies of men, &c. &c. to the Carolinas. Among the troops mentioned
+to be embarked there, are three regiments of light dragoons. Your
+servants nearer Great Britain will give you more accurate information.
+
+I am persuaded that our ally will take early measures for defeating
+these designs. This latter information is derived indirectly from
+conversations with men in a situation to be well informed. The
+disposition of this Court depends much on its hopes of obtaining the
+objects for which it commenced the war, and I should not merit the
+confidence reposed in me if I did not tell you plainly, that I believe
+that the exclusive possession of the Gulf of Mexico is the favorite
+object, and that if they cannot obtain it by a connexion with the
+United States, they will endeavor to procure it, by a general, if not
+by a separate peace, to which the King's good faith is, perhaps, at
+present the greatest obstacle. The Congress knows best the situation
+of their affairs, and I hope it may be such as to enable them to
+preserve the rights of all the States.
+
+As I have frequent occasions of seeing the foreign Ministers here, and
+their Secretaries, I am too often obliged to remark their partiality
+for Great Britain, and jealousy of the house of Bourbon, particularly
+those of Russia, Vienna, Sardinia, Portugal, and Holland. Some of
+these, in my opinion, are the best spies England employs here.
+Jealousy on the one hand, and on the other compassion and admiration,
+begin to take the place of envy and interest. The transition from
+these to friendship and support is not difficult, if their masters do
+not differ in sentiments from their servants. Our perseverance, vigor,
+and exertions occasion a hesitation with respect to the event of the
+war, which augments or diminishes in proportion to their ideas of the
+intentions of this Court, which leads me to think it probable, that
+if Spain would enter into positive engagements with the United States,
+the hopes of the enemy to divide the allies would be at an end; the
+neutral powers would think our independence certain, and would
+endeavor to terminate the war, while Great Britain is in such a
+situation as to be able to preserve her other possessions.
+
+Should the situation of affairs in America be in a worse situation
+than I hope they are, and should the Congress judge it necessary for
+their establishment to make further advances and sacrifices, permit me
+to take the liberty of observing, that these offers should be
+accompanied with a proviso of this Court's avowing the independence of
+the States immediately, otherwise the offers should be considered as
+null, and no pretensions formed thereon in a treaty for a general
+peace. At the same time, it might suit the States to procure a sum in
+specie from the Spanish settlements in America, and to obtain certain
+advantages of preference in the admission of the produce of their
+fisheries into the ports of Spain. I think it my duty to write you
+fully and freely the sentiments which arise from the opportunity of
+information you have given me, and should be happy to give you such as
+would be more acceptable to you, and more conformable to my wishes.
+
+Mr Jay has received and accepted your bills to the amount of fifteen
+thousand dollars, and I hope will be enabled to pay them; but this
+business has thwarted the other part of his mission here, in showing
+our necessities so plainly. For this Court seems to expect equivalents
+for services rendered, and the interest of money advanced to us is not
+its object. This leads me to repeat what I mentioned in a former
+letter, of the King's satisfaction for a resolution of Congress,
+permitting the exportation of flour to the Havana, and that every
+similar manifestation of amity will much contribute to counteract the
+intrigues of the enemy here. The Minister of the Indies lately assured
+me, that his Majesty had directed him to return thanks, through the
+Chevalier de la Luzerne, for the respect shown at the interment of M.
+Miralles.
+
+Having mentioned this gentleman, I am induced to speak of his intended
+successor, M. Gardoqui, who has now been named near five months, yet
+is still here. This detention is one reason among many others, which
+makes me fear the Court has not taken a decisive part for the next
+year, although the last declarations of the Minister on this subject
+were clear and positive. I have purposely omitted speaking of the
+operations of the war in Europe, and other articles of intelligence,
+in order to have it in my power to give you the latest I have
+received. I hear from England, that Mr Laurens is closely confined,
+and treated as a prisoner of State. The Committee may be persuaded,
+that retaliation on some of the English prisoners of consequence, will
+be regarded in Europe as a proof of the confidence of Congress in the
+support of the people.
+
+A copy of the proposed treaty with the States of Holland, was taken
+among the papers of Mr Laurens, and sent by the British Ministry to
+the Stadtholder, who endeavored to criminate the Pensionary of
+Amsterdam and those concerned with him, in consequence of this
+discovery. He is, however, supported by the Regency, and this step of
+the Stadtholder, not having the effect intended, Sir Joseph Yorke has
+presented a violent and menacing Memorial to the States, demanding the
+punishment of the Pensionary and his accomplices.[8] I am advised that
+this Memorial has irritated in place of intimidating, and that since
+four of the seven States have agreed to accede to the armed
+neutrality, the persons attacked by the British Court have no
+apprehensions, and, possibly, the capture of these papers may
+eventually be of great advantage to the United States, by
+precipitating the conduct of England, and obliging the States to take
+a part contrary to their dispositions, and, perhaps, to the interest
+of one or other nation. The situation of M. Dumas is rendered more
+critical by this circumstance, and it would be injustice to him not to
+mention, that he is indefatigable to contribute to our information by
+his correspondence, and by his frequent publications to represent our
+situation in the most favorable point of view.
+
+Mr Jay will transmit Congress a full state of our affairs here, with
+all the papers necessary to elucidate it. I have seen but one letter
+from Congress since my residence in Spain, from which I conjecture Mr
+Jay has received but one. He informs me he has written Congress, that
+it has not been my fault, that all copies of letters for their
+inspection did not appear with my signature. In the month of May, I
+answered in writing the instructions he gave me at Cadiz, as I did
+_viva voce_ at Aranjues in April, before he entered Madrid. I should
+not mention this circumstance to the Committee, if I did not know that
+copies of these instructions had been forwarded to Congress, and only
+abstracts of the most important part of my answer sent them; I will
+take the liberty, therefore, of sending by the first safe opportunity
+the whole of my answer, from no other motive than that of evincing my
+desire to comply in every point with the duties of the trust reposed
+in me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S. December 8th._--The Count d'Estaing sailed the 7th ult. from
+Cadiz, and, as yet, we have no news of his arrival in France. Mr
+Cumberland is still here, and waits an answer to despatches sent by
+the Abbe Hussey to England, which is daily expected. Mr Jay has
+received a letter from the Count de Vergennes, that France cannot
+provide for the payment of your bills here. But I always hope the
+credit of America must not be ruined for want of L100,000 sterling,
+although, personally, your servants have not money to pay their debts.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] See all the above papers in the Annual Register for 1780, pp.
+356-380.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 19th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I wrote to the Committee the 20th ult. to which letter I beg leave to
+refer them. Having now an opportunity of writing by a vessel, which
+conveys a copy of my last, I seize it to inform them that the
+situation of our affairs here is much the same as at that period. Mr
+Jay has received near eighteen thousand dollars to pay the bills first
+accepted, and this, with the twentyfive thousand expected from France,
+will give us a respite until the month of March. In the interval, I
+hope the Court will enable Mr Jay to answer the others as they become
+due, though this will depend much on the facility it finds to procure
+money. I have reason to think that the Ministry expect some treasure
+from America, that they hope to negotiate in Holland a loan of forty
+millions of reals, and another at home and abroad for eight millions
+of dollars. I shall be glad to see these expectations realised.
+
+The States of Holland have acceded to the armed neutrality;
+notwithstanding this, the English contrive to take their ships every
+day, and it is not improbable, that orders have been given to attack
+their possessions in the East Indies. No satisfaction has, as yet,
+been given by the States in answer to the Memorial of Sir Joseph
+Yorke, mentioned in my last. The Dutch Minister and his Secretary have
+each told me, that it would be considered as words, and answered as
+such.
+
+The Empress Queen is dead, which leaves the Emperor to act at full
+liberty. He is said to be ambitious and revengeful, and well disposed
+to Great Britain. I know that his Envoy at this Court is strongly
+attached to the interests of that country; but his father, the Prince
+de Kaunitz, was too long the favorite of the mother, to expect to hold
+the same influence with the son. It is to be hoped, that the ensuing
+campaign will pass, before the Emperor can be in a situation to
+embroil the affairs of Europe.
+
+The Count d'Estaing, who sailed from Cadiz the 7th ultimo, was not
+arrived in France at the departure of the last courier. This is an
+unlucky circumstance, as it will retard the operations of the ensuing
+year. Mr Cumberland is still here, and entertains hopes of success, or
+affects to do so. The Count de Montmorin seems to have no
+apprehensions, and while that is the case, I flatter myself that we
+need not be uneasy at a circumstance, which in itself is very
+extraordinary. I do not think, however, that M. Gardoqui will leave
+Spain, until all hopes of negotiation cease. We have no advices, or
+indeed arrivals, since the departure of the frigate, which brought the
+son of M. Rochambeau to France. Many of the letters taken with Mr
+Laurens have been published in England. I take the liberty of
+reminding the Committee, that I have never had the honor, as yet, to
+receive their orders.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                            Madrid, January 4th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I wrote you the 24th ultimo,[9] since which I am advised, that the
+Abbe Hussey is on his way from Lisbon to this capital, as is supposed
+with further propositions on the part of England. I think they will be
+as fruitless as the former. I have the pleasure of informing you, that
+on the 19th ultimo, Great Britain declared war in form against
+Holland. A courier brought the news this morning, which has given
+great pleasure to the Court, if one may be allowed to judge from
+appearances. Expresses were immediately despatched by the Ministry to
+the sea-ports, to advise the Dutch consuls of this event, and to offer
+the protection of convoys, &c. &c.
+
+It is supposed, that the Empress of Russia will resent this
+declaration of England, as it is posterior to the notification of the
+accession of the Republic to the armed neutrality, which is the real
+though not the alleged cause of the war, for I make no doubt events
+will discover, that this measure was resolved the instant the English
+Ministry knew, that the accession of the States to that treaty was
+inevitable. I shall take care to give you minute and regular advice of
+the consequences likely to result from this event; meantime permit me
+to felicitate you on the acquisition of new friends.
+
+The English fleet returned to Portsmouth in a bad condition, without
+having made any attempt against that of Count d'Estaing, of which they
+were thrice in view. The French fleet was not arrived when the courier
+who brought the agreeable intelligence before mentioned left France.
+This Court expects to obtain the sums necessary for the expenses of
+the year. I hope to transmit the plan of the proposed loan in my next
+letters.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ Lest my letter of the 24th ultimo should miscarry, I repeat,
+that the Court has engaged to supply Mr Jay with three millions of
+reals, in addition to eighteen thousand dollars already furnished,
+which with the twentyfive thousand promised by France, will nearly pay
+the bills already presented, and I hope ways and means will be found,
+to provide for the payment of the residue, drawn and sold before
+reception of Mr Jay's letters of advice.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                           Madrid, January 29th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+My last advised the Committee of the declaration of Great Britain
+against Holland; the capture of a great number of prizes, in
+consequence of this unexpected attack encourages the former, and has
+greatly irritated the latter. The States, Zealand excepted, seem
+disposed to act with vigor against the common enemy. If they
+persevere, they may finally disappoint their rapacious projects. They
+depend on the interference of Russia, and I believe with reason,
+although a day or two ago, the Count de Kaunitz, the Imperial
+Ambassador here, offered his master's mediation, in conjunction with
+the Empress of Russia to terminate the differences subsisting between
+the belligerent powers. No answer to this offer has yet been given.
+The Minister from Russia has not yet received the orders of his Court
+thereon.
+
+The offer is rather ill timed, and I have reason to think is not very
+agreeable to the Courts of Versailles and Madrid, which will act with
+entire union on this occasion, and as long as the present King of
+Spain lives, it is probable, that this good understanding will
+continue on the whole continent, although there are some here, I
+believe, who would wish to see it interrupted. While it subsists Spain
+will not abandon our interests, though it may not support them with
+such good will, as they would have been induced to do by the
+obligations of previous engagements with the United States. It is not
+likely that these will soon take place, notwithstanding the appearance
+of good will, and repeated assurances which Mr Jay has received of his
+Majesty's favorable disposition. Nor will the late change of measures
+adopted by Congress effect this, if I am not misinformed. I have not
+seen these resolutions in full, nor do I know that Mr Jay has received
+them, but I have reason to believe, that the Court has a knowledge of
+them, either by intercepted letters, or by a direct communication from
+America. In short I repeat to the Committee, what I have taken the
+liberty of remarking before, that it was probably the policy of this
+Court to leave the adjustment of their claims to be settled at the
+general negotiation of a treaty of peace, and to reserve to
+themselves the liberty of acting then according to circumstances,
+unless they can previously secure in their own manner their favorite
+objects. This accords with the conduct they have hitherto observed,
+and with maxims of policy long adopted and persevered in by this
+Court.
+
+In the meantime, they show a decided disposition to continue the war.
+They expect some treasure from America. They are likely to procure
+eight millions of dollars on loan, and have propositions from other
+quarters. The taxes have been augmented this year, the produce of the
+last having, as I have been told, fallen short of the expectations of
+the Ministry. They have thirtysix sail of the line under sailing
+orders at Cadiz, which fleet will probably cruise to meet the treasure
+ships expected, and to intercept the succors destined to Gibraltar.
+They have ordered a press throughout the kingdom to fill up their
+regiments. The ships with the treasure were to sail from Vera Cruz to
+the Havana the 11th of October. The Court seems apprehensive of the
+Emperor's intentions, and cultivates the friendship of the King of
+Prussia, for which purpose it is about to send a Minister to Berlin,
+where they have had none for many years past. This matter is not yet
+public, and will undoubtedly chagrin the Court of Vienna.
+
+Mr Jay has been promised a part of the three millions of reals,
+mentioned in my former letters, to enable him to discharge the bills,
+which become due the ensuing month, and, I suppose, will receive the
+whole as the bills become payable, until the sum is exhausted, before
+which time, funds must be provided for such as have since been
+presented, or may hereafter come to hand. It is with pain I have
+lately entered to the amount of between thirty or forty thousand
+dollars, at three months' sight, as there is yet no certainty of their
+being paid, yet I flatter myself that the Court, with the good
+disposition it appears to have, will not suffer our credit to be
+ruined, after what it has done and promised to do to preserve it.
+
+M. Gardoqui, so often mentioned, will embark in six weeks or two
+months. Mr Cumberland is still here, inspiring all the distrust and
+jealousy in his power to prejudice our affairs. I hope, however, he
+will soon be dismissed. Vigorous preparations are making in France,
+and I flatter myself that the Count d'Estaing will once more visit our
+coasts in force. I believe he desires it, and I am told he is on good
+terms with the new Minister of Marine. The Count de Vergennes was in a
+bad state of health by the last advices from Paris, but for
+information from that quarter, I refer the Committee to letters I
+suppose Congress will receive from Dr Franklin. It is with hesitation
+I venture to give my sentiments, and if I should be deceived, it is
+not for want of pains, but of opportunity of obtaining more accurate
+information.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                           Madrid, February 22d, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+My last was of the 29th ult. since which, I have deferred writing, in
+hopes of having it in my power to give the Committee more distinct
+information of the actual situation of affairs in Europe at this
+important crisis, when its attention is turned to the conduct of the
+Empress of Russia and the armed neutrality, and to that of the
+Emperor, who, notwithstanding the offer of mediation, I had the honor
+to mention in my last, is, as I am informed, regarded with a jealous
+and suspicious eye. But the vessels, which take on board part of the
+clothing, of which I advised you at the time, and since it was
+promised, being about to sail, I seize the present occasion of
+writing, lest another from the ports of this kingdom should not soon
+present itself.
+
+Our affairs here are in much the same state as when I last wrote the
+Committee. No further progress has been made in the negotiation. Mr
+Jay has received various letters and papers from Congress, dated in
+October. This day he has obtained an order for thirtytwo thousand
+dollars, to pay for part of the clothing to be shipped at Cadiz, of
+which he has not yet received the invoices, and to discharge the bills
+due this month. The Minister promises to furnish the whole of the
+three millions of reals mentioned in former letters, and to contribute
+to our further relief, as far as the exigencies of the State will
+permit him. These, I have reason to think, are urgent and great, and
+that the funds arising from the revenues and loans are, for the most
+part, appropriated before they are received.
+
+I am not informed, that any positive answer has been given yet to the
+Emperor's offer of mediation. It is ill-timed, and I believe, in
+reality, is not well taken. I know that this Court is about to send a
+Minister to Berlin, where they have had none for a long time. The
+circumstances of such an appointment at this juncture, seem to imply
+apprehensions of the Emperor's intentions. I enclose two extracts of
+letters sent to me by M. Dumas, which contain intelligence that
+indicates the intentions of the Empress of Russia. The first letter I
+know to be genuine, for I saw the substance of it here in _good_
+hands, before I received M. Dumas's letter. If the Empress does not
+openly declare against England, she will, at all events, protect the
+Dutch commerce, and this must terminate speedily in open hostilities.
+I have observed, of late, a change of conduct in the Russian
+Ambassador at this Court, whom I have an opportunity of meeting
+frequently in company; from being cold and distant, he is complaisant
+and affable. I also find him very attentive to the French Ambassador.
+
+Portugal has been much pressed by Russia to accede to the treaty of
+the armed neutrality, but the English party at this Court is too
+strong to expect success from these applications. The attachment of
+this King to his deceased sister, and at present to his niece, the
+Queen of Portugal, will prevent any violent measures being taken by
+our ally or Spain, to force that nation to adopt other measures. The
+republican party in Holland are in good spirits. Zealand has dropped
+the opposition it made to hostile measures, so that at present there
+is an unanimity in the States on that interesting point.
+
+The troops for America were embarked, or embarking, the last of the
+past month. They consist of three or four thousand men (recruits
+included), and of Fullarton's and another ragged regiment, to use the
+words of Mr Edmund Jennings, who gives this information. The greater
+part of these, it is supposed, are destined to the East Indies, and
+Commodore Johnson is named by the public to command an expedition,
+which is to attack the Cape of Good Hope on its passage. The Ministry
+in England is the same. They have a great majority in Parliament. The
+Protestant associations begin to stir a little. Lord G. Gordon is
+acquitted. Stocks have fallen considerably since the Dutch war, not
+less than two and a half or three per cent. The subscriptions for the
+loans of the present year, it is generally believed, will be paid in
+slowly. Our ally pushes the preparations for the present campaign
+vigorously, but on the 14th instant the commander was not named for
+the fleet, which is to sail next month for the American seas, and
+which I am told, will consist of twentyfive sail of the line. I have
+no exact account of the number of troops to be embarked, but the
+lowest computation makes them consist of seven thousand men. The Count
+de Maurepas was ill by the last advices from Paris.
+
+The Spanish squadron of thirty sail of the line is at sea, that of
+England it is supposed will sail about this period of time. Mr
+Cumberland gives out, that he has demanded a passport of the Court,
+but that he is told to have patience. I hope, however, he will not
+stay here long. M. Gardoqui will, probably, embark in all next month
+or the beginning of April. I beg the Committee to consider the
+intelligence I give them from time to time, particularly that from
+other countries, as the latest and most authentic I can procure, but
+for the truth of which I cannot vouch.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                              Madrid, March 4th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have received the enclosed letters from M. Dumas since my last of
+the 22d ultimo, copies of which I sent to Cadiz, to be forwarded in
+the vessels, that take from thence part of the clothing mentioned in
+my former letters. The remainder will I hope soon be embarked on board
+of other vessels, lately arrived in that port from America. As soon as
+Mr Jay receives the invoices, I will transmit copies thereof to the
+Committee. I also enclose the last accurate state of the British sea
+force in Europe. The squadron supposed to be destined for the relief
+of Gibraltar, sailed the 18th ultimo. The Spanish fleet, of nearly
+thirty sail of the line, is now at sea to impede their operations, so
+that important advices are daily expected from the coast. The exact
+number of the English squadron is not known. Count de Grasse is
+finally chosen to command the Brest squadron for the American seas,
+and is by this time nearly ready to sail.
+
+Our affairs are in much the same situation as heretofore. It is not
+yet known here what part the Empress of Russia will take, although it
+is generally believed, it cannot be but unfavorable to Great Britain.
+Mr Cumberland is still here. M. Gardoqui will embark the last of this
+or first of next month. I make no doubt before his departure, Mr Jay
+will know the character by which he is to announce him to Congress. I
+have no reason to believe, that he will not have formal credentials
+from the Court, for otherwise, notwithstanding the information given
+in consequence of Mr Jay's conference relative to him with the
+Minister, I suppose Congress can only regard him as an individual.
+
+A late publication in the _Courier de l'Europe_, extracted from
+Rivington's Gazette, asserting a mutiny of a considerable number of
+continental troops in the beginning of January, made considerable
+impression here, which happily we have had it in our power to remove
+by some arrivals from the northward. Considerable apprehensions and
+jealousies are entertained of the views of the States, of forming
+powerful establishments on the Ohio and Mississippi, in consequence of
+some publications in our papers, and other advices received by the
+Court, which has much better and more regular intelligence of our
+affairs than Mr Jay. This must be the case as long as the letters of
+Congress are confided to the common post in France and in this
+country. The difference of expense could not be so considerable to the
+public, as might be conceived, and the advantages are important. I am
+persuaded the Ministers of the above named nations, receive more
+information from the letters written to the public servants of
+Congress in Europe, than from those they employ in America. All the
+couriers of the Empress of Russia are officers of her army. We have at
+present, I presume, many young men on half pay in consequence of the
+late arrangements of our army, who would be happy to make these
+voyages in the public packets, who might be limited or brought to
+strict account for their expenses, and receive instructions from the
+Committee to answer public purposes, and be promoted or disgraced
+according to their execution of them. I beg the Committee will impute
+these suggestions to the true motive, a regard to the public service.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                             Madrid, March 11th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my last of the 4th instant, I know of a certainty, that Mr
+Cumberland, so often mentioned in former letters, will soon leave this
+kingdom, and pursue his voyage to England by way of France. His
+departure would indicate, that all negotiations for an accommodation
+were at an end, if there was not reason to believe, that conferences
+on that subject are likely to take place in consequence of the offer
+of mediation made to the belligerent powers by the Emperor. As I have
+not the last mentioned intelligence from our _friends_, I give it with
+hesitation and not as certain. In a little time I hope to have it in
+my power, to give fuller information to the Committee on this subject.
+
+The Count de Grasse left Paris the end of February, to take the
+command of the fleet for the American seas. I am afraid this fleet, or
+even a part of it, will not appear on our coasts until the month of
+July. I form my conjectures however from very minute circumstances,
+and may perhaps be deceived. The English grand fleet has not yet made
+its appearance. A very numerous convoy of provision vessels, &c. &c.
+sail with it for the East and West Indies and for America. Mr Adams
+has opened a loan in Holland for one million of florins, of which we
+shall soon know the probable success. I send enclosed the plan of the
+loan in the first copy of this letter, but finding it published in the
+Dutch and foreign papers, I suppose the Committee will receive it
+before this can reach them. The mutiny of the Pennsylvania line has
+had a bad effect in Europe, and our enemies have been indefatigable
+to represent it in the worst colors. I hope Congress has been able to
+pacify the discontented, and that as they have hitherto done, they
+will still overcome all obstacles to the freedom, tranquillity, and
+importance, of the United States.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 25th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my last of the 16th instant, the French Ambassador has received
+the agreeable intelligence, that M. de la Motte Piquet fell in with
+the St Eustatia fleet, consisting of thirtyfour sail, of which he
+captured twentyfour, their escort, two seventyfour gun ships and two
+frigates, having escaped by their superior swiftness; four other
+vessels of the same fleet I hear are taken. The captain of a packet
+boat, arrived at Corunna from Newport, says, that he was chased in the
+latitude of the Azores by the English fleet, which consisted of
+eighteen sail of the line. The Spanish squadron has not been heard of
+since it sailed.
+
+Thirtysix transports, of two hundred and two hundred and fifty tons,
+are taken up at Cadiz on government account, and provisions for eight
+thousand men for four months are ordered. The destination of the
+armament is a secret, but there is reason to think it is either
+intended for the West Indies or for their own settlements in Peru. If
+for the former, it will hardly commence its operations before the
+month of November, when the Count de Grasse will be able to join it,
+after his return from our coasts.
+
+Many bills, drawn by Congress last year, have already been presented
+and accepted by Mr Jay; the funds are not yet provided for their
+payment, but I hope the advices lately received from Congress will
+produce a change of conduct in this Court. I allude to a letter from
+the Committee, which came in the Virginia to Cadiz. I am persuaded the
+Minister was informed of its contents before it reached Mr Jay, for
+the packets were stopped at Cadiz, and bore evident marks of having
+been inspected.
+
+The Committee must be sensible, that a negotiation will ever be
+carried on to our disadvantage, when the parties with whom their
+Minister treats, are thus early informed of the most secret intentions
+of Congress. This apprehension renders my correspondence with the
+Committee more irregular than it would otherwise be, for I am often
+obliged to wait ten days or more, for safe opportunities of conveying
+my letters by private hands to Cadiz, Bilboa, or the ports of France,
+to prevent a previous examination of them here.
+
+I hope soon to write by M. Gardoqui, but I have so often advised you
+of this gentleman's intended departure, and then been so often
+disappointed, that I cannot give full belief to the late information I
+have received on this subject.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 26th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The Court being at this place at present, Mr Jay has judged proper to
+reside here until it returns to Madrid, from which city I addressed
+the Committee the 23d ult. Mr Jay, since his arrival here, has seen
+the Minister and been civilly received. He will inform Congress of
+what passed on this occasion. M. de la Motte Piquet, whose squadron
+could not be ready in time to join M. de Cordova, and enable the
+Spanish fleet to oppose that of England, destined to relieve
+Gibraltar, sailed on a cruise the 24th ult. to intercept the homeward
+bound fleet from St Eustatia, or one from the leeward Islands. The
+English squadron, after relieving Gibraltar, is gone to cruise off the
+Azores or the Canaries, to intercept the fleet from the Havana with
+treasure, the amount of which I mentioned in my last; this, at least,
+is the opinion of several well informed people here. That of Spain has
+cruised for it to escort it into port, I believe, on a presumption,
+that the English would return to port, or detach a part of their
+squadron to reinforce their others in various parts of the world.
+Should the latter be the case, and these fleets should encounter, that
+of Spain will have greatly the advantage in number, it consisting of
+thirtytwo sail of the line.
+
+I have the pleasure of informing Congress, that the Court of France
+has engaged to guaranty a loan of ten millions of livres for the
+States, and to make large advances in stores and cash immediately. I
+wish it was in my power to furnish as agreeable accounts from this
+Court. The negotiation is in the same situation as when I had last the
+honor to write to the Committee, my sentiments of the motives for this
+conduct are still the same. The mediation seems at a stand, and,
+probably, will not be renewed before the end of the campaign. Troops
+have been ordered to march towards Gibraltar from various parts of
+the kingdom, but I have some reason to think, with a view to another
+object, viz. either to be sent to the West Indies or to Peru, where,
+it is said, there appears a spirit of disaffection, which creates some
+apprehensions here.
+
+The crop is likely to be more abundant throughout Spain, than it has
+been for many years past. I have not as yet heard, that Russia has
+taken a decided part in favor of the Dutch. Their squadron in the
+Mediterranean and at Lisbon are ordered home. The Portuguese preserve
+a strict neutrality at present. M. Gardoqui is still here, but I hope
+will embark next month. I have not had the honor of hearing from the
+Committee since I have been in Europe, and Mr Jay informs me, that he
+has received but three letters from Congress since his residence here.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                              Aranjues, June 2d, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The last post from France brought the news of M. Necker's removal from
+the Ministry. This change would have been agreeable to this Court some
+months ago, on account of the interference of that Minister in the
+operation of the loan mentioned in former letters. At present, it
+seems to be regarded in a disagreeable point of view, as M. Necker had
+engaged to furnish monthly, considerable sums to persons employed to
+procure money for this Court, on condition of being reimbursed in
+specie in Spanish America, and on other terms that would have been
+advantageous to the lenders. Part of the specie thus procured, was
+intended for the payment of the French troops in North America, and,
+as I have been told, for the immediate service of Congress, as part of
+the sum the Court of France has lately engaged to furnish to the
+United States.
+
+I have been told, that M. Necker was not disposed to make large
+advances to Congress, and, as a proof of this, it has been mentioned
+to me, that he opposed the King's guarantee of a loan, which Dr
+Franklin endeavored to negotiate last year at Genoa. He is said to
+have been obstinately attached to his own opinions, and of a
+haughtiness in supporting them, which the man who placed him could ill
+brook. He felt an opposition that he could not bear, and which,
+perhaps, he saw he must sink under, and, therefore, asked his
+dismission, which was granted him. He is regretted as a public loss.
+It would be presumption in me, to enter into a more minute detail on
+this subject, as your correspondents on the spot will certainly give
+the Committee much ampler information than it is in my power to do.
+
+Since my letter of the ---- ult. I have had an opportunity of knowing,
+through the same channel of intelligence mentioned in former letters,
+that the Court of Vienna still persists in its good offices, to bring
+about conferences for a general peace. Without being able to mention
+particulars, I can assure the Committee, that in the middle of April,
+the Baron de Breteuil, Ambassador of France, at the abovementioned
+Court, insisted for the admission of an American Plenipotentiary at
+the proposed Congress. The Prince de Kaunitz lamented this
+proposition, as an obstacle that might impede a business, which the
+Emperor had much at heart. I have not been able to trace the demands
+of Spain, but I believe their pretensions in general, do not appear
+reasonable to the Imperial Court.
+
+We have had no news of the fleet since I had last the honor of writing
+to you. There is reason to think, by news received from England, that
+Darby had orders to return to that country. The expedition mentioned
+in former letters, will be ready for action in the month of July. The
+choice of officers to command it is not yet public. The negotiation is
+in the same situation.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 JAMES LOVELL TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, June 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your several letters have been read in Congress; and your industrious
+care, to give frequent, early, and general information of those things
+in Europe, which may have influence upon our national affairs, has
+been not only highly pleasing in itself, but has acquired value
+lately, from the loss of all packets from Mr Adams, since his date of
+October 24th.
+
+I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                      St Ildefonso, August 16th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my last, of the 15th ult. in which I enclosed the Committee a
+list of the combined fleet assembled at Cadiz, and of the troops to be
+embarked under the command of the Duc de Crillon, we have advices of
+the sailing of this fleet, and that the troops of the expedition
+passed the Straits of Gibraltar the 23d ult. They had, however, been
+detained by contrary winds, and had not left the neighborhood of
+Carthagena the 7th instant. The Court expects soon to hear of their
+landing in the Island of Minorca. It is the general opinion, that the
+force employed is not sufficient to take Port Mahon. The character of
+the General, who I have the honor to know intimately, does not accord
+with this idea. The combined fleet by the last advices was cruising
+off Cape Spartel. That of England, commanded by Darby, is at sea, to
+the number of twentythree or twentyfive sail. The Dutch fleet sailed
+on the 23d ult. and consists of seventeen sail in the whole, it is
+said to be destined to the northern seas, where England has a squadron
+inferior in number of vessels, under the command of Sir Hyde Parker.
+
+Our negotiation seems to be in a better train, and it is not
+improbable, that Mr Jay will be able to terminate our affairs with
+Spain previous to the general negotiation, which is much talked of at
+present among the _corps diplomatique_ here. The number of couriers
+who pass and repass between the Courts of Versailles, this, and those
+of Vienna and Petersburg gives occasion to those conjectures. Mr Adams
+has been lately sent for by the Count de Vergennes, and, as I am
+informed, has had conferences with that Minister. If this should be
+the case, the Committee will have from the first authority, more ample
+details on this subject, than can be learnt from second and third
+hands.
+
+The United Provinces of Holland, &c. appear much divided, and seem
+more employed in party quarrels and private interests, than in pursuit
+of measures for the public advantage and honor. I fear the republican
+party lost ground by their late attack against the Duke of Brunswick.
+This Court continue to borrow money, and have just concluded a loan
+for three millions of dollars, to be refunded in the Havana and Vera
+Cruz, one million in the present year, and two in 1782. They have
+other loans in contemplation, of the general nature of which, I hope
+to be able to inform the Committee in time, although it may be
+difficult to obtain the minute particulars and conditions of these
+loans. The French Minister is concerned in the last mentioned, and
+will receive part, at least, of the three millions in question, which
+I hope will ultimately centre in North America.
+
+Mr Jay continues to accept the bills drawn on him; between twenty and
+thirty thousand dollars have been accepted, for which, as yet, no
+funds are provided, but I hope we have not much to fear for their
+payment. I have rendered Mr Jay accounts of all our money transactions
+here, which, with his usual regularity, he will transmit to Congress,
+as also minute details of his other transactions here. Among the bills
+presented, it may not be improper to mention, that several have been
+endorsed by people in America, payable to merchants in Great Britain
+and Ireland. If this does not accord with the ideas of Congress, the
+treasury will be instructed to convey to Mr Jay further directions on
+this subject.
+
+Although much is said of the forwardness of the negotiations ----
+peace, it is not probable that the preliminaries to be fixed on
+previous to the opening of the conferences can be adjusted, until the
+fate of the campaign is known, particularly if this Court acts with
+its usual deliberation, which some call dilatoriness. If the
+expedition against Minorca succeeds, and if money can be procured for
+the operations of the war, it is the opinion of some persons who are
+well informed, that the general peace will meet with more obstacles
+here than elsewhere. I have already written to the Committee, that the
+Court of Vienna found the pretensions of this Court extravagant. Its
+great objects of the war, are the possession of the entire navigation
+of the Gulf of Mexico, and Gibraltar. These are said to be the King's
+objects, who is in a good state of health, and follows with the same
+ardor his daily occupation of the chase. There is no talk of a change
+of Ministry. The fleet from Buenos Ayres, mentioned in former letters,
+is arrived, and I am afraid M. Solano will be more attentive to the
+safe arrival of that from the Havana, than to the prosecution of the
+plan of operations formed with our ally. The affairs of Great Britain
+in the east, are in a bad situation, and in consequence thereof India
+stock has fallen eight per cent.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 28th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my letter of the 14th instant,[10] the Minister has notified to
+Mr Jay the King's intentions of naming a person to treat with him;
+there is reason to think his nomination and instructions will have his
+Majesty's approbation on Sunday next, though possibly it may not be
+formally communicated until the Court is at the Escurial, to which
+place the royal family goes the 10th of next month.
+
+M. Del Campo, whom I mentioned in my last, is the person who probably
+will be chosen. I repeat his name lest that letter should miscarry; he
+is First Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and acting Secretary of
+the Council of State; and has the reputation of possessing great
+abilities and application to business, and I believe he merits what is
+said of him. He has also the entire confidence of the Count de Florida
+Blanca; his residence in England as Secretary of the embassy there,
+and his attention to Mr Cumberland and family while here, occasioned
+some to believe him secretly inclined to the interests of that
+country, but I believe without foundation, for I know that Mr
+Cumberland left this country much chagrined, and I believe he was the
+dupe of this gentleman's policy. I have had the satisfaction of being
+on very good terms with him for several months past, and have often
+expressed to him my hopes and wishes, that he might prove another M.
+Gerard in our affairs. His being employed in this negotiation is so
+far favorable to us as its successful issue interests his own
+reputation, and will be probably a step to further honors and
+employments, to which, as mentioned in my last, the public opinion
+destines him. I hope the Court is now serious in its intentions to
+conclude the negotiations, but it is still not improbable this
+business may be delayed until the fate of the campaign is known,
+unless it should be accelerated by the confirmation of news received
+from Cadiz last week, of the arrival of the Count de Grasse's squadron
+on the coast of Virginia, the consequent critical situation of the
+army of Lord Cornwallis, and the defeat of Lord Rawdon by General
+Greene.
+
+I shall seize every opportunity of informing the Committee of the
+progress made in this important business, and am happy to find by a
+letter I have just had the honor to receive from Mr Lovell, dated the
+15th of June, that my correspondence has contributed in any degree to
+the satisfaction of Congress, but am surprised, that so few of my
+letters have reached the Committee, for on reading the list of those
+received and comparing it with my letter book, I find several missing,
+which were sent by vessels from Bilboa and elsewhere, which I know
+arrived in safety to America, particularly my answer to Mr Jay's
+instructions to me at Cadiz, of which he sent only the state of the
+revenues and expenses of this country in the year 1778.
+
+I am informed by letters from Holland, that Mr Adams has had a nervous
+fever, but that he is now in a fair way to recover. The South Carolina
+frigate sailed from thence with the ships under her convoy, the 19th
+ultimo. I hope their safe arrival will convey to Congress ample
+information of the situation of their affairs in that quarter; I am
+afraid the loan does not fill fast, because I have letters from a
+house at Hamburg which mention, that Congress bills to a large
+amount, that they had presented for acceptance, had been protested.
+The republican party gains ground, and the Duke of Brunswick, though
+not removed, is obliged to act with more caution, and the Stadtholder
+with more resolution and force. I am informed, that the Court of
+France has consented to replace the cargo lost in the Marquis de
+Lafayette, but Dr Franklin is not enabled to accept any more of Mr
+Jay's bills, even for our salaries.
+
+The rumors of a general negotiation subside, owing it is said to the
+obstinacy of Great Britain, and the demands of this Court. The
+Imperial Minister has just received a courier from his Court, charged
+with its excuses for the detention of a Spanish courier, who after
+delivering his despatches to the Spanish Ambassador at Vienna, on his
+journey from thence to Petersburg, was stopped in Hungary, and not
+permitted to proceed until released by order of the Imperial Court.
+The Imperial Minister named to the Court of Berlin from hence, will
+soon go thither; his nomination is still a secret. The Spanish
+squadron has returned to Cadiz. Major Franks will leave this next
+week. I must do this officer the justice to observe to the Committee,
+that he has conducted himself with great discretion and economy here,
+and I hope that Congress will be induced by the success and expedition
+with which he delivered their despatches to Mr Jay, to send in future
+such as are important in a similar way.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                            Madrid, October 5th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On my arrival here from St Ildefonso this day, I found the enclosed
+letters for his Excellency, the President of Congress, from M. Dumas.
+On the 14th and 28th ult. I wrote to the Committee, that the Court
+appeared more serious in its intentions of bringing on the negotiation
+than it had shown itself to be for a long time. In my last, I informed
+the Committee that M. Del Campo would, probably, be appointed to
+negotiate with Mr Jay, and that his instructions and nomination would
+have his Majesty's approbation on the night of the 30th ult. The
+Minister of State once proposed to intrust M. Gardoqui with this
+business. Yesterday, when I left the _Sitio_, the Court had not
+formally notified the appointment to Mr Jay, but from some hints I
+received from well informed persons, I have hopes that the
+communication will be made either before he comes from thence
+tomorrow, or directly after the Court is fixed at the Escurial. I
+shall, however, be very agreeably disappointed, if much progress is
+made in this affair until the fate of the campaign is known.
+
+The last post from France and Holland brought no news of an
+interesting nature. The French and Spanish troops, destined to
+reinforce the Duc de Crillon's army at Minorca, are not yet embarked,
+and he cannot act with effect until he receives reinforcements. It is
+said the desertion from the place is considerable. The South Carolina
+frigate, armed for that State in Holland, has put into Corunna, and I
+am concerned to find by letters from Messrs Searle and Trumbull,
+passengers on board, that Commodore Gillon's conduct is much
+censured. Knowing Mr Searle's zeal and solicitude for the public
+interest, I must own that his letter has influenced my opinion in a
+great degree, but it would be unjust to condemn the former, before
+having seen an exposition of the reasons, which have determined his
+conduct, and which he has promised to forward to Mr Jay by express.
+
+The fact is, he sailed from the Texel without the ships he had engaged
+to escort, that he has cruised six or seven weeks with little success,
+and that he has been obliged to put into the port abovementioned, to
+refit and get a supply of provisions, which he writes he shall do
+immediately. It is probable Mr Jay may think proper to send me to
+Corunna in this business, which commission, I must confess, I shall
+accept with reluctance, because I not only foresee the delay and
+expense that must inevitably have place, if this government is obliged
+to interfere, but the disgrace, which must ensue from the notoriety of
+these unhappy differences between the commander and the American
+gentlemen aboard. I have another motive, which arises from the nature
+of the employment with which Congress has honored me, and which, with
+submission, I conceive does not admit of my absence at the most
+important period of the negotiation, when most knowledge is to be
+acquired of the real dispositions and intentions of this Court, and
+when I may avail myself of the esteem and confidence with which the
+proposed negotiator has appeared to honor me for several months past.
+Although, for the reasons abovementioned, and for others which I could
+add, I may leave the Court at this crisis with reluctance, I shall, if
+directed, proceed to Corunna, and execute the trust reposed in me,
+with a zeal, assiduity, and activity, which, I hope, will always
+influence my conduct, when the public interest and reputation are in
+question.
+
+I enclose a letter for his Excellency, the Chevalier de la Luzerne
+from the Count de Montmorin, whose talents and warm espousal of our
+interests, not only here, but at his own Court, entitle him to the
+approbation and esteem of Congress. I just hear that the Court has
+received advices from Buenos Ayres, dated the 7th of July. These are
+very agreeable. The rebellion mentioned in my former letters is
+entirely quelled, by the defeat and capture of the Indian chief at the
+head of it, and his principal officers, cannon, treasure, &c. &c. It
+seems two English officers are in the number of the prisoners, and
+that many letters and papers were found, which discover that the
+Portuguese excited and fomented these disturbances.[11]
+
+The Havana fleet is expected daily. On its arrival, perhaps, the Court
+may do something for us. But I repeat again, that little is to be
+depended on in the money way. Letters from France talk of a large
+expedition preparing at Brest. Its object is a secret. I shall seize
+every opportunity of informing the Committee of what passes in Europe
+relative to our affairs, and, in future, will multiply the copies of
+my letters to ensure their safe arrival.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] This alludes to the revolt of the celebrated Peruvian Chief,
+Tupac Amaru, of which an eloquent account is given by Dean Funes, in
+his _Ensayo de la Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos Ayres y
+Tucuman_. See North American Review, Vol. XX. p. 283.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          Madrid, November 17th, 1781.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On the 2d instant the pretended Ex-Jesuit, who made so much noise in
+the English papers last winter and spring, was arrested at the
+Escurial, where he arrived the day before from Lisbon, under an
+assumed name. Commodore Johnson sent him to Rio Janeiro, in order to
+pass from thence to the Spanish settlements in Peru. He pretended to
+the Portuguese Governor, that he had been taken by Johnson on his way
+to the Caracas, but the former from some suspicion arising from the
+man's appearance and story, refused him permission to pass into the
+country, which obliged him to embark for Lisbon, at which place under
+his borrowed name he addressed Don Ferdinand Nunes, the Spanish
+Ambassador, offering to make some important discoveries to the Count
+de Florida Blanca. The former advised the Minister of these offers,
+and was directed by him to furnish the person in question with cash
+for his journey. It is said, that he was recognized the very day of
+his arrival at the Escurial, by one who knew him at Buenos Ayres. It
+is more probable, that M. Nunes knew his real character previous to
+his departure from Lisbon, for the magistrate whom the Minister of the
+Indies employs on such occasions, went to the Escurial with his
+officers, the day he arrived there, and arrested him the same evening.
+He is now in close prison, and I am told has discovered all he knew
+relative to the designs of the English, to foment the spirit of revolt
+existing in that country. This affair furnished conversation to the
+Court the few days I resided at the Escurial, whither I went, at the
+instance of the French Ambassador, to Mr Jay to be present at the
+_Besa Manos_, on St Carlos's day.
+
+I found by conversation with M. Del Campo, First Under Secretary of
+Foreign Affairs, that nothing had been done by the Court to advance
+the conferences for a treaty since it left St Ildefonso. In my letter
+of the 5th of October, I mentioned, that the gentleman abovenamed was
+nominated by the King to treat with Mr Jay; this nomination has never
+been formally communicated, but I had my information from such a
+quarter, that I am convinced the appointment was made, and the
+instructions given near about the time mentioned in my letter.
+Multiplicity of business, and the confusion occasioned by the Court's
+removal from one royal residence to another, are the present pretexts
+for this delay. The aspect of our affairs at the close of the
+campaign, the fate of which is yet unknown, and the apprehension of
+being obliged to make large advances in consequence of cementing their
+connexion with the States, are perhaps the real causes; to which may
+be added others of a different nature, though not less important to
+Ministers and courtiers.
+
+The palace is filled with Irish attendants, of both sexes, whose
+animosity to us and our cause is as decided and inveterate as is their
+attachment to it in America. The Princess of Asturias has on several
+occasions, and lately in particular, treated such English as come here
+with much condescension and distinction. The last instance I allude to
+happened to lady Winchelson, and the Lord her son, who came from
+America, (where he commanded a regiment) to Lisbon for his health.
+They were accompanied by a Mr Graham and his lady, and sister, both
+sisters of Lady Stormont, and visited the Escurial in their way to
+France.
+
+If the Ministers perceive any aversion in their future King and Queen
+to an alliance with us, they can easily find pretexts to retard it
+until they see their own justification in the urgency of the
+conjuncture, that may appear to have forced them into the measure.
+This however is but conjecture founded on the knowledge of some little
+incidents in the interior of the palace, and strengthened by the
+conduct of the Ministry, not only in the great object of Mr Jay's
+mission, but also in several minute particulars in which they might
+act to our satisfaction, without showing any marked partiality in our
+favor. So far from Mr Jay's having been yet able to obtain further
+succors, the French Ambassador has not procured the payment of moneys
+advanced in the month of May, by the Marquis de Yranda, to enable Mr
+Jay to discharge the bills due that month, although the Minister
+engaged his word to the Ambassador to repay this sum in equal monthly
+payments. In fact the Court itself is distressed, and with difficulty
+finds means to answer its own engagements.
+
+I believe I may venture to write with some certainty on this subject,
+for I have been on an intimate footing with the person who has
+transacted for the Court the most part of its money negotiations for
+more than twelve months past. I knew and cultivated him before he was
+in favor, and my introduction of him to Mr Jay, procured him the
+commission on the payment of our bills, and a considerable credit in
+consequence of the sums supposed to pass through his hands monthly for
+this purpose. As he has been the founder of the paper system in this
+country, and as he is likely soon to establish a national bank, he
+will probably make some figure in the annals of this reign. His name
+is Francis Cabarrus, born in Bayonne, but sent early to Spain to
+acquire a knowledge in its commerce, in which his father was
+considerably interested. His marriage at the age of nineteen (he is
+now twentynine) displeased his family, from whom after that period he
+received no assistance. With a small capital, as he himself informed
+me, he came and established a soap-work in the neighborhood of this
+city. While there he introduced himself to the notice of the Count de
+Campomanes, by becoming a member of the patriotic society, the friends
+of their country; of which the last mentioned gentleman is in a great
+measure the founder. He soon conciliated his esteem, as well as that
+of the Governor of the Council of Castile, to whom he became known by
+means of his friend and patron M. Campomanes. Through their interest
+he procured a contract to supply wheat and flour, in a time of
+scarcity, and commenced banker. The last year he proposed his plan for
+procuring cash for government, on terms mentioned in former letters.
+His genius is brilliant, active, and enterprising, with more
+imagination than solidity, although he is by no means deficient in
+acquired knowledge, arising from reading and reflection, the result of
+experience. His eloquence, enforced by a very prepossessing
+countenance and figure, seizes the heart before it convinces the
+judgment, and this joined to his knowledge of commercial and money
+transactions, has obtained for him the confidence of M. Musquiz, who
+consults him at present in all affairs of finance.
+
+I have thought proper to say thus much of this gentleman, not only on
+account of the part he has had, and is like to have in money matters,
+but because he has on all occasions manifested himself a friend to
+our cause, of which he is an enthusiastic advocate, being totally
+divested of local prejudices. He offered to procure five hundred
+thousand dollars for the States, payable at Havana on condition of
+being reimbursed by government in two years, the payments to commence
+at the expiration of two months after his orders for the delivery of
+the money to the agents of Congress were despatched. He will make the
+advances for the payment of the bills due next month, which amount to
+thirtytwo thousand dollars, and for the reimbursement of which Mr Jay
+relies on Dr Franklin, for after the delays we have experienced here,
+and the knowledge of their own distresses, there is no great reason to
+think this Court will grant us any considerable pecuniary assistance,
+unless a happy change in the situation of our affairs should
+precipitate a treaty, and lead them to extraordinary exertions, as
+proofs of their amity. The support of their fleet at Cadiz, of forty
+sail of the line, the sieges of Gibraltar and Mahon; their expensive
+armaments at the Havana, and the preparations making for an expedition
+from Europe to that quarter, which will sail next month, exhaust their
+European and American revenue, and all the resources by which they
+have hitherto obtained money.
+
+The insurrections in Peru augment this expense, and the same spirit of
+revolt, which seems to have extended to Mexico, will add to it. These
+discontents have been occasioned by duties imposed since the
+administration of M. Galvez, the present Minister of the Indies. The
+project was proposed by Carrasco, Marquis de la Corona, to the Marquis
+of Squillace then Minister, who was much inclined to adopt it, and
+named the projector to visit Spanish America, in order to form on the
+spot the plan of its execution. He declined the mission on various
+pretexts, and another was appointed for this purpose, who died on his
+passage. M. Galvez, the present Minister of the Indies, succeeded him,
+and on his return to Spain made a report so agreeable to his Majesty,
+that it procured him the important post he now occupies.
+
+The novelty of these measures, joined to the vexations and impositions
+occasioned, as is said, by the collectors of them, has created much
+dissatisfaction in these countries. I have my information from some of
+the principal natives of Mexico and Peru here, and also from a
+foreigner, who obtained permission to visit Mexico, and who made the
+voyage from motives of curiosity. Four thousand troops are to be
+embarked at Cadiz for the expedition abovementioned, and it is said
+will be escorted by four vessels of the line, who at the same time
+convoy the register ships bound to the Havana and Vera Cruz. As this
+convoy will sail about the same time that the expedition from Brest
+will be ready for sea, it is probable they may form a junction. Ten
+thousand troops are to be employed in the one last mentioned, and I am
+told will sail escorted by twenty sail of the line. Part of which will
+probably join the grand fleet at Cadiz, and the rest proceed to the
+West Indies, where I have reason to think they will act in concert
+with the Spaniards. A friend of mine is to embark on board the French
+fleet as interpreter. He speaks and writes the Spanish language
+perfectly.
+
+I have also some reason to believe that the French naval force, and a
+larger body of troops than they have yet sent to America, will appear
+on our coasts earlier the next, than they did the present year.
+Jamaica is thought to be the first object of these expeditions, and
+this conjecture arises from the appointment of M. Galvez to the
+command of the Spanish force in the West Indies, whose project for
+attacking that Island is well known. In France, it is said that a part
+of the troops to be embarked at Brest, is intended for the East
+Indies; and here, that theirs are sent to suppress the revolt at Santa
+Fe, mentioned in my letter of the 17th ult.[12] I rather think that
+two French ships of the line, now at Cadiz, and as many frigates, who
+have taken and are taking in provisions for a long voyage, are
+destined to the eastern part of the world, and that they will take
+with them a considerable sum in dollars, for the payment of their land
+and sea forces there. The French Ambassador has obtained, or is about
+to obtain, permission to send out of the kingdom two and a half
+million of dollars, part of which sum is probably destined to the
+purpose above mentioned.
+
+The sieges of Gibraltar and Mahon go on slowly. The operations against
+these fortresses have not been so vigorous hitherto as to promise a
+speedy reduction of either; when the efforts of these besiegers become
+more interesting, I shall transmit regular accounts of their progress.
+The Court of Great Britain proposes to send five hundred troops to
+America, exclusive of recruits, to be drawn from Germany and Ireland.
+These it is said, will sail with thirteen sail of the line in the
+course of next month. The East India Company also send a reinforcement
+of seven thousand men to the East Indies, with four sail of the line.
+If this information can be credited, the East and West India, and
+American reinforcements will sail at the same time, to insure by their
+united force their safety on the coast of Europe.
+
+In Holland the divisions are still great, and likely to be so. The
+Provinces have not yet all agreed to the loan proposed by France for
+the use of Congress. I am informed the Stadtholder's friends give it
+all the opposition in their power. That Prince has, as I have already
+advised the Committee, been obliged to consent to the augmentation of
+the marine. The news of the birth of the Dauphin will probably reach
+America before this letter. It is expected it will be received there
+with demonstrations of satisfaction that will be highly flattering to
+the French nation. The great age and infirmities of the Count de
+Maurepas, render it probable that he will not survive the winter. The
+Queen's influence, it is thought, will increase by the birth of the
+Dauphin, and the death of this Minister. Permit me to conclude with
+the flattering hopes of a brilliant close of the campaign, which the
+well concerted plan of our General and allies communicated to me by
+the Count de Montmorin, renders highly probable. The success of this
+operation, and what is expected, may perhaps render Mr Jay's next
+information more agreeable and interesting to Congress, to whom I beg
+leave to present my humble respects.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[12] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, December 20th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Your letters of the 16th of August, and 5th of October, came to hand.
+They were read in Congress, and handed over to this office, which will
+in future, agreeably to its institution, receive and make all
+communications to and from Congress, conformable to their ordinance,
+of which I enclose a copy, having omitted it in my letters to Mr Jay.
+The importance of early and regular intelligence from Europe is so
+much felt here, that you have full credit for all the communications
+you make. I wish you would extend them so far as to permit no vessel
+to sail without letters and papers. Spanish gazettes may sometimes be
+serviceable to us.
+
+The expedition of the Duc de Crillon is important in many views;
+should it succeed, it will be such a blow to the British as must
+hasten a negotiation, though it may probably obstruct a peace; at any
+rate, the possession of the Island must cut the sinews of their
+Mediterranean trade. Your apprehensions about being sent to Corunna,
+will, I hope, have been groundless, as Captain Gillon's ship is not
+the property of, or under the direction of the United States. So far
+as Mr Jay's good offices can be serviceable, they undoubtedly will be
+extended. He will not think himself obliged to involve the United
+States in the expense or disgrace of Captain Gillon's misconduct, if,
+as is alleged, he has really behaved improperly. Should he determine
+to interfere, Congress make no doubt but you will conform to his
+intentions; and they rely upon your zeal and activity in the discharge
+of such trusts, as he may think proper, since he alone can judge of
+the best application of them, and will not deprive himself of the
+advantages, which your assistance and information may afford, without
+being determined by weighty and important considerations.
+
+It gives great pleasure here, to hear of the step that Spain is
+taking, for opening a treaty with us. The delays in that business
+begin to be resented by the people of this country, the more
+forcibly, as they felt a high degree of respect for the Court, and
+much attachment to the people of Spain, in return for the good offices
+that they had done them. The great cause of the delay being now (as we
+hear) removed, I doubt not that the candor of the negotiators, and the
+clear views that they both have of the interest, which Spain and
+America may mutually derive from an intimate union, will remove all
+other difficulties to the wished for connexion.
+
+We have no other news on this side the water, than that the enemy have
+evacuated Wilmington. You, who know the spirit of disaffection which
+prevailed in some parts of North Carolina, and the commerce which it
+is capable of carrying on, particularly at this time, in articles for
+the supply of the West India markets, will see the important sacrifice
+the enemy have been obliged to make in thus quitting this post, and
+abandoning the only friends in America, upon whose fidelity and
+attachment they could rely.
+
+I need not repeat to you, that I shall at all times think myself happy
+in hearing from you, independent of the advantage that the public may
+derive from your letters. They will be particularly agreeable to me,
+as they may be made the means of increasing the number of friends,
+which your zeal and attention has already procured you.
+
+I am, Sir, with great esteem, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 20th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my letter of the 17th ult. to the Committee of Foreign Affairs,
+I have had the pleasure to hear of your appointment to the office of
+Secretary for that department, and although I have not any official
+directions, respecting my future correspondence, in consequence of
+this change, I take the liberty of addressing you as I have hitherto
+done the Committee, on the subject of our affairs here, their
+situation, and that of the powers with whom we have, or may hereafter
+have, connexions. At the same time permit me to entreat you, Sir, to
+inform me, whether it is judged necessary, that I should continue this
+correspondence, having done it hitherto with a view to multiply the
+channels of information to Congress, and not from an expectation of
+conveying any material intelligence, which they will not ultimately
+receive in a fuller manner from Mr Jay and their other Ministers; to
+the former of whom I communicate instantly every information I can
+procure here, or by my foreign correspondence. I have been induced to
+continue this correspondence, from another motive, which is, that I
+find that others employed as secretaries here, are directed by their
+respective Courts, to write either to the Minister for Foreign
+Affairs, or the particular Secretary of their Sovereigns. The only
+letter, which I have had the honor to receive from Mr Lovell, since I
+have been in this country, approved of my endeavors to communicate
+early and regular information; but if it is expected I should do it
+effectually, I hope a cypher will be sent me, by the first safe
+conveyance, under cover to Mr Harrison at Cadiz, or to our Consul in
+France, with directions to those gentlemen to forward the letter
+enclosing it, by a sure hand, to escape the inspection of the
+post-offices in France and Spain, the dread of which often retards my
+letters, which I am now obliged to send to the sea-ports, by private
+persons, or the couriers of the French Ambassador. Once possessed of a
+cypher, I flatter myself that few vessels will sail from France or
+this country without letters from me, which, although often not
+interesting, may yet in some degree contribute to the satisfaction of
+Congress.
+
+Our affairs are in much the same situation they were when I had the
+honor to forward the above mentioned letter to the Committee. M. Del
+Campo's sickness, from which he is but just recovered, is the occasion
+or pretext for this delay. His appointment, however, has been finally
+announced to Mr Jay by the Minister, and was made at the time
+mentioned in my former letters. It is probable that little will be
+done in this business, until the Court goes to the Pardo the 7th of
+next month. A principle of delicacy perhaps prevents it from seeming
+at present to precipitate its conduct, in consequence of the favorable
+aspect of our affairs, since the news of the capture of Lord
+Cornwallis, and the victory obtained by General Greene in South
+Carolina. But the delay attending the transaction of the smallest
+affair in this country, is a sufficient reason to account for the
+difficulties Mr Jay encounters at present, without surmising other
+motives. On this subject, I speak from the experience of almost all
+the _corps diplomatique_, as well as from the authority of
+individuals, who have much business with the various branches of
+administration.
+
+The news above mentioned, was received apparently with great pleasure
+by the King and Prince of Asturias, as I was informed the same day by
+several of their officers in waiting. The public at large was highly
+satisfied, and has spoken more favorably since of our allies, than it
+has done from the commencement of the war. The foreign Ministers were
+not all so well pleased with this event, particularly those of
+Germany, Russia and Denmark. However, in general they regard it as a
+blow which decides the Independence of the States. The new Minister of
+Sweden is open in declaring his partiality for our cause, and
+signified that he would have waited on Mr Jay on his arrival here, as
+it is the custom of those last come to do, if no other Minister had
+arrived here since Mr Jay's residence, who had not done it. His
+conduct to myself shows that this was not a mere compliment, for he
+has invited me several times to dine with him, and visited me. He is a
+particular friend, I believe, of M. Marbois, for he speaks highly of
+him, as indeed all do, whom I have conversed with, that have the
+pleasure of his acquaintance.
+
+The Imperial and Swedish Ministers declare that their respective
+Sovereigns will reclaim all vessels under their colors, going to or
+returning from America, which comply with the articles of the armed
+neutrality, and it has been hinted to me, that it was not difficult to
+obtain letters of naturalization for the crews of American vessels,
+provided the nominal officers are subjects of either country. The
+Court has at length consented to repay the money advanced in April
+last by the Marquis de Yranda, but has not enabled Mr Jay to pay the
+bills due this month, and as Dr Franklin has not authorised him to
+draw, M. Cabarrus, as I expected in my last, has consented to advance
+the sum sufficient for this purpose, amounting to thirtytwo thousand
+dollars. Perhaps Dr Franklin may soon enable Mr Jay to repay him.
+
+Thirty thousand pounds sterling would pay all our debts here, which
+distress us more than the apprehension of not receiving our salaries,
+of which, though liberal, we have constant need, owing to the dearness
+of everything in this country, and the great expense incurred by the
+frequent change of residence of the Court, which circumstance obliges
+us to take lodgings at the royal residences; and which expense, the
+frequent journeys that we were constrained to make on account of our
+other business in Madrid, greatly augment. I should not touch on this
+subject, if Dr Franklin had not desired me to mention to Congress our
+personal difficulties and distresses, for I believe, with all the
+desire he has to serve us, he procures with difficulty sufficient
+funds for the payment of our salaries.
+
+The expeditions mentioned in my former letters, are now both probably
+at sea; that from France sailed the 10th instant, and I know of a
+certainty, that orders have been sent to Cadiz to hasten the departure
+of the ships and troops at that post. The French ships there,
+mentioned in my last, take on board a million of dollars, and M. de
+Bussy, who formerly signalized himself in the East Indies, has gone
+thither incognito by land, accompanied by several officers, who have
+but lately returned from the East. It is therefore highly probable,
+that these vessels, joined by others, go thither, and will take under
+their escort a part of the troops embarked at Brest.
+
+No great progress is made in the sieges of Gibraltar and Mahon; on the
+27th ult., the enemy made a sally from the former place, in which they
+did more damage, than has been published here, having completely
+ruined the advanced works of the besiegers, the repair of which will
+require some time and much money. At Mahon, the rainy season has
+retarded the operation of the assailants. I am just told the Duc de
+Crillon demands a reinforcement of two thousand men, which will be
+granted to him. The enemy receives small succors from time to time by
+sea. The Court is about to negotiate another loan, in which if it does
+not succeed, perhaps it must have recourse to another emission of
+paper. The treasury is at a low ebb. The Minister of Marine demanded
+lately ten millions of reals, and received but three. The credit of
+the paper has lately risen, it is not negotiated at one and a half per
+cent loss.
+
+A plan for a national bank, is at present before the Council. The
+projector, M. Cabarrus, proposes to form a capital of fifteen millions
+of dollars, of which he offers to procure six millions; each action to
+amount to two thousand reals, for which the proprietors receive a
+certain interest of four per cent, with the profits expected from this
+establishment; I have seen the plan, but had not permission to copy
+it, so that I can give but a faint sketch of it. Eight directors are
+to be chosen the first year, and six annually, by the assembly of the
+proprietors; two of these directors are to be perpetual, because it is
+proposed, that they should have the direction of the supplies for the
+army and navy, with an interest of ten per cent, to the emolument of
+the bank; these two directors are to be named by the Court, out of
+four chosen by the proprietors; in other respects the Court to have no
+influence. If this plan, which was originally a part of the scheme for
+the circulation of paper here, should succeed, the paper which will be
+discounted by it, will probably preserve its credit. The Gromios,
+companies possessed of exclusive privileges, will be annihilated, and
+much money, now dormant in the coffers of individuals, be called into
+circulation. The Gromios pay two and a half per cent interest, and the
+bank four, which difference, joined to the hopes of farther profits,
+will tempt the money-holders to withdraw their funds from the hands of
+the first, and place them in the latter. But these companies and their
+friends, oppose it strongly, as do also the persons employed in
+supplying the army and navy, with whom, it is said, people in various
+departments of Government have interested connexions.
+
+The Courts of France and Spain seem determined to continue the war
+with vigor, and you will see by the King of Great Britain's speech,
+that he is not disposed to accommodation. The Empress of Russia still
+continues her endeavors to bring about a peace between England and
+Holland, to which the British Ministry has lately appeared to listen,
+although in a haughty manner. I am told the republican party is more
+exasperated than ever, by their answer to Russia, which is published.
+But your information will be much more accurate from Mr Adams, than
+any that I can procure. My correspondents from France write me, that
+the nation is much elated by the late triumph of the allied arms. This
+success, and the flourishing state of their commerce, reconcile them
+to the war, the continuance of which their Ambassador here regards as
+inevitable.
+
+The resolution of Congress, prohibiting all intercourse between the
+citizens of America and the subjects of Great Britain, gives a secret
+satisfaction both in France and this country, and augments the
+jealousy of others, that the influence of France will exclude at the
+peace all amicable connexions between the States and Great Britain,
+at least this is the language of several of the foreign Ministers and
+their families. The Imperial Ambassador has lately made
+representations on account of an ordinance rigorously executed of late
+in the ports, obliging all captains of vessels to make an oath,
+declaratory of the contents of all packages, &c. &c. on board their
+vessels. He has endeavored to make this a common cause. The commerce
+murmurs against this, and other regulations lately enforced. It must
+be confessed, that Spain seems desirous to discourage all commerce
+carried on by foreigners, and bears as hard on their allies as on
+neutral nations. Whenever a peace takes place, France will be
+constrained to make a new convention on this subject. At present, this
+Court feels its importance, and the cabinet of Versailles has points
+of a nature so much more interesting to carry, that it takes little
+notice of the breach of conventions actually subsisting. By a late
+ordinance of the Minister of Finance, a duty of twentyfive per cent
+was imposed upon all produce brought in American vessels from the
+Havana. Mr Jay has made representations on this subject, which, I
+hope, will be attended to. M. Galvez appeared well disposed to
+withdraw them. It appears also to be the intention of the present
+Minister, to diminish the consumption of salt fish, to pave the way,
+as their friends give out, for its total exclusion at the peace,
+unless cured and imported by the natives; for this purpose, they have
+obtained bills of indulgence from the Pope, permitting the use of meat
+during Lent, and on other days on which it was prohibited. The price
+of these indulgences is proportioned to the rank of the purchaser. It
+is calculated, that the sale of them in the Spanish dominions will
+produce two millions of dollars annually; so that a double advantage
+is derived from this operation, the extraction of money for fish is
+prevented, and the revenue considerably augmented.
+
+The present Ministry seem firmly established in their respective
+posts. The Count de Florida Blanca's health does not permit him to
+give constant application to business, but is not of so dangerous a
+nature as to cause any apprehension. The Ministers of the Indies and
+Marine keep their ground in the King's favor, although they have many
+enemies. If the disturbances in America should increase, the credit of
+the first may be weakened. The latter, although disliked by his
+colleagues and disapproved by France, preserves the Sovereign's good
+graces. He has one merit, which is his constant attention to the
+safety of the Spanish fleet, a merit that may fix him in his place,
+but which renders him odious to the nation and its allies, who wish to
+see it more actively employed.
+
+I am afraid these particulars may appear trivial to Congress, to whom
+I should be happy to make more important communications; these are not
+to be obtained but by the dint of money, or by a long residence and
+intimacy with persons in the various departments of government. The
+first we have not for the most pressing exigencies, and the latter,
+our at present doubtful situation at this Court precludes us from in
+some degree; although neither attentions nor endeavors have been
+omitted to make useful acquaintances.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 24th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday Mr Jay had an audience of his Excellency, the Count de
+Florida Blanca, in which that Minister in the most express terms
+assured him, he might depend on receiving three millions of reals to
+pay such bills as he had already accepted, this sum, with near
+eighteen thousand dollars received already, and twentyfive thousand
+promised by the Court of France, will fully answer this purpose, and I
+still hope ways and means will be found to furnish funds for the
+bills, which have not yet been presented, and which, for some weeks,
+come to hand slowly. The Minister also promised his good offices with
+the Court of Portugal, and informed Mr Jay, that previous to his
+application, he had endeavored to induce the Ministry of that nation
+to conduct itself with respect to the States, in a manner more
+agreeable to the rights of humanity and the law of nations founded on
+those rights, but that the party in favor of Great Britain
+preponderated hitherto.
+
+I have had opportunities of speaking several times on this subject to
+the Secretary of the Embassy of Portugal here, and once to the
+Ambassador. Each seemed sensible of the injustice of the first step of
+the Court, and owned it more easy to do an injury than to repair it.
+If the Congress should be in a situation to make strong
+representations to that Court, with a recapitulation of the conduct of
+the States during the whole war in respect to Portugal, they may be
+possibly attended with success, particularly if they should accede to
+the armed neutrality, to which they are strongly pressed by Russia at
+present. The Minister also engaged to do justice to certain Americans
+who carried a British privateer to the Canaries, and, in short, seemed
+exceedingly well disposed to render the States every service in his
+power. I cannot forbear, however, mentioning to the Committee, that he
+spoke with much chagrin of the adherence of Congress to points, which,
+in his opinion, rendered a treaty impracticable for the present, and
+although pressed on that subject by Mr Jay, I doubt whether he will
+give his sentiments thereon in writing. He also seemed exceedingly
+apprehensive of the efficacy of the means employed by Sir H. Clinton,
+to sow jealousy and discord among the States, and even in Congress,
+and said that the letters lately received by the British Court from
+the officer abovementioned, gave great hopes of success in this
+particular. In fine, he assured Mr Jay, that considerable sums of
+money would be employed for this purpose, and as I am convinced this
+Court received its information from a person equally employed by that
+of London, I fear it will be difficult to remove these suspicions
+until time shows how ill founded they are.
+
+In the meantime, unanimity and force in America are the best arms of
+the States there, and their best arguments in Europe. To which, if
+much complaisance to the Spanish King and nation is added, even in
+objects not essential, the Congress will enable their servants to
+defeat the designs of the British emissary and their party here, so
+long as the present King lives. According to present appearances, the
+war is likely to continue. Although I have already written you
+particularly on the subject, I now repeat, that the Court is in the
+way of negotiating its loans for the expenses of the ensuing year, and
+that it expects some treasure from America. At Cadiz, they have
+twentynine sail of the line ready for sea. The blockade of Gibraltar
+is continued with tolerable success hitherto. The Count d'Estaing was
+not arrived in France by the last advices. This delay will retard the
+operations intended for our succor.
+
+The death of the Empress Queen will probably kindle the flame of war
+in Europe, though perhaps not in the ensuing year. I am told from good
+authority the Emperor is favorably disposed to England. His Ambassador
+and Mr Cumberland are very intimate, and see each other every day. The
+residence here of the latter is extraordinary in the present situation
+of the two nations, and can only be accounted for on the principles,
+which I had the honor to mention in former letters. If I may be
+allowed to conjecture, I think Holland will be sooner or later
+involved in the war, and that orders have already been given by the
+Court of England to attack their possessions in the East Indies. This
+however is but a conjecture, although grounded on some share of
+political evidence.
+
+The British Parliament is prorogued to the 23d of January. Their grand
+fleet is at sea. Mr Trumbull has been arrested in England, and several
+Americans obliged to fly and abscond, among whom there is one of my
+correspondents. I have received advice, that several were included in
+the number to be arrested, whom it was not the intention of Government
+to seize, in order to give them an opportunity of returning to America
+with more eclat, to be in a situation of rendering greater services to
+Great Britain. I hope this advice is without foundation, but having
+received it, I think it my duty to communicate it, because
+circumspection can do us no material injury. M. Gardoqui will
+scarcely take his departure until all negotiations are at an end, and
+the campaign shall have commenced.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ Sir Joseph Yorke has presented another Memorial to the States,
+more insolent than the former. The armed neutrality propose to have
+forty sail of the line next spring in the ports of Holland.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 18th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 20th of
+December, and seize the earliest opportunity of acknowledging the
+satisfaction I feel in the hope of a more regular correspondence than
+I have hitherto had with your department. The moment I was informed,
+indirectly of your appointment, I did myself the honor of addressing
+you. My first letter was dated the same day you wrote the one above
+mentioned. On the 24th ultimo, I again solicited your attention, and
+as I sent quadruplicates of these letters, I think I may venture to
+refer you to their contents, for accounts of the state of affairs, and
+the general intelligence at the time of writing them.
+
+I find by your letter, that mine written in the month of September,
+had not reached Congress. I sent three copies via Bilboa, by the
+Captains Tracy, Cook, and another, whose name my correspondents
+omitted to mention to me. I have had the mortification to hear
+lately, that these vessels were all taken on the coasts of America.
+The fourth copy was sent from France, so that I still hope it may have
+escaped the misfortune of the others. Nothing gives me, or can give
+me, more pleasure, than the idea of contributing to the satisfaction
+of Congress, while I fill a duty, which a sense of their confidence,
+and a desire of meriting a continuance of it imposes on me. I am only
+sorry, that my abilities and opportunities do not correspond with my
+wishes, to render my communications more useful. I have already
+requested you in the letters above mentioned, to point out the line of
+my duty.
+
+I am infinitely obliged to you for what you mention with respect to my
+apprehension of being sent to Corunna, and having your sanction to
+direct my conduct in future. I shall implicitly follow Mr Jay's
+directions, should he even choose to send me as a courier to be the
+bearer of despatches to the sea-ports. The reason assigned in your
+letter, joined to others which I had the honor to mention in mine to
+the Committee, were such as I suggested when I expressed a reluctance
+to be employed with discretionary powers in this business. I was
+prepared however to execute Mr Jay's orders, but I believe ulterior
+reflections, and the advice of the French Ambassador, induced him to
+relinquish the idea of sending me.
+
+I have no cypher from Mr Morris and have seen none from him. I must
+therefore again request you to forward me one, under cover to Messrs
+Barclay and Harrison, with directions to those gentlemen to forward
+your letters by private hands, and not by the post, for I fear that
+one you sent to Mr Jay has been intercepted. No delicacy is preserved
+by this Court on this head. This practice is not confined to us, but
+extends to the correspondence of all the _corps diplomatique_. It has
+happened, that in the hurry of resealing letters thus examined, papers
+belonging to the department, in which they were opened, have been
+carelessly enclosed by the Secretary, and returned to the Minister by
+the person to whom the letters were addressed. Without a cypher it
+will be impossible for me to be so punctual as may be expected, for at
+present I am obliged to send most of my letters by private hands, or
+by the French Ambassador's couriers to the sea-ports, which
+circumstance often retards their arrival in America.
+
+Our situation with respect to money matters is still critical. The
+drafts which Dr Franklin is obliged to pay are so frequent, that he
+has not been able to obtain cash to enable Mr Jay to discharge the
+bills accepted by him here, for which M. Cabarrus, as has been
+mentioned in former letters, is nearly forty thousand dollars in
+advance. Happily there are few bills due until the middle of next
+month, which will give Dr Franklin time to endeavor to save our credit
+here, and to this Ministry to reflect on the consequence of denying us
+this small succor. The Count de Florida Blanca has been lately
+solicited on this subject by the French Ambassador, and without giving
+hopes of affording the sum demanded, he promised to do what the
+urgency of their own wants permit him to do for us. In this
+conversation he appeared dissatisfied, that Congress had taken no
+notice of the desire he had expressed of obtaining one of the vessels
+constructing in the Eastern ports, for the United States, and
+complained, that no returns had been made by the States to the proofs
+the King had manifested, of his favorable disposition towards them. In
+fact their own necessities are evident.
+
+In addition to what I have heretofore mentioned on this head, I have
+lately been informed from good authority, that a person to whom the
+Crown is indebted twelve millions of reals, in order to obtain
+payment, has been constrained to propose to purchase the salt
+belonging to his Majesty, to the amount of twentyfour millions of
+reals, for the payment of which, after deducting the sum due to him,
+he is obliged to advance immediately five millions of reals, although
+he has little hopes of disembarrassing himself shortly, of such an
+immense quantity of an article, for which there is little demand at
+present. The Minister, to soften the harshness of his refusal to make
+further advances, informed the Count de Montmorin, that M. Del Campo's
+instructions would be ready in a few days, and that Mr Jay might then
+commence his conferences on the subject of the proposed treaty. If I
+may be allowed to hazard a conjecture again on this subject, I must
+repeat what I have often mentioned already, that Spain seems desirous
+to retard this business until a general treaty takes place. Perhaps it
+may not be unworthy the attention of Congress, to prepare eventual
+resolutions should this prove to be the intentions of the Court.
+
+Since commencing this letter, we have the agreeable news of the
+capitulation of Mahon, in twentyeight days after the trenches were
+opened. The garrison are prisoners of war, and, including sailors,
+&c., amount to two thousand six hundred men. Sickness, which reduced
+their number of effective men to one thousand three hundred,
+unwholesome provision, fatigue, and despair of succor, are the motives
+assigned by the Governor, for the surrender of this important place,
+which has cost Spain two hundred killed, and three hundred wounded.
+The joy of the Court is excessive. The Count de Florida Blanca has the
+merit of having planned this expedition. It is said, the
+fortifications are to be entirely ruined, and the port rendered
+incapable of receiving large vessels. The officer charged with the
+despatches, announcing this event, accuses our allies of having shown
+a backwardness and reluctance to assist in this siege, which has
+excited much indignation here. The Princess of Asturias said publicly
+at dinner, that the Spaniards had taken Fort St Philip's in sight of
+four thousand spectators, (meaning the French troops.) I had this from
+a foreign Minister who was present. I am persuaded the charge is
+without foundation, but still it will have a bad effect, and augment a
+national animosity, which prevails too much already.
+
+It is probable that the siege of Gibraltar will now be pushed with
+more vigor. It is the King's favorite object, and the Duc de Crillon,
+I know, is of opinion that it may be taken. His late success will give
+weight to his opinion. I have been told that the Irish who obtained
+permission to return to the sea-ports, after being exiled from thence
+for several months, will again be ordered to quit them. This
+circumstance induces me to believe, that strong efforts will be made
+to take Gibraltar. The Spanish fleet has returned to Cadiz, where it
+will not remain long, the magazines being abundantly provided, and
+although there is no great number of workmen, or docks, for the
+repairs of vessels of the line, yet as few of the vessels have
+suffered in their cruise, these inconveniences will not be felt. The
+Count de Guichen was ready for sea the 28th ultimo, and only waited
+for a wind. His fleet consists of ten sail of the line, which has
+under its convoy fifty sail of transports; five of the first mentioned
+are destined for Cadiz, to join the Spanish fleet, which will then be
+superior to any the enemy can assemble in the seas of Europe. Admiral
+Rodney was still in the Channel the 22d ultimo, and will probably push
+for the West Indies, without any transports; the convoys for the West
+and East Indies, and America, not being yet in readiness. It is said
+that great reinforcements are to be sent to these quarters. Lord
+George Germain, it is said, will resign, and be succeeded by Mr Ellis.
+
+The Russian and Imperial Ministers, still interpose their good offices
+to mediate a peace. The neutral Ministers say here, that Lord
+Stormont, in a late conversation with the first mentioned, declared
+with heat, that his Sovereign would treat with France on the subject
+of our independence, when a French army was in possession of the Tower
+of London, and not before, and that they would negotiate with Spain
+for the cession of Gibraltar, in exchange for the city of Madrid. I
+should not commit this extravagance to paper if I had not heard it
+mentioned by the Count de Montmorin, and other Ministers.
+
+Mr Adams has demanded a categorical answer from the States-General to
+the proposition made them on behalf of the United States. The Dutch
+Secretary here informs me, that his letter was well received. The
+Dutch Minister at this Court has invited me to his house, since the
+presentation of the above mentioned demand. I have lately had
+conversation with the Swedish Minister, which I hope will enable me
+two months hence to give you some information of the disposition of
+his Court. This Minister is exceedingly well disposed to forward a
+connexion between Sweden and America, as is the Baron de Ramel,
+formerly Minister here, now Vice Chancellor of Sweden, to whose good
+offices I believe I owe the countenance and civilities of its
+representative here.
+
+The _cedula_ for the bank will appear shortly. I shall take care to
+forward that, and any other paper that I think worthy your attention.
+I have sent the Madrid Gazette to Mr Harrison, and have desired him to
+forward it in future. This gentleman is every way deserving your
+esteem and notice. He acts at present as Consul for America at Cadiz,
+and has been very useful there. His good sense and agreeable manners,
+have acquired the good will of natives and foreigners.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 27th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I did myself the honor of addressing you the 18th instant, which I
+enclosed in the first copy of this. My letter of the 18th contained
+all the intelligence of the state of our affairs in Holland, which had
+come to my knowledge. My mind now is full of another object, for I
+have the mortification to inform you, that unless Mr Jay is enabled by
+Dr Franklin in a few days to pay the drafts he has accepted, he will
+be obliged to stop payment. I am persuaded the latter has done
+everything in his power to extricate us from this cruel situation, but
+he has had so many other bills to answer, and France is itself so
+pushed for money, that hitherto he has not been able to succeed, nor
+indeed to pay us regularly our salaries.
+
+This Court has at length consented to pay us the balance of the three
+millions, promised last year, which amounts to near twentysix
+thousand dollars, but this money is in some sort appropriated to the
+repayment of the advances made for two months past, by M. Cabarrus,
+who, after the conversation he has had with the Minister, is
+discouraged from making equal advances. Less than twenty thousand
+pounds sterling would now pay all our debts in this country. I shall
+not despair until the bills are refused, although after what we have
+experienced here, I have little ground to hope. The Count de Florida
+Blanca has engaged to take such measures, as that Mr Jay shall not be
+personally exposed, which, without the interference of the Court,
+might be the case, as he is not acknowledged in a public character.
+
+Mr Jay has not yet received any notice, that M. Del Campo's
+instructions are ready. That gentleman has now been near four months
+named for this business. It is now confidently asserted, that the
+works at Mahon are to be destroyed. Two ships of the line, and two
+frigates, have sailed from Cadiz, to escort the transports with troops
+from Minorca, which, it is said, are to be employed in the siege of
+Gibraltar. I know of a certainty, that the Court has given orders, to
+amass considerable sums of money in Andalusia. The Count de Guichen
+sailed on the 10th instant, and we expect every day to hear of his
+arrival at Cadiz, with five ships of the line. The English East India
+convoy sailed the 26th ult., and consists of six ships of the line, a
+frigate, and nineteen transports and ships of the Company. The letters
+and papers I have received the last posts from France and Holland,
+assert that since the arrival of Lord Cornwallis and Arnold in
+England, the king is resolved to continue an offensive war in America
+at every hazard. As this intelligence corresponds with the character
+of the king, and the officers above mentioned, some credit may be
+given to it. It has been asserted in the English papers, that the king
+of Great Britain was negotiating as Elector of Hanover with Saxony, to
+take into pay ten thousand of its troops, to replace the like number
+to be drawn from Hanover for the American war. The _Charge d'Affaires_
+of Saxony at this Court assures me that this is false.
+
+It is expected by the friends of America, that preparations will be
+early made, to repel every attack the enemy may be in force to make,
+and if occasion presents, to act offensively. I have nothing to add to
+this or my last, but that a copy of each will be delivered to you by
+Colonel Livingston, whose zeal, abilities, application, and prudent
+conduct, have acquired him general esteem, and have made his departure
+regretted by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. Mr Vaughan,
+who accompanies him, was strongly recommended to me by Dr Franklin,
+and I have found him every way worthy of his recommendation. These
+gentlemen will be able to give more ample details of general
+intelligence, than I can do by letter, and of a later date than this.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Madrid, April 14th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A violent defluxion of the eyes, which was epidemical here this
+winter, incapacitated me for near three weeks after the date of my
+last from writing, and the perplexed and uncertain situation of our
+affairs here for some time past, induced me not to do myself the honor
+of addressing you, until I could inform you in what manner our
+difficulties were likely to have a period. Indeed, during this
+interval, my time was so much engaged by the bills of exchange
+accepted by Mr Jay, and the conversations I held with, and the visits
+I was obliged to make to the various persons interested in this
+affair, that I had very little leisure left for other occupations.
+
+On the 27th of February, I expressed my apprehensions for the fate of
+our accepted bills, although I could not but hope, that either this
+Court or that of France, would interfere in time to relieve us from
+this cruel mortification. Whether this Court withheld its aid, from
+expectation that the French Ambassador was secretly instructed to
+assist us, as on a former occasion, in case of extreme necessity;
+whether their wants, which are pressing, occasioned their indecision;
+or whether it was produced by the secret influence and artifices of
+ill disposed persons, I will not pretend to say; but the fact is, that
+notwithstanding the frequent representations of Mr Jay, and as
+frequent good offices of the French Ambassador, the Minister did not,
+until the day before Mr Jay found himself under the absolute necessity
+of protesting the bills, authorise verbally the Count de Montmorin to
+inform Mr Jay, that if M. Cabarrus persisted in his former intentions
+of making the necessary advances, he would see him repaid in ten or
+twelve months, to the amount of forty or fifty thousand current
+dollars. It must be observed that this consent was given the day after
+M. Del Campo had been informed by M. Cabarrus, at his own house, of
+the terms on which he would make the advances in question. These terms
+were different from those he had frequently repeated to Mr Jay and
+myself, and which Mr Jay made known to the Minister; but I believe the
+conversations with the latter, had excited apprehensions of his not
+being reimbursed even in the time he had originally proposed.
+
+These apprehensions were augmented by finding that the French
+Ambassador was not authorised to extricate us from our distress,
+although the Court of France was apprized of our situation. I early
+remarked these fears, and endeavored to remove them by every means in
+my power. I was clearly of opinion, however, that after the
+conversation, above mentioned, with M. Del Campo, no reliance could be
+placed on his assistance for our relief, and informed Mr Jay of my
+conjectures on this subject, as I had done from the first moment I
+discovered M. Cabarrus's fears and apprehensions. This disappointment,
+constrained Mr Jay to protest a number of bills, some of which the
+holders had the complaisance and indulgence to keep by them near three
+weeks, in order to give time to Mr Jay to make arrangements for their
+payment. Indeed, the whole commercial interest here, behaved in a
+manner that scarce could be expected from persons who have so little
+connexions with our country, and expressed their indignation and
+astonishment, that the Court should expose to this mortification, for
+a sum so trifling, a country united with them against a common enemy.
+The foreign Ministers were not less surprised, and this incident, I
+believe, furnished materials for their despatches at the time, and has
+occasioned much conjecture since.
+
+A letter from Dr Franklin, authorising Mr Jay to draw upon him for the
+payment of the bills he had accepted, soon established our credit to
+the general satisfaction of everybody who have no political
+connexions to influence their opinion, and the news from England of
+the address of the House of Commons to the King, to put an end to
+offensive operations in America, and of the general fermentation in
+Ireland, will probably give a more favorable aspect to our affairs
+here, as has been the case elsewhere. Courier after courier arrived
+from the Count d'Aranda, the Spanish Ambassador at Paris, and several
+cabinet councils were held immediately after their respective
+arrivals. Each of these couriers announced the various appearances of
+a change in the British Cabinet, and probably gave some intelligence
+of the overtures from Great Britain, made to Dr Franklin.
+
+The flattering prospect of our affairs in Holland, may contribute also
+to accelerate the conduct of others with respect to the United States.
+The Minister promised Mr Jay, some time ago, that the conferences with
+M. Del Campo, on the subject of a treaty should positively take place
+at Aranjues, and the actual crisis of affairs renders it probable,
+that more reliance may be placed on this than on former assurances;
+but after the experience we have had of the dilatoriness of this
+Court, I cannot flatter myself, that the treaty will be very speedily
+concluded, for I have been led to resume my former opinion, that this
+Court has wished, and still desires, to delay the acknowledgment of
+our independence, until a general treaty of peace shall take place.
+The Dutch Minister sent for me immediately after receiving advice,
+that Friesland had resolved to admit Mr Adams in a public character,
+and told me he had not the least doubt of the other provinces doing
+the same. Indeed I heard extracts of letters read, from persons of
+high repute in this republic, who speak of this affair, as a matter
+determined, and which will meet with no other obstruction, than what
+arises from the usual formalities and delays in the constitution of
+that republic. The Swedish Minister daily expects news from his Court,
+which he tells me he hopes will prove agreeable.
+
+These changes in the political situation of the United States and
+Great Britain, I believe are not seen by Russia and Denmark with
+pleasure, if I may be allowed to form conjectures from the conduct and
+sentiments of their respective Ministers here, who cannot conceal
+their chagrin, on the reception of any news favorable to France,
+Spain, or America. Indeed most of the neutral nations seem to have a
+particular aversion to this Court, excited as they say, by its conduct
+with respect to the capture and detention of their vessels. As I have
+an opportunity of seeing themselves, or their Secretaries very often,
+and am on an intimate footing with the latter, I am frequently a
+witness of their complaints and murmurs; Congress need not therefore
+conclude, that their inattention to Mr Jay's Memorial, is pointed or a
+proof of its ill will, for I have seen near eighty Memorials from a
+Minister more nearly connected with them than we are, few of which
+have been attended to.
+
+The capture of a Danish vessel laden with powder and artillery, with
+two King's officers on board, and instructions from the Admiralty, has
+excited the clamors of the Danish Minister here, who despatched a
+courier to Copenhagen on the occasion. I am promised a statement of
+the case presented by the Minister above mentioned to those of the
+armed neutrality, and copies of two letters from the Count de Florida
+Blanca, one to the Danish Minister, and the other to the neutral
+Ministers here, which if obtained shall accompany this letter.
+
+Great preparations are making for the siege of Gibraltar. The Duc de
+Crillon is to command in chief, and it is said will have under his
+orders, from twentyfive to thirtytwo thousand men, including the
+French troops at Mahon; the place is to be attacked by sea and land,
+and I hear twelve ships are bought by government to be fitted up and
+serve as floating batteries. This operation will probably commence in
+July, a month favorable for it on account of the calms which then
+prevail. The loan proposed by this Court in Holland is not likely to
+meet the expected success. The armaments they have equipped and are
+equipping, and the expensive preparations for the siege of Gibraltar,
+straiten them exceedingly for funds. The difficulties they encounter
+in procuring money, and the alarming state of their colonies, may
+probably dispose them to peace by the end of the present campaign, but
+it is likely their claims will be great, and thought extravagant by
+all the neutral nations.
+
+I have frequently mentioned the reports of disturbances in their
+colonies. It is difficult to obtain accurate information on this
+subject. The King has certainly ratified a convention made with the
+malcontents at Santa Fe and in its neighborhood, which was transmitted
+by the ecclesiastical, civil, and military officers, with their advice
+to accord all the demands therein contained, as the only means to
+prevent the total revolt of these provinces. I have reason to believe
+this ratification was made with great reluctance. I am also promised a
+copy of this convention, which I shall forward with this letter if
+obtained in time.
+
+The papers are full of the Pope's voyage to Vienna. The Imperial
+Secretary here assures me, that the Emperor will not recede from the
+plans of reformation he has adopted. Some persons having suggested,
+to him, that fanaticism might possibly endeavor to put a period to his
+progress by assassination, he replied, that he had no apprehensions on
+that score, for his brother's firmness and sentiments being known to
+be the same, nothing could be hoped from a single assassination. He is
+regarded here and in Portugal as a heretic, and if his sight should be
+affected by the defluxion on his eyes at present, this misfortune will
+be regarded as a punishment from heaven, inflicted on him for his
+encroachments on the church. As I know you will receive ample details
+of all that regards the mission here from Mr Jay, I confine myself to
+a very summary detail on the subject, in order to supply in a small
+degree the loss or delay of his more important despatches. With a
+sincere wish that my intentions may be acceptable to Congress,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S. April 29th, 1782._ The enclosed papers are copies of the
+letters herein mentioned. Duplicates have been already sent with their
+translations. The despatches of Mr Jay have taken up so much of my
+time for three weeks past, that it has not been possible for me to
+make out copies of the translations for Major Franks, the bearer of
+the present, and the great earnestness with which Mr Jay desires to
+send him away, prevents my sending the copy of the statement of the
+case, and the convention made with the disaffected in Spanish America.
+Mr Jay's information is so explicit, that it leaves but little for me
+to add, which I shall do this week via Cadiz.
+
+                                                                 W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                          Philadelphia, May 1st, 1782.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I was favored with your letters of the 20th of December; that of the
+17th, which you mention to have written to the late Committee of
+Foreign Affairs, never came to hand. If you have received my former
+letter, you will find your question relative to the continuance of
+your correspondence already answered. But lest you should not, let me
+repeat it, by assuring you that it will always give me very great
+pleasure to hear from you. The channels of communication with this
+office are much too few to induce me to shut up one by which we
+receive the most frequent and important intelligence. I shall endeavor
+to send you a cypher by this, or the next safe opportunity, and shall
+alter that look for a strict compliance with your promise. I make no
+remark on the political parts of your letters, both because I have no
+cypher yet settled with you, and because I shall always write fully on
+these subjects to Mr Jay. It gives me pleasure to see the train you
+are establishing to procure intelligence, and to cultivate the esteem
+of persons who may be of use to us. This has been, and is still too
+much neglected, but that neglect makes your address and attention the
+more important.
+
+The season of the year, and the inactivity of the British, deprive me
+of the means of making a full return for the intelligence you
+communicate. Our attention is at present turned to an object, which,
+though apparently small, promises to have consequences of some moment.
+You will find in the papers enclosed, an account of the execution of a
+militia officer, Capt. Huddy, by a band of tories, on some false
+pretences. The General has demanded the perpetrators of this crime,
+or threatened to retaliate upon some British officer of equal rank. As
+his letter does him honor, I enclose a copy, which you will be pleased
+to show to Mr Jay. Clinton is reduced to great straits; he has already
+been the means of one officer's dying on a gibbet. He would be
+execrated by the army should he occasion the ignominious death of
+another. On the other hand, he is already very unpopular with the
+tories. Should he give up those of the refugee corps, who are
+concerned in this business, which has probably been done by the
+direction, or at least the connivance of their board of directors, he
+will be embroiled with them. They form a kind of _imperium in
+imperio_. The directors, being in a great measure independent of the
+commander-in-chief, have the custody of their own prisoners, regulate
+their own exchanges, divide the plunder they make according to their
+own rules; and correspond regularly with the Ministry, which
+circumstance alone is sufficient to excite a kind of rivalry between
+them, and the commander-in-chief.
+
+Several propositions have been made for the exchange and comfortable
+support of prisoners, all of which have proved abortive, from the
+resolution of the British not to pay arrears, they have incurred,
+which amounts to near L300,000 sterling. Some measures, which will
+surprise them not a little, will be taken. I shall write particularly
+to Mr Jay on this subject, because it will need explanation in Europe.
+You will consult Mr Jay on the propriety of publishing the affair of
+Huddy in the European papers; and if he shall think it may be of any
+use, take measures for the purpose.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Madrid, June 12th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 5th instant, I had the honor to address you, enclosing a copy
+of a letter, which I wrote to Mr Jay soon after his departure from
+Madrid.[13] The Court is now here, but the Ministers are generally so
+harassed by business and visits during their short stay in the
+capital, that there are few opportunities of having access to them.
+Before I left Aranjues, I frequently reminded M. Del Campo of the
+promises made me, to pay attention to the different offices passed
+from Mr Jay, interesting to various citizens of the United States. I
+was well received, and had those promises reiterated. I judged it more
+proper to solicit the notice of the Ministry to these objects in
+person, than by writing, because I could have small hopes of success
+from memorials, when I reflected how little attention had been paid to
+those written by a man so much my superior in that mode of address.
+Besides, frequent conferences, perhaps develop better the opinions and
+dispositions of men, than deliberate answers to requests, or
+remonstrances, however clearly, or however strongly they may be stated
+in writing.
+
+In my conversations with the Minister, and the gentleman above
+mentioned, they seemed to think the work of peace to be in a fair way.
+I have, however, some reason to suppose, that neither their
+instructions to their Ambassador at Paris for this object, nor those
+for him to treat with Mr Jay, are yet forwarded, and there are grounds
+to conjecture that this Court would have retarded the negotiation as
+much as possible, had not the defeat of the Count de Grasse blasted
+their hopes of taking Jamaica. Even now they will be desirous of
+knowing the fate of the siege of Gibraltar, before they agree to any
+treaty, which does not put them in possession of that important
+fortress.
+
+The neutral Ministers here seem to wish to intermeddle in the proposed
+pacification. There is a general jealousy among them of the house of
+Bourbon, and a particular animosity against this branch of it. This I
+have long remarked, and I have now more frequent occasions than
+heretofore. I am afraid the rumors of peace will slacken the
+preparations of the Dutch for war. The hopes of a speedy general
+pacification, and a sense of complaisance and apprehension of the
+Empress of Russia, may procrastinate the treaty between the United
+States and them. I write these conjectures with diffidence, as indeed
+I do all which depend on my own judgment.
+
+I am busy at present in arranging the public accounts. The projected
+bank employs so much of M. Cabarrus's time, and that of his clerks,
+that it is possible I may be obliged to follow the Court to St
+Ildefonso, to which place the king removes the 14th instant, before I
+can obtain such a settlement of them, as may enable me to transmit the
+general account to Mr Jay, for his approbation. In the meantime, I
+draw, and shall still be obliged to draw, on Dr Franklin, to enable me
+to discharge the public bills accepted by Mr Jay. Exchange is every
+day more to our disadvantage. The depreciation of the royal billets is
+now at 3-1/4 to 3-1/2 per cent, and I make no doubt will be at 6 per
+cent in two months. The Court has been again obliged to apply to the
+Gromios for assistance, whose privileges, it appears from the
+establishment of the bank, it meant to deprive them of. This
+circumstance marks their distress for money, and as some say, the want
+of system in their conduct.
+
+The Duc de Crillon has set out for the camp before Gibraltar; the
+operations, however, will not seriously commence before the month of
+August, if in all that month. The expectations of success are
+sanguine. I heard the Duke himself speak with great confidence on the
+subject. The combined fleet left Cadiz the 4th instant; it consists of
+thirtytwo sail of the line, and some frigates, and proceeds
+immediately to the British channel. I avail myself of a courier from
+the French Ambassador to forward copies of this letter to the ports of
+France. The Count de Montmorin continues to give the same proofs of
+attachment to the interests of the States, and of personal kindness to
+myself, that I have ever experienced since my arrival in Spain. I beg
+leave to remind you to send me a cypher, and to entreat your
+instructions and intelligence addressed directly to myself; otherwise
+I have few opportunities of manifesting my zeal for the public
+service, or of acquiring your personal esteem.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] The letter here referred to is missing. Mr Jay left Madrid for
+Paris about the 20th of May.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                         Philadelphia, July 6th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my letter of May last, I have been favored with yours of the
+18th and 27th of February. As they contained many things of
+importance, which we had received through no other channel, I
+communicated their contents to Congress, to whom I have reason to
+think they were very acceptable. The great changes that have taken
+place in the administration of Britain, make us extremely desirous of
+learning minutely the measures they are pursuing. Unfortunately it is
+long since we have received any other information from Europe, than
+that contained in the public prints. Our Ministers abroad do not keep
+up such a communication with the sea-ports as to avail themselves of
+the opportunities, that are almost weekly afforded, by which means the
+intelligence they transmit, if not of a private nature, is almost
+always forestalled.
+
+We are at present in a state of absolute inactivity here. We are not
+sufficiently strong to attack the enemy in their works, without some
+naval aid; nor can they attack us with any prospect of success.
+Congress employ the present leisure in forming and enforcing a system
+of finance, which, notwithstanding all the difficulties it has to
+struggle with, will, I hope, shortly place our affairs on a more
+respectable footing; particularly, if any of those powers who are
+interested in supporting us, shall afford the aid we have a right to
+expect.
+
+Among other changes that have taken place, there is one I believe you
+will be pleased with; in the payment of your salaries, which in future
+will be paid here upon my certificate. I, as your agent, will vest the
+money in bills, and remit them to you or Dr Franklin, with orders for
+him to remit the money to you, or pay it to your order. This will
+render your payments more regular, and free you from the appearance of
+dependence, which must be disagreeable to you. I remit by this
+conveyance to him, the amount of one quarter's salary, commencing the
+1st of January last, and ending the 1st of April, which I have vested
+in bills at the present rate of exchange, which is six shillings
+threepence this money, for five livres, by which you gain almost five
+and a half per cent. You will be charged here two and a half per cent
+premium, which is the usual commission, and I shall consider myself as
+your agent in this business, unless you should choose to appoint some
+other. Your accounts for the next quarter will be made up immediately;
+the money vested in a bill upon Dr Franklin, which I will remit him by
+the next opportunity. Send me a general state of your account, that I
+may get it settled for you, and the arrears, if any, discharged. I
+could wish much to have a cypher with you, but find it very difficult
+to send one. Let me have one, if you have a safe conveyance, if a
+favorable opportunity offers from here, I will transmit you one.
+
+I am, with great esteem and regard, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                         St Ildefonso, July 8th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 5th and the 12th ultimo I did myself the honor of addressing
+you from Madrid. On the 2d instant I came to this place, having waited
+in the capital some days longer than I intended, for the purpose of
+arranging finally the public accounts with M. Cabarrus; but finding
+that that gentleman's occupations prevented him from stating them in
+the manner directed by Mr Jay, and having by my stay, in compliance
+with his request, convinced him that the settlement and discharge of
+the balance still due, depended on himself, I judged it proper to
+follow the Court hither, in order to have frequent opportunities of
+pressing the Minister to pay attention to the different memorials
+presented by Mr Jay; of which copies have been transmitted by him to
+Congress, and to procure such information as it might be proper to lay
+before you. I did not strongly urge the settlement of the accounts
+above mentioned, because Dr Franklin had requested Mr Jay to give him
+as much time as possible for the payment of the sums due here,
+although I am persuaded the delay will be prejudicial, as it is
+probable the exchange will be more to our disadvantage every day.
+
+On the 3d instant, I waited on the Count de Florida Blanca and M. Del
+Campo. I found the former in conference with the French Ambassador,
+and as that had been long, and I knew he would be much fatigued, and
+also that he expected the Russian Minister and the Ambassador of the
+Emperor, who have of late received frequent couriers, I shortened my
+visit, which passed in amicable assurances on his part and hopes on
+mine, that his Excellency would put it as much in my power, as it was
+my inclination to contribute to a lasting harmony between the two
+countries, by enabling me to inform Congress of the favorable
+disposition of his Majesty, and at the same time of the measures taken
+by his Ministers to redress the grievances, which Mr Jay had so often
+laid before him. He desired me to mention these affairs in detail to
+M. Del Campo, and after repeating assurances of good will, &c., he
+proceeded to inform me, that he had received a copy of a letter, which
+Mr Jay on his arrival at Paris had written to the Count d'Aranda,
+adding, that he was sorry he could not continue the conversation at
+present, for that he expected the Ministers above mentioned every
+moment, but that on the Saturday following he would be glad to see me,
+to talk over many matters necessary to discuss at this crisis. I took
+my leave, and actually met the Imperial and Russian Ministers at the
+door, with M. Del Campo, whom I next went to see.
+
+I had a long conversation, the material points of which, after having
+reminded him of the memorials, &c., presented by Mr Jay, turned on the
+manner in which the propositions of the new British Administration
+would be received in America. I had the good fortune to answer in the
+most decided manner, that all proposals for a separate treaty would be
+unanimously rejected, for on my return from this visit to my lodgings,
+I found Mr Clonard, who delivered me the letter you did me the honor
+to write me on the 1st of May, and who informed me of many of the
+subsequent transactions. The same day at dinner, the Count de
+Montmorin showed me a letter from the Chevalier de la Luzerne, in
+which he informs him, that Congress had rejected the propositions made
+by General Carleton, and that all the States would follow the example
+of Maryland. This conduct has a great and good effect in Europe. The
+same day the king spoke at table of the news, and praised greatly the
+probity of the Americans, raising his voice in such a manner that all
+the foreign ministers might hear him. I have conversed with several of
+these since, and find them unanimous in their opinion that the wisest
+measure Great Britain can take, is to conclude a treaty acknowledging
+our independence.
+
+The couriers received, and the audiences demanded by the Russian and
+Imperial Representatives, excited my attention, and I have discovered
+that they have been once more directed by their Courts to make an
+offer of their mediation to his Catholic Majesty. They made this
+communication on the 3d instant, and have received their answer; for
+on the 6th the Count de Kaunitz despatched a courier. In my next I
+hope to communicate the answer of this Court. I suspect England is at
+the bottom of this business. The combined fleet is probably at this
+time in the English channel, where it will be reinforced by a squadron
+of French ships commanded by M. de la Motte Piquet. The preparations
+for the siege of Gibraltar are pushed with vigor. I have not yet had
+the honor to hear from Mr Jay. My last letter from Dr Franklin is
+dated the 11th ultimo. Messrs Grenville and Oswald were then at Paris,
+but had not yet received their full powers. Neither had Spain nor
+Holland sent instructions to their Ministers, so that the conferences
+could not properly be opened.
+
+I have the honor to enclose in the first copy of this, a letter which
+I received the 4th instant from M. Dumas. The letters brought by Mr
+Clonard for Mr Jay were forwarded by the same gentleman. I remain
+without other instructions than what are contained in yours of the 1st
+of May. If Mr Jay should be detained at Paris, I shall be without any
+information but what I may obtain by my private correspondence and my
+own industry; I beg leave to submit this to your consideration.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                         St Ildefonso, July 22d, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In my last of the 8th instant, I had the honor to inform you of an
+offer of mediation renewed to this Court by those of Petersburg and
+Vienna. I have since been told, that the Count de Florida Blanca's
+answer was to the following purport; "that his Catholic Majesty is
+highly sensible of the offers made by their Imperial Majesties to
+promote the establishment of the public tranquillity, but that before
+accepting their propositions it is necessary to consult his ally, and
+for this purpose instructions will be sent to his Ambassador at Paris,
+who, in order to prevent delay, will at the same time be authorised to
+communicate the answer to the Russian and Imperial Ministers at the
+Court of Versailles." I had this information from a person connected
+with the Ambassador of the Court of Vienna.
+
+The Emperor is full of the project of removing his East India Company
+from Trieste to Ostend, and of augmenting the commerce of his
+subjects, particularly in the Low Countries. The continuation of the
+war is favorable to his designs, at all events he will seek his own
+advantage in the proposed mediation.
+
+All the neutral powers seem desirous of procuring stipulations
+favorable to their commerce and navigation, particularly in the
+Mediterranean, and for this purpose all appear to wish a general
+Congress. Perhaps upon the whole it would be more for the honor and
+permanent advantage of the United States, to have their independence
+acknowledged and guarantied in an assembly of this nature, than by a
+particular treaty between the belligerent powers. As Mr Jay is to
+negotiate with the Count d'Aranda at Paris the proposed treaty, my
+business here is confined to the arrangement of the public accounts,
+and the payment of the bills still due, the collecting intelligence,
+and the solicitation of redress of the various complaints laid before
+the Ministry in behalf of individuals. For this last purpose I wait
+on the Count de Florida Blanca, and M. Del Campo, from time to time,
+and in a respectful manner solicit their attention to these affairs.
+Personally I have no reason to complain; in my political character I
+should have more, if I did not know, that the first powers in Europe
+are treated with the same inattention and delay. I mention this not to
+excuse the conduct of this Court, but to convince you, that it is not
+singular with respect to us. I have in some instances promises of
+redress, and it is to be hoped, that circumstances, patience, and good
+humor, will terminate these affairs to the satisfaction, in some
+measure, of the parties interested.
+
+While Mr Jay remains at Paris, as the public despatches are addressed
+to him, I shall be deprived of intelligence from America, except what
+I may acquire by private correspondence from thence. I have not had
+the honor to hear from Mr Jay since he left this place, which may have
+been occasioned by delay or ill health on the road and afterwards. I
+have no correspondence with Messrs Adams and Dana, from whom I might
+receive, and to whom I might contribute hints, that might be of
+service to the public interest. Messrs Grenville and Oswald are still
+at Paris, but on this subject you will have from others much more
+accurate information than it is in my power to give you.
+
+The Count d'Artois is expected here tomorrow, and will be received and
+treated as an Infant of Spain. This visit is highly pleasing to the
+royal family. He is expected with impatience. Nothing worth your
+notice has yet passed at Gibraltar. The besiegers and the besieged,
+equally prepare the one for the attack, the other for the defence of
+the place. A courier extraordinary from France, brings advice of the
+capture of eighteen transports and merchantmen bound to Quebec and
+Newfoundland. Unhappily the New York fleet, which sailed with the
+vessels captured, had two or three days before separated from them. A
+fifty gun ship and a frigate, which escorted them, escaped. I have not
+yet received M. Cabarrus's account. When these are once delivered and
+settled, I shall take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to
+Congress and to Mr Jay, copies of all the public accounts in this
+country. I entreat your indulgence, and frequent remembrance of me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                    St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My last were of the 17th and 26th ultimo, I am still without the least
+information from America, since the 1st of May, the date of your last
+letter. His Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, whom I had the
+honor to see yesterday, seemed apprehensive, that Congress might be
+induced to believe, from the capitulation accorded to the British at
+Providence, that this Court had not after what happened at Pensacola
+instructed its commanders to take care in future, that the garrisons
+of such places as his Catholic Majesty's forces might reduce, should
+be disposed of in such a manner as not to be prejudicial to any of the
+belligerent powers. His Excellency assured me how much he should be
+concerned if an oversight of the General employed on this occasion,
+should create a misunderstanding injurious to the harmony which the
+King wished to cultivate with America, and prayed me to take the
+earliest opportunity of conveying these sentiments to Congress. He
+proceeded to inform me, that immediately after the Court received the
+articles of capitulation at Pensacola, instructions were sent to M.
+Galvez, to oblige the enemy to consent in future to the transportation
+of their prisoners to Europe; that these orders did not reach him
+until he had left the Havana, previous to the necessary arrangements
+for the expedition against the Bahama Islands.
+
+I assured his Excellency, that I found myself happy in having an
+occasion to represent every instance of his Majesty's good will, and
+begged leave to remind him, that several complaints sustained by
+citizens of America laid before his Excellency by Mr Jay, and since
+his departure by myself, remained unredressed. That I presumed his
+Excellency had given the necessary orders for their relief, but that
+his Majesty's favorable intentions had been hitherto frustrated by the
+delay, and in some cases by the injustice of persons employed in the
+service of Government. I insinuated how agreeable it would be to me to
+remove the unfavorable impressions, that his conduct had made or might
+make in the breast of my countrymen, by having it in my power to
+communicate the orders which had been given, or which his Majesty
+might be pleased to renew, for this effect. I particularized the case
+of the Lord Howe, an English vessel with a valuable cargo, brought
+into Cadiz by part of her crew, Americans, detained by order of the
+Admiralty, and the captors confined in some measure as prisoners of
+war. I represented in the strongest terms, the little respect paid to
+a positive resolution of Congress, granting to the captors of vessels
+the property taken in this manner; a resolution occasioned by the
+notorious injustice of the common enemy, who commenced this practice
+of seducing American seamen, and encouraging their own to enter into
+our service with the purpose of afterwards betraying the confidence
+reposed in them.
+
+His Excellency desired me to pass him an office in French on the
+subject, and promised me an answer in writing, with the intention I
+imagine of its being sent to Congress. You will please to observe that
+the negligence of Mr Harrison's banker, to whom he addressed his
+letters to me on this subject, retarded my knowledge of the detention
+of this vessel. I had, however, spoken to M. Del Campo, immediately on
+hearing of its arrival at Cadiz, and repeated to him the substance of
+the resolution of Congress, from an apprehension that the officers of
+that port would observe the same conduct, as those of the Canaries had
+done in the case of the Dover cutter. I avoided mentioning
+particularly the latter affair, until I should have obtained the
+promised answer, as if that proves favorable, as I expect it will, I
+shall renew with redoubled ardor my representations on this head. They
+are, however, so much in want of money here, that I fear the captors
+will be obliged to wait some time for theirs. This scarcity of cash
+occasions the exaction of the duties at Cadiz and Bilboa, complained
+of by Mr Harrison and others. I have employed all the means in my
+power to convince not only the Count de Florida Blanca, but also the
+Ministers of Finance and the Indies, of the impolicy as well as the
+injustice of this measure.
+
+I have engaged several persons, who have their confidence to second
+me, and I hope that good humor, patience, and above all, frequent
+personal solicitations, will obtain at least a diminution of these
+duties, an object of great importance to our commerce. In the mean
+time, I have advised Mr Harrison and others to make no payments on the
+pretext that the affair is before the Ministry, for refunding is
+contrary to the spirit of this country. Important news may soon be
+expected from Gibraltar, at least my letters inform me that the attack
+is to be made this day, for that everything would be ready for the
+purpose. As I have very minute details of all that passes there from
+persons at head quarters, I hope I shall be able to give you a
+succinct relation of the operations. This correspondence is of a
+delicate nature for the parties concerned, and therefore I shall not
+hazard sending copies of my letters but by the safest conveyances. I
+am promised a drawing of the so much talked of floating batteries,
+which, as the nature and novelty of their construction may excite
+curiosity, I will forward the instant I receive it. I hope soon to
+have the honor to hear from you, and to have instructions for my
+future government. With sincere wishes that my conduct may not be
+displeasing to Congress, and with the highest respect,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                   Philadelphia, September 12th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+All my letters of late have begun with complaints of neglect on the
+part of our Ministers, in not transmitting early and full intelligence
+of what is passing in Europe at this interesting period. That there
+may, however, be one exception, I will not say a word on this subject
+to you, only reminding you, that the last despatches we have been
+favored with from you are those of the 18th and 27th of February.
+These I replied to the 6th of July; a copy of that letter goes with
+this; since which, Carleton and Digby have announced the commencement
+of negotiations in Europe, and the resolution to acknowledge the
+independence of America, without exacting any condition. Leslie has
+informed the inhabitants of Charleston, that he means to evacuate it;
+measures have been accordingly taken for that purpose. The evacuation
+of New York seemed also in some measure determined on. But the arrival
+of the packet, announcing the late changes in the Administration, has
+revived the spirits of the tories, and they still retain hopes of
+maintaining their ground in America. Our armies are now united, and
+about moving to their old station at the White Plains. Pigot is at New
+York with twentysix sail of the line; and the Marquis de Vaudreuil at
+Boston, where he has unfortunately lost the Magnificence, sunk in the
+harbor. Congress have endeavored to compensate this loss by presenting
+His Most Christian Majesty with the America, built at Portsmouth. She
+will, I believe, prove a very fine ship; and with diligence, she may
+be fitted in time to be of use this campaign.
+
+We have nothing new among us to inform you of. The armies on both
+sides have been inactive, and our attention is turned on what passes
+in Europe. Here we are lost in the wide field of expectation and
+conjecture without a clue to lead us. I must again press you to think
+of appointing some agent here to receive your salary, which will be
+paid upon the spot; and may be vested in bills to great advantage.
+Two quarters' salary have been transmitted by me, but as I am
+unauthorised in this business, I shall inform Mr Morris that he must
+devise some other way to make these remittances, which I beg leave to
+decline meddling with in future.
+
+I have the honor to be, with great esteem, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 29th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor to address you on the 8th instant, since which we have
+advice of the disastrous issue of the enterprise with the floating
+batteries against Gibraltar, but although we have had notice of this
+misfortune some days past, I have delayed writing until I could
+procure authentic information of the particular circumstances of this
+event. The enclosed copies of letters and papers, written or sent me
+by a person in the General's family, will, I hope, prove more
+satisfactory than any which you will receive from other quarters. The
+projector, M. d'Arcon, is generally blamed. Enclosed you have a plan
+of the attack as it was made, and as it was intended to have been
+made, accompanied by a Memorial, which M. d'Arcon sent hither to
+exonerate himself from part of the blame. I saw a letter he wrote an
+hour after the affair, in which he avows he had deservedly forfeited
+the confidence reposed in him by two Sovereigns.
+
+This news dejected exceedingly the King, the Court, and the nation.
+Their chagrin from the disappointment is, in some measure,
+proportionate to their confidence of success. It is said, however,
+that the King is determined to continue the siege, and, I believe,
+that this will be the case. At present, an expedition in force to the
+West Indies is in agitation. I am informed from a very good quarter,
+that the command is offered to the Count d'Estaing. The party which
+opposed him at Versailles, at the head of which is the Duchess de
+Polignac, the Queen's favorite, the present Minister of Marine and the
+former one, have made advances to him, and seem convinced that he
+alone can repair the disasters of the present campaign. I hear that he
+is unwilling to accept the command at this critical conjuncture, but
+as he is the only French Admiral, who unites the suffrage of this
+Court and nation in his favor, it is to be hoped he will comply with
+the general wish of France and Spain. This affair is yet a secret.
+
+From all accounts I have of the Spanish marine, I fear that Gibraltar
+will be relieved. The expense of this siege has been enormous. I have
+been assured, that during the present campaign it has cost thirtytwo
+millions of piastres of fifteen reals each. This information comes
+from one of the first clerks of the treasury. The great demand for
+specie occasioned thereby has depreciated the paper money; it
+fluctuates between twelve and sixteen per cent. To prevent its further
+depreciation, the Court is endeavoring to procure gold from Portugal,
+and negotiates, as I mentioned in former letters, a loan of three
+millions of florins in Holland, to be augmented in case the
+subscriptions fill readily. I am assured from thence, they do not, and
+I am told here by a man in the secret, that the three millions will be
+delivered in Spain in the month of December. Messrs Hope, the
+negotiators of it, subscribe seven hundred and fifty thousand
+florins.
+
+As I have not had the honor to hear from Messrs Franklin and Jay
+anything respecting the negotiations at Paris for peace, I can speak
+only from indirect advice and my own conjectures. I have heard that
+difficulties have been started respecting the powers of the British
+Plenipotentiary to treat with our Commissioners. If this is true, it
+will require some time to remove them. On the whole, it may be
+supposed, that the negotiations will be spun out until the meeting of
+Parliament, until the event of the expedition to relieve Gibraltar is
+known; in fine, until the account of Lord Pigot's motions shall have
+reached Europe, which may appear to give a favorable turn to the
+British affairs in the West Indies. No expedition can sail from hence
+in time to prevent the enemy from pushing their operations in that
+quarter, if they proceed thither in force and with despatch. The Dutch
+are like to do nothing this year; their affairs draw to a crisis, and
+it is to be hoped, that it will prove favorable to our friends. The
+Emperor is occupied in ecclesiastical and civil changes, his health is
+in a precarious state, and he runs the risk of losing entirely his
+sight. The motions of Russia indicate a war with the Porte no longer
+Sublime. The Empress negotiates loans in Holland and at Genoa. I have
+taken measures to be informed of their success. The King of Great
+Britain, as Elector of Hanover, is recruiting in all the imperial
+cities, and it is said, he is endeavoring to obtain an additional body
+of German troops for the next campaign. The preparations for war are
+as vigorous as ever.
+
+I have not yet received an answer on the affair of the Lord Howe,
+mentioned in my last. I visit the Ministers, and pass offices on this
+subject and that of the duties, and shall omit nothing that depends
+on me to obtain satisfaction, and I hope the pains I take will not
+prove wholly ineffectual. Besides the affairs above mentioned, I am
+obliged to visit and write to the Judges of the Council of the Indies,
+on account of law-suits in which some of our countrymen are
+interested, and which are before them by appeal from the inferior
+jurisdictions. Even justice here is obtained by favor and
+solicitation. In other respects, my situation is more agreeable than I
+could have expected. I live on the best footing with almost the whole
+_corps diplomatique_. The Ministers of Saxony and Prussia seem much
+disposed to induce their Courts to open a direct commerce with
+America, particularly if the war continues. For this purpose, they
+have demanded and obtained from me, all the information in my power to
+give them, with every motive that I could employ, to persuade their
+respective Courts to engage heartily in this measure. If it is
+adopted, the Maritime Company at Berlin, under the King's immediate
+protection, and the Elector or his Ministers in the name of companies
+of commerce, will be concerned in the first speculations. I do not
+enter into details on this subject until I see whether these Courts
+are serious in their intentions.
+
+The advances and offers made me by the Minister of Sweden, have
+rendered me less sanguine. He assures me it was insinuated to his
+Sovereign by the French Minister, that it would be impolitic in him to
+incur the ill will of England, by precipitating an acknowledgment of
+our independence previous to its being acknowledged by the rest of
+Europe. I wait with impatience for your instructions and information.
+In the month of December, all our public accounts here will be
+arranged, when I shall do myself the honor to transmit copies. I
+cannot conclude, without mentioning that a Mr Littlepage, from
+Virginia, has acquired reputation by his gallant conduct in the
+expedition against Mahon, where he served as Aid-de-camp to the Duc de
+Crillon, and since at Gibraltar, where he acted in the same capacity.
+The Prince de Nassau, with whom he served as a volunteer on board his
+floating battery, rendered public justice to his character at Court.
+You will permit me also to mention Mr Harrison to you as one, who, by
+his conduct, which has acquired him universal esteem, merits the
+attention of Congress whenever it shall be judged proper to appoint a
+consul at Cadiz, of which place he now performs the functions, with
+great trouble and considerable expense.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+            COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                       St Lorenzo, October 14th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The king has resolved that the English frigate, the Lord Howe, carried
+into Cadiz by some Americans and part of the crew, shall be publicly
+sold, ship and cargo, and the value of both be deposited, at the order
+of Congress and yourself. I communicate this to you, that being
+thoroughly informed, you may take such measures as you think proper,
+and determine immediately what is to be done with the American and
+English seamen on board the said vessel. I wish for occasions to
+serve you, and that God may preserve you many years.
+
+                                              COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Madrid, October 29th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The state of uncertainly in which every one here has been for some
+time, respecting the motions of the combined and British fleets, to
+relieve, or prevent the relief of Gibraltar, joined to a general
+embargo at Cadiz, and the want of other occasions, has prevented me
+from doing myself the honor of addressing you since the 29th ultimo. I
+hope you will be persuaded that my time has been devoted to no other
+pursuits than those which my duty dictates. Enclosed I have the honor
+to send a particular relation of the most interesting circumstances
+which have passed in this interval. I have had occasion to compare
+this intelligence with that of others, and particularly with letters
+written by a marine officer in this service, but at the same time
+employed to convey information to another Court, and I find upon the
+whole my correspondent conforms with others in the most material
+points, and enters into more minute details than those I have seen
+from other quarters.
+
+My letters of the 26th and 29th will have advised you of the steps I
+have taken to obtain redress on affairs interesting to individuals,
+and to our commerce in general. The enclosed copy of a letter from his
+Excellency the Count de Florida Blanca, will show that my endeavors
+have not been entirely ineffectual. The affair of the duties is still
+under deliberation. As soon as Mr Harrison shall have disposed of the
+Lord Howe, I shall address the Minister on the subject of the Dover
+cutter; there can then be no pretence for detention or delay. I have
+since my last received advice from Paris, but not from our
+commissioners, that the difficulties with respect to the powers of the
+British Plenipotentiary have been obviated, and that a separate agent
+has been named to treat with us. But on this head you will have more
+ample information than it is in my power to give you.
+
+I am also informed, that M. Rayneval, brother to M. Gerard, has gone
+to London. This circumstance renders the appearance of the negotiation
+more serious. I am persuaded the greatest obstacles to a pacification
+will come from this quarter. It is difficult to relinquish favorite
+ideas, of which to attain the accomplishment, so much treasure has
+hitherto been spent in vain. Perhaps it will be best for us that we
+have not concluded a treaty here, which we have so long solicited.
+
+The expedition mentioned in my last, is certainly resolved on. The
+Count d'Estaing it is said will have the command, and will sail from
+Cadiz with between forty and fifty sail of the line, and ten or twelve
+thousand troops. The squadron at Brest is fitting for sea, and is to
+consist of eight or ten sail of the line. It is conjectured it will
+sail as soon as Lord Howe's return is known. If the junction is formed
+in time, this formidable force, under the command of an officer
+distinguished for his zeal and activity, may hasten the negotiations.
+
+The answers to my letters to Holland, on the subject of the Russian
+loan, and to those which I have procured others to write to Genoa on
+the same point, inform me that it fills slowly. That of Spain for
+three millions will be obtained. I have no doubt of the truth of my
+information on this subject. In Portugal they pay dear for the gold
+they obtain from thence. The depreciation is greater than ever, and to
+prevent its further progress, is one of the most serious objects of
+the attention of the Ministry. No changes since my last have taken
+place in the general system of Europe, or in this Cabinet, except that
+the Count de Florida Blanca has joined another department in the
+Ministry to that which he before occupied, viz. that of Grace and
+Justice, vacant by the death of M. Rode. Of course he will have more
+to do than ever, and I shall be obliged to remind him more frequently
+of our little affairs.
+
+My situation with respect to American information is exceedingly
+disagreeable. I hear of arrivals in France, and of letters being
+received by our Ministers there, without any for me; I am persuaded
+that the blame falls on European curiosity. I expect soon to have an
+occasion of writing to you, when I shall do myself the honor to
+transmit you any further particulars that may appear worthy of your
+notice. I cannot help repeating that notwithstanding the appearance of
+peace, the preparations for war are as vigorous as ever.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, November 28th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have been favored with your letter of the 8th of July; those you
+mention to have written on the 5th and 12th of March and the 2d of
+July, never reached me. I regret that you had no directions from Mr
+Jay to open his letters, as those you forwarded contained much
+information that might have been useful to you, on which account I was
+less particular than I should otherwise have been in mine to you.
+
+The great business of the negotiation being transferred to Paris, you
+will have more leisure to attend to the general politics of the Court
+you are at, and to procure every species of intelligence, which may
+serve to regulate our conduct here. We have yet had no information
+except what you mention, of any new proffer of their mediation by the
+Imperial Courts; it is an important object, and I wish you to throw
+all the light you possibly can upon it; as we are particularly anxious
+to know the substance of the answer, which you suppose to have been
+given to it by Spain. You need never be under the least apprehensions
+in vouching boldly for this country, that it will make no peace which
+is inconsistent with its engagement to its allies. Perhaps this string
+skilfully touched may lead nations who have hitherto kept aloof, to
+form connexions which may bind us to them.
+
+The enclosed resolutions will show you the sense of Congress on that
+subject; and the resolutions, which you will see in some of the papers
+sent you, expressive of the same sentiments from almost every separate
+legislature, will show that the fidelity of this country is
+incorruptible.
+
+The season of the year affords no military intelligence. Our troops
+are in quarters at West Point. The French army are waiting at
+Providence such orders as the operations in the West Indies may
+suggest. Their fleet is still at Boston. The America, built at
+Portsmouth, is added to them. She is pronounced by connaisseurs to be
+a very fine ship; should she answer their expectations, we may hope
+to build others for European powers. This would be a very important
+commercial object, and as such deserves attention.
+
+General Carleton has restrained the savages from continuing the war,
+which they have so long carried on against our frontiers; and Haldiman
+has suffered those they had led into captivity to return on parole, so
+that we have reason to hope that a little more humanity will mark
+their future operations in this country, if ever they should find
+themselves sufficiently strong to venture from behind their ramparts.
+This consideration, together with the intercession of the Court of
+France, has induced Congress to forego their intended retaliation on
+Captain Asgill, who is discharged from his confinement and suffered to
+go to New York on parole.
+
+You will find in the enclosed papers, all the intelligence we have
+with respect to the proposed evacuation of Charleston. We have been in
+daily expectation of hearing that it was abandoned for a long time
+past, but have not as yet had our expectations answered.
+
+The enclosed resolution will inform you that Mr Boudinot is President
+in the room of Mr Hanson. Congress have again appointed Mr Jefferson
+one of their Ministers for making peace. I have not yet been informed
+whether he accepts the appointment, though I have some reason to
+conclude he will.
+
+Mr Stewart going to Paris affords me a safe opportunity of sending a
+cypher there for you; and if Mr Jay can contrive to get it to you
+without inspection, you will be enabled to correspond with more
+latitude in future.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 10th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 5th instant I did myself the honor to address you. To that
+letter and those of the 29th of October, and of the 17th of November,
+I beg leave to refer you for the occurrences during that period.
+
+I have now the pleasure to inform you, that I have just been shown a
+copy in French, of a treaty signed the 30th ult. between the United
+States and Great Britain, by our Commissioners and Mr Oswald, in which
+the essential objects desired by Congress have been obtained. Not
+having it in my power to take a copy, I confine myself to inform you,
+that it consists of nine articles, of which the principal are a
+renunciation, in the strongest terms, of all sovereignty claimed by
+the King of Great Britain for himself and his successors. A
+description of the limits of the States agreeably to the ultimata of
+Congress, as nearly as I can recollect from a cursory perusal; the
+right of fishery on the Great Bank accorded; the same on the coasts of
+Nova Scotia, in the Straits of Labrador, and the Gulf of St Lawrence,
+with the permission to cure and dry our fish on all the uninhabited
+parts of Nova Scotia and Labrador, the Islands of Magdaline and
+Newfoundland excepted; with a proviso that this permission is to cease
+whenever the said coasts and islands shall be inhabited, unless leave
+shall be demanded and obtained previously of the inhabitants thereof;
+a recommendation of Congress to the States in favor of the British who
+have not borne arms, possessing property in America; of the
+non-residents and loyal inhabitants in the same predicament, &c. &c.
+&c. But this article depends entirely on the recommendations of
+Congress, the States being the final arbiters.
+
+Great Britain in this treaty associates the States in their right of
+the free navigation of the river Mississippi, and also in that of the
+river St Mary's. All places in possession of the enemy belonging to
+the United States to be restored, with the cannon, &c. &c. which shall
+appear to have been their property, together with the public and
+private archives, which may have fallen into their hands; all
+conquests made on the one part or the other after the signature, to be
+restored. This treaty is conditional, that is, not to take place until
+France has concluded a peace with Great Britain. Neither Spain nor
+Holland are mentioned in it. If political vengeance is ever
+justifiable, it is on the present occasion. You will pardon the hasty
+manner in which I wrote this. A desire of augmenting your sources of
+information will, I hope, plead my apology. I am much afraid that my
+situation here will be more disagreeable than ever. I flatter myself,
+that my political conduct has been such as not to draw upon me
+personal resentments. I hope, at all events, I have conducted myself
+in a manner not to have merited censure, if circumstances have not
+permitted me to acquire approbation. For the rest, I have a full
+reliance on the wisdom of Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, December 30th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 10th instant I had the honor to inform you, that I had seen a
+French translation of a conditional treaty, concluded between the
+Commissioners of the United States at Paris, and Mr Oswald on the part
+of Great Britain, the 30th ult. I have since received a letter from Dr
+Franklin enclosing a copy of it. I hope it will be satisfactory to
+Congress, and the people at large. Various are the reflections to
+which this event has given rise here. I am persuaded that this Court
+was far from expecting that Great Britain would make the concessions
+she has made to the States. The surprise, and even the chagrin of
+several of the Ministers and their adherents were apparent, and from
+the instant they received the intelligence, I am convinced their
+attention has been turned to peace.
+
+It has been suggested, that our Commissioners signed this treaty
+without the privity of the Court of France. This suggestion was made
+with a view to pacify this Court, and to calm the resentment, which at
+Versailles, it was supposed, might be conceived here on this account.
+The means employed prove that the French Ministry apprehended this
+resentment, but were in no manner sufficient to answer the purpose
+they were intended to serve. The Count de Florida Blanca, speaking of
+France upon this occasion, said to a friend of mine with some emotion,
+the French Ministry was too precipitate in beginning the war, and is
+equally so in their endeavors to conclude it. M. Musquiz, the Minister
+of Finance, and M. Del Campo have expressed the same sentiments, and
+have insinuated to some, that France concerted this measure with our
+Commissioners to force Spain to a peace. To others they expressed
+their apprehensions that Lord Shelburne had duped the French cabinet.
+They fear the duplicity of the latter Minister, and this fear joined
+to their present situation has, probably, rendered them more
+reasonable in their demands and concessions. They will now style this
+conduct moderation. I conjecture this, because the Count de Florida
+Blanca, speaking to the Russian Minister on the subject of the peace,
+told him, that were the propositions on the part of Spain towards an
+accommodation known, all Europe would be convinced of the moderation
+of his Catholic Majesty, and that for his part, he should have no
+objection to make them public.
+
+On the 28th instant a courier was despatched to Paris, with
+instructions to the Count d'Aranda. On the 18th, one was sent to the
+same Minister, with propositions which were then regarded as their
+ultimata. It is now rumored in the palace, that Spain had consented to
+leave Gibraltar in the possession of England. Since the departure of
+this courier the Count de Florida Blanca has spoken of the peace as
+certain, if the British Ministry are candid. As soon as I received
+advice of the treaty above mentioned, I consulted the French
+Ambassador on the part I had to act here. I apprehended that it would
+be improper for me to act longer in a public character, after the
+acknowledgment by Great Britain, without being received in all
+respects as such. He felt the delicacy of my situation, and advised me
+to remain tranquil until the fate of a negotiation for a general
+pacification was known. In consequence, I have confined myself to mere
+personal civilities, and have neither addressed nor solicited the
+Minister on any affair since.
+
+The affair of the Dover cutter remains in the same situation. The
+Ministry have consented to diminish a third part of the duties
+demanded on the produce of the West Indies imported in American
+vessels. Mr Harrison has not been obliged to pay as yet those duties
+at Cadiz. I have just received a letter from the Marquis de Lafayette,
+who arrived at that port the 23d instant, having preceded the French
+fleet of nine sail and seven thousand troops, which sailed from Brest
+the 7th. The letter was calculated for inspection, and intended to
+excite in this Ministry, distrust of Lord Shelburne, and to induce
+them to furnish Congress with funds for the prosecution of the war. I
+received it by post, and answered it in the same style, by the same
+conveyance. I also made use of the hints to throw out to persons, who
+I know will convey them to the Ministry.
+
+They cannot procure sufficient funds for their own expenses. They have
+just opened a loan of one hundred and eighty millions of reals, of
+which it is proposed to receive two thirds in cash, and the other in
+obligations of debts contracted in the reign of Philip the Fifth. The
+duties on tobacco are engaged for the payment of the interest, which
+is three per cent in perpetuity, and seven per cent in annuities.
+These are the outlines of the proposed plan, I have seen the brouillon
+of the schedule, which is not yet published. No great success is
+expected from this loan. On the 20th an assembly of the subscribers to
+the bank of San Carlos was held to choose directors and other
+officers, and to deliberate on further means for its establishment.
+The Governor of the Council of Castile presided at this assembly, the
+Minister of Finance was present, as likewise were the First Under
+Secretaries of the different departments of government. I found means
+to procure admittance to this meeting. Every proposition made by the
+projector, (M. Cabarrus) was unanimously agreed to. There were no
+speeches except to applaud the bounty of the King, who, to enable the
+bank to commence its operations, has granted thirty millions of reals
+in specie, and to the same amount in grain for the supply of the army,
+navy, &c. The directors chosen are much my friends, and have promised
+to give America the preference in all articles which it can furnish
+for the use of the marine, &c. &c. These directors as I advised you in
+former letters, are charged with the supplies for the army, navy, &c.
+with a commission of ten per cent to the profit of the bank. It will
+commence its proceedings in the month of April, with a capital of
+between four and five million of dollars.
+
+I have mentioned, that I was formally visited by many members of the
+_corps diplomatique_, after the signature of the treaty with Great
+Britain. It may not be improper to acquaint you with the names of the
+respective countries of those who were the first to pay me their
+compliments on this occasion. The Ambassadors of Vienna and Venice,
+the Ministers of Russia, Prussia, Saxony, and Treves, and the _Charge
+d'Affaires_ of Denmark, paid me this respect. Most of them, but
+particularly the latter, seemed desirous of being informed of the
+method Congress proposed to take for the interchange of Ministers. Not
+knowing the sentiments of Congress on this subject, I replied, that
+whenever they chose to make official application to me, I would take
+the earliest opportunity of laying them before that body. Should
+Congress judge proper to employ persons at any of these Courts, permit
+me to suggest that the title of Minister will greatly augment the
+expense of these missions. That title obliges their servants to
+support an equipage and appearance, in some degree suitable to their
+rank; which often renders it improper for them to associate with those
+from whom the most useful information is to be obtained. The King of
+Prussia has adopted this system, and I am told the Emperor means to do
+the same.
+
+In my next letter I expect to send copies of all our public accounts
+here, and am taking every proper step to prepare for my departure from
+hence, in case the Court should not change its conduct. I shall
+endeavor to behave on this occasion, in the manner least offensive
+possible, as well in consideration for the interests of our allies, as
+from a wish to prevent the Ministry from having any reasonable
+pretexts for disgust. For this purpose I have consulted, and shall
+continue to consult, the French Ambassador, as also the Marquis de
+Lafayette, whom I will induce to come hither should the peace take
+place, of which I have little doubt.
+
+The divisions in Holland, are higher than ever. The King of Prussia
+seems disposed to take a part in them in favor of the Stadtholder.
+These divisions will probably be fatal to the interests of that
+country at the peace, and afford a striking example of the necessity
+of union in similar governments. I cannot refrain from adding, that
+our friends are apprehensive of animosities and jealousies between the
+States in our confederation, and that it seems to be the hope of our
+enemies. With the most fervent wishes that the latter may be
+disappointed,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Madrid, January 18th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the satisfaction to receive some days ago your letters of the
+6th of July and the 12th of September, and am sorry that of the many
+which I have had the honor to write you in the course of the spring
+and summer, none had yet reached you. I hope that this circumstance,
+which causes me the greatest affliction, will not induce you or others
+to believe that I have missed any safe occasion of writing to you. Had
+I been possessed of a cypher, I flatter myself there would have been
+less occasion for this complaint. I have been, and am at present
+obliged to avail myself of private conveyances to forward my letters
+to the sea-ports of France and Spain; these occasions do not offer so
+frequently as I could desire. Indeed, few American vessels have sailed
+from Bilboa this summer, and the embargo at Cadiz during part of the
+campaign, prevented me from sending letters regularly from that port.
+Five vessels by which my letters were forwarded have been taken by the
+enemy, and others, which I was constrained to send by post to L'Orient
+and other ports of France, taking all the means in my power to prevent
+their being inspected, although sent from hence in the months of July
+and August, were not received by my correspondents until the 16th of
+October. I have received several packets of newspapers from your
+quarter without any letters. I must confess to you, that this kind of
+intelligence is very expensive, every packet costing me from five to
+ten dollars, and we have no allowance for extraordinary expenses.
+
+Since my last of the 31st ult. I have repeatedly insinuated to those
+who have the confidence of the Ministers, my apprehensions that the
+conduct of Spain would oblige Congress to take steps very different
+from what were their intentions when they sent Mr Jay and myself to
+this Court; that I saw with pain, the use which Great Britain hoped to
+make of our resentment; and to give weight to these insinuations, I
+availed myself of the letters, which the Marquis de Lafayette has done
+me the honor to address me from Cadiz. I know these hints have been
+conveyed to the Ministry, and am assured underhand, that I shall have
+soon reason to be satisfied. To these assurances I replied, that with
+all the desire I had to contribute to a lasting harmony between the
+two countries, it would be impossible for me, consistent with
+propriety and the idea I had of the dignity of my constituents, to
+remain here longer unless received formally in the character with
+which I had been honored by Congress, adding, that I should not be
+surprised to receive letters of recall. The methods taken to persuade
+me to be tranquil a little longer, prove that the Court thinks
+seriously of its situation with respect to the United States, but it
+will always be with reluctance and an ill grace, that it will consent
+to do what it ought to have done long ago generously.
+
+Some small circumstances persuade me that M. Gardoqui will shortly be
+despatched. He applies himself to the French language with much
+assiduity, and throws out hints, that he shall soon pay a visit to his
+wife, whom he has not seen for two years and a half. I am also told by
+a lady much esteemed by M. Del Campo, that he means shortly to leave
+Spain, for he has promised her that at his departure, he will give her
+a set of horses to which he is much attached. It is possible he may
+be sent to aid the Count d'Aranda to arrange the commercial articles
+of the peace, of which the preliminary articles are supposed by this
+time to be signed.
+
+The two last mentioned gentlemen have frequently spoke to me of the
+disadvantages of their commercial connexions with England, and I have
+seized the opportunity of endeavoring to convince them, that by
+according certain advantages to our fisheries, and by contracting with
+us for tobacco, &c. instead of taking the latter article from
+Portugal, they may at the same time prejudice their natural enemies,
+and perpetuate a future good understanding with America. Similar
+representations have been made by me with respect to such articles
+furnished by the northern powers, and which the States can supply.
+However, I trust more to the interest I have with the perpetual
+directors of the bank to obtain these advantages, than to any
+influence of either of these gentlemen.
+
+I have just been shown a copy of the proclamation of pardon and
+indemnity granted to those concerned in the insurrection at Santa Fe
+and the adjacent provinces; it was published the 12th of August, 1782.
+Although the Viceroy endeavors to preserve the dignity and honor of
+the Crown in the expressions of this peace, yet, in fact, it accords
+all the concessions demanded by the malcontents. These disturbances
+and the expensive expeditions of the Galvez family, have not only
+consumed the revenues of the Crown in Spanish America received during
+the war, but mortgaged them for some years to come. I am also
+informed, that the Court means soon to publish a new tariff on the
+imports to this country. I know that such a measure has been more than
+two years in agitation, and I believe, it will bear hard on the
+commerce of other nations.
+
+I refer you to former letters for particulars respecting the
+negotiations for peace, I will only add, that the Ministry now desire
+the conclusion of the war, and even are apprehensive of the duplicity
+of the British cabinet, which apprehensions it is the interest of
+others to excite and increase. I converse often with those who have
+their confidence; I know their wants and their fears of not having
+resources for the continuance of the war, and I am confident they
+desire peace, and fear the reverse. The expedition from Cadiz would
+not be ready until towards the end of the month, if it were found
+necessary to despatch it. Fortyeight sail of the line, and from
+eighteen to twenty thousand men, and not from ten to twelve thousand,
+as mentioned in my last, are to be employed in this expedition. The
+siege of Gibraltar is obstinately and unprofitably continued, and the
+King is made to believe that in the course of the year it will be
+taken by sap.
+
+I have received letters from Paris, which advise me that bills for my
+salary had been mentioned by you to have been sent, but that they had
+not come to hand. Your letters, and one I received from Mr Morris,
+give me the same information. I could wish that my salary should be
+transmitted directly to me from your department, but as it does not
+appear convenient, I have directed Mr John Ross to receive it, and I
+hope you will have the goodness to facilitate him the means of doing
+it. A mistake, which is not yet corrected by Messrs Drouilliet, our
+bankers here, in the account they delivered me some time ago, prevents
+me from transmitting the public accounts with this letter, but in the
+course of a few days, I hope they will be complete, when I will do
+myself the honor of forwarding them, together with my account against
+the public. I am in much distress for the arrears. I conclude with
+fervent wishes, that every future year may present the affairs of the
+United States in the same favorable point of view, in which they
+appear it the commencement of the present; and with sincere thanks for
+your indulgence hitherto,
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 21st, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor to address you on the 31st of December, and the 18th
+and 30th of January, to which letters I beg leave to refer you for the
+particular occurrences during that period.
+
+I have now the pleasure to inform you, that the Court of Spain has at
+length thought proper to receive me formally as the _Charge
+d'Affaires_ of the United States. The letters above mentioned will
+have advised you of the political motives, which induced me to wish
+the presence of the Marquis de Lafayette. They will also have informed
+you of the means I employed, and which his correspondence enabled me
+to employ more efficaciously, to impress this Court with an idea of
+the necessity of immediately acknowledging the independence of the
+United States.[14] Since they were written, the Count de Montmorin had
+a long conversation on the subject of our affairs with the King, and
+afterwards with the Count de Florida Blanca. The King's answer to the
+Ambassador's representations was, _we shall see_. The Minister
+appeared still desirous of procrastinating.
+
+On the ---- instant, the Marquis de Lafayette arrived, and with that
+zeal and ardor, which ever influenced him when the interests of the
+United States were in question, immediately consulted with me on the
+steps to be taken with the Minister. I informed him of what I had
+done.
+
+We were of the same opinion, viz. that he should seize the first
+opportunity of speaking to the Count de Florida Blanca, on the subject
+of our affairs. He did so, communicating to me the particulars of the
+conversation. As the Marquis proposes to address you by the same
+vessel, by which you will receive this letter, I refer you to his
+circumstantial relation of his conferences. My reception in a public
+character has been the result; and last night the Marquis accompanied
+me to an audience of the Minister. He was content with my reception,
+and personally I had no reason to be dissatisfied. The Count de
+Florida Blanca remarked to me, smiling, that he thought that I had
+left Madrid. I did not choose, as things were in so good a train, to
+enter into a discussion of the reasons which induced me to forbear my
+visits to him, and therefore only replied, that I never found myself
+so well at Madrid as at present. It is unnecessary to repeat such
+parts of the conversation as were merely personal. His expressions of
+friendship for the Marquis were unbounded, and the latter omitted no
+opportunity of pressing, in the strongest manner, the Minister to take
+speedy and effectual measures to convince the States of the desire of
+his Catholic Majesty to cultivate their amity.
+
+The Marquis informs me, that he sent you a copy of the letter he wrote
+to the Minister, in order to obtain a written answer, conceding points
+to which he had agreed in conversation. He pressed an answer to this
+letter, and was assured by the Count de Florida Blanca, that he should
+have it on the Saturday morning following, and that it would be
+satisfactory. The Count invited me to dine with him on that day as
+_Charge d'Affaires_ of America, and as I had suggested to the Marquis,
+that I should choose a written invitation in the customary form, the
+Marquis took the Count aside and spoke to him of it, in the
+Ambassador's name. The latter admitted the propriety of the proposal,
+and promised to send it. There is but one circumstance which occasions
+a difficulty with respect to my presentation, it has hitherto been the
+etiquette to present no _Charge d'Affaires_ to the King and royal
+family, except those from France and Vienna. The Count mentioned this
+to us, but at the same time said, I should be received in the most
+honorable manner. Personally these distinctions will never influence
+my conduct, but nationally, I should wish to obtain every mark of
+honor possible for the representatives of the United States. For this
+reason I gave it as my opinion to the Marquis, that I ought not to go
+to Court until this point was settled. His sentiments were the same.
+
+There are, however, difficulties to be apprehended in the attainment
+of this object. The short stay of the Marquis here, the necessity of
+my being constantly with him, the desire he has shown to treat me on
+all occasions, and in the most public manner as the representative of
+the country he serves, and to be introduced by me everywhere; all
+these circumstances have engaged so much of my attention and time, as
+to preclude me from entering into further details; details which will
+be unnecessary after those you will assuredly receive from himself. It
+is the happiest circumstance of my life, that the man whose services I
+was instrumental in procuring to my country, should be the one to whom
+in a great measure I owe my first public appearance at the Court of
+Spain.
+
+The precipitate departure of the Marquis prevents me from copying, in
+time for this conveyance, the public accounts. In ten days they will
+all be complete, and I hope I shall be enabled, by our Minister in
+France, to pay the balances, which are not considerable, and by that
+means commence our political career here with the credit and
+reputation, which we have hitherto preserved.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] See the letters here referred to in _M. de Lafayette's
+Correspondence_, in the present work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Madrid, March 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor to address you on the 18th and 30th of January, and
+the 21st ult. In the last I advised you, that this Court had consented
+to receive me in a public character, and as such I had been formally
+invited to dine with the _corps diplomatique_, at the Count de Florida
+Blanca's table. On the 22d ultimo, accompanied by the Marquis de
+Lafayette, I went to the Pardo, the present residence of the royal
+family, where we dined together, a circumstance which not a little
+surprised several of the foreign Ministers, who knew that I had for
+some time neglected to pay my court there. Those of Russia and Vienna
+were particularly curious. From their conduct then and since, I am
+persuaded they are mortified in having led their respective Courts to
+believe, that a connexion between the United States and Spain was more
+distant than it appears to be at present.
+
+The not having as yet been presented, occasioned many conjectures, and
+subjects me to many questions. I have been asked by several of the
+foreign Ministers, if I meant to pay the usual visits, and to make the
+customary notifications of this event to the _corps diplomatique_
+here. I have in general replied, that I had not determined as yet what
+would be my conduct on the occasion, but that certainly, if presented
+in the absence of Mr Jay, I should visit none, however great my
+personal respect might be for them, without being previously informed,
+that they would return my visit. It is my opinion, I ought to wait on
+none but those of France, Holland, and Prussia; the latter, because on
+his presentation to the royal family, he paid the same compliment to
+me as to others. I presume that my presentation will not take place,
+until the Count de Florida Blanca receives an answer from the Count
+d'Aranda, whom he directed to communicate to Mr Jay the present
+disposition of this Court.
+
+On the 15th ult. the Court of Portugal thought proper to repeal an
+ordinance, published the 5th of July, 1776, prohibiting the entry of
+all American vessels into the ports of Portugal, &c. &c., and
+directing in future, that they shall be treated on the same footing as
+those of other nations in friendship with that Crown.
+
+On the 30th of January I had the honor to inform you, that it was more
+than probable that the Emperor and Russia meditated great designs. It
+has been my constant endeavor since to procure information on that
+head. I will not pretend to give as authentic, the result of my
+inquiries, although I have collected my information from various
+persons in a situation of knowing what passes at these Courts. From
+these I have collected, that in the month of April, 1780, the Courts
+of Vienna and Petersburg adopted the project of attacking the Turkish
+empire in Europe, and at that period concluded an eventual partition
+treaty. In order to have time to make the necessary preparations for
+this war, and to conceal their real intentions, these Courts offered
+their mediation to the belligerent powers, and proposed a general
+Congress, in which they hoped to embroil matters still further, and to
+retard the peace. The Courts of France and Spain were aware of their
+intention, and although they accepted the proffered offer of
+mediation, they evaded, under different pretexts, fixing either the
+place or the time for assembling the Congress. I remarked, that soon
+after the signature of our provisional treaty with Great Britain, the
+Ambassador of the Emperor and the Russian Minister were very uneasy,
+and exceedingly inquisitive to know whether there would be a general
+Congress or not, sounding me on that subject on a supposition, that I
+should be advised of it by Dr Franklin. Lately, they have circulated a
+report, that the Congress would be held at Vienna. The Count de
+Montmorin, who was compromitted in this rumor, took an opportunity to
+mention publicly, that neither _viva voce_, nor by letter had he given
+the least surmise that would authorise it. Since, from the same
+quarter, it has been insinuated, that the Courts of Vienna and
+Petersburg had taken their measures, and would not be deterred from
+the prosecution of them.
+
+Great pains have been taken to persuade others, that the King of
+Prussia had acceded to this confederation on consideration of
+Courland, and that part of Silesia, still in possession of the
+Austrian family, being ceded to him. This gained credit even at Court,
+and my intimacy with the Prussian Minister induced me to speak of it
+to him in a friendly way, as a circumstance that would be prejudicial
+to his negotiation here. He then assured me he had no information on
+the subject, and on my naming to him the source from whence I had my
+information, he cautiously avoided appearing united with the Imperial
+and Russian representatives, and a day or two ago positively assured
+me, that he had received letters from the King, which authorised him
+to say, that there was no foundation for this rumor. He made, I
+believe, the same communication to the Count de Montmorin, and further
+observed to me, that the Court of Vienna had made use of the same
+artifice to induce the Elector of Bavaria to consent to a
+dismemberment of his country.
+
+The last letters from the north speak much of the great preparations
+for war, making in the Austrian and Russian dominions. The firm
+conduct of the Court of France may dissipate this storm, if the
+accession of the Court of Prussia to this confederation should not
+prove true. I have been assured from a very good quarter, that Lord
+Shelburne saw with uneasiness the intentions of the Emperor and
+Russia. But the late triumphs of his opponents in Parliament will
+probably oblige him to resign. The preliminary articles of peace,
+particularly those with the United States, were very ill received. The
+address of thanks in the lower House was negatived by a majority of
+sixteen, and carried in the upper by eight only. Lord Grantham told
+the _Charge d'Affaires_ of Spain, that the treaty with America had
+been the ruin of Lord Shelburne's administration; that he expected to
+be obliged to give in his resignation also, for which reason he could
+not proceed in his negotiation, until he saw whether the
+administration, of which he was a member, kept its ground or not.
+
+Thus for the present all is anarchy and confusion in England. The same
+spirit of division seems to have seized the army and navy. There have
+been great riots at Portsmouth. The scarcity of grain may occasion
+similar disturbances in different parts of the kingdom. The Danish
+Envoy at this Court has just communicated to me letters, which he has
+received from his Court, in answer to those which he wrote in
+consequence of his conversation with me on the subject of the treaty
+between the United States and Denmark. The Minister advises him, in
+order to accelerate this affair, that the King had thought proper to
+send to Paris a person, with powers to treat with Dr Franklin. That
+this gentleman was to leave Copenhagen the middle of February, and had
+instructions to communicate to him the result of his conferences with
+Dr Franklin, and that he himself had orders to impart to me this
+correspondence. He added, that the King was sincerely disposed to
+cultivate an amity with the States, that Denmark would make
+Christianstand a free port to the commerce of America, and give it
+every other advantage in Europe and the West Indies, which could be
+reasonably desired. He finished, by entreating me to make known these
+sentiments to Congress.
+
+The Saxon Minister daily expects permission to give me extracts from
+such despatches of his Court to him as relate to our affairs, in
+order to convince Congress of the early desire of the Elector to form
+connexions between the citizens of the States and his subjects. The
+Minister of Sweden is much mortified, that the negotiation which he
+commenced with me should have been taken out of his hands, and given
+to the Ambassador from that Court at Paris. He informs me that a
+treaty of amity and commerce is on the point of being concluded, if
+not already signed, by Dr Franklin and the Swedish representative at
+Paris.
+
+Thus, Sir, we have the pleasure to see arrive, the period when our
+friendship is solicited by most of the European nations. As we shall
+have, undoubtedly, a considerable commerce in the Mediterranean, it is
+to be wished that early measures may be taken to cultivate the
+friendship of the States of Barbary. It has been reported here, that
+Spain will make another attempt on Algiers as soon as the definitive
+treaty is signed.
+
+The bank, so often mentioned in former letters, will very soon
+commence its operations. The subscription fills fast, and the
+directors assure me they shall be able to fulfil what they have
+promised to the public. The directors for the supply of the army and
+navy, have engaged to give America the preference for such supplies as
+they may from time to time stand in need of from thence, and for this
+purpose have taken from me the address of mercantile houses in the
+different States. I mention this, in order that the different members
+in Congress may be enabled to inform their constituents, who, perhaps,
+might choose to furnish supplies of the produce of the States to which
+they belong to this country, and who may be able to do it on better
+terms than the parties I have recommended. The articles most in
+demand will be masts, spars, tar, pitch, turpentine, flour, grain,
+fish, &c. The tariff, mentioned in my last, excites universal
+complaint; there is scarce a Minister from a maritime Court, who is
+not preparing to make remonstrances. I shall see what success they
+have, and regulate my conduct thereby. If we obtain any partial
+advantages, they must be derived from treaty, and the desire of Spain
+to cultivate our friendship.
+
+The Court has not yet named a Minister to the United States. Indeed,
+it is difficult to find a proper person for this employment. I
+proposed to a M. Jose Llanos, a gentleman highly respected here for
+his abilities and his agreeable manners, this commission. He is nephew
+of the Duke d'Osada, a favorite of the King. The proposal was received
+with great marks of satisfaction, and will contribute to secure his
+good will and friendship, as well as that of his uncle, if it answers
+no other purpose. The same Under Secretary in the foreign department,
+who is charged with the affairs of Great Britain, has also the
+direction of those of the United States. On being informed of this
+circumstance, I paid him my compliments, and shall neglect nothing
+which shall enable me to secure his good will, on which, in a great
+measure, depends the despatch of business which passes through his
+hands.
+
+Since my residence in this country, I have written several long
+letters to the Philadelphia Philosophical Society, in which, among
+other things, I recommended to its attention, the nomination of
+persons in this country as honorary members. I know not whether these
+letters ever came to hand, for which reason permit me to suggest to
+you, whether the nomination of the most distinguished literary
+characters in the different countries of Europe might not be useful.
+The suffrage of the republic of letters has contributed to give us a
+celebrity during the war, and this union formed with its chiefs in
+various countries, will secure useful connexions to our Ministers, as
+well as to the American youth who may travel for instruction. Should
+this idea meet your approbation, I would take the liberty of
+recommending the Count de Campomanes, Fiscal of the Council of
+Castile, the above mentioned Don Gaspar Jose Llanos, and the Abbe
+Gavarra, Secretary of the Academy of History.
+
+In consequence of your request to nominate a person to receive my
+salary, I have written to Mr John Ross to act for me. I have now more
+than three quarters due, and am absolutely obliged to live on credit.
+I am under great obligations to Dr Franklin for his kindness in
+assuming the bills, which I have been constrained to draw on him
+hitherto; but dare not draw for the amount of salary due me, lest he
+should not have funds. It is impossible for me to retrench my
+expenses, without, at the same time, depriving myself of the occasions
+of seeing frequently those here from whom alone useful information can
+be drawn.
+
+I am happy to have had the Marquis de Lafayette, a witness of my
+conduct, and I flatter myself that his testimony will convince you,
+that I have neglected nothing to conciliate the esteem of the best
+informed natives, and the most distinguished foreigners at this Court,
+from whom I could expect either countenance or intelligence. If
+possible, I will endeavor to send with this letter copies of all
+public accounts. Having no one to assist me in the comparing with the
+books and examining the number of bills which have been paid, their
+dates, &c. &c. in making out copies, and being but an indifferent
+accountant, I proceed more slowly than I desire in their arrangement.
+I hope Congress will finally have no reason to complain, as it has
+been and ever will be, my highest ambition to merit the confidence
+reposed in me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                          Philadelphia, May 7th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I congratulate you upon the turn our affairs are likely to take with
+you, and the prospect your letters open of a speedy connexion between
+us and the Court of Madrid. Her cold and distant conduct (which I much
+lament) has somewhat damped the ardor of this country to render that
+connexion as intimate as possible. No people in the world are more
+governed by their feelings than the Americans, of which the late war
+was a striking proof, and those feelings have been long sported with
+in Spain. Yet men of reflection see the propriety of overlooking the
+past, and forming in future a durable connexion.
+
+We are necessary to each other, and our mutual friendship must conduce
+to the happiness of both. Should Spain have the magnanimity to reject
+partial considerations, and offer such a treaty of commerce as her own
+true interest and ours require, we shall now lay the foundation of a
+friendship that will endure for ages. But should she contend with us
+for the free navigation of the Mississippi, which is now ours by the
+titles, should she deny us the privilege of cutting wood in the bays
+of Campeachy and Honduras while she grants it to the English, she
+will, without serving herself, injure us, and open the wounds which
+her kindness should close.
+
+I have no particular directions to give you with respect to your
+mission; your conduct is perfectly agreeable to Congress, and I doubt
+not that you will continue to pursue such a line as will render you
+most acceptable to the Court of Madrid. We have now no particular
+favors to ask, and the ground on which we stand, will, I hope,
+preserve us from future neglects, and enable you to obtain the
+practice you have been so long soliciting in those matters of a
+private nature which you mention.
+
+I am surprised to hear that you have not received your salary, since
+it has been regularly remitted every quarter to Dr Franklin ever since
+the first of January, 1782. By letters from Mr Lewis Morris, you will
+learn that the money paid here was laid out in bills of exchange at
+six shillings and threepence, this money, for five livres, and the
+bills sent out. This exchange was in your favor, but by the enclosed
+retrospective resolution, (passed in consequence of a representation
+from Dr Franklin, that the salaries should not depend upon the
+fluctuations of exchange,) Congress have deducted that advantage from
+the quarter's salary, which was due on the 1st of April. The balance
+will be paid in bills to Mr Ross, agreeably to your order, as soon as
+I can prevail on Mr Robert Morris to draw, which he says will be in a
+few days. No commission has been, or will be charged by me upon these
+money transactions, so that your salary will be five livres, five sous
+per dollar, considered at four shillings and sixpence sterling, not
+without deduction from the 1st of January, 1782.
+
+I need not tell you, that the terms of the provisional treaty were
+very acceptable here; all but those articles that relate to the
+loyalists, upon which subject I fear the recommendations of Congress
+when made, will not effect what is expected of them. Of this the
+unhappy people who are the objects of them appear to be very sensible,
+and are going in much greater numbers than I could wish, to Nova
+Scotia. Congress have ratified the treaty; we are now mutually
+discharging prisoners. We shall send in about six thousand men in good
+health and spirits, in return for a few hundred poor debilitated
+wretches who have lost their health in the prison-ships. You will be
+struck with the contrast between our conduct to the captives and
+theirs, when I assure you that out of one thousand men confined in
+close jail in Philadelphia for a twelvemonth, but sixteen died. Though
+the knowledge of this can answer no political purpose at present, it
+is not amiss that facts, which mark the humanity of a young nation
+should be known. The measures, which Congress have lately adopted for
+securing half pay to the troops, have given them satisfaction, and
+they look with patriotic pleasure to the hour of their dissolution. We
+have yet no knowledge of the time the British have fixed for the
+evacuation of New York, on which subject I imagine they have yet
+received no orders; though the communication between us and them is
+perfectly open at present. You will continue to employ your leisure in
+writing to us, and when no public business demands your attention, let
+us learn from you the political and commercial history of the Court
+and country you are in. In doing this I beg leave to remind you, that
+general histories are in everybody's hands. That minute details are
+requisite to an accurate knowledge of a country.
+
+I thank you for the information you have given relative to the siege
+of Gibraltar; it is curious and interesting.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 19th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A few days ago I had the satisfaction to receive a letter, which you
+did me the honor to write me the 7th of May. It is the only one which
+has reached me from the department of Foreign Affairs since the 12th
+of September, 1782. I am happy to find my conduct has the approbation
+of Congress. The delicate situation in which I have found myself here,
+and a total privation of intelligence from America, embarrassed me
+greatly; I was apprehensive, on the one hand, that a marked resentment
+of the coldness and delays of this Court might compromise our ally,
+and embroil still further our affairs here; and on the other, I felt
+that it was not decent longer to solicit the amity of a nation, which
+has long trifled with the proposals of the States. I was not
+authorised to negotiate, and if I had been, I had no instructions but
+those which were given to Mr Jay in 1779.
+
+Our affairs have taken such a different aspect since that period, that
+these could be of little use to me. Thus circumstanced, I contented
+myself with taking every opportunity of pointing out to the Count de
+Florida Blanca and others, the conduct which I presumed would be most
+advantageous to my country, while, at the same time, it would cement a
+lasting harmony between the two nations. I received constantly
+general assurances of the favorable disposition of the King; the
+letter transmitted by the Marquis de Lafayette, and those which I have
+had the honor to write to you before and since that period, will have
+informed you of the nature of them. I was induced to believe these
+assurances were sincere, more from the opinion that it was the true
+interest of this Court to follow that line of conduct, than from any
+confidence in the real good will or good faith of government here. Its
+apparent jealousy of our rising importance, and of our vicinity to
+their American possessions, joined to its past conduct, I think will
+justify these sentiments.
+
+A few days ago, the Minister of the Indies, speaking of America in
+general, wished the whole continent at the bottom of the ocean. I
+believe he has his particular reasons for this wish. The advice which
+I have had the honor to transmit you from time to time, of the
+discontents and disturbances in Mexico and Peru, will in some measure
+explain the cause of his dissatisfaction. The last intelligence
+received from Buenos Ayres is by no means agreeable. The Court keeps
+the most guarded silence on this subject, and the Minister has taken
+care to stop all letters of a late date brought by packets from that
+part of the world. I have, however, been informed by natives of
+consequence from these countries who reside here, and who pay their
+court every day to M. Galvez, that the spirit of revolt increases, and
+that the conduct of the officers civil and military sent from hence,
+is so odious and intolerable to all classes of people, that the worst
+consequences are to be apprehended. These Americans treat me with the
+cordiality of countrymen. The other night being at the Tertullia,
+(Assembly) of Madame Galvez, the Count d'Oreilly entered. I saw
+indignation immediately painted on their countenances, and one of them
+accosting me, said, "there, my countryman, is a specimen of the
+Governors they send us," alluding to the perfidy and cruelties of that
+General in Louisiana. I was cautious in my reply, as indeed, I have
+been in all conversations which I have had with these or others on
+this subject. The apprehensions, which the situation of their Colonies
+might be supposed to excite, do not appear to influence the conduct of
+the Count de Florida Blanca.
+
+In my letter of the 25th of June, I had the honor to submit to you my
+conjectures on the part Spain seemed disposed to take in the war
+commenced by Russia against the Turks. These conjectures have been
+confirmed by circumstances, which have since come to my knowledge. The
+Count de Florida Blanca takes an active part in negotiating and
+exciting the distrust of other nations against the supposed designs of
+the Imperial Courts. There have been frequent conferences of late
+between that Minister, the French and Portuguese Ambassadors, and the
+Count de Fernan Nunez, now here on _conge_ from Portugal. It is
+surmised, that the object of them is to exclude from the ports of the
+Court of Lisbon the fleet which Russia has talked of sending into the
+Mediterranean, and to avoid giving a pointed offence to the Empress by
+this exclusion, it is proposed to extend it to all nations at war.
+Many circumstances induce me to credit this surmise. The Russian
+Minister here is informed from Lisbon of this negotiation, and accuses
+the Portuguese Ambassador, (who is a weak and vain man) of being
+entirely gained by the court paid him here.
+
+Efforts have been made to engage the Genoese and Venetians to enter
+into the same views. I know the sentiments of the Ambassador from the
+latter Republic on this subject. He is piqued by the little confidence
+placed in him by this Court, on account of letters from him to his
+constituents, placing the affairs of this country in an unfavorable
+aspect. Copies of these letters have some how or other been procured
+by the Spanish Ambassador there, and transmitted hither. He advises
+the republic to remain neutral, notwithstanding the jealousies which
+others endeavor to inspire of the Emperor's intentions. That Prince
+continues to make the most formidable preparations, while at the same
+time he endeavors to persuade others, particularly the Court of
+France, that he does not enter into the designs of Russia. Your
+information from Paris will be much more accurate than any that I can
+give you on this subject. If the Court of Versailles was not well
+satisfied with the dispositions of this Court, the Count de Montmorin
+would not be permitted to return to France at this crisis. He talks of
+leaving Spain in the month of September, or sooner, should the
+definitive treaty be concluded. A courier is daily expected with the
+news of the signature.
+
+This intelligence will be the more agreeable, as doubts have been
+entertained of the intentions of the English cabinet. The frequent
+conferences of Mr Fox and the Russian Minister at London, and the
+permission given to Russian Commissaries to prepare for the reception
+of the fleets of that nation, may have excited these doubts. Mr Fox,
+in the course of the negotiations of the definitive treaty, has
+cavilled on every point, and raised difficulties and delays on every
+occasion. It would, perhaps, have facilitated the conclusion of our
+treaty with this country, if we could have adjusted the articles of it
+before theirs with Great Britain is signed. I am afraid it will be
+difficult to obtain permission to cut wood in the bays of Campeachy
+and Honduras. This point, as I informed you in my last, was a subject
+of long discussion at London. The limits occasioned the obstacles on
+the part of Spain. I have insinuated from time to time to the Count de
+Florida Blanca, the good effects the grant of this permission to the
+citizens of the United States would have in America. But M. Galvez, as
+Minister of the Indies, will be consulted on this point, as well as on
+that of the free navigation of the Mississippi, and I believe will
+obstruct as much as possible the cessions we desire. He is obstinate
+to the last degree, and rarely swerves from the system he has once
+adopted. Perseverance and steadiness on our part must from the nature
+of things probably prevail.
+
+There is no appearance of material changes in the Ministry here. It is
+said, the King is not satisfied with the new Minister of Marine. The
+friends of the Count d'Oreilly flattered themselves that he would be
+named Minister of war. But his return to his government of Andalusia,
+after a shorter stay than he intended, dissipated the expectations
+formed on this head. I paid him my court during the time he was here,
+in order to secure his influence in favor of our commerce at Cadiz.
+The appointment of a consul is very necessary at that port, and
+certainly no person will ever perform the functions of that office
+with more credit to himself and country than Mr Richard Harrison, who
+for three years past has gratuitously done all our business here.
+
+The time of the Count de Florida Blanca is so much occupied by
+projects of reform in the administration of the revenues, &c. and by
+the negotiations before mentioned, that it is difficult if not
+impracticable to see him, particularly while the Court is in the
+capital. He promised at Aranjues to give me a positive answer here
+with regard to my presentation to the King and royal family, but I
+have been so accustomed to promises and delays, that I have little
+expectations he will keep his word. I attend the answer of Congress to
+my letter of the 23d of May, in which I recapitulated the difficulties
+started on this subject.
+
+The expedition against Algiers sailed on the 2d instant. Enclosed I
+have the honor to send you a list of its force. The religious
+ceremonies observed previous to the departure of this armament, recall
+to mind those practised in the time of the crusades. A pompous
+procession, composed of the clergy of all orders, and of the civil and
+military officers at Carthagena, attended a miraculous image of the
+virgin of Mount Carmel, from the church to the port. There, with great
+ceremony, it was placed in the barge of Barcello, the chief of the
+expedition, who himself took the helm, and conducted it on board the
+Admiral's ship, parading through the fleet, which displayed its
+colors, and saluted with firing and music during the time the ceremony
+lasted. The image was reconducted to the altar from which it had been
+taken with the same pomp, and no doubt that many of the spectators and
+assistants are convinced, that this honor paid to the virgin will
+insure the success of the expedition. I take the liberty of giving you
+this detail, as it marks the character of a part of the nation.
+Sensible people smile when the circumstance happens to be mentioned.
+
+In the month of July, 1780, I gave to Mr Jay in writing, a general
+account of the disposition of the Court; the state of the finances of
+this country, &c. &c. I know not whether it has ever been transmitted
+to Congress. I have from time to time since been employed in
+correcting and enlarging it. I have hopes of obtaining an accurate
+account of the revenues and debts of this nation. The person, through
+whose means I hope to procure it for the time necessary to copy it, is
+now absent. Should I be successful, I must entreat the greatest
+secrecy, on account of the person who I expect will favor me on this
+point. In 1781, I transmitted to the Philosophical Society of
+Philadelphia, a relation of the measures taken in this country for the
+encouragement of arts and agriculture, particularly by societies
+established with the title of _Amigos del Pais_, (friends of the
+country) these societies owe their existence to the celebrated Count
+de Campomanes; from him I drew my information on this subject, and I
+must add in justice to his liberality of thinking, that I have found
+him on all occasions disposed to contribute to my instruction; for
+this and other reasons heretofore mentioned, I pressed his nomination
+as honorary member of our philosophical society. You will pardon me
+for reminding you of this circumstance.
+
+Urged by necessity, I have been constrained to draw on Dr Franklin; I
+never have been advised by him of the reception of bills of exchange
+for my salary. Mr Temple Franklin wrote me many months ago, that
+advice had been received that bills had been drawn for that purpose,
+but that they had not come to hand. In the course of this summer, he
+informed me, that six months of my salary had been remitted by your
+department, and that I had been credited with that sum in my account
+with Dr Franklin. I have heard nothing on the subject since. You will
+please, therefore, direct its being transmitted in future through the
+hands of Mr John Ross.
+
+I have just been informed, that an envoy is arrived at Cadiz from
+Morocco, charged with powers to treat in behalf of the Emperor with
+our Commissioners at Paris. I beg leave to recall to your attention,
+that I had the honor to commence our first negotiations with Sweden,
+Denmark, and Saxony, and that others have been authorised to conclude
+them, to the great mortification of the Ministers of those Courts
+employed here. I shall be perfectly satisfied if the Congress remains
+persuaded of the zeal which has animated me, and will ever animate me,
+to contribute my feeble efforts to promote the interest and glory of
+the States, and to merit the confidence reposed in me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Madrid, July 22d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since closing my letter of the 19th instant, a courier arrived from
+Alicant, brings advice that the armament against Algiers, which sailed
+the 2d, has been dispersed by bad weather, and obliged to take shelter
+in that port and others on the coast. If I can procure the details of
+this disaster, I will forward them by this opportunity. This
+dispersion will afford more time for the Algerines to prepare for
+their defence. The fleet from the Havana is daily expected; some
+vessels have already arrived.
+
+Great hopes are conceived of the influence which this treasure, and
+the produce embarked in the convoy, will have in enlivening the
+commerce of this country, and appreciating the paper money in
+circulation. In this capital that paper loses five per cent, in the
+sea-ports, three and a half per cent. The operations of the bank have
+not been attended hitherto with the success expected from them.
+
+Solano, who commanded the maritime forces of Spain in the West Indies,
+subject to the order of General Galvez, has excited the indignation of
+the King and Ministry, by refusing to receive on board the vessels
+under his command, the general officers and troops destined to return
+to Spain. It is said here, that his refusal proceeded from a desire to
+turn to his private advantage and that of his officers, this occasion
+of lading the ships of war with the produce of Spanish America. This
+has been too much the custom in this country. He will find a powerful
+enemy in the Minister of the Indies, whose nephew is obliged by this
+manoeuvre to embark in a merchant-man.
+
+We have yet no news of the signature of the definitive treaty. Mr
+Adams did me the honor to write me in a letter, which I have just
+received by a private hand, "that they were moving on with the same
+sluggish pace in the conferences for the definitive treaty, and could
+by no means foresee the end." This letter is dated the 18th of June.
+The Court and the French Ambassador give out that they expect the news
+of its signature in eight days. If it was not imprudent to hazard
+conjecture against such authority, I should be induced by other
+motives, to think that this event will not take place, until
+despatches carried from hence last week arrive in London. I have
+additional reason to suppose that the convention mentioned in my last,
+to exclude from the ports of Portugal the Russian ships of war, has
+been, or is on the point of being concluded. The Prince de Masseran,
+who charges himself with the delivery of this to my correspondent at
+Bordeaux, being about to set out, I am obliged to conclude.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+       FROM THE SAXON MINISTER IN SPAIN TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 28th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just received instructions, which contain the result of what
+has been for a long time the subject of our conversations. The trading
+interest of Saxony has seized with avidity the overtures and details,
+which, after our interviews, I placed under the eyes of the Ministry.
+Persuaded that the goodness and cheapness of our commodities will give
+them an advantage in such an enterprise, they have adopted the plan,
+which you have indicated, of sending to America a person, who shall
+look after their interests, and obtain the knowledge indispensable for
+their direction. Their choice has fallen upon a merchant of Bordeaux,
+a native of Leipzic, whose name is Philip Thieriot, known as a man of
+probity, intelligence, and good conduct, who is now in Saxony, but
+will soon establish himself in Philadelphia, to transact business in
+the character of a merchant, both on his own account and that of
+others.
+
+The Elector has assented to this choice, and permits that for the
+present M. Thieriot shall hold in America, the functions of
+Commissary-General of the commerce of Saxony, with the view of
+founding mercantile relations between the two countries, and that he
+may receive the commissions of Saxon merchants, direct their
+enterprises, and guard and support their interests, both in relation
+to Congress and other respects, till circumstances shall make it
+proper for him to be supplied with more particular directions. For
+this purpose the oath has been administered to him, and he has been
+furnished with suitable instructions, and the power of making
+appointments. He sets off immediately for France, where he has certain
+affairs to arrange, and he will then be ready to embark from Bordeaux
+in the month of August.
+
+As the time is too short for him to pass by the way of Madrid, and
+receive the benefits of the personal counsels, with which I flatter
+myself you would be disposed to favor him, I shall be under great
+obligations to you, if you will fulfil the promises, which you have
+had the goodness to make, and give to this gentleman letters of
+recommendation both for the Congress of the United States and other
+persons of consideration, which may procure for him the protection of
+the one, and the confidence and assistance of the others.
+
+As on the one hand I flatter myself, from the account I have had of
+the talents and good character of M. Thieriot, that he will do honor
+to your recommendation, so I am satisfied on the other, that it will
+contribute more than anything else to render his residence useful and
+agreeable, to facilitate the success of his mission, and strengthen
+the bonds of utility between the two nations, of which the merit
+belongs to you of having greatly contributed to lay the foundation.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                            GORSDORFF.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 29th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In former letters I have had the honor to mention to you the
+conversation, which had passed between the Saxon Minister at this
+Court and myself, on the subject of forming commercial and amicable
+connexions between the United States and the Elector. As I had no
+authority or instructions from Congress, I could only avail myself of
+general expressions of the desire of my constituents to cultivate the
+friendship of the different powers of Europe, and of extending their
+commerce to all. I declined when pressed, to give my sentiments in
+writing, unless the Saxon Minister would give me, by permission of his
+Court, such extracts of his official letters as might enable me
+immediately to notify to Congress in a proper manner, the amicable
+disposition of his master; assuring him, however, that I should not
+fail of communicating to that body the substance of our general
+conversations, which I was persuaded would receive with great
+satisfaction an account of the Elector's friendly intentions. This
+gentleman being rather indiscreet in his conduct, I was perhaps more
+upon my guard with him than I should have been with a person of a
+different character. On his pressing me, however, to give him my
+sentiments on the best means to forward an intercourse between the two
+countries, I replied verbally, that in my opinion, the speediest and
+most effectual method would be, to send from Saxony to America a
+person well acquainted with the commerce of his own country, and
+properly authorised, who being able to judge on the spot what
+advantages were to be derived from such intercourse, might
+immediately treat with Congress if the Elector thought proper.
+
+After some hesitation, he agreed to my propositions, and advised his
+Court thereof. Yesterday he addressed me a letter, of which I have now
+the honor to enclose you a copy, together with an extract of his
+official despatches. A visit which he paid me a few hours after he
+sent me the above papers, rendered a written answer unnecessary. I
+confessed to him, the high sense which Congress would have of this
+proof of the Elector's good will, and added, that I would take the
+earliest opportunity of communicating it. I promised him also the
+letters he required for M. Thieriot. I hope my conduct will have the
+approbation of Congress.
+
+Nothing material has transpired since my last of the 25th instant,
+except that I am persuaded, that the convention between France, Spain,
+and Portugal was signed here between the 15th and 17th of this month.
+I am told, that it has for its basis a treaty concluded between the
+two latter nations in 1778, with supplementary secret articles. The
+northern powers, particularly Russia, appear jealous of the objects of
+this treaty. Great Britain seems to have had no knowledge of it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Madrid, August 2d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 29th ultimo, I had the honor to enclose you copies of sundry
+papers, relative to the establishment of a commercial intercourse
+between the citizens of the United States and the subjects of the
+Elector of Saxony. By that communication you will have learned with
+great satisfaction, that the commerce of Saxony, with the approbation
+of the Sovereign, had chosen M. Philip Thieriot, a person of
+acknowledged merit, to reside in America in the character of
+Commissary-General of commerce. By the papers above mentioned you will
+have seen the nature and extent of that gentleman's commission. I have
+now the honor to present him to your notice, persuaded that you will
+with pleasure procure him occasions of putting effectually into
+execution the views of the court and commerce of his country. Their
+nomination of him to this important trust, until circumstances may
+demand that he be immediately authorised by his Sovereign, will, I
+make no doubt, be a sufficient motive with you to secure him all the
+civilities and services which it may be in your power to afford him.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                      St Ildefonso, August 30th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 19th, 22d, and 29th ultimo, and the 2d of this month, I had the
+honor to address you from Madrid. On the 5th instant I followed the
+Court to this place, where it had been since the 24th of last month.
+
+I took the earliest opportunity of waiting on his Excellency, the
+Count de Florida Blanca, to remind him of his promise to present me to
+the King and royal family, and of other affairs interesting to
+individuals mentioned in former letters, for which I had been obliged
+to apply to him. He gave me the strongest assurances of his desire to
+terminate, to the satisfaction of the parties interested, the affairs
+in question, imputing to other departments the delays I had
+experienced in their adjustment. On the subject of my presentation, he
+seemed much embarrassed, stating the difficulties he should be exposed
+to in procuring that honor for me, which his Majesty refused to others
+vested with the same character, mentioning the case of the _Charge
+d'Affaires_ of Denmark, a copy of whose letter to this Minister on the
+subject of his presentation, I had the honor to enclose you on the
+25th of June. He observed, that the Russian and Swedish Ministers were
+about to leave the Court, and would, if I was presented, insist on the
+presentation of their Secretaries also.
+
+I begged leave in reply to assure his Excellency of the concern it
+gave me to expose him to the least inconvenience upon that account,
+but that he would be pleased to recollect the promise he had made to
+the Marquis de Lafayette and myself in writing on this subject. That
+copies of the letter which the Marquis de Lafayette had written him
+and of his Excellency's answer had been transmitted to Congress; that
+that body, from the confidence which they had in his Catholic
+Majesty's amicable disposition, of which his Excellency had been so
+often the interpreter, undoubtedly expected that I had long ago been
+presented; that in consequence of his Excellency's assurances to me at
+various times since the transmission of the copies of the letters
+before mentioned, I had confirmed my constituents in this belief; that
+this being the case, it would be improper for me to go to Court, until
+I should receive their instructions on the subject. I added, that I
+hoped his Excellency knew me too well to suppose that I was influenced
+by any personal considerations in this affair. He interrupted me with
+an assurance to the contrary, and that he would do everything in his
+power to give me satisfaction, telling me to call upon him in a few
+days, when he would acquaint me with the result of his endeavors. Thus
+ended our first conference.
+
+Not to appear too urgent, I avoided speaking to him on the subject
+until ten days ago, although I had occasion to see him several times.
+But hearing the British Minister was on his way to Madrid, I thought
+it proper to bring the matter to a decision before his arrival and
+presentation; for which purpose I again waited on the Minister. I soon
+discovered that he was in ill humor; however, as he immediately
+commenced the conversation, by telling me that he had not yet found an
+opportunity of speaking to the King, I prayed his Excellency to
+recollect the time which had elapsed since he had been pleased to tell
+me that I should be presented, and recapitulated the reasons before
+mentioned. He interrupted me several times, telling me how much he had
+been persecuted by Mr Elfried and the Russian Minister, who espoused
+the interests of that _Charge d'Affaires_, adding, with warmth, that
+gentleman will never be presented, unless to take leave and receive
+his present. I replied, that his Excellency would do me the justice to
+own, that I had been by no means importunate. That it was not my
+intention to be so, and that nothing but my duty, joined to my
+particular desire to cultivate a good understanding between our two
+countries, made me now press him for an explicit answer. He told me
+that he was convinced that I did not wish to embarrass him, but
+observed, with some peevishness, ---- as Mr Elfried is by the
+Russian. He cites precedent and you have none.
+
+I answered, that I flattered myself his Excellency had too good an
+opinion of me to suppose that I needed a prompter, when either the
+honor or interests of my country were in question. That as for
+precedent, part of my business with his Excellency, was to establish
+one for such of my countrymen as the United States might hereafter
+send to Spain in the same character in which I had the honor to be
+employed; adding, that I had more confidence in his Excellency's word,
+than in all the precedents the book of etiquette of the Court could
+furnish me; and that to give him a farther proof of my unwillingness
+to embarrass him, I did not insist on my presentation, but on an
+explicit answer from his Excellency, of which I might immediately send
+copies to Congress, not only for my own justification, but also to
+enable that body to decide the manner in which _Charge d'Affaires_,
+from the Court of Spain should be treated by the United States. He
+seemed pleased with the reliance placed on his word, for he instantly
+told me, that he would speedily give me an explicit answer, and that I
+should see that he was a man of his word. That he wished, from respect
+to the States, and personal regard for myself, to procure me an
+advantage which was denied to others, but that he was afraid his
+Majesty was (to make use of his own expression) _trop entete_ on this
+point. He then asked me for a copy of the translation of the letter
+from Congress to the King. I had it with me. This is the third copy,
+which I have given to his Excellency. We left his apartments as he was
+then going to the King. In the ante-chamber he again repeated aloud
+in Spanish, before thirty or forty persons, who were waiting to pay
+him their court, that I should find him a man of his word, and that I
+should have an explicit answer. I took my leave, assuring him it was
+all I desired.
+
+I presume that he took his Majesty's orders thereon the same day, for
+the next he sent me a polite message, desiring me to come to his
+house. Having waited on him, agreeably to his request, on my entry he
+took me by the hand and told me, that he hoped I would now be
+satisfied, for that on conferring with the King, his Majesty had been
+pleased to fix a day for my presentation; that no one felt more
+sensibly than himself the happy conclusion of this affair, as well on
+account of his desire to show every possible respect to the United
+States, as from his esteem for me. That the King, contrary to his
+expectations, had consented to change the etiquette with respect to me
+on this subject, as "an extraordinary act of royal good will," and
+that he hoped, that his conduct on this occasion would convince
+Congress of his Majesty's intentions to cultivate in a particular
+manner their amity. I expressed in reply, the sense which I knew my
+constituents would have of this proof of the King's amicable
+disposition, and of my gratitude to his Excellency for the obliging
+interest which he took in what regarded me personally, assuring him
+that I would take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to Congress
+this additional proof of his Majesty's desire to cultivate their
+friendship, and of his Excellency's manner of fulfilling his
+Sovereign's intentions. I then asked him on what day the King chose to
+receive me, he answered, the day after tomorrow, (the 23d instant.) I
+expressed some concern that the Ambassador of France, then at Madrid
+would not return before the time appointed for my reception. He
+replied, that the King having named the day, no alteration could take
+place. To this I was obliged to acquiesce. His Excellency then made me
+many professions of personal regard, which it is unnecessary to
+repeat, and which, perhaps, I should not even hint at, if the French
+Ambassador, the Marquis de Lafayette and others, had not been
+witnesses on former occasions to similar assurances. I proceeded to
+mention to his Excellency the different objects on which I had
+heretofore addressed him, and prayed him to give me an opportunity, at
+the same time that I informed Congress of my presentation, to advise
+them also of the happy termination of these. He begged me to pass him
+offices again on these points, and assured me that I should receive
+such answers as would be agreeable and satisfactory to the States. He
+continued to speak to me in an open and friendly manner of the
+obstacles which a well intentioned Minister had to encounter in the
+execution of his measures in this country.
+
+I paid him indirect compliments on what I knew to be his favorite
+projects, viz. the improvement of the roads, the protection and
+encouragement of manufactures, &c. and the changes which he meditates
+in the system of finance and commerce, and after continuing with him
+some time, was about to take my leave. He asked me whom I had left in
+the ante-chamber; on mentioning the names of the persons, he requested
+me to remain with him, observing, that he should be plagued by these
+gentlemen. During my stay, the conversation turned on different
+subjects, in which I received every proof of candor and politeness.
+The same evening I informed the Ambassador of France by letter, that
+the King had consented to my being presented, a circumstance on which
+he had always entertained doubts, although he has ever done everything
+in his power, that could be expected from his public and private
+character, to contribute to the success of our negotiation. Perhaps
+some expressions on the part of Congress, testifying their sense of
+the zeal which this nobleman has manifested to further their
+interests, may be ultimately productive of good effects at the Court
+of Versailles, if not here.
+
+On the day appointed for my presentation, I waited on his Excellency,
+the Count de Florida Blanca, and from his house, accompanied by his
+servant whom he had the politeness to send with my own, I paid my
+visits to the principal officers and ladies of the palace. This
+ceremony finished, I went to the King's apartments, where the Minister
+appointed me to meet him. When his Majesty arose from table, his
+Excellency presented me as _Charge d'Affaires_ of the United States.
+As I had been informed, that the King did not like long harangues, I
+contented myself with expressing to his Majesty my happiness in being
+the first of my countrymen who had the good fortune to assure him of
+their desire to cultivate his amity. He answered me in a gracious
+manner, and with a smiling countenance, saying, that he hoped I should
+have frequent occasions of making him the same assurances. He then
+passed into the audience chamber, to the Ambassadors and Ministers,
+where, as several of them have informed me, he was pleased to speak
+favorably of me.
+
+The royal family dining at the same hour and separately, the same
+etiquette being observed, viz. the presentation after dinner, it
+required some days to finish this business; the Count de Florida
+Blanca accompanying me more than three quarters of an hour each day,
+with a politeness and good nature rarely found in men who have so
+many important occupations in their hands. The Prince of Asturias
+spoke of me during the dinner as of a person he had long known, and
+when I was presented he told me so. The Princess, who was present,
+spoke to me six or seven minutes in French and Spanish, and among
+other things said to me, that I ought to like Spain, because she had
+been told, that I was much liked by the Spaniards. I replied, that the
+only title I had to their esteem was my well known regard for the
+nation. The other branches of the royal family received me equally
+well.
+
+It perhaps may be thought, that I have dwelt too long on these minute
+details, but I hope I shall be excused when it is considered this is
+the first presentation of a servant of the States at this Court, and
+that it has already made some noise among the _corps diplomatique_,
+who think themselves entitled to the same privilege which I have
+obtained. As soon as the _Charge d'Affaires_ of Denmark was advised of
+my presentation, he came hither. The enclosed note to the Minister, of
+which I found means to obtain a copy, will show you in what light his
+Court regards this preference.
+
+The ceremonial of my presentation being finished, I waited on his
+Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, to thank him for his obliging
+attentions in the course of it, and took that opportunity of
+insinuating to him the propriety of his Catholic Majesty's immediately
+naming a Minister to the United States. I had touched on this subject
+formerly. He told me that he would speak to his Majesty, and inform me
+of his intentions.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN LAURENS;
+
+SPECIAL MINISTER TO THE COURT OF FRANCE.
+
+
+
+
+John Laurens was the son of Henry Laurens, whose Correspondence is
+printed in the second volume of this work. He was born in Charleston,
+South Carolina, in the year 1755. At the age of sixteen he accompanied
+his father to Europe, where he was left to pursue his education first
+at Geneva, and afterwards at London. He was diligent in his studies,
+and made rapid attainments in the different branches of knowledge, as
+well as in the other accomplishments of a scholar and a gentleman. In
+1774 he became a student of law in the Temple, but the stirring
+events, that were causing so much excitement on this side of the
+Atlantic, drew his attention strongly to the interests and claims of
+his native country, and determined him to return and connect his
+destiny with hers. After a voyage of considerable peril, he arrived in
+Charleston in 1777, and immediately resolved to join the army.
+
+As the army then abounded with officers, and there was no opening
+suited to him in their ranks, General Washington took him into his
+family as a supernumerary Aid-de-camp. In this capacity he was at the
+battles of Germantown and Monmouth. He soon afterwards attached
+himself to the army on Rhode Island, where he had the command of a
+small body of light troops, and displayed so much bravery and good
+conduct, that Congress, on the 5th of November, 1778, resolved, "that
+John Laurens, Aid-de-camp to General Washington, be presented with a
+continental commission of lieutenant-colonel, in testimony of the
+sense, which Congress entertain of his patriotic and spirited services
+as a volunteer in the American army; and of his brave conduct in
+several actions, particularly in that of Rhode Island on the 29th of
+August last; and that General Washington be directed, whenever an
+opportunity shall offer, to give Lieutenant-Colonel Laurens a command
+agreeable to his rank." The next year he repaired to the southern
+army, was present at the unsuccessful attack on Savannah, and was
+among the prisoners at the capitulation of Charleston. He was soon
+after exchanged and reinstated in the army. On the 28th of September,
+1779, he was chosen by Congress Secretary to the Minister
+Plenipotentiary from the United States to the Court of Versailles, but
+he did not accept the appointment.
+
+In the year following, Congress became so much pressed for the want of
+means in money and military supplies, that they resolved to send a
+special Minister to France for the purpose of representing, in a
+strong and just light, the extreme necessities of the United States,
+and soliciting new aid from the French Court. It was supposed, that a
+person going directly from the scene of action and suffering, and with
+a full knowledge of all the particulars from personal observation,
+would be more likely to succeed in such an application than the
+resident Minister Plenipotentiary, who could only speak from his
+general instructions. As the assistance was chiefly wanted for the
+relief of the army, it was moreover considered that this messenger
+should be selected from that body. The choice fell on Colonel Laurens,
+who, on the 23d of December, 1780, was appointed a special Minister to
+the Court of Versailles for the above purpose. He was then only
+twentyfive years old. He sailed from Boston in February, and arrived
+in Paris on the 19th of March, and immediately applied himself with
+great assiduity to the objects of his mission. His success, though not
+to the extent of his wishes, or the hopes of Congress, was yet more
+complete than could reasonably have been expected, considering the
+liberal grants, which the French government had recently made to the
+solicitations of Dr Franklin. All that could be effected by zeal,
+activity, perseverance, and intelligence, was accomplished by Colonel
+Laurens; but so great was his eagerness to do his duty on the
+occasion, and to render the most essential service to his country,
+that his forwardness and impatience were somewhat displeasing to the
+French Ministry, as not altogether consistent with their ideas of the
+dignity and deference belonging to transactions with Courts. They made
+allowance, however, for the ardor and inexperience of youth, and seem
+not to have been influenced by these objectionable points of manners,
+in their estimation of his noble and generous traits of character, or
+in their disposition to listen to his requests.
+
+Having compassed the aims of his mission with uncommon despatch,
+Colonel Laurens left Paris, and reached Philadelphia towards the end
+of August, having been absent from the country but little more than
+six months. As soon as he had made a report of his doings to Congress,
+he repaired again to the army in time to be present at the memorable
+siege of York Town. Here he displayed great courage and gallantly in
+storming and taking a British battery, as second in command to
+Hamilton. After the capitulation he joined the southern army under
+General Greene, having previously acted as a representative in the
+legislature of his native State, which convened at Jacksonborough in
+January, 1782. While with the army, during the following summer, he
+was ill with a fever, from which he had hardly recovered when
+intelligence came, that a party of the British were out on a marauding
+excursion to Combakee. He went in pursuit of the enemy, and while
+leading an advanced party, he received a mortal wound, which
+terminated his life on the 27th of August, 1782, in the twentyseventh
+year of his age. His death was deeply lamented by the army and the
+nation.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN LAURENS.
+
+                                      In Congress, December 23d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You will herewith receive a commission appointing you our Minister at
+the Court of Versailles; in pursuing the objects of which, you will
+conform to the following instructions.
+
+Upon your arrival you will communicate fully to our Minister
+Plenipotentiary at that Court the business on which you are sent, and
+avail yourself of his information and influence for obtaining the aids
+mentioned in the estimate delivered to you. Instructions to him for
+that purpose are herewith transmitted, which you will deliver
+immediately on your arrival. You will convey to his Most Christian
+Majesty the grateful sense Congress have of the noble and generous
+part he has taken, with regard to the United States, and use every
+possible means to impress him with the urgent and critical state of
+our affairs at present, which induced the appointment of a special
+Minister to solicit his effectual aid.
+
+You will, in particular, give him full information of the present
+state of our military affairs, and the measures taken for providing a
+respectable force for the ensuing campaign. It will be proper, at the
+same time, to point out the causes which rendered the last campaign
+unsuccessful.
+
+You are to use every effort in your power to enforce the necessity of
+maintaining a naval superiority in the American seas. You will assure
+his Most Christian Majesty on our part, that if he will please to
+communicate to us his intentions respecting the next campaign in
+America, we will use every effort in our power for an effectual
+co-operation. You are to give his Majesty the most positive and
+pointed assurances of our determination to prosecute the war for the
+great purposes of the alliance agreeable to our engagements.
+
+Should his Majesty grant the aids requested, and send to our
+assistance a naval force, you will take advantage of that conveyance
+for forwarding the articles furnished. If no naval armament should be
+ordered to America, you will endeavor to obtain some vessels of force
+to transport the said articles, or take advantage of some convoy to
+America, which may render the transportation less hazardous. You will
+call upon William Palfrey, our Consul in that kingdom, for such
+assistance as you may stand in need of for forwarding any supplies
+which you may obtain. You are authorised to draw upon our Minister
+Plenipotentiary for such sums as you may from time to time stand in
+need of, giving him early notice thereof, that he may aid you from
+funds procured on our account, without doing injury to our other
+concerns. You may also draw upon any other funds, which you may know
+to have been procured for us to Europe.
+
+You will, on your arrival at the Court of Versailles, present the
+letter to his Most Christian Majesty, which you will herewith receive.
+Previous to your departure from the United States, you are to confer
+with the Commander in Chief of the American army, the Minister
+Plenipotentiary of France, the commanders in chief of his Most
+Christian Majesty's fleet and army at Rhode Island, the Marquis de
+Lafayette, if it should not retard your voyage, upon the subject of
+your commission, and avail yourself of every information you may
+obtain from them respectively. You will embrace every opportunity of
+informing us of the success of your negotiations, and receive and obey
+such instructions, as you may from time to time receive from Congress.
+
+When the purpose of your mission shall be as fully effected as you may
+deem practicable, you are to return, and report your success to
+Congress without delay, unless you shall previously receive other
+orders.[15]
+
+We pray God to further you with his goodness in the several objects
+hereby recommended and that he will have you in his holy keeping.
+
+                                       SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] For Additional Instructions to Dr Franklin respecting Colonel
+Laurens's mission, see _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. III. p. 185.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN LAURENS.
+
+                                     In Congress, December 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+With respect to the loan, we foresee that the sum which we ask will be
+greatly inadequate to our wants. We wish, however, to depend as much
+as possible on our internal exertions. In this negotiation, the state
+of our finances require that you should endeavor to procure as long a
+respite after the war, for payment of the principal, as may be in your
+power. You may agree for an interest not exceeding the terms allowed
+or given on national security in Europe, endeavoring to suspend the
+discharge of the interest for two or three years, if possible.
+
+You are hereby empowered to pledge the faith of the United States, by
+executing such securities or obligations for the payment of the money,
+as you may think proper, and also that the interest shall not be
+reduced, nor the principal paid during the term for which the same
+shall have been borrowed, without the consent of the lenders or their
+representatives.
+
+You are to stipulate for the payment of both principal and interest in
+specie.
+
+The loan must prove ineffective unless the specie is actually
+remitted. Experience has shown, that the negotiation of bills is
+attended with unsupportable loss and disadvantage. His Most Christian
+Majesty, we are persuaded, will see in the strongest light the
+necessity of despatching an effective naval armament to the American
+seas. This is a measure of such vast moment, that your utmost address
+will be employed to give it success. By such a conveyance, the specie
+may be remitted in different ships of war with a prospect of safety.
+
+                                       SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                       Philadelphia, January 3d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Although my instructions relative to the objects of my mission do not
+explicitly direct what conduct I am to observe, in case the aids
+solicited from the Court of France cannot be obtained in their full
+extent, yet I presume it is not the intention of Congress to confine
+me without alternative to the precise demands which they have made.
+There is the more reason that this matter should be clearly
+understood, as my prospects, especially in the important article of
+pecuniary succors, are far from being flattering. I apprehend then,
+that I shall have satisfied my duty by aspiring, with every effort, to
+complete success, and upon failure of that, by approaching it as
+nearly as shall be found practicable.
+
+With regard to the estimate of the Board of War, as it descends into
+the minutest detail, and includes a great variety of articles, it
+appears to me that it will be necessary to attach myself in preference
+to the objects of first necessity for the ensuing campaign, that the
+most indispensable supplies may not be retarded by those of a
+secondary nature, and that the former being secured as far as
+possible, and the latter left in a train of execution, I may the
+sooner be at liberty to return and make my report. As I apprehend that
+these ideas need only to be submitted to Congress to obtain their
+sanction, I shall consider myself authorised to act in consequence,
+unless I receive new orders to the contrary.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the profoundest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Boston, February 4th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I do myself the honor of informing Congress, that I arrived at this
+place on the 25th ultimo.
+
+After passing two days at Morristown in fruitless expectation of
+meeting the Commander in Chief, I proceeded to head quarters, where my
+conference with the General, on the objects of my mission, detained me
+three days. The impediment of floating ice in the North River, which
+induced the necessity of crossing it much higher than at the usual
+place, and other difficulties of the season, will account for the rest
+of my delay on the journey.
+
+Upon delivering my despatches to the Navy Board, I found, that the two
+indispensables, men and money, were wanting to fit the Alliance for
+sea. I urged the necessity of the most prompt and decisive exertions
+on their part. They returned me such assurances as left me no reason
+to doubt, that the General Court would authorise an impressment to
+complete the deficiency of our crew, and that a sufficient supply of
+money would be procured. This determined me to devote the interval of
+preparation to making my visit to New York. On my return this day, I
+learned with great surprise and mortification, that the motion for an
+impressment had been rejected, private motives having superseded those
+of general good. In these circumstances I was obliged to apply to
+General Lincoln for authority to engage such recruits of this State,
+and such soldiers of the invalid corps, as might be qualified for the
+marine service. This resource however has afforded us but a few men. I
+have just obtained permission from Governor Hancock to enlist
+volunteers from the guard of the Castle. The Navy Board has
+commissioned a merchant of popularity and influence among the
+seafaring men, to offer a tempting bounty, with such precautions as
+will prevent uneasiness among those who entered for a smaller
+consideration. I am now addressing the principal merchants to spare a
+few men from their ships, to be replaced from the Navy Board. In the
+mean time the rendezvous of the frigate continues open.
+
+But these are all precarious expedients, and my expectations are by no
+means sanguine. Nothing however shall be left unattempted; if my
+prospects do not brighten, I shall try the effect of a second memorial
+to the General Court, and finally insist upon Captain Barry's putting
+to sea with the crew he can obtain by the middle of the week. There is
+an additional difficulty in procuring the remainder of the ship's
+compliment, which is the necessity of hiring not only seamen, but
+natives, as a counterbalance to the bad composition of the men already
+on board, too many British prisoners having been admitted; their
+numbers, the value of the ship, and the business on which she is
+employed, are temptations to an enterprise, in favor of their ancient
+connexions.
+
+Several gentlemen go as passengers, on condition of serving on the
+quarter deck in case of an encounter, and they will reinforce the
+party of the officers in case of a mutiny. I have endeavored to
+procure every useful information in the several conferences directed
+by Congress. The General and Admiral at Newport received me with that
+politeness, which characterises their nation, and professed an earnest
+desire to promote, as far as depends on them, the objects of my
+mission. I must however apprize Congress, that the French army and
+navy are demanding in the most pressing terms, pecuniary supplies for
+themselves. Their bills of exchange sell at a discount of from
+twentyfive to twentyeight per cent. This demand and the tenacity of
+the Spaniards in pursuing their favorite object, Gibraltar, are
+unfavorable to my negotiation. Upon the whole I am more than ever
+convinced, that the most powerful and unremitting efforts at home will
+be required to accomplish the great objects of the war.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the profoundest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Boston, February 7th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my letter to your Excellency on the 4th instant, the measures
+taken by Governor Hancock relative to the Castle guard proving
+insufficient, I addressed a Memorial to the General Court. Their
+permission to engage volunteers from that corps, and a sum of specie
+granted for the purpose, the volunteer draft from the continental
+troops, and the unremitting exertions of General Lincoln, have put us
+at length barely in condition to go to sea. I shall embark today, and
+expect Captain Barry will sail with the first fair wind. I have to
+acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's letter of the 12th
+ultimo, and the letter and packets enclosed. Particular attention
+shall be paid to your instructions relative to the latter.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the profoundest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           L'Orient, March 11th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have the honor of informing Congress, that I arrived at this place
+on the afternoon of the 9th instant; and should have proceeded,
+without an instant's repose, to Passy, had not the commandant of the
+town assured me, that the Marquis de Castries would arrive here that
+evening on his way to Brest, where he was going to accelerate by his
+presence the execution of his naval disposition. The prospect of an
+immediate conference with the Minister on the objects of my mission,
+which relate to his department, the danger of missing him by our
+travelling different routes, and the repeated assurances of his
+expected arrival, have detained me till this morning; but as the delay
+has been much greater than I apprehended, and the Minister's approach
+is not announced, I have determined to pursue my journey.
+
+The accounts, which the commandant has communicated to me of the naval
+preparations at Brest, are, that twentyfive sail of the line are ready
+for sea, with ninety transports, on board of which are six thousand
+troops; that the ships of war are destined part for the West Indies,
+and part with the troops for North America.
+
+The rupture between England and the United Provinces has hitherto
+proved very prejudicial to the latter, as they were exceedingly
+vulnerable by having so great a number of merchant ships at sea. On
+our voyage we captured a British privateer in company with a Venetian
+ship, of which she had made a prize, contrary to the laws of nations.
+This appeared to me a happy opportunity for manifesting the
+determination of Congress to maintain the rights of neutral powers, as
+far as depends on them. After a short consultation, Captain Barry and
+his officers very readily acceded to the liberation of the Venetian,
+and the complete restoration of the cargo and property, which were
+very valuable. The captain was accordingly left to pursue his voyage,
+and the privateer was brought into port. Mr Palfrey, our consul, is
+not yet arrived at this port; it is generally feared that this ship
+foundered in a storm, which separated her and the Franklin in the
+commencement of their voyage, as she has not been heard of since.
+
+I have the honor to be with the profoundest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                              Passy, March 20th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor to write to your Excellency from L'Orient the 11th
+instant. On my journey hither, I met the Marquis de Castries, and
+obtained a hasty conference with him, in which I insisted principally
+on the necessity of a constant naval superiority on the American
+coast. He observed on his pert, that the dispositions of the fleet
+were already made; that it was not in his power to alter them; that it
+was necessary at the present juncture to make naval exertions in more
+places than one; that the French West India possessions, a nearer
+interest, must naturally be first secured; at the same time he
+repeatedly assured me, that the United States had a very considerable
+share in the present armament, the movements of which he was going to
+accelerate; that he hoped a maritime superiority would exist on the
+part of the allies, but that it must depend upon the events of war. He
+excused himself from descending into particulars, and urged me to
+proceed with all possible despatch to Versailles. Upon my arrival
+here, I found that the letter of Congress to his Most Christian
+Majesty, of the 22d of November, 1780,[16] had been delivered by our
+Minister Plenipotentiary; that he had proceeded to negotiate the
+succors solicited by Congress, and had received the following
+communication from the Count de Vergennes.
+
+"It is impossible for his Majesty to favor a loan in this kingdom,
+because it would prejudice those which he has occasion to make himself
+for the support of the war; but his Majesty, in order to give a signal
+proof of his friendship for the United States, grants them under the
+title of a donation, a sum of six millions livres tournois. As the
+American army is in want of arms, clothing, &c. Dr Franklin will be so
+good as to deliver a note of them. The articles will be procured of
+the best quality, and on the most reasonable terms. General Washington
+will be authorised to draw for the remaining sum, but the drafts are
+at long sight, in order to facilitate the payment at the royal
+treasury. The Courts of Petersburg and Vienna have offered their
+mediation. The King has answered, that it will be personally agreeable
+to him, but that he could not accept it as yet, because he has allies
+whose concurrence is necessary. Dr Franklin is requested to acquaint
+Congress of this overture and the answer, and to engage them to send
+their instructions to their Plenipotentiaries. It is supposed that
+Congress will eagerly accept the mediation."
+
+In my first interview with the Count de Vergennes, I represented to
+him, in the strongest terms, the insufficiency of the above mentioned
+succor, and the danger to which France was exposed of losing all her
+past efforts in favor of America, unless the requests of Congress were
+complied with. I afterwards addressed to him the enclosed letter, in
+which I transcribed the result of my conference with General
+Washington on the objects of my mission, contained in a letter from
+the General to me of the 15th of January. In consequence of the Count
+de Vergennes' desire, that I would select from the estimate of the
+Board of War the articles of most urgent necessity, I extracted a list
+in which I confined myself to the artillery, arms, military stores,
+clothing, tents, cloth, drugs, and surgical instruments, and
+accompanied it with a letter.
+
+My personal solicitations have not been wanting to hasten an answer to
+these letters, and render them favorable. The constant language of the
+Count de Vergennes is, that our demands are excessive, that we throw
+the burthen of the war upon our ally, that the support of it in
+different parts of the world has cost France exertions and expenses,
+which fully employ her means, that the public credit, however well
+established, has its limits, to exceed which would be fatal to it. He
+adds, at the same time, the strongest assurances of the good will of
+our ally. This Minister and M. de Maurepas inform me, that nothing can
+be determined until the return of the Marquis de Castries, which will
+be the day after tomorrow; that the matter must be deliberated, and
+that they will consider what can be done. My expectations are very
+moderate.
+
+We have received no intelligence of the sailing of the Brest fleet. It
+consists of twentyfive sail, five of which are destined for the East
+Indies with troops, but it is said they will be detained for want of
+transports. The remaining twenty are to proceed to the West Indies,
+where ulterior dispositions will be made, of which the Chevalier de la
+Luzerne is instructed. The British fleet, of twentyeight sail of the
+line, with the convoy for Gibraltar, sailed the 13th instant, and
+Commodore Johnston's squadron put to sea the same day. The Spanish
+fleet is likewise at sea.
+
+I am firmly of opinion, that the British in the present moment of
+success will not accede to those preliminaries, which France and the
+United States can never depart from, and, consequently, that the news
+of the mediation of Petersburg and Vienna should have no other effect,
+than to redouble our ardor and exertions for the campaign.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16] See this letter in the Secret Journals of Congress, Vol. II. p.
+343.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                _Memorial to the Count de Vergennes._
+
+As in presenting a Memorial to your Excellency on the objects of my
+mission, I should necessarily repeat in part a conference, which I had
+by order of Congress with General Washington, previous to my
+departure, I prefer presenting your Excellency with such extracts from
+it as relate to my purpose. They are as follows.
+
+"1. That considering the diffused population of these States, the
+composition and temper of a part of its inhabitants, the want of a
+sufficient stock of national wealth as a foundation for credit, and
+the almost extinction of commerce, the attempts we have been
+compelled to make for carrying on the war, have exceeded the national
+abilities of this country, and by degrees brought it to a crisis,
+which render immediate assistance and efficacious succor from abroad
+indispensable to its safety.
+
+"2. That notwithstanding from the confusion always attendant on a
+revolution, from our having had governments to frame, and every
+species of civil and military institution to create, from that
+inexperience in affairs necessarily incident to a nation in its
+commencement, some errors may have been committed in the
+administration of our finances, to which a part of our embarrassments
+are to be attributed; yet they are principally to be attributed to our
+essential want of means; to the want of a sufficient stock of wealth
+as mentioned in the first article, which, continuing to operate, will
+make it impossible, by any merely interior exertions, to extricate
+ourselves from these embarrassments, restore public credit, and
+furnish the funds requisite for the support of the war.
+
+"3. That experience has demonstrated the impracticability of
+maintaining a paper credit, without funds for its redemption; the
+depreciation of our currency was in the main a necessary effect of the
+want of those funds, and its restoration is impossible for the same
+reasons, to which the general diffidence, that had taken place among
+the people, is an additional, and in the present state of things, an
+insuperable obstacle.
+
+"4. That the mode, which for want of money has been substituted for
+supplying the army, by assessing a proportion of the productions of
+the earth, has hitherto been found ineffectual, has frequently exposed
+the army to the most calamitous distress, and from its novelty and
+incompatibility with ancient habits, is regarded by the people as
+burthensome and oppressive, has excited serious discontents, and, in
+some places, alarming symptoms of opposition. This mode has besides
+many particular inconveniences, which contribute to make it inadequate
+to our wants, and ineligible but as an auxiliary.
+
+"5. That from the best estimates of the annual revenues, which these
+States are capable of affording, there is a balance to be supplied by
+credit. The resource of domestic loans is inconsiderable, because
+there are, properly speaking, few monied men, and the few there are
+can employ their money more profitably otherwise; added to which, the
+instability of the currency and the deficiency of funds have impaired
+the public credit.
+
+"6. That the patience of the army, from an almost uninterrupted series
+of complicated distress, is now nearly exhausted, their wants carried
+to an extremity, which has recently had very disagreeable
+consequences, and demonstrate, the absolute necessity of speedy
+relief, a relief not within the compass of our means. You are too well
+acquainted with all their sufferings, for want of clothing, for want
+of provisions, for want of pay.
+
+"7. That the people being dissatisfied with the mode of supporting the
+war, there is danger to apprehend, that evils actually felt in
+prosecuting it may weaken the cause which began it, evils founded not
+on immediate sufferings, but on a speculative apprehension of future
+sufferings from the loss of their liberties; there is danger that a
+commercial and free people, little accustomed to heavy burthens,
+pressed by impositions of a new and odious kind, may not make a proper
+allowance for the necessity of the conjuncture, and may imagine they
+have only exchanged one tyranny for another.
+
+"8. That from all the foregoing considerations result, 1st, the
+absolute necessity of an immediate, ample, and efficacious succor of
+money, large enough to be a foundation for substantial arrangements of
+finance to revive public credit, and give vigor to future operations.
+2dly, the vast importance of a decided effort of the allied arms on
+this continent the ensuing campaign, to effectuate once for all the
+great object of the alliance, the liberty and independence of these
+United States. Without the former, we may make a feeble and expiring
+effort the next campaign, in all probability the period to our
+opposition; with it we should be in a condition to continue the war as
+long as the obstinacy of the enemy might require. The first is
+essential; both combined, would bring the contest to a glorious issue,
+crown the obligations which America already feels to the magnanimity
+and generosity of her ally, and render the union perpetual by all the
+ties of gratitude and affection, as well as mutual interest, which
+alone render it solid and indissoluble.
+
+"9. That next to a loan of money, a constant naval superiority is the
+most interesting; this would instantly reduce the enemy to a
+difficult, defensive war, and by removing all prospects of extending
+their acquisitions, would take away the motives for prosecuting it.
+Indeed, it is not to be conceived, how they could subsist a large
+force in this country if we had the command of the seas to interrupt
+the regular transmission of supplies from Europe. This superiority,
+with an aid of money, would enable us to convert the contest into a
+vigorous offensive war. I say nothing of the advantages to the trade
+of both nations, nor how much it would facilitate our supplies. With
+respect to us, it seems to be one of two deciding points, and it
+appears to be the interest of our allies, abstracted from the
+immediate benefits to this country, to transfer the naval war to
+America. The number of ports friendly to them and hostile to the
+British, the materials for repairing their disabled ships, the
+extensive supplies towards the subsistence of their fleet, are
+circumstances which would give them a palpable advantage in the
+contest of the sea. No nation will have it more in its power to repay
+what it borrows than this. Our debts are hitherto small. The vast and
+valuable tracts of unlocated lands, the variety and fertility of
+climates and soils, the advantages of every kind, which we possess for
+commerce, insure to this country a rapid advancement in population and
+prosperity, and a certainty (its independence being established) of
+redeeming in a short term of years the comparatively inconsiderable
+debts, it may have occasion to contract. Notwithstanding the
+difficulties under which we labor, and the inquietudes among the
+people, there is still a fund of inclination and resource in the
+country equal to great and continued exertions, provided we have it in
+our power to stop the progress of disgust, by changing the present
+system, and adopting another more consonant with the spirit of the
+nation, and more capable of activity and energy in measures of which a
+powerful succor of money must be the basis.
+
+"The people are discontented, but it is with the feeble, oppressive
+mode of conducting the war, not with the war itself; they are not
+unwilling to contribute to its support, but they are unwilling to do
+it in a way that renders private property precarious, a necessary
+consequence of the fluctuation of the national currency, and of the
+inability of government to perform its engagements oftentimes
+coercively made. A large majority are still firmly attached to the
+independence of these States, abhor a re-union with Great Britain, and
+are affectionate to the alliance with France. But this disposition can
+ill supply the means customary and essential in war, nor can we rely
+on its duration amidst the perplexities, oppressions, and misfortunes,
+that attend the want of them."
+
+From those extracts it will appear to your Excellency, that the fate
+of America depends upon the immediate and decisive succor of her
+august ally, in the two points of a specific loan and a naval
+superiority. The most accurate calculation of the expense requisite
+for a vigorous campaign, and the interior means which Congress have of
+defraying that expense, prove that there is a deficiency of the full
+sum solicited by Congress. The grant of six millions, which his
+Majesty is pleased to make under the title of a donation to the United
+States, will be acknowledged with the liveliest emotions of gratitude
+by affectionate allies, at the same time it would be frustrating the
+gracious intentions of his Majesty towards his allies, and betraying
+the common cause of France and America, to encourage a belief, that
+the above mentioned aid will enable the United States to surmount the
+present perilous juncture of our affairs. The reasoning in the
+foregoing extracts will evince how inadequate the sum is to the
+present exigency.
+
+I must likewise remark to your Excellency, that the credit in bills of
+exchange is subject to difficulties and disadvantages, which render
+such a resource very unfit for the conduct of the war. Bills are
+obnoxious to the vicissitudes and speculations of commerce, and it is
+easy to foresee, that his Majesty's allies would be great sufferers by
+their drafts, and at the same time be incapable of giving that vigor
+and energy to their operations, which would be derived from specie.
+The same enlightened policy and generous regard for the rights of
+mankind, which prompted France to espouse the cause of America, still
+dictate the conduct which she is to pursue; they demand every effort
+on her part to prevent America from being reduced to the British
+domination, her commerce, and those sources of wealth being restored
+to the tyrant of the European seas, the ancient rival of France; but
+on the contrary, the abasement of this rival, and the establishment of
+a faithful ally, united by all the ties of gratitude, affection, and
+the most permanent mutual interests. To those invaluable purposes give
+me leave to repeat to your Excellency, that the decisive measures in
+the foregoing extracts are necessary.
+
+I submit to your Excellency, whether the objection to his Majesty's
+favoring a loan in the name of Congress, may not be obviated by an
+additional loan in the name of his Majesty, on account of the United
+States, for which Congress will be accountable. The excellent state of
+the finances of this kingdom, the exalted state of public credit, must
+unquestionably give the greatest facility for this purpose, and it may
+be clearly proved, that giving decisive succor in this article at the
+present juncture will be infinitely more advantageous, than suffering
+the war to languish, by affording partial and inadequate assistance.
+Supposing that fortunate casualties, at this time very improbable,
+should enable us to continue the war upon its present footing, I beg
+leave to repeat to your Excellency, that the greatest promptness in
+this business is essential. The British, by being in possession of two
+States, fertile in grain, timber, and naval stores, have acquired new
+animation, and fresh resources for the war, and every day, according
+to present appearances, brings America nearer to the period of her
+efforts.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Questions proposed to Colonel Laurens; with his Answers to them._
+
+                                              Paris, March 29th, 1781.
+
+"1st. To what number can the United States increase their continental
+troops?
+
+"2dly. What will be the expense of the number fixed?
+
+"3dly. This expense is to be distinguished into pay and appointments,
+clothing, arms, ammunition, and provision.
+
+"4thly. What does the artillery of the United States consist of, and
+what is the number of carriages?
+
+"5thly. What is the number of provision wagons?
+
+"6thly. What are the plans of General Washington, in case his army
+should amount to fifteen, twelve, or ten thousand men, independently
+of the French troops?"
+
+After answering the foregoing questions generally, both with respect
+to the northern and southern army, I added the following remarks.
+
+The plans of General Washington are absolutely subordinate to the
+succors, which his Most Christian Majesty will be pleased to grant to
+his allies. If Congress obtain the succor in money and military
+effects, and the naval superiority which they solicit, they will be
+enabled to revive public credit, to make solid arrangements of
+finance, to give activity to the resources of the country, to augment
+their troops, to appease their discontents, and to reinforce General
+Washington with a select corps of ten thousand militia.
+
+With the addition of this force and the French troops, the General
+will be in condition to undertake the siege of New York. It is
+unnecessary to say how glorious and decisive the success of this
+operation would be for the common cause; it is equally unnecessary to
+add, how much the promptness of succor from France would contribute to
+it.
+
+The expense of artillery required for this operation will be found in
+the estimate delivered; that of clothing, &c. for the army in its
+present state, will be found in deducting a quantity proportioned to
+the number of men; but it is impossible to represent too strongly,
+that this excess far from being superfluous, is absolutely necessary
+to recruit the army in general; a precaution which is indispensable,
+unless we should choose to hazard all upon the event of a single
+operation. That the Congress besides, owes great arrearages of
+clothing to the soldiers, and that as the estimate of Indian presents
+has not been included in the present demand, we may be obliged perhaps
+to sacrifice a part of the clothing now solicited, to maintain the
+friendship of some of the tribes attached to France and America, and
+that it is of the greatest importance to prevent them from joining the
+hostile tribes, who in conjunction with the English tories ravage the
+country, destroy our harvests, put to flight and massacre all the
+inhabitants on the western frontier, from New York to Virginia. We may
+more especially expect, that this diversion will be employed during
+the siege of New York. It is to be added, that a number of men will be
+found who have already served, who would eagerly rejoin their ancient
+standards, provided they had the assurance of proper treatment,
+instead of the misery and sufferings which they have hitherto
+experienced. That the army would be augmented, notwithstanding the
+daily loss in the trenches, by levies perfectly accustomed to fire.
+
+The extreme weakness of the southern army is attributable to the
+following causes.
+
+1st. That two of the States that furnish quotas to this army are
+invaded by the British.
+
+2dly. That they have all a great many prisoners in the hands of the
+enemy, and that their troops in general have been wasted, as well by
+the excessive marches, which they have undergone in carrying succors
+to the southward, as by the different misfortunes which have happened
+there.
+
+The naval superiority of the British, and the rapidity of their
+movements by sea, secured to them the capture of Charleston, and all
+their southern successes; enjoying the advantages they have had in
+their power, to transport a body of troops, with all requisites in
+ammunition and provision, from one end of the continent to the other
+in fourteen days, to attack a feeble point; while the American
+succors, wasted by a march of two months, commenced in the rigors of
+winter, and without intermission from the fatigues of a campaign,
+could only arrive to increase the public calamity, by being beat in
+detail.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          Versailles, April 9th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since I had the honor of writing to your Excellency, on the 23d
+ultimo, I have employed the most unremitting efforts to obtain a
+prompt and favorable decision relative to the objects of my mission.
+After many difficulties and delays, with the details of which it is
+needless to trouble Congress, the Count de Vergennes communicated to
+me yesterday his Most Christian Majesty's determination to guaranty a
+loan of ten millions, to be opened in Holland, in addition to the six
+millions granted as a gratuitous gift, and the four millions
+appropriated for the payment of bills of exchange drawn by Congress on
+their Minister Plenipotentiary. The purchase money of the clothing,
+which must be an affair of private contract, and the value of the
+military effects which may be furnished from the royal arsenals, are
+to be deducted from the six millions.
+
+I shall use my utmost endeavors to procure an immediate advance of the
+ten millions from the treasury of France, to be replaced by the
+proposed loan, and shall renew my solicitations for the supplies of
+ordinance and military stores on credit, that the present of six
+millions may not be absorbed by those objects, and the purchase of
+necessary clothing. The providing this article I fear will be attended
+with great difficulties and delays, as all the woollen manufactories
+of France are remote from the sea, and there are no public magazines
+of cloth suitable to our purposes. The cargo of the Marquis de
+Lafayette will I hope arrive safe under the convoy of the Alliance;
+and by satisfying our immediate necessities prevent the delays above
+mentioned from having any disagreeable consequences.
+
+The Marquis de Castries has engaged to make immediate arrangements for
+the safe transportation of the pecuniary and other succors destined
+for the United States, and has repeatedly assured me, that the naval
+superiority will be established on the American coast the ensuing
+campaign. The French fleet, he informs me, was on the 27th ultimo
+sixty leagues west of Cape Finisterre, proceeding to its destination,
+in good order and with a favorable wind.
+
+I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency extracts of the
+most conspicuous letters of an intercepted mail, taken in a packet
+bound from Falmouth to New York. Your Excellency will have been
+informed, that the Court of London have referred the offered mediation
+of Russia, between England and the United Provinces, to a general
+pacification. I have been some days stationary at Versailles for the
+facility of seeing the different Ministers, and accelerating their
+deliberations. Being just apprized of an opportunity from Nantes to
+America, I take the liberty of sending this short provisional letter,
+lest upon my return to Passy I should not have time to write more
+fully.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Memorial from Colonel John Laurens to Count de Vergennes._
+
+The underwritten, special Minister of the United States of America,
+has the honor to represent to his Most Christian Majesty in behalf of
+Congress and by their orders, that the crisis is extreme, and that it
+demands prompt and decisive succors.
+
+The United States claim with confidence the power and good will of
+their august ally. They had requested,
+
+1st. A loan of twentyfive millions.
+
+2dly. A naval superiority on the American coast.
+
+3dly. Arms and ammunition, materials for clothing, equipments and
+tents, estimates of which have been laid before the Ministry.
+
+The underwritten, being informed by the Count de Vergennes of the
+King's intentions with regard to pecuniary succors, earnestly offers
+in the name of the Congress the homage of the most lively gratitude,
+but at the same time it is his duty to represent, that although this
+succor tends to the object which his Majesty has in view, it is
+nevertheless demonstrated in the present state of affairs, that it is
+insufficient, considering the urgent necessities of the army and the
+administration, its engagements and debts, the exhausted condition of
+America, the absolute deficiency of resources and specie, and the
+enormous expense essential to the vigorous support of the war. It is
+on this account, that the underwritten earnestly entreats his Majesty
+to grant, on credit to the United States of America, the artillery,
+arms, ammunition, &c. which shall be drawn from his Majesty's arsenals
+and magazines, as a very considerable sum must be absorbed for the
+payment of clothing and other articles to be collected in France.
+
+The underwritten further entreats his Majesty to consider, that the
+operation of a loan in Holland cannot be terminated in less than three
+months, that the delay of this result may commit the safety of
+America, and the common cause, lose the fruit of all the expense and
+sacrifices hitherto made; a single instant is precious, the least
+delay becomes of the most dangerous consequence, while the successes
+of the British multiply their resources and give them new energy.
+
+The loan which will be opened in Holland under the auspices of his
+Majesty, favored by the guarantee which he is pleased to grant, cannot
+fail of success.
+
+The underwritten flatters himself, therefore, that his Majesty will
+find no inconvenience in ordering the immediate advance of ten
+millions to be delivered at the disposal of the United States, which
+will be returned to his royal treasury by means of the loan in
+question.
+
+Events of the greatest importance depend upon this disposition equally
+good and indispensable. The underwritten would think himself deficient
+in his duty, if he did not persevere in entreating his Majesty to
+adopt and order it.
+
+The arrival of this sum is necessary to give a vigorous impulse to the
+organisation of administration in the present state of things, renew
+the tone of parts which have lost their energy, and revive public
+credit by making the resources of the country concur in the expenses
+of the war, which resources cannot be turned to account without coin
+to determine them.
+
+If it is impossible to make it a part of the general arrangement to
+grant safe means of conveyance for the whole of this sum, the
+underwritten entreats his Majesty to cause as considerable a portion
+as possible to be remitted immediately, and to fix a very early date
+for the departure of the remainder.
+
+The underwritten further earnestly solicits, that a naval superiority
+be permanently maintained on the American coast. The practicability
+and success of all military operations and the event of the war,
+depend directly and even exclusively on the state of the maritime
+force in America.
+
+The British, by preserving this advantage, will be able to accomplish
+all their plans by the rapidity of their movements. The facility of
+transporting themselves everywhere secures them a series of successes,
+which are rendered still more decisive by the certainty of finding no
+opposition in defenceless points.
+
+It is by these means that they have been able lately to possess
+themselves of a very important maritime point in North Carolina, and,
+by effecting a sudden junction between two divisions of their army,
+have been able to penetrate to the granary of that State. This
+position is the more favorable to the enemy, as he encloses between
+his army and the port of Wilmington, of which he is master, a
+considerable number of Scotch colonists attached to the interests of
+England, and who will be determined, perhaps, by his successes to
+declare themselves openly. Such consequences are to be expected from
+great successes in all civil wars. If his Majesty thinks proper to
+oppose a naval superiority to the British, they will be obliged to
+recall their troops from the interior country to reunite for the
+defence of the most important maritime points, the communication
+between which will be cut off, and the choice of attacks left to the
+allies.
+
+The abasement of Great Britain, the dismemberment of its empire, the
+inestimable commercial advantages arising to France, present great
+interests, and merit powerful efforts. If this opportunity be
+neglected, if too much be left to chance, if time be lost, and the
+means employed be insufficient, the British pride will know neither
+bounds nor restraint; our object will be missed perhaps forever; it is
+easy to foresee how fatal the consequences would be to the French
+islands.
+
+The underwritten renews the assurances of the most inviolable
+attachment on the part of the United States. Whatever may be the
+decision of his Majesty on these representations, his goodness towards
+his allies will never be effaced from their hearts; they will support
+the common cause with the same devotion to the last extremity, but
+their success must necessarily depend upon their means.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+_Paris, April 18th, 1781._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                              Paris, April 24th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had the honor of addressing to your Excellency a letter on the 9th
+instant, conformably to which I presented the Memorial now sent, after
+preparing the way for it by as many conferences as an intervening
+vacation would permit. In the course of these I discovered that it was
+impossible to obtain any further detachment of ships of force from
+hence; consequently, that the sum of specie to be sent immediately to
+America would be limited by the means of conveyance, and that
+successive epochs must divide a risk, which would be too considerable
+if simultaneous.
+
+In pursuance of these ideas Count de Vergennes declared to me, that it
+had been solemnly determined to send no more than two millions in a
+frigate with me, and to have the remainder transmitted afterwards at
+different periods; this sum appeared to me so inconsiderable, compared
+with our necessities, that I thought it my duty to make the warmest
+remonstrances on the subject, and the succeeding day I delivered the
+Memorial above mentioned. In the mean time I have been employed in
+engaging a conveyance from Holland, which is so unexceptionable as to
+enable me to demand with confidence an additional sum for the first
+remittance of specie. The conveyance alluded to is the Indian, a
+vessel having the dimensions of a seventyfour gun ship, mounting
+twentyeight French thirtysix pounders on her main deck, and twelve
+twelves on her quarter deck and forecastle, sold by the Chevalier de
+Luxembourg to the State of South Carolina for the term of three years,
+loaded in part with articles of clothing, &c. on said State's account,
+nearly ready for sea, but reduced to the impossibility of sailing for
+want of ten thousand pounds sterling to discharge an accumulation of
+debts contracted in port. In these circumstances Captain Gillon, her
+present commander, has applied to me in the most pressing terms for
+assistance, and has offered to cede me the cargo which he has on
+board, on condition of furnishing the means of extricating himself
+from his present difficulties. As there appeared to me a happy
+coincidence in this matter, of the interests of the State and the
+Continent, I determined to accept his offer, annexing certain
+conditions, as will be seen in the enclosure.[17]
+
+The advantages in favor of the continent are in the first place a very
+important and considerable gain of time in forwarding supplies of
+clothing, as no considerable quantity could have been obtained at the
+proper seaport of France at an earlier date than the 10th of June.
+Secondly, the excellence of the conveyance removes a powerful
+objection on the part on the Ministry against augmenting the first
+remittance of specie.
+
+The advantages on the part of the State are, that she will be able to
+avail herself of the services of her ship, of which without the
+present interposition there would not be the least prospect, and
+besides, she will derive her share in common with the other members of
+the Union from the general advantages.
+
+I have not as yet received a definitive answer from the Count de
+Vergennes to my last Memorial and subsequent applications, but I learn
+from M. Necker, that the following will be the distribution of what
+relates to his department, viz. that two millions will be sent in the
+frigate with me, one million on board the Indian, and that it is
+besides in agitation to make an arrangement with Spain for assigning a
+sum of specie at Vera Cruz, to be transported from thence by a frigate
+to be ordered on that service from one of the West India Islands.
+
+I have reason to apprehend an unfavorable answer to my request, that
+the military effects from the public arsenals should be granted on
+credit. The expense of these articles will make a considerable
+deduction from our pecuniary resources. Your Excellency will observe
+that the same difficulties exist with respect to these objects, as
+with regard to the manufactures of cloth, the great deposits of them
+all being situated in the interior country, remote from the sea. The
+cargo of the Marquis de Lafayette, that of the Indian, (including the
+additional purchases, which I have directed to be made in order to
+complete her tonnage) and the supplies collected at Brest, or on their
+way thither, will nearly include the most essential articles of the
+Board of War's estimate. The purchases in France are made under the
+direction of an Intendant in the War Department. Those in Holland are
+made by M. de Neufville & Son, whom I employed because they appeared
+to possess the confidence of our Minister Plenipotentiary in that
+country.
+
+I found great difficulties and delays likely to attend the plan of
+casting howitzers of English calibre in France. The scarcity of
+materials, the great danger of a want of precision in the proportions,
+and the facility with which we cast shells in America, induced me to
+substitute six inch howitzers of French calibre, to those demanded by
+the Board of War. This size, in the opinion of the most experienced
+artillerists, is preferable to the larger, their effects being the
+same, and their inferior size rendering them much more manageable, as
+well as less expensive of ammunition. A certain number of shells will
+accompany the howitzers, but it will be necessary that the Board of
+War should give immediate orders for making a larger provision of
+them. Their dimensions may be taken from those with the French
+artillery under General Rochambeau.
+
+The same reasons as those above mentioned, determined me to substitute
+the French twelve-inch mortar to the thirteen inch of English calibre,
+as there was no other way of procuring them but by having them cast,
+and the same observation is to be made with respect to their shells as
+with respect to those of the howitzers. A store-ship, freighted by
+government, is to proceed under convoy of the frigate on board which I
+shall sail, and will be charged with such supplies as can be collected
+in time at Brest.
+
+As soon as I shall have accomplished all that requires my presence
+here, which I flatter myself will be in a few days, I shall proceed to
+Brest, to do everything that can depend on me for hastening the
+departure of the frigate. I shall in the mean time despatch Captain
+Jackson, an officer of great intelligence and activity, who
+accompanied me from America, with instructions to exert his utmost
+efforts to get the Indian to sea without loss of time.[18]
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest veneration, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[17] Missing.
+
+[18] For a correspondence on this subject between Dr Franklin and
+Captain Jackson, see _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. III. pp. 121,
+232.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _Memorial from John Laurens to the Director-General of Finance._
+
+The underwritten, special Minister of the United States of North
+America, renews his representations to the Director-General of
+Finance, upon the necessity of augmenting the present remittance of
+pecuniary succors destined for America. He cannot repeat too often,
+that upon the quantity and seasonableness of these succors, the fate
+of his Majesty's allies must necessarily depend.
+
+He entreats him to recollect, that in the first discussion with regard
+to the sum, the difficulties which opposed an immediate remittance,
+more proportionate to the urgent necessities of the United States,
+were unconnected with reasons of finance. With respect to the
+apprehension of exposing ourselves to simultaneous risks that would be
+too considerable, which was the principal reason alleged, he thinks
+himself warranted in saying, that comparing the sum with the risk, the
+strictest laws of prudence would not be violated in shipping the
+amount of six millions on board of two frigates, well armed and good
+sailors, despatched from ports distant from each other.
+
+The plan of procuring money from Vera Cruz or the Havana, the success
+and speedy execution of which were regarded as certain, would have
+dispensed government from making any very considerable remittance
+from hence at the present moment, but as according to the
+Director-General's own account, there is reason to apprehend a delay,
+which would render this plan delusive, the underwritten sees no other
+remedy, than in augmenting the sums remitted from hence, as far as the
+present means of conveyance will authorise, and seconding this first
+remittance by a definitive arrangement for having it closely followed
+by the remainder.
+
+With regard to the distribution between the two ships, the
+underwritten would prefer committing the most considerable portion of
+the specie to the frigate in Holland, on account of her very superior
+force.
+
+He has the honor to apprize the Director-General, that he has
+authorised Mr W. Jackson, Captain of infantry in the service of the
+United States, to give receipts for the sum destined to be shipped in
+Holland, and that he will himself sign receipts for the sum to be
+shipped at Brest.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+_Paris, April 29th, 1781._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                                Paris, May 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since I had the honor of writing to your Excellency on the 24th ult.
+my prospects of pecuniary succor have suffered a very unfavorable
+change, first in the suspension and I apprehend the total failure of
+the plan of procuring a sum of specie at Vera Cruz, to be transmitted
+immediately from thence for the service of the United States. This
+arrangement which the Spanish agent at this Court was at first very
+desirous of making with M. Necker, and which would have been a
+convenience to the finance of this country, was prevented from being
+carried into execution by the arrival of intelligence, that the
+treasure had been safely transported from Vera Cruz to the Havana; in
+consequence of which the agent declined engaging to furnish the money
+on any other terms than by a schedule of bill of exchange, payable at
+six months' sight. M. Necker has since made him an offer of a profit
+on the money to be supplied at the Havana, and the agent has written
+to his Court on the subject, but it does not appear to me, that the
+offer is likely to be accepted. As soon as I was apprized of this, I
+delivered the preceding Memorial to the Director-General of Finance.
+
+In addition to this disappointment we have received notice from
+Holland of the total refusal of the Dutch to countenance the proposed
+loan of ten millions on account of the United States. M. Necker was of
+opinion, that the Dutch would lend more readily on this footing than
+to France alone, as there would be a double security; but the event
+has proved, that its being a concern of the United States was
+sufficient for political reasons to occasion the overthrow of the
+business. I have uniformly insisted from the beginning upon the
+necessity of securing this aid to the United States from the finances
+of France, and while I pleaded the fertility of her resources, and
+facility of borrowing in her own name, I have enlarged upon the fatal
+consequences to which we should be exposed by referring the matter to
+an uncertain and dilatory operation. I apprehend some new efforts are
+making on the subject of the loan. His Majesty in the mean time
+engages to supply the failure of the loan from the finances of his
+kingdom. The future transmissions of specie are to be concerted
+between the Minister of Marine and the Director-General of Finance,
+and Count de Vergennes has promised me to urge them upon the subject.
+I have not been able to obtain any greater augmentation of the sums
+destined to be embarked at Brest and in Holland, than half a million
+at the first, and nearly the same sum at the latter.
+
+With respect to the maritime succors so repeatedly solicited, I am
+authorised only in general terms to assure Congress, that such
+dispositions are made for detaching from the West Indies, as give
+every reason to hope a naval superiority will exist on the part of the
+allies in America; that the fleet will probably remain on that station
+three months, and that it will be time on my arrival to commence the
+most vigorous preparations for co-operating with it.
+
+Immediately on closing this packet, I shall set out for Brest, and use
+my utmost efforts to accelerate our sailing. My frigate is ready in
+the roads. If any delay arises it will be owing to the store ship,
+which she will have under convoy.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect,
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+_P. S._ Those despatches will be delivered to your Excellency by
+Captain Jackson of the first South Carolina regiment, whose zeal for
+the service made him cheerfully undertake the journey to Holland, for
+the purpose of accelerating the departure of the Indian, and to whom I
+am much indebted for his assistance in this country.
+
+                                                                 J. L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 COUNT DE VERGENNES TO JOHN LAURENS.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                           Versailles, May 16th, 1781.
+
+Congress has directed Mr Laurens to solicit from the King an aid of
+money, and to request his guarantee for a loan. In consequence his
+Majesty has been pleased to grant six millions tournois,[19] in form
+of a gift, and he has likewise agreed to be security for a loan of ten
+millions, to be opened in Holland, for account of Congress; and if
+that loan should meet with difficulties, he has even resolved to
+supply it out of his own finances, as soon as possible. The six
+millions, which his Majesty has granted, have been employed in the
+following manner; two million five hundred thousand livres are sent to
+Brest, there to be shipped; one million five hundred thousand are sent
+to Amsterdam, to be likewise shipped there; about two millions are to
+be employed in payment for the goods, which Mr Laurens was directed to
+purchase. Besides the sum above mentioned, his Majesty has been
+pleased to grant Dr Franklin four millions to discharge the bills of
+exchange drawn on him by Congress. In case the loan, which is to be
+opened in Holland on account of the Americans, should fail of success,
+his Majesty will be under the necessity of supplying it. It is
+understood, that the United States shall repay his Majesty the sum of
+ten millions, in order to fulfil the engagements, that shall be
+entered into in Holland.
+
+The operations of the campaign, of which his Majesty has given a plan
+to the commander of his fleet in America, form the second object, in
+which the United States are interested; and without being able to fix
+the attention of Congress or General Washington upon the moment when
+his fleet shall appear on the coast of North America, he assures them,
+that the success of their armies makes a principal part of his views
+for the ensuing campaign. It is therefore proper, that, upon the
+arrival of Colonel Laurens, the United States should put themselves in
+condition to take advantage of the operations of his fleet in America.
+
+                                                         DE VERGENNES.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[19] These six millions were not obtained "in consequence" of Colonel
+Laurens's solicitation, but were granted to Dr Franklin, before
+Colonel Laurens's arrival. See _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. III.
+p. 230, and also Colonel Laurens's letter above, dated March
+20th;--also the following letter of September 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                     Philadelphia, September 2d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Happy in this opportunity of renewing the assurances of my inviolable
+duty and attachment to the United States, in Congress assembled, I
+have the honor of submitting to them a supplementary report of the
+negotiation, with which they were pleased to intrust me, by their
+commission of the 23d of December, 1780.
+
+Previous to my arrival in France, the letter from Congress of the 22d
+of December to his Most Christian Majesty had been delivered, and the
+application for succors supported by our Minister Plenipotentiary, the
+result of which was a gratuitous donation from the King of France of
+six millions of livres, to be drawn for by General Washington at
+distant periods, and an offer to provide clothing and other supplies
+for the army, the expense to be deducted from the donation above
+mentioned. The disproportion between this and the necessities of the
+United States upon which their demand was founded, as well as the
+exceptionable manner of touching the money, determined me without
+delay to renew the negotiation, in which I had the concurrence of our
+Minister Plenipotentiary, and the advantage of his counsels.
+
+After my first interview with the Count de Vergennes, I presented, in
+form of a memorial, a copy of which has been transmitted to Congress,
+an extract of a letter from General Washington, written in consequence
+of my conference with him by order of Congress, making such small
+additions as were suggested by the state of the business. The
+advantage of the General's credit in Europe made me prefer his letter
+to any common form of memorial, especially as he had treated the
+principal objects of my mission in a manner no less full and explicit
+than conformable to the ideas of Congress.
+
+I accompanied it with the estimate of the Board of War, after making a
+deduction of many articles, the demand of which I apprehended would
+throw an unfavorable cast on the whole business. A translated
+duplicate of the complete estimate had been long since delivered by Dr
+Franklin. The Count de Vergennes exclaimed vehemently against the
+exorbitance of the demand, to which the strength of our army was so
+disproportioned, adding, that duplicate cargoes of such value could
+not be afforded, and that the articles demanded would exhaust all our
+money; for he refused to understand as I did, the intention of
+Congress to solicit the supplies in addition to the loan.
+
+Argument and expostulation on this subject were fruitless. In
+pursuance of his definitive request, I formed a reduced list
+accompanied by a letter, a copy of which has been transmitted. An
+allowance was made for the Lafayette's cargo, as well as a very
+imperfect sketch of it could enable me. This list was immediately
+referred to the War Department. In all my interviews with the
+Ministers, I endeavored to represent in their strongest light the
+following important articles. That notwithstanding the unalterable
+determination of the United States to support their independence,
+notwithstanding the virtue and firmness of the citizens in general,
+the immense pecuniary resources of Great Britain, and her constant
+naval superiority were advantages too decisive to be counterbalanced
+by any interior exertions on the part of the United States. That these
+must infallibly impose a term to the efforts of a nation, whose
+extended maritime and inland frontier rendered her obnoxious to sudden
+descents and incursions on all sides; whose army was consequently
+exposed to excessive marches, attended with insupportable expense of
+money and waste of soldiers, that the exhausted state of their
+finances reduced Congress to the impossibility of calling the natural
+resources of the country into activity; that the aggravated calamities
+of a war, which in its principles had been precautionary, began now to
+produce dangerous uneasinesses and discontents; that we had concealed
+enemies to contend against; that the British left no measures
+unattempted either of open force or secret intrigue; and finally,
+unless instant succor were afforded as solicited by Congress, that
+France was in danger of losing all the fruits of the part she had
+hitherto taken in the contest; that if instead of being actuated by a
+generous and enlightened policy, the Court of France had
+systematically protracted the war, in order that Britain and America
+might mutually exhaust themselves, while she had reserved her power to
+decide only in the last extremity, this period with respect to America
+had arrived; that the importance of the objects of the war on one
+hand, and the mischiefs of suffering Great Britain to re-annex to
+herself the resources of America, demanded the greatest exertions;
+that the honor of the King, as well as the national interest, was
+engaged, and that, considering the flourishing state of the French
+marine and finances, the succor solicited was as easy as, considering
+our situation, it was indispensable.
+
+I endeavored, above all, to hasten their determinations. The general
+language held by the Ministry was, that the demands of Congress were
+excessive; that to induce succor from their ally, there should be
+greater exertions on the part of the United States; that the King had
+the greatest good will towards them, but that the expenditures of the
+war were immense; the necessity of supporting a maritime war in
+different quarters, and the indispensable defence of his own colonies,
+limited his power of giving assistance; that the public credit of
+France, however good, had its limits, which it were dangerous to
+exceed; that the administration of the American finances was not
+calculated to inspire confidence; that a dangerous wound had been
+given to our public credit by the resolution of the 18th of March,
+1780, a measure, which, however judicious it might have been in time
+of peace, was exceedingly pernicious in time of war; that the
+application of Congress was tardy, and by its suddenness excluded
+expedients which might otherwise have been employed for our relief;
+that with regard to the national interest and honor, France had been a
+great kingdom, and the King a powerful monarch, when America was
+composed of feeble colonies.
+
+To this kind of discourse I answered, by enlarging on the natural and
+political disadvantages of America in the present contest, the fertile
+resources of the British, their power and activity; the impossibility
+of our supporting a paper credit without a foundation of specie,
+adding, that the continental currency must have died a natural death
+if it had not been checked at a late stage of depreciation, by the act
+of Congress in question; that persons, who had clamored most on this
+subject, had been instrumental in hastening the discredit of our
+paper, by various commercial speculations, but that the downfall of
+the currency must be attributed principally to a want of funds for its
+support; for this object Congress were renewing their application in
+the most pressing terms; that the King of France's glory could not but
+suffer if the British triumphed in the present dispute, as his
+consideration in Europe would be lessened by it; that his interests
+besides, and those of his kingdom, would certainly be deeply wounded
+by a re-accession of America to Great Britain, and that the same fleet
+and army, which should prove decisive there, would be at hand to
+possess themselves of the French islands.
+
+The Marquis de Castries, Minister for the Marine Department, being
+absent, and a vacation produced some delay, I waited on this Minister
+immediately on his return to Court, and observed to him that the most
+important decisions relative to the common cause of France and America
+had been suspended on account of his absence; urged him particularly
+on the great point of a naval superiority, reminding him, that the
+British Marine was the principal instrument of their power; that the
+efforts of the allies to reduce this force could nowhere be made with
+such a prospect of success as on the American coast; that it would be
+very easy after a decisive campaign in America, in which his personal
+glory was so much interested, to transport a sufficient force from the
+continent to reduce any British island; that in the mean time the
+French islands would be in the most perfect security. He repeated
+nearly what he had said at our first interview, with stronger
+assurances of his prospect of a naval superiority the ensuing
+campaign.
+
+In a word I used every argument of national interest, and added such
+personal motives as I thought applicable to the different Ministers.
+
+On the 8th of April Count de Vergennes communicated to me his Most
+Christian Majesty's determination to become security for a loan of ten
+millions of livres, to be opened on account of the United States in
+Holland; that he had immediately despatched a courier extraordinary to
+M. de la Vauguyon with a letter relative to this business; that I had
+reason to be satisfied with this in addition to the donation of six
+millions, and four millions that had been appropriated to the payment
+of bills drawn on Mr Franklin. I pressed him by many arguments to
+leave an opening for the remaining five millions; exposed the false
+policy of incomplete succors; observed that Congress had solicited no
+more than was necessary; that there should be no other limits to the
+present succor than the invincible bounds of possibility; that it was
+not the condition on which the money was obtained, but the sum and
+opportuneness of remitting it, that were above all important; that in
+this point of view I would prefer converting the donation into a loan,
+if it would make the advance more convenient to the French finances,
+and facilitate the augmentation of the total sum, destined for the
+United States. I repeated the same thing to the Director-General of
+Finance, but their answer was, the King had passed his word and could
+not retract.
+
+I entreated both M. de Vergennes and M. Necker not to abandon the
+United States to the operation of a loan, but to secure us from the
+finances of France the sum in question, and above all, to make
+immediate arrangements for the remittance of it.
+
+In the mean time I pressed the Minister of Marine on the subject of
+ships, but I found that it was far from the intention of the Court to
+furnish the means for remitting any considerable sum immediately.
+Count de Vergennes urged the imprudence of exposing such precious
+succors to a simultaneous risk, and the necessity of dividing the
+danger by successive remittances, adding besides, that as permission
+had been given to draw, an allowance was to be made on this account,
+and a provisional sum for payment retained; that pursuant to those
+ideas it had been solemnly determined to send no more than two
+millions in a frigate with me. I observed, that the first difficulty
+would be obviated by proportioning the escort to the value of the
+specie; with regard to the other objection, I gave it as my opinion,
+that no bills would be drawn in consequence of the mode for touching
+the donation of six millions. The Count said, that I was not
+sufficiently impressed with what had been already done on our account,
+and appealed to our Minister Plenipotentiary. In addition to the
+warmest verbal remonstrances on the subject, I presented the Memorial,
+a copy of which was forwarded to Congress.
+
+In these circumstances I was induced to make an arrangement with
+Captain Gillon, of the frigate South Carolina, in order to secure an
+unexceptionable conveyance for a further remittance of specie, as well
+as for other reasons to be mentioned hereafter. This conveyance being
+approved by the Ministry, it was proposed by M. Necker, that one
+million should be remitted by this opportunity, two in the frigate
+from France as above mentioned, and that an arrangement should be made
+with the Spaniards for a further remittance from Vera Cruz, agreeably
+to an offer from their agent in Paris. Unfortunately, while this
+latter plan was in agitation, the agent received intelligence that the
+whole of the Spanish treasure destined for Europe had arrived safe at
+the Havana, in consequence of which he changed the terms of his first
+proposal, from an order payable at sight, to bills at six months'
+date; this, joined to the disagreeable intelligence from Holland of
+the failure of the loan proposed on account of the United States,
+occasioned my giving a Memorial to the Director-General, and
+insisting, in several interviews with him, on the necessity of
+something decisive in his department, adding, that the administration
+could not pursue a better plan for securing the triumph of Great
+Britain than the present system of giving inadequate and dilatory
+succor to America.
+
+All that I could obtain was an addition of half a million to the
+specie to be embarked at Brest, and about the same sum to that in
+Gillon's ship. The Director-General informed me, that he had passed
+the sum of the proposed loan to the debit of the King's finances, and
+repeated his assurances, that our further remittances should be made
+successively.
+
+I have already informed Congress, that the reduced list of supplies
+had been referred to the War Department, where it had to undergo a
+recopying and more methodical distribution under several heads. I used
+my endeavors to hasten the decisions on this subject, and to procure
+orders at least with respect to some particular articles, the
+providing of which obviously required a more early notice than others;
+but he said no partial arrangement could be made, and that a decision
+must be definitively given in council upon the whole business,
+previous to his engaging in the execution of his part.
+
+On the 1st of April I received a letter from M. de Corney, Provincial
+Commissary, informing me, that the Marquis de Segur had appointed M.
+de Viemerange in conjunction with him to confer with me on the objects
+of the estimate, and the time and means of procuring them. I
+immediately repaired to Versailles for this purpose.
+
+As the ancient administration for clothing the French troops was
+abolished, and each regiment in France makes its own contracts for
+habiliments and equipments, there exists no public magazine of
+supplies in this way, either in the War or Marine Department, and
+there was no other resource for this article than the remainder of
+some supplies at Brest, which had been provided for General
+Rochambeau's army; it was proposed then to cede these to the United
+States, and continue the provision upon the same terms as had been
+settled for the King's service. The quantity was extremely
+inconsiderable, compared even with the reduced list, which I had
+presented; the time proposed for augmenting it was long, and my
+prospects upon the whole were very discouraging, but the
+impracticability of doing better in present circumstances obliged me
+to yield. The difficulties and delays, however, which occurred in this
+transaction, and a persuasion that it would not be so economical as I
+had at first been taught to expect, were powerful additional motives
+with me for accepting Captain Gillon's offer relative to the South
+Carolina frigate, in order to avail myself of the supplies in his
+possession, and to complete his vacant tonnage by purchases in
+Holland, where the vicinity of the seaport and manufacturing towns
+insured despatch. Copies of all the papers, relative to the supplies,
+are in the hands of the Minister Plenipotentiary. I apprized him of
+the necessity of watching the punctual execution of the terms of
+Sabatier & Co's agreement, notwithstanding the superintendence of the
+War Department. The artillery, arms, ammunition, and encamping
+supplies, were to be collected at Brest from different arsenals in
+Brittany and elsewhere, at the same rates at which they were provided
+for the national service.
+
+When the subject of casting howitzers, conformably to the British
+calibre, came to be more minutely and definitively discussed,
+difficulties with respect to the scarcity of materials, the danger of
+errors in the proportion, the want of a proper person to inspect the
+business, in a word, objections of different kinds were started;
+these, added to the facility of casting shells in America, determined
+me finally to substitute six inch howitzers of French calibre.
+Experience has proved, on a comparison of their effects with those of
+the larger sized howitzers, that the difference is trifling, and that
+the former will answer all the purposes of the latter, while their
+proportions render them more manageable, and economise ammunition. The
+French artillerists, enlightened by this discovery, have determined
+the reform of all their larger howitzers.
+
+Upon my arrival at Brest I found the whole of the articles agreed to
+be furnished for the first convoy were not yet arrived. In these
+circumstances I substituted some articles which I found in the
+magazine there, that there might not be any further loss of time, and
+that there should be the least possible interval between our sailing
+and the embarcation of the specie, which once commenced could not be
+kept secret in passing through a number of hands, and might be a
+temptation to enterprises on the part of the enemy. The same motive
+determined me not to shift the whole of the money into cases, which
+would have been more portable. This precaution became indispensable
+however with respect to two of the casks, that had suffered too much
+from the violent shaking on the road to be embarked in that
+condition, and although all the casks are double, I apprehend the most
+scrupulous care will be necessary in their debarcation and removal. I
+send herewith the Chevalier de l'Angle's receipt for the specie on
+board the frigate Resolve, the copy of the Treasurer's note at Brest,
+and invoices of the cargoes on board the Cibelle and the Olimpe.
+Besides these, the whole of the surgical instruments, drugs, and tin
+and wire for camp kettles, agreeably to the Board of War's estimate,
+are supplied upon the same footing as the other articles. The drugs
+and tin I expect in the brigantine Active. In addition to the list, I
+left a statement of the ulterior demands. These, in addition to the
+cargo expected by Gillon, and the invoices already cited, include the
+total of the supplies.
+
+The deduction of money for their payment was incompatible with so
+ample a provision, as prudence might otherwise have dictated.
+Necessitated to confine myself to a reduced list of the most
+indispensable articles, in order to leave the sum for remittances as
+unimpaired as possible, I avoided every purchase and additional
+expense of workmanship, that could be readily supplied by our artisans
+and manufacturers at home, as the money expended here, besides
+accomplishing the primary object, after descending in various channels
+to the encouragement of arts, and animation of industry among
+ourselves, would return its contribution to the great reservoir of
+public resources.
+
+I am sorry not to be able to give Congress a more satisfactory and
+definitive account of Captain Gillon's proceedings. The papers sent
+herewith will show the measures I had taken, and all the intelligence
+I had received relative to this business previous to my departure.
+Relying on the zeal and activity of Captain Jackson, aided by the
+counsels of the Minister Plenipotentiary in Holland, I cannot
+apprehend any improper delay.
+
+Captain Jackson alone was intrusted with the secret of the specie to
+be embarked, I enjoined him not to communicate it to any one, until
+the moment when it should become necessary to embark it; and, that the
+bankers might not be apprized of its destination, I sent the order for
+it enclosed to him.
+
+I used every argument, at taking leave of the several Ministers, that
+I thought could influence them, and previous to my departure from
+Brest, renewed my solicitations in writing. I imagine some further
+effort will have been made relative to the loan in Holland, but at all
+events the ten millions are to be supplied from the King of France's
+finances. The Marquis de Castries, and M. Necker, were to concert the
+future remittances; they gave me fair promises on the subject, and
+Count de Vergennes assured me he would press them; he likewise gave me
+some hopes of credit for the supplies of military stores. The naval
+superiority, it is expected, will be established on the American coast
+for a sufficient time to enable us to enterprise something important.
+
+Enclosed herewith is an answer from the Most Christian King to my
+letter of credence. Count de Vergennes informed me, that an answer to
+the other letter of Congress had been already despatched.
+
+At taking my leave of his Most Christian Majesty, he desired me to
+renew his assurances of affection to the United States. The succeeding
+day his Majesty honored me with the accustomed present of his
+portrait. Republican strictness, and the utility of the precedent,
+lead me to refer it to the supreme representative of the majesty of
+the American people, the organ of that sovereign will to which I am
+devoted.
+
+The Resolve sailed from Brest, with the Cibelle and Olimpe under her
+convoy, the 1st of June. The judicious precautions, and unwearied
+attention of the Chevalier de l'Angle, commander of the frigate,
+relative to his convoy, during a passage in which we experienced every
+contrariety, deserve the highest applause.
+
+I entreat the further orders of Congress, being exceedingly solicitous
+to lose no time in rejoining the army.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+_P. S._ My first intention was to have steered for Philadelphia, but
+learning from a vessel, which we pursued for the purpose of
+intelligence, that Count de Grasse was not arrived, I judged it most
+prudent to make a safe eastern port, and arrived at Boston the
+afternoon of the 25th ult.
+
+                                                                 J. L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, September 6th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In consequence of the desire of the committee of conference on the
+subject of my mission to France, I do myself the honor to communicate
+to Congress all the information I am possessed of relative to the
+present situation of Henry Laurens, and the prospect of his
+enlargement or exchange. It appears from the letter of a gentleman in
+London, who had access to him under certain restrictions, that though
+the rigor of his confinement was in some degree abated, he still
+labored under several interdictions and restraints, as unprecedented
+as illiberal, and that the British Court still affected to consider
+him as amenable to their municipal laws, and maintained the idea of a
+future trial.
+
+After I had finished the general business with which Congress had
+charged me, I consulted the several Ministers at the Court of France
+upon the proper measures to be taken, when such a flagrant violation
+of the laws of nations had been offered in the person of a public
+Minister, and solicited their intervention and assistance. They all
+declared, that however anxious they were to restore to his country a
+citizen, so valuable by his services, they had not the least hope,
+that any benefit would be derived from their interference, the British
+Court being as little disposed to gratify the Court of France, as they
+were to gratify the United States; and the unanimous opinion of these
+gentlemen further was, that nothing would determine the British to
+pursue a reasonable conduct in the present case, but the most exact
+retaliation on the part of Congress. For this purpose they advised,
+that one or more British prisoners of sufficient note and importance
+to cause a sensation by their own complaints, or those of their
+friends, to their Court, should be held as security for the safety of
+Mr Laurens, and that their mode of confinement and treatment should
+invariably follow the rule of the conduct of the British government
+towards him.
+
+In addition to the report, which I had the honor to make the 2d
+instant, I take the present opportunity of enclosing to Congress the
+duplicate account of the frigate Alliance's disbursements, by Messrs
+Gourlade and Moylan of L'Orient. The misfortune of Mr Palfrey left us
+without other resource, than an application to a mercantile house.
+The persons above mentioned offered their services, and were
+recommended. The sum total appeared both to the Minister
+Plenipotentiary and myself very considerable for the short stay of the
+vessel in port, and the charge of advanced officers' pay
+unprecedented; but Captain Barry had signed the original account, and
+M. Moylan's house had advanced the money, and offered every authentic
+voucher. I thought myself obliged to write from Brest, requesting Dr
+Franklin to order payment after necessary security.
+
+I found myself under the necessity of drawing, under the authority of
+Congress, for three hundred and fifty louis, on their Minister
+Plenipotentiary at the Court of France. Fifty of these were given to
+Mr Jackson on his departure for Holland. On my arrival at Boston, I
+borrowed on my private credit forty guineas, twentyfive of which have
+been paid for the purchase of saddles, and the expense of the journey,
+including that of an express with the despatches from France for the
+French Minister and army, and that of an escort of dragoons, which it
+became prudent, on account of my papers, to take from Danbury to a
+place a few miles on this side of the North River.
+
+I had recourse to the State of Rhode Island for horses, &c. a
+particular account of which will be given to the Board of War.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest veneration, &c.
+
+                                                         JOHN LAURENS.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+CHARLES W. F. DUMAS;
+
+AGENT OF THE UNITED STATES IN HOLLAND.
+
+
+
+
+Charles William Frederick Dumas was a native of Switzerland, but he
+passed a large portion of his life in Holland, chiefly employed as a
+man of letters. He was a person of deep learning, versed in the
+ancient classics, and skilled in several modern languages, a warm
+friend of liberty, and an early defender of the American cause. About
+the year 1770, or a little later, he published an edition of Vattel,
+with a long preface and notes, which were marked with his liberal
+sentiments.
+
+When Dr Franklin was in Holland on his way to France, a short time
+before his return to his own country, at the beginning of the
+Revolution, he became acquainted with M. Dumas. Having thus witnessed
+his ability, his love of freedom, and his zeal in favor of America, he
+considered him a suitable person to act as agent in promoting our
+affairs abroad. When the Committee of Secret Correspondence in
+Congress was formed, towards the close of the year 1775, of which Dr
+Franklin was chairman, it was resolved to employ M. Dumas for
+executing the purposes of the Committee in Holland. A letter of
+general instructions was accordingly written to him by Dr Franklin in
+the name of the Committee, and from that time M. Dumas commenced a
+correspondence with Congress, which continued without interruption
+during the Revolution, and occasionally to a much later period. He
+acted at first as a secret agent, and after John Adams went to Holland
+as Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States, M. Dumas
+performed the office of Secretary and translator to the Minister. On
+the departure of Mr Adams for Paris, to engage in the negotiations for
+peace, M. Dumas remained in the character of _Charge d'Affaires_ from
+the United States. In this capacity he exchanged with the Dutch
+government the ratification of the treaty, which had been previously
+negotiated by Mr Adams.
+
+It will be seen by M. Dumas's correspondence, that his services were
+unremitted, assiduous, and important, and performed with a singular
+devotedness to the interests of the United States, and with a warm and
+undeviating attachment to the rights and liberties for which they were
+contending. Congress seem not to have well understood the extent or
+merits of his labors. He was obliged often to complain of the meagre
+compensation he received, and of the extreme difficulty with which he
+and his small family contrived to subsist on it. Both Mr Adams and Dr
+Franklin recommended him to Congress as worthy of better returns, but
+with little effect. This indifference to his worth and his services
+while living renders it the more just, that his memory should be
+honored with the respect and gratitude of posterity.
+
+M. Dumas was still living in 1791, when Mr John Quincy Adams went to
+Holland as Minister from this country, but he died soon afterwards at
+an advanced age.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+CHARLES W. F. DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       B. FRANKLIN TO M. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, December 19th, 1775.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I received your several favors of May 18th, June 30th, and July 8th,
+by Messrs Vaillant & Pochard, whom if I could serve upon your
+recommendation, it would give me great pleasure. Their total want of
+English is at present an obstruction to their getting any employment
+among us; but I hope they will soon obtain some knowledge of it. This
+is a good country for artificers or farmers, but gentlemen of mere
+science in _Les Belles Lettres_ cannot so easily subsist here, there
+being little demand for their assistance among an industrious people,
+who, as yet, have not much leisure for studies of that kind.
+
+I am much obliged by the kind present you have made us of your edition
+of Vattel. It came to us in good season, when the circumstances of a
+rising State make it necessary frequently to consult the law of
+nations. Accordingly, that copy which I kept, (after depositing one in
+our own public library here, and sending the other to the College of
+Massachusetts Bay, as you directed,) has been continually in the hands
+of the members of our Congress now sitting, who are much pleased with
+your notes and preface, and have entertained a high and just esteem
+for their author. Your manuscript "_Idee sur le Gouvernement et la
+Royaute_," is also well relished, and may, in time, have its effect. I
+thank you, likewise, for the other smaller pieces, which accompanied
+Vattel. "_Le court Expose de ce qui est passe entre la Cour Britanique
+et les Colonies, &c._" being a very concise and clear statement of
+facts, will be reprinted here for the use of our new friends in
+Canada. The translations of the proceedings of our Congress are very
+acceptable. I send you herewith what of them has been farther
+published here, together with a few newspapers, containing accounts of
+some of the successes Providence has favored us with.
+
+We are threatened from England with a very powerful force to come next
+year against us. We are making all the provision in our power here to
+prevent that force, and we hope we shall be able to defend ourselves.
+But as the events of war are always uncertain, possibly, after another
+campaign, we may find it necessary to ask aid of some foreign power.
+It gives us great pleasure to learn from you, that "all Europe wishes
+us the best success in the maintenance of our liberty." But we wish to
+know whether any one of them, from principles of humanity, is disposed
+magnanimously to step in for the relief of an oppressed people, or
+whether if, as it seems likely to happen, we should be obliged to
+break off all connexion with Britain, and declare ourselves an
+independent people, there is any State or Power in Europe, who would
+be willing to enter into an alliance with us for the benefit of our
+commerce, which amounted, before the war, to near seven millions
+sterling per annum, and must continually increase, as our people
+increase most rapidly. Confiding, my dear friend, in your good will to
+us and our cause, and in your sagacity and abilities for business, the
+Committee of Congress, appointed for the purpose of establishing and
+conducting a correspondence with our friends in Europe, of which
+Committee I have the honor to be a member, have directed me to request
+of you, that as you are situated at the Hague, where Ambassadors from
+all the Courts reside, you would make use of the opportunity, which
+that situation affords you, of discovering, if possible, the
+disposition of the several Courts with respect to such assistance or
+alliance, if we should apply for the one or propose for the other. As
+it may possibly be necessary, in particular instances, that you
+should, for this purpose, confer directly with some great Ministers,
+and show them this letter as your credential, we only recommend it to
+your discretion, that you proceed therein with such caution, as to
+keep the same from the knowledge of the English Ambassador, and
+prevent any public appearance, at present, of your being employed in
+any such business, as thereby, we imagine, many inconveniences may be
+avoided, and your means of rendering us service increased.
+
+That you may be better able to answer some questions, which will
+probably be put to you concerning our present situation, we inform
+you, that the whole continent is very firmly united, the party for the
+measures of the British Ministry being very small, and much dispersed;
+that we have had on foot the last campaign an army of near twentyfive
+thousand men, wherewith we have been able, not only to block up the
+King's army in Boston, but to spare considerable detachments for the
+invasion of Canada, where we have met with great success, as the
+printed papers sent herewith will inform you, and have now reason to
+expect that whole Province may be soon in our possession; that we
+purpose greatly to increase our force for the ensuing year, and
+thereby, we hope, with the assistance of well disciplined militia, to
+be able to defend our coast, notwithstanding its great extent; that we
+have already a small squadron of armed vessels to protect our coasting
+trade, which have had some success in taking several of the enemy's
+cruisers and some of their transport vessels and store-ships. This
+little naval force we are about to augment, and expect it may be more
+considerable in the next summer.
+
+We have hitherto applied to no foreign power. We are using the utmost
+industry in endeavoring to make saltpetre, and with daily increasing
+success. Our artificers are also everywhere busy in fabricating small
+arms, casting cannon, &c. Yet both arms and ammunition are much
+wanted. Any merchants, who would venture to send ships laden with
+those articles, might make great profit; such is the demand in every
+Colony, and such generous prices are, and will be given, of which, and
+of the manner of conducting such a voyage, the bearer, Mr Story, can
+more fully inform you. And whoever brings in those articles is allowed
+to carry off the value in provisions to our West Indies, where they
+will fetch a very high price, the general exportation from North
+America being stopped. This you will see more particularly in a
+printed resolution of the Congress.
+
+We are in great want of good engineers, and wish you could engage and
+send us two able ones in time for the next campaign, one acquainted
+with field service, sieges, &c. and the other with fortifying
+sea-ports. They will, if well recommended, be made very welcome, and
+have honorable appointments, besides the expenses of their voyage
+hither, in which Mr Story can also advise them. As what we now request
+of you, besides taking up your time, may put you to some expense, we
+send you, for the present, enclosed, a bill for one hundred pounds
+sterling, to defray such expenses, and desire you to be assured that
+your services will be considered and honorably rewarded by the
+Congress.
+
+We desire, also, that you would take the trouble of receiving from
+Arthur Lee, agent for the Congress in England, such letters as may be
+sent by him to your care, and of forwarding them to us with your
+despatches. When you have occasion to write to him to inform him of
+anything, which it may be of importance that our friends there should
+be acquainted with, please to send your letters to him under cover,
+directed to Mr Alderman Lee, merchant, on Tower Hill, London, and do
+not send it by post, but by some trusty shipper, or other prudent
+person, who will deliver it with his own hand. And when you send to
+us, if you have not a direct safe opportunity, we recommend sending by
+way of St Eustatia, to the care of Messrs Robert & Cornelius Stevens,
+merchants there, who will forward your despatches to me.
+
+With sincere and great esteem and respect, I am, &c.
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, March 22d, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I wrote to you lately by Mr Story, and since by another conveyance.
+This line will be delivered to you by Mr Deane, who goes over on
+business of the Congress, and with whom you may freely converse on the
+affairs committed to you in behalf of that body. I recommend him
+warmly to your civilities. Messrs Vaillant & Pochard continue close at
+their new business, and are already able to subsist by it; as they
+grow more expert, they will be able to make more money.
+
+Mr Deane will inform you of everything here, and I need not add more,
+than that I am, with esteem and respect, &c.
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ TO B. FRANKLIN, CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                            Utrecht, April 30th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I received on the 6th instant at the Hague, from Mr Thomas Story, the
+despatches of the 19th December, 1775, of which he was the bearer.
+
+I am deeply penetrated by the honor done me, and the confidence
+reposed in me by the committee appointed by the General Congress to
+maintain the correspondence between the American United Provinces and
+Europe, and of which you, Sir, are one of the worthy members. I shall
+die content if the remainder of my life can be devoted to the service
+of so glorious and just a cause. I accept, therefore, joyfully the
+commission you have bestowed, and whatever you may think fit to give
+me in future, and I promise a hearty good will and an untiring zeal. I
+hope my ability will justify the favorable opinion you entertain of
+me. This promise on my part is in fact an oath of allegiance, which I
+spontaneously take to Congress; receive it as such.
+
+When I remarked in my last letter to you, "that all Europe wishes you
+the most happy issue in your defence of your liberty," I meant the
+unprejudiced, equitable, humane, European public; in a word, the
+citizens of universal society, men in general. You must except from
+this number the holders of English funds, and those Courts of Europe
+who have an understanding with England; these, far from assisting you,
+will sacrifice you to their interests or their fears. The allies,
+which under such circumstances are suitable for you, are France and
+Spain; for it is their interest that you should be free and
+independent of England, whose enormous maritime power fills them with
+apprehensions. I have, therefore, opened myself to the French
+Minister, and a copy and translation of your requests and letters of
+credence to me have been for a fortnight in his hands. In the
+conversation I had with this Minister I observed, that the wishes of
+his nation are for you. He said, that there was one difficulty in
+affording aid to the Colonies; if they should be reconciled with
+England, they would assist her against the power which had aided them,
+and would imitate the dog in the fable. I had no reply to make to
+this, except that in this case reasonable beings were concerned, that
+if they saw the object was not to deprive them of the liberty for
+which they were contending, but to assure it to them, they would not
+be so ungrateful as to join against their benefactors, those who
+wished to destroy that liberty. Finally, he desired to know from me
+positively, what I would ask for the Colonies of his Court. I
+answered, that you wished to be informed, 1. If the King of France
+would, from motives of humanity and magnanimity, interpose his
+mediation on behalf of an oppressed people and effect a
+reconciliation, which should preserve to them all the liberties they
+formerly enjoyed. 2. In case such a reconciliation could not be
+effected, would the nations, subjects of the house of Bourbon, be
+willing to accede to an alliance with the Colonies, with the
+advantages of an immense commerce? He was pleased with the former
+proposition to offer to his young king the glory of conferring peace
+on the subjects of others as well as on his own. The other proposition
+is not disagreeable to him, were it not for the dreadful war which
+would ensue in Europe. I then delivered to him, together with your
+letter, a memorial, showing how important it was for France not to
+allow the subjugation of the Colonies. The whole was sent to his Court
+about a fortnight since, and if the answer should be delayed it will
+be of no disadvantage. Meanwhile, we have gained this advantage, that
+an opening is made, which must dispose France in your favor, and
+engage her to tolerate and secretly to encourage even any assistance
+your vessels can derive from France, Spain, and the Indies. I have,
+therefore, in the extract, copied exactly what you pointed out to me
+as the most necessary, as engineers, arms, munitions, &c.
+
+I have done all this with the most profound secrecy. The person of
+whom I have spoken to you required it from me, and promised it in
+return, so that no one in this country, excepting him and me, knows
+anything of it. It is more advantageous to you and safer for me, that
+I should not be known as your agent.
+
+Mr Story, not daring to take two letters with him to England, one for
+Arthur Lee, the other for Mrs Hannah Philippa Lee, left them in safe
+keeping with me, and he did well. I learn by two letters, which I have
+received from Mr A. Lee, of the 20th and 23d of April, that on Mr
+Story's landing in England, they took from him a letter, which I had
+sent by him for Mr Lee; fortunately it was not signed with any true
+name, and could give no information to your adversaries. They have,
+therefore, committed this additional violence to no purpose. I have
+sent those letters to a friend at Rotterdam, according to the request
+of Mr Lee, and that friend informs me under date of May 3d, that he
+has forwarded the packet by a captain of a sloop, one of his old
+friends, who promised him to deliver them himself to the address which
+I put upon them by Mr Lee's directions. The sudden departure of the
+vessels will prevent me from informing you whether they have been
+safely delivered. I shall do it by some future opportunity. I joined
+to the packet a cypher for Mr Lee, like that I sent to you, but
+grounded on different words, so that we shall be able to communicate
+with each other in perfect safety. I informed him also, that I had the
+honor of writing you frequently, so that he can send his letters
+through me, if he has no better way.
+
+I know an engineer over thirty years of age, able, experienced, and
+very well qualified not only in his branch, but in the whole art of
+war; in a word, a fine officer, but very inadequately rewarded. I
+shall not be able to speak with him for several weeks, when I will
+propose to him the service of the Colonies. But as he is a widower,
+without means, and has several children, it will probably be necessary
+if he accepts, to make him some advances to enable him to go over. I
+will give you an account in due time of the conversation I shall have
+with him.
+
+I have endorsed today your bill of exchange of L100 sterling to the
+order of M. Rey, bookseller at Amsterdam. Good reasons prevented me
+from doing it sooner and at any other place than Amsterdam. May the
+conscientious use which I shall make of this fund entirely satisfy
+your wishes, and the confidence with which you have honored me. I am
+persuaded of the generosity of Congress, and I pray heaven that I may
+deserve by my services to be the object of it, when God shall have
+blessed their labors for the welfare and prosperity of the Colonies,
+either by a firm and sincere reconciliation, or by the success of your
+righteous and just arms. In reality, I hope much more than I fear on
+this point. The wisdom of Congress, so constantly manifested, the
+perfect union and harmony which prevail there, encourage me more and
+more. By this rare, happy, and admirable union, much more surely than
+by all the alliances in the world, you are, and you will finally be
+superior to your enemies, however formidable they may appear.
+_Concordia res parvae crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur_; may this
+great truth and the sublime words of Themistocles to Eurybiades, who
+raised a weapon against him in the Council, "_Strike but hear_," be
+constantly present to your minds and hearts as well as to those of
+your constituents. What power will then be able to withstand yours?
+Ascribe the freedom of this address to the enthusiasm with which I am
+animated for your union, the noblest edifice that liberty has ever
+reared. In it centres all that the political world contains attractive
+for me.
+
+I thank you, Sir, for your fatherly kindness to the two French
+gentlemen. They are young, and ought not therefore to entertain even
+the idea of being an instant a burden to any one, and a useless load
+to society.
+
+I am very glad that the _Statement of the Points in Dispute between
+Great Britain and the Colonies_ has been approved, so far as to cause
+it to be printed for the instruction of your friends, the Canadians.
+This is the only effect of that paper, for the printer not having sold
+enough of his journals to be at any other expense than the impression,
+has ceased to pay the author of those pieces. I have obtained his
+address for the purpose of engaging him to assist me in refuting the
+Jew, Pinto, whose venal pen has been employed in the most insolent
+manner against the Americans. A certain person, whom you know, regrets
+having allowed himself to be dazzled by his financial system, so far
+as to approve it without reserve in a letter, or advertisement, at the
+head of the treatise on "Circulation;" for although there are some
+good things in it here and there, yet that person has long since bean
+enlightened, in regard to many false brilliants, which the Jew passed
+on for genuine.
+
+As for the _Idea on Government and Royalty_, I learn with pleasure,
+that it has been agreeable, and that the time will perhaps come when
+it will receive more attention. This idea renders me more happy and
+proud, than if I had written the Iliad; for I think with Phaedrus,
+_nisi utile est quod fucimus, stulta est gloria_. It is a seed, which
+I thought myself bound to sow in your country, the only place in the
+known world where it could spring up. I consider that idea more and
+more practicable and true, and of all political systems the most
+completely proof against all objections. It requires only to be
+developed. God grant that we may soon be able to do it in peace and
+at leisure. I shall then beg you, Sir, with the estimable and learned
+author of the _Pennsylvania Farmer_, to correspond with me on this
+subject, and to prove it, if not to our contemporaries, at least to
+posterity.
+
+I thank you, Sir, for the Journal of Congress from the 10th of May to
+the 1st of August, 1775, which you have had the kindness to send me;
+be good enough to complete it by sending what precedes and follows;
+for we have here nothing authentic relating to your affairs. All that
+we know of you, we get from the gazettes, imperfectly, by scraps, in a
+vague and uncertain manner, a mixture of truth and falsehood.
+
+_May 9th._ I have just received the following letter without
+signature. "You will perhaps be tempted to come to the fair at the
+Hague. I shall have the honor to renew the expressions of my sincere
+esteem. I shall be at your orders every day at noon or sooner, if you
+will write me from your lodgings to let me know what hour will be most
+convenient for you. We shall be able to moralise some moments upon
+subjects, which we have already discussed. I have but little to say to
+you, which I shall do with a sincerity and candor, which I trust you
+will approve." I shall make this visit Saturday night, so as to return
+here Sunday night or Monday, not being able to do it otherwise. I
+shall send this letter today to Amsterdam, as they tell me the vessels
+will else sail without it. I shall therefore give you an account of
+the conversation in another letter, either by the same vessel or by
+some other. I am sorry to be obliged to leave you in suspense on a
+subject so interesting.
+
+Receive, Sir, for all the members of Congress in general, and for
+yourself, Mr Dickinson and Mr Jay in particular, the sincere
+assurances of my profound respect.
+
+                                                            DUMAS.[20]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[20] M. Dumas commonly wrote his despatches in French, but sometimes
+in English. It has not been thought necessary to designate between
+those translated, and those written originally in English. Although he
+wrote the language with a good deal of accuracy, yet foreign idioms
+and other defects will occasionally be perceived. In some instances
+the editor has taken the liberty to make free corrections of the
+author's style, and to omit a good deal of irrelevant matter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                              Utrecht, May 14th, 1776.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I wrote the 9th to the person who wrote me the letter of the 6th, of
+which I have given you a copy, that if what he had to say to me was
+pressing, I would go and return in two succeeding nights, to be with
+him Sunday the 12th, which is between the two; but if the interview
+could admit a week's delay, I should be able to make the journey more
+conveniently. He answered the next day, 10th of May, as follows.
+
+"I have received, Sir, the letter you did me the honor to write. I
+obey instantly the order you have given to answer you as to the day
+when I shall be able to have the pleasure of seeing you. As what I
+shall have the honor of saying to you is not pressing, you may put
+off, till Saturday next, eight days hence, that is to say the 18th of
+this month, the visit with which you flatter me. Nay, I take the
+liberty to anticipate you in the offer of expenses in all cases where
+your good offices will be useful to me. Flattered, honored as I am
+with the acquaintance I have made with you, I should be very sorry to
+be a burden to you, and to abuse your kindness.
+
+"I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, at your command."
+
+Do not think, Gentlemen, that a childish vanity leads me to recite to
+you this letter, and to take to myself sincerely the compliments which
+are addressed to me.
+
+_May 21st._ I am at length returned from my journey, with which I have
+been much satisfied, because I think you will have reason to be so.
+After we had conversed some time on the great and very late news of
+the evacuation of Boston by your enemies, as a new mark of the wisdom
+of your operations, our friend, (whose name I have promised not to
+reveal,) said, the King of England does not forget himself,
+nevertheless, as you see; and he showed me in a gazette a prohibitory
+edict very severe, of the Empress Queen of Hungary, against all
+exportation of arms and munitions from her States for America. I had
+already seen it, and I told him so. But what you do not know, said he,
+is that the King has demanded this of the Empress by a letter written
+with his own hand. I gave him to understand, that I hoped his Court
+would not be so partial. You shall know, he replied, for you will
+comprehend it. As to your first demand, the mediation of the King
+cannot take place whilst the Colonies are subjects of the King of
+England, who, besides, would not accept it. As to your second demand,
+the King is a true knight, his word is sacred. He has given it to the
+English to live in peace with them. He will hold to it. While France
+is not at war with the English, he will not ally himself against them
+with the Colonies, and will not furnish aids to the latter. But on the
+other hand, for the same reason, the Americans have the same
+protection and liberty as all other English to resort to France, to
+export thence merchandise, arms, and munitions of war, without however
+forming magazines of them in France, which is not permitted by any
+nation. Besides, added he, the Colonies have no need that either
+France or Spain should enter into this war. Commerce alone will
+furnish to the Americans all that they want to defend themselves.
+
+I am of his opinion. I think even that it will be more advantageous to
+you and to France also, that she should not be hasty to declare openly
+for you. Once more, gentlemen, your union, your constant love of
+liberty, your fortitude in turning from all that looks like luxury and
+in despising it, your hatred of tyranny and despotism, which are the
+sad fruits of luxury; in fine, all your republican virtues will render
+you superior to your enemies, and invincible even without allies.
+These, however, will not be wanting, be assured, for it cannot be
+thought, that with what is passing in your part of the world, ours can
+long remain at peace. The time will come when your friends will show
+themselves, and when your alliance will not only be accepted but
+sought. Meanwhile you have struck a great and wise blow in driving
+your enemies from Boston. They publish, that they have evacuated the
+place, with profound political motives; the public laughs at this
+pretence.
+
+I forgot to mention to you, that the person in question offered to
+reimburse to me the expenses of my journey; and that I answered they
+were already paid. On which he requested me to tell him at least in
+what he could do me a favor. I answered, that he was doing me such in
+rendering great services to the Americans. Finally, he desired me to
+correspond from time to time with him. I engaged to do it, and shall
+not fail. Thus it depends only on you, Gentlemen, to render this
+correspondence more and more interesting. On my part I will be
+vigilant to profit by all events that can make any change in Europe.
+Those which happen in America will require, without doubt, that you
+give me frequently new instructions and orders provided always with
+letters of credence, or at least with one that will serve for the
+time, as you judge proper. I know to whom to address myself to ask for
+intelligence at the Court of France, and to have an answer in a few
+days.
+
+_June 6th._ Here you have a copy of a letter from London, dated May
+21st. You know well from whom it is.[21] I have sent to him under the
+envelope the two letters which Mr Story had left with me, and I added
+a cypher, which he has already used with success.
+
+"Everything is safe. I shall write you fully next week by our friend
+Story. One Hortalez will apply to you on business that concerns our
+friends. He has your address. Be so good as to assist him."[22]
+
+I expect these gentlemen with impatience, and shall do all that
+depends on me for your service and theirs.
+
+I trust you will always answer me speedily, and inform me if my
+letters reach you. I will send you once more a general copy of my
+preceding letters, to supply the loss of one or both, in case the
+vessels that carry them are lost or are taken.
+
+When I promised the Minister, with whom I had an interview on your
+affairs, not to name him to you, it is only until you expressly
+require that I make him known to you; for in that case you may know
+him when you will.
+
+In about eight days I shall leave Utrecht for a country house within
+seven leagues of the Hague, where I expect to pass the summer.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[21] The person here referred to is Arthur Lee. See _Arthur Lee's
+Correspondence_, Vol. II. p. 16.
+
+[22] This note refers to Beaumarchais, who proposed to go to Holland,
+when he saw Mr Lee in London. But he afterwards altered his mind and
+returned directly to Paris.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                                    August 10th, 1776.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Mr Arthur Lee in his letter of the 11th of June observes, that "Mr
+Story goes from hence directly to America. A French gentleman named
+Hortalez having something to negotiate for the Congress, I have given
+him your address." On the eve of my departure from Utrecht, on the
+21st of June, I wrote as follows to the person whom you know.[23]
+
+
+"Sir,
+
+"In the hope that you have consented to make me understand that I
+shall be one day useful to you, I think it my duty to advise you, that
+I shall depart tomorrow from this city to pass the summer at a country
+house half way from here to ----. I shall receive there in all safety
+your orders, if you send your letters to, &c.
+
+"I propose also, to pass to ---- as soon as I can, merely to profit
+by the permission you have given me to render you my services from
+time to time. Without having any new plan to propose, the work already
+marked out has need of your good directions, and I shall be very sorry
+to fail of the honor of an interview with you at least once more
+before your departure, if it is near."
+
+
+To this I received the following answer, dated June 23d.
+
+
+"Sir,
+
+"I have received the letter you did me the honor to write me the 21st
+of this month. You flatter me with the hope of seeing you at ---- to
+which you are brought near by the residence you intend to make during
+the summer at a country house. This proximity will afford you
+opportunity to make journeys, by which I shall profit with much
+pleasure. I am sensible of the esteem which is your due, and of the
+advantage of meriting the friendship of an experienced man like
+yourself, uniting literature to the duties of society. I shall listen
+to you always with an eager desire of profiting by your counsels, and
+this on all subjects that have engaged your thoughts. I do not yet
+know the time that I shall remain at ----. Perhaps it will be
+sufficiently long to enjoy often the honor of receiving you. This
+depends on the orders of my Court. We are in the least active, or most
+dissipated season. Business will not flourish much till the fall of
+the leaves, or even not get warm till the return of snow. I speak of
+the old world; for I wish not to extend the picture too much.
+
+"Have you any news of the Doctor and his friends? I shall be obliged
+to you to follow my instructions in this respect. I will bear
+willingly the charge of an express, whom you may send to me when you
+shall judge proper; otherwise write uniformly by the post. Should I
+be on a journey, I shall have the honor to inform you of my residence
+and address. I do not know how to express to you sufficiently, Sir,
+the desire I have to serve you and to deserve a place in your
+thoughts."
+
+
+About fifteen days after, I replied to this letter as follows.
+
+
+"Sir,
+
+"The letter with which you honored me, dated 23d of June, has given me
+the assurance, which was needed to console me for the disappointments
+that have detained me here. Perhaps I shall be at the Hague on Sunday
+morning. Be assured, Sir, that if anything comes to my knowledge
+worthy of your attention, you shall be informed of it immediately. I
+have no reason to expect soon to receive news directly. I have written
+two letters by two different vessels, that have sailed from Amsterdam
+for St Eustatia; and I expect when another vessel departs to despatch
+a third. Before I have an answer much time will pass, and in this time
+many events. There is, however, a man charged with some commission on
+their part, to whom they have given my address at Leyden; and I have
+received two letters from that city, the one of the 21st of May, the
+other of the 11th of June, in which they pray me to render him
+service. This is all that I know of him, for the man has not yet
+appeared.
+
+"The more I am favored with your letters, Sir, the more I wish to
+deserve your good opinion. In the meantime, I ought to be on my guard
+against too much presumption, and to think how natural it is to give a
+gracious reception to the servant for the love of the master. I own
+to you, Sir, that in giving an account to the Doctor and his friends
+of our correspondence, I have thought proper to forewarn them thereon.
+They will be informed of the obliging interest with which you ask news
+of them. I hope that the time will come, when you will be able to
+permit me to reveal your name.
+
+"After having thought long and much, it seems to me, that in order to
+answer completely their intention, I ought to present myself also to
+the _Hotel d'Espagne_, to be known there simply as charged with such a
+commission, to open to myself thereby ways of serving my constituents
+on diverse occasions, which may present themselves at one moment or
+another, and not incur the blame, which may be reflected even on these
+gentlemen, of having neglected a power so worthy of their efforts. For
+the rest, I shall not do or say anything in this respect till I have
+had the honor of seeing you, Sir, and I pray you to believe that I
+shall observe scrupulously, the conduct and the discretion that you
+have had the goodness to prescribe to me."
+
+
+In consequence, I have again conferred with this gentleman. He went to
+dine at that same house, said that I had been with him, and that I
+told him I would go also to the other house the next day at eleven
+o'clock. I went in fact, and was received _tete a tete_ with great
+ceremony in the hall of audience. I opened briefly my business and
+drew out a memoir to read to him. He told me that he could not hear me
+without the order of his master. I read, notwithstanding, and he did
+not stop his ears. I prayed him to receive and keep the memoir. He
+refused, alleging continually that he could do nothing without orders.
+I drew out then my originals and showed him my three signatures,
+which he looked at eagerly. In separating, I asked him to keep my name
+concealed at ----. He said to me that he would keep it secret
+everywhere. He asked me, however, if that was my true name. I assured
+him it was; he paid me some personal compliments, and we parted. I
+learnt on the next day by another channel, that he had,
+notwithstanding, given an account to his master of this visit; which
+suffices me, for I have need, as you know, of only one of these good
+houses. I am always very politely received, and as a friend. This is
+all that I ask. I do not multiply too much my visits, but to render
+them always desirable, I never appear there without having something
+interesting to say; and to this end, the letters of my worthy
+correspondent at London are very useful to me. This last has addressed
+to me lately a person, whose conversation, joined to the contents of
+the letter of which he was bearer, has served me in the composition of
+a memoir which they approve, and I have reason to think they have
+sent.
+
+This person has induced me to write a letter to you, dated the 4th of
+August, by way of Bordeaux to St Domingo, under an envelope of Mr
+Caton, merchant at Port St Nicholas in that island, of which here is
+an extract.
+
+
+"A gentleman belonging to Jamaica, a particular friend of Dr Franklin,
+and very well known to him, has charged me to write to him, to assure
+him on good authority, of the singular esteem that he has for him and
+his friends; that they ought to think, _and that he prays him to let
+them know it_, that the present voice of Parliament is the voice of
+the English people; that there exists, and gathers strength, _a great
+body_, which, in truth, is not the strongest, but which regards the
+cause of the Americans as its own, their safety and liberty as its
+own, which will prefer to see them independent rather than subjugated,
+and which will make, at the future meeting of Parliament, the greatest
+efforts in their favor; that the basis of this party is already forty
+Peers, and one hundred and sixty members of the Commons."
+
+
+The letter which this gentleman brought me began thus; "This will be
+delivered to you by Mr Ellis, a friend of Dr Franklin, of liberty, and
+of America. He is a philosopher, very well instructed on the subject
+of America, and, I trust, will be both an agreeable and useful
+acquaintance while he remains near you." This assuring me, I
+discovered to him that I was the man whom he was seeking, provided
+with credentials and orders from Congress sufficient to do all the
+good offices that his friends could wish to render. Thereupon I showed
+him my credentials; he was satisfied with them, and we exchanged
+addresses. He promised to write me; and we separated satisfied with
+each other.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[23] Meaning the person with whom he had the interview, mentioned in
+the preceding letter, doubtless the French Ambassador.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                               London, July 6th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+This will be delivered you by Mr Ellis, a friend of Dr Franklin, of
+liberty, and of America. He is a philosopher, very well instructed on
+the subject of America, and, I trust, will be both an agreeable and
+useful acquaintance while he remains near you.
+
+I thank you for your favor of the 21st of last month. By the last
+advices from America, General Howe was prepared to sail for Halifax,
+and, it is imagined, to land at New York, where he will certainly be
+strongly opposed. He numbers ten thousand regulars, and it will be
+fortunate for us, if he makes his attempt before he is joined by the
+Germans, who sailed the 6th of May.
+
+The Americans have taken post upon the river Richelieu and the lakes,
+so that Montreal, not being tenable, is evacuated. General Lee is in
+Virginia, with ten thousand men, expecting Lord Cornwallis and General
+Clinton. General Washington commands at New York, and General Ward in
+Boston.
+
+The strange timidity _de la Cour Francaise_ requires great patience
+and management; but I think it will at last be brought to act an
+avowed and decided part. When that happens, _Angleterre_ must submit
+to whatever terms they please to impose, for she is totally incapable
+of sustaining a war with France.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                               Paris, July 26th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The enclosed letter from Dr Franklin will hint at my business in this
+city, where I arrived the 7th instant, and I should have sent forward
+this earlier, had I not had hopes of having the honor of presenting it
+to you in person. This I now find I cannot expect, without delaying it
+beyond all bounds. I therefore forward it by the common conveyance,
+and inform you that my address in this city is to Messrs Germany,
+Guardot & Co. bankers; that I shall tarry here till the last of
+August, when I propose going to Dunkirk, thence to Amsterdam and
+Hamburg, in which journey I hope for the pleasure of seeing you. In
+the meantime, I shall be happy in a correspondence with you on the
+subject of the dispute between the United Colonies and Great Britain,
+or any other that shall be agreeable to you; and I wish to be informed
+if I shall be in danger of any disagreeable treatment in my journey
+through Holland, in a private capacity, though it should be known that
+I was in the service of the United Colonies. It has been suggested to
+me, that I might meet with some interruption or difficulties from the
+friends of the British Ministry, which occasions my making this
+inquiry.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+_P. S._ I read and understand the French language tolerably well,
+though I am unable to write it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            London, August 13th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I answered your last letter immediately. I now enclose you several
+pamphlets, which contain such an authentic state of facts, and such
+arguments on the American question, as will enable its advocates with
+you to maintain their ground against the pensioner of this Court. I
+beg particularly, that you will send some of them to the gentleman who
+has answered Pinto, the pensioner of this Court.
+
+The pamphlet entitled the _Rights of Great Britain_, &c. is full of
+the grossest falsehoods. A very material one is exposed by the
+enclosed extracts from the acts of Parliament, granting bounties upon
+American produce, which proves by their own words, that those bounties
+were given for their own interests only. Yet that pamphlet has given a
+long list of the amount of those bounties, and charged it to the
+Colonies. The fact is, as Dr Smith, a Scotchman, and an enemy to
+American rights, has stated it, in his late labored and long expected
+book on the Wealth of Nations. "Whatever expense," says he "Great
+Britain has hitherto laid out in maintaining this dependency, has
+really been laid out in order to support their monopoly." Speaking of
+the debt incurred last war, he says,--"This whole expense is, in
+reality, a bounty, which has been given in order to support a
+monopoly. The pretended purpose of it was to encourage the
+manufactures, and to increase the commerce of Great Britain." The
+operation of this monopoly against the Colony he states thus,--"The
+monopoly of the Colony trade, therefore, like all the other mean and
+malignant expedients of the mercantile system, depresses the industry
+of all other countries, but _chiefly that of the Colonies_."
+
+When you write to the Congress it would be well, I think, to mention
+that as all the evils have been produced by Scotch counsel, and those
+people prosecute the business with more rancor and enmity, a
+distinction ought to be made between the treatment of them and other
+people, when made prisoners.
+
+We expect every day some decisive news from New York. The last gazette
+gives us no reason to fear anything but the chance of war, against
+which no prudence can provide. We have certain intelligence from
+Canada, that it will be the last of August before the boats will be
+ready upon Lake Champlain for the Ministerial army; so that there is
+no possibility of their joining Howe. They are putting eleven ships
+of the line in commission, here, which is kept very secret, or it
+would shake the stocks exceedingly.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             Paris, August 18th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 8th, and one earlier, but without a date, are before
+me, and I return you my thanks for the attention paid to mine, and
+more especially for the good opinion you entertain of my countrymen,
+and your tenders of service. The business before me is of such a
+nature, that I must be detained some time in this city. If I take a
+journey to Holland, it will be my choice to make it as a private
+gentleman; as such I am in Paris, and that character I shall keep,
+unless obliged to alter it. Parade and pomp have no charms in the eyes
+of a patriot, or even a man of common good sense; but at the same
+time, I can never submit to the changing of my name, unless I am
+convinced that so humiliating a step will promote the service of my
+country. I can pass unnoticed under that name, as well as any other,
+whilst I conduct in every other step as a private gentleman. I have
+now but little hopes of being in Holland till October, before which,
+such intelligence may arrive from America, as may alter my present
+designs.
+
+The declaration of independency, made by the United Colonies, is
+announced in the English papers, but I have received no despatches on
+the event, though I am in daily expectation of them. You ask me two
+questions in your first letter; to the former, I answer at once
+affirmatively, that I have a certain prospect of succeeding in my
+business; but as to the latter, or second query, I cannot so readily
+reply, for I know not how far the knowledge of me and my concerns may
+have extended. I am here as a private merchant, and appear as such,
+whatever suspicion may circulate. As such, I can travel, I trust, in
+your country, which I most ardently wish to see, and the more so on
+account of the kind, simple, and engaging invitation you have given
+me. It really affected me, and brought instantaneously to view those
+happy and peaceful scenes of domestic felicity, to which I am at
+present a stranger. You have all I can give you, a grateful
+acknowledgment of your kindness, and depend that I will in person
+acknowledge it on my first arrival in Holland.
+
+It is the policy of the United Provinces of Holland to be neuter to
+every attention. The United Colonies only wish them to keep steady to
+their only true system of policy in the present case; and give me
+leave to say, that a reflection on their former struggles must show
+them in what point of light the Americans are to be considered. The
+United Colonies ask no aid or alliances. Let Britain court every, even
+the most petty and mercenary power in Europe, the United Colonies only
+ask for what nature surely entitles all men to, a free and
+uninterrupted commerce and exchange of the superfluities of one
+country for those of another; and the first power in Europe, which
+takes advantage of the present favorable occasion, must exceed every
+other in commerce.
+
+But I am rambling. I pray to know in your next letter, what sums are
+due to Holland from the government of England. Whether the King of
+Prussia is wholly inattentive to the present proceedings, and on
+which side his wishes are. _Omnia tentanda._ I really hope to be at
+the Hague in October, and promise myself great pleasure in seeing you
+and your lady, to whom, though otherwise unknown, since you have
+introduced me, you cannot refuse presenting my best respects.
+
+I am, with great esteem, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    WILLIAM LEE TO C. F. W. DUMAS.
+
+                                         London, September 10th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The 27th ult. and the 7th instant, in the absence of my brother,
+Arthur Lee, your two letters for him came safe to my hands. My brother
+is now on the continent, and perhaps may write to you from where he
+is. The declaration of independence on the part of America, has
+totally changed the nature of the contest between that country and
+Great Britain. It is now on the part of Great Britain a scheme of
+conquest, which few imagine can succeed. Independence is universally
+adopted by every individual in the Thirteen United States, and it has
+altered the face of things here. The tories, and particularly the
+Scotch, hang their heads and keep a profound silence on the subject;
+the whigs do not say much, but rather seem to think the step a wise
+one, on the part of America, and what was an inevitable consequence of
+the measures taken by the British Ministry. In short every one wants
+to form his judgment by the event of the present campaign, as
+something decisive is expected to happen from the arrangements under
+General and Lord Howe, and General Carleton, before the meeting of
+Parliament, which will be the 24th of October.
+
+In the meantime every effort is made to prevent France from taking any
+open or even private part with America, for which purpose Mr Stanley,
+Mr Jenkinson, one of the Lords of the Treasury, and confidential
+friend of Lord Bute, and of the Solicitor-General, Mr Wedderburne,
+have been at Paris some time to aid the negotiations of the British
+Minister, Lord Stormont. As far as money will answer their purpose, it
+will not be spared. The French are generally acute enough in observing
+what is for their interest, but most people here are at a loss to
+conceive what plan they have in view, as they have not hitherto, as we
+know of, taken any part with America.
+
+The public papers will tell you all the material news we have from
+America, but in general it is supposed the Americans will stand
+greatly in want of arms, ammunition, and artillery, to oppose such a
+force as is sent against them, and it is evident they have not
+experienced officers sufficient to manage such extensive operations as
+they have in hand. Should you have occasion to write to me, you may
+address, under cover, as you do to my brother.
+
+I am, with esteem, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                          WILLIAM LEE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                          Paris, September 11th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have to acknowledge the receipt of yours of the 29th ultimo, of the
+2d, 5th and 7th of this month, and at the same time to make my excuses
+for not answering them earlier; which was owing to my hurry of
+business, in part, and part to my hopes of being able to send you
+something agreeable from America, when I should next write you.
+Forgive therefore this seeming inattention, and accept my warmest
+thanks for the kind sentiments, which you and your good lady entertain
+for me and my country. The cause of the Americans is the cause of
+mankind in general, and naturally interests the generous and the good
+in every part of the world.
+
+The measures you took before my arrival, respecting this Court, were
+perfectly right, and you may rely on my secrecy as to your concerns.
+Our commerce is now on as good a footing in this kingdom and in Spain,
+as the commerce of any other nation; and I trust will very soon have
+an important preference. When I said in a former letter we wanted only
+a friendly intercourse by way of commerce, I had not the vanity to
+suppose the actual assistance of European powers was not an object
+deserving attention; but I must say seriously, that if the American
+commerce can be established with the trading powers of Europe, and if
+those powers of Europe would protect that commerce, it would be all
+the assistance necessary; and the Colonies by land would be more than
+equal to anything Great Britain could bring against them. You are
+entirely right in saying, that the House of Bourbon are the allies we
+should first and principally court. France is at the head of this
+House, and therefore what is done here is sure to be done by the
+whole. This, therefore, requires my whole attention, and I can only
+say to you, my prospects are nowise discouraging.
+
+As to the King of Prussia, I will in my next explain more fully my
+meaning, and at the same time send to you a state of the United
+Colonies, of their commerce, of their present contest, with some
+thoughts or observations on the manner in which Europe must be
+affected, and what part they ought to take in the present important
+crisis. My name and business have long since been known to the British
+Ambassador here, and to the Court of London; and they have
+remonstrated, but finding remonstrances to no purpose, they have
+wisely determined to take no notice of me, as I do not appear as yet
+in a public character.
+
+Let me ask of you, if a workman skilful in the founding of brass and
+iron cannon can be engaged in Holland to go to America? Also, if I can
+engage two or three persons of approved skill in lead mines, to go to
+America on good engagement. Your answer will oblige me, and by the
+next post I will write you more particularly. The British arms will
+not, probably, effect anything in America this season, as they had not
+begun to act the 8th of August, and that brings winter to the very
+door, as I may say, and an indecisive campaign must prove to Great
+Britain a fatal one.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                          London, September 23d, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+My absence from town till now prevented my answering your two last
+favors of September 3d.
+
+By our latest and best accounts from America the die is now cast, and
+we may every day expect to hear of a decisive action at New York;
+decisive I mean as to the fate of General Howe and New York, but not
+of America, which depends very little upon the event of New York being
+taken or saved.
+
+There is a public torpor here, which, without being superstitious, one
+may regard as a visitation from heaven. The people in general think
+the declaration of independence as a thing of course, and do not seem
+to feel themselves at all interested in the vast consequences, which
+that event must inevitably draw after it. The Ministry have by certain
+manoeuvres contrived to keep up the demand for, and price of
+manufactures; and while trade and manufactures apparently prosper, the
+people are so deaf, that wisdom may cry out in the streets and not be
+heard. But the course of the seasons is not more fixed, than it is
+certain that these ministerial arts must be temporary in their
+operation and fatal in their issue; because the more men are
+flattered, the more desperate they are when the calamity comes upon
+them. Already the West India Islands begin to cry out, as you will
+have seen in the address from the Island of Barbadoes. The great
+number of captures lately made of West India ships by the Americans,
+have already had very visible effects upon the Royal Exchange. Holland
+taking the alarm, which the least movement on the part of France would
+produce, must shake our stocks to the foundation, and give an equal
+shock to a deluded prince and a deluded people.
+
+The characters you desire me to touch upon are such as seldom occur in
+the same period. Lord Sandwich has been noted through a long life for
+everything in word and deed, directly opposite to honesty and virtue.
+With moderate abilities, and little real application, he maintains an
+appearance of both by impositions and professions, which at a time so
+averse to inquiry as the present pass for facts. Lord George Germain,
+though cradled in England, has all the principles of a Scotchman;
+subtle, proud, tyrannical, and false. In consequence of his
+patronising the Scots, they have always been his panegyrists and his
+advocates, and as they are a people indefatigable in all interested
+pursuits, they have procured him a character for ability, which he
+very little deserves. Dissimulation and craft in worldly occurrences
+too often pass for real wisdom; and, in that sense, Lord George is a
+wise man. Such a man could not long pass unnoticed and unpatronised by
+a Court, which searches with Lyncean eyes for the basest hearts, and
+is actuated by Scotch principles and Scotch counsels. Lord Suffolk is
+a peer of sullen pride and arbitrary principles. He listed in the
+public cause with Mr Wedderburne, under the banner of George
+Grenville; and while his life gave the hope of success in getting
+preferment, they were the loudest in opposition; but immediately upon
+his death, they made their terms, and have been ever since the most
+devoted tools of the Court. Lord Suffolk recommends himself very much
+to the King, by an indefatigable attention to the little detail
+business of his department, and an obsequiousness that knows no
+bounds. Lord Rochford is by birth a tory, and is linked with Lord
+Mansfield; but his fears have made him withdraw himself upon an ample
+pension, for he is persuaded, that France will soon strike a blow,
+which will endanger the heads of those who conduct these measures.
+
+I have been apprized by Hortalez, that the business for which I
+recommended him to you is to be transacted through France, which is
+the reason of your not seeing him.
+
+I do not conceive you need be under any alarm about intercepted
+letters, as the Ministry have too much upon their thoughts, and too
+many more immediately dangerous and known opponents at home, to suffer
+them to look abroad for victims. Their success must be certain and
+decisive before they will venture to attack the friends of America in
+Europe, and provoke retaliation. I flatter myself with being as much
+within the eye of their enmity as any man can be. But I think that the
+enmity of bad men is the most desirable testimony of virtuous merit.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+                                                 September 30th, 1776.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+After having sent to your correspondent at St Eustatia, whose address
+you gave me in your letter of the 12th of December, 1775, my third
+letter of which you have here annexed a large extract, I commence my
+fourth despatch.
+
+M. Hortalez, of whom Mr Arthur Lee spoke in two of his letters, has
+not yet appeared; nor have I received the letter that you say you have
+written to me between that of the 12th of December, 1775, and that of
+the 2d of March, 1776. The non-appearance of this gentleman, and of
+the letter here referred to, disquiets me somewhat, not only because
+all that comes to me from you, Gentlemen, and from your friends, is
+dear and precious to me, but also, and above all, because I fear that
+the service of the general Congress may suffer by it.
+
+The bearer of your letter of the 2d of March, (Silas Deane) arrived at
+Paris the 7th of July, whence he sent it to me with one of his own,
+dated the 26th. I have another from him of the 18th of August, in
+which he remarks to me, "that he has a certain prospect of succeeding
+in his business." He proposes also to visit Holland.
+
+I have before told you, that the letters I received had contributed
+much to render my visits, my letters, and memoirs agreeable in a
+certain quarter. This will be seen from the following note, which I
+received a short time since, dated August 26th. After having spoken to
+me of a service, which he had consented to render me in his country,
+where I had some affairs to settle, and which we had agreed upon as a
+pretext to mark our interviews, the writer thus proceeds; "Madame ----
+has taken the trouble to send me your letters, and I beg you to send
+me by her all interesting particulars, including the narration of the
+person whom you expect, (Silas Deane.) I pray you to send me all that
+you have received since your last letter. I receive packets from all
+quarters; it pertains to my office. So I shall receive with gratitude
+whatever you may have the goodness to send me."
+
+I have sent to him open, with a flying seal, the letter that I wrote
+you by St Domingo. We agreed on this verbally, and he promised me to
+send it to Bordeaux well recommended. I have cause to think that this
+letter has been forwarded and pleased certain persons, on whose
+account I had expressed, at the close of the letter, that when by
+legislation and a wise constitution you shall have crowned the work of
+your liberty, I shall die content with having seen a great King and a
+great Republic sincerely wish the good of the people.
+
+I received some days ago another letter from Mr Deane, dated at Paris,
+14th of September. All the letters that I have received from him, as
+well from you, are precious to me, and this one doubly so, since
+besides the kind expressions with which it is filled, my zeal for
+your cause is recompensed by the testimony that I have well served it.
+
+If I continue not to sign my name,[24] it is not from fear, but
+because I think your service requires that I remain yet some time
+unknown, at least until Mr Deane arrives here, for then I shall be
+known everywhere for the most zealous American in all the Republic,
+and it will be my pride. All that can come of it will be the loss of
+my present post; but in this case I am sure that Congress will
+indemnify me by a subsistence suitable for me and mine, seeing that I
+shall be able to continue useful to them as much and even more than in
+time past, because I shall not be encumbered with other duties, and
+all my faculties will be employed in the service of America. I have
+been much mortified in not being at liberty, as I have expressed to Mr
+Deane. I should have flown to Paris to assist him, at least by the
+knowledge I have of many European languages.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[24] M. Dumas usually signed his despatches with a fictitious name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                      Philadelphia, October 1st, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just time to acknowledge the receipt of your two packets, with
+the pamphlets enclosed, the contents of which are very satisfactory.
+You will hear from me more fully in a little time.
+
+With great esteem, I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+_P. S._ We have a great force brought against us here, but continue
+firm.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Paris, October 3d, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Since my last, in which I mentioned the King of Prussia, I have
+obtained a method of sounding that monarch's sentiments more directly
+through another channel, which voluntarily offering, I have accepted,
+and therefore waive writing on the subject for the present anything,
+save that you may undoubtedly serve the United States of America most
+essentially in this affair in a few weeks from this. The attention to
+my business here, which is not merely political, but partly
+commercial, the critical situation of affairs at this Court, and the
+anxious suspense for the events at New York and Canada have actually
+fixed me here, and the having received no intelligence for some time
+past has well nigh distracted me. I have, however, favorable
+prospects, and the most confirmed hopes of effecting my views in
+Europe. I am too much engaged to say more in this, and will be more
+particular in my next.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             Paris, October 6th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yours of the 1st instant I received, and observe by the contents, that
+Mr Lee is returned to London. I have not seen Mr Ellis. In answer to
+your queries; first, a reconciliation between Great Britain and the
+United States of America is improbable ever to take place; it is
+absolutely impossible, until after the sitting of Parliament.
+Secondly, Admiral Howe joined his brother early in August, and sent on
+shore to General Washington a letter, which was returned unopened, as
+no title was given to General Washington; a second was sent, and met
+the same fate. The Congress justified the General in his conduct, and
+ordered him to receive no letters, except they were directed to him
+with his proper title. Lord Howe sent to the Governors of several
+Colonies his proclamation, which, by the army and people of New York,
+was treated with contempt and ridicule.
+
+Thus matters continued until the 20th of August, when General Howe had
+collected his whole force, and was preparing to attack New York. On
+the other side, all the eminences and advantageous posts near the city
+were secured and fortified, and the Americans strongly entrenched on
+them; the city of New York fortified with batteries next to the water,
+and all the principal streets with barriers across them, and, at the
+same time, the houses filled with combustibles ready to be set on
+fire, should the city be found tenable. The two men-of-war, which had
+passed up the river above the city, were returned terribly damaged by
+attacking a battery. This, in a word, was the state of affairs in New
+York on the 20th of August, from which important news may be expected
+every hour.
+
+Thirdly, I know what Dr Franklin's sentiments were when I left
+America, and that nothing but a miracle could convert him to wish for
+an accommodation on other terms, than the independence of the
+Colonies. Depend upon it, my good friend, the Ministry of Great
+Britain labor incessantly to propagate stories of an accommodation,
+for it is well known, that they despair of reducing the Colonies by
+arms this campaign; at the close of which, the national debt will
+amount to nearly L150,000,000 sterling, part of which will remain
+unfunded; and where are their resources for supporting the next
+campaign? He that can discover the philosopher's stone can answer.
+
+To your fourth query, you will excuse my answering more, than that
+your conjecture is not far out of the way. My letter will inform you
+why I must still delay sending what I promised you the 14th ultimo. In
+the meantime, Sir, you may add to indigo and rice, tobacco, logwood,
+redwood, sugar, coffee, cotton, and other West India produce, which
+pass through the hands of the North Americans, in payment for their
+supplies to the West India Islands, which cannot exist without their
+produce. Also, in course of trade, spermaceti oil and salt-fish may be
+supplied to Prussia and Germany as cheap, or cheaper from the
+Colonies, than from Holland and Germany. The United Colonies exported
+to Europe chiefly, indeed, to Great Britain, fish-oil, whalebone,
+spermaceti, furs, and peltry of every kind, masts, spars, and timber,
+pot and pearl ashes, flax-seed, beef, pork, butter and cheese, horses
+and oxen; to the West Indies chiefly, wheat-flour, bread, rye, Indian
+corn, lumber, tobacco, iron, naval stores, beeswax, rice, and indigo,
+&c. &c. to the amount of more than L4,000,000 sterling annually, and
+for some years past, and received the pay in European manufactures;
+and when I remind you that the inhabitants of that country double
+their number every twenty years, and inform you that this exportation
+has increased for the last century in the same ratio, you will be able
+to form some idea of this commerce, and of how much importance it is
+to Europe. I hope, by the coming post, to send you some favorable
+news from America, and I may not add to this without missing the post.
+
+I am, with the most sincere esteem, dear Sir, your most obedient
+servant,
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             Paris, October 9th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I wrote you by last post. This comes by Mr Carmichael, a gentleman of
+Maryland, in America, who has for some time lived with, and assisted
+me in my business. You can have the fullest confidence in him, and as
+he knows I place the most absolute in you, it would be trifling to
+swell a letter with news or observations, of both which he can _viva
+voce_ satisfy you. He will communicate to you his business in Holland,
+and I am sure you will assist him to the utmost of your power. He can
+tell you what an anxious and laborious life I lead here; and, what
+adds to my misfortune, how impossible it is, in the present critical
+situation of affairs, for me to quit this post for a single day; much
+more it is as yet impossible for me to leave long enough to visit you
+in Holland, which having long promised to myself, and anticipated with
+pleasure, the disappointment greatly chagrins me. To have so kind and
+hospitable, and, at the same time, so judicious and safe a friend,
+inviting me to what must at once yield me the purest pleasure and the
+most solid advantage, viz. an interview, and not to be able to profit
+by it at once, is a misfortune I feel most sensibly.
+
+Mr Carmichael can give you the best intelligence of our present
+affairs in America, and his observations and inferences will be from
+the best grounds, and made with precision and judgment. My most
+grateful and respectful acknowledgments to your lady, whom I yet may
+have the honor of waiting on in the course of a month.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Paris, October 13th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Before the receipt of this, you will have seen Mr Carmichael, to whom
+I refer you on many subjects. Yours of the 8th I received since his
+departure, and have only to ask of you to procure the proper
+testimonials of this very extraordinary and cruel proceeding at H----,
+respecting Mr Shoemaker, a family of which name I knew in
+Philadelphia. These testimonials will be a proper ground to go upon in
+demanding satisfaction, which I do not think, however, had best be
+asked, until the independence of the Colonies has been formally
+announced; and proper powers for this step have been delayed
+strangely, or, perhaps, interrupted. Your zeal in this cause reflects
+honor on your private, as well as public sentiments of justice and
+rectitude, and I will transmit to the honorable Congress of the United
+States in my first letters a copy of your memoir. I am still without
+intelligence of any kind from America, save that on the 20th of August
+a battle was hourly expected at New York. No prospect of
+reconciliation. The British forces in Canada are not likely to effect
+anything this season; and, consequently, all hopes in England rest on
+the event of a single action at New York, which the public are made
+to believe will prove decisive; and so it may, if the fate of the day
+should be for us, and the enemy have no retreat or resources in
+America; but by no means decisive if it incline the other way. I
+trouble you with the enclosed for Mr Carmichael.
+
+I am, with great respect, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                         Amsterdam, October 22d, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I enclose a letter, which I expected to deliver ere this in person. I
+arrived here last Friday, and had so many inquiries to make to gratify
+Mr Deane's curiosity, that it has not been in my power to attend to
+you so soon as I could wish. For fear that I should not be able to
+leave this tomorrow, to do myself the honor of waiting upon you, I
+have sent this letter. When I come to the Hague, I shall put up at the
+_Hotel de Turenne_, where you will do me much pleasure to leave your
+address particularly. The knowledge I have had of you for many months
+by Mr Deane and others, makes me regret every moment that delays me
+here, and denies me the pleasure of assuring you in person, how much I
+am, what every true American is,
+
+Your very humble servant,
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+        COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                     Philadelphia, October 24th, 1776.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Our worthy friend, Dr Franklin, being indefatigable in the labor of
+his country, and few men so qualified to be useful to the community of
+which he is a member, you will not be surprised that the unanimous
+voice of the congress of delegates from the United States of America
+has called upon him to visit the Court of France, in the character of
+one of their Commissioners for negotiating a treaty of alliance, &c.
+with that nation. He is the bearer of this letter, and on his arrival
+will forward it. To him we refer you for information as to the
+political state of this country; our design in addressing you at this
+time being only to continue that correspondence, which he has opened
+and conducted hitherto on our behalf.
+
+We request to hear from you frequently; and if you make use of the
+cypher, the Doctor has communicated the knowledge of it to one of our
+members. Your letters, via St Eustatia, directed to the Committee of
+Secret Correspondence, then put under a cover to Mr Robert Morris,
+merchant, Philadelphia, and that letter covered to Mr Cornelius
+Stevenson, or Mr Henricus Godet, merchants at St Eustatia, or under
+cover to Mr Isaac Gouveneur, merchant at Curracoa, will certainly come
+safe, and if you can send with them regular supplies of the English
+and other newspapers, you will add to the obligation. The expense of
+procuring them shall be reimbursed, together with any other charges,
+and a reasonable allowance for your time and trouble in this agency.
+The members of this committee, styled the Committee of Secret
+Correspondence, are John Jay, Thomas G. Johnson, Robert Morris,
+Richard Henry Lee, William Hooper, and John Witherspoon; and as
+vacancies happen by death or absence, the Congress fill them up with
+new members, which we mention for your information, and with great
+respect and esteem remain, Sir, your most obedient, humble servants,
+
+                                                    ROBERT MORRIS,
+                                                    RICHARD HENRY LEE,
+                                                    JOHN WITHERSPOON,
+                                                    WILLIAM HOOPER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                        Amsterdam, October 27th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+You owe to my forgetfulness what ought only to proceed from my
+respect, yet I will not quarrel with anything that gives me an
+opportunity of writing to you.
+
+I left the Memoir on Commerce in your hands, and it is necessary I
+should have it as soon as possible. I send you _Common Sense_, but you
+must look on my presents as _Indian_ ones, for I, like they, expect
+much larger in return; as much as you please, and I am sure you can
+spare a great deal of what I send you. My present is only the rough
+material of America, your returns will be elegant and superb
+manufactures of Europe.
+
+The English mail is not arrived. I have a very angry letter from Mr
+William Lee on the subject I mentioned to you, respecting Dr B. I am
+happy to know that I acted for the public good, and that, without
+partiality to any person, will, I hope, always be the rule of my
+conduct.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                          London, November 15th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+The indispensable business of my profession has hitherto prevented me
+from complying, as I wished, with the desire of your very obliging
+favors.
+
+You will have seen, by the proceedings of Parliament, how decided the
+King is in prosecuting the American war. For, in truth, he alone is
+Minister, and his will governs with absolute sway. At the same time
+the powers which he has given to Lord Howe appear, from his
+declaration in America, to be most ample. That, however, I rather
+attribute to what is deemed the art of government, than to any pacific
+or redressing intention. We can never forget the perfidy of making
+Lord Botetourt declare to the assembly, that the revenue acts should
+be repealed, when in fact no such thing was intended or done; and the
+Secretary of State being ordered to tell the agents of Congress, that
+his Majesty had received their petition very graciously, and from the
+importance of it would lay it before his two Houses of Parliament,
+when, at the same time, the same Secretary wrote, by his Majesty's
+commands, to all the governors of America, denominating that very
+Congress an illegal meeting, their grievances pretended, and ordering
+them to prevent their meeting again. These facts are too decisive to
+leave a doubt of the credit that is due to the promises of this Court,
+and, at this very time, they are abusing the Howes for negotiating;
+the language of Court being, "we sent them to use their hands, and
+they are employing their heads."
+
+The Rockingham part of the opposition are determined upon seceding
+from Parliament, in which Lord Shelburne, Lord Camden, and the Duke of
+Grafton refuse to accompany them for two reasons; 1st, because the
+feelings of the public are not high enough for so decisive a measure;
+and, 2dly, because the others will not agree to make the great
+fundamental abuse of the constitution, as well as the temporary
+misconduct of government, the groundwork of that secession. In a word,
+because they will not declare, that the object of the measure is to
+obtain the abolition of corruption, and not merely the change of those
+who minister it. This schism will, however, reduce opposition so as to
+leave the Court at perfect ease from that quarter.
+
+I thank you for the magnanimity of your sentiments towards our
+friends, on the supposition that the late occurrences are events of
+consequence. I am by no means of that opinion. After the affair of
+Long Island, the loss of New York was inevitable; but is not the
+successful army still faced and kept at bay, by that over which it is
+supposed to have obtained, these decisive advantages? Could any one
+expect more from a new raised army, than that it should face the
+disciplined invaders, almost equal in numbers, and much superior in
+equipments, to win its way by inches. Where, then, is the ground for
+despair, when our friends are looking the enemy in the face, and he
+does not dare to attack them? Of two things, Sir, you may be
+satisfied, that the advantage on Long Island was obtained neither by
+the superiority of the troops nor of the General, but by his having
+bribed the officer who commanded the first pass,[25] who giving up his
+post, without suffering a gun to be fired, enabled Clinton to march in
+the night and take the left wing of the Americans, so as to put them
+between two fires, from much superior numbers, with an immense train
+of artillery. The other fact is, that the officer who brought the last
+despatches declares, that the American lines upon New York island
+cannot be forced, but with a certainty of so much loss as cannot be
+hazarded. General Howe will therefore try his former art of treachery
+and corruption, from which alone I am satisfied we have anything to
+fear.
+
+The talk of the Congress having sent Deputies to Staten Island, to
+negotiate with Lord Howe is not, that I know of, authenticated.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[25] This wants proof before it can be adopted as a historical fact.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                         Without date.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I am still indebted to you for your favors of the 29th ultimo, and the
+15th instant, to which I should earlier have replied, but for a slight
+indisposition, and much chagrin at some unfavorable news. However, I
+am recovering in health, with which my spirits return, and I keep ever
+in my mind the motto _de republica nil desperandum_. I counted the
+cost when I entered the lists, and balanced private fortune, ease,
+leisure, the sweets of domestic society, and life itself in vain,
+against the liberties of my country; the latter instantly
+predominated, and I have nothing to complain of, though much to grieve
+at, occasioned by the miscarriage or delay of my full powers for open
+and public application. I sent you a memoir on American commerce, and
+wish to know your sentiments on that subject. The vessel detained at
+Bilboa has been dismissed, and the commissary reprimanded for her
+detention, and ordered to lend the Captain every assistance he needed.
+This is a great point gained. I must suspend saying anything on the
+proposals of officers for entering the service of the American States,
+as also anything further on the other artists I wrote about, until I
+receive intelligence, which I hourly have long expected, and which I
+think cannot possibly be far off, as I despatched a vessel early in
+September, express, with an account of my situation, and that of
+affairs here; besides, a war is evidently at hand here in Europe.
+
+Mr Carmichael warmly described the kind reception you gave him, and
+your zeal for the interest of the United States, and friendship for
+me, which he might have spared, as every one of your letters
+demonstrates the sincerity and disinterestedness of your friendship,
+as well for my country as for myself; and as you value your being the
+first Plenipotentiary of the American States, I equally value myself
+on your friendship and correspondence in the part I have the honor of
+acting with you in this important scene, and am happy to think, that
+to the present or coming actors in, or spectators of, the foundation
+and rise of this State in a new world, our correspondence will show
+that our sentiments ever coincided. Be not discouraged, my dear
+friend, America must come off in the end triumphant, and under new and
+unprecedented laws, liberty, and commerce, be the happy asylum for the
+sons of men in future ages. Whatsoever disappointments I may meet
+with, I never will despair of my country, for which I shall count it
+my glory to suffer all things, if it receive any advantage therefrom,
+and if not, I shall at least enjoy the pleasure, the unalienable
+pleasure, resulting from a consciousness of having done all in my
+power for its happiness, and connectedly for the happiness of mankind
+in general.
+
+The temper of the times is in favor of America, and it is now as fresh
+and striking an object to Europe as when first discovered and called
+the new world. It is among my principal mortifications, that I cannot
+have a few days at least personal conversation with you; but the
+situation of affairs here will not allow of a moment's absence, which
+Mr Carmichael, I doubt not, explained to you. With persons in public
+or private, who are friendly, yet equally apprehensive of
+consequences, willing to aid, yet timid, and at the same time not well
+acquainted and informed, the task you are sensible is as laborious as
+delicate, and at a time when events bear down arguments, one cannot be
+released a moment from the closest attention to everything rising real
+or imaginary. Your lady's kind preparations for me, Mr Carmichael most
+affectionately mentioned, and I will, life permitting, the moment I
+can quit Paris, in person acknowledge, as far as words are capable of
+expressing, how sensible I am of this more than hospitable kindness,
+since to provide for and receive the stranger on arrival is the duty
+of hospitality, but here is a work of supererogation, and though no
+Roman Catholic myself, yet so catholic as not the less to love and
+esteem generous actions on all occasions. My most respectful and
+affectionate regards, with my ardent wishes for your mutual felicity,
+attend you.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+_P. S._ Pray for what sum per annum can a young man be educated at
+Leyden, adhering to the strictest economy?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                           Paris, December 13th, 1776.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I am indebted for two letters, and the same cause of my neglect, viz.
+a hurry of business still subsisting, I cannot make amends by a long
+letter in this, but the substance will be agreeable, which is, that Dr
+Franklin is arrived at Nantes, and I expect him at Paris tomorrow. He
+left Philadelphia the last of October, and everything was favorable in
+America. On his passage the ship he was in made two prizes on this
+coast. I received a letter from my venerable friend on his landing,
+who was in high spirits and good health. Here is the hero, and
+philosopher, and patriot, all united in this celebrated American, who,
+at the age of seventyfour, risks all dangers for his country. I know
+your heart rejoices with me on this occasion.
+
+I am, with respect, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Havre, January 21st, 1777.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Were I to acknowledge the receipt of all the letters you mention
+having written, it would be necessary to apologise for my silence;
+this I fear would require a detail long enough to need still another
+apology, which would be making it a labor _ad infinitum_. I shall,
+therefore, only say, that from the heart of Germany, I am now on the
+borders of the Atlantic, and that I have been on the gallop ever since
+I parted with you at Leyden. No Saint in the calendar ever ran
+through countries with more zeal to gain inhabitants for heaven, than
+I have to do miracles on earth. But unfortunately it is not an age for
+miracles. I am at present here to botch up a piece of work, which was
+originally well imagined but badly executed.
+
+You will no doubt have our Paris news from the prophet, who draws down
+fire from heaven. I shall, therefore, only give you my comment on the
+text, which is, that France has done too much and much too little. Too
+much, since she alarmed England, and made that country put itself in a
+better posture of defence than before; or at least, strengthened the
+hands of her Ministers for that purpose; much too little, because,
+depending even on that little, we looked not out elsewhere in time.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ARTHUR LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Paris, January 26th, 1777.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+My having quitted London some time since to join my colleagues here,
+is the reason you did not hear from me, as you complain in your last
+letter to Mr Deane. As I am soon to leave this place for one very
+remote,[26] I am afraid this will be the last letter I shall have the
+honor of writing to you.
+
+There are so many and more immediate calls for the attention of the
+Congress, that we are not surprised at not receiving any intelligence
+from them. We learn too, from Havre, that despatches for us have been
+intercepted at sea, so that we remain totally uninformed by authority
+relative to the state of things in America. We hope the best, and if
+the powers of Europe are not so totally blind to their own interest as
+to refuse maintaining that freedom and enjoyment of our commerce,
+which our declaration of Independence offers them, their support will
+save us much distress and blood. The liberties, however, and
+redemption which we work out through labor and endurance will be more
+precious.
+
+By accounts from London, the press for seamen produces little, though
+their merchant ships are stopped in their ports, and insurance from
+Jamaica, with convoy, is risen to twentyfive per cent. During the last
+war it never amounted to more than seven.
+
+Our cruisers, therefore, appear to do their duty. Had we anything of a
+fleet to assist them, England would soon repent of a war, they have so
+unjustly engaged in, and from which they have not wisdom to retreat.
+
+No nation seems more interested in opening our commerce, by abolishing
+the British monopoly, than the Dutch. The carrying trade by which they
+flourish must be greatly increased by the change. It would also very
+infallibly reduce that natural power and superiority at sea, which the
+English exercise with so much insolence, and the sinews of which are
+derived from America by their usurpation and tyranny; and yet, such is
+the pusillanimity of the times, the States are crouching to the
+English, and in effect aiding them in confirming that tyranny and
+those advantages. It is astonishing, that the smallest power in Europe
+should fear Great Britain, at a time when she is set at defiance by
+America alone, yet in its infancy, and laboring under so many
+disadvantages.
+
+I wish you every happiness, &c.
+
+                                                           ARTHUR LEE.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[26] A journey to Spain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Paris, January 29th, 1777.
+
+My dear friend may be assured, that the omission of writing to him for
+so long a time either by Mr Deane, or myself, was not in the least
+owing to any want of respect, or change of sentiment towards him, but
+merely from the extreme hurry we have been engaged in ever since my
+arrival, which has prevented our writing to many other of our
+correspondents. I now enclose several letters, one of which was
+written by me when in Philadelphia, and sent via Martinique; Mr Deane
+has but this day received it; another that I wrote soon after my
+arrival, which has been mislaid.
+
+I hope you and yours are in good health, and good spirits, as we are,
+not doubting of the success of our affairs, with God's blessing. We
+have nothing to complain of here.
+
+I have taken a lodging at Passy, where I shall be in a few days, and
+hope there to find a little leisure, free from the perpetual
+interruption I suffer here, by the crowds continually coming in, some
+offering goods, others soliciting offices in our army, &c. I shall
+then be able to write you fully. Be of good cheer, and do not believe
+half what you read in the English gazettes.
+
+With great esteem, I am ever,
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    WILLIAM LEE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             London, March 21st, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Government here has received within these ten days past, several
+expresses from General Howe, at New York, in North America, as late as
+the 19th of last February, which are, in every respect, very
+disagreeable indeed. He writes in severe terms against General
+Heister, whom he calls _an old woman_ in the field, and a stupid and
+incorrigible blockhead in the cabinet; he also says, that the Hessians
+and other Germans are the worst troops under his command, and are not
+fit to be trusted in any business; he has, therefore, desired several
+particular English officers to be sent to command them; some of them
+that he has pointed out have refused to go on such a forlorn hope; but
+General Burgoyne, much against his will, is, it seems, obliged to go,
+and one Colonel Charles Gray, who was only a Lieutenant-Colonel upon
+half pay, has agreed to go, being appointed to a regiment, with the
+rank of a Major-General in America.
+
+General Howe has with some difficulty and considerable loss got his
+troops back to New York, that had attempted to make good their
+situation at Brunswick, in the Jersies. He has recalled the greater
+part of those troops that had been sent to Rhode Island. At New York
+they were in the greatest distress for all kinds of fresh provisions
+and vegetables; at the same time, a fever, similar to the plague,
+prevailed there, that in all probability before the Spring will carry
+off to the Elysian shades, at least one half of the troops that remain
+there, and prepare an immediate grave for the Germans, and all the
+other troops that are about to be sent to that infected place. At the
+same time we learn that the American army under General Washington
+increases in numbers every day, and being accustomed to the climate,
+have kept the field in all the severe weather. Notwithstanding this
+melancholy prospect of affairs, our papers talk of a foreign war, but
+in my opinion we are in no condition to engage in one, for you may be
+assured, that we have not in the kingdom sailors enough to man fifteen
+ships of the line, though you may see thirty or forty ships put in
+commission, as the public prints will tell you. And as to soldiers,
+the draft for America has been so great, that we have not ten thousand
+in the whole island, yet our Ministers have lately attempted to bully
+the States of Holland by a high flying memorial relative to the
+conduct of some of their governors in the West Indies. It might,
+however, be attended with very serious consequences if the Hollanders
+were to take their money out of the English funds.
+
+                                                          WILLIAM LEE.
+
+_P. S._ If you please, insert the foregoing in the Dutch, Brussels,
+Francfort and Hamburg papers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                Paris, April 2d, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Mr Carmichael, who has regularly corresponded with you, has given you
+the salutation from time to time for myself. I have really had no
+leisure for several months to write a single letter, but what the
+instant necessity of the time required, and am much obliged to you for
+the regular information we have through him from you. Enclosed I send
+you a bill for one thousand florins, which you will receive, and
+credit the Congress for the same. As you have said nothing, at any
+time, on the subject of your disbursements for the Congress, the
+Commissioners are ignorant of your situation in that respect, and have
+desired me to send you the enclosed bill, and to ask of you to favor
+them with the general state of your disbursements, and to assure you
+that they are too sensible of the services you are rendering their
+country, to wish you to remain without an adequate reward. We have no
+intelligence of any kind from America since the 1st of March last, and
+you have been informed of the situation of our affairs at that time.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 12th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The letter of the date of October 24th, 1776, with which you have
+honored me, did not arrive till the 4th of February of this year.
+Sensible, as I ought to be, Gentlemen, of the great honor you do me in
+charging me to continue with you the correspondence, which Dr Franklin
+commenced and maintained with me on the affairs of the United States,
+I am only able to repeat, what I have written to him and to the
+honorable Committee of Foreign Affairs, of which he was then a member,
+that I will ever impose on myself a sacred law to answer your
+confidence and expectation. You will have here annexed a copy of
+letters, which have been written to me by the French Ministers at the
+Hague, the Abbe Desnoyers and the Duc de la Vauguyon. You will easily
+conjecture the contents of those, which I wrote to them, and which are
+too long to recite here; moreover, a copy of the whole was not
+preserved.
+
+As to what you add, Gentlemen, that my expenses and labors shall be
+reimbursed and compensated, I have the honor to say to you, that I
+should esteem myself the most happy of men, in being able to make
+without return all the advances and services of which you have need,
+to sustain this memorable war. The Supreme Being, who sees the depth
+of my heart, is witness to the truth of this sentiment in all its
+extent. But to my great regret, although without shame, I avow myself
+as poor in means as rich in good will. The draft remitted to me by Dr
+Franklin, of one hundred pounds sterling, on London, has been paid. On
+the other hand, since I received Dr Franklin's letter and the orders
+of the Committee, I have not hesitated to sacrifice to a commission so
+important, so honorable, and so agreeable to my principles and taste,
+not only a small running pension of sixty pounds, which a bookseller
+paid me for a part of my time, that was devoted to a work, an account
+of which I communicated to Dr Franklin some years since, but also
+about seventy pounds, which I have already received for part of the
+work delivered, without which, considering my other actual duties, it
+would have been impossible for me to have time to attend to the
+execution of these orders. If I add to this at least fifty pounds,
+that I have spent in postages, travelling charges, and other expenses,
+I find myself at this time seventy pounds at least in advance. But I
+should be very sorry, Gentlemen, that what I say here, should turn you
+an instant from the important duties requiring your constant
+attention. For the same reason, I have been unwilling to interrupt
+with these details the occupations of our gentlemen at Paris. If
+(which God forbid) America have not the success which my heart
+desires, her misfortunes will afflict me infinitely more than my loss.
+But if, on the contrary, I shall have the satisfaction to see liberty
+established and her prosperity secured, I doubt not she will render me
+an ample indemnity and reward.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Paris, April 28th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Although nothing new has happened to us here worthy of notice, I take
+up my pen merely to assure you, that our want of punctuality is not
+owing to want of friendship or respect. To entertain you with
+continued complaints of the inactivity of the European powers, is a
+subject which I wish to banish as much from my thoughts, as I do our
+enemies from our country. We are now acting a play which pleases all
+the spectators, but none seem inclined to pay the performers. All that
+we seem likely to obtain from them is applause. When I say all, I mean
+anything that will materially help our cause. This campaign will
+decide the fate of the war, though it may not finish it. The want of
+resolution in the House of Bourbon to assist us in the hour of
+distress will be an argument with our people, if successful, to form
+no binding connexions with them. If conquered, they will follow the
+conduct of the unsupported Scots, in the war of 1745.
+
+In the meantime, they, to secure the little assistance which other
+Princes may be induced to give them, must offer a share of that
+commerce to others, which France might have wholly to itself. England
+is now offering to relinquish a share of a lucrative commerce to
+France, on condition that the latter shuts its ports against us. But a
+few weeks ago an English agent assured me, that the English
+Administration saw through the designs of the House of Bourbon, saw
+that they meant to weaken us both, and by that means command us, and
+he offered every security America could wish, to preserve its
+liberties as they stood in the year 1763, and a repeal of such acts as
+bound their trade previous to that, only that they must so far comply
+with the King's humor, as not to give up his sovereignty, which would
+be of no use to him, were the privileges of the Americans extended to
+the latitude mentioned.
+
+To be the instrument of inducing my countrymen to accept these terms,
+the possession of an affluent income was offered to be secured to me
+in any part of the world I chose, whether successful or not in the
+attempt. You may judge how our conference ended. One reason why I am
+induced to stay in Europe is, that I should be obliged to give, in
+America, a faithful account of the situation of their affairs in
+Europe; as I am sure that the picture would be worth more to England,
+than their subsidies to your hero, the Margrave of Hesse. We shall
+never be the subjects of the British Crown, I believe, but unless
+openly assisted by a power in Europe, we shall be an impoverished
+people, unable to distress our enemies abroad, or to assist our
+friends. I am so confident myself of the interior weakness of England,
+that I would sacrifice my life on the issue, that if France, Spain,
+and the Emperor, would only agree to acknowledge the independence of
+the United States, there would not be occasion to strike a blow; from
+that moment the credit of England would be no more inspirited by such
+a resolution taken in our favor in Europe; we would drive her armies
+from America, and soon her fleets from our coasts; but these generous
+resolutions subsist not in European politics. I hoped to have soon
+seen you, but your last letter, and one from Sir George Grand, have
+altered my resolution on that head. I have been laboring here to put
+you in such a situation as to enable you to follow the dictates of
+your own generous hearts in serving us more effectually, but the
+torpedo has struck us too.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+         THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                          Philadelphia, May 8th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+We have received your several favors to the first of May,[27] and
+shall always have a grateful memory of your sentiments and exertions
+in our cause. But as we have new Commissioners settled in France, we
+think it needless that you should be at the trouble of forwarding to
+us from time to time, that collection of papers, which we formerly
+mentioned to you. We shall inform our friends at Paris of our opinion
+on this head, and leave it to them to point out the way in which your
+zeal may be most useful to them and us, with the least degree of
+trouble to yourself and injury to your domestic interests.
+
+The humility of the Count de Welderen's Memorial seems to have been
+followed by some positive orders to our disadvantage in the West
+Indies. We doubt not you will continue to give our Commissioners at
+Paris the fullest information on all such points, from whom we shall
+consequently obtain it.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       BENJ. HARRISON,
+                                                       ROBERT MORRIS,
+                                                       JAMES LOVELL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[27] Thus in the original, but probably an error in the month, as this
+letter is dated on the eight of May.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                 Paris, May 9th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+At length we have an opportunity of discovering, what we have long
+imagined, the arts which the English government has made use of to
+circulate their various falsehoods through Europe, respecting their
+affairs in America. Their packet from Hardwick to Helvoetsluys is
+fallen into our hands, with every letter from the Ministry and others,
+though I make no doubt, that they will give out, that their most
+important letters are saved. Such a report will answer more ends than
+one. It will set at peace the alarmed consciences, or rather
+apprehensions of their correspondents. We have it under Lord Suffolk's
+Secretary's hands, Mr Fraser, and Mr Eden, that government had no
+advices from New York on the last of April, but that at this
+particular period, when the eyes of all the world would be upon them,
+viz. when opening the budget, it was necessary to toss out a tub to
+the whale, for which reason it was thought necessary to ---- General
+Washington, and to put Mr Dickenson at the head of five thousand men,
+in the lower counties of Delaware. A very curious reason is given for
+promulgating the latter lie, that the less probability there appears
+to be in it, the more readily the world will believe it; for will they
+imagine that Ministers dare circulate what no one will imagine true?
+And they appeal to former untruths of similar absurdity, which had
+their effect, and when found false were overlooked by the indulgent
+public.
+
+The line of Sir Joseph Yorke's conduct is marked and curious, as well
+as that of their Minister at _another Court_; our plan did not wholly
+take effect, or we should have had his despatches likewise.
+
+The miserable Prince of Hesse affords his friends in England some
+merriment, but he can make use of the old adage,--_let them laugh who
+win_. He has the absurdity to be angry with your Gazetteer of Utrecht,
+and the English news writers; and his Minister there is ordered to
+complain on the subject. The reflections of the English Minister, Lord
+Suffolk, on this complaint, are as curious as they are just, and merit
+well reaching the Prince. If he bribes me with a part of his
+slave-money, he shall have the letter at length, signed "Suffolk." I
+always said, and have now proof positive before me, that in the height
+of English arrogance and success, their Chatham-aping Minister, Lord
+George Germain, meant to hold the same language to France, that they
+unfortunately did to Holland, and were prepared, should this Court
+show the least refractoriness, to begin the same game they played in
+1756. An open war they have never feared from France, for they were
+well assured that would not be the case, but the French preparation
+gave them a good excuse for arming completely, and for drawing money
+from the people, and the American Minister, Lord George Germain, was
+too shrewd to let slip an opportunity. We paid so much respect to your
+States, that we would not seize Sir Joseph Yorke's messenger in the
+packet from Helvoetsluys, for we could have boarded her with as much
+ease as the others.
+
+I have not time to communicate the thousand little particulars, which
+have lately been inspected by me, but hope to have a future
+opportunity of doing it. Our captain, being in search of bank bills,
+and bills of exchange, did not pay much attention to _personages_, for
+which I am heartily vexed; however, good nature must make allowances.
+This matter will occasion a little bustle, perhaps a great deal. I had
+rather be sent home to fight manfully, or to make peace politically,
+than to be in this miserable shilly-shally way here. I have the
+pleasure to acquaint you that Hopkins's squadron, all but two, have
+got to sea, so that Sir Peter Parker may write information to the
+Ministry, and this will be giving a good account of them as he
+promised. Our levies went on swimmingly, and had the Howes, sent out
+from here, arrived there when it was intended they should, we should
+have pushed Howe again to Halifax.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Passy, near Paris, May 12th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Last night we received a packet from North America with some advices,
+of which I send you the substance. I see your letters now and then to
+Mr Deane and Mr Carmichael, and thank you for the kind mention made of
+me in them. I am so bad a correspondent, that I do not desire a letter
+from you directly.
+
+But I am nevertheless, with great esteem, dear Sir, your affectionate
+friend,
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+_P. S._ I suppose Mr Deane has sent you the bill.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                            Amsterdam, May 16th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I send you, with some gazettes, an extract of my last despatch, and a
+piece entitled "_Advice to the Hessians_," which, having passed about
+in manuscript through this country, was afterwards printed in a
+handbill, and at length inserted in the periodicals. The day before
+yesterday, the 14th, the bookseller Rey received from the Hague the
+following note, which he immediately sent to me at a country house,
+where I am residing, thinking I might know the person interested,
+which I do not. "Mr Rey is desired to inform the author of '_Advice to
+the Hessians_' to quit Holland immediately. Orders are despatched to
+arrest him." I am not at present at the Hague, but as soon as I shall
+be able to return thither I will inform myself of this affair. In the
+meantime I think it is false that they have given such orders, and
+that this letter was only written to intimidate, as was that written
+from Cassel to one of our journalists.
+
+I am sorry not to be able to devote all my time to your service. I
+might contract many connexions and acquaintances, and make some
+useful journeys, profiting by favorable circumstances and moments both
+at the Hague and Amsterdam, which I am now obliged to let escape, not
+being able to go and remain as long as is necessary in these cities.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    SILAS DEANE TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                Paris, June 7th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I understand that the British Minister's emissaries are very busy in
+Holland propagating reports of an accommodation between the Congress
+and Great Britain. They are playing the same game here. I have long
+since been convinced that there is no action too atrocious for them to
+attempt, nor any report too ridiculous and improbable for them to
+propagate to serve their purposes. The last authentic intelligence
+from Congress, or from New York, was about the 10th of April, when
+there was not the least prospect of any accommodation. The sole
+overture that had been made was a hint, I may say, from General Lee,
+that Lord and General Howe wished to renew a conference with the
+Congress, and to open a treaty, to which the Congress replied they
+would neither confer nor treat till their independence should be
+acknowledged. You will therefore see at once how very little ground
+there is for such kind of assertions.
+
+I have seen such strange and unexpected events, as well as been
+witness to such extraordinary conduct, that I am almost beyond being
+surprised at anything; yet should an accommodation take place between
+those contending nations, whilst the Congress have the least prospect
+of foreign succor and support, I confess I shall be greatly surprised.
+But if the British Ministry, as they roundly assert, are assured that
+no power in Europe will countenance the United States in their
+independence, and if they can bring the Congress to believe the same,
+who will be surprised if they make terms, and accommodate, rather than
+hazard longer a contest with the most formidable power in Europe, and
+its allies, without prospect on their part of aid or support? I say,
+who will be surprised, or rather who will not be surprised, should
+they still persist in continuing the war unsupported? However, I, who
+know my countrymen perfectly, and the principles by which they are
+actuated, do not believe they will ever accommodate on terms lower
+than independence; yet in the same situation, and with the same offers
+made them, I am certain any other people in the world would
+accommodate.
+
+You are not to impute what I say to vanity. I am not raising my
+countrymen above every other nation in the world; far from it; but
+they are a new people, and have certain notions, that are either new
+in the world, or have been so long unpractised upon, and unheard of,
+except in the speculations of philosophers, that it is difficult,
+perhaps impossible, to compare them with any other nation.
+Unprejudiced reason, and plain common sense, will enable the few to
+judge; but the many, the ninetynine of one hundred at least, will
+determine as usual by the event. I am not fond of bold assertions or
+predictions, but I dare hazard my credit upon it, that either no
+accommodation on any terms will take place, or, if it does, a war in
+Europe will be the immediate consequence; and I submit it to the
+consideration of those Ministers and politicians, who are afraid to
+offend Great Britain now, whilst America alone employs more than her
+whole natural force, how they will be able to contend with her when at
+peace and on good terms, perhaps in alliance with America.
+
+Universal monarchy has at many periods been feared from the House of
+Bourbon, and England has been exhausted to prevent it; she has engaged
+allies pretendedly to keep the balance of power in Europe, as it is
+ridiculously and unintelligibly termed by European politicians; but
+you will permit an American to give his sentiments; they may at least
+divert and make you smile. From the period when the feudal system
+prevailed over all Europe, when every lord was sovereign, to this
+hour, the number of kingdoms or distinct powers in Europe has been
+decreasing, and if we look three centuries back, and reckon up the
+distinct powers then existing and compare them with those of the
+present, and extend our view forward, the whole must at some not very
+distant period be brought into one; for not an age passes, and scarce
+a single war without annihilating or swallowing up several of them.
+But from what quarter is this universal empire in Europe to originate?
+I answer negatively; not from the House of Bourbon, though formidable
+for its connexions and alliances in the South; but I will venture to
+predict, that if Great Britain, by forming an accommodation of
+friendship and alliance with the United States, renders herself, as by
+that measure she easily can, mistress of that world, by taking the
+affairs of the East Indies into her own hands, she will be in
+possession of exhaustless treasure, and in 1780 the charter of the
+East India Company expires, when both the territory and commerce will
+be at her disposal. Add to all this her strict and close alliance
+with Russia. I say, that laying these circumstances together, it is
+easy to foresee, that Great Britain, America, and Russia united, will
+command not barely Europe, but the whole world united.
+
+Russia like America is a new State, and rises with the most
+astonishing rapidity. Its demand for British manufactures, and its
+supplies of raw materials, increase nearly as fast as the American;
+and when both come to centre in Great Britain, the riches as well as
+power of that kingdom will be unparalleled in the annals of Europe, or
+perhaps of the world; like a Colossus with one foot on Russia and the
+East, and the other on America, it will bestride, as Shakspeare says,
+your poor European world, and the powers which now strut and look big,
+_will creep about between its legs to find dishonorable graves_.
+
+I dare say you smile at my prophecy, but you will observe it is a
+conditional one, and I am persuaded, like most other prophecies, will
+neither be believed nor understood, until verified by the event,
+which, at the same time, I am laboring like my good predecessors of
+old, (who prophecied grievous things,) to prevent taking place if
+possible; for it is my ultimate and early wish that America may
+forever be as unconnected with the politics or interests of Europe, as
+it is by nature situated distant from it, and that the friendly ties
+arising from a free, friendly, and independent commerce may be the
+only ties between us.
+
+Adieu,
+
+                                                          SILAS DEANE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                               Paris, June 13th, 1777.
+
+  Sir,
+
+We are still without any news from America, except what we get by the
+way of England. The campaign was not opened the end of April, Howe
+being scarce of provisions, and without forage. I have seen a letter
+from an English officer in the service, dated the 25th of that month,
+and have been much pleased with the sight of it; a horrid pleasure,
+which derives its source from the prospect of human misery. The flux
+raged much in the army of the Philistines, as the saints of New
+England style it, owing to their food, salted meat, and no vegetables.
+I believe a certain brig, from a place called Rotterdam, has fallen
+into the hands of the chosen people, for one of my countrymen crossed
+the Atlantic in a small vessel of about twenty tons, on purpose to
+take her; at least he informs me that he had carried into Cherbourg a
+brig laden with about two hundred hogsheads of Geneva, some pitch,
+oil, &c. from Rotterdam; which said articles will, before this reaches
+you, be metamorphised into louis d'ors of France.
+
+I have crossed the Chesapeake in this very ferry boat, in which my
+bold countryman crossed the Atlantic. I had been told by a man high in
+office in England, that resistance was a chimera in us, since their
+armed vessels would swarm so much in our rivers, as even to intercept
+the ferry-boats. His assertions are verified _vice versa_; our
+ferry-boats ruin their commerce. You smile, and think me amusing you.
+Be assured that is not the case. This very little boat took on her
+passage another brig of two hundred tons from Alicant, and sent her
+into America; she also took four or five vessels in the Channel,
+chiefly smugglers, and plundered them of their cash, and the Captain
+being a good natured fellow let them go, as he did a transport, which
+he took in sight of a man-of-war, and was obliged to give her up,
+bringing off, however, with him his people. He has promised for the
+future to burn those he cannot send in, and I believe will be as good
+as his word. This is the way the English serve not only ours, but the
+French vessels, which they take on our coast. The Captain tells me, he
+was told this last circumstance by several French Captains, whom he
+saw prisoners, (himself a prisoner) at New York. The eyes of this
+Court will be opened, it is to be hoped, before it is too late, a war
+being inevitable, in my opinion, to force an accommodation. They will
+unite with us on our own terms, and discerning from the past how
+little effective assistance we have to hope from France for the
+future, will make a war with this nation one article of the Federal
+Union. Whichever strikes first will probably succeed. Our valuable
+commerce is more hurt on the French coast than on our own. We have
+lost above L60,000 sterling, from South Carolina only, all which was
+coming to be laid out for French manufactures. It is a fact at
+present, that the manufacturers of this country cannot execute so fast
+as they receive orders.
+
+The English papers published by the authority of General Howe, at New
+York, tell with triumph, that one of their cruisers has sunk a twenty
+gun French ship at some distance from the Delaware, and every soul
+perished. We have some fears that this is the Amphitrite. Another ship
+was taken, French property, a few leagues from the harbor of St
+Pierre, which she had just quitted. If they dare do this in their
+present critical situation, what will they not dare if successful, or
+at peace and united with us?
+
+I wrote you before what I repeat again, that had General Howe got
+possession of Philadelphia last winter, as insolent a Memorial as that
+presented by Sir Joseph York, would have been presented by Lord
+Stormont here, and had not their demands been instantly complied with,
+the immediate destruction of the French commerce would have been the
+consequence. All the navy, all the army contracts are made, for five
+years, in England. Letters of marque were given to contractors, and
+friends of government, for what? To cruise against our trade? No; but
+to be ready at a signal given, to enrich themselves by the first
+captures on the French nation; for the gleanings of our commerce are
+no object to a private adventurer, assured as the English Ministry are
+of the pacific intentions of this Court. From the quarter I mentioned
+to you in my last, they will try his patience, and they do right, for
+the only hope they now have of conquering us is to deprive us of the
+means of resistance, and the hopes of foreign aid, which keeps up the
+spirits of the people. If the Amphitrite is really lost, General
+Washington will open the campaign without any of their military
+stores, so long promised, and so vainly expected, except about twelve
+thousand muskets.
+
+We expect with impatience direct news from America; the moment it
+arrives I will communicate it to you. The gentlemen are well, and beg
+me to present compliments.
+
+I am, Dear Sir, yours, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+_P. S._ You will not mention publicly, for particular reasons, the
+history of the little privateer. When the Captain of our small
+privateer boarded the transport, and told him he was his prisoner, he
+very insolently asked where his ship was, not conceiving that any
+person would have crossed the ocean in so small a boat.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                                      June 14th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have escaped, as much as I am able, from my chains, to make journeys
+to the Hague, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam, in order to maintain and
+increase useful acquaintances; and when I obtain any light I
+communicate it to friends. The great majority, almost the whole of our
+merchants, are for you. The regencies of our cities, and among others
+Amsterdam, seem to take part with the Court, which is allied with and
+friendly to England. But all this is precarious, and will change with
+your fortune. Let us hear of a successful campaign, and your friends
+will show themselves, your partizans will multiply; they will lose by
+degrees this panic terror for a power, that is not loved by the
+multitude. These persons are chiefly large annuitants, whose hearts
+are in the sources of their income.
+
+Another important truth, which I have learned at Amsterdam, is that no
+banking house is willing to take part, to the amount of a shilling, in
+the loan of five millions sterling, which England has raised, because
+they were not content with the offered premium and with her solidity,
+nor sure of selling the stock in detail. Distrust increases here, in
+proportion as England sinks. The premium ought to be two and a half
+per cent, but we know that in England even the bankers are content
+with their sales in detail at five eights per cent.
+
+I have made acquaintance and connexion with a House, to whom I shall
+address in future all my despatches for you, and under cover to whom
+you may in safety address to me your letters, viz. Messrs Lalande &
+Fynge, merchants, Amsterdam. If you will send me regularly, by your
+vessels going to St Eustatia and Curacoa, one at least of your best
+public papers to the address above pointed out, or in the packets of
+friends in France, I will make good use of it for your service in our
+periodical papers. They complain everywhere of knowing nothing of your
+affairs, but what the English wish Europe should know; and on this
+subject we have often to wait some months before the truth is unfolded
+from a heap of impostures, which do not fail sometimes to answer the
+malice of your enemies in leaving false impressions on minds, which I
+wish to be able to destroy in their birth.
+
+I have the Honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                                     August 22d, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+In spite of my extreme circumspection, your enemies are not altogether
+without knowledge of me, and, not able to persecute me openly, are
+endeavoring secretly to deprive me of my post in this country. I sent
+an account yesterday to Paris, and today to a certain person at the
+Hague, of what has happened to me. I am sustained in all my losses by
+the firm resolution to live and die the faithful servant of United
+America, and by consequence, also, with the most profound respect for
+the honorable General Congress and yourselves. God bless your just
+arms.
+
+_September 5th._--It would be useless for me to give you copies of the
+last letters that I wrote to Paris. They chiefly concern myself; and I
+await their answers. I will say only in general here, that from the
+moment when I was first honored with your orders and your confidence,
+I have devoted to you in every event, my person, services, and
+fidelity; and this for the love I bear to your cause, and on the most
+perfect conviction of its justice. I have conducted myself in the
+execution of your orders with all imaginable prudence, circumspection,
+and patience. At last, however, I am the victim of the suspicions and
+implacable hatred of your enemies. They have found it an easy task to
+injure me indirectly in the sordid, ungrateful, and treacherous heart
+of a person on whom my fortune depended, and who is devoted to them. I
+should be ruined, with my family, if I had not firm confidence of
+receiving in your service the annual stipend allotted for their
+subsistence, of which I have been deprived. To this injustice they
+have added the insult of tempting me by deceitful offers, which I
+rejected with disdain, because I could not accept them without
+exposing your secrets, or at least degrading the character with which
+you have honored me, in the eyes of those who have knowledge of it. My
+refusal has exasperated them against me; they will secretly ruin me as
+far as they are able. But I have said enough of myself.
+
+Your enemies have begun to take the Dutch vessels in Europe as well
+as in America; among others, one for St Eustatia. They are impatient
+at Amsterdam to know how the Regency will take this; and they write me
+that this circumstance will, probably, be the cause of the detention
+of vessels, bound for the Islands, two months in this port.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                        The Hague, October 14th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+If I do not speak to you in all my letters, of the person with whom
+you know I am connected at the Hague, it is not because this connexion
+does not continue daily, but because it is sufficient to give an
+account of our conferences to your honorable commission in Europe, and
+also, considering the time that my packets are on the way, my reports
+would be as superfluous and useless to you, as they would be long and
+difficult to decypher, or dangerous to transmit without cypher. The
+enemy alone would be able to profit by them. Moreover, I doubt not but
+your Commissioners transmit to you the result of all that passes.
+
+Our States-General are assembled; and they have begun with labors,
+which by no means please your enemies. The first was to make a claim
+directly, in the name of their High Mightinesses, upon the English
+Minister for the Dutch vessel destined for St Eustatia, and taken in
+the Channel by an English vessel of war, under the pretext that the
+vessel was American built. (The Dutch had purchased her at Halifax.)
+Our States have sent instructions on this subject to their Envoy at
+London, with orders to have discontinued whatever process has been
+instituted by the captor before the English Judges against this
+vessel; and an order also to the owners of the vessel and cargo not to
+plead before the Judges, because they have proved here, that they had
+conformed in all things to the laws of this country, and to its
+conventions with Great Britain. We are impatient here to learn the
+answer of England.
+
+Their second debate was on a petition in very strong terms, signed by
+a hundred of the principal commercial houses of Amsterdam, (except the
+house of Hope, devoted to England) for the purpose of asking a convoy
+for their vessels going to the West Indies.
+
+I have all this from the best authority; as also that the party of
+your enemies in this country, though yet considerable, are visibly
+losing their influence, and cannot fail to seccumb, especially if the
+English continue to seize our vessels, and if they wish to engage this
+Republic to involve itself in a war on their account; for we desire
+here to be at peace with all the world.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                                 December, 16th, 1777.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I congratulate you, and the honorable Congress, and all United America
+with all my heart. This news (Burgoyne's capture) has made the
+greatest possible sensation in this country; a deep consternation
+among those who have all their interest in England; a marked joy
+among those who hate your enemies. My correspondent at Amsterdam
+writes thus. "Many thanks for the prompt advice of the affair so
+glorious for our friends. Letters from England received here this
+morning confirm it entirely. All was in motion today in our _cafes_
+and on the exchange. The royalists here are entirely depressed, and
+even fear the like catastrophe for General Howe, if he hazard himself
+further into the country." This news has made an astonishing
+impression everywhere; all is considered lost to the English.
+
+_December 19th._--I have received advice from my correspondents, to
+whom I had forwarded packets according to your orders, by which they
+inform me, under date of 26th of September and 18th of October, of
+having received and forwarded my packets for you. My correspondent at
+Amsterdam, who transmitted them to me, has pointed me to the following
+passage. "The Anti-Americans are not yet recovered from their fright;
+they see the Americans at present with a different eye, and desire
+strongly that the Ministry may be changed, that by mild means we may
+obtain peace as favorable as possible." Another writes from Rotterdam;
+"I received on the 11th, the account of the victory of General Gates.
+It was pulled out of my hands. I pray you as soon as you receive
+advice, that Howe has done as well as Burgoyne, to let me have the
+great pleasure of knowing it first, that I may regale many persons
+with the news. You cannot think what a bustle there is yet in all
+companies and _cafes_ about this affair, and how they fall on the
+English Ministers."
+
+We have confirmation from Germany of the increasing obstructions,
+which the levying of recruits against America meets with.
+
+I this moment learn that the States-General have despatched messengers
+of State extraordinary to all the Provinces; and it cannot be doubted
+that the contents of their despatches, which are kept secret, relate
+only to the catastrophe which the English have suffered in America,
+and to the consequences which it is presumed it will have, as well on
+this side of the ocean as on the other.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 14th, 1778.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have the satisfaction of being able to apprize you, that since the
+declaration of France, made here the 18th of March, affairs have taken
+in this country a most favorable turn. My last journey to Amsterdam
+has not been useless. But I cannot trust to paper, and to the
+vicissitudes of so long a voyage, the detail of my operations. I
+constantly give information to your honorable Commissioners, to whom I
+write almost every post. I will say only in general, that the cabal of
+your enemies fails in all the attempts it has made to engage this
+Republic to put herself in the breach for them. The Republic is firmly
+determined to the most perfect neutrality, if there be war; and I wait
+only the letters of the honorable Commissioners at Paris, whom I have
+requested to propose a friendship and commerce direct and avowed
+between your States and theirs.[28]
+
+We are preparing a third piece upon credit. I will add copies of it to
+my packet when it is printed.
+
+At the moment I am about to seal my packet, I learn for certain, "that
+Lord Chatham on the 7th of April in the House of Lords pleaded with so
+much warmth for not giving up the dependence of America, nor giving
+away the Americans, because he considered them a hereditament of the
+Prince of Wales, the Bishop of Osnaburgh, and the whole royal line of
+Brunswick, that he fainted away, but was soon recovered by the aid of
+two physicians. He confessed however that he did not know what the
+means were of preserving both."
+
+I have the honor, &c.
+
+                                                            DUMAS.[29]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[28] On this subject see a letter to M. Dumas in the Commissioners'
+Correspondence, Vol. I. p. 463.
+
+[29] For a letter from the Committee of Foreign Affairs to M. Dumas,
+dated May 14th, 1778, see the Correspondence of the Commissioners in
+France, Vol. I. p. 386.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             TO M. VAN BERCKEL, PENSIONARY OF AMSTERDAM.
+
+                                                      July 27th, 1778.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Directed by the Plenipotentiaries of the United States of America in
+Paris, to send you the annexed copy of a treaty of amity and commerce
+concluded between France and the said United States, with the
+testimony of the high esteem and consideration they have for you in
+particular, and for all the honorable members of the Regency of
+Amsterdam in general, I acquit myself of these orders with all the
+satisfaction and eagerness, which my respectful devotion to the
+interest of this Republic dictates. The Plenipotentiaries pray you,
+Sir, to communicate this treaty in such a manner that copies of it may
+not be multiplied, until they have written me that it may be published
+and in the hands of all the world. I have carried this morning to Mr
+---- a like copy with the same request.
+
+I add to this a proclamation of Congress that I have received, and the
+communication of which I think will give you pleasure. It will appear
+in the Gazettes in French and Dutch, and ought to satisfy all the
+maritime powers, no less than it does honor to the sagacity and equity
+of Congress.
+
+I am, with the truest respect, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  M. VAN BERCKEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 31st, 1778.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I am much obliged to you for the kindness you have done, in sending me
+the copy of the treaty of amity and commerce, concluded between France
+and the United States of America. And as it was at the request of the
+Plenipotentiaries of the said United States, may I venture to ask you
+to testify to those gentlemen the gratitude of the Regency of
+Amsterdam in general, and my own in particular, for this mark of
+distinction. May we hope that circumstances will permit us soon to
+give evidence of the high esteem we have for the new republic, clearly
+raised up by the help of Providence, while the spirit of despotism is
+subdued; and let us desire to make leagues of amity and commerce
+between the respective subjects, which shall last even to the end of
+time. What troubles me is, that it is not in our power to make the
+other members of the government do as we could wish; in which case the
+Republic would be at once disposed to another course. But I am
+persuaded that the Americans are too wise not to penetrate the true
+causes, or to attribute the inaction of ---- until the present time
+to any want of esteem and affection for the United States.
+
+This Republic is full of people who think rightly, but there will be
+found here, as elsewhere, partizans of a certain system, who, by their
+ignorance or stupidity, or by the wickedness of their hearts and
+abominable vices, hinder the people from doing as much as they could
+wish. I expect to hear important news in the actual circumstances of
+Europe, and am impatient to receive some, which may have a good effect
+on the affair in question. I shall take care that the abovementioned
+treaty does not go into bad hands, and that no copy be made before the
+time.[30]
+
+                                                          VAN BERCKEL.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[30] For other particulars on this subject, see the Correspondence of
+the Commissioners in France, Vol. I. pp. 376, 456, 463.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                          TO M. VAN BERCKEL.
+
+                                         The Hague, August 17th, 1778.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have had the honor of informing you, that I intended answering your
+favor of the 31st of July last, wherein you did me the honor of
+charging me to send to the Plenipotentiaries of the United States of
+America, in Paris, the testimony of the satisfaction that had been
+given to the honorable Regency of your city and to you in particular,
+by the transmission of a copy of their treaty of amity and commerce
+with France. Not only has your request been complied with, by
+transmitting to those gentlemen a copy of your letter, but I did
+more; for having occasion at the same time to write to America
+directly, I have added another copy for Congress. That body,
+therefore, will, without delay, be informed of the benevolent sympathy
+which the Republic in her turn feels for her worthy sister, as also of
+the happy effects which this sympathy cannot fail to produce, when the
+obstacle unfortunately attached to the ship shall have lost the power
+of obstructing her progress. Meantime, continue, Sir, by your
+patriotic efforts, to clear away difficulties, to provide means, and
+to hasten the moment of a connexion so desirable on both sides, and
+present and future generations will bless your name and your memory.
+
+You will have seen by the gazettes, and especially by that of Leyden,
+with what unanimity and dignity the United States disdained the
+propositions, injurious to their good, great, and august ally, as well
+as to their own majesty, made to them by the British Commissioners. I
+have in hand and will show you the authentic proofs of this, as well
+as of the horror, which the Americans have, of ever returning under
+the iron sceptre they have broken. This confounds the falsehoods, that
+have been uttered and kept up with so much complacency in this
+country. Will they never cease to give credit to such impudent
+assertions? I cannot forbear to transcribe what a friend[31] has
+written to me. This friend does not know in detail what I have been
+doing here. He had asked me how I advanced. I had told him _festino
+lente_.
+
+"In general," says he, "I am not disposed to precipitation, especially
+in important affairs. But I cannot help saying, that there may be
+some danger of the good people in Holland losing some advantages in
+commerce with America by their too great caution. I have reason to
+believe, that the British Ministry have already sent orders to their
+commissioners to give up the point of independence, provided they can
+obtain some exclusive benefit in America."
+
+I wish, however, that we could concert some new movement. There is yet
+time to think of it before the meeting of the assembly. In all that
+concerns myself, I can only promise my best efforts.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[31] William Lee, who was at this time in Francfort.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                         The Hague, December 3d, 1778.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The act of despotism, which I announced to you in my letter of the
+16th,[32] was consummated on the 18th of November. The resolution
+adopted by the majority had a specious design, to wit, to refuse the
+commissaries which the English Ambassador demanded, to agree that the
+article of naval stores, legalized by the treaty of 1674, should be
+for the future contraband; but in the end, all was spoiled by the
+refusal of convoy to ships carrying these articles to France.
+
+But Amsterdam has inserted in the acts a formal protest, by which this
+resolution is declared null, by its having been adopted in a manner
+contrary to the constitution, which requires unanimity in this case.
+The protest indicates, at the same time, the consequences which this
+affair may have. They may be very serious if they push the city to
+extremities. The first will be the closing of the public chest, as far
+as concerns her contribution towards the expenses of the
+confederation. This city alone pays about one quarter of all the
+expenses of the republic, and if they should push things to extremity
+she may ask succors of France, who certainly would not suffer her to
+be oppressed. The Ministerial gazettes in England announce this to
+their nation as a great success. _Qui vult decipi decipiatur._ On the
+other side, France threatens to seize in her turn English property on
+board of Dutch ships, and to deprive these of the favors they enjoy in
+her ports, if the Republic does not cause her flag to be respected by
+the English, according to treaties. On the fifteenth, the States of
+the Province will be reassembled.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[32] Missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                              MEMORIAL,
+
+ _Presented by His Excellency, the Duc de la Vauguyon, Ambassador of
+       France, to the States-General of the United Provinces._
+
+                                        The Hague, December 7th, 1778.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+The conviction which the king, my master, has had, that their High
+Mightinesses, animated with a desire to perpetuate the perfect harmony
+which subsists between France and the States-General, would conform
+themselves scrupulously, in existing circumstances, to the principles
+of the most absolute neutrality, has induced his Majesty to include
+the United Provinces in the order that he made in the month of July
+last, concerning the commerce and navigation of neutrals. His Majesty
+has less room to doubt of the perseverance of their High Mightinesses
+in these principles, because they have given him repeated assurances,
+and because they are the basis and most solid guarantee of the repose
+and prosperity of the Republic. His Majesty, however, thinks he ought
+to procure, in this respect, an entire certainty; and it is with this
+view that he has directed me to demand of your High Mightinesses an
+explanation, clear and precise, of your final determination, and to
+declare to you that he will decide according to your answer to
+maintain or annul, so far as concerns the subjects of your High
+Mightinesses, the orders which he has already given.
+
+To make better known to your High Mightinesses the views and
+intentions of the king, my master, I have the honor to observe to you,
+that his Majesty flatters himself that you will procure to the flag of
+the United Provinces all the freedom which belongs to it as a
+consequence of their independence, and to their commerce all the
+integrity which the law of nations and treaties secure to it. The
+least derogation from these principles would manifest a partiality,
+the effect of which would impose on him the necessity of suspending
+not only the advantages that his Majesty has insured to your flag, by
+his order in favor of neutrals, but also the material and gratuitous
+favors, which the commerce of the United Provinces enjoys in the
+ports of his kingdom, without any other consideration than the good
+will and affection of his Majesty for your High Mightinesses.
+
+                                                   DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE COMMISSIONERS AT PARIS.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 18th, 1778.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have seen our friend. There are two committees at work, one for the
+new remonstrances occasioned by the English, the other on the answer
+to be made to the Memorial of the French Ambassador.
+
+_December 19th, forenoon._ The Admiralty it was said would not be in
+favor of an answer, till next week; but measures were taken to make
+them pass one this morning, in which were _verba pretereaque nihil_;
+there was nothing changed in the restriction of convoy as to naval
+provisions. The Ambassador having been notified of it, sent today,
+early in the morning, to the Grand Pensionary a note so energetic that
+it will be difficult to avoid giving a precise answer, yes or no,
+which will save or lose to the Seven Provinces the commerce of France.
+
+_December 19th, evening._ In spite of the note of the Ambassador, the
+English party has prevailed in the provincial Assembly, and all except
+Amsterdam have adopted by a majority the opinion of the Admiralty.
+Thereupon, Amsterdam delivered her protest, in which she confirmed her
+former protest against the resolution of the 18th of November. She
+declared further, that she held herself irresponsible and discharged
+of all injurious consequences to the Republic, which the
+unsatisfactory answer they had given France might have. Our friend has
+caused me to read this protest, which is moderate but energetic.
+
+_December 22d._ I have a copy of the resolution and protest. I know on
+good authority that the Court of London has declared, that it is no
+better satisfied with the resolution adopted on the 18th of November.
+Thus those who have wished to be wholly subservient to that Court are
+very badly paid for their complaisance. The above resolution, adopted
+by the majority of the States of Holland, on the 19th of this month,
+has not yet been presented to the States-General. The Assembly of
+Holland, which was to have separated this week, adjourned to Tuesday
+next. The Deputies of the cities will depart on Thursday, to seek, it
+is said, new instructions for another answer, such as the Ambassador
+can receive. Those of Amsterdam remain here, because they have no need
+of an _ad referendum_.
+
+_December 24th._ The British Court has communicated to the Republic
+its order, which declares liable to seizure neutral ships carrying to
+France munitions of war, military and naval. This order is directly
+contrary to the resolution of the 18th of November, by which the
+States refuse to permit this article to be put in question, which
+treaties secure to them.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 25th, 1778.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Your friends here do all that they can to bring about future
+connexions between the two Republics. The phrase, that I have
+underlined in the Declaration,[33] expresses nothing else than the
+authentic information, which the city of Amsterdam has of the
+disposition by which a majority is influenced in the Republic. See in
+it then only the wish of the city, that your virtuous perseverance in
+a union, on which alone depends your sovereignty, may frustrate this
+influence. It can do nothing against you without unanimity; but,
+without this same unanimity, all the good will of the city can at the
+present time do nothing more for you, as to the conclusion of a treaty
+of amity and commerce, than project it, in order to have it ready when
+it shall be able to propose it with some appearance of success. A copy
+of the Memorial, presented on the 7th of December, by the French
+Minister to their High Mightinesses, was sent to me by himself, on the
+8th, to be communicated to you.
+
+They have sent me from Amsterdam, with the same intent, a copy of the
+protest of the city against the resolution adopted by the majority for
+refusing convoy to naval articles. This important paper is very long,
+(20 pages in folio.) Expecting that I may be able to send it to you,
+translated and copied, I will transcribe for you, Gentlemen, what a
+good Dutch citizen, to whom I lent it, thought of it. "It is scarce
+possible for me," said he, "to paint the vexation with which I have
+read the resolve adopted by the majority. A document at once puerile,
+jesuitical, and made unintelligible, as I think, from design, to
+conceal the palpaple contradictions and absurdities of which it is
+full. I can compare it to nothing better than to a serpent, which
+hides its ugly head under the tortuous folds of its horrible body. The
+protest, on the contrary, is the finest document of its kind, that I
+remember to have seen. As precise as it is luminous, it presents at
+once, and gathers, so to speak, into a single focus, all the reasons
+for the opposite sentiment, in a manner to strike all eyes which are
+not voluntarily closed to its light. But we live in the midst of a
+people, who do not hesitate to call white black, and black white,
+provided it favors the party of the Boreases of England and of our
+country." The States of Holland assembled yesterday. They have named
+two committees to deliberate, the one on the answer to be made to the
+Court of France, the other on the new complaints to which the English
+have just given cause. We shall not know the result till next week.
+
+In the circumstances, Gentlemen, in which you see things, it will be
+necessary that I should be provided with a letter of credence from
+your honorable Congress, like, _mutatis mutandis_, that which I
+received from it under date from the 9th to the 12th of December,
+1775, and of which I made use at the Court of France, in April, 1776;
+with this difference, that the other being unlimited and accommodated
+to existing circumstances, that which I now ask for should be limited
+to this Republic, and conformable to the present situation and
+dignity of the American confederation, to the end that I may be able
+to produce it to whomever it shall be proper, and to labor with all
+requisite credit and weight, in concert with your friends in this
+country, on the proposal of amity and commerce between the two
+Republics. Such a paper becomes every day more necessary; and I dare
+say, that it will be necessary to the United States that I should be
+provided with it as soon as possible, so as not to give it publicity,
+which everywhere, except in France and Spain, seems to have no good
+effect; but to continue, as I have done hitherto, to increase and
+strengthen your friends here, and to hinder your enemies from
+realising, at the expense of this Republic, the fable of the monkey
+who drew his chestnuts from the fire with the cat's paw. _Malo esse
+quam videri_ ought to be the constant maxim of all those, who are
+called to serve so fine a cause as that of the American Union. It is
+certainly mine. It is this that dictates the precise answer, which I
+have yet to give to what you had the goodness to write concerning me,
+in the letter with which you honored me, under date of the 14th of May
+of this year, to wit; "We shall write particularly to the gentlemen at
+Paris, respecting the injuries you have received from our enemies, and
+shall instruct them to pay the strictest attention to our engagements
+made to you at the commencement of our correspondence."
+
+These gentlemen, in sending me the letter, wrote me nothing on this
+business, and I have not drawn on them for more than I had agreed with
+Mr Deane, towards the end of the past year, to be necessary for me to
+live here in a style of mediocrity, and with much economy, namely,
+two hundred louis d'ors this year. I shall continue on this footing,
+drawing always a hundred louis d'ors every six months, till it please
+your honorable Congress to fix my stipend. In expectation that the
+situation of affairs will permit the United States to observe in
+respect to me, or in case of my death, in respect to my daughter, the
+wise magnanimity that befits sovereigns, I will serve them, with the
+same zeal as if they gave me double, and with more inward satisfaction
+than if any other Power should give me ten fold. I can assure you,
+Gentlemen, that from the beginning, I have done for the whole American
+people, as I would do for a friend in danger. For the rest, I am well
+satisfied and grateful for the obliging things you have written me on
+this subject, and I do not ask new assurances. It is sufficient for
+me, that you know my true sentiments, and that you will have the
+goodness to make them known to the honorable Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                            DUMAS.[34]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[33] This Declaration is missing.
+
+[34] Several letters from M. Dumas, on the affairs of Holland, in the
+year 1778, may be found in the Commissioners' Correspondence, in the
+first volume of the present work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                         The Hague, January 1st, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On the 19th of December, the Grand Pensionary of Holland, before going
+to the Assembly of the States of Holland, received from the Duc de la
+Vauguyon, Ambassador of France, a note, explanatory of the Memorial
+presented to their High Mightinesses the 7th, as follows.
+
+"The king, determined to have perfect certainty of the final
+resolution of the States, flatters himself that their High
+Mightinesses will explain themselves in a clear and precise manner,
+upon the point of perfect neutrality, which his Majesty is persuaded
+that they do not wish to swerve from. He expects that they will
+preserve to the flag of the United Provinces all the liberty that
+belongs to them, in consequence of their independence, and to their
+commerce all the integrity that the law of nations secures to it, and
+that treaties confirm to it. But this liberty will become illusory,
+and this integrity violated, if their High Mightinesses do not
+maintain it by a suitable protection, and if they consent to deprive
+their subjects of convoy, without which they cannot enjoy, in their
+full extent, the rights which they have acquired and claim. A
+resolution of whatever nature it be whose effect should be to deprive
+them of a protection so legitimate, whether for all branches of their
+commerce in general, or in particular for articles of naval stores of
+any kind, would be regarded under present circumstances as an act of
+partiality derogatory to the principles of an absolute neutrality, and
+would inevitably produce the consequences mentioned in the Memoir,
+which has been sent to their High Mightinesses. It is especially to
+this essential object, and with the further intention to observe a
+neutrality thus described, that the king asks of their High
+Mightinesses an answer clear and precise."
+
+The same morning the States of Holland adopted by a majority the
+following answer, previously advised on the 16th by the Admiralty.
+
+"That their High Mightinesses have always set, and will set, much
+value on a good understanding with his Majesty, and that they would
+cultivate willingly his friendship and affection for this State, by
+all means which insure the independent repose of the Republic, and
+contribute to their perfect neutrality in the existing differences
+between his Majesty and the king of Great Britain. That their High
+Mightinesses do not fear to declare with openness and candor to his
+Majesty, that their design is to adhere scrupulously to the said
+neutrality, in firm confidence that the two powers will be satisfied,
+and that they will permit to their High Mightinesses the peaceable
+enjoyment of it. That the commerce and navigation of the Republic,
+being one of its principal means of subsistence, its free exercise
+their High Mightinesses have strongly at heart. Their High
+Mightinesses flatter themselves also that the two powers are inclined,
+and will be persuaded to leave to them the course which the law of
+nations and treaties guaranty, and that if any discussion takes place
+on this subject, it will be attributed solely to the moderation and
+caution of their High Mightinesses, in compliance with the suggestions
+of prudence, if to measures adapted to the protection of their
+commerce and their free navigation, without distinction as to the
+property of the cargoes, and to the support of their neutrality, they
+add others, intended to avoid all occasions of misunderstanding; that
+their High Mightinesses are too firmly convinced of his Majesty's
+justice, to doubt that he will be satisfied with this candid
+exposition of the sentiments of their High Mightinesses, or that he
+will continue to observe, in his treatment of neutrals, and
+consequently of the subjects of their High Mightinesses, the rules,
+which his Majesty has himself considered to be conformable to the law
+of nations; and that he will continue in the disposition, on which the
+commerce, at present existing between the subjects of both powers, to
+the mutual advantage of both parties, is founded."
+
+The resolution adopting this answer was invalidated at the same time
+by the following protest.
+
+"The Deputies of the city of Amsterdam, adhering to their protest and
+note inserted on the 18th of November last, against the resolution
+adopted the same day, on the final remonstrance of the merchants of
+this country, on the subject of the seizure of their vessels by the
+English, and the carrying them into English ports, as is therein more
+fully detailed, have declared, that they cannot agree to the
+resolution of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, adopted this day on
+the Memorial presented to their High Mightinesses by the Duc de la
+Vauguyon, wherein he demands the observance of an exact neutrality
+during the existence of the troubles with England in general, and the
+maintenance of the freedom of the flag of the Republic, as well as of
+the commerce and navigation of this country to the French ports in
+particular; unless in the meantime should be given by the said
+resolution the clear and precise answer demanded by the said Memorial,
+and on which depends in great part the commerce of this country to the
+ports of France, declaring also that they would not be in any manner
+responsible for the evils that come upon the commerce and navigation
+of the Republic, as well from the present resolution as from that of
+the 18th of November last."
+
+This has not hindered the States-General from adopting also the
+answer. On the 30th of December it was carried, by the agent of their
+High Mightinesses, to the Ambassador, who did not accept it, as not
+being such as the King demanded. On which they have determined to send
+it to M. de Berkenrode, at Paris, to endeavor to cause it to be
+accepted by his Majesty.
+
+On my return here on Tuesday evening, I went to see our friend.
+Nothing has yet been done; but in spite of all that can be done
+tomorrow, said he, things will finally go well. He told me also, that
+the credit of Sir Joseph Yorke with a certain great personage was
+manifest more and more, and that there was no longer room to doubt
+that the latter had secret engagements with the Court of London.
+
+I was the next day at the house of the French Ambassador. Their High
+Mightinesses had sent him their answer to the Memorial, and he had
+sent it back, as not admissible. He has in his pocket the Declaration
+of the King, by which the subjects of the State are excluded from his
+order in favor of neutrals, and deprived of the privileges which they
+enjoy in the ports of the kingdom. It will be soon published. This
+affair will do as much good to the Anti-English in these provinces, as
+the taking of Bergen-op-zoom did them harm thirty years ago. The time
+will come when they will be obliged to have recourse to the city of
+Amsterdam, to remove the proscription, which too much complaisance to
+the Court of London is drawing upon these Provinces.
+
+Late on Wednesday I went to see our friend. He could only give me one
+moment. The answer of the States-General to the Memorial of the
+French Ambassador is the same as that adopted by a majority in the
+States of Holland, excepting some additions which are not material.
+The Deputies have not even consulted their respective Provinces
+thereon; another blow given to the constitution. One of the Deputies,
+with whom I had some conversation, gave me as the only excuse;--"_It
+is not the first time we have done it._" I have seen a letter from an
+able hand, in one of the Provinces, wherein much censure and heavy
+reproaches are cast on this method of proceeding. Friesland can least
+of all dispense with the commerce of France.
+
+_January 2d._ There is today a grand concert at the _Hotel de France_.
+The Court is there. The Ambassador does the reverse of what is
+practised at the theatre; he began with the farce, and will finish
+with the tragedy. They flatter themselves here, that he will not press
+matters, because they have given him to understand that they have
+convoked the Admiralty to deliberate more fully on the convoys. But
+they do not say what all the world knows, that they have sent the
+rejected answer to the Ambassador of the Republic at Paris to endeavor
+to have it accepted by the King. Labor lost.
+
+Our friend is fortunate in all this. He has the finest part to
+perform, and he will perform it to his glory. He advances rapidly in
+the paths of former great men of the Republic. On the other side, the
+firmness of Amsterdam is seconded very seasonably by the Memorial.
+
+I doubt not, Gentlemen, but the result has made you see the importance
+of what has passed here, and how far my proceedings have been useful
+in the business, to bring it to the point where it now is.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE COMMISSIONERS AT PARIS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 12th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The States of Holland assemble tomorrow. Our friend comes this evening
+and I shall see him. They are here every day more embarrassed. Far
+from the answer to the Memoir sent by their High Mightinesses to their
+Ambassador at Paris being accepted, the Ambassador of France has
+received an express from his Court, the purport of which we shall know
+at the same time with the result of the deliberations of the States of
+Holland.
+
+_January 13th._ The Assembly today has been occupied only with simple
+formalities. I know on very good authority, that Amsterdam will have
+permission to trade to the French Isles in America, as well directly
+as by way of St Eustatia and Curacoa; and I have been authorised to
+inform certain armed houses [_maisons armes_] of it, in order that
+they may be able to speculate in advance upon it.
+
+_January 14th._ They wished to resolve today by a majority for a delay
+of four months longer for the convoys of ship timber. All at once
+Haerlem is ranged on the side of Amsterdam, and Alcmaer has taken the
+matter _ad referendum_; which has much displeased a grand personage
+present. The Grand Pensionary cried out also much upon it, and wished
+to engage the Deputies of this city to accede to the opinion of the
+majority; but they alleged the orders of their city in excuse. This is
+the cause that the resolution cannot be passed till next week. It will
+be such, moreover, that the Court of France will regard it as
+derogatory to perfect neutrality; for the majority will always
+prevail, but then Amsterdam, Haerlem and perhaps Alcmaer will
+protest. You see, Gentlemen, that the opposition not only sustains
+itself, but gains ground. This opposition was almost nothing six
+months ago; it was a feeble plant that could only stand by bending
+when the wind blew; now it is a solid and robust body, well supported,
+which resists all the efforts of the English party, which has broken
+them, and which will succeed at length in prevailing over this party,
+and will restore to the Republic its ancient dignity.
+
+_January 16th, morning._ Yesterday, the 15th, in the evening, the
+Ambassador sought me out to go and confirm, on his part, to our
+friend, that this morning he should present a Memorial to the
+President of their High Mightinesses, with the new order of the King,
+which excludes the commerce and navigation of ---- from the favors
+which France permits neutrals to enjoy on the sea and in her ports,
+and preserves them only to the flag of the city of Amsterdam, and that
+after that he should, (though against usage) make the circuit of the
+hotels of all the cities of Holland, and testify to their respective
+Pensionaries the regret and repugnance with which the King will see
+himself forced by themselves to publish the said order. I waited at
+the _Hotel de France_ till two o'clock in the morning, to give to the
+Ambassador, who supped abroad, the answer of our friend. He sent it
+off the same night by express to his Court, and I hold myself ready
+this morning to report on his part to our friend the manner in which
+all shall pass.
+
+_16th, evening._ This morning the Ambassador, after having presented
+his Memorial to the President of their High Mightinesses, made the
+rounds to give information of it to the Grand Pensionary of Holland,
+to the Secretary of their High Mightinesses, to the Prince
+Stadtholder, to the Pensionaries of the cities of Amsterdam, Dort,
+Brille, and Rotterdam. He was nearly two hours with the Deputies of
+this last city. He testified to all of them the regret of the King in
+having to withdraw from them his favors, and to permit one patriotic
+city alone to enjoy them. All manifested more discontent at this
+distinction, than at the privation, and there is danger of I know not
+what fatal consequences. They pretend that it is a thing without
+example and against their constitution to treat with one city only.
+The Ambassador replied to them, that this was a wrong view, that there
+was neither treaty nor convention between France and Amsterdam, but
+that he merely let this place continue to enjoy what she enjoyed
+before, and that the Republic ought to be on the contrary well
+satisfied that by means of this city she would not lose all. The next
+week he will see the Pensionaries of the other cities. For the rest I
+am of opinion that all this will be arranged yet satisfactorily, and
+that the Republic, seeing that the thing is serious, will take the
+part of giving satisfaction to France.
+
+_January 17th._ I gave the Ambassador today an account of the
+discourse that I held yesterday with our friend. I must return
+tomorrow with the Ambassador. I only tell you, Gentlemen, the
+essentials, and spare you the detail of messages, which they charge me
+with, whose result only is interesting. My interposition saves the
+noise there would be from too frequent interviews between persons who
+are watched.
+
+_January 20th._ The two Pensionaries of Amsterdam went this morning on
+the part of their city to the house of the Ambassador, to give thanks,
+and to say that they hoped his Majesty would not deprive the other
+confederates of favors, which he is willing to preserve to them.
+Thence they went to the Grand Pensionary, to give him information of
+this proceeding. In place of sour looks and altercations, which they
+expected as well at the States of the Province today as elsewhere,
+they were agreeably surprised to find themselves treated everywhere
+with much respect. Those of Rotterdam, among others, sought their
+intercession for their city. The merchants of Rotterdam came to
+implore the protection of the gentlemen of Amsterdam, who properly
+sent them away to their own magistrates. The Ambassador, on his part,
+notified this morning the Grand Pensionary by word of mouth, and
+afterwards, at his request, by a note in form of a letter, that the
+King has fixed the 26th of January to publish the new order, if he
+should not receive such an answer as he demands.
+
+_January 21st._ Nothing is done yet. The advice of the Admiralty
+proposed today to the States of Holland is in contradiction with
+itself. They annul in truth their famous resolution of the 18th of
+November, as to the restriction of convoy, (from which they wished
+then to exclude ship timber) but would suspend the adoption of the
+resolution as to the extension of these convoys, until the time when
+they would assign their crews. This is only pushing time by the
+shoulders; it is the Lernean hydra, whose heads started up in place of
+those that were destroyed. For they agree on all the rest. There were
+yesterday only altercations and reproaches, to which those of
+Amsterdam answered with as much moderation and decency as firmness.
+All has been deferred till tomorrow, and if they will decide the
+affair by the majority, Amsterdam will protest anew.
+
+_January 22d._ Nothing yet is done in the Assembly of Holland. The
+Grand Pensionary had proposed a draft of a resolution, which
+Amsterdam would not agree to, because there were terms, which appeared
+deceptive, and which were susceptible of a different explanation at
+the Court of London from what it might receive at that of France. The
+principal is this; they would delay the final resolution for the
+extension of convoy to the 26th, the day when the Admiralty must
+assign the crews and armaments. Now this extension will only signify
+in relation to one of the powers, the force of the convoys; in
+relation to the other, the suspension of convoy for ship timber. Those
+of Haerlem have, therefore, proposed some amendments. If all
+acquiesce, they may tomorrow adopt a unanimous resolution that may,
+perhaps, satisfy France.
+
+_January 23d._ Yet undecided. All the cities, meanwhile, are of one
+mind with Amsterdam, on the plan proposed by Haerlem. But a great
+personage, with the majority of the nobility, still dispute about the
+terms. Pending this, a courier has been despatched today to Paris, to
+obtain, if possible, a further delay of a week in favor of the city of
+Amsterdam, which strongly interceded in behalf of the others. It
+remains to be known if this courier can arrive in time on the 26th.
+Amsterdam has declared today that she will remain firm and immovable,
+and will neither suffer herself to be forced or deceived. A very
+strong expression.
+
+_January 29th._ Contrary to all appearances they have not resolved
+anything today. The answer proposed by the Admiralty was so obscure
+and ambiguous, that Amsterdam has given notice, that she will protest
+again that it was only necessary to communicate to France the
+resolution of the 26th instant, by which the republic repealed that
+of the 18th of November, which displeased France, and embraced the
+most perfect neutrality. They were not willing to follow this advice,
+and they have again prolonged the Assembly till Tuesday or Wednesday
+next. They wish to deceive us, said our friend, but they will not
+succeed.
+
+_February 4th._ The Assembly of Holland resolved today, by a majority,
+on the answer to be given to France, referred from yesterday, against
+which Amsterdam with Haerlem has renewed formally her protestation of
+the 19th of December. After which the Assembly separated. It will meet
+again the 25th of February.
+
+_February 16th._ The States-General have not yet made answer to the
+Ambassador. The Deputies of the Provinces have declared, that they
+were not authorised thereto by their constituents.
+
+I am returned from Amsterdam, where I have been to see if the four new
+Burgomasters, who have entered upon office, are in the same
+disposition as those of the past year; and I have found that all goes
+on well; as also if the merchants intend to profit forthwith by the
+privileges conceded to them. A letter will not admit of the details,
+which I have communicated hereon to the Ambassador of France. The
+paper here annexed, which I have drawn up and circulated, will give
+you a summary view of all that has passed of interest.
+
+Our friend has sent me the materials for a plan of a treaty between
+the two Republics. I am occupied with it. As soon as it is drafted, I
+will make copies for America and Paris.
+
+The long silence that America keeps, and the rumors which are
+industriously spread, and which nobody has authentically
+contradicted, of divisions that prevail there, of the submission even
+of two or three of the most Southern States, and even of Virginia,
+make me see and experience more reserve and timidity, on the part even
+of those of Amsterdam, than in the past year. I pray God to guard
+America from traitors as well as from open enemies.
+
+_February 24th._ There is a letter from the Prince Stadtholder to the
+States of the Province of Friesland, which will have serious
+consequences, because it is very partial to England and against
+France. I had the good fortune, Friday the 19th, to be able to procure
+an authentic copy of it for the Ambassador. I learned the same day,
+that it was printed at Amsterdam. It sells, circulates rapidly, and
+makes much noise.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 1st, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have nothing to add to the extracts here annexed, except to press
+anew the necessity there is that the most honorable Congress send me a
+commission in all its forms of _Charge d'Affaires_, and agent of the
+United States of America in the United Provinces of the Low Countries,
+with power to manage and watch over their political interests, and
+those of the navigation and commerce of the American Union, as well
+near their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United
+Provinces of the Low Countries, now and at all times when opportunity
+shall be presented, as near each Province, city, and individual of
+this Republic.
+
+The opposition formed, sustained, and consolidated against the
+enormous influence which your enemies had over this republic, is the
+work of three persons, of whom I have the honor in my sphere to be
+one.
+
+With orders and powers more precise on the part of Congress, I should
+have been able to contract long since, with merchants of this country,
+for useful expeditions, and to defeat divers adventurers and
+intriguers, who, falsely boasting of full powers and of credentials
+which they have not, have abused and much deceived the people and
+compromised the dignity and credit of the United States. The little I
+have been able to do in this respect, has been done with a pure zeal,
+and a disinterestedness and discretion, which I dare propose as an
+example to others, who may be called to a similar service. I can
+boldly defy all the world to accuse me of having in any case preferred
+my own interest to that of the American people.
+
+My request, at the commencement of this letter, has for its object the
+service of the United States of America, as much at least as the
+proper care of my fortune, of my family, my honor and credit, my
+character and safety. The earliest of your agents and correspondents,
+Gentlemen, in Europe, out of Great Britain, has risked all these
+things from the time he received and accepted this honor, with a
+confidence equal to that with which it was offered.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 29th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+In all this month nothing has passed remarkable here, unless it be the
+Memorial presented by the English Ambassador. But in this interval I
+have taken part in a secret operation, which has confided the credit
+and secrets of America to a House at Amsterdam, truly patriotic, and
+not suspected of collusion with the enemy. Dr Franklin is fully
+apprized of it all.
+
+Here is an extract from a letter to him.
+
+"The States of the Province of Holland have assembled here this
+morning. It is only an ordinary session; and our friend said to me
+pleasantly, '_We have only come to hold the fair._' He foresees also
+that the resolution of the States-General, as to convoy, will not be
+such as to engage France to revoke or mitigate her last edict of
+navigation. One of the first Houses of Amsterdam, and whose
+predilection for England is known, has sold L60,000 of English funds.
+This has revived the idea of a declaration from Spain, and has
+depressed the English funds at Amsterdam from three to four per cent.
+There is a shower of pamphlets here, both in French and Dutch, against
+the last Memoir of Sir Joseph Yorke."
+
+For a long time, Gentlemen, we have heard nothing here of American
+affairs, but through the wicked channel of your enemies, who do not
+cease to paint the Americans as a people disunited and discordant.
+These eternal repetitions, and their pretended success in Georgia, do
+not fail to disquiet your friends and to embarrass all my endeavors.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                            The Hague, May 15th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have already had the honor of informing you many times, that some of
+my frequent letters to Passy are of a nature not to be communicated to
+you, even in abridgement, through the risk that my packets run of
+being intercepted; such are, particularly, divers letters written to
+Dr Franklin, from the 25th of January to the 29th of April. There is a
+cabal of Genevan and Swiss bankers, as well in France as at Amsterdam,
+friendly to your enemies, which does as much injury as it can under
+the mask of friendship. It was my duty to unmask some of them to Dr
+Franklin, and to make known to him a safe Anti-English patriotic
+House, having the confidence of the magistracy of Amsterdam. The
+Ministry in France know it.
+
+Upon the last petitions of the merchants of Dort, Amsterdam,
+Rotterdam, and Friesland, the States-General, after having previously
+deliberated and advised, and then reconsidered the affair, adopted on
+Monday, the 26th of April, the resolution to equip for the service of
+the current year, 1779, thirtytwo vessels of war, as follows;
+
+     4 vessels of 60 guns, 350 men =  240 guns, 1400 men.
+     1   "        60  "    340  "  =   60  "     340  "
+     1   "        60  "    290  "  =   60  "     290  "
+     8   "        50  "    300  "  =  400  "    2400  "
+     2 frigates   40  "    250  "  =   80  "     500  "
+     8   "        36  "    230  "  =  288  "    1840  "
+     7   "        20  "    150  "  =  140  "    1050  "
+     1 snow       12  "    100  "  =   12  "     100  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+    32 vessels and frigates,         1280 guns, 7920 men.
+
+Of these thirtytwo vessels and frigates, the College of Admiralty of
+Meuse will furnish
+
+     1 vessel of  60 guns  350 men =   60 guns   350 men.
+     1    "       50  "    300  "  =   50  "     300  "
+     3 frigates   36  "    230  "  =  108  "     690  "
+     1    "       20  "    150  "  =   20  "     150  "
+     1  snow      12  "    100  "  =   12  "     100  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+    7 vessels and frigates,           250 guns  1590 men.
+
+The College of Amsterdam,
+
+     2 vessels of 60 guns  350 men =  120 guns   700 men.
+     4    "       50  "    300  "  =  200  "    1200  "
+     2 frigates   40  "    250  "  =   80  "     500  "
+     2    "       36  "    230  "  =   72  "     460  "
+     2    "       20  "    150  "  =   40  "     300  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+    12 vessels and frigates,          512 guns  3160 men.
+
+The College of Zealand,
+
+     1 vessel of  60 guns  350 men.
+     1    "       60  "    290  "
+     1    "       50  "    300  "
+     1 frigate    36  "    230  "
+     1    "       20  "    150  "
+    --           ---      ----
+     5 ves. &c.  226 guns 1320 men.
+
+The College of West Friesland and the Quarter of the North,
+
+     1 frigate of 36 guns  230 men =   36 guns   230 men.
+     2    "       20  "    150  "  =   40  "     300  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+     3 frigates                        76 guns   530 men.
+
+The College of Friesland,
+
+     1 vessel of  60 guns  340 men =   60 guns   340 men.
+     2    "       50  "    300  "  =  100  "     600  "
+     1 frigate    36  "    230  "  =   36  "     230  "
+     1    "       20  "    150  "  =   20  "     150  "
+    --                               ----       ----
+     5 vessels and frigates,          216 guns  1320 men.
+
+The expense of this enrollment of seven thousand nine hundred and
+twenty men amounts, at thirtysix florins a head, by the month, to two
+hundred and eightyfive thousand seven hundred and twenty florins each
+month, and for fourteen months, to three millions nine hundred and
+ninetyone thousand six hundred and eighty florins, of which the moiety
+(or one million nine hundred and ninetyfive thousand eight hundred and
+forty florins) is taken from the appropriation _de la petition de
+guerre_ of the 3d of November of the past year, and the other moiety
+from the appropriation _des droits augmentes d'entree et de gabelle_.
+
+The payments will be made to the respective Colleges of Admiralty on
+the usual footing, to wit, the quarter of the whole charge of each
+vessel, when the vessel shall be equipped, the half when the vessel
+shall have served twelve months after the enlistment of the crew, and
+fourteen months if it is a vessel continued in the service after
+having been equipped for former service. The resolution enjoins on the
+Admiralty to hasten the equipments, to the end that every month there
+may be a convoy for the ports of France and England; for Lisbon and
+the Mediterranean as often as wanted; and for the West Indies twice a
+year.
+
+I got a knowledge of this resolution the 1st of May, in the evening.
+The next day I apprized the French Ambassador, who would not believe
+it at first. I gave him a copy, and sent a translation to Passy. The
+secrecy with which they adopted it, and kept it unknown many days,
+shows that they wished to prevent its publicity, and as it is yet a
+little deceptive as to ship timber, which is neither named nor
+excepted, it will not be, probably, communicated to the French
+Ambassador. It is important, as serving to support the Province of
+Holland against the other Provinces, all devoted to the Court.
+
+On the 11th of May, the body of merchants of Amsterdam presented an
+address to the Admiralty to hasten the convoy in consequence of the
+above resolve of the 26th of April, on the faith of which they had
+already made their speculations and taken their measures, especially
+as to ship timber.
+
+On the 14th I learned that the Admiralty not having answered
+satisfactorily the above address of the merchants of Amsterdam, the
+latter had prepared an address to their High Mightinesses, to
+remonstrate more strongly than ever. On the other side, the excitement
+and murmurs increasing at Rotterdam, whence the merchants threaten to
+withdraw and establish themselves at Amsterdam, the Deputies of
+Rotterdam have made a proposition to the Provincial Assembly, that
+they shall finally adopt, in concert with the other Provinces, or, in
+case of their default, with Holland alone, a decided resolution, and
+measures to put an end to all these differences, and to prevent the
+total ruin of the city of Rotterdam. The proposition has been
+committed.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    M. CHAUMONT TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Passy, September 2d, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I desire you may repair immediately to Amsterdam to render all the
+services that may depend on you to a squadron under command of Mr
+Jones, bearing the American flag, which is bound to the Texel.
+
+The vessels which compose this squadron are,
+
+    Bon Homme Richard,   Capt. Jones,      42 guns.
+    Alliance,            Capt. Landais,    36 guns.
+    Pallas,              Capt. Cottineau,  30 guns.
+    Cerf,                Capt. Varages,    18 guns.
+    Vengeance,           Capt. Ricot,      12 guns.
+
+Vessels which may have joined.
+
+    Monsieur,            Capt. ----,       40 guns.
+    Grandville,          Capt. ----,       12 guns.
+    Mifflin,             Capt. ----,       22 guns.
+
+It is necessary that you require of the commandants of these vessels
+the greatest circumspection not to offend the Dutch and not to afford
+subject for any complaint.
+
+If this squadron has need of any refreshments or aid, you will address
+yourself to M. De Neufville to procure them.
+
+As soon as said squadron arrives, I wish you to advise me of it, that
+I may take the necessary measures to send to the Americans the
+supplies of which they may have need.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   LE RAY DE CHAUMONT.
+
+Approved, B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO B. FRANKLIN.
+
+                                      The Hague, September 14th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Political affairs continue here on the same footing as I left them.
+Convoys are not granted, not even for vessels and cargoes of which
+there is no dispute, because they are unwilling that vessels loaded
+with timber should take advantage of the opportunity, and join
+themselves to the fleet under convoy. On the other side, Leyden has at
+length joined the party of Amsterdam, which consists, at present, of
+eight or nine cities in favor of the deliberations for the Province to
+provide separately for the protection of its commerce; otherwise all
+the trafficers in wool, who do a great business in this article, among
+others for Flanders, both French and Austrian, will retire from Leyden
+to Amsterdam.
+
+The Ambassador of France wishes that the great city had shown itself
+less inflexible against the army augmentation, and that it had set off
+this augmentation against unlimited and effectual convoys. I am not of
+this opinion. I think they would thereby put a dangerous weapon into
+the hands of the Anglomanes, and that the convoys would be no less
+evaded, and the republican party led by the nose. Our friend reasons
+better, in wishing that his country should be a commercial, and not a
+mediating power in Europe. In fact, since from the acknowledgment of
+the Anglomanes themselves there is little to fear for the Republic,
+(for on the part of the English it is clear that it is not military
+but naval forces that she wants); and since both are so much at the
+disposal of the Anglomanes, it is as well for us and for the Republic
+itself that they should remain on the old footing; and this probably
+will happen; for commerce, seeing they do not protect it, will not the
+next year pay the double of the right of entry and the excise; and
+this will reduce the fleet of the Republic from thirty two to
+twentytwo vessels, great and small.
+
+_September 20th._ The Court of France has made a declaration here,
+that it has prohibited throughout the kingdom, the importation of
+cheese from North Holland. This interdict will not be removed until
+the cities of North Holland have acceded to the affair of convoy.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                      The Hague, September 20th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Returned from Passy, where I have been detained some weeks longer than
+I had expected, and during which, affairs have not suffered here from
+my absence, because I constantly kept up correspondence with our great
+and worthy friend in this country; returned also from Amsterdam, where
+I was ordered to go for some secret business; I have the honor to send
+you herewith the public papers, which will apprize you of what has
+happened throughout Europe these last few months; you will see also by
+my letter to Dr Franklin, the present state of affairs in this
+Republic.
+
+Dr Franklin has not yet had leisure to send me back the plan of a
+future treaty with this Republic, to which he is to join his remarks.
+
+I am to set out immediately for Texel, with letters and secret
+instructions to Commodore Jones's squadron, whose arrival there I
+expect every hour; therefore I must finish here abruptly, and defer
+writing to his Excellency, the President of Congress, concerning his
+letter of the 3d of January last to Dr Franklin, also a resolution of
+Congress about Colonel Diricks, of December 23d, 1778. I only add
+here, that I have no doubt the Colonel is fitter for fighting battles
+than for negotiating a treaty or a loan.
+
+Neufville, too, seems to me, as well as to the gentlemen at Passy, to
+have promised more than he can now effectuate respecting a loan;
+however, I still recommend his house to other good American merchants,
+as a house very proper to deal with in the mercantile line. But _ne
+sutor ultra crepidam_.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+       _Agreement between John Paul Jones and Captain Pearson._
+
+It is hereby agreed between John Paul Jones, Captain in the American
+navy, Commander of the continental squadron now in the road of Texel;
+and Richard Pearson, Captain in the British navy, late Commodore of
+the British Baltic fleet, and now a prisoner of war to the United
+States of North America; as follows.
+
+1st. Captain Jones freely consents, _in behalf of the United States_,
+to land on the Island of Texel the dangerously wounded prisoners now
+in his hands, to be there supported and provided with good surgeons
+and medicine, at the expense of the United States of America, and
+agreeable to the permission, which he has received from the
+States-General of Holland, to guard them with sentinel in the fort on
+the Texel, with liberty to remove them again from thence at his free
+will and pleasure.
+
+2dly. Captain Pearson engages, _in behalf of the British Government_,
+that all the British prisoners that may be landed as mentioned in the
+last article shall be considered afterwards as prisoners of war to the
+United States of America, until they are exchanged, except only such
+as may in the meantime die of their wounds.
+
+3dly. Captain Pearson further engages, _in behalf of the British
+Government_, that should any of the British subjects, now prisoners of
+war in the hands of Captain Jones, desert or abscond, either from the
+fort on the Texel or otherwise, in consequence of the first article,
+an equal number of American prisoners shall be released, and sent from
+England to France by the next cartel.
+
+4thly. And Captain Jones engages, _on the part of the United States_,
+that if any of the prisoners who shall be landed should die while on
+shore in his custody in the fort, no exchange of them shall be
+claimed.
+
+Done on board the American frigate the Pallas, at anchor in the Texel,
+this 3d day of October, 1779.
+
+                                                      R. PEARSON,
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     THE COLLEGE OF ADMIRALTY OF AMSTERDAM TO THE STATES-GENERAL.
+
+                                         Amsterdam, October 8th, 1779.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+Captain Riemersma, commanding in the absence of Vice-Admiral Reynst,
+in the Road of the Texel, has informed us by message, of the entry
+into the said road of five vessels, viz. two French frigates, one
+American frigate, and two prizes made by them, under command of Paul
+Jones, who has addressed himself in person to said Captain Riemersma,
+and has asked him if he might put on shore the English Captains, and
+hire also a house for the recovery of the wounded; the said Captain
+demanding thereon our orders, and asking besides if he should return
+this visit.
+
+On which we have answered to Captain Riemersma, that we could not
+grant the request made by the commander of these vessels, to put on
+shore the English Captains, nor permission to hire a house on shore to
+put his sick and wounded in; that for the rest, we suppose that the
+instructions received from his Most Serene Highness would enable the
+said Captain to comport himself suitably.
+
+Besides, that he the Captain ought to look out, that for unloading, or
+in advancing further into the Roadstead than is necessary for
+protection from storms and other accidents, he should not contravene
+by his vessels the Placard of their High Mightinesses, of November 3d,
+1756.
+
+We have the honor to submit all this to the view of your High
+Mightinesses, hoping that our conduct will be so fortunate as to meet
+your approbation, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+         _Placard of 1756, referred to in the above Letter._
+
+"The States-General of the United Provinces, to all to whom these
+presents shall come, Greeting. Be it known, that having been advised
+that some vessels of war or foreign privateers, abusing the liberty
+that was granted them of resorting to and anchoring in our harbors, in
+case of want or accident, and of bringing with them the vessels or
+effects taken by them from their enemies, have undertaken to sell or
+dispose of their said prizes, which is directly against our intention,
+and may give rise to a misunderstanding between us and our neighbors,
+which we desire to prevent as much as is in our power, by all possible
+means, having considered what may best conduce to this end, we have
+thought good to declare, ordain and resolve as follows.
+
+"Hereafter all vessels of war and foreign privateers, whatever they
+may be, which shall enter into the roadsteads, rivers and waters, of
+this State, shall hoist on their arrival the flag of the nation to
+which they belong, and not advance further into said rivers and
+waters, than to secure themselves from tempests and other perils,
+without permission of the College of Admiralty, in the district in
+which they may be. They shall abstain from every act which may offend
+or aggrieve any one, whether stranger or subject of the State, but
+conduct on the contrary, in said waters in a manner not to harm or
+give cause of complaint to any one, under penalty not only of not
+receiving any assistance, but also of being expelled by force. In case
+that any vessel of war or privateer having letters of reprisal refuse
+to hoist on arrival its flag, or may be in the said waters and rivers
+without permission of the College of Admiralty in the district where
+they are, the crew will be regarded and treated as pirates. All
+officers of vessels of war or foreign privateers, which shall enter
+into the mouths of rivers of this State with their vessels and prizes,
+or with their prizes only, shall be bound to abstain from announcing
+or publishing in any manner said prizes, from discharging them in
+whole or in part, from selling or disposing of them; but they shall
+keep or retain them entire, and put to sea with them, returning in the
+same state as when they arrived; under pain of being deprived of said
+prizes, which shall be seized by the officers of this State and kept
+by the College of Admiralty of the district, till the counsellors of
+said College, having taken cognizance of the fact, shall judge proper
+to dispose of them agreeably to the exigency of the case.
+
+"And to the end that these orders may be better executed, all officers
+and masters of privateers, which shall anchor in the harbors of this
+State, shall be holden to give notice at the first place where they
+shall come, of the cause of their arrival to the officers charged by
+the State with the inspection of the entry of vessels, to present to
+said officers their commissions, and especially to declare what prizes
+they have made, on what nation they have made them, and in general in
+what their cargoes consist. Moreover the said vessels of war or
+privateers shall permit the said officers to put persons on board said
+prizes to guard them, and prevent anything from being sold or
+discharged contrary to the present decree, and in this manner they
+shall put to sea with their prizes, and depart from the harbors of
+this State.
+
+"And to give more effect to our intentions, and the better to prevent
+all difference on this subject, we advise by these presents all the
+inhabitants of this State, and others who reside here, that they will
+have to conform to their provisions, and will be careful of taking
+upon themselves to purchase, accept, or take for their own account,
+part or the whole of any prize brought into the harbors of this State
+under any pretext whatever, and also of aiding or facilitating, with
+their persons, vessels, or boats the sale, discharge, or removal of
+said prizes; under penalty, not only that all the effects they shall
+have acquired against the present decree, (without receiving any
+compensation for what they have disbursed, or their arrears of wages,)
+shall be seized by the College of Admiralty of the District, and
+confiscated to the profit of whom it may concern; but also that the
+party shall be condemned to the payment of one thousand florins, one
+third of which shall be to the use of the State, one third to the
+informer, whose name shall remain secret, and the remaining third for
+the officer who shall have received the complaint.
+
+"And in order that no person may pretend ignorance, we desire and
+request the Lords the Committee of Roads and the Deputies of the
+States of the respective Provinces immediately to announce, publish
+and post up the present Placard wherever need shall be, and as it is
+customary to practise. We enjoin moreover and command the Counsellors
+of the Admiralty, the Advocate of the Treasury, the Admirals,
+Vice-Admirals, Captains, Officers and Commandants, as also the
+Commissaries, and Commissioners of Search in the harbors and other
+places to execute and cause to be executed the present order; to
+proceed and cause proceedings to be had against offenders, without any
+connivance, favor, dissimulation or agreement; for we have thus judged
+necessary for the service of the State.
+
+"Done and concluded at the Assembly of their High Highnesses the
+States-General at the Hague, the third of November, one thousand seven
+hundred and fiftysix."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  FROM THE COLLEGE OF ADMIRALTY OF AMSTERDAM TO THE STATES-GENERAL.
+
+                                        Amsterdam, October 12th, 1779.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+To satisfy the orders of their High Mightinesses and their resolution
+of the 8th of this month, wherein it has pleased them to demand our
+opinion and our consideration of the annexed Memorial of Sir Joseph
+Yorke, Ambassador Extraordinary from his Majesty the King of Great
+Britain near the Republic, we take the liberty to answer respectfully
+their High Mightinesses, that we had the honor to inform them by our
+letter of the 8th of this month of the entry of five ships; and at the
+same time of the answer we had given to Captain Riemersma, commanding
+at that time in the Roads of the Texel, on the request that had been
+made to him by Captain Paul Jones, the said answer containing in
+substance that in the belief that these ships would depart on the
+first opportunity, we should not grant the debarkation and the stay on
+shore which was asked for, of two English Captains, nor permit the
+hiring of a house to transport the sick and wounded; and that moreover
+we charged the said Captain to keep watch there; that to provide that
+these ships should be in security and safe from storms and other
+accidents, would not contravene the placard of your High Mightinesses
+of November 3d, 1756, which we regard as the rule according to which
+all foreign ships of war whatever they be, and from whatever port
+they come, which enter into the harbors or roadsteads of the Republic
+ought to be treated, and as having been given with the view that the
+said foreign ships should put to sea with their prizes, without
+discharging them in whole or in part and without selling them or
+disposing of them in any manner; that for these reasons, it has
+appeared to us that the seizure of the said ships and officers and
+sailors would be a contravention of the said placard; that besides,
+humanity requires that the said ships may stay to effect any repairs
+of which they have need, and to procure to the sick and wounded all
+the alleviations necessary, for the administering of which it is
+expedient that they be brought on shore.
+
+On which we have judged it proper to make representation to their High
+Mightinesses, whether it would not be proper to charge Captain
+Riemersma, commandant at the Roadstead of the Texel, and to give him
+order to permit the debarkation of the sick and wounded from said
+ships, to enable them to receive the most prompt assistance; which we
+should have already granted ourselves upon the requests, which have
+been addressed to us on behalf of said sick and wounded, if we could
+have thought we had a right to do it without the authorisation of
+their High Mightinesses; submitting in this respect all final
+determinations to their high wisdom, and to their better opinion.
+
+Deliberating on this, the Deputies of the Province of Holland and of
+West Friesland have taken a copy of the above letter to be more amply
+communicated; and nevertheless it has been found good and determined
+that a copy of said letter should be put into the hands of M. de
+Linden de Hemme and other deputies for marine affairs to see, examine
+and take into consideration the opinion of the Commissioners of the
+respective Colleges of Admiralty, and to make report thereon to the
+Assembly.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ PERMISSION TO LAND THE SICK AND WOUNDED OF THE ENGLISH VESSELS TAKEN
+                            BY PAUL JONES.
+
+         Extract from the records of their High Mightinesses.
+
+                                                   October 15th, 1779.
+
+M. de Heekeren de Brantzenburg, President of the Assembly, has
+imparted to their High Mightinesses, that he was informed by Sir
+Joseph Yorke, of the deplorable condition of the sick and wounded who
+are on board the English vessels Serapis and Countess of Scarborough,
+taken by Paul Jones and brought into the Texel, and who, as humanity
+requires, not only has not refused them accommodation, but even has
+procured them all the assistance and all the supplies possible, and
+submitted to the consideration of their High Mightinesses if it would
+not please them without delay to authorise the College of Admiralty of
+Amsterdam to have put on shore the said sick and wounded, to be there
+tended and nursed.
+
+On which, having deliberated, it has been thought good and decreed,
+that without prejudice to ulterior deliberations of their High
+Mightinesses on the Memorial, which has been sent to them on this
+subject by Sir Joseph Yorke, the 8th of this month, _everything
+continuing in this respect in the same state_, it be written to the
+College of Admiralty of Amsterdam to authorise it, and it is
+authorised by the present resolution to permit not only that the sick
+and wounded, who are in said vessels, be landed or put on board a
+hospital ship, as soon as one can be prepared for this purpose, but
+besides that they be furnished by the ships of war of the Republic now
+in the Roadstead, with the medicines and provisions necessary, and
+that the surgeons of said ships of war may bestow their care in the
+treatment of those sick and wounded who shall be debarked. It being
+well understood, that by this arrangement nothing shall be accounted
+to be changed relative to the condition of said sick and wounded; that
+their High Mightinesses will not be responsible for those, who may be
+able to take advantage of the opportunity for escape, and that under
+any pretext, either to guard the prisoners or to maintain discipline,
+there may not be allowed to go on shore armed men, more than three or
+four, and armed only with their swords; that finally, nothing may be
+done in said department and dependencies but with the knowledge and
+under the authority of the officer commanding the vessels of the
+Republic, which are in the Roadstead, and of those in whose
+jurisdiction shall be the place where the sick and wounded may be
+debarked.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    INSTRUCTIONS OF HOLLAND AND WEST FRIESLAND TO THEIR DEPUTIES.
+
+Their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, the Lords States of Holland and of
+West Friesland, in their Assembly of Thursday, the 21st of October,
+1779, having resolved to qualify their Deputies in the Generality to
+conform in the Assembly of their High Mightinesses to the following
+advice;
+
+They are of opinion, that they should answer the Memorial of Sir
+Joseph Yorke, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of his
+Britannic Majesty, presented the 8th of this month, that their High
+Mightinesses be informed that a short time since there entered into
+the Texel three frigates, viz. two French, and one styling itself
+American, commanded by Paul Jones, having with them two prizes, made
+by them at sea, named Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, designated
+in his Memorial.
+
+That their High Mightinesses, having for more than a century
+constantly observed and manifested by successive placards, that they
+would not in any manner give any judgment for or against the legality
+or illegality of the acts of those who not sailing under these
+provinces make prizes at sea and bring them into the roadsteads of
+this country, not opening their ports to them on any other terms than
+for them to put in, in case of tempest, or other disasters, and
+obliging them to return with them to sea as they brought them in, they
+would not undertake to examine whether the prizes brought in by said
+three frigates belong to the French or to the Americans, whether they
+are legal or illegal, but must abandon all this to the decision of
+those who have jurisdiction, and that they would compel them
+altogether to return to sea, for that, subject here to be retaken as
+if they had never landed in this country, they will be judged by the
+proper tribunal; inasmuch as the Ambassador will acknowledge himself,
+that he would have no less a right to reclaim them, if they belonged
+to English subjects, than if they were vessels of the King, which they
+happened to be in this case; and by consequence, this would not
+authorise their High Mightinesses to bring it before the tribunals of
+this country, any more than the person of Paul Jones.
+
+That with respect to acts of humanity, their High Mightinesses have
+already manifested to the Ambassador their eagerness to exercise them
+in regard to the wounded on board said vessels, and that they have
+given orders in consequence.
+
+They would be of opinion, moreover, that they ought to answer the
+College of Admiralty of Amsterdam, that their High Mightinesses
+approve what is done; that in conformity to their placard of the 3d
+of November, 1756, which prohibits the overhauling and breaking up of
+the cargoes of prizes, for the purpose of securing them from
+recapture, and allowing to the captor the right of disposing of them,
+they persist in it also in the case of the prizes, Serapis and
+Countess of Scarborough; authorising said College to do what is in
+their power that the said five frigates depart, the sooner the better,
+and to take care that there be not delivered to them nor carried on
+board any munitions of war or naval stores, but such things only as
+they want in order to put to sea and reach the first foreign port, to
+prevent all suspicion of their equipment and arming in this country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+                                        The Hague, October 29th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I ought to advise you, that M. de Sartine has informed me, that he has
+renounced the intentions that I had been charged to communicate to
+you, and that you will find at Dunkirk orders for your final
+destination. I learn with much pleasure, that the necessary repairs of
+the ships, which you command, will be completed immediately, and that
+you have received all the assistance you could, and ought to expect. I
+desire very earnestly that success shall again reward your valor. No
+person will be more rejoiced at it than myself. Believe me, with the
+sincerest sentiments, &c. &c.
+
+                                               THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               SIR JOSEPH YORKE TO THE STATES-GENERAL.
+
+                                        The Hague, October 29th, 1779.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+In thanking your High Mightinesses for the orders your humanity has
+dictated in relation to the wounded, who were on board two vessels of
+the King, the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, I only discharge
+the orders of his Majesty in renewing the most strong and urgent
+demand for the seizure and restitution of said vessels, as well as for
+the enlargement of their crews, who have been seized by the pirate
+Paul Jones, a Scotchman, a rebellious subject and state criminal.
+
+The sentiments of equity and justice of your High Mightinesses leave
+no room to doubt, that in taking into a more mature deliberation all
+the circumstances of this affair, you will recognize readily the
+justice of a demand, founded as well on the most solemn treaties,
+which have subsisted more than a century between the Crown of Great
+Britain and the United Provinces, as on the principles of the law of
+nations, and the custom of friendly and allied States.
+
+The stipulations of the treaty of Breda, of the 31st of July, 1667,
+confirmed and renewed expressly in that of 1716, and in all the
+subsequent ones, are too clear and incontestible in this respect not
+to be felt in all their force.
+
+The King considered it derogatory to his dignity, as well as to that
+of your High Mightinesses, to expose the particulars of a case so
+notorious as that in question, or to cite to the ancient friends and
+allies of his Crown analogous examples of other Princes and States.
+
+I shall confine myself to the remark, that the placard of your High
+Mightinesses, in prescribing to the captains of foreign ships of war
+to show their letters of marque or commissions, authorise you
+according to the general custom of Admiralties to treat as pirates
+those, whose letters are found to be illegal for not being issued by a
+sovereign power.
+
+The character of Paul Jones, and all the circumstances of the affair,
+cannot by their notoriety be unknown to your High Mightinesses. Europe
+has her eyes fixed on your resolution. Your High Mightinesses know too
+well the value of good faith, not to give an example of it on this
+important occasion. The least deviation from a rule so sacred, in
+weakening friendship among neighbors, produces often unfortunate
+consequences.
+
+The King has always made it his pride to cultivate the friendship of
+your High Mightinesses. His Majesty persists steadfastly in the same
+sentiments; but the English nation does not think itself bound, by any
+of its proceedings, to have its citizens detained prisoners in a port
+of the Republic by an outlaw, a subject of the same country, and who
+enjoys the liberty of which they are deprived.
+
+It is for all these reasons, and many others equally solid, which
+cannot escape the great penetration and sagacity of your High
+Mightinesses, that the undersigned hopes to receive a ready and
+favorable answer to the above, conformable to the just expectation of
+the King, his master, and of the British nation.
+
+                                                         JOSEPH YORKE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ JOHN PAUL JONES TO LIEUTENANT COLONEL WEIBERT, IN THE SERVICE OF THE
+                            UNITED STATES.
+
+Their High Mightinesses, the States-General of Holland, have granted
+permission to us to land on the Island of Texel, a number of wounded
+British prisoners of war now in our hands, to guard them by our
+American soldiers in the fort of that Island, with the draw bridges
+hauled up or let down at our discretion, and to remove them again from
+thence to our ships at our free will and pleasure, and dispose of them
+afterwards as though they had not been landed. Therefore you are
+hereby appointed Governor-General over the wounded, and the soldiers,
+that are destined this day to conduct them there, until further
+orders.
+
+These wounded prisoners are to be supported and provided with good
+surgeons and medicine, and with necessary attendance at the expense of
+the United States. The Commissary of the Admiralty, who resides on the
+Texel, has undertaken, by our orders, to furnish you with the
+necessary provisions; and surgeons, medicine and bedding, &c. are sent
+from the squadron. In short, these prisoners, together with such other
+sick and wounded as we may hereafter see fit to send to your care in
+that fort on the Texel, are to be treated with all possible tenderness
+and humanity. And you are to take care that no person under your
+command may give any cause of complaint whatever to the subjects or
+government of this country; but, on the contrary, to behave towards
+them with the utmost complaisance and civility.
+
+For which this shall be your order.
+
+Given on board the American ship of war, the Serapis, at anchor in the
+Road of Texel, November 1st, 1779.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              JOHN PAUL JONES TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                                            Texel, November 4th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning the commandant of the Road sent me word to come and speak
+to him on board his ship. He had before him on the table a letter,
+which he said was from the Prince of Orange. He questioned me very
+closely, whether I had a French commission, and if I had, he almost
+insisted upon seeing it. In conformity to your advice, I told him that
+my French commission not having been found among my papers since the
+loss of the Bon Homme Richard, I feared that it had gone to the bottom
+in that ship; but that, if it was really lost, it would be an easy
+matter to procure a duplicate of it from France. The commandant
+appeared to be very uneasy and anxious for my departure. I have told
+him, that as there are eight of the enemy's ships laying wait for me
+at the south entrance, and four more at the north entrance of the
+Port, I was unable to fight more than three times my force; but that
+he might rest assured of my intention to depart with the utmost
+expedition, whenever I found a possibility to go clear.
+
+I should be very happy, Sir, if I could tell you of my being ready. I
+should have departed long ago, if I had met with common assistance;
+but for a fortnight past I have every day expected the necessary
+supply of water from Amsterdam, in cisterns, and I have been last
+night only informed, that it cannot be had unless I send up water
+casks. The provisions too, that were ordered the day I returned to
+Amsterdam from the Hague, are not yet sent down, and the spars that
+have been sent from Amsterdam are spoiled in the making. None of the
+iron work that was ordered for the Serapis is yet completed, so that I
+am, even to this hour, in want of hinges to hang the lower gun ports.
+My officers and men lost their clothes and beds in the Bon Homme
+Richard, and they have as yet got no supply. The bread that has been
+twice a week sent down from Amsterdam to feed my people has been,
+literally speaking, rotten; and the consequence is, that they are
+falling sick. It is natural, also, that they should be discontented,
+while I am not able to tell them that they will be paid the value of
+their property in the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, if either
+or both of them should be lost or taken after sailing from hence.
+
+Thus you see, Sir, that my prospects are far from pleasing. I have but
+few men, and they are discontented. If you can authorise me to promise
+them, at all hazards, that their property in the prizes shall be made
+good, and that they shall receive the necessary clothing and bedding,
+or money to buy them with, I believe I shall soon be able to bring
+them again into a good humor. In the meantime, I will send a vessel or
+two out to reconnoiter the offing and to bring me word. Whatever may
+be the consequence of my having put into this harbor, I must observe
+that it was done contrary to my opinion, and I consented to it only
+because the majority of my colleagues were earnest for it.
+
+I am under a very singular obligation to you, Sir, for your kind
+letter, which you did me the honor to write to me on the 29th of last
+month. It shall be my ambition to get clear of my present
+embarrassment, and to merit, what I so much esteem, the good opinion
+of your Excellency and of the Court, by my future service in support
+of the common cause.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 M. DUMAS TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                                           Helder, November 9th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+To fulfil my promise, it is my duty by the first post to give
+information to your Excellency, that in spite of the bad roads and
+dark nights I arrived here this morning. I saw immediately M.
+Cottineau, from whom here is a letter enclosed to your Excellency.
+There was a violent storm, which prevented me from going on board the
+Serapis. Nevertheless, having found means to make known my arrival to
+the Commodore, he came on shore this evening for half an hour only in
+order that he might reach his ship again before night. He will send
+his boat tomorrow for me to breakfast with him, to converse longer on
+our affairs, and it may be to make a visit together to the
+Vice-Admiral.
+
+In the meantime I have already learnt, that not only the Commodore has
+not written anything at all on what has given us uneasiness, but even
+that he has not said anything, of which they can make an authentic
+use; that he showed to M. Riemersma, on his arrival, as well as to the
+other Captains his commission, which is American, not having any
+other; that he will give me a copy, with a declaration signed at the
+bottom by himself, that he had shown it; and that as to the cartel
+made between himself and Captain Pearson, they have had no other
+surety for its basis, than the permission of this government to put on
+shore the wounded prisoners, without changing in any manner their
+condition, having taken upon them, besides, each one on his part, to
+engage their respective sovereigns. All, therefore, that I shall be
+able to do further in this respect will be to get signed by Mr Jones
+the copy he sent me of this cartel. The crowded inns leave me no place
+for a lodging but the house of a peasant, where I write this letter as
+I can. I fear that notwithstanding the good will of the Commodore, he
+will not be in condition to depart in fifteen days; and on examining
+things closely, and comparing the complaints of one with those of
+another, as to the delays, I find that the great and true cause is
+this bad Roadstead, distant from Amsterdam twentyfive leagues by
+water.
+
+The copy of the resolution of the 21st of October, which I have sent
+to the Commodore, is a paper very necessary to him.
+
+They will not be able longer to impose on him or spread snares for
+him. His way will be clear. He regrets only that it had not been
+sooner.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                            On board the Serapis, November 11th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+According to my letter of the day before yesterday, I was yesterday
+morning on board the Serapis. The weather was so thick in the evening,
+that there was no chance of sending anything on shore that night. The
+Commodore and myself, with great difficulty, went to make a visit to
+the Dutch Vice-Admiral, in which all that has been said was so well
+cleared up, that nothing can (at least on our part) cause a change in
+the state of things as they were after the 21st of October. The result
+of the visit is, in substance, that they do not much approve the
+expedient of providing two different flags in order to make use of one
+in default of the other; that they rather preferred that the whole
+squadron should have been entered under the flag and commission of
+France, as not being liable to any difficulties; but since what had
+been done could not be otherwise, they desire and expect that the
+squadron shall depart with the first fair wind; as also that there
+shall not be in this Roadstead any transportation of prisoners on
+board the King's cutters that are here; which the Commodore promised.
+
+Today we have been with M. Ricot on board one of the cutters, where we
+found the two captains, Messrs de la Laune and de la Bourdonnoie, who
+received us with all the cordiality and manifested all the good will
+imaginable. They do for us what they can, and M. de la Laune will
+inform your Excellency of it.
+
+I hope to be able to depart for Amsterdam the morning after tomorrow,
+if I can without danger be put on shore tomorrow, with the
+satisfaction of having by my journey hither cleared up, and much
+accelerated affairs; in a word, of having been useful. I see no
+possibility of being able to write to Dr Franklin. He cannot,
+therefore, know anything, nor, consequently, the Minister, except what
+your Excellency shall judge worthy to be communicated in your
+despatches, of the contents of my letters, &c.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                       The Hague, November 11th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have received the letter that you addressed to me the 9th of this
+month, and that of M. Cottineau, which was annexed. I learn with
+pleasure what you tell me relative to the object, which induced me to
+urge your departure. I hope you will not delay to give me, in this
+respect, details yet more satisfactory, and perfectly conformable to
+the intentions I have unfolded to you.
+
+M. Cottineau represents to me the extreme inconvenience, which results
+from the impossibility of putting on shore the sick and wounded among
+the prisoners.
+
+I think it would be proper that you might see with prudence and
+discretion, if it would not be possible to obtain permission of the
+Admiralty; but it would be necessary, in order to ask it, to be very
+sure beforehand that you will not be refused.
+
+You know the truth of my inviolable sentiments.
+
+                                               THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                       The Hague, November 12th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just received orders from the Minister of the Marine, which I
+must communicate to you, and it is necessary that you return here
+immediately. You will please to say to Mr Jones, that he ought not to
+set sail before I have imparted to him the instructions, which have
+been sent, as it will be necessary to suspend his departure till a new
+order; but not to lose an instant in hastening the repairs.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                               THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                                                  November 13th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday I was at the Texel with the Commodore, to adjust affairs
+with a Commissioner of the Admiralty, as to the light-house dues, so
+as to satisfy everybody; but this morning the Dutch Vice-Admiral
+sought me in his boat, to repeat to me what he had already said to the
+Commodore, that he ought to depart with the first good wind; in
+consequence, I have been with Captain Ricot and the commandant of the
+Scarborough on board of the French cutter to adjust things, of which I
+will give a verbal account to your Excellency.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                       Amsterdam, November 17th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+They write me from the Hague, that the States of Holland adopted
+yesterday, by a majority, a resolution to compel Mr Jones to depart. I
+inform you of it, that you may lose no time in returning to the Texel
+and executing the necessary arrangements.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                               THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                        The Hague, December 9th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On the 16th and 17th of November, the French Ambassador having given
+us a meeting at Amsterdam, apprized us of the intention of the King,
+to wit, that the cruise should terminate at the Texel, and that the
+prizes should be conducted into France by two French Captains of the
+squadron. Captain Jones on his part had an order from Dr Franklin to
+go on board the Alliance. On the 18th and 19th we returned to the
+Texel. The following days we effected these changes. The Dutch
+Vice-Admiral (a decided tory, who had succeeded the brave Captain
+Riemersma, a good republican and friend to the Americans) perceived it
+and disturbed us very much, particularly after having received the
+resolution of the 19th of November, and the instructions of his Court
+on this subject.
+
+Every day he pressed and threatened us, though the wind was always
+contrary. On the 24th of November, among others, the officer second
+in command came to read to us a paper, which he afterwards put in his
+pocket. I had anticipated the contents, and made, on my part, a
+writing, which I likewise read to him as follows.
+
+"The Commodore loses not a moment in providing for his departure with
+the first good wind, in his vessel, the Alliance, and he will give the
+signal for departure to the others, which will follow him if they can.
+He thinks he cannot give a stronger proof of his respect for the
+resolution of their High Mightinesses. Thus the threats of the
+Vice-Admiral are superfluous and against the very terms of this
+resolution of their High Mightinesses. He cannot go on board any other
+vessel than the Alliance, without counteracting the designs of his
+superiors.
+
+"As to the prizes, the placard of 1756, and of course the designs of
+their High Mightinesses, are scrupulously observed, in that they have
+not disposed of or changed anything, and that when they depart they
+may be recaptured. I require for the future every order or threat in
+writing, in order to send copies to the General Congress and to Dr
+Franklin."
+
+_November 28th._ Having sent again to hasten us, I made him confess
+with a loud voice, in presence of our crew, and of his own rowers,
+that he required an impossibility; a declaration which I made the
+pilot sign afterwards. Then he let us alone during ten days.
+
+_December 8th._ The wind appearing favorable, his officer found us
+ready to depart; but the wind changing, it was necessary to cast
+anchor again, after it had been already weighed.
+
+By the extract of the resolution of the 26th November you will see,
+Gentlemen, that the Stadtholder had taken on himself to apply to the
+Alliance only, what had been resolved in regard to the whole squadron,
+and especially to the prizes; that the States-General have approved
+it, and that thus they have thought they might dispense with
+consulting the Province of Holland on this new case. They are not
+content with this arbitrary procedure, and will make new protests,
+copies of which they have promised to furnish me. The others on their
+side appear to think that they have gone too far, as may be seen by
+the letter of the Vice-Admiral, which certainly is not written without
+order. As to the arrangement made on the 16th and 17th, I suspend my
+opinion till I see where the whole will end. But I highly applauded Mr
+Jones for having answered the Dutch Admiral as he did.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                                  December 10th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+The following intelligence will show in what manner the States-General
+have proceeded respecting Sir Joseph Yorke's demand for the seizure of
+Paul Jones's prizes.
+
+_Leyden, November 25th._ "The publicity of the claims, which Sir J.
+Yorke, Ambassador of Great Britain, has made by order of his Court on
+the occasion of the entry of Paul Jones with his prizes into the Road
+of the Texel, having excited the attention of Europe to this affair,
+on which subject the spirit of party on both sides has spread sundry
+unfounded reports, we think ourselves under obligation to communicate
+to our readers the definitive resolution, which the States-General
+took in relation to it last Friday; a resolution which reconciles the
+most scrupulous obligations of neutrality with the friendship which
+subsists between Great Britain, and this Republic. Here is the
+translation of it.
+
+'_Wednesday, Nov. 19th, 1779._ Having deliberated by resolution on the
+Memorial presented by Sir Joseph Yorke, Ambassador Extraordinary and
+Plenipotentiary of his Majesty, the King of Great Britain, to their
+High Mightinesses, on the 29th of last month, to renew in pursuance of
+the precise orders of his said Majesty, the most urgent instances for
+the seizure and restitution of two of the King's ships, Serapis and
+Countess of Scarborough, as well as for the release of their crews,
+which a certain Paul Jones had seized, as is more fully related in the
+registers under date of the 29th of last month, it has been resolved
+and determined to answer the aforesaid Memorial of Sir Joseph Yorke;
+that upon the reiterated instances which the Ambassador has made, by
+order of his Court, for the seizure and restitution of the ships
+Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, as well as for the release of the
+crews of said vessels, which a certain Paul Jones has taken, and with
+which he has entered into the Road of the Texel, their High
+Mightinesses have repeatedly taken into mature consideration all the
+circumstances of this affair, and they find themselves under the
+necessity of requesting his Majesty to consent, that their High
+Mightinesses should persist in their ancient maxim, which is, that
+without interfering in any decision upon the legality or illegality of
+prizes brought into their ports, they should compel them to put to
+sea, their High Mightinesses judging, that this maxim itself is
+founded on treaties.
+
+'But for evident proof that they do not desire, that any supplies may
+be furnished from this country to the inhabitants of his Majesty's
+American Colonies, they gave orders immediately on the arrival of Paul
+Jones, that he should not be furnished with any munitions of war or
+other articles, except those of which he would have need in order to
+put to sea, and reach the nearest port in which he might be admitted.
+That their High Mightinesses will also give orders, that he set sail
+as soon as his vessels can put to sea, and when wind and weather will
+permit, and even will compel him in case it should be required. That
+their High Mightinesses are assured, that it will be evident thereby,
+that they persist invariably in the declaration made to his Majesty,
+"that they desire to do nothing from which it might lawfully be
+inferred, that they recognize the independence of the Colonies of his
+Majesty in America," and that they grant to Paul Jones neither
+supplies nor harbor, but that following solely the treatment which
+they have at all times been accustomed to give to those, who come into
+their Roads to obtain for a time shelter against the disasters of the
+sea, they do not concern themselves with what passes on the sea, and
+without taking cognizance of it, they leave and cause to be restored
+everything to the state in which it was a short time before the
+vessels came into the country. That their High Mightinesses flatter
+themselves, that his Majesty and the English nation, for whom their
+High Mightinesses have all possible respect, will be satisfied with
+these dispositions, without insisting further on the claim they have
+made; that an extract from the resolution of their High Mightinesses
+will be sent to Sir Joseph Yorke, by the agent, Vander Burch de
+Spierinxhoek.
+
+'That, moreover, directions shall be given to the College of Admiralty
+at Amsterdam, to cause it to be signified and made known to Paul
+Jones, that their High Mightinesses are assured, that having only put
+in to place his injured vessels in shelter from the dangers of the
+sea, there has been sufficient time to put them in condition for sea,
+and that consequently they desire that he should make sail as soon as
+possible, when the wind and weather shall be favorable, and withdraw
+from this country; forasmuch as their High Mightinesses cannot permit
+him to continue here, and as the season of winter which is approaching
+may create greater inconveniences in this respect; so that to avoid
+them it is necessary that he allow no favorable opportunity to escape
+of putting to sea. That this is the serious intention of their High
+Mightinesses, and that they cannot delay; but if he should not comply,
+it would oblige them to take measures that would not be agreeable to
+him.
+
+'That, however, to allow no mistake on this point, and to prevent
+delays, his Serene Highness will be required, and he is hereby
+required, to give orders to Vice-Admiral Reynst, or to the officer
+commanding in the Roadstead of the Texel to effect with all possible
+discretion that the aforesaid Paul Jones depart with his prizes as
+soon as wind and weather will permit; not to admit any delay in this
+respect, that the nature of the case does not require, and to provide,
+if need be, by all suitable means, not excepting force, that the
+orders of their High Mightinesses be executed in the Roadstead.'"
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 11th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I send you the following intelligence relating to further proceedings
+in regard to Captain Paul Jones.
+
+"Circumstances having changed in regard to the squadron of Paul Jones
+in the Texel, the States-General have thought proper to suspend the
+effect of their resolution of the 19th of November, by another, which
+their High Mightinesses adopted on the 26th of the same month. It
+appears that on the 4th inst. they received a letter from the Prince
+Stadtholder, in which his Serene Highness informs them 'that,
+conformably to their said resolution of the 19th of November, he had
+sent the necessary orders to Vice-Admiral Reynst, commanding in the
+Road of the Texel, that he would conduct with all possible discretion,
+and that he would effect by all suitable means, not excepting even
+force, that Paul Jones should put to sea with the vessels under his
+command and with his prizes. But that after Paul Jones had declared he
+was ready to obey the orders of their High Mightinesses, and that as
+soon as he should be in condition he would profit by the first
+occasion to take the sea, it happened on the 25th of November, that
+Vice-Admiral Reynst having sent Captain Van Overmeer on board the
+Serapis, to notify again, in the most formal manner the commanding
+officer, that he must be provided with a pilot, and depart with the
+first favorable wind; he was answered, that this vessel was no longer
+commanded by Paul Jones, but by the French Captain, Cottineau de
+Cosgelin, who had taken possession in the name of the King of France.'
+The Prince Stadtholder referred, besides, to the letter itself of
+Vice-Admiral Reynst, as well as to the pieces thereto annexed; and his
+Serene Highness added, 'that in awaiting the final orders of their
+High Mightinesses he had provisionally written to Vice-Admiral Reynst
+not to use force till further orders, in regard to those vessels whose
+commanders should prove, that they were provided with a commission
+from the King of France; the preceding orders remaining nevertheless
+in their full force in regard to the Alliance, actually commanded by
+Paul Jones;' and that he at the same time charged the above named
+Vice-Admiral 'to take care that conformably to the Placard of their
+High Mightinesses of the 3d of November, 1756, none of the prisoners,
+who were not brought into the Road on board said ship Alliance, should
+be carried away in this ship;' his Serene Highness flattering himself
+that their High Mightinesses would approve his proceedings in this
+business. Upon which their High Mightinesses having deliberated,
+immediately thanked the Prince Stadtholder for the communication that
+his Serene Highness had made, and approved in all respects his
+procedure in the affair of which he had written them, reserving to
+themselves a further deliberation on the part to be taken on this
+occasion."
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              JOHN PAUL JONES TO THE DUC DE LA VAUGUYON.
+
+                                 Alliance, Texel, December 13th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Perhaps there are many men in the world, who would esteem as an honor
+the commission, that I have this day refused. My rank from the
+beginning knew no superior in the marine of America; how then must I
+be humbled, were I to accept a letter of marque! I should, Sir, esteem
+myself inexcusable were I to accept, even a commission of equal or
+superior denomination with that I bear, unless I were previously
+authorised either by Congress or some other competent authority in
+Europe, and I must tell you that on my arrival at Brest from my
+expedition, in the Irish Channel, Count d'Orvilliers offered to
+procure for me from Court a commission of Captain des Vaisseaux, which
+I did not then accept for the same reason, although the war between
+France and England was not then begun, and of course the commission of
+France would have protected me from an enemy of superior force.
+
+It is matter of the highest astonishment to me, that after so many
+compliments and fair professions, the Court should offer the present
+insult to my understanding, and suppose me capable of disgracing my
+present commission! I confess that I have not merited all the praise,
+that has been bestowed on my past conduct; but I also feel that I have
+far less merited such a reward! Where profession and practice are so
+opposite, I am no longer weak enough to form a wrong conclusion. They
+may think as they please of me; for when I cannot continue my esteem,
+praise or censure from any man is to me a matter of indifference.
+
+I am much obliged to them, however, for having at least fairly opened
+my eyes and enabled me to discover truth from falsehood.
+
+The prisoners shall be delivered, agreeably to the orders which you
+have done me the honor to send me from his Excellency the American
+Ambassador in France.
+
+I will also, with great pleasure, not only permit a part of my seamen
+to go on board the ships under your Excellency's orders, but I will
+also do my utmost to prevail with them to embark freely; and if I can
+now or hereafter, by any other honorable means facilitate the success
+or the honor of his Majesty's arms, I pledge myself to you as his
+Ambassador, that none of his own subjects would bleed in his cause
+with greater freedom than myself, an American.
+
+It gives me the more pain, Sir, to write this letter, as the Court has
+enjoined you to propose what would destroy my peace of mind, and my
+future veracity in the opinion of the world.
+
+When _with the consent of Court_, and by order of the American
+Ambassador, I gave American commissions to French officers, I did not
+fill up those commissions to command privateers! nor even for a rank
+_equal_ to that of their commissions in the marine of France. They
+were promoted to a rank _far superior_; and why! not from personal
+friendship, nor from my knowledge of their personal abilities, the men
+and their characters being entire strangers to me, but from the
+respect which I believed America would wish to show for the service of
+France. While I remained eight months at Brest, seemingly forgotten by
+the Court, many commissions, such as that in question, were offered to
+me; and I believe, (when I am in pursuit of plunder,) I can still
+obtain such a one without application to Court.
+
+I hope, Sir, that my behavior through life will ever entitle me to the
+continuance of your good wishes and opinion, and that you will take
+occasion to make mention of the warm and personal affection, with
+which my heart is impressed towards his Majesty.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   JOHN PAUL JONES TO B. FRANKLIN.
+
+                                 Alliance, Texel, December 13th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have this day had the honor to receive your Excellency's orders of
+the 6th current, respecting the prisoners taken in merchant ships,
+and, at present, on board the Alliance. And I hope that the within
+copy of my letter to the Duc de la Vauguyon will meet your
+approbation; for I am persuaded, that it could never be your intention
+or wish, that I should be made the fool of any great R---- whatsoever,
+or that the commission of America should be overlaid by the dirty
+piece of parchment, which I have this day rejected! They have played
+upon my good nature too long already; but the spell is at last
+dissolved. They would play me off with assurances of the personal and
+particular esteem of the King, to induce me to do what would render me
+contemptible, even in the eyes of my own servants! Accustomed to speak
+untruths themselves, they would also have me give, under my hand, that
+I am a liar and a scoundrel! They are mistaken, and I could tell them
+what you did your wayward servant, "We have too contemptible an
+opinion of one another's understanding to live together." I could tell
+them too, that if M. de C---- had not taken such sage precaution to
+keep me honest by means of his famous _concordat_, and to support me
+by means of so many able colleagues, these great men would not now
+have been reduced to such mean shifts, for the prisoners would have
+been landed at Dunkirk the day that I entered the Texel, and I should
+have brought in double the number.
+
+We hear that the enemy still keeps a squadron cruising off here; but
+this shall not prevent my attempts to depart whenever the wind will
+permit. I hope we have recovered the trim of this ship, which was
+entirely lost during the last cruise; and I do not much fear the enemy
+in the long and dark nights of this season. The ship is well manned,
+and shall not be given away.
+
+I have sent to Congress three copies of my late transactions in
+Europe, down to the 7th of this month, and M. Dumas has undertaken to
+forward them.
+
+I need not tell you I will do my utmost to take prisoners and prizes
+in my way from hence.
+
+I am ever, with sentiments of the most lively affection and esteem,
+your Excellency's most obliged, and most humble servant,
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                        Alliance, December 13th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have received your esteemed favor from Amsterdam. I leave the
+enclosed letter for his Excellency, Dr Franklin, open for your
+perusal; I also send a copy of my letter to the Duc de la Vauguyon. I
+shall be glad of your remarks on both. The occasion that produced them
+was the most extraordinary that ever happened to me; and language
+cannot express my astonishment at so unworthy a proposition.
+
+Adieu, my dear friend. I am, in cool blood, yours,
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               VICE-ADMIRAL REYNST TO JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+                                       Amsterdam, December 17th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I made a request to you yesterday, that you would take the trouble to
+come on board my vessel, from which you excused yourself; and again
+this morning. I also make request by this present, that you will have
+the goodness to inform me how I ought to consider the Alliance, on
+board of which you are; as a vessel of the King of France or of
+America? In the first case, I expect you will show me the commission
+of his Majesty, and that you will hoist the French flag and pendant,
+confirming it with a salute from your guns; and, in the second case, I
+expect that you will not neglect any opportunity to depart according
+to the orders of their High Mightinesses.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                         P. H. REYNST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+            JOHN PAUL JONES TO VICE-ADMIRAL P. H. REYNST.
+
+                                 Alliance, Texel, December 17th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In answer to the letter, which you have done me the honor to write me
+this day, I must observe, that I have no orders to hoist the flag of
+France on board the Alliance; nor can I take upon me to hoist, in this
+port, any other than American colors, unless I receive orders for that
+purpose from his Excellency, Benjamin Franklin.
+
+In the meantime, it is my wish to find a favorable opportunity to sail
+from hence; and whenever the pilot will take upon him to conduct this
+ship to sea, I will give him my best assistance. Should I receive any
+new orders, I shall not fail to communicate my situation to you.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                 Alliance, Texel, December 17th, 1779.
+
+I am, my Dear Sir, to acknowledge your sundry kind favors from
+Amsterdam. I thank you for your advice, which, by my last, as well as
+the enclosed, you will see I had followed before the appearance of
+your letters. Let not that circumstance disquiet you; for I have made
+myself some compliments on my thinking in many points so like you.
+Know me always your affectionate friend,
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. DE LIVONCOURT, FRENCH NAVY AGENT AT AMSTERDAM, TO JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+                                          Helder, December 17th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I thank you for your politeness in communicating to me what
+Vice-Admiral Reynst had written you. I perceive by this letter, that
+you would give great pleasure, if you would display the royal flag.
+Meanwhile, I can make no more entreaty, if you persist in not using
+the commission, which I was charged to send you. Reflect that all the
+French here, in the service of the King, have strongly at heart to
+maintain the Republic in sentiments favorable to the allies of his
+Majesty. It is in conformity with these views, and for the good of
+the common cause, and only for this transient object, that the
+commission, for the origin of which you imagine a thousand ill-natured
+motives, and which, finally, you refuse to accept, has been addressed
+to you.
+
+You know all that I have had the honor to say to you on this subject
+has been as well for your personal quiet, as for the honor and
+satisfaction of the common allies.
+
+I am still at your service, if you desire it, and I will continue to
+act with the same earnestness as heretofore for the advantage of this
+cause, and for your own interests. The Ambassador has expressed to you
+the same sentiments. My dispositions and my orders are entirely
+conformed thereto.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                        DE LIVONCOURT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                Alliance, at Sea, December 27th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I am here, with a good wind at east, under my best American colors. So
+far you have your wish. What may be the event of this critical moment,
+I know not. I am not, however, without good hopes. Through the
+ignorance or drunkenness of the old pilot, the Alliance was last night
+got foul of a Dutch merchant ship, and I believe the Dutchman cut our
+cable.
+
+We lost the best bower anchor, and the ship was brought up with the
+sheet anchor so near the shore, that this morning I have been obliged
+to cut the cable, in order to get clear of the shore, and that I might
+not lose this opportunity of escaping from Purgatory.
+
+I wish Mr Hoogland would have the sheet and best bower anchors taken
+up, that they may either be sent to France, or sold, as M. de
+Neufville may find most expedient.
+
+The pilot knows where the anchors lie, and unless he assists willingly
+in taking them up, he ought not, in my opinion, to be paid for his
+service on board here.
+
+Adieu, my dear friend. Present my best respects to your family, and to
+the good patriot; and believe me to be always affectionately yours,
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 30th, 1779.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+This day I have received a letter from Captain Jones, of which a copy
+is here joined. I hope in a short time to hear of his safe arrival.
+The prizes, Serapis and Scarborough, and the two French ships, Pallas
+and Vengeance, are still riding under French colors and captains.
+
+The good Alliance, while here, has caused me much anxiety and trouble.
+Now she leaves me exposed to the ill-nature of my old foes in this
+country, whom, however, I dread not so much as certain false friends,
+highly incensed now against me, for not having found me as blind and
+complaisant to their particular views as they had expected I would be.
+The formal confirmation by Congress of my character as agent of the
+United States, which I have already spoken of in my former despatches,
+and which I must entreat you to procure for me, will silence them.
+Indeed I cannot be quiet nor safe without such a testimonial.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Passy, January 27th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I received yours of the tenth instant. I shall be glad to learn how
+the taking of the Dutch ships has been accommodated. We have yet no
+news of the Alliance, but suppose she is cruising. We are more in pain
+for the Confederacy, which sailed on the 28th of October, from the
+Capes of Delaware. There is some hope that she went to Charleston, to
+take in Mr Laurens, as some passengers arrived in France, who left
+Philadelphia several weeks after her sailing, say it was a general
+opinion she would call there before she departed for Europe.[35]
+
+I send you enclosed a translation of a letter, which I think I sent
+you the original of before. Perhaps it may serve our Leyden friend.
+
+I am sorry you have any difference with the Ambassador, and wish you
+to accommodate it as soon as possible. Depend upon it that no one ever
+knew from me, that you had spoken or written against any person. There
+is one, concerning whom I think you sometimes receive erroneous
+information. In one particular, I know you were misinformed, that of
+his selling us arms at an enormous profit; the truth is, we never
+bought of him.
+
+I am ever, with great esteem, &c.
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[35] See the history of the voyage of the Confederacy in _John Jay's
+Correspondence_, Vol. VII. p. 174.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          The Hague, March 15th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Since my last letter of the 30th of December, the ice has so
+obstructed our waters, and my ill health has been such, as not to
+permit me to write till now. I send you herewith the plan of a treaty
+to be concluded between the United States and the Seven United
+Provinces of the Low Countries, as soon as the circumstances will
+permit it. A great deal of its materials has been furnished me by the
+Pensionary of Amsterdam, who, as well as Dr Franklin, has examined and
+corrected it. If Congress shall be pleased to do the same, and send me
+the plan back again, with powers to carry on a negotiation on such
+terms, then nothing will remain but to watch opportunities, which may
+perhaps very soon present themselves.
+
+I am told that Mr Laurens will soon come over here as Plenipotentiary.
+I shall be very glad of it, and promise to be his _fidus Achates_ in
+every sense, for the public as well as his own service.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          The Hague, March 21st, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Honored since many years with the correspondence and friendship of Dr
+Franklin, I received in April, 1776, by an express, (Mr Thomas Story,)
+instructions and credentials from the Committee of Foreign Affairs,
+signed B. Franklin, J. Dickenson, and J. Jay, at Philadelphia, dated
+December 9th and 12th, for founding the dispositions of the several
+European Courts towards the American confederates, and making
+proposals of intercourse and alliance to those I should find inclined
+to accept them; "recommending to my discretion, to proceed in this
+affair with such caution, as to keep the same from the knowledge of
+the English Ambassador, and prevent any public appearance, _at
+present_, of my being employed in any such business, as thereby they
+imagine many inconveniences may be avoided, and my means of rendering
+service to America increased. They sent me, _for the present_,
+enclosed a bill for one hundred pounds sterling to defray expenses,
+and _desired me to be assured, that my services will be considered and
+honorably rewarded by Congress_." By another letter of the 2d of
+March, 1776, Dr Franklin "recommended to my correspondence, the
+bearer, Mr Silas Deane."
+
+In the meantime I had addressed myself to the Court of France, with a
+deep interest in your concerns, and to the account I gave the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs of my negotiation, Dr Franklin answered
+in the following terms on the 1st of October;--"I have just time to
+acknowledge the receipt of your two packets, with the pamphlets
+enclosed, the contents of which are very satisfactory. You will hear
+from me more fully in a little time." He soon after came over, and
+brought me a letter from the same committee, signed Robert Morris,
+Richard H. Lee, J. Witherspoon, W. Hooper, wherein they expressly
+"_desire me to continue that correspondence_, which he had opened and
+conducted, and they write me _on behalf of Congress, requesting to
+hear from me frequently_, promising me the reimbursement of expenses,
+and a reasonable _allowance_ for my time and trouble in _this
+agency_." The committee wrote me two other letters, August 8th, 1777;
+and May 14th, 1778, in the latter of which they "acknowledge that I
+had so early and warmly espoused their cause, and aided it with such
+judgment and resolution, that they shall write particularly to the
+gentlemen at Paris, respecting the injuries I had received from their
+enemies, and shall instruct them to pay the strictest attention to the
+engagements made to me in behalf of Congress, at the commencement of
+our correspondence."
+
+By some dark manoeuvres of those enemies, who by intercepters and
+spies had got at last some general knowledge of my operations, I had
+been defrauded not only of the sum of six hundred pounds sterling due
+to me, but also of a livelihood, which had rendered me hitherto,
+yearly, three hundred pounds sterling. However, I did not apply to the
+Commissioners for the above sum; and after having received for the
+course of the whole year, 1777, only one hundred pounds sterling, I
+obtained two hundred pieces a year for 1778, and twenty five pieces
+more for the ordinary charges and expenses of the following years.
+With this small sum of two hundred and twenty five pieces to live on
+in a country like this, I have been obliged, not only to dismiss my
+servant, but to make other reductions in my house, which makes my
+little family, as well as myself, unhappy, because they apprehend I
+have undone them. I keep them up, however, with the confidence I have
+in the justice and magnanimity of Congress, who, when affairs become
+more prosperous, will not forget me, nor my daughter, a good child of
+thirteen years old, who, from the beginning of this war, has been
+taught to pray fervently for the United States.
+
+This State, by its constitution, can make no war, nor any treaty with
+a sovereign power, without a unanimity of all its provinces and
+cities. And as there is a very strong party in favor of England, there
+is not the least probability that they will conclude a treaty with the
+United States, before England permits them to do so by setting them
+the example. The only, but very necessary thing, therefore, which
+remained to be done here, was to hinder the English from drawing this
+Republic into their quarrel, which, by her immense wealth and public
+credit would have had very bad consequences against America. And to
+this your humble servant has greatly and daily co-operated these three
+years past. We found a very weak opposition, which is now strong
+enough to resist the torrent.
+
+Besides the Commissioners at Paris, to whom I constantly communicate
+all that passes, Mr William Lee, who, from September, 1776, to May,
+1779, was my correspondent, knew my exertions. He wrote to me so early
+as December 26, 1777, in these terms. "Though I have not for some time
+past, had the pleasure of your correspondence, yet I have not been a
+stranger to your continued exertions in the cause of humanity and
+liberty, for which thousands yet unborn will bless your memory." Even
+with respect to a treaty, I left the matter not untried. For
+immediately after the conclusion of the treaty between the United
+States and France, I concerted with the city of Amsterdam and the
+Commissioners at Paris to communicate the said treaty, by means of the
+Great Pensionary of Holland, to their High Mightinesses, together with
+a letter of Dr Franklin to the Great Pensionary, inviting them to
+treat on the same footing, _mutatis mutandis_, whenever they should
+think fit; on which an answer was politely declined for the present.
+Of this curious transaction, I sent at that time, an account to Paris,
+as well as to the Committee of Foreign Affairs. One of the letters of
+the First Pensionary of Amsterdam, our great and worthy friend, dated
+July 31, 1778, has been translated, and printed in the Baltimore
+Journal, with these words at the head of it, "_Letter of a steady
+friend of America, at the Hague._" I have besides in my power the
+proofs of all this in several letters of the honorable gentlemen at
+Paris and at Amsterdam. Mr William Lee knew this too, when he
+concerted with M. de Neufville, a merchant of Amsterdam, at Francfort
+first, and then at Aix la Chapelle, unknown to me, to get a
+Declaration from M. Van Berckel, the Pensionary, of the friendly
+dispositions of the city of Amsterdam, which this good gentleman
+delivered, thinking Mr William Lee was one of the Commissioners at
+Paris. A like Declaration M. Van Berckel delivered to me on the 23d of
+September, 1778,[36] with an explanatory letter of the expression,
+_des que l'independence des Etats-Unis en Amerique sera reconnue par
+les Anglais_, because I told him, such a condition would hurt the
+honorable Congress, and make them pay no attention at all to a
+Declaration, which would appear to them insignificant. Both the
+Declaration and letter[37] will be found in the records of the
+Committee aforesaid, to whom I sent copies of them towards the end of
+1778. As to the sketching and proposing a treaty, his opinion and mine
+also were, that it was premature at that time; and therefore we
+postponed it till the last summer, when he delivered me some papers,
+out of which, and of the French treaty, I have made the sketch,
+reviewed afterwards and corrected by him and by Dr Franklin, of which
+I have despatched on the 19th of this month three different copies to
+the Committee aforesaid, and which I expect back again, with the
+corrections of Congress, and with instructions and credentials for
+proposing it on the first opportunity, which in the meantime I am
+carefully watching.
+
+It is with a very painful concern I mention to your Excellency this
+attempt of Mr Lee to undermine me in this manner; when I thought he
+had enough ado to fulfil his commissions through Germany, and
+therefore was very open and unaware in my letters to him. It is with
+the same concern, I learn just now by a letter of a very worthy
+servant of the United States, that his brother Arthur Lee, has
+complained against me in a Memorial to Congress, as if I had extolled
+Dr Franklin at his expense in the Leyden Gazette. Whoever told him so,
+has told him an absolute falsehood. This assertion may perhaps
+receive, even in his own mind, additional strength, by my ingenuously
+telling him, however, that his being at enmity with Dr Franklin, will
+not hinder me to retain still in my bosom a most tender respect and
+love for the latter. I am sure he will do the same when dispassionate.
+
+I recommend myself to the protection of Congress, and am with the
+deepest respect, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[36] See this letter and the Declaration in the _Correspondence of the
+Commissioners in France_, Vol. I. pp. 456, 457, 483.
+
+[37] The Explanatory Letter is missing, but a letter from the
+Commissioners in relation to the subject of it may be seen as above,
+p. 476.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Passy, March 29th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+It is some time since I have written to you, having nothing material
+to communicate; but I received duly your letters of February 1st,
+18th, 25th, March 2d, 11th, 13th, 17th, and 23d; and thank you for the
+intelligence they contain. The last this minute came to hand, and I
+shall answer it separately.
+
+I pray you to assure M. ---- of my respect, and that it was only on
+one packet for him that I put my name, when I thought to have sent it
+by a friend. The baseness of the post-office opening it surprises me.
+No other letter for him has since passed through my hands. If any
+others come to me for him, I shall send them under cover to you.
+
+I forwarded your letter to Captain Jones. I do not know which of his
+English pilots it was, mentioned in yours to ----. I know he has been
+generous to an excess with them. Explain to me, if you please, the
+fact that is the subject of that letter, and who Mr Gordon is.
+
+I am curious to know what the States will do about the confiscation of
+the goods taken in Byland's convoy.
+
+I received your large packets; that for Captain Jones shall be
+carefully sent to him. I thank you for the philosophical pieces,
+which I will read attentively as soon as I have time. The original
+acts of confederation are very curious, and will be acceptable to
+Congress.
+
+I am ever, my Dear Sir, yours affectionately,
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 13th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since the Memorial presented to their High Mightinesses by the
+Plenipotentiary of Russia, (of which, as well as of the
+Declaration[38] of his Court to those of Versailles, Madrid, and
+London, I join here copies in the Leyden Gazette,) the Provincial
+States of Holland are deliberating on the invitation of the Empress,
+and I am sure (knowing it from a very good hand) the resolution of
+this Province will be taken within the next week, agreeably to the
+views of the Empress, and to the general wishes of all good men. Now
+as the resolutions of this Province are commonly adopted by the
+others, there is very good hope that this Republic will take a step,
+which must accelerate a general pacification.
+
+This intelligence is thought, not only by myself, but by many others,
+very important for the United States. The most devoted partisans of
+the English Court here, seeing that they cannot, without rendering
+themselves too odious, prevent such a resolution from being taken, do
+what they can to enervate it by obscure and ambiguous expressions,
+which they propose to be inserted; but our good men take care to sweep
+the dust which the others throw in their way.
+
+As to the two other objects, which at present take up this Republic,
+viz. the unlimited convoys, and the assistance which the English Court
+demands from this Republic, the Province of Holland has already,
+several weeks ago, unanimously resolved the former, and declined
+granting the succors, as being not within the _casus foederis_ by this
+war. To this resolution the Provinces of Friesland, Overyssel, and
+Groningen, have successively acceded; and it is expected the three
+others will do the same.
+
+I advised the Committee of Foreign Affairs by my letter of June 21st,
+1779, to think of sending here, _aliquem e medio vestrum pietate
+gravem ac meritis virum_; it is now time for such a man to be here, at
+first incognito, till it should be proper to display the character of
+Plenipotentiary. Some American friends here have told me, that Mr
+Laurens, formerly President of Congress, was designed to come over for
+this purpose. I should be very glad to have him already arrived.
+Whenever he comes, he may dispose of my faithful services.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[38] See this Declaration and the Memorial in _John Adams's
+Correspondence_, Vol. IV. pp. 488, 490.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    B. FRANKLIN TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                               Passy, April 23d, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I am much pleased with the account you give me of the disposition with
+which the proposals from the Empress of Russia have been received, and
+desire to be informed from time to time, of the progress of that
+interesting business.
+
+I shall be glad to hear of your reconciliation with ---- because a
+continuance of your difference will be extremely inconvenient. Permit
+me to tell you frankly, what I formerly hinted to you, that I
+apprehend you suffer yourself too easily to be led into personal
+prejudices, by interested people, who would engross all our confidence
+to themselves. From this source have arisen, I imagine, the charges
+and suspicions you have insinuated to me, against several who have
+always declared a friendship for us in Holland. It is right that you
+should have an opportunity of giving the _carte du pays_ to Mr
+Laurens, when he arrives in Holland. But if in order to serve your
+particular friends, you fill his head with these prejudices, you will
+hurt him and them, and perhaps yourself. There does not appear to me
+the least probability in your supposition, that the ---- is an enemy
+to America.
+
+Here has been with me a gentleman from Holland, who was charged, as he
+said, with a verbal commission from divers cities, to inquire whether
+it was true, that Amsterdam had, as they heard, made a treaty of
+commerce with the United States, and to express in that case their
+willingness to enter into a similar treaty. Do you know anything of
+this? What is become, or likely to become of the plan of treaty,
+formerly under consideration?
+
+By a letter from Middlebourg, to which the enclosed is an answer, a
+cargo seized and sent to America, as English property, is reclaimed
+partly on the supposition, that free ships make free goods. They ought
+to do so between England and Holland, because there is a treaty which
+stipulates it; but there being yet no treaty between Holland and
+America to that purpose, I apprehend that the goods being declared by
+the Captain to be English, a neutral ship will not protect them, the
+law of nations governing in this case as it did before the treaty
+abovementioned. Tell me if you please your opinion.
+
+With sincere esteem and affection, I am ever,
+
+                                                          B. FRANKLIN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            The Hague, May 21st, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The express sent to Petersburg, with the answer of the States-General,
+has not yet returned. In the meantime it is known here by a despatch
+of the Resident of the Republic at Petersburg, that the news of the
+Provincial Resolution of Holland, which always gives the tone to the
+others, has caused there a very agreeable sensation, not only to the
+Court of Russia, flattered to see the Republic enter into its views,
+but also to the foreign Ministers resident there; and that the
+Prussian Minister, above all, expressed himself very strongly on the
+insolence of the English, and on the indignity of their procedure to
+the Republic; in fine, that the system of the armed neutrality to
+humiliate the English, gains force more and more at the Court, and
+among the powers; which is very visible in the conversations among the
+ministers.
+
+I wrote some days ago to Amsterdam, to advise them to offer to the
+State every fifth sailor of their merchant ships, in order to take
+away the pretext for the scarcity of sailors in the fleet of the
+Republic; and I recommended to them to prevent evil minded persons
+presenting a counter address. They answered me, that the address
+demands of the States the prompt protection of commerce, and offers
+them whatever they may wish to draw from that commerce, whether it be
+the every fifth or third seaman; and that though all have not signed
+it, no one will dare to oppose it. This address will be presented next
+week; and if I can have a copy of it soon enough, I will add hereto a
+copy or translation.
+
+We flatter ourselves soon to see Mr Laurens arrive here, as we have
+been assured. It is time for the politics as well as for the credit of
+America that some person, as distinguished as himself, should come
+here. He cannot yet display a public character; but his presence will
+do none the less good among the friends of America in this country. I
+wish he was already with us.
+
+I was going, Sir, to close this packet, when I received the visit of
+M. Van de Perre, partner of M. Meyners, who form together the most
+eminent commercial house at Middlebourg, in Zealand. He begs me to
+support the claim that he has made through Messrs I. de Neufville &
+Son, and by another way also to Congress on the ship Berkenbos, bound
+from Liverpool to Leghorn, and loaded with herrings and lead for Dutch
+and Italian account, taken by John Paul Jones, Captain of the
+Continental frigate Alliance. M. Van de Perre is of the most
+distinguished family in Zealand, Director of the East India Company,
+nephew of M. Van Berckel, First Counsellor, Pensionary of Amsterdam,
+the brave republican of whom all my letters make mention, and who is
+the great friend of Americans. I have no need to say anything more to
+recommend the affair of this vessel to Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    JOHN ADAMS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                Paris, June 6th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I thank you for your letter, in answer to mine of the 21st of May, and
+for your kind congratulations on my arrival here.
+
+Mr Brown, with whom you took your walks in the neighborhood of Paris,
+has been gone from home some weeks, on his way hence. I should have
+had much pleasure if I had been one of the party. I have rambled in
+most of the scenes round this city, and find them very pleasant, but
+much more indebted to art than to nature. Philadelphia, in the
+purlieus of which, as well as those of Baltimore and Yorktown, I have
+often sought health and pleasure in the same way, in company with our
+venerable Secretary, Charles Thompson, will in future time, when the
+arts shall have established their empire in the new world, become much
+more striking. But Boston above all, around which I have much oftener
+wandered, in company with another venerable character, little known in
+Europe, but to whose virtues and public merits in the cause of
+mankind, history will do justice, will one day present scenes of
+grandeur and beauty, superior to any other place I have ever yet seen.
+
+The letter of General Clinton, when I transmitted it to you, was not
+suspected to be an imposition. There are some circumstances, which are
+sufficient to raise a question, but I think none of them are
+conclusive, and upon the whole I have little doubt of its
+authenticity. I shall be much mortified if it proves a fiction, not on
+account of the importance of the letter, but the stain that a practice
+so disingenuous will bring upon America. When I first left America,
+such a fiction, with all its ingenuity, would have ruined the
+reputation of the author of it, if discovered, and I think that both
+he and the printer would have been punished. With all the freedom of
+our presses, I really think, that not only the government but the
+populace would have resented it. I have had opportunities of an
+extensive acquaintance with the Americans, and I must say, in justice
+to my countrymen, that I know not a man that I think capable of a
+forgery at once so able and so base. Truth is indeed respected in
+America, and so gross an affront to her I hope will not, and I think
+cannot go unpunished.
+
+Whether it is genuine or not, I have no doubt of the truth of the
+facts, in general, and I have reasons to believe, that if the secret
+correspondence of Bernard, Hutchinson, Gage, Howe, and Clinton could
+all be brought to light, the world would be equally surprised at the
+whole thread of it. The British administration and their servants have
+carried towards us from the beginning a system of duplicity, in the
+conduct of American affairs, that will appear infamous to the public
+whenever it shall be known.
+
+You have seen Rodney's account of the battle of the 17th of April. The
+sceptre of the ocean is not to be maintained by such actions as this,
+and Byron's, and Keppel's. They must make themselves more terrible
+upon the ocean, to preserve its dominion. Their empire is founded only
+in fear--no nation loves it. We have no news.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  PROTEST OF THE CITY OF AMSTERDAM.
+
+_Extracted from the Resolutions of the Council of that City of the
+29th of June, 1780, and inserted in the Acts of the Provincial
+Assembly of Holland, at the Hague, July 1st, 1780._
+
+The Deputies of the city of Amsterdam, in the name and on the part of
+their constituents, in order to justify themselves to posterity, have
+declared in the Assembly of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses that
+their Committee is of opinion that it is necessary, without loss of
+time, to write on the part of their High Mightinesses to M. de Swart,
+their Resident at the Court of Russia, and charge him to enter into a
+conference, the sooner the better, with the Commissioners of her
+Imperial Majesty of Russia, and of other neutral powers in the place
+of his residence and elsewhere, where it shall be judged suitable, in
+order to conclude together a convention for the mutual protection of
+the commerce and navigation of neutral powers, on the basis of the
+declaration made by her Majesty to the belligerent powers, and of the
+resolution adopted on this subject by their High Mightinesses, on the
+24th of April last, adding to it only, that said M. de Swart shall
+take for the rule of his conduct the simplicity which her Imperial
+Majesty of Russia herself has proposed in the explanations which she
+made on five points at the request of his Swedish Majesty, and which
+M. de Swart has communicated to their High Mightinesses, to the end,
+that with such a provisional convention, they would be well pleased to
+decree together the reciprocal protection of the merchant ships of
+each other, which, fortified with the requisite papers shall be
+nevertheless insulted on the sea; so that these merchant vessels being
+in reach of one or more vessels of war of one of the allied powers,
+wherever it may be, they may receive, in virtue of such an alliance,
+any assistance; and that at the same time the contracting powers
+engage to put to sea, provisionally, all the vessels of war they can,
+and to give to the officers who shall command them necessary orders
+and instructions that they may be able to fulfil these general,
+salutary and simple views.
+
+And that, further, as to arrangements to be made for the future, which
+may require more particular detail, and which cannot be adjusted with
+the expedition which the present perilous state of the navigation of
+the neutral powers in general, and of this Province in particular
+demands, M. de Swart will reserve all this for a separate article, of
+which her Imperial Majesty of Russia made mention in the above named
+explanations, and that he will declare in regard to this that their
+High Mightinesses have given thereon their final and precise orders,
+in which they will constitute one or more Plenipotentiaries who will
+be able to treat of the necessary arrangements on this subject with
+the neutral powers.
+
+That said constituents, to give greater weight to their present
+advice, add further to the above, that if this advice was rejected,
+and if the affair was negotiated on the basis of the previous opinion,
+exhibited on the 23d of June last, in the Assembly of Holland, the
+consequence of it will be that the Russian squadron, which, according
+to orders of her Imperial Majesty of Russia, must have already put to
+sea, will appear in the seas bordering on this country, without giving
+any protection to the commerce of this country; while, on the other
+side, though commerce has been a long time charged with double duties,
+their High Mightinesses, meantime, grant it no protection, because the
+Colleges of Admiralty of this country profess themselves unable to do
+it, or at least to put to sea sufficient convoys to avoid affronts
+like those which the squadron under the orders of Rear-Admiral de
+Byland had lately endured.
+
+That from this total failure of protection to the navigation of this
+country, on the one side, and from the continual insults of which
+their High Mightinesses every day receive grievous complaints on the
+other, there must naturally ensue an entire suspension of the commerce
+of this country; and thence, it is easy to foresee, that this commerce
+will be diverted and take its course by other European channels, and
+that the burdensome impositions with which it is charged, in order to
+obtain means for its protection being continued, will precipitate its
+ruin.
+
+That in this confusion of affairs, and in the extreme necessity in
+which they find themselves, to take advantage of an offer of
+assistance and succor so generously and magnanimously made and
+proposed by her Imperial Majesty of Russia to this State, on a footing
+so easy and so little burdensome; the Lords Constituents will leave
+posterity to judge of the weight of the reasons alleged by some
+members of the Assembly of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses in the
+deliberation on this subject, as if the acceptance of said means for
+the necessary protection of the commerce of this country, and in
+particular of foreign succor, could be considered a means of drawing
+on a war on the part of those, against whom it is found necessary to
+defend ourselves, in making use of said means to all lawful purposes;
+and as if we ought, for this reason, to decline the said offer of
+assistance, unless her Imperial Majesty of Russia, beside her said
+magnanimous plan of re-establishing the liberty of the seas, will also
+engage with the other neutral powers to guaranty to this nation all
+its possessions fixed and immovable, both in and out of Europe.
+
+That the Lords Constituents will only remark, that in order that such
+an attack on the fixed and immovable possessions of the Republic may
+appear likely, it would be necessary at least, to allege some
+plausible reasons or pretexts to defend it, in the eyes of all Europe,
+from the most manifest injustice and violence; whereas it is clear
+that such hostilities could not have any foundation on a protection of
+commerce to which their High Mightinesses find themselves absolutely
+forced by the open violation of the treaty of commerce concluded with
+England in 1674; that thus the probability of an attack of this sort,
+seeing the manifest injustice of such an enterprize, must vanish; and
+this especially, if we consider the great number of enemies that
+England has drawn upon her, and that it would be madness to increase
+the number; that such being the case, the said suppositions are of too
+small weight and too far removed from all probability to refuse the
+means which are offered of protecting the commerce of the subjects of
+the State, and that to refuse an aid so powerful while it is not in a
+condition to protect its commerce by its own unaided forces, will be
+evidently to renounce all protection possible, while the burdensome
+imposts under which commerce, in expectation of some protection, has a
+long time groaned, and still groans, would, against all reason, remain
+in their rigor.
+
+That in addition to this the Lords Constituents will remark further,
+that it appears by the successive despatches of M. de Swart to their
+High Mightinesses on this affair, that he insists strongly on
+hastening the business, and on sending, the sooner the better,
+necessary instructions for this purpose, after the example of Sweden,
+who has already instructed her Minister to conclude the said
+convention. That this is the more necessary because we know that all
+sorts of indirect means are set to work to deprive the Republic of the
+advantage of an alliance so beneficial, and to involve it in a war
+with France.
+
+From this it is clear that such pernicious views will be accomplished,
+if not only they put off the completion of the convention, but also,
+as is but too apparent, if they evade it altogether by making her
+Imperial Majesty of Russia propositions of guaranty, which not only
+are entirely foreign to the plan which this Princess has laid before
+the eyes of Europe, but which her Majesty, in the explanations she has
+given, has roundly declared she would never listen to.
+
+In fine that the Lords Constituents are of opinion, that it is
+necessary to satisfy the wishes of her Imperial Majesty of Russia, by
+making the declaration in question on the part of their High
+Mightinesses to the belligerent powers, and by assuring her Majesty
+that as soon as said convention shall be signed, their High
+Mightinesses will make the said declaration to the Courts of the
+belligerent powers.
+
+Meantime the committee referred thereon to the better advice of the
+honorable Council. On which, having deliberated and the voices having
+been taken, the Burgomasters and Counsellors thanked the committee for
+the trouble they had taken and agreed to the above advice.
+
+                                                    A. VAN HINGELANDT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   JAMES LOVELL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, July 10th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I know not how I can profess all the regard which I feel for you,
+without appearing, on the one hand, to do it upon slight grounds, or,
+on the other, to have delayed it too long.
+
+I have been steadily in Congress without once visiting my family in
+Boston, since January, 1777, and from May, that year, have been a
+member of the Committee of Foreign Affairs; consequently, I am well
+informed of your truly republican spirit, your particular affection
+for these States, and your industry in their service, most of your
+numerous letters, down to December 30th, 1779, having come to hand.
+
+The honorable gentleman who will deliver this, being also a member of
+Congress, has a just esteem for you, and promises himself much
+advantage from an opportunity of conversing with you. Mr Searle is
+well able to make a due return of the benefits from the fund of his
+intimacy with American state affairs, his extensive commercial
+knowledge, and his science of mankind gained by former travels.
+
+I shall shortly write to you again by another respectable gentleman of
+our assembly, and I will use every means to make him the bearer of
+what you have so rightfully solicited, as a faithful _first_
+correspondent of our Committee, from whom you will, probably, have
+regular official letters under a new arrangement of a secretaryship,
+which has been vacant from the days of a confusion excited by an
+indiscreet and illiberal publication here, on the 5th of December,
+1778, and which you have read with grief.
+
+In the meantime, I hope you will receive kindly this individual
+testimony of cordial friendship, from, Sir, your very humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 15th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my last of the 21st of May, nothing has passed of much interest
+in the Assemblies of this Province, to deserve repetition. I send an
+account of all that passes to Dr Franklin at Paris, almost every post.
+The fitting out of ships of the Republic for convoy goes on slowly,
+and the resolutions in this respect, and for the negotiations with
+Russia, drag equally slow. The English party, led by the English
+Ambassador, and by another person who leads the majority here,
+continue to perplex, delay, and cross everything; and he who is at the
+head of all, follows their impulses. In a word, the English intrigue
+more here than in all Europe besides. The difficulties they excite in
+Germany and foment on the subject of the coadjutor of Munster and
+Cologne, are intended to embarrass this Republic, and hinder it from
+being successfully occupied in the re-establishment of its navy. It
+was in agitation to make choice of a Prince of Austria for coadjutor,
+and, of consequence, for future Elector of Cologne. The King of
+Prussia is opposed to it; and France also. England, in the name of
+Hanover, favored the views of the House of Austria. This may kindle a
+war in Germany.
+
+The protest here annexed of the minority in the Chapter of Munster,
+is a paper as important as it is well done. I received it in German
+and translated it, and while I am writing this, a copy of it is
+making.
+
+I have nothing more to add, except that a body of ten thousand
+Prussians, quartered in Westphalia, have orders to hold themselves
+ready to march to Munster on the first signal.
+
+The misfortune of Charleston has animated the courage of the
+Anglomanes here, and filled our friends with consternation. I do my
+best to encourage them, and I succeed. In spite of the intrigues of
+the English, they will gain nothing important here, because there must
+be unanimity in the resolutions for war or peace.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            The Hague, July 22d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As everything is here in the inactivity of summer, nothing new has
+occurred. The States of the Province of Holland do not assemble till
+the 26th of this month. It is to be wished that we may soon receive
+news from America, which will raise again the courage of the friends
+of the United States, to whom the misfortune of Charleston has caused
+much pain, in proportion as it has reanimated those who favor your
+enemies. The latter, in the meantime, forge and utter every day rumors
+injurious to the United States, such as, that they are about to
+submit. "The Congress," say they, "is disunited and ready to dissolve;
+the southern Provinces successively yield, and they flatter themselves
+in England, that those in the north will follow their example." The
+King himself flatters his Parliament with this idea. I can, for the
+present, only oppose patience to all this, and keep myself mostly out
+of sight; for they look on me as a lost man, and one who will be soon
+abandoned by America herself. Besides, my feeble health, which has not
+been able to resist this shock and a concurrence of many others,
+forces me to this inaction for a time.
+
+Two Plenipotentiaries depart hence to regulate at Petersburg with the
+Empress of Russia, the armed neutrality. The Court of Denmark has
+followed the example of Russia, in making the same declarations to the
+other powers. It appears that the affair of Munster will not trouble
+the peace of Germany. This election must be made the 16th of next
+month, and, probably, the Archduke will be coadjutor.
+
+_July 24th._ The sudden declaration of Denmark, unforeseen by all the
+world, much embarrasses those here who hope to see the armed
+neutrality fail. Amsterdam has protested against sending
+Plenipotentiaries to Petersburg, to whom embarrassing instructions
+have been given. She wishes, with reason, that they would be content
+simply to send full powers to M. de Swart, Resident of the Republic at
+Petersburg, with orders to conform to the resolution of their High
+Mightinesses, which is positive and clear on the accession to said
+armed neutrality. It is expected that Sweden will make, on the first
+opportunity, a like declaration. Then the opposition will not be able
+to force the Republic to recede, without making themselves odious.
+
+We hope by the next post, among other things, to receive good news
+from the combined fleet of the Count de Guichen and Don Solano; as
+also from M. de Ternay, and from the continent.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 24th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I confess myself very remiss in not answering your favor of the 21st
+ultimo sooner. The removal of the Court from Aranjues to this city,
+and a bilious disorder which has oppressed me more than a month, and
+which still afflicts me, have in part, been the reason. I have no news
+to communicate to you, which can console you for our late misfortunes;
+I can assure you, however, that they do not deject me. _Per aspera ad
+astra._ Heaven does not intend to exempt us from the adversities,
+which have befallen other nations, who struggled for their liberty, by
+giving as almost full and instantaneous enjoyment of it. I have full
+confidence in the perseverance of our countrymen. They will, I hope,
+act with more vigor in consequence of their misfortunes. I have
+received letters from America, dated in the end of April, and the 1st
+of May, which speak of the loss of Charleston as certain, and which
+predict other successes of the enemy in the Northern States, but which
+show no despondency.
+
+I shall pay implicit obedience to the request you make me, with
+respect to your family, and you may rely upon me, when I tell you that
+as long as I have any influence, or any friends in the councils of
+America, they shall not want strenuous advocates, and this letter
+will always be a memento that would put me to the blush, should I be
+deficient in a promise, which I think myself even in justice to my
+country obliged to endeavor to fulfil in the best manner possible. The
+Spanish, or rather allied fleet, has returned to Cadiz, except a few
+vessels which cruise near that port. The Count de Estaing is expected
+at St Ildefonso in about a week, the Count being now at that place. I
+go there this week.
+
+I see that the _Courier de l'Europe_ mentions that Mr Jay has received
+his _conge_, &c. &c. Not a word of truth. The English papers sent our
+commissioners from France frequently, yet a treaty was made by these
+same _conged_ commissioners. I have received your cypher safe. Begin
+when you please your observations on men and things. I shall be much
+obliged to you, to separate and seal up all the letters you have ever
+received from me, unless it be this, under a cover for me, which, in
+case of death, which heaven forbid, you will direct to me, delivered
+to my orders.
+
+My best compliments to your family, and Messrs de Neufville, and
+believe me ever, your friend and servant,
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 25th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The 21st of March last I had the honor to write your Excellency a long
+letter on my own concerns, of which I annex here an extract. I add
+here, that when I received the first commission of the committee on
+the part of Congress, dated in December, 1775, in which they honored
+me with their orders and credentials, I did not solicit to be
+employed; I did not even think of it. But chosen and named, by this
+respectable body, in a manner as unexpected as it was definite and
+authentic, to serve essentially the United States, my ardent thoughts
+and life were consecrated with zeal to the cause of the United States.
+Persuaded that it was the cause of humanity, of liberty, and of
+virtue, I have sacrificed everything to this noble service, during
+nearly five years, with all possible zeal and fidelity. The Congress
+also testified to me soon after, that they were well satisfied with my
+services. I have corresponded assiduously since that time with the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs, with the Plenipotentiaries of the United
+States at Paris, and with a number of other servants of America. I
+have raised up, cemented and nourished in Holland a considerable party
+in their favor, whereby I have drawn upon myself the hatred of a party
+more powerful, which wishes to see me perish, and which has already
+done me all the wrong and all the mischief of which it was capable. I
+have participated in the adverse fortune of America, in the just
+confidence that the United States and their Congress will have my
+interest at heart, as I have constantly and successfully had theirs,
+and as their magnanimity, their dignity, and their honor require in
+the eyes of the European public.
+
+I have yet fully this confidence; and it is this which caused me to
+solicit, more than a year since, in several of my letters to the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs, a formal confirmation of my agency on
+the part of Congress, for my safety and quiet. I beg, Sir, that you
+will second my request and obtain for me a resolution as favorable as
+my demand is just.
+
+I know that some Americans, whom I honor in other respects, have
+entertained and propagated the idea, that a commission of the
+honorable Committee of Foreign Affairs was not so valid as one of
+Congress. One of them said so to me. I will not, Sir, give myself up
+to an idea so injurious, as to think, that Congress would refuse to
+ratify what their Committee has done; and the engagements it has made,
+but this body is not always composed of the same persons; it has many
+other affairs; it may forget me, and I may be cruelly supplanted,
+abandoned, and consequently at the age of sixty years, ruined with my
+family, without resource and without means. I put, then, my cause into
+the hands of your Excellency, to endeavor to obtain for me, as
+promptly as possible, the satisfaction I desire, and to send me the
+commission I solicit. The service of the United States requires it,
+and this will not interfere with the powers of Minister
+Plenipotentiary, who may be sent here; on the contrary, I shall be
+useful to him, if God spares my life.
+
+One consideration, also, to which I pray Congress to give their
+attention, is that far from being recompensed for my past labors, the
+two hundred and twenty five louis d'ors or guineas which I draw yearly
+for my subsistence and to defray the expenses of journeys, postages,
+&c. charges, which, from prudence, and considering circumstances, I
+have never carried to the account, are not sufficient; and I have been
+obliged constantly to expend my own in addition. Besides my age, the
+privation not only of a copyist, which the service demanded, but even
+of a valet, which I have been obliged also to deny myself in order to
+be able to subsist, for about three years, makes my life extremely sad
+and painful.
+
+In perfect trust that Congress will consent to give attention to my
+petition, and to my state, I commend myself with my wife and daughter
+to their protection.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  JOHN PAUL JONES TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                            Ariel, Road of Croix, September 8th, 1780.
+
+I dare say, my dear friend, my silence for so long a time must have an
+extraordinary appearance to you, and have excited in your mind various
+conjectures not much to my advantage. I will now endeavor to make some
+atonement by confessing the truth. I have been ashamed to write to you
+on account of the strange variety of events that have taken place, and
+detained me in port, from the 10th of February until this date.
+
+I wish to pass over these events for the present in silence, choosing
+rather to suffer a little ill-natured misconstruction, than to attempt
+explanations before the matters are brought to a proper and final
+decision. I hope it will then appear, that I have been not very fairly
+treated, and that my conduct has been blameless. M. D. C. pursued his
+resentment to such a length as obliged me in April to pay a visit to
+the Minister, greatly against my will at that moment, for I then
+thought myself neglected, and not very well used by him; but I was
+most agreeably undeceived by the very friendly reception I met with.
+My every demand was granted respecting the prizes; it became me
+therefore to be very modest. I found that I had C. alone to thank for
+the altercations at the Texel. I had the happiness to be feasted and
+caressed by all the world at Paris and Versailles, except himself. He,
+however, looked guilty; we did not speak together, not because I had
+any determined objection, for I love his family, but he could not look
+me in the face, and fled whenever chance brought us near each other.
+
+Without studying it, I enjoyed over him a triumph, as great as I could
+wish to experience over Jemmy Twitcher. His Majesty ordered a superb
+sword to be made for me, which I have since received, and it is called
+much more elegant than that presented to the Marquis de Lafayette. His
+Majesty has also written, by his Minister, the strongest letter that
+is possible in approbation of my conduct, to the President of
+Congress, offering to invest me with the Cross, an institution of
+military merit, which I carry with me for that purpose, to the
+Chevalier de la Luzerne. The Minister of Marine has besides addressed
+a very kind letter to myself, and I have also had the like honor shown
+me by the other Ministers. I continue to receive constant marks of
+esteem, and honorable attention from the Court, and the ship I now
+command was lent to the United States in consequence of my
+application. Nothing has detained me from sailing for this past month,
+but that my officers and men are still without wages or prize money.
+There is a strange mystery, which when explained, must surprise you.
+C., who pretends to exercise authority over these moneys, will I fear
+persist in withholding them, till he obliges me to lay a second
+complaint before the Minister against him, and if I am reduced to the
+necessity of this step, he will not come off so well as he has
+hitherto done, on the score of betraying secrets.
+
+I will take care of your packets, and as I expect to remain but two or
+three days longer, I hope to hear from you through the hands of our
+friend R. M. of Philadelphia. Let me know how Mr Round Face, that went
+lately from Paris to the Hague, is proceeding? I understand he has
+gone to Amsterdam. I wish he may be doing good. If he should
+inadvertently do evil, as a stranger, I shall, as his fellow-citizen,
+be very sorry for it, but you being a native will hear of it. I
+confess I am anxious about his situation. The man has a family, and in
+these troublesome times, I wish he were at home to mind his trade and
+his fireside, for I think he has travelled more than his fortune can
+well bear. Present my respects to Madam and the virgin muse. I got
+many little pieces addressed to me while near the Court, but I made
+very little return.
+
+I am, my dear philosopher, with unalterable regard, yours.
+
+                                                      JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                      The Hague, September 12th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+There has been a great dearth of news for some time, which is happily
+interrupted by the capture of the English East and West India fleets,
+by the combined fleets of France and Spain, as your Excellency will
+see by the accompanying journals. Important as this event is in
+itself, we consider it here as the presage of what we are to hope in
+America; the capture of the twelve English vessels bound to Quebec,
+made by the Americans off Newfoundland, and the failure of General
+Kniphausen at Springfield, is an agreeable foretaste of what we may
+expect from the combined operations of the French and Continental
+forces. There is nothing going on here, the States of Holland having
+done nothing in their present session, except to deliberate on a
+petition of the merchants of Amsterdam, for the free passage into
+France of naval stores and copper, by the canals of Flanders and
+Brabant, until the navigation of the Republic is better protected. The
+inaction of the States-General still greater; they are awaiting the
+letters from their Plenipotentiaries, who must have arrived at
+Petersburg.
+
+We learn from London, that the King has dissolved the present
+Parliament, and will convoke a new one. In Ireland, although the
+majority of the Parliament are subservient to the Court, the
+associations of the disaffected increase. The Russian, Danish, and
+Swedish squadrons in concert, protect the commerce of their respective
+nations; and this Republic protects nothing. The combined fleet of
+Spain and France is at sea, and is expected to show itself in the
+Channel. The Archduke Maximilian has been chosen coadjutor, and
+consequently future Elector of Cologne, and Bishop of Munster. The
+Prince and Princess of Orange expect daily a visit from the King of
+Sweden, on his return from Spa. The Prince of Prussia is at
+Petersburg; the Emperor is returned to Vienna. The King of Prussia is
+engaged with the review in Silesia.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO B. FRANKLIN.
+
+                                          The Hague, October 3d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have just seen our friend. Their High Mightinesses have received a
+courier from Petersburg, with a convention drawn up by the Empress.
+Our friend is well satisfied with the conduct of the Plenipotentiary
+of the Republic and their despatches, which are,
+
+1st. The convention founded on that made between the northern Courts,
+to which are added two articles. One of them has for its object the
+restitution of the vessels taken from the Republic; the other is, that
+in case the Republic should, on account of this convention be
+attacked, molested, or injured, the other powers shall take part and
+make common cause with her and will defend her. To this is added a
+separate article, importing that the design of the armed neutrality
+is, to endeavor as soon as it is perfected, to make peace between the
+belligerent powers.
+
+2dly. The despatches inform us, that the Ministers Plenipotentiary
+learned from the Minister of Prussia, that the English Envoy at
+Petersburg had declared to her Imperial Majesty, that his Court would
+pay due respect to the armed neutrality of the northern powers,
+provided Holland was excluded from it.
+
+Our friend informed me with great pleasure, that this Republic will
+not be able to retreat; that it must sign in spite of the opposition
+of the temporizers, who have now no pretence for delay, without
+rendering themselves absolutely odious, and becoming responsible for
+consequences. The French Ambassador has also received despatches from
+the French Minister at Petersburg.
+
+Our friend has no doubt but the King of Prussia will accede to the
+convention. And, very probably, the Emperor will do the same. For the
+Empress was so well pleased with his visit, that she made him a
+present of a man of war. And we have no longer any doubts of the
+accession of Portugal.
+
+I have it from the best authority, that the Empress will not
+relinquish her simple and noble plan to establish for the nations a
+maritime code equally honorable and beneficial to all. Besides, there
+are two circumstances, which confirm me in this.
+
+1st. The apparent concert between the northern Ministers and those of
+France, Spain, and Prussia, with the cabinet at Petersburg.
+
+2dly. The orders given in Russia and Sweden, to fit out immediately
+for sea new fleets equal to those they have already fitted out.
+
+The King of Sweden, in his passage here, as well as his whole journey,
+discovered very little regard for the English. A good deal of pains
+was taken to induce him to accept an invitation to sup with Sir Joseph
+Yorke. He supped twice with the French Ambassador, who entertained him
+twice with a play, which was acted at a theatre fitted up for the
+purpose. His Excellency, the Ambassador, was so obliging as to present
+me himself, with six tickets to attend the two plays with my wife and
+daughter.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+          EXTRACT OF LETTERS FROM LONDON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            London, October 6th, 1780.
+
+Mr Henry Laurens was brought to town last night, rather in better
+health. He was lodged that night in the messenger's house in Scotland
+Yard, and denied all sort of communications with his friends, or those
+who wished to speak to him. He was examined at noon at Lord George
+Germain's, and committed by a warrant of Justice Addington, a close
+prisoner to the Tower, with orders that no person whatever should
+speak to him. These people are so foolishly changeable, that most
+likely in a few days the severity of his confinement may be relaxed.
+At present, two men are always in the same room with him, and two
+soldiers without.
+
+_October 10th._ Since my last, of the 6th, there has been no material
+incident relative to Mr Henry Laurens's commitment; nor is the rigor
+of his confinement abated. No person whatever can speak to him, but in
+hearing and sight of the two attendant messengers. It is said, that
+the Secretary of State's order will produce admittance to his room,
+but nothing else. Some of his tory relations, and a Mr Manning, a
+merchant of the city, and a correspondent of Mr Laurens, have made
+attempts to speak to him, but did not succeed. He is wise enough to be
+cautious whom he speaks to. It is generally thought that this rigor
+will be taken off in a few days, and that his friends, who are now
+backward for fear of any stir that may be disadvantageous to him, will
+have admittance. Almost every person is crying out, shame upon this
+sort of treatment of Mr Laurens.
+
+_October 17th._ It was not until the 14th instant, that any person
+whatever was permitted to see Mr Laurens in the Tower. On that day,
+after repeated applications for admission, Mr Manning and Mr Laurens
+junior, a youth of sixteen or eighteen years, who has been some years
+at Warrington school, were permitted to see him. An order went signed
+from the three Secretaries of State, Hillsborough, Stormont, and
+Germain, to the Governor of the Tower, permitting the two gentlemen
+above named to visit Mr Laurens for half an hour; the warrant
+expressly intimating that their visit was to be limited to that time,
+and that they could not, a second time, see him without a new order.
+The Governor sent a note to Mr Manning, that he had received such an
+order from the Secretaries of State, and he, with young Laurens, went
+accordingly last Saturday morning. They found him very ill, much
+emaciated, but not low spirited, and bitter against the people of
+England for their harsh treatment of him. He spoke very handsomely of
+Captain Keppel, who took him and the Lieutenant to London; but from
+the period of putting his foot on shore, he was treated with a
+brutality, which he could never expect from Englishmen.
+
+His weakness from sickness, and his agitation on seeing his son, took
+up the first ten of the thirty minutes allowed him to converse with
+his friends. The rest was filled with bitter invectives against the
+authors of his harsh treatment. His outer room is but a very mean one,
+not more than twelve feet square, a dark, close bed-room adjoining,
+both indifferently furnished, and a few books on his table; no pen and
+ink or newspaper has been yet allowed him, but he has a pencil and a
+memorandum book, in which he occasionally notes things. The warden of
+the Tower, and a yeoman of the guard are constantly at his elbow,
+though they never attempt to stop his conversation. Mr Manning and
+his child being the first visitors he has had, perhaps Mr Laurens was
+led to say everything he could of the severity of his treatment, in
+order that it might be known abroad, and contradict the general report
+of his being exceedingly well treated. He has hitherto declined any
+physical advice, or the visits of any of those creatures near him, who
+may be put in with a view to pump. Mr Penn is making application and
+will probably see him. It is doubtful if the son will again get leave.
+His harsh treatment being now pretty generally known, every one is
+crying out shame against it, and they accuse a great personage, known
+by the name of White Eyes, as the immediate author of it.[39]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[39] For other particulars on this subject, see _Franklin's
+Correspondence_, Vol. III. pp. 174, 176, 305. Also, _Henry Laurens's
+Correspondence_, Vol. II. p. 463.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                       Amsterdam, December 19th, 1780.
+
+Sir,
+
+Since my last, they have advised in the States of Holland, not to
+answer at all to the Memorial of Sir Joseph Yorke. This I think is the
+best they can do in these circumstances. But Sir Joseph Yorke has
+presented a new Memorial, as offensive at least as the preceding one,
+and the several provinces are now deliberating on its contents.[40]
+But their resolution, I am assured, will not please the British
+Court.
+
+I had the honor some days ago of presenting Mr Searle to the French
+Ambassador, and of serving them both as an interpreter in an
+interesting conversation, as to the best method of expelling the enemy
+out of the United States, and of putting a speedy end to the war in
+America. The intention of a majority of fifteen out of the eighteen
+cities of Holland, by disavowing the conduct of Amsterdam concerning
+the projected treaty, is visibly to leave no pretext at all to Great
+Britain for attacking this Republic on other grounds than that of
+resentment for her accession to the armed neutrality.
+
+_December 26th._ The States of this Province have taken unanimously
+the provisional resolve, of putting the _project of a treaty_ between
+the United States and this Republic, together with the letter of the
+city of Amsterdam, concerning the same, into the hands of the
+Provincial Court of Justice, to be examined by them, and to decide _if
+there is any constitutional law of the Union, which can be said to
+have been violated by the Regency of Amsterdam in this affair_.
+Supposing for a moment, this should be the case, the high sheriff of
+the city would then be requested to pursue the violators of such a
+law. But as this cannot be the case, the said States, who are to
+assemble on the 5th of January, will take the final resolution; 1st,
+of asking satisfaction of the Court of Great Britain, for her indecent
+Memorials; and 2dly, of laying the whole proceedings before the
+Northern Courts, and showing them the false pretence under which the
+said Court endeavors to conceal her resentment against this Republic
+for her accession to the armed neutrality.
+
+_December 27th._ The States having acquainted Sir Joseph Yorke with
+the aforesaid provisional resolve, he refused to receive the
+communication; and on the 25th inst. he set out early in the morning,
+according to the orders of his King, for Antwerp. The very day of his
+leaving the Hague, the Committee of Holland residing constantly at the
+Hague, sent circular letters to the several cities of this Province,
+acquainting them with this event, and summoning them for coming
+immediately _with proper instructions from their cities_, to form a
+_speedy, cordial, and vigorous resolve_. One of these letters has been
+shown to me in the original.
+
+_December 28th._ Consequently, the Second Pensionary and other
+Deputies of the city of Amsterdam, have set out this morning for the
+Hague, where all will meet tomorrow. The First Pensionary, M. Van
+Berckel, will follow them, as soon as he shall see himself justified
+by the decision of the Court of Holland.
+
+_The Hague, January 12th, 1781._ Last Monday, a courier, who left
+Petersburg on the 19th of December, arrived with despatches to the
+Grand Pensionary of Holland, containing, "that the Empress, satisfied
+with that of their High Mightinesses, of November 27th, had seen, with
+indignation rather than astonishment, the two last Memorials of Sir
+Joseph Yorke; that she was greatly disposed in favor of the Republic;
+that the convention would soon be signed, and the acts of it sent by
+another courier." Yesterday was resolved, and today begins the
+distribution of letters of marque, both for men of war and privateers.
+The decision of the Court of Justice of Holland, cannot come out
+before the 15th of February, because of the absence of several of its
+members; but everybody knows already, that it cannot but be a good
+one. Till then M. Van Berckel will not appear here.
+
+_January 23d._ On the 21st the Grand Pensionary of Holland received a
+letter from M. de Swart, the Dutch Resident at Petersburg, of which
+the following extract is taken by myself from an authentic copy
+communicated to me. "_January 5th._ On the 31st of December last, the
+Dutch Plenipotentiaries and M. de Swart had a final conference with
+the Russian Plenipotentiary, when, having settled the matter of
+command in case of their men of war or squadrons meeting or acting
+jointly, in the same manner as this Republic is used to do with all
+other Crowns, and the whole transaction having been laid before the
+Empress, and approved by her, the accession of this Republic to the
+treaties of Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, for the mutual protection of
+the trade and navigation of their subjects, has been concluded and
+signed on January 4th, by the Plenipotentiaries of the parties, and
+the acts of it despatched (they also arrived here on the 21st) to be
+ratified by their High Mightinesses. During the whole transaction of
+this treaty, the English had left no artifice untried, in order to get
+the Republic excluded from this alliance; and even to the last moment,
+they strived most desperately against her admission. But the Empress
+and her Ministry, unshaken, rejected their Memorials with firmness,
+and even with indignation."
+
+With all my heart I congratulate the United States upon this happy
+event; an event which must accelerate the humiliation of their proud
+enemy, and assert with the acknowledged liberty of America, that of
+the seas through the world; the latter of which cannot be obtained
+without the former.
+
+Couriers have been sent from hence, eleven days ago, for the purpose
+of asking from the three Northern Powers the stipulated succor, as
+being attacked in resentment, for having acceded to their alliance.
+The money which this Republic has now occasion to take up from her
+subjects, will greatly increase the difficulty of the English in
+obtaining money, and sink their stocks still more.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[40] These two Memorials are contained in _John Adams's
+Correspondence_, Vol. V. pp. 372, 386.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   ROBERT MORRIS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, December 24th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your letter of the 7th of January last was long on its passage, and, I
+am sorry to say, has remained too long in my possession without an
+answer, which you must attribute entirely to the multiplicity of
+employments, in various ways, that occupy very fully my whole time.
+Had I complied with the dictates of that respect and esteem, which Dr
+Franklin first, and your steady adherence to this country since
+inspired, you would have heard from me immediately; but men who are
+involved in much business, as I am, cannot follow their inclinations,
+but must submit to such things as call most pressingly for their
+attention.
+
+The letter you enclosed to me, for Messrs Sears & Smith, I sent
+forward immediately, and you may depend on me for much more important
+services, when in my power to render them to you or any of your
+friends.
+
+After serving my country in various public stations for upwards of
+four years, my routine in Congress was finished; and no sooner was I
+out, than envious and malicious men began to attack my character, but
+my services were so universally known, and my integrity so clearly
+proved, I have, thank God, been able to look down with contempt on
+those that have endeavored to injure me; and what is more, I can face
+the world with that consciousness, which rectitude of conduct gives to
+those who pursue it invariably.
+
+You will excuse me for saying so much of myself. I should not have
+mentioned the subject had I not been attacked; and as I think no man
+ought to be insensible to applause and approbation, I cannot help
+wishing to retain that opinion you have been pleased to entertain of
+me.
+
+As I maintain my acquaintance amongst the present members of Congress,
+you will be assured I will most cheerfully promote your interest
+whenever I can, for I feel the force of your observations on that
+subject.
+
+Mr Carmichael is returned to Europe, and Mr Deane is about embarking
+for France, and I dare say you will hear from them both.
+
+I most sincerely wish an honorable, happy, and speedy end to the war
+we are engaged in; and with sentiments of great esteem and respect, I
+remain,
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, February 5th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A courier, despatched by the Russian Ambassador here on the 29th of
+December last, with the news of Sir Joseph Yorke having left the Hague
+by order of his Court without taking leave, has come back again with
+letters from the Dutch Plenipotentiaries at Petersburg to the Great
+Pensionary, the contents of which are still very satisfactory; so that
+there is no doubt nor uneasiness concerning a favorable answer, which
+they expect here, but not before the end of this month, to the
+demands made, by a courier despatched from hence on the 12th of
+January last.
+
+By letters from Ostend we are told, that the Russian Minister at
+London had left that Court without taking leave. If this proves true,
+or whenever else the expected rupture between Russia and Great Britain
+will be fully ascertained, then it will be time to set on foot a
+negotiation with the four new allied powers, for the acknowledgment of
+the independency of America, and making treaties with her of amity and
+commerce. The first, and perhaps only application for this purpose,
+must then be made to Russia; and I am now carefully watching the
+moment when such an application will be proper, and attended with the
+prospect of success, in order to inform Mr Adams and take with and
+under him, such measures as may be necessary. Till then we must keep
+them close, and make no application to this Republic, which, since her
+accession, cannot and will not make any private step without the
+quadruple alliance, of which Russia is the leading power; and, as I
+have good reasons to think, well disposed towards the United States.
+
+I have been repeatedly assured, that the exportation of the two
+thousand lasts of grain to England from Ostend, has been refused at
+Brussels to Sir Joseph Yorke, and that he is going, if not already
+gone, from Antwerp to Ostend, to embark for England. This gives no
+great opinion of the pretended negotiation set on foot between the
+Emperor and Great Britain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, February 22d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The expected courier from the Dutch Plenipotentiaries at Petersburg
+has not yet arrived. They think his departure thence has been delayed
+till the coming back of another whom they had sent to London. The
+decision of the Court of Holland concerning the conduct of the Regency
+of Amsterdam is not yet given, and will not come out for some weeks.
+The pretended reason of this new delay is that M. Van Citters, one of
+the Counsellors of that Court, must go to Zealand, because of the
+sickness of his mother. The true reason may be, to get rid here of
+certain gentlemen as long as possible, and to gratify their ---- by
+deferring their justification. A little more resolution, when it was
+perhaps more proper to dare than to waver, would have spared them such
+a trick. But now their honor and dignity not suffering them to appear
+here till they are justified, those that cannot but justify them, will
+delay the doing it as long us they can.
+
+_March 2d, 1781._ In consequence of orders brought by a courier
+despatched to the Russian Ambassador here, he has presented a
+Memorial[41] to their High Mightinesses, importing that the Empress
+was willing to interpose her mediation between this Republic and
+England, to bring on an accommodation. The Court of Justice of this
+Province will meet on Monday next, to draw up their decision
+concerning the conduct of Amsterdam.
+
+I am, with the greatest respect, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[41] See this Memorial in _John Adams's Correspondence_, Vol. V. p.
+468.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 5th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since the Memorial presented on the 1st instant to their High
+Mightinesses by the Russian Ambassador, offering the mediation of the
+Empress between them and Great Britain, a letter of February 9th has
+been received here, written by the Dutch Plenipotentiary at
+Petersburg, of which being decyphered, the Grand Pensionary of
+Holland, instead of delivering copies as usual, has only permitted the
+inspection and perusal to the several members of the States. It gives
+the following account of the assurances made to them by the chief
+Minister of the Empress, Count Panin, viz. 1st. That the Empress is
+still in the same favorable dispositions towards the Republic, and
+that he himself will support, with all his power, the just claim of
+the Dutch, to have all the vessels returned to them, which the English
+have taken from them since their accession to the armed neutrality.
+2dly. That the mediation offered by the Court of Vienna, to procure,
+by the good offices of that Court, in conjunction with that of Russia,
+a peace between the belligerent powers, will not be accepted without
+the preliminary condition _sine qua non_, of Great Britain's
+acknowledging the independency of the United States, and the rights of
+the neutral powers in matters of commerce and navigation. 3dly. That
+the Empress had seen, with great satisfaction, the propositions made
+by the Dutch Plenipotentiaries to the several northern Crowns, for
+being supplied by them, on conditions to be agreed on, with a
+sufficient number of men of war; and that the number they wanted was
+ready for the service of their High Mightinesses.
+
+There was a report current here, and through the whole country, of
+three encampments to take place this summer in this Province. A great
+personage has assured a gentleman in distinguished station, that this
+had never been his intention. I have it from the gentleman himself.
+The same assures me, "the Court of Justice was now busy with making up
+the decision concerning the conduct of the Regency of Amsterdam. They
+had taken the advice of an eminent lawyer; he had seen this advice; it
+was a very good one."
+
+Mr Adams favored me yesterday both with his presence, and with the
+sight of the despatches of December last, which he has received from
+your Excellency. I shall do my best to second his operations; heartily
+wishing that things may ripen, and our endeavors be crowned with
+success. To this hope let me join that of the so often solicited
+attention of Congress to my long and faithful services, and to the
+circumstances in which they have involved me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            The Hague, March 22, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The States of this Province separated last week, to meet again the
+next week. The Provinces have given their agreement to the mediation
+offered by Russia. This affair, I fear, will prove a lingering
+business, as well as that of the decision of the Court of Justice of
+Holland, which, I am told, is drawn up in a manner that will not at
+all satisfy the Regency of Amsterdam, and consequently will not be
+suffered to be delivered; and so things will remain in _statu quo_,
+God knows how long. All this is owing to the devices of the friends of
+Great Britain in this country, and not in the least to any
+disaffection from Russia, &c. How can people be helped, that will not
+be helped? In the meantime, the enemies carry on with success their
+perfidious scheme. Congress by this time must have heard of their
+taking St Eustatia, filled with riches, a great part of which they say
+is American property. And now they pretend by this stroke to have cut
+off the great resource of America for continuing the war, and to force
+her into submission.
+
+I have from good authority, that the English have refused the
+mediation of Russia. This surprises me not at all, because I am sure
+their arrogancy and stubbornness will never let them acknowledge
+either the independence of the United States, or the rights of
+neutrality, till their heads are broken; a blessed work, fit for
+heaven only and America to achieve, while European politicians take
+time to consider.
+
+_April 2d._ They expect here very interesting news from Petersburg
+towards the end of this month, as there are two couriers gone thither,
+the one from hence on the 23d of March, the other from England much
+about the same time. The merchants of Amsterdam, who have a great
+share in the effects seized on at St Eustatia, having resolved to send
+Deputies to the English Ministry, in order to have them restored to
+them, and having invited the merchants of Rotterdam to join with them
+in this Deputation, the latter have answered, that with men capable of
+acting so ruffianlike, they would rather let them keep all that they
+had robbed, than debase themselves by courting the robbers. This noble
+answer would be still more so, if Rotterdam had lost as much at St
+Eustatia as Amsterdam; there being, as for that, a very great
+difference.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               GENERAL J. H. BEDAULX TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                           Nimeguen, April 28th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As a friend to humanity, it is hoped you will be so good as to
+relieve, by your correspondence with Congress, a good family from
+their uneasiness on account of the fate of a son, of whom,
+notwithstanding all our inquiries, during these two last years, by the
+way of France, Spain and Holland, we have not been able to get any
+positive intelligence. This son, Frederick Charles Bedaulx, cannot be
+unknown to Congress, to their War Office, and to the commanders of
+their army; having been engaged in their service since the year 1776,
+when he embarked for St Eustatia; but the vessel being taken, he
+escaped from Falmouth, and went over with the Marquis de Lafayette;
+and in consequence of a capitulation made before his first going,
+served and distinguished himself there as Lieutenant-Colonel, in which
+quality he commanded the infantry of the Pulaski Legion. For more
+than two years we have had no letter from him, and of many letters,
+which were delivered for him to Mr Deane, when he was Minister from
+the United States at Paris, we do not know if one has been received by
+M. Bedaulx. According to some loose reports, being sick, he had been
+removed to Philadelphia, where he died. But this has been contradicted
+since by other people, who say he is still living, and sent away or
+confined by the intrigues of some enemy.
+
+Sure of the principles of probity and honor with which he has been
+brought up, we cannot think he has been wanting in his duty; and on
+the other hand, after so many repeated applications made to Congress,
+and to the body in which he has served, we cannot but be surprised and
+troubled to find them absolutely silent. You will oblige me, his
+uncle, Sir, his worthy father, and a whole family, by helping us out
+of this cruel uncertainty.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                 J. H. BEDAULX,
+                                 _Major-General in the Dutch Service_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                             The Hague, May 1st, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my last letter there has been no opportunity to write to
+America. This time has been employed in getting useful intelligence,
+and preparing all things with Mr Adams for the step he will take on
+Friday next, of presenting his Memorial to their High Mightinesses.
+This evening I carried a card from him to the Grand Pensionary, who
+will receive a preparatory visit from him tomorrow morning. It is
+still uncertain whether he will be admitted at present, or if they
+will advise for a medium. The expected courier is not yet arrived from
+Petersburg.
+
+A good French translation of the Memorial was absolutely necessary to
+be presented with the original. I am happy to have made it to the
+satisfaction of Mr Adams, and this translation will be read to their
+High Mightinesses, whenever the Memorial shall be laid before
+them.[42]
+
+_May 2d._ I have attended Mr Adams to the Grand Pensionary. When he
+told him, that his intention was to present himself on Friday next, to
+the President of their High Mightinesses, in quality of Minister
+Plenipotentiary from the United States, and that he had likewise
+credentials from the same to his Serene Highness, the Prince of
+Orange, the Pensionary answered, that he apprehended a difficulty
+would arise against his admission in such a character, from their High
+Mightinesses having not yet acknowledged the independence of America.
+Mr Adams having replied, that this objection, since the war had broken
+out between Great Britain and this Republic seemed to have lost all
+its weight, the Pensionary agreed, that it was true at least both
+nations had now the same enemy; however, he would make his report to
+his masters and to the Prince of the notice given him.
+
+_May 4th._ This morning his Excellency went to the Grand Pensionary
+with a copy of his Memorial, which he declined to receive, saying it
+was not the usage, when Memorials were presented to the President of
+their High Mightinesses, to deliver copies of them to the Grand
+Pensionary of Holland; and that it would be more proper to deliver
+one to the Graphiary of the States-General. This we judged proper to
+delay till after the audience at the President's, who received his
+Excellency with great politeness, but declined charging himself with
+the Memorial, alleging his acceptance of it would imply an
+acknowledgment he could not take upon himself, but must reserve it to
+their High Mightinesses, to whom he would immediately report the case.
+His Excellency told him, that to avoid misconstructions, he should
+find himself obliged to lay his Memorial before the whole world, by
+publishing it immediately. At this the President smiled; and they
+parted. It was now become improper to carry a copy to the Graphiary,
+and therefore we dispensed with it. The President went into the
+Assembly of the States-General, and made the report, which having been
+recorded, the Deputies of all the Provinces (except those of Zealand,
+who remained silent) asked a copy of the report, to transmit it to
+their respective Provinces, when it will be matter of deliberation in
+their Provincial Assemblies.
+
+From the President, we went to the Baron de Larrey, Privy Counsellor,
+&c. to the Prince of Orange, to whom his Excellency delivered another
+Memorial, in a sealed letter for the said Prince, which the Baron
+promised to deliver immediately to the Prince. He did so; and the
+Prince having summoned M. Fagel the Graphiary, and the Grand
+Pensionary, consulted with them what was to be done with the letter;
+two hours after, when we were ready to dine, the Baron came at the
+inn, with the letter unopened, and a polite excuse from the Prince,
+that he could not receive it, till after their High Mightinesses
+should have resolved if and when he was to be admitted in the
+character, which he had set forth with them.
+
+_May 11th._ Mr Adams setting out last Saturday for Amsterdam, left me
+his order to publish the Memorial with the original French
+translation, made by your servant, acknowledged and signed by his
+Excellency, and to procure also a Dutch translation; which I have
+performed today, by distributing through the cities a sufficient
+number of each.
+
+_May 16th._ All the public journals of this country have inserted the
+Memorial, which is now generally known, pleases and puzzles at once
+everybody.
+
+M. Van Berckel, the First Pensionary of Amsterdam, presented on the
+4th instant a very spirited address to the States of Holland,
+petitioning them, either to be impeached, that he might defend
+himself, or formally declared not guilty.
+
+_May 19th._ This day the cities of Dort and Haerlem, by an annotation
+in the registers of Holland, have formally declared their accession to
+the proposition of Amsterdam, and with thanks acknowledged the true
+patriotism of this last city. The other cities have taken the
+proposition _ad referendum_; and the final resolution on it will be
+taken by the next Assembly.
+
+_June 6th._ I presented yesterday a letter from Mr Adams to the
+President of their High Mightinesses, and another to the Privy
+Counsellor of the Prince of Orange, with a copy to each, of the
+accession of Maryland to, and the final ratification of, your
+Confederation. I had sealed up the papers, and put on the covers the
+proper superscriptions. They received them, and desired me to come
+today for an answer. Accordingly I have waited on them this morning.
+They both had opened, and consequently read the contents, but said
+they could not keep them, and that I must take them back.
+
+The President seemed to me much embarrassed, and a little cavilling on
+my having delivered to him the letter from Mr Adams, without adding
+the quality of Minister Plenipotentiary, assumed in the subscription;
+by which omission he pretended I had deceived him; otherwise he would
+not have received the letter. I denied any intention to conceal from
+him a quality, which he knew as well as I and the whole nation, Mr
+Adams had openly assumed. He put them in my hat, and I told him I
+would, out of respect for the head of this Republic, keep _in
+deposito_ the papers, which in time might be thought of greater
+importance to them than now. The other gentleman received me with the
+greatest cordiality; and apologising very frankly for restoring me the
+papers (likewise opened,) desired me repeatedly to understand, and to
+give to understand, that this was a mere formality; and that while the
+admission of Mr Adams was under deliberation of the several Provinces,
+the Prince could not be beforehand with their High Mightinesses, nor
+their High Mightinesses with their constituents, in such a matter of
+the first importance.
+
+_June 16th._ I have been happy with the presence of Mr Adams, and with
+his approbation of my conduct. The States of Holland have separated.
+Their next meeting, after the 27th instant, may be very stormy, not
+only on account of the proposition of Amsterdam, but also on that of a
+verbal remonstrance made by the same city to a great personage,
+desiring him to exclude from all political business the Duke of
+Brunswick, formerly his tutor, when a minor; a message which has
+exceedingly hurt them both.
+
+_June 22d._ The great city persists in her late demand to the Prince
+of Orange, concerning the desired exclusion of the aforesaid great
+man, having, since the verbal proposition, sent the same by writing to
+the great personage, and to the Grand Pensionary. Thus the
+fermentation rises, and draws to a very interesting crisis, which
+probably will decide itself within a fortnight, either into some
+catastrophe, or into a _ridiculus mus_. I learn just now, that the
+Duke of Brunswick presented yesterday to their High Mightinesses a
+long letter to justify himself. Many, even unconcerned people, think
+it an improper step, because he is, in fact, not vested with any
+public department, and therefore not answerable, nor to be brought to
+account. His position seems to me near akin to that of Lord Bute.[43]
+
+_July 4th._ There has been made mention, in the Provincial Assembly,
+by the Grand Pensionary, but a very slight one, of the Duke of
+Brunswick's letter to their High Mightinesses as taken _ad referendum_
+by the several Provinces. The nobility has acquainted the Provincial
+Assembly with the desire of the Stadtholder of presenting to their
+High Mightinesses, a proposition of his own, for having inquired into
+the causes of the defenceless state and inactivity of the Republic,
+and the means to be taken, &c. But the cities have declined
+countenancing it, and even the taking it _ad referendum_, because
+there was already such a proposition made by the city of Amsterdam, a
+_membrum integrans_ of the Republic, on which they had received their
+instructions. The Stadtholder was present, and visibly disappointed.
+
+Yesterday I was shown in confidence a despatch just now received from
+Petersburg, purporting an insinuation[44] made to the Dutch
+Plenipotentiary, by that Court; "That the said Court had agreed with
+the Emperor of Germany, to treat at Vienna for procuring a general
+pacification between the belligerent powers; and if therefore their
+High Mightinesses should be inclined to intrust both their Imperial
+Majesties with a mediation in behalf of this Republic, they might make
+overtures in consequence to Prince Galitzin, the Russian Minister at
+the Hague." The republicans here are of opinion, that, instead of
+this, vigorous measures should be taken immediately with the
+belligerent powers; to which the opposite party will by no means
+listen.
+
+_July 10th._ The offered mediation will be accepted, even by the
+advice of the patriots; because they apprehend, if they do not, the
+opposite party would continue to insist upon begging for peace
+directly in England, either by the good offices, as they call them, of
+the Sardinian Envoy at London, who is entirely at their and the
+British Court's devotion, or by sending deputies from hence. The final
+resolution of this Province, concerning the important proposition of
+Amsterdam, is delayed till the next ordinary Assembly, by cavilling on
+the expression of _next Assembly_, used in the proposition, as if this
+Assembly, an extraordinary one, was but a prolongation of the last.
+
+_July 13th._ The report which was current on the 10th, of the Emperor
+being inclined to support the Duke of Brunswick has proved false. I
+know from the best authority, that quite the reverse is true. When the
+monarch arrived, the Duke sent to him for permission to wait on him.
+Instead of which the Emperor went immediately himself to the Duke.
+What passed between them is not known. But the Duke having soon after
+returned the visit, he was observed coming back with visible marks of
+discomposure. The following day, the Emperor dining at the Prince of
+Orange's seat, called the House in the Wood, showed himself very
+gentle in his address to the Princess of Orange, and to everybody
+else, but to the Duke, to whom he said not a single word, being
+remarkably cold to him, which apparently was the cause of the Duke's
+withdrawing sooner than any other. Besides this, the Emperor has
+explained himself with other great men here this very day, by saying
+the Regents of Amsterdam did their duty as brave patriots. He spent
+the evening at the French Hotel, where he discoursed much with the
+French and Russian Ambassadors. The Grand Pensionary, although invited
+repeatedly by the Prince himself, excused himself from dining at the
+House in the Wood, because he was ill.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[42] See this Memorial in _Mr Adams's Correspondence_, Vol. V. p. 481.
+
+[43] See the above remonstrance against the Duke of Brunswick, and his
+reply, in _John Adams's Correspondence_, Vol. VI. pp. 70, 76.
+
+[44] See _John Adams's Correspondence_, Vol. VI. p. 146.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          The Hague, August 23d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my last, the Provincial States of Holland have been separated
+till last week.
+
+I was not unacquainted with the negotiation set on foot by the French
+Ambassador here for a loan of five millions of florins, or five
+hundred thousand pounds, at four per cent, nor with his notes lately
+presented for this purpose to the Graphiary, M. Fagel; and although
+the Ambassador does not yet know that I am acquainted with it, I
+thought myself obliged to abstain discreetly from writing or speaking
+about it for obvious reasons. I am now happy with the assurance given
+me, that the proposition of this loan is committed, and will soon be
+agreed by their High Mightinesses, either by their taking up the money
+themselves, and lending it to France, or by their countenancing and
+warranting the taking it up directly by France; the only secret, or at
+least not publicly acknowledged particular of this agreement, will be
+the destination of this money in behalf of the United States. This
+true account is given me by a friend, who has it officially from the
+mouth of the Grand Pensionary.
+
+The Baron Lynden had written and delivered into the hands of the
+President of the States-General, a letter to their High Mightinesses,
+containing the reason which engaged him to resign his Embassy to
+Vienna, and to decline any other, viz; the unconstitutionality of a
+foreigner's (the Duke of Brunswick,) being the only counsel to the
+Stadtholder, for internal as well as external politics and
+administration of this Republic. This letter the Baron had been
+prevailed upon to desist from having read to their High Mightinesses;
+and he took it out of the hands of the President, in presence of the
+Grand Pensionary of Holland, and of the Graphiary of their High
+Mightinesses, reserving to himself, however, the liberty of presenting
+it again, whenever he should think it convenient. Some persons (your
+servant for one) have been favored with the perusal of this letter.
+This compliance having somewhat discredited the Baron among the
+patriots, he brought his letter back on Tuesday last to the President;
+telling him it must be laid open to their High Mightinesses without
+any further delay, otherwise, he should publish it by printing.
+
+_August 24th._ I have been favored by the Baron de Lynden with the
+sight, 1st of a letter written by him last Monday to the Stadtholder,
+in which he tells him, that seeing him still influenced and
+prepossessed in favor of, and directed by the Duke of Brunswick, he
+found his own honor and conscience did not suffer him to withhold any
+longer from their High Mightinesses and from his country, the
+abovementioned letter; 2dly. The answer of the Stadtholder, telling
+him, that it was for the sake of the Baron personally, that he had
+endeavored to persuade him to suppress that letter; but seeing him now
+determined to pull off the mask, and join with his adversaries, he
+gave him up to his own reflections; 3dly. The reply of the Baron,
+viz.; that whereas his Highness was sorry for the letter's being
+presented for his (the Baron's) sake only, he was determined to
+present it for the same sake, which he did accordingly; and the letter
+has been read to their High Mightinesses, the Baron himself being
+present at the second reading, or _resumption_, as they call it, the
+day following.
+
+The original of a very noble and unanimous resolution of the city of
+Dort, respecting the Duke of Brunswick, where he is considered merely
+as a military servant of the Republic, and where the conduct of the
+Regency of Amsterdam is vindicated, has been read confidentially to
+me. Several other authentic and interesting pieces are in my hands,
+viz., 1st. A resolution of the city of Dort, of June 25th last, in
+which their Deputies are ordered to insist upon the important
+propositions of Amsterdam of May 18th being taken into serious
+consideration; and principally upon a good plan of operations during
+this war being concluded with France and her allies. 2dly. The reports
+of the several Admiralties of this Republic, showing their having
+accomplished the building, equipping, and putting into service ships,
+according to the orders of their High Mightinesses; to which the
+Admiralty of Amsterdam has added a remark, which has much displeased
+this Court, viz. that, after having done their duty in this matter, an
+account of the most proper application and disposition of the forces
+set in readiness, for the protection of this country, must not be
+asked from them, but from the higher power, which had the direction of
+their exertions; 3dly. A resolution of the Province of Holland, for
+another squadron to be speedily ordered to convoy to the Baltic, not
+only the merchant fleet of Amsterdam, lying in the Texel roads, which,
+after the glorious action of the 5th, against Parker, has been obliged
+to come back, but also those of Rotterdam, whose merchants, in a
+spirited address, have complained of being neglected. I would fain
+join herewith translated copies of these voluminous and interesting
+pieces, but without the aiding hand of a clerk, such a task is
+impossible for me to perform.
+
+_August 30th._ To shorten the business of the abovementioned loan,
+probably, their High Mightinesses will open it themselves on their own
+credit, by warranting the capital and interest at four per cent, for
+surety of which they will receive, in that case, a general bond from
+France. Regularly they may pay no more than three per cent for
+themselves, and notwithstanding such small interest, the course of
+their paper is at twelve, fourteen, and even sixteen per cent purchase
+above the capital sum. By this method, if pursued, the subscription at
+four per cent will be rapidly completed.
+
+_September 2d._ A very interesting resolution of August 28th, of one
+of the principal cities of this Province, was received the day before
+yesterday by her Deputies here, of which the substance is as follows.
+
+"Having been informed by their Deputies of the contents of two notes,
+which they were told by the Grand Pensionary had been presented
+successively to the Graphiary of their High Mightinesses by the French
+Ambassador; and being desirous of facilitating the use which the Court
+of France intends to make of the proposed loan, because such a
+compliance with her desire will not only fasten a most necessary
+confidence between that Court and this Republic, but also annoy
+directly the common enemy, by strengthening the Congress of North
+America, in whose behalf his Majesty the King of France intends,
+according to certain secret informations, to dispose of the whole
+loan, so that the said Congress may the better carry on the war
+against Great Britain;--Resolved; that the Deputies of this city at
+the Assembly of this Province, shall be, and are hereby qualified,
+when the business shall be reported to the Assembly, to favor with all
+their power the conclusion of it, and moreover to advise and further a
+resolution, that may promote the intents and purposes aforesaid.
+Besides this, when done, our said Deputies at the Provincial Assembly
+are charged herewith, pursuant to our resolution of June 25th last, to
+insist by way of proposition, upon their Noble and Grand Mightinesses
+taking into serious deliberation the proposition laid before them by
+the Regency of Amsterdam on the 18th of last May, and bring forth a
+final resolution about the same; and particularly upon the Deputies of
+this Province, in the Assembly of the States-General, being ordered to
+direct things there to such effect, that the French Court may be
+requested by their High Mightinesses to deliberate with them on the
+manner of acting jointly, by communicating the plans of operation; a
+measure which must visibly clog the enemy, and directly fortify the
+affair of this Republic."
+
+_September 12th._ Last Thursday they were busy at the Assembly of this
+Province in deliberating on the Duke's letter to their High
+Mightinesses. The votes of eight cities, viz. Dort, Haerlem, Delft,
+Leyden, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Gorcum, and Schiedam, were directly
+against it. The speeches of Haerlem and Leyden, which being written
+were read, have been admired. The points wherein the eight agree, are
+1st. The impropriety of the Duke's addressing himself by letter (when
+as a military servant he should have done it by request) to their High
+Mightinesses, which are by no means competent judges, when he should
+have applied to the true and only Sovereign here, viz. to the Province
+of Holland. 2dly. That of any foreigner whatever being in fact the
+only counsel of the eminent chief of this Republic. 3dly. That,
+without crediting or countenancing current charges of corruption, this
+foreigner's being hated and suspected by the bulk of this nation, as
+not patriotic, produces the same effect, and forbids his having any
+management, or influence, direct or indirect, in public affairs.
+4thly. That the nobility's constantly opposing the advices of the
+cities is a circumstance, which will at last ruin this Republic.
+5thly. That the cities have the constitutional right of remonstrating
+against whomsoever they think proper, according to the resolutions of
+1586, 1622, and 1663, which last is the strongest _act of indemnity_
+for the purpose. With all that they could not come to a resolution;
+the nobility, with the ten other cities, pretending their not having
+yet enough considered the matter. I think the Duke will dispute the
+ground with some success, as long as he can preserve his old influence
+over his pupil; but, on the other hand, he will by no means obtain the
+satisfaction he craves.
+
+I have been favored, by a very good patriot, with the sight of the two
+short notes of the French Ambassador. The contents are, that the King
+being satisfied with the notice given him of their being now disposed
+to exert all their powers for annoying the enemy, his Majesty proposes
+to them an occasion for distressing them greatly, by their consenting
+to a loan of five millions of florins, at four per cent a year,
+payable every six months, which interest as well as the capital the
+King should procure to be paid exactly at their expiration. The
+destination of the money in behalf of the United States has been added
+verbally.
+
+There are two very strong propositions against the Duke made by the
+Quarter of Westergo in Friesland, to which that of Ostergo, and part
+of Sevenwolde, have acceded. The first is inserted already in the
+Leyden Gazette; the second the Gazetteer hesitates as yet to insert,
+because it is very violent against their High Mightinesses. If he does
+not, I shall translate and transmit it.
+
+_September 13th._ I am just now informed, that this Province has
+consented in the loan for France, by their resolutions of the 7th and
+10th inst.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, October 11th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 12th of September the Baron Lynden wrote a letter to the Prince
+of Orange, telling him, that after he had so much complied with the
+wishes of his Highness, as to withhold for a considerable time his
+letter from their High Mightinesses, he had expected from the honor of
+his Highness, that the Embassy for Vienna would not be disposed of in
+behalf of another, till there was a greater necessity for it than
+there is at present, and till his own motives for refusing a post,
+which in every other respect would have been very delightful to
+himself, had been attended to; but seeing himself not fairly treated,
+by another's (the Count of Waffenaar Twickels, who, however, has not
+yet dared to accept it) being appointed to it, he should be obliged if
+his Highness should go on, without paying regard to the present
+letter, to publish it with the foregoing ones that had passed between
+his Highness and him, together with what he knew from the late Counts
+of Rhoon and Bentinck, concerning a secret _Act_, by which his
+Highness, when of age, had promised the Duke, that he should ever be
+his _only counsel_.
+
+A very unfaithful account having since been circulated of this letter,
+the Baron makes no difficulty of showing it to those whom he wishes to
+be undeceived, and probably he will at last publish it with the
+others. In the meantime, I have seen the original draft. Several very
+violent Dutch pamphlets have been published within a few days, not
+only against the Duke, but even against the Stadtholder and against
+the Stadtholdership in general, and the whole Orange dynasty, the last
+of which is a masterly performance, but too large for me to translate.
+There is more moderation in the _considerations_ herewith enclosed;
+and therefore I have consented without difficulty to get them printed,
+at the request of some very good people, as your Excellency will see,
+by the annexed copy of my letter to their society at Rotterdam.
+
+The States of Holland have met again this morning. I have not heard if
+any of the Provinces, besides Holland and Friesland, have consented to
+the loan proposed by France, in the manner I told your Excellency in
+my last. They are too much taken up at present with their domestic
+quarrels.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, November 28th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is necessary to inform you, that the correspondence with you will
+in future be through the office of Foreign Affairs, at the head of
+which Congress have done me the honor to place me, as will appear by
+the enclosed resolutions.
+
+I have before me your interesting letters from December to July. The
+minute detail into which you go, of the facts in which either your
+government or ours is concerned, is highly acceptable to Congress. You
+will not, therefore, fail to continue it; and from time to time
+transmit, in addition thereto, such papers and pamphlets as serve to
+throw light on the politics of the United Provinces, or of the
+Northern Powers. Dr Franklin will defray the expense to which this may
+put you. Be pleased to subscribe for the Leyden and Amsterdam
+Gazettes, and transmit them to me as opportunity offers. We have as
+yet received no account from Mr Adams of the presentation of his
+Memorial, or the reception it met with, nor any other particulars on
+this interesting subject, than what you have related. We consider this
+as a proof of his reliance upon your exactness in the relation.
+
+You have before this heard the variety of agreeable events, which have
+with the divine blessing taken place in America. The particulars of
+the capture of Cornwallis and General Green's victory are sent to Mr
+Adams, though you will probably have them earlier by way of France.
+Our affairs here are in such a situation, that even our enemies have
+given up the idea of conquest, or the most distant expectation of our
+re-union with Great Britain, whose unheard of cruelties have excited
+the most inveterate hatred. This is perhaps the moment in which other
+nations might, by a generous and decided conduct, take their place in
+our affections; and before our tastes were so formed as to give the
+preference to the fashions or manufactures of any one country, to
+establish their commerce with us on the ruin of that of Britain. I
+wish both for your sake and ours, that the United Provinces knew how
+to avail themselves of this invaluable opportunity by entering boldly
+into commercial connexions with us, and by ingratiating themselves
+into our affections by some such act of friendship as would strike the
+senses of the people. But alas! this is too daring for your Councils,
+and is rather to be wished than expected.
+
+It gives me pain to inform you, that Lieutenant-Colonel Bedaulx is
+dead. It will, however, be some consolation to his friends, (in whose
+sorrows I sympathise) to hear, after what has been injuriously
+repeated to them, that his reputation was untarnished, and that he
+died, with the character of a man of honor and a soldier, fighting in
+the cause of freedom at Savannah.[45]
+
+Congress are very sensible of your attention to their interest, and
+wish the situation of their finances would admit of their rewarding it
+more liberally, but having retrenched expenses of every kind, and
+reduced the salaries as low as the strictest frugality requires, they
+do not think it expedient at this time to make any additions to that
+allowed you by Dr Franklin, which they will direct him to pay
+regularly. You will be pleased in future to direct your letters, not
+to the President, but to me, as Secretary of the States for Foreign
+Affairs; and when you favor us with anything written in French or
+Dutch, to give it in the original language. This may save you some
+trouble, and enable us in quoting it to make use of the original
+expression, which you know is often very necessary. As you appear to
+labor under a mistake, with respect to Mr Searle, I take the liberty
+to inform you that he is not a member of Congress, his delegation
+having expired before he left America. I cannot close my letter
+without congratulating you on the spirit and gallantry of Admiral
+Zoutman, and his officers and men. Had Britain known that your Van
+Tromps and De Ruyters were still alive, she would have thought the
+treasures of your islands too dearly purchased by provoking their
+resentment.
+
+It will give you pleasure to hear that the British have been foiled in
+every quarter of this country. A considerable body of them with a
+number of Indians, who crossed the lakes from Canada upon a ravaging
+expedition, with no nobler view than that of burning farm houses, and
+scalping women and children, were met twice and defeated, with
+considerable loss in killed and prisoners, by _an inferior number of
+militia_.
+
+Congress are engaged in preparations for the most vigorous exertions
+as soon as the spring shall open, from which, by the blessings of
+Divine Providence, we have the highest reason to promise ourselves
+success.
+
+I am, Sir, with great esteem and respect, &c.
+
+                                                     R. R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[45] See General Bedaulx's letter to M. Dumas on this subject, above,
+p. 452.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                         Amsterdam, January 7th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It would require a volume and several hands, to relate the events of
+which I have been a daily witness, and not seldom an active one, since
+my last despatch of October 11th. Indifferent health, as well as
+prudence, has forbidden me to write down and send a journal of them,
+as I formerly did. The rage of the English, and of their faction here,
+is increased with their late disappointments; and while things draw
+nearer to some conclusion, my own experience and that of others has
+taught me not to trust too much to any public conveyance.
+
+I heartily congratulate Congress upon the glorious event of the 19th
+of October last, which has given joy to our friends and confusion to
+our enemies here.
+
+The loan of five millions of guilders to France in behalf of the
+United States having been unanimously agreed to by their High
+Mightinesses has been subscribed in one day; and this stock is no more
+to be had under two per cent above the capital.
+
+Tomorrow the States of Holland will meet again at the Hague, to
+deliberate about the offered mediation of Russia, already accepted by
+Great Britain, for a peace between the latter and this Republic. In
+spite of the English faction, I have good reason to foretell that two
+conditions, _sine quibus non_, will be insisted on as preliminaries by
+the Republic. 1st. All the rights of a free and unlimited navigation
+offered to this Republic, in virtue of former treaties as well as of
+her being part of the armed neutrality. 2dly. That this negotiation
+for a particular peace shall not hinder the Republic in the meantime,
+and till concluded, from concerting measures with France for carrying
+on the war. Without these clauses expressed in the resolution that is
+to be taken this or next week, I am assured that none will be taken,
+because it is a matter which requires unanimity.
+
+After having managed an interview between Mr Adams and some gentlemen
+at the Hague, I have accompanied him hither during the vacation time.
+Tomorrow we intend to go back to the Hague, where we have agreed with
+the said gentlemen, and with the French Ambassador, upon Mr Adams's
+addressing their High Mightinesses for a categorical answer on the
+errand of his mission.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 15th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+According to my last of the 7th instant, I went with Mr Adams on the
+9th to the President of their High Mightinesses, to whom his
+Excellency having made his requisition, I repeated it, that the
+President might understand it exactly, in the same terms as are to be
+seen in the Leyden Gazette here sent, where I have got them inserted;
+and he promised to make his report accordingly. After this, having
+received word from the Grand Pensionary of Holland, where we intended
+to go, that being himself very sick, he could receive nobody but by
+the means of his Secretary, I alone made the communication to the
+latter the same morning. The day following, being Thursday, we were
+received by M. Fagel, the Graphiary of their High Mightinesses, who,
+after I had read to him the requisition, told us, "that the President
+had made report of it to the States-General, and that the Deputies of
+_all_ the Provinces had taken it _ad referendum_, to be transmitted to
+their several Provinces; that the same had been done respecting the
+first report in May last, without any instruction being hitherto
+received about it; and, therefore, some patience more was necessary
+for a categorical answer."
+
+The reception met with from the President and the said Ministers was
+duly polite. From them we went round to the deputations of the
+eighteen cities of this Province, now assembling here, who received
+us, without exception, with a very good humored cordiality, thanking
+us for our kind communication, of which they promised to make report
+to their cities, and assuring us, that they wished earnestly for a
+speedy establishment of amity and good harmony between both Republics;
+to which several of them added, affectionately, that they loved the
+Americans.
+
+_January 17th._ This morning those of Dort have loudly complained in
+the Assembly of Holland, of the disregard shown by the other
+Provinces, and even by part of this Province, to the common welfare,
+roundly declaring that they will not consent to the proposed mediation
+for a peace with Great Britain, unless it should be agreed and
+resolved before, to concert measures with France for carrying on the
+war without any truce, till peace should be fairly concluded. The same
+city, with that of Leyden, I am assured, will soon insist also in the
+Assembly, upon due attention being paid to our requisition.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 30th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Last Friday, the co-operating with France against the common enemy
+would have been resolved upon, if the little city of Briel had not
+voted with the nobility, for resolving, at the same time, the
+acceptance of the mediation proposed by Russia for a particular peace
+with Great Britain, which the other refused to do. Neither of these
+points being agreed on, they have adjourned till Tuesday, the 5th of
+February.
+
+Before their parting, Dort and six other principal cities inserted
+their protest against the unconstitutional manner of carrying on the
+correspondence by their High Mightinesses with the Emperor,
+concerning the abolition of the barrier treaty and the dismantling of
+the barrier cities without consulting the Provinces about it;
+threatening to recall their Deputies at the States-General. This
+unexpected step has much frightened and humiliated the latter.
+Probably the next week will decide, first of all, the business of
+concerting measures with France, and then that of the mediation, of
+which they are determined to limit the acceptance by such clauses as
+may disappoint the friends of Great Britain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          The Hague, March 29th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is with great satisfaction that I find myself authorised to begin
+an official correspondence with you, by congratulating the United
+States on the acquisition of two illustrious sisters, whose example
+will be speedily followed by five others. On the 26th of February
+last, Friesland, and yesterday Holland adopted the Provincial
+resolutions to instruct their Deputies in the States-General, to
+direct affairs in that body in such a manner as to procure Mr Adams's
+admission for the purpose of presenting his credentials from the
+United States to their High Mightinesses. This is an acknowledgment of
+your independence, and opens the road to negotiation. I have received
+triplicates of your favor, and shall have the honor of answering more
+fully on the first opportunity.
+
+I hope the two pamphlets accompanying this, ---- and ----, which are
+very celebrated, rare, and valuable here, will reach you in safety.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S._ The names of Messrs Gyzelaer, Zeeberg, Van Berckel, and
+Vischer, Pensionaries of the cities of Dort, Haerlem and Amsterdam,
+are worthy of being remembered with the highest esteem by every true
+American.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, April 4th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The 29th ult. I had the honor to address you a packet under cover to
+Dr Franklin at Paris, with a short letter, in which I had the
+satisfaction to commence the honor of my official correspondence with
+you, in congratulating the United States on the acquisition of two
+illustrious sisters, whose example will be followed by five others, as
+you will see by the papers annexed.
+
+I congratulate you, Sir, and myself also on your elevation to the high
+post that you fill, and I recommend my interests and my character to
+your attention before Congress. I shall communicate to Dr Franklin the
+account of my expenses for the pamphlets and other charges, which I
+have already begun, and which I shall continue to forward to you
+according to your orders, and I shall draw on him for the amount. I
+purchased, in February last, for Mr Adams and by his order, at a cheap
+rate, a hotel at the Hague, where we shall live happily together, if
+God please, the first of next month. This purchase, besides the
+economy of it, has produced politically very good effects. Only
+France, Spain and now the United States, possess hotels as their own
+at the Hague. All the other foreign Ministers occupy, at a dear rate,
+hired hotels.
+
+There is no longer cause to blame the slowness of this nation on our
+affairs. Its inclination for us, like a spring pressed by a strong
+hand, is escaping and declares for us nobly, by an accumulation of
+addresses of corporations, which appear from all parts. I think that
+before the end of this month, Mr Adams will be admitted to present his
+letters of credence. I came to him here for a secret transaction
+concerted with our friends at the Hague, which must make our triumph
+over Anglomany complete. On his part, he went this morning to confer
+with the French Ambassador at the Hague. He will return here on
+Saturday, where I shall keep him company till the end of next week.
+Our sure and permanent address will be for the future, _a l'Hotel
+d'Amerique a la Haie en Hollande_.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    JOHN ADAMS TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                              Amsterdam, May 2d, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 30th I had the honor to receive yesterday, with Mr
+Nolet's letter and your answer. What shall I say to this affectionate,
+as well as polite invitation to dine at Schiedam? I am now, and shall
+be a long time exceedingly fatigued with the affair of the loan, which
+takes up the greater part of my attention and time. The treaty of
+commerce is also, you know, under consideration, and the merchants of
+the American Coffee House have proposed a public dinner here; but I
+have begged to be excused. You see the difficulties, for which reasons
+I earnestly wish, that our kind friends of Schiedam would be so good
+as to excuse us; but I will leave the whole to you, and if I cannot be
+excused, I will conform to the day you agree upon. But there is
+another affair, which not only perplexes me in this business of the
+dinner, but in many other matters of importance. There is a serious
+negotiation going on for peace, between the Courts of London and
+Versailles, and Dr Franklin, who has sent me the whole, has invited Mr
+Laurens, Mr Jay, and me to Paris, to consult and treat. This may make
+it necessary to go at a short warning.
+
+I hope you are in possession of the house at the Hague, and advise you
+to live in it. Your answer to Mr Nolet is very just.
+
+It is my opinion, with submission to Congress, that it is the interest
+and duty of the United States, to send you a commission to be
+Secretary of this Legation, and _Charge d'Affaires_, with a salary of
+five hundred pounds sterling a year during the time that there is a
+Minister here; and at the rate of a thousand a year, when there is
+not; and you have my consent to transmit this opinion to Congress, by
+sending an extract of this letter, or otherwise by as many ways as you
+please. I shall write the same myself. I wrote as much more than a
+year ago, but know not whether the letter has been received, as a vast
+number of my letters have been thrown overboard, and many taken.
+
+If the dinner at Schiedam should be agreed on, there will be no
+difficulties in finding a way for us three to go all together. All
+that is before said about the negotiation for peace, you know must be
+kept secret. But if I go to Paris, I shall break up my house here
+entirely, and dismiss all my servants.
+
+I have the honor to be, with compliments to the ladies, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+      VERBAL MESSAGE OF C. W. F. DUMAS TO THE CITY OF SCHIEDAM.
+
+The following verbal message, on the part of Mr Adams to the Secretary
+of the city of Schiedam, was given by M. Dumas, on the 8th of May,
+1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The diversity of sentiments which exists in this Republic, in relation
+to the circumstances in which it stands to the United States of
+America, having appeared to Mr Adams capable of causing some
+embarrassment to the merchants of Schiedam, if he accepted their
+polite invitation, he has thought that he could not better prove the
+regard and affection which he has for those gentlemen, than by
+declining their polite request. He has therefore charged me, Sir, to
+assure you of his extreme sensibility, for the honor and friendship
+they have manifested in his person to his Sovereign; and of his
+intention, not only to make mention of it in his first despatches to
+Congress, but also to show on all occasions how much he is disposed to
+reciprocate this cordial civility, by every means in his power.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, May 10th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my last of the 4th of April, I have not had a moment of leisure,
+by a succession of agreeable occupations, which have brought us
+rapidly to the result which I predicted to you.
+
+The voice of the people has made itself heard from all parts. The
+Provinces having successively sent their resolutions here annexed to
+the Generality, the 19th of April was the great day when the unanimous
+resolution of their High Mightinesses was adopted to admit Mr Adams;
+and on the 20th in the morning he went to present his letters of
+credence to the President of the week. On Monday, at nine o'clock in
+the morning, I went _par etiquette_ to the house of his Excellency,
+the French Ambassador, to ask of him the hour when Mr Adams should
+come and impart to him officially his admission, and in the meantime
+we were to leave our cards at the houses of all the members of the
+States-General. The visit to the Ambassador was made in form, and
+publicly returned in the same way. That of the Envoy of Spain, not
+requiring the same ceremonial as the rank of the Ambassador, we had
+given him notice on Sunday evening in a familiar visit, under a
+condition previously agreed, that he would return it in like manner
+the next day; and he kept his word. Monday, the 22d, I went to ask
+audience for Mr Adams, of his Serene Highness, the Stadtholder, who
+granted it immediately. We dined on Tuesday, the 23d, with the French
+Ambassador, who had invited all the _Corps Diplomatique_, and they all
+attended. Wednesday morning we made the tour of the cities of Holland
+at their hotels with cards. We left also cards of notification at the
+hotels of the Ministers of foreign neutral Courts, who probably have
+written to their Courts to know if they should return the visit. There
+has been no return of it but from the Minister of Liege. The same
+morning I went to ask audience for Mr Adams of her Royal Highness the
+Princess of Orange, which immediately took place.
+
+_Monday, 6th of May._ Mr Adams was present at a breakfast with M.
+Boreel, Deputy of the States-General, where he had been invited with
+all the Court and the _Corps Diplomatique_.
+
+An address having been presented on Monday, the 22d, to Mr Adams, by
+six Deputies of the body of merchants of Schiedam, having at their
+head the Secretary of the city, who invited him at the same time to a
+grand festival, which they wished to give him, I had the happiness
+yesterday to excuse him from this festival without dissatisfying these
+gentlemen, as you will see by the copy of my verbal message to the
+Secretary.
+
+Add to all this, Sir, the confusion of our removal into the Hotel of
+the United States of America, which is not yet over, and will not be
+for several weeks, and you may well have some indulgence for the
+imperfection of my present correspondence.
+
+Sunday last, after dinner, at the request of the French Ambassador and
+of our friends here, and with the consent of Mr Adams, I made a
+journey by post to Amsterdam, charged with a secret commission
+relating to a concert of operations in this country, which the
+Anglomanes appeared willing to trouble by some intrigue, and I
+returned the next day. All is now settled to the satisfaction of
+France; and the Anglomanes are frustrated.
+
+Day before yesterday we were again at a familiar and friendly dinner
+at the house of the French Ambassador, with whom Mr Adams was very
+much satisfied.
+
+I give you, Sir, only a sort of index, very imperfect, of the
+principal events, which have passed here lately. I leave to Mr Adams,
+who presented on Monday, the 22d of April, the sketch of a treaty of
+amity and commerce to their High Mightinesses, to enlarge. I write
+from memory, not having been able to keep a journal, still less one of
+my going and coming, my secret interviews, conferences, and
+negotiations, which were necessary to prepare and bring about what has
+been done, and which ought not yet to be trusted to paper. No one has
+better characterised the truly national revolution, which has taken
+place here, than the French Ambassador, in saying, that the Dutch
+nation had avenged itself, with the greatest success, of all the
+political and other evils, which the English have done them since
+Cromwell; and the Envoy of Spain, who said to Mr Adams, that he had
+struck the greatest blow, which had been given in Europe for a long
+time.
+
+I conclude by recommending, Sir, to your attention and to that of
+Congress, the copy of a letter which Mr Adams wrote me from Amsterdam
+the 2d of this month. I have not had a moment of leisure to write the
+present despatch sooner; nor by consequence to make a prompt use of
+this letter according to the intention of Mr Adams, and which,
+nevertheless, interests the United States as much as myself. It
+surprised and affected me very agreeably, and it was no doubt, his
+intention so to surprise. You know, Sir, or you may know by the papers
+of your department, since the end of 1775, the intimate part I have
+had in political affairs without interruption, in executing faithfully
+the orders of Congress, unsolicited, but accepted on my part with an
+ardor, which I am bold to say, has never changed, and which has drawn
+upon me personally all the enemies, open and concealed, of America,
+and has cost me and my family great persecutions, mortifications,
+losses and sacrifices. I should fear, therefore, to weaken the
+letter, so energetic and so honorable to me, of Mr Adams, (who told me
+by word of mouth, a few days since, that he was surprised Congress had
+not before made such a disposition on the subject of my affairs,) if I
+should add anything more, except that I have never had any other
+principle in my actions, especially in these six or seven years of
+faithful and painful labor, than the service of humanity, of the
+United States, and of their honorable Congress; and if in my last
+sigh, I could add to this testimony of my conscience the idea of
+having retained, the esteem and friendship of all your respectable
+Ministers, both in Europe and America, and especially yours, Sir,
+which will be very dear to me, and which I pray you to bestow on me, I
+shall contentedly close my days with the words of Horace in my mouth;
+_non ultima laus est principibus placuisse viris_.
+
+I am, with the most sincere respect,
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S. May 12th._ There arrived here yesterday a second proposition of
+Fox for peace with this Republic. It will be presented tomorrow to the
+States-General; a new snare, which is happily foreseen and escaped. I
+shall speak of it in my next.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, June 1st, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My last was of the 10th of May. Since that time I have been constantly
+occupied with the French Ambassador and the good patriots of this
+country in counteracting the pretended mediators for a separate peace
+between Great Britain and this Republic; and we have so far succeeded
+that Holland has adopted a good resolution in relation to it, which is
+all ready and which will nearly destroy this manoeuvre of the
+Anglomanes. On the 21st and 22d of May, I made at the request of the
+Ambassador a journey to Dort, where was ready a sketch of a resolution
+(since matured and perfected) of which I at the same time made a
+translation for the Ambassador. We shall see the effect this will
+have.
+
+I know that one of the principal Ministers of the Republic, on the
+good will of whom we begin to rely a little more than formerly, has
+declared that he has in his pocket the full proofs of the intention of
+the British Ministry to amuse and deceive the Republic, which I hope
+to see soon irrevocably pledged not to make a peace except in
+conjunction with the three other belligerent powers. I cannot explain
+myself more at present. If it were not for the disaster of De Grasse
+in the West Indies, which delays our progress a little, we should be
+already more advanced.
+
+_June 18th._ The abovementioned resolution, although printed on the
+5th, was not finally decreed by the States of Holland till the 12th
+instant, with some changes, after which they separated, not to come
+together again for about three weeks. In this interval, the cities
+will have examined the report of the Admiralty, on the treaty of amity
+and commerce between the United States and this Republic; and I am
+assured that this treaty will be brought to a conclusion at the first
+sitting. There will be a question also at that time on the nomination
+of a Minister of this Republic to reside near Congress; the Prince
+having declared his willingness to propose it to the same assembly.
+
+I accompanied Mr Adams yesterday morning to an audience with the
+Prince at the Chateau du Bois; and he supped there the same day with
+the Prince, the Princess, and many foreign Ministers. The stay of
+Grenville at Paris, and his pretended instructions to negotiate peace,
+have all the air of being only a trick of the Court of London; and I
+think it will require one more campaign to bring them to talk
+seriously of a general peace, or rather to ripen the revolution or
+civil war, which has appeared to me for a long time springing up in
+their bosom, and which will bring about finally the catastrophe of
+this great tragedy. May the catastrophe be only fatal to the authors
+of the evil, and turn to the happiness of the human race in general,
+and especially to that of the United States.
+
+_June 20th._ The Ambassador has informed us, that the combined fleet
+departed from Cadiz the 4th instant, and in great confidence that Mr
+Grenville, who is at Paris, has received from his Court full powers
+more ample, to treat with all the belligerents. This is well, if his
+powers are explicit and sincere. But to trust to them it seems
+necessary that the British Court should declare, that it recognises
+the United States for a belligerent power, otherwise it will be a
+Proteus; it will escape from us when we think to hold it, and will
+pretend to do us a great favor by condescending to a truce, which
+would be more pernicious to America than the war. It would draw on the
+United States a host of evils. It would leave, in the opinion of all
+the world, not excepting your allies and yourselves, an idea of the
+uncertainty of your independence, which would never be effectual, and
+derogate, by consequence, explicitly from the 2d, 3d, 8th and 9th
+articles of your treaty of alliance with France, so justly admired;
+would degrade your power, your credit, your dignity; would open the
+door to distrust, to dissensions, to corruption and treachery among
+yourselves, to combinations against you in Europe; would put you under
+the necessity of keeping a standing army, &c. &c. &c. God preserve the
+United States from this Pandora's box! If ever Congress could have had
+a thought, in the most difficult times, to have recourse to this
+dangerous palliative of the evils of war, the present moment should
+inspire it with one very different, which will infallibly bring to
+terms an enemy fatigued, exhausted and ruined, and will assure to the
+United States, with peace, the respect, the regard and friendship of
+all powers. An unbounded solicitude for the safety, the prosperity and
+glory of the United States will serve, I hope, as an apology for the
+boldness with which I dare to expose here my sentiments to Congress,
+of whose firmness and magnanimity, as well as of those of its
+ministers, I have an idea as great, in proportion, as my opinion of
+the intentions of the enemy and of its favorers, is small.
+
+The Academy of Franequer in Friesland has caused to be exhibited on
+occasion of a celebration in honor of the connexion between the United
+States and this Republic, beautiful fire works, with an illumination.
+On a triumphal arch you may read this distich;
+
+    Plus valet una dies, quae libera ducitur, acta,
+    Quam mali sub domini saecula mille jugo.
+
+There has been struck at Leuwarde in Friesland, to perpetuate the same
+event, and all that was resolved in their Provincial Diets of February
+and April last, a medal representing a Frieslander stretching out his
+right hand to an American, in token of fraternity, and rejecting with
+his left the advances made to him by an Englishman. We are invited to
+dinner on Sunday by the French Ambassador, who augurs better than we
+do of Grenville's mission. God grant that he may be right.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                         The Hague, August 16th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+At length the treaty of commerce has passed, and was approved day
+before yesterday in the States of Holland; and the States-General
+proposed immediately a conference with Mr Adams, to put a final hand
+to it.
+
+_August 19th._ The States of Holland separated on the 17th, after
+having resolved and decreed instructions for the Plenipotentiaries,
+which the Republic sends to treat with Mr Fitzherbert, in conjunction
+with France and her allies. They talk, among other things, of acting
+in all respects in a communicative manner, and in concert with the
+Ministers of the King of France, and the other belligerent powers, in
+the preparatory and preliminary negotiations, which they may begin
+with the Ambassador of Great Britain, to do nothing without them, and
+to be assured above all of the sincere and unequivocal intentions of
+the British king, to leave for the future the Republic in the full
+enjoyment of the rights of neutrality, established in the Russian
+declaration of the 28th of February, 1780.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, September 5th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It was not till within these few weeks, that I received your favor of
+the 4th of April last, together with the interesting paper it
+enclosed, since which time we are informed that your prediction
+relative to the reception of Mr Adams has been verified. It would have
+given me great pleasure to have learned so important an event, with
+the steps that immediately led to it from your pen. Your usual
+punctuality induces me to believe that your letters have been
+unfortunate, since I cannot ascribe this omission to neglect. When you
+do me the honor to write again, be pleased to enter minutely into the
+subject; since everything that relates to it is not only important in
+itself, but will be so much the object of curiosity hereafter, that it
+should have a place among our archives.
+
+It would be a great advantage to you and to us, if you maintained such
+a correspondence with your sea-ports as would enable you to avail
+yourselves of every opportunity of writing to us, as it would give
+your letters the charms of novelty, and preserve to you the character
+of attention, and to us, as it would enable us to confirm or
+contradict the accounts, that we continually receive by private
+letters, or through the enemy's papers, some time before we have your
+relation of them.
+
+The enemy have at length evacuated Savannah, and in all probability
+Charleston, by this time; since, on the 7th of August they gave notice
+in general orders for the tories to prepare themselves for such an
+event. Their fleet, consisting of fifteen sail of the line, arrived
+yesterday at Sandy Hook. The French fleet, under the Marquis de
+Vaudreuil had arrived some time before at Boston, where he
+unfortunately lost one of his ships, which struck upon a rock and sunk
+in the harbor. Congress, willing to testify their sympathy in this
+misfortune, have presented the America, a ship of seventyfour guns, to
+his Most Christian Majesty. She is in such a state that she can in a
+short time be fitted to join his fleet.
+
+We wait with the utmost impatience some account from Europe of the
+state of the negotiations for a general peace.
+
+The caution of the enemy in keeping within their posts, will probably
+render this an inactive campaign, though we never had a finer or
+better appointed army than at present.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                   Philadelphia, September 12th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Just after I had closed the letter you will receive with this, I was
+honored by your despatches from the 10th of May to the 9th of July
+inclusive. You will easily believe, Sir, that I received great
+pleasure from the important intelligence they communicate; and the
+more so as we had been long in the dark with respect to your
+transactions.
+
+I am sorry that the packet which is to carry this, leaves me no time
+to enlarge, but this will be the less necessary, as I shall write very
+fully to Mr Adams.
+
+With respect to your own affairs, I can only say that you have my
+sincerest wishes for your prosperity and promotion. I have already
+reported upon the subject, but what the issue will be, I cannot yet
+venture to predict. I know Congress to be very sensible of your
+assiduity and attachment; and if anything prevents their rewarding
+them as they would wish, it will be the present state of their
+finances, which requires the most rigid economy.
+
+The change in the British Administration will induce, it is imagined,
+a similar change in measures here. We are in hourly expectation of
+hearing of the evacuation of Charleston, which had been formally
+announced to the inhabitants, who came out in crowds to demand pardon
+with the concurrence of General Leslie. It is probably too late to
+countermand that order, although they will in all likelihood still
+retain New York, contrary to what had appeared to have been their
+determination, before the arrival of the packet. Happily the
+continuance of the war will be much less burdensome to us now, than at
+any former period; not only because habit has reconciled us to it, and
+introduced system in our mode of conducting it, which makes it less
+inconvenient to the individual, but because I think I may say without
+boasting, that there is not at this time a better disciplined or a
+better disposed army in the world; scarce a man among them who has not
+been repeatedly in action. They are now, too, completely clothed and
+armed, an advantage they never before enjoyed. We are at present just
+in the situation in which free people should always wish to be. Peace
+will not come unwelcomed, nor war unprepared for.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                      The Hague, September 27th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My last came down to the 4th of September. There has been an important
+resolution of this day taken by the States of Holland, constituting a
+commission of five Deputies, accompanied by the Grand Pensionary, to
+seek of the Prince the cause of the bad state of the maritime forces
+of the Republic, and of their inactivity.
+
+_October 3d._ The abovenamed committee have been received by the
+Prince with all the honors due to Sovereigns, and have opened
+conferences with him. The same day, their High Mightinesses in secret
+session having deliberated on the Memorial of the French Ambassador,
+by which he had made them a proposition "to send ten ships of war to
+Brest, to be there joined by the vessels of the King, and to act with
+them against the common enemy, either in Asia or Europe," have
+resolved, that the Prince be requested to designate immediately the
+demanded squadron, viz. five vessels of sixty guns, three of fifty,
+two frigates, and a cutter for this purpose, to depart if the winds
+will permit before the 8th of October, to avoid the risk which would
+attend them after that time of being intercepted by an enemy of
+superior force.
+
+_October 11th._ The officer designated to command the said squadron
+arrived here the 4th, while the wind coming round, became all at once
+favorable on the 5th to depart; and he reported to the Prince, who did
+not communicate the report until the 7th, in secret session, that the
+squadron was not in a state to go to Brest, for want of provisions,
+cordage, sails, anchors, clothes for the seamen, and other necessary
+articles;[46] on which the committee abovenamed presented themselves
+today to the Prince, to express their surprise and ask an explanation.
+The Prince professed that he had no account to render but for the
+past, and none for the present or the future; at least till a new
+resolution of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses. On their side, the
+committee conceiving with reason "that the resolution which was
+committed to them, contained particular instructions to look into the
+points which it specified, and particularly a general order to report
+on all subjects relating to the marine, and especially the direction
+of the present war, as much as should appear to them necessary to
+dissipate all obscurity," have in consequence made their report to the
+Assembly.
+
+_October 16th._ Their Noble and Grand Mightinesses having deliberated
+on the report, all the cities were ready to conform to it except
+Schiedam, la Brille, and Medemblick, which have taken it _ad
+referendum_, the final resolution being deferred; but it will be
+adopted as reported next week, at least by the majority, which is
+sufficient in this case.
+
+His Excellency Mr Adams departed this morning, the 16th of October,
+for Paris. In taking leave of the President and Secretary of their
+High Mightinesses the States-General, he did me the honor to present
+me as _Charge d'Affaires_ of the United States; which is an
+indispensable custom. He had before advised the Grand Pensionary of
+it, to whom I shall make tomorrow a visit of politeness in
+consequence.
+
+_October 18th._ A young officer, (De Witte,) convicted of high
+treason, for having attempted to assist the enemy in an invasion of
+the coast of Zealand, was about to be tried by the High Council of
+War, which is wholly dependent on the Prince, when the States of
+Holland solemnly signified to the Prince that he ought to cause
+prosecution to be stayed before this tribunal, as incompetent, and
+carry it up before the Court of Justice of Holland and Zealand. This
+High Council of War, is, besides, odious to the nation, and regarded
+as tyrannical and unconstitutional.
+
+I have not spoken in this letter of our treaty of amity and commerce
+with this Republic, signed finally by both parties the 8th of this
+month, because Mr Adams will give you this detail better than I can. I
+shall content myself with saying, that I have every reason to be
+persuaded that he is satisfied with the zeal, with which I have
+fulfilled the tasks which he has required of me, in the operations
+which have preceded this signature, and pray God that the United
+States may gather from it the most abundant fruits.
+
+_October 22d._ I am anxious to see an answer to the extract I sent to
+your Excellency, agreeably to the wish and permission of Mr Adams, of
+a certain letter which he wrote me. For so long as I am not openly
+recognised and suitably sustained by Congress, my precarious condition
+here is cruel, in the midst of the Anglomanes, who wish to see me
+perish ignobly, and in the bosom of a family whose complaints and
+reproaches I fear more than death. Mr Laurens, in his hasty passage
+through this country, was perfectly sensible of it. He knows that I
+serve the United States constantly, without respect of persons. "_You
+have been slighted_," are his own words; and when I testified to him
+my regrets for his departure from Europe, he had the goodness to add,
+that these regrets were contrary to my interest. Permit me, Sir, to
+commend them to you, and if Mr Laurens has returned to you safely, as
+I hope, on the arrival of this, will you express to him the sentiments
+of the most affectionate respect which I retain for him, as well as
+for all the great men in America, who have served under the sublime
+principles, which have animated me as well as them; and in which I, as
+well, as they, will live and die.
+
+I am, with great respect, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[46] The 12th of September, the Prince on his return from the Texel,
+reported positively to their High Mightinesses, that all was there
+ready, that the vessels were in a condition for sea and for action,
+and waited only for his orders.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                       The Hague, November 15th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday morning, after a conference with his Excellency the Duc de
+la Vauguyon, I went in a post chaise to Rotterdam and Dort, in order
+to advise our friends in these two cities of some changes about to be
+made in the instructions of their Ministers Plenipotentiary at Paris,
+to deprive the English Minister of all pretext for conferring with
+those of the other belligerent powers without them. I succeeded to the
+satisfaction of his Excellency, and our friends were duly informed and
+disposed, when they received this morning, while I was returning,
+letters on this subject from the Grand Pensionary. My journey has
+gained the time which would have been lost, if they had, on
+re-assembling here taken the thing _ad referendum_.
+
+_November 17th._ I had the pleasure to receive this morning, on behalf
+of the Ambassador, absent at Amsterdam, the news of the re-admission
+of M. Van Berckel, First Pensionary of Amsterdam, to the Assembly of
+their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, where he will re-appear on the
+20th, radiant as the sun, _disjectis nubibus_.
+
+There has arrived a circular letter from Friesland, to take away from
+the Prince the direction of affairs. I shall have it, and will add it
+to the gazettes.
+
+_November 18th._ On my return, Friday evening, I found, Sir, your
+favors of the 5th and 12th of September, to which I can only answer
+succinctly, that the present may not be delayed.
+
+I have thought a long time how much it might be advantageous both for
+Congress and for me, as you observe, Sir, if I could enter into a
+minute and frequent detail of all that passes here within the sphere
+of my action. But let Congress remember at last that _qui vult finem,
+vult media_, being both essential and subsidiary. I labor all day.
+Often I have scarcely time left to note briefly for myself what is
+done or said. I am alone. It is necessary to copy the same despatches
+four times, if one would hope for their arrival. I could have many
+things to say on all this. But to what good, if Congress does not say
+it also? I have not put my light under a bushel. I have made it shine
+constantly before both worlds, for the service of the United States,
+since they have called me here.
+
+If the truths I transmit come more slowly than the falsehoods of the
+enemy, which they may serve to contradict, it is because they may
+forge stories as they please, but not the truth which arrives when it
+can, and which besides, cannot always be hazarded prematurely, still
+less be foretold, especially when the enemy might profit by it.
+
+As to peace, we know not here what has been done about it at Paris. My
+opinion is, that two or three more campaigns will be infinitely more
+salutary to the American Confederation than a patched-up peace, which
+shall leave the enemy possessor of Canada, Nova Scotia and
+Newfoundland; whence he would not cease nor be slow to vex you by all
+manner of means, perhaps to divide you, which will be worse.
+
+But let us wait what Parliament says at the end of this month. Then we
+may be able to say of the Congress of Peace, what the poet Rousseau,
+in his Ode to Fortune, said of a hero becoming man again;
+
+    Le masque tombe, George reste,
+    Et le Romain s'evanouit.
+
+And so much the better, I think, for America and for this Republic. I
+am, with very great respect, Sir,
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S._ I thank you, Sir, for the excellent letter of Mr Payne to the
+Abbe Raynal. If it is possible I shall publish it in French.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 12th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Some days ago I was about to prepare a new despatch, touching affairs
+on the carpet here, when an unforeseen event prevented me. It is
+nothing less than a conspiracy, which might be termed Catilinarian, if
+there had been an able Catiline in it; but they only had the intention
+of the Roman, without his sagacity.
+
+We were congratulating ourselves here on the despatches from Paris,
+which informed the Grand Pensionary, much to the regret of the
+conspiracy, of the news of the signing of preliminaries between the
+Ministers of the United States and Great Britain. We were only
+surprised at the oath of secrecy exacted of the members of the
+Assembly, before communicating to them the contents of despatches so
+well suited to reassure and relieve the nation of the fear, which, to
+excite discontent, it had been industriously endeavored to inspire,
+that it would be deceived and abandoned by the other powers, when on
+the 5th and 6th, the festival of St Nicholas, famous in this country,
+which they seemed disposed to make another St Bartholomew's, the
+conspiracy broke out and failed. Persons were sent about during these
+two days, with the Orange cockade in their hats and an address of
+thanks in their hands, applauding the good management of the marine,
+and at night about thirty men, paid and intoxicated, made a noisy
+procession through the streets and squares, to endeavor to raise the
+populace, who, however, would not sign, nor join the seditions, to
+make an attack, as they foolishly expected, on every person obnoxious
+to them. Saturday, 7th, they endeavored, in order to renew the scene
+the following Monday, to gain the peat carriers, who answered, that
+the troubles of 1748 had taught them to be more wise for the future.
+The evening of the same Saturday they hinted secretly to the
+Pensionaries of Dort and Amsterdam (remaining in the city) that they
+must not depart on their peril. But they, disregarding the danger,
+immediately went to require the Grand Pensionary to convoke an
+extraordinary Assembly on Monday. He obeyed in spite of himself, and
+despatched couriers during that night.
+
+On Monday morning, the 9th, the Assembly adopted by the large
+majority of sixteen, against two cities (la Brille and Enkhuisen) and
+to the confusion of the nobles and the Stadtholder, who were present,
+a resolution (a true _quousque tandem_) in which the Court and the
+officers of justice, municipal and provincial, are strongly censured
+for having looked on without interfering, and in which the Provincial
+Court of Justice is ordered to prosecute the affair criminally; and
+the Counsellor Deputies, to provide that for the future like disorders
+shall not be committed. The same day the Provincial Court of Justice
+assembled in consequence, and named two Commissioners of its own body,
+and another fiscal not suspected, to attend to the examination of the
+conspiracy. The Counsellor Deputies have likewise named a commission,
+to effect what is enjoined on them. From these two commissions are
+excluded the old Provincial Fiscal of Justice, who has besides a
+_quasi_ gout, and the Grand Bailiff of the Hague, who, on the part of
+the nobles, is of the Council of Deputies, and who prudently declined
+before rejection, for both are under censure by the resolution.
+
+The Court, alarmed at the consequences which they feared from all
+this, engaged M. Thulemeyer, Envoy of Prussia, to act for them, who,
+in continuation of a certain measure, which he took about two months
+ago by order of his Court, has been this morning to the Deputies of
+Dort, Haerlem, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, to tell them "that his Majesty
+has learned with displeasure the dissensions which have place in the
+Republic, that, _without wishing to meddle, in the domestic affairs of
+the Republic_,[47] the interest that his Majesty takes equally in the
+welfare of their High Mightinesses and of the Prince, his kinsman,
+does not permit him to look with indifference on any diminution of the
+rights of the Stadtholder; and that he would guaranty that this Prince
+should not abuse his prerogatives; and he hoped by this step that
+harmony would be re-established." Amsterdam has answered, "That they
+were surprised to find the King so misinformed, that for themselves,
+they did not know that they had ever diminished the rights of the
+Stadtholder, and that the Stadtholder himself had never complained of
+it to the States; that this would no doubt have been done, if the fact
+had been true; that, as for the rest, they would write to their city
+what the Envoy had said to them, that it might if it should judge
+proper write directly to the King, to inform him better, and put his
+Majesty also in a way to know those who had thus imposed on him."
+
+This answer evidently confounded the Envoy. The other cities have
+answered the same in substance.
+
+_December 13th._ The committee charged with arrangements for sending a
+Minister of the Republic to the United States, made its report
+yesterday to the Assembly of the States of Holland, the members of
+which took it _ad referendum_. This Minister is to have twenty
+thousand florins per annum, and ten thousand for his outfit.
+
+This morning the committee of five has returned again to the Prince.
+
+The resolution of Zealand, that the prisoner Witte should be
+delivered to the Provincial Court, is received, and the Prince will
+yield.
+
+The deliberation on the circular letter of Friesland, interrupted by
+the disturbance, which in history may be denominated the _Cockade
+Conspiracy_, to distinguish it from that of the _Gunpowder Plot_, will
+be resumed next week.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[47] The expression in italics was added by the Envoy, in his address
+to the gentlemen of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, because those of Dort
+asked him, if the King pretended to meddle in the domestic concerns of
+the Republic? Haerlem was not able to receive him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                       The Hague, December 17th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning the Minister of Prussia, M. Thulemeyer, has again visited
+the Deputies of the eighteen cities of Holland, to inform them of a
+Memorial, which he has presented to their High Mightinesses against a
+certain libel, in which, among other calumnies, is an insinuation,
+that the Princess attempted to imitate the conduct of a certain
+Empress in relation to her husband.
+
+It has been replied to him, "that their Noble and Grand Mightinesses,
+as well as their High Mightinesses, had long since done everything in
+their power against libels by severe placards; that the further
+measures, which seemed to be expected of them, and which, perhaps,
+were suitable enough in arbitrary governments, could not be adopted in
+this Republic, of which the liberty of the press is the Palladium;
+that it is like every other good thing, the use of which is free to
+all, and the abuse subject to the animadversion of the bailiffs and
+fiscals; that the Minister knows how lately their Noble and Grand
+Mightinesses have had reason to complain of the negligence of those
+officers of justice; that the Princess, the Prince, and the whole
+House of Orange, more nearly connected with them than with the King,
+his master, did not need any foreign commendation to make themselves
+beloved and respected by the nation, and protected by the Sovereign,
+&c."
+
+_December 21st._ The three ostensible exciters of the _Cockade
+Conspiracy_, protected by an invisible hand, have escaped from justice
+and fled to Cranenberg, a village in the Duchy of Cleves. The Court
+having sent its officers to arrest them at the peril of the
+complainants, the Regency of Cleves, contrary to the law of nations,
+has refused to allow the arrest. This morning the States held an
+extraordinary session to deliberate on the subject, and,
+notwithstanding the opposition of the nobles, adopted a resolution,
+requiring the court of justice to make a solemn demand of the
+fugitives at Cleves, in the name of the Sovereign; on Friday next, a
+letter will be addressed on this subject directly to the King of
+Prussia, and Duke of Cleves.
+
+The Grand Bailiff of Utrecht (Count d'Athlone) has lost, with costs of
+suit, his case against the editor of a weekly newspaper, (_de Post van
+den Neder-Rhein_) which for about two years has produced a wonderful
+impression on the nation. This is a brilliant victory of the patriots
+over their enemies. Some of the expressions, which have given offence
+were, _la brouette va de travers, qu'il-y-a une main invisible qui
+gate tout, &c._
+
+In Friesland, the majority of the eleven cities, which form the fourth
+Quarter of the Sovereignty, have annulled the influence of the Court
+on the appointment of their circuits. Thus the resolution of the
+Province, so disagreeable to the Court, will be unanimous.
+
+_December 24th._ I have just been confidentially informed, on
+condition of my writing an account of the fact to my friends at Dort
+and Amsterdam, that this morning the Prince went to declare to their
+High Mightinesses, that, on the resolution of Zealand, taken on the
+report of the court of justice, although there was much to be said
+relative to that report, he was ready, under leave of their High
+Mightinesses, to transfer the prisoner Witte from the hands of the
+High Council of War to those of the court of justice. On which the
+Grand Pensionary first protested with a loud voice, that it was
+necessary to wait till Friday for the resolution of the Sovereign
+thereon; and then, in a low voice, he intimated to the President, that
+it might be done by a majority. The prisoner will, therefore, be
+transferred to night.
+
+On Wednesday last, a courier despatched from hence to anticipate the
+demand of the court of justice, arrived at Cleves the same night,
+caused the gates to be opened, the three conspirators, who were abed,
+to be called, conducted them hastily out by the other gate, and after
+going some distance on foot, stowed them away in a carriage, which,
+according to appearances, carried them to Hanover.
+
+_December 26th._ The accompanying note I sent to M. Van der Hoop,
+Fiscal of the Admiralty of Amsterdam, in consequence of the request
+presented at Amsterdam by the agents of an American letter of marque.
+My demand of a passport for these people, to protect them from being
+made prisoners when ashore, has been granted. I congratulate myself,
+that my first public measure has been, like all my other measures,
+_secundum libertatem_. It has been suggested to me to make another
+against a certain libel, "_The Magic Lantern_," in which America and
+her worthy Plenipotentiary here have been roughly handled. I replied,
+that I would do nothing, which could afford any pretext for violating
+the liberty of the press; of which the present instance of abuse
+deserved only contempt.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 11th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning their Noble and Grand Mightinesses adopted a resolution
+conformable to the report hereto annexed, relative to the mission of a
+Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, with instructions to
+their Deputies of the Province in the States-General, to press the
+conclusion of this matter by the States. This evening, between ten and
+twelve o'clock, one of the gentlemen, coming to take leave of me until
+Tuesday week, concerted with me the measures it would be proper to
+take during his absence, to make the choice fall, if the plan
+succeeds, on a person who will be as agreeable to the United States,
+as he is esteemed by the patriots of this country. I shall give
+information of it by letter next Tuesday to Mr Adams.
+
+Yesterday arrived some despatches from the Plenipotentiaries of the
+Republic at Paris, with the reply of his Britannic Majesty to the
+preliminaries which had been proposed; this reply is not satisfactory.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 20th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning M. Thulemeyer, Envoy of Prussia, presented the Memorial
+hereto annexed to their High Mightinesses. I shall say nothing about
+it, because I should have too much to say, and because it is better to
+see what they will say whom it concerns.
+
+Tomorrow the Chamberlain, Baron de Heide, will set out for Paris, sent
+by the Prince, to give his Most Christian Majesty a good opinion of
+his patriotism, his measures, and his disposition.
+
+The cities of Guelderland and Overyssel continue, after the example of
+those of Friesland, to raise their heads one after another.
+
+_February 22nd._ I have yet to give you an account of a secret and
+important negotiation and correspondence, between the gentlemen here
+and our Ministers at Paris, which has been carried on by my
+intervention for more than a month. But besides that it will take much
+time to copy all these letters, the subject will not allow me to risk
+the copies at sea, until the vessels can navigate with more safety.
+The article relating to the liberty of the seas is the subject of
+discussion; this matter they wish to see definitively arranged
+previously to the general peace, and with good reason.
+
+I congratulate the United States on the signature of the preliminaries
+between the United States, France, and Spain on one side, and England
+on the other. God grant that the peace may follow soon, and a
+permanent peace; which cannot be without solidly establishing the
+principles of the armed neutrality between these powers and the
+Republic.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S._ Next Friday this Province will propose the Baron de Dedem,
+Lord of Peckendam, &c. as Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic
+near the United States. The other party is canvassing warmly, but
+secretly against him. All appearances, however, are in favor of this
+good patriot, and I recommend him beforehand as such to your
+Excellency. He is a cousin-german of M. de Capelle du Pol, formerly a
+correspondent of your uncle, the Governor of the Jersies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 MEMORIAL OF THE PRUSSIAN AMBASSADOR.
+
+                                                   January 20th, 1783.
+
+  High and Mighty Lords,
+
+The King had flattered himself, that the amicable representations and
+intimations, which the undersigned has made, by the express order of
+his Majesty, to several distinguished members of the States-General of
+the United Provinces, on the subject of the present unhappy
+excitement, which manifests itself at present in Holland, would
+produce the desired effect, conformably to the positive assurances he
+had received on this point. But his Majesty has learned with as much
+displeasure as surprise, that these domestic troubles, instead of
+being quieted are constantly increasing, and that it is even meditated
+to deprive the Prince Stadtholder of the command of the army and navy,
+and thus to strip him of his chief prerogatives of hereditary
+Captain-General and High Admiral. The King cannot believe that this
+is the general sentiment and desire of the nation, and of the rulers
+of the State. His Majesty on the contrary is persuaded, that it is
+only the private wish of a few individuals, who are inimical to the
+Most Serene House of Nassau, from personal hatred or private views,
+without regard to the true welfare and common interest of the State.
+
+Every good Dutchman will remember with gratitude, that the foundations
+of his present liberty and prosperity were laid by the Princes of the
+illustrious House of Orange-Nassau, and acquired in part at the price
+of their blood; that this House has formed, and established on a firm
+basis, the present constitution of the Republic, and after
+extraordinary vicissitudes and revolutions, in some respects
+resembling the present crisis, has rescued the Republic from the
+perils which threatened it, and re-established it in its former
+lustre. It is not to be doubted, that the welfare and safety of the
+Republic depend on the preservation of that form of government, which
+has so happily subsisted for two centuries, and of the Stadtholderate,
+which is inseparable from it. Every good Dutch patriot must feel
+persuaded of the truth of this. All the neighboring powers appear
+equally convinced of it, and are able to see that dissensions, not
+less dangerous than inexcusable, the consequences of which may prove
+not less ruinous to this Republic, than they have been to other States
+under similar circumstances, subsist and constantly increase in
+violence in the bosom of the United Provinces. These powers are all
+equally interested in the maintenance of the Dutch Republic. The King
+is more particularly so, both from his consanguinity to the Most
+Serene House of Orange, and from his being the nearest neighbor, and
+the constant and sincere friend of the Republic. His Majesty is
+persuaded he knows it from the most positive assurances, that the
+Prince Stadtholder has the purest and most salutary views of the good
+of the Republic, and the support of the present constitution; that if
+evil disposed persons attribute to him any other intentions, it is an
+insinuation as destitute of all probability, as it is injurious to his
+character and his enlightened policy; that the Prince will follow and
+execute undeviatingly the principles adopted and established by the
+sovereign power of the United Provinces, and will for the future
+remove even a suspicion of the contrary.
+
+The undersigned, Envoy Extraordinary, has the honor to submit all
+these important considerations to their High Mightinesses, the
+States-General of the United Provinces. He is directed by the most
+precise orders of the King, to recommend them to their most serious
+reflections, and to urge their High Mightinesses to reject and repel
+all propositions and opinions calculated to diminish the lawful
+prerogatives of the Stadtholderate, and change the form of their
+government, so long established and so happily preserved; but on the
+other hand, to take effectual measures to quiet the internal troubles,
+to check the attempts of the factious, to put a stop to their
+calumnies, and to restore not only the harmony of the State, but also
+the authority and respectability of the Prince Stadtholder, and of all
+engaged in the government of the Republic.
+
+His Majesty flatters himself, that their High Mightinesses will
+receive his representations as the counsel and exhortations of a
+neighbor, who is their true and sincere friend, who is not indifferent
+to the fate of the Republic, but who will always feel the liveliest
+and warmest interest in the preservation of its constitution.
+
+                                                           THULEMEYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 24th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The sudden and unexpected manner in which we have received the news of
+the signing of the preliminaries, by all the belligerent powers,
+except that in which we are most interested here, filled our friends
+at first with apprehensions; but after having recovered from their
+first surprise, M. Van Berckel, at the suggestion and on the request
+of the Grand Pensionary, in a secret conference, proposed the most
+dignified and sure method of attaining the object desired and
+desirable to all. The Grand Pensionary adopted it with eagerness, and
+it was, that M. Van Berckel should request me to consult you, as early
+as possible, on this method. It is as follows.
+
+"To accelerate the negotiation of a general peace, and to prevent
+ulterior discussions between their High Mightinesses and Great
+Britain, on the question of free and unlimited navigation. Mr Adams is
+requested to declare, whether he is authorised by Congress to accede
+to the armed neutrality, already concluded between certain powers of
+Europe, or to enter into a similar negotiation with France, Spain, and
+the United Provinces.
+
+"In either case their High Mightinesses would make the same
+proposition to France and Spain, in order to prevent discussions on
+the subject of the liberty of the seas, which may retard the general
+peace, and assist the Republic in concluding a peace on her part with
+Great Britain, which may otherwise be delayed by difficulties, arising
+from particular stipulations or arrangements to be made with England
+on this subject.
+
+"The definitive treaty between England and the Republic might then be
+concluded, with a reserve of the natural right of all nations, who are
+in the enjoyment of this right, unless they should modify it by
+particular treaties on the subject of contrabands, recognised as such
+by the contracting parties.
+
+"Mr Adams is requested to communicate his ideas on this subject as
+speedily as possible, and to add his views on the means of furthering
+such a negotiation, and hastening the conclusion of the general peace;
+since it appears, that the Republic could meanwhile accede to the
+armistice, which must result from the signing of the preliminaries of
+peace by the other belligerent powers, and treat with England on all
+the points in dispute."
+
+It is for you to decide, if you will confer ministerially with M.
+Brantzen on this matter.
+
+It only remains for me to present to you the compliments of M. Van
+Berckel, with the warmest expression of his esteem; he has just left
+me, to give me an opportunity of writing the above.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                            DUMAS.[48]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[48] See Mr Adams's reply to this letter, Vol. VII. p. 13.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 28th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You have probably received today my letter of the 24th, sent by a
+courier of the French Ambassador. It is of the utmost importance to
+those on behalf of whom I wrote it, and they wait with anxiety for
+your answer, because the effect they expect it to produce, is in
+their opinion alone able to repair the immense and unpardonable fault,
+(I use their words) which has been committed in abandoning,
+sacrificing, and deluding them. This is their own language even to the
+Ambassador, who wishes them to enter upon this negotiation directly
+with the French Minister, and in that case promises them complete
+success; this they flatly refuse. He said to me and to them too, that
+he thought you would make no difficulty in taking it upon yourself,
+but that your colleagues would probably oppose it. They replied, that,
+not seeing any reason why any opposition should be made to the joint
+adoption of the measure by the three belligerents, rather than leave
+it to the caprice of the Minister of a single power, they should
+consider any such opposition as owing to the influence of such
+Minister; that then it would be useless to apply any longer to them
+for any negotiations whatever, and in that case his Excellency must in
+future be contented to apply to their High Mightinesses, without
+requiring them and their cities to expose themselves farther to
+contempt and danger.
+
+I have thought it my duty, in so important an affair, to inform you
+fully of all the circumstances. I will add, that the nation is
+indignant at the last act of the French Minister, and that he will
+lose their confidence entirely, if he intrigues against that measure,
+which they propose with an entire reliance on your candor and your
+good intentions.
+
+Yesterday I read to the Grand Pensionary _in extenso_ the copy of the
+preliminaries between America and Great Britain, with which you have
+favored me. I then read it to other friends, but no one shall have a
+copy until you grant permission.
+
+M. de Gyzelaer, whom I have seen this morning, and Messrs Van Berckel
+and Visscher, with whom I supped last evening, have directed me to
+give their most respectful compliments to your Excellency.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                        The Hague, January 30th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The letters I had the honor to write you on the 24th and 28th inst.,
+are the most faithful picture of the sentiments of our republicans. I
+have added nothing of my own; on the contrary I have softened the
+matter as much as possible. If the affair cannot be arranged as I have
+proposed, the credit of France here is gone forever. I send you copies
+of letters relative to this subject, as I promised. France and our
+republicans have been from that time, the object of the bitterest
+sarcasms and raillery of the evil-disposed; and our republicans,
+without losing their courage in opposition to their domestic
+adversaries, are indignant, and have no longer any confidence in what
+is said to them by the French Ministry to color what is past, or to
+engage them to adopt further measures. They pity the Duc de la
+Vauguyon personally, and say that he is sacrificed, and that he is
+deprived of all the fruits of his wise measures, indefatigable
+industry, and splendid success here, by a stroke of a pen. They
+declare besides, that they will not be ruled, influenced, or kept in
+leading-strings by France nor by England, and that whatever may be
+proposed by France, they will not carry it to their cities, without
+sufficient guaranties in their pockets. If you carry the measure I
+have proposed, it will be, in my opinion, an important political
+stroke, of the greatest advantage to the United States, because it
+will establish their credit, dignity, and glory here forever. Your
+judgment and profound penetration, render it unnecessary for me to
+enter into long reasonings on this subject. It is enough that this
+measure will be equally advantageous to all, since all will
+participate in it, and will guaranty it to each other.
+
+The Count de Llano requested me this morning to communicate to him the
+Preliminaries, of which the Duc de la Vauguyon told him I had a copy.
+He was satisfied with my reasons for declining to give him a copy, and
+with the verbal account I gave him of their substance. I have done the
+same favor to M. Asp.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                        The Hague, February 4th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 29th has fully satisfied the gentlemen; and the
+Pensionary, M. Van Berckel, in the name of all, has directed me to
+thank you, and to assure you that it is precisely what they wanted,
+and what they hoped would be done by you and your colleagues; and that
+you may rely entirely on them, as they rely perfectly on you, in
+subsequent proceedings. I have also communicated it to the Grand
+Pensionary, who appeared to think with them, and I have been assured
+from good authority, that he has no less reason than France, to desire
+that the English party should no longer prevail here. I have the
+respects of all to present to you; I am delighted to find them so easy
+to be satisfied; for it appears to me that they ask nothing more than
+the mutual guarantee, which is provided for in the treaties of America
+with this Republic and with France. They are determined not to sign,
+until the article relating to navigation shall be in the terms
+proposed, and not to cede Negapatnam; and they fear that if France
+does not find some remedy for this difficulty, she will again lose the
+confidence and favor of this nation, which are of more importance to
+her than Tobago.
+
+The Count de Vergennes, to excuse the precipitancy in signing the
+treaty, has said to the Ministers of the Republic at Paris, that, on
+one side, America, who declared herself exhausted, feared an
+insurrection if the taxes were increased, demanded through Dr Franklin
+twenty millions for the ensuing campaign, if there were one, and
+wished to enjoy peace and her treaty, rather than to risk the
+continuance of the war, which might prevent the execution of it; and
+on the other, Spain, who, equally exhausted, demanded this conclusion
+absolutely--had compelled France to sign so precipitately; but that
+this does not affect the intention of his Majesty not to conclude,
+unless their High Mightinesses are included in the general peace and
+are satisfied. God grant it may be so. It appears that the Ambassador
+and the Grand Pensionary have received, each by his own courier the
+same assurances. The latter, however, has not yet imparted his
+despatches to our other friends. I have taken care to treat the nation
+with the Boston proclamation in the papers of the day.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                       The Hague, February 18th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Our friends are well satisfied with the repeated declarations I have
+made them from you and your colleagues. They will act in consequence,
+in regard to the Court of France, including that of Spain, and above
+all to your Excellencies. They appear convinced that the measure can
+and ought to succeed. At all events they direct me to propose the
+following question, to obtain an answer thereto, favorable, if
+possible, which will assure and tranquilise them.
+
+"If their High Mightinesses should propose to France to sign a
+convention, founded on the principles of the armed neutrality, for the
+preservation of the freedom of navigation, conjointly with Spain, the
+United States, and the United Provinces of the Low Countries; in case
+France and Spain should appear disposed to postpone such a convention,
+or should decline entering into it before the signing or concluding of
+the definitive treaty; would Mr Dana, and, during his absence, Mr
+Adams, either alone, and as Minister of the United States near this
+Republic, or with his colleagues, be ready to sign such a provisional
+convention, when proposed to them in the name of their High
+Mightinesses, between the United States and the United Provinces?"
+
+It is believed here, that without such a treaty, either between
+France, Spain, the United States and the United Provinces, or in
+defect of the two first, at least between the two last powers, nothing
+can save from the shame of the definitive treaty this Republic, which
+joined in the war only for the liberty of the seas, and which has
+made it a condition _sine qua non_ in its preliminaries.
+
+It is much to be wished that one of these arrangements were
+practicable, as this would at once pave the way for the definitive
+treaty. At least there would be no other difficulty than that relating
+to Negapatnam, and to the commerce to the Moluccas, on which I have
+just read the report of the seventeen directors of the Company, which
+opposes the strongest objections to the yielding of either.
+
+My opinion is, always with submission to your better judgment, that
+your acquiescence in the demand of these gentlemen may be founded on
+three considerations. 1st. On the resolution of the United States of
+October 5th, 1780, communicated by you to their High Mightinesses by a
+letter of March 8th, 1781, and on which you have observed to me, that
+your powers for that purpose were not recalled. 2dly. On the
+circumstance that their High Mightinesses are a party to the armed
+neutrality, to which Mr Dana is waiting the pleasure of another party
+to admit the United States. 3dly. On the fact, that the only point in
+question is in regard to the mutual guarantee, which you have already
+acceded to in the treaty of amity and commerce concluded with their
+High Mightinesses.
+
+Praying you to pay my respects to Messrs Franklin, Jay, Laurens, and
+Brantzen, I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 4th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This note is intended merely to correct a statement I had the honor to
+make you a few days since, via Amsterdam. By an unexpected change, M.
+Van Berckel, Burgomaster of Rotterdam, and brother of the celebrated
+Pensionary of Amsterdam, instead of M. de Dedem, has been nominated by
+the Province of Holland, and accepted by their High Mightinesses, for
+Minister Plenipotentiary near the United States. What I have said,
+however, of the patriotism of one, is entirely applicable to the
+other, and it is with the greatest satisfaction and cordiality that I
+recommend him to your confidence and friendship.
+
+This morning their High Mightinesses have adopted a resolution,
+conformable to that of Holland, relative to the instructions to their
+Plenipotentiary at Paris, to exert himself to effect a general
+pacification. Thus there will soon be an opportunity to congratulate
+the United States on the completion of this momentous affair.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 4th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning their High Mightinesses adopted a conclusion conformable
+to the opinion of the Province of Holland, on the instructions to be
+given to their Plenipotentiaries to obtain a general peace. This
+conclusion is unconstitutional, as it was not adopted unanimously. The
+Deputies of three Provinces, Friesland, Zealand, and Groningen, have
+declared they are not yet authorised to give their consent. But this
+will come.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 5th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is with as much confidence in your goodness, as zeal to serve the
+worthy Minister, who will represent this Republic to yours, that I
+hasten to transmit you the copy hereto annexed, of a letter he has
+just written to me.
+
+I will add, that M. Van Berckel intends to embark at Rotterdam for
+Philadelphia within three months at the latest. He will take his two
+sons with him, and when his house at Philadelphia is ready, he will
+send for his wife and three daughters, and reside permanently during
+the rest of his life near the Congress, who will find him as amiable
+as he is estimable. I am very sorry to lose him, but much rejoiced
+that the United States will make the acquisition. You will consider
+it, I hope, not unreasonable, if desiring to serve to the extent of my
+power my most respectable friend, whom you will soon receive as yours,
+no less on account of his personal virtues, than of his political
+character, which will connect him more closely with you than with any
+other person, I take it for granted not only that you will pardon, but
+be gratified with the liberty I take of addressing this commission to
+you, with a request, that you will confide the execution of it to some
+gentleman, in whom you can place entire confidence, and who will
+discharge it according to the wishes of, and on the most advantageous
+terms for M. Van Berckel; so that on his arrival he may find the house
+hired and at his command, the coach made, and the horses ready for
+use.
+
+The expenses will be paid by M. Van Berckel on his arrival, or even
+sooner, if necessary and possible in so short a time.
+
+If I could have an answer to this before he sets sail, which will be
+in May or June at the latest, it would confer a great obligation on
+him. He will make the passage in a good frigate.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+_P. S._ M. Van Berckel speaks English very well. If this circumstance
+is fortunate for him, it will be no less so for those with whom he is
+to be connected in America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                           The Hague, March 6th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You must have already received, as well as the Ministers of France and
+Spain, the overture of the Ministers of this Republic at Paris, to
+begin the negotiation by a treaty of a mutual guarantee of the liberty
+of the seas. These gentlemen rely principally on the repeated promises
+I have made them on your part, confident that the American
+Plenipotentiaries will not allow themselves to be influenced by
+Shelburne and company, who, they say, understand each other like
+robbers at a fair. You will have no difficulty in understanding the
+allusion. If this convention could be made before the signing of the
+definitive treaty, the republicans here would triumph. A certain
+person having objected to me, that England might take umbrage if this
+treaty were made before the other, "Indeed!" I replied, "how long is
+it since France began anew to fear giving umbrage to England?"
+
+Your declaration concerning the armistice has been inserted in the
+gazettes according to your wish; as has also the English proclamation.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          The Hague, March 27th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+While the powers are taking a _siesta_ to digest the provisional
+peace, previous to putting the finishing hand to it, I can only speak
+to you of the domestic affairs of this Republic.
+
+1st. Five Provinces have conformed to the opinion of Holland, for the
+criminal process on account of the disobedience of the squadron, which
+should have sailed from Brest in the beginning of October last. The
+opinion of Guelderland, the States of which will assemble next month,
+is the only one wanting.
+
+2dly. There is a provisional report of seven of the principal cities
+of Holland, which the others have taken _ad referendum_, to require
+explanations from the Prince on the last Memorial of M. Thulemeyer,
+Envoy of Prussia, by declaring whether he really has to complain of
+the loss of any prerogatives constitutionally belonging to him; or if
+the remonstrances of the King on that point are not founded on a
+mistake? Those who are suspected of being the only focus from which
+this, _brutum fulmen_, (shall I call it) or this _will o' the whisp_,
+has proceeded, are doing all they can to prevent a majority, which
+would convert this report into a resolution. If they cannot succeed in
+this, the nobles, that is, the Prince, whom they allow to dispose of
+their vote, will delay the resolution by pretending not to be ready
+to vote. But then the others can appoint a day on which they must be
+ready, and, meanwhile, they will print the report; which will increase
+the difficulty of the Court, and, perhaps, of the kind M. Thulemeyer,
+in saving themselves from the dilemma, I will not say with honor,
+which is impossible, but without mortification.
+
+3dly. The city of Alcmaer, by a formal deputation, has declared to the
+Prince, that in future it will dispose not only of nominations, but
+also of the consequent elections without his participation; asserting
+that this right belongs to it in virtue of certain ancient privileges.
+It persists in its design, and the Prince, who it was said at first,
+had intended to complain to the States of the Province by letter, has
+renounced his intention, for want of any solid objections to the
+measure.
+
+4thly. The arrangement of the military jurisdiction is another
+formidable operation for him, which will begin next week to occupy the
+serious attention of the States of Holland.
+
+5thly. Finally the court of justice continues to make rigid and minute
+examinations on the affair of St Nicholas, or of the 6th of December
+last, and is preparing a full report, which will be published, and
+which, as I am assured from good authority, will demonstrate that it
+was an actual conspiracy, the leaders of which were certain nobles and
+placemen, almost all of whom are already discovered.
+
+Congress will see by these specimens, that the republican party here
+is far from being discouraged by the approaches of peace, as some
+flattered themselves, and others feared or foretold they would be.
+
+The Prince has lost the enthusiastic love, which the large part of the
+nation bore him; this loss is irreparable, and the conduct he is
+induced to adopt renders it more and more incurable. In the Provinces,
+as for instance, Overyssel, Utrecht and Guelderland, where he was the
+most absolute, they are still more alienated, irritated, and disgusted
+with abuses, than in this. I do not say that this will or ought to end
+in a revolution, but a considerable diminution of his usurped and
+unconstitutional power, will, according to all appearances, be the
+result. The course of these people and that of the cabinets,
+negotiating a peace, may be compared to the hare and the tortoise in
+the fable; the former began with long leaps, and rapid strides, and
+after these preliminaries fell asleep at a little distance from the
+goal, thinking it easy for him to reach it at any moment; our
+tortoise, in spite of his tardy movements, may yet attain some of his
+objects, before the hare awakes.
+
+I see constantly and confidentially the French Ambassador and the
+_Charge d'Affaires_ of Sweden, sometimes likewise the Minister of
+Spain. I cannot serve the first in the present circumstances with so
+much success as formerly; my friends wish to see the wrongs of which
+they complain redressed, before they can rely with their former
+confidence on future promises; it is not his fault and I pity him,
+but, after all, I cannot say that my friends are wrong.
+
+The other diplomatic agents appear to be here merely to vegetate and
+kill time, sometimes at what they call the Court, sometimes with each
+other.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          The Hague, April 18th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Our friends are returned here to meet, provided with good
+instructions, not only in regard to the military jurisdiction but also
+to other subjects, which it will be agreeable here to see on the
+carpet of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses the States of Holland.
+Those of Dort are in substance as follows;
+
+I. To grant the annual requisition of the Council of State for the
+department of war, except the forty or fortyfive thousand florins,
+which the High Council of War expend for the Province annually, and
+which the city wishes to be struck off. The six other Provinces
+together pay about thirty thousand florins besides, for the support of
+the Council.
+
+II. To exert themselves in inquiring into and reforming abuses which
+have been introduced into the army, and particularly, 1st. to prevent
+in future titular promotions, by which a prodigious number of officers
+are created with higher titles than their rank and pay entitle them
+to, which does not fail to cost the country 600,000 florins annually
+to no purpose; 2dly. To abolish the venality of the companies and
+other posts, which has existed for some time.
+
+In Friesland they are equally firm. A Westphalian, having defrauded
+the revenue, was condemned to ten years' hard labor in prison. The
+Regency of Munster having solicited his pardon the Counsellor Deputies
+of Friesland, principally devoted to the Court, reported therein to
+the States of Friesland that the case was pardonable, but that the
+right of pardon being devolved on the Prince by the abdication of the
+right by the States, it was necessary to refer the affair to him. To
+disavow this pretended abdication, and because the case is one of
+those called royal cases, the States in opposition to this report
+granted the pardon without consulting the Prince.
+
+In a fortnight, a man imprisoned for disturbances on the 8th of March,
+the birthday of the Prince, will be whipped, at Rotterdam. Two other
+of these fellows are in prison at Delft, for having committed similar
+disorders at Overschie, a village near Rotterdam, in the jurisdiction
+of Delft. As they broke into houses they are in danger of being hung.
+A body of three hundred volunteers, of young men of the best families
+of Rotterdam, has been formed to maintain public order in case of any
+similar disturbances. They exercise daily, and have petitioned to be
+authorised by their Regency. They will succeed, through the influence
+of the Burgomaster Van Berckel, who prevails in the legislative body
+of the city, notwithstanding the opposition of the Burgomaster Van der
+Heim, who is devoted to the Court, and who has the majority in the
+executive.
+
+The French Ambassador will set out next Monday, on a visit of several
+months to France. Meanwhile M. de Berenger, Secretary of Legation,
+will attend to the business of the embassy.
+
+I have been requested to sound Mr Dana, to know, "whether, in case
+their High Mightinesses should think proper to send full powers to
+their Minister at Petersburg, to conclude a treaty with the Minister
+of the United States, on the principles of the armed neutrality, Mr
+Dana could enter on such a negotiation." I have written him in
+consequence.
+
+_April 23d._ On the 20th, the French Ambassador gave a farewell
+dinner, at which I had the honor to be present.
+
+I wrote to Mr Adams a letter on the 11th, of which I yesterday
+received an answer dated the 16th, and this morning waited upon M.
+Fagel, the Secretary, to say to him, that I had the satisfaction to be
+able to free their High Mightinesses from all anxiety on the point of
+titles, by assuring them, that the United States had adopted no other,
+than that of the _United States of America in Congress assembled_, and
+that the qualification of _Friends and Allies_, which their High
+Mightinesses will add, did not require to be enriched by any epithets.
+You see, Sir, added I, that in America they practise the maxim of
+Boerhaave, _sigillum veri simplex_. He approved this remark, and
+politely thanked me for the information. On leaving him I went to
+communicate the same thing to the Pensionaries of Dort and Amsterdam,
+who said to me, smiling, there is still one little thing, that puzzled
+the Secretary; it is not customary in Holland to say _you_ in
+addressing any one, and he has been able to find no expression but _El
+Edelere_ (_Your Noblenesses_) in addressing the Congress. I answered
+in the same tone, that the Americans recognise no other nobility than
+that of soul, and that as the simple address would not, in my opinion,
+be disagreeable to them, if the Secretary used it without any
+appendages.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+               ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                                         Without date.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letters to March
+4th inclusive. I am sorry to find by them, that the ferment occasioned
+by the causes you explain, continues to work. How far it may be
+necessary to purge off the impurities, which your government has
+contracted by long inaction, I will not pretend to say. It is certain,
+however, that the want of harmony in its different branches has had
+the most melancholy effects upon your operations the last war; and
+deprived you of important advantages in the conclusion of it. Though I
+sincerely wish that the struggles of your patriots may be attended
+with the same happy consequences with ours, yet I take the liberty to
+remind you, that your public character puts you in a delicate
+situation with respect to them, that as a foreign nation, whatever we
+may wish, we have no right to express those wishes, or in any way to
+interfere in the internal disputes of our allies, that our conduct
+should show, that we were the enemy of no party, except so far as
+their measures were inimical to us. You will not, Sir, consider this
+as a reproof, for I have not the smallest reason to believe, that you
+have not made these reflections yourself, and acted conformably
+thereto. On the contrary, I rather conclude, that you have, from the
+long habit in which you have been of conducting public affairs which
+require prudence and delicacy. I only mention it, therefore, as a
+caution which will not probably, but may possibly be necessary to one
+who is animated by the spirit of freedom, and may as a patriot be
+hurried beyond the limits we should prescribe to our Ministers.
+
+You will be pleased to discontinue in future all the Dutch papers, and
+send us only the Leyden Gazette, the _Courrier du Bas Rhin_, and the
+_Courrier de l'Europe_, together with such publications on political
+subjects, written in French, as may be worth our attention. I commit
+the enclosed letters to Mr Dana to your care.
+
+Nothing has yet been done in your affairs, though they lay before
+Congress; a variety of important matters have pressed of late for
+their consideration, and you are too well acquainted with popular
+assemblies to be surprised at the slowness of their proceedings.
+
+We have returned the prisoners on both sides, and Congress have made a
+considerable reduction in the army, by permitting those who are
+enlisted for the war to return home on furlough. We cannot yet learn
+with certainty from General Carleton, when he means to evacuate New
+York. I sincerely rejoice at M. Van Berckel's appointment, and wish
+you had informed me when we might expect him here, where the patriotic
+character of his family cannot but ensure him an agreeable reception.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             The Hague, May 8th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The great blow of the suppression of the High Council of War, and the
+restriction of the military jurisdiction, was finally and decisively
+struck in the States of Holland last week, as your Excellency will see
+by the resolutions and publications in the gazettes sent with this;
+there is no doubt that the other Provinces will conform to that of
+Holland. Thus have the republicans gained a signal victory over the
+other party, and which would never have happened but for the war,
+which has so humbled the English and the Anglomanes.
+
+I have seen the last despatches of the Plenipotentiaries of this
+Republic at Paris, to the Grand Pensionary of the 25th and 28th of
+April, and of M. Tor, Secretary of M. Brantzen at London, of the 18th
+of April, received here the 3d of May, from M. Brantzen. It appears
+from these letters, that they could not agree, either at Paris or
+London, upon the articles of peace between this Republic and Great
+Britain. The Secretary, Mr Fox, with whom M. Tor had two conferences,
+made evasive answers, and this _man of the people_ does not seem to
+have the same esteem for the republicans as formerly. He put two
+singular questions to M. Tor; 1st. why they were so dissatisfied with
+the Prince of Orange in the United Provinces? 2dly. what impression
+the measures of the King of Prussia in favor of the Prince had made?
+M. Tor in turn evaded these questions, which lead us to conclude, that
+this _man of the people_ is no better than the others. Meanwhile the
+Deputies of Dort and Schoonhoven, have proposed the reform of several
+great abuses in the army; 1st. The creation of supernumerary officers,
+by raising them above their actual rank, and excusing them from
+service. 2dly. The venality of posts. 3dly. The introduction of
+foreign officers in the national regiments. These propositions have
+been committed. In due time I shall give an account of the report of
+the committee, and of its result.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, May 25th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The States of Holland will assemble next Wednesday, and meanwhile I
+have nothing interesting to add to what the annexed papers contain,
+except that the last letters from Paris of the 16th and 19th, inform
+me that nothing has yet been done to forward the conclusion of the
+general definitive treaty.
+
+I learn from good authority, that Mr Harris, British Minister at the
+Court of St Petersburg, is intended for that post here, after
+everything is settled. I shall communicate this intelligence to our
+friends at Dort and Amsterdam this evening. They will be pleased with
+it, for they feared the return of Sir Joseph Yorke and his old arts,
+which under present circumstances would be injurious here, without
+being of any real benefit to England.
+
+I take the liberty to recommend to the attention and kindness of the
+United States and their citizens, Captain Riemersma, commander of the
+Overyssel, ship of the line, who will sail from the Texel after the
+19th June, carrying M. Van Berckel to Philadelphia. He is a brave
+officer, an excellent patriot, a constant friend of liberty and of
+America, and he received the squadron of Commodore Paul Jones in the
+Texel in 1779, in a very friendly manner, for which he was punished by
+the Anglomanes, whose intrigues effected his removal from the command
+of the Road, and who have ever since prevented him from being employed
+and advanced; in this they have injured only their country; for he is
+wealthy, and it is not interest, but honor and taste for the
+profession, which induce him to serve.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     NOTE TO THE STATES-GENERAL.
+
+                                            The Hague, June 5th, 1783.
+
+The undersigned, _Charge d'Affaires_ of the United States of America,
+has the honor to inform their High Mightinesses, that in the absence
+of the Minister Plenipotentiary, for reasons known to their High
+Mightinesses, he has intrusted to him the honor of laying before them
+the treaty and convention concluded between the two Republics on the
+7th of October last, and since ratified by the United States in
+Congress assembled; and also of receiving in exchange the
+ratifications of their High Mightinesses.
+
+The undersigned congratulates himself on being permitted to discharge
+a duty so congenial to his zeal for the United States, to his respect
+for their High Mightinesses, and to his attachment to a nation, in the
+bosom of which he has had the pleasure of living for many years.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+By order of Mr Adams I sent this note to the Secretary, M. Fagel, and
+a copy to the Grand Pensionary, Van Bleiswick. M. Fagel has requested
+several days to allow time for the clerks to prepare the ratification
+of their High Mightinesses, "which," he said to me, "I should
+communicate with great pleasure to Mr Adams if he were here, and I
+shall communicate it to you, Sir, with the same pleasure."
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     M. FAGEL TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                           The Hague, June 19th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Our ratification cannot be ready until next Monday. If you will call
+on me at Court on Monday morning, at one o'clock, I shall be able to
+exchange the ratifications with you.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                             H. FAGEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, June 20th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday I received a note from the Secretary of their High
+Mightinesses, of which I annex a copy. I shall therefore receive the
+act there mentioned next Monday, and shall keep it until I can
+transmit it to Mr Adams, according to his orders.
+
+The city of Gorcum has followed, by a large majority, the example of
+Dort, Schoonhoven, Rotterdam, Schiedam, and Alcmaer, by a resolution
+abolishing the influence of the Prince, on the nominations to vacant
+places; there is nothing left him but the right, which the
+constitution secures to him, of choosing among several persons
+nominated. This week their Noble and Grand Mightinesses will
+deliberate on the abolition of the venality of military offices.
+
+This contradicts the notion, which it was attempted to inculcate, that
+the ardor for reform would relax, at the end of the war.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, June 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+At one o'clock this afternoon, an exchange of the ratification of the
+treaty and convention concluded the 7th of October last, between the
+United States and the United Provinces of the Low Countries, took
+place in the business hall between the Secretary of their High
+Mightinesses and your servant. I keep these two acts, according to the
+orders of Mr Adams, to place them in his hands on his return. They are
+authenticated according to the usage of this country, with the seal of
+the Republic, enclosed in two large silver boxes attached to each, on
+which are engraven the arms of the Union.
+
+M. Van Berckel sets out today from Amsterdam for the Texel, and I am
+in haste to send this by him.
+
+I have only to assure you of, &c.
+
+                                                                DUMAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       END OF THE NINTH VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
++--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE.                                                |
+|                                                                    |
+| Omitted words, shown as blank spaces in the original, have been    |
+| transcribed as four hyphens ('----').                              |
+|                                                                    |
+| Spelling variations between letters have been preserved.           |
++--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, Vol. IX, by Various
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