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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Key-Notes of American Liberty, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Key-Notes of American Liberty
+       Comprising the most important speeches, proclamations, and
+       acts of Congress, from the foundation of the government
+       to the presen
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: E. B. Treat
+
+Release Date: May 15, 2009 [EBook #28831]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KEY-NOTES OF AMERICAN LIBERTY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Greg Bergquist and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from scans of public domain works at the
+University of Michigan's Making of America collection.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully
+preserved. Only obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+[Illustration: Engd. by H.B. Hall, from the original Painting by
+Stuart.]
+
+
+
+
+  KEY-NOTES
+
+  OF
+
+  AMERICAN LIBERTY;
+
+  COMPRISING
+
+  THE MOST IMPORTANT SPEECHES, PROCLAMATIONS, AND
+  ACTS OF CONGRESS, FROM THE FOUNDATION
+  OF THE GOVERNMENT TO THE
+  PRESENT TIME.
+
+  WITH A
+
+  HISTORY OF THE FLAG,
+
+  BY A DISTINGUISHED HISTORIAN.
+
+  Illustrated.
+
+  NEW YORK:
+
+  E.B. TREAT & CO.
+
+  654 BROADWAY.
+
+  CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: R.C. TREAT and C.W. LILLEY.
+  B.C. BAKER, DETROIT, MICH.   L.C. BRAINARD, ST. LOUIS, MO.
+  A.O. BRIGGS, CLEVELAND, O.   M. PITMAN & CO., BOSTON, MASS.
+  A.L. TALCOTT, PITTSBURG, PA.
+
+
+
+
+ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by
+
+E.B. TREAT.
+
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
+Southern District of New York.
+
+MACDONALD & STONE, PRINTERS AND STEREOTYPERS, 43 CENTRE STREET, N.Y.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This book appeals to the patriotic sentiments of all classes of readers.
+In its pages will be found those words of burning eloquence which
+lighted the fires of the American Revolution, stirring the hearts of our
+fathers to do battle for our independence; the words of wisdom which
+brought our ship of state safely through the storms of strife into the
+calms of peace, and all of the most important speeches and proclamations
+of our statesmen which guided our country during critical periods of our
+political life. It is a book of our country as a whole; all must read it
+with emotions of gratitude and pride at the grandeur and stability of
+our institutions as exemplified by the eloquent words of the statesmen
+and leading spirits of the great Republic.
+
+First in its pages, appropriately, will be found the "Declaration of
+Independence," the great corner stone of American liberty; and as a
+fitting close, one of our most distinguished historians has furnished a
+"History of the Flag,"--the Flag of the Union, the sacred emblem around
+which are clustered the memories of the thousands of heroes who have
+struggled to sustain it untarnished against both foreign and domestic
+foes. To the Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United
+States, and Washington's Farewell Address--truly "Key Notes to American
+Liberty"--have been added many important proclamations and congressional
+acts of a later day, namely: President Jackson's famous Nullification
+Proclamation to South Carolina, The Monroe Doctrine, Dred Scott
+Decision, Neutrality laws, with numerous documents, state papers and
+statistical matter growing out of the late Rebellion; all of which will
+be read with new and ever increasing interest. And as long as our
+Republic endures, these pages will be cherished as the representative of
+all that is great and good in our country; and will prove incentives to
+our children to follow in the footsteps of the patriots by whose genius
+and valor our institutions have been cherished and preserved, and
+liberty, like water made to run throughout the land free to all.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                     PAGE.
+
+  DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,                           9
+
+  CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES,                    18
+
+  AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION,                       39
+
+  CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ABOLISHING SLAVERY,          44
+
+  PROPOSED AMENDMENTS OF THE XXXIXTH CONGRESS,          48
+
+  THE ORDINANCE OF 1787,                                51
+
+  THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1793,                      52
+
+  THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1850,                      55
+
+  THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE,                              67
+
+  THE STATES OF THE UNION, WITH THE DATE OF THEIR
+  ADMISSION,                                            69
+
+  INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON,               70
+
+  WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS,                        77
+
+  PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION TO SOUTH
+  CAROLINA,                                            105
+
+  MONROE DOCTRINE,                                     144
+
+  DRED SCOTT DECISION,                                 146
+
+  PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED
+  STATES, WITH THE POPULAR VOTE FOR EACH,              154
+
+  POPULAR NAMES OF STATES,                             166
+
+  BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION,                           167
+
+  NEUTRALITY LAW OF THE UNITED STATES,                 168
+
+  POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES,                     176
+
+  SLAVE POPULATION IN THE U.S. IN 1860,                177
+
+  STATISTICS OF SLAVERY BEFORE THE REVOLUTION,         178
+
+  SPEECH OF HON. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS,--HIS LAST
+  WORDS FOR THE UNION,                                 179
+
+  PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S FIRST CALL FOR TROOPS,           186
+
+  TOTAL NUMBER OF TROOPS CALLED INTO SERVICE DURING
+  THE REBELLION,                                       188
+
+  RESOLUTIONS OF THE N.Y. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,         189
+
+  BLOCKADE PROCLAMATION, BY PRESIDENT LINCOLN,         194
+
+  EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION,                           197
+
+  CONFISCATION ACT,                                    201
+
+  FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN,        204
+
+  BALANCE SHEET OF THE GOVERNMENT, BEFORE AND SINCE
+  THE WAR, 1859 AND 1865,                              221
+
+  PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S SECOND AND LAST INAUGURAL
+  ADDRESS,                                             222
+
+  PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY,         226
+
+  PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S AMNESTY PROCLAMATION,            232
+
+  PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S PEACE PROCLAMATION,              237
+
+  THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL,                               239
+
+  FREEDMEN'S BUREAU BILL,                              248
+
+  PROVOST MARSHAL-GENERAL'S REPORT, OF THE KILLED AND
+  WOUNDED DURING THE REBELLION,                        261
+
+  THE UNITED STATES ARMY, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MEN
+  FURNISHED FROM EACH STATE DURING THE REBELLION,      265
+
+  HISTORY OF THE FLAG,                                 266
+
+
+
+
+Key-Notes of American Liberty.
+
+
+
+
+DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
+
+                            IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
+
+_By the Representatives of the United States, in Congress assembled._
+
+
+A DECLARATION.
+
+When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
+to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another,
+and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal
+station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a
+decent respect for the opinions of mankind requires that they should
+declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
+
+We hold these truths to be self-evident:--that all men are created
+equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable
+rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
+happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among
+men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that
+whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends it is
+the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a
+new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing
+its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect
+their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that
+governments long established should not be changed for light and
+transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind
+are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right
+themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But
+when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
+same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism,
+it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and
+to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the
+patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity
+which constrains them to alter their former system of government. The
+history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated
+injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment
+of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be
+submitted to a candid world.
+
+He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for
+the public good.
+
+He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
+importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should
+be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
+to them.
+
+He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
+districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
+representation in the legislature--a right inestimable to them, and
+formidable to tyrants only.
+
+He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
+uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,
+for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
+measures.
+
+He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with
+manly firmness, his invasions on the right of the people.
+
+He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others
+to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
+annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;
+the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of
+invasion from without and convulsions within.
+
+He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
+purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing
+to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the
+conditions of new appropriations of lands.
+
+He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent
+to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
+
+He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their
+offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.
+
+He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
+officers, to harass our people and eat out their substance.
+
+He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the
+consent of our legislatures.
+
+He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to
+the civil power.
+
+He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to
+our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to
+their acts of pretended legislation,--
+
+For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
+
+For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders
+which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States:
+
+For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world:
+
+For imposing taxes on us without our consent:
+
+For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury:
+
+For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences:
+
+For abolishing the free system of English law in a neighboring province,
+establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its
+boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for
+introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies:
+
+For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
+altering fundamentally the forms of our government:
+
+For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested
+with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
+
+He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection,
+and waging war against us.
+
+He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and
+destroyed the lives of our people.
+
+He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to
+complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun,
+with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
+most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
+nation.
+
+He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
+to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
+friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
+
+He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to
+bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,
+whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all
+ages, sexes, and conditions.
+
+In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
+the most humble terms; our petitions have been answered only by repeated
+injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may
+define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
+
+Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have
+warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to
+extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
+the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
+appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
+them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations,
+which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
+They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We
+must therefore acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our
+separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in
+war--in peace, friends.
+
+We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in
+General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world
+for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the
+authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
+declare that these United Colonies are, and of good right ought to be,
+free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance
+to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and
+the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and
+that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war,
+conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all
+other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for
+the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection
+of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our
+fortunes, and our sacred honor.
+
+Signed by order and in behalf of the Congress.
+
+JOHN HANCOCK, _President_.
+
+Attested, CHARLES THOMPSON, _Secretary_.
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.             PENNSYLVANIA.
+
+Josiah Bartlett,           Robert Morris,
+William Whipple,           Benjamin Rush,
+Matthew Thornton.          Benjamin Franklin,
+                           John Morton,
+MASSACHUSETTS BAY.         George Clymer,
+                           James Smith,
+Samuel Adams,              George Taylor,
+John Adams,                James Wilson,
+Robert Treat Paine,        George Ross.
+Eldridge Gerry.
+                           DELAWARE.
+RHODE ISLAND, ETC.
+                           Cæsar Rodney,
+Stephen Hopkins,           George Read,
+William Ellery.            Thomas M'Kean.
+
+CONNECTICUT.               MARYLAND.
+
+Roger Sherman,             Samuel Chase,
+Samuel Huntington,         William Paca,
+William Williams,          Thomas Stone,
+Oliver Wolcott.            Charles Carroll, of Carrollton.
+
+NEW YORK.                  VIRGINIA.
+
+William Floyd,             George Wythe,
+Philip Livingston,         Richard Henry Lee,
+Francis Lewis,             Thomas Jefferson,
+Lewis Morris.              Benjamin Harrison,
+                           Thomas Nelson, jr.,
+NEW JERSEY.                Francis Lightfoot Lee,
+                           Carter Braxton.
+Richard Stockton,
+John Witherspoon,
+Francis Hopkinson,
+John Hart,
+Abraham Clark.
+
+NORTH CAROLINA.            Thomas Heyward, jr.,
+                           Thomas Lynch, jr.,
+William Hooper,            Arthur Middleton.
+Joseph Hewes,
+John Penn.                 GEORGIA.
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA.            Button Gwinnett,
+                           Lyman Hall,
+Edward Rutledge,           George Walton.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+     We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more
+     perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity,
+     provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and
+     secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do
+     ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
+     America.
+
+
+ARTICLE I.
+
+§ I.--All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
+Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House
+of Representatives.
+
+§ II.--1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
+chosen every second year by the people of the several States; and the
+electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
+electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.
+
+2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained the
+age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
+States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of the State
+in which he shall be chosen.
+
+3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
+several States which may be included within this Union, according to
+their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the
+whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
+term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
+other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years
+after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
+every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
+direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every
+thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;
+and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of _New Hampshire_
+shall be entitled to choose three; _Massachusetts_, eight; _Rhode Island
+and Providence Plantations_, one; _Connecticut_, five; _New York_, six;
+_New Jersey_, four; _Pennsylvania_, eight; _Delaware_, one; _Maryland_,
+six; _Virginia_, ten; _North Carolina_, five; _South Carolina_, five;
+_Georgia_, three.
+
+4. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State, the
+executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
+vacancies.
+
+5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other
+officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
+
+§ III.--1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
+senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six
+years; and each senator shall have one vote.
+
+2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
+election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three
+classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated
+at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the
+expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of
+the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and
+if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of
+the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary
+appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then
+fill such vacancies.
+
+3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age of
+thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
+who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he
+shall be chosen.
+
+4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
+Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
+
+5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president
+pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall
+exercise the office of President of the United States.
+
+6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
+sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
+President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall
+preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of
+two-thirds of the members present.
+
+7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to
+removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
+of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party
+convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment,
+trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law.
+
+§ IV.--1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for
+Senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the
+legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or
+alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.
+
+2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such
+meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
+law appoint a different day.
+
+§ V.--1. Each house shall be judge of the elections, returns, and
+qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall
+constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
+from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
+absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house
+may provide.
+
+2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
+members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of
+two-thirds, expel a member.
+
+3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
+time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment,
+require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on
+any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be
+entered on the journal.
+
+4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
+consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
+place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
+
+§ VI.--1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation
+for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the
+treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason,
+felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
+attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or
+returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house
+they shall not be questioned in any other place.
+
+2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was
+elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
+United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
+shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any
+office under the United States shall be a member of either house during
+his continuance in office.
+
+§ VII.--1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
+Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments,
+as on other bills.
+
+2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
+the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President
+of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he
+shall return it with his objections, to that house in which it shall
+have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
+journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
+two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
+together with the objections, to the other house; and if approved by
+two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases
+the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the
+name of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on
+the journals of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be
+returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it
+shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like
+manner as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by their adjournment,
+prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law.
+
+3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
+Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
+question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
+United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved
+by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of
+the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
+limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
+
+§ VIII.--The Congress shall have power--
+
+1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the
+debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the
+United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform
+throughout the United States:
+
+2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States:
+
+3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
+States, and with the Indian tribes:
+
+4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
+the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States:
+
+5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
+fix the standard of weights and measures:
+
+6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
+current coin of the United States:
+
+7. To establish post offices and post roads:
+
+8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for
+limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
+respective writings and discoveries:
+
+9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court:
+
+10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
+seas, and offences against the law of nations:
+
+11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
+concerning captures on land and water:
+
+12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that
+use shall be for a longer term than two years:
+
+13. To provide and maintain a navy:
+
+14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and
+naval forces:
+
+15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
+Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:
+
+16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
+for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
+United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of
+the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to
+the discipline prescribed by Congress:
+
+17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over
+such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
+particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
+government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all
+places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in
+which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
+dock yards, and other needful building: And,
+
+18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
+into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
+Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any
+department or officer thereof.
+
+§ IX.--1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
+States, now existing, shall think proper to admit, shall not be
+prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred
+and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not
+exceeding ten dollars for each person.
+
+2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
+unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
+require it.
+
+3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed.
+
+4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
+to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
+
+5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any States. No
+preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to
+the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound
+to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in
+another.
+
+6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
+appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
+receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
+time to time.
+
+7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no
+person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without
+the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,
+or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State.
+
+§ X.--1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
+confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit
+bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in
+payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or
+impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.
+
+2. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or
+duties on imports or exports, except what maybe absolutely necessary for
+executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and
+imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of
+the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject
+to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the
+consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of
+war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another
+State or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually
+invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
+
+
+ARTICLE II.
+
+§ I.--1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
+United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of
+four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same
+term, be elected as follows:
+
+2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof
+may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators
+and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress;
+but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust
+or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
+
+3. [Annulled. See Amendments, Art. 12.]
+
+4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
+day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same
+throughout the United States.
+
+5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United
+States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
+eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
+eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of
+thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
+States.
+
+6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
+resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said
+office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress
+may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or
+inability both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what
+officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act
+accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be
+elected.
+
+7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
+compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
+period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive,
+within that period, any other emolument from the United States, or any
+of them.
+
+8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
+following oath or affirmation:--
+
+"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
+office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my
+ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United
+States."
+
+§ II.--1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy
+of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when
+called into the actual service of the United States: he may require the
+opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive
+departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective
+offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
+offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
+
+2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present
+concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of
+the Senate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and
+consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
+United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
+and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law,
+vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in
+the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of
+departments.
+
+3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
+happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which
+shall expire at the end of the next session.
+
+§ III.--He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of
+the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such
+measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
+extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in
+case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of
+adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
+he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take
+care that the laws are faithfully executed; and shall commission all the
+officers of the United States.
+
+§ IV.--The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the
+United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and
+conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
+
+
+ARTICLE III.
+
+§ I.--The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one
+Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from
+time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and
+inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
+shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which
+shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
+
+§II.--1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity
+arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and
+treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority; to all
+cases affecting ambassadors, and other public ministers, and consuls; to
+all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to
+which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two
+or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between
+citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State,
+claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or
+the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects.
+
+2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and
+consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court
+shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned,
+the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and
+fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress
+shall make.
+
+3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
+jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where such crimes shall
+have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial
+shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
+directed.
+
+§ III.--1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
+levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them
+aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the
+testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confessions in open
+court.
+
+2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason;
+but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or
+forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV.
+
+§ I.--Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public
+acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the
+Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts,
+records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
+
+§ II.--1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
+and immunities of citizens in the several States.
+
+2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
+who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on
+demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
+delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
+crime.
+
+3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
+thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
+regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall
+be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
+be due.
+
+§ III.--1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
+but no new State shall shall be formed or erected within the
+jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction
+of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the
+legislature of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.
+
+2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful
+rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property
+belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
+be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of
+any particular State.
+
+§ IV.--The United States shall guaranty to every State of this Union a
+republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
+invasion, and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive,
+(when the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence.
+
+
+ARTICLE V.
+
+The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it
+necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
+application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
+shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case,
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
+Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the
+several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one
+or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
+provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one
+thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first
+and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that
+no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
+in the Senate.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI.
+
+1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the
+adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
+States under this Constitution as under the confederation.
+
+2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
+made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be
+made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law
+of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby; any
+thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
+notwithstanding.
+
+3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of
+the several State legislatures, and all executive and all judicial
+officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be
+bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no
+religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
+or public trust under the United States.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII.
+
+The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient
+for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
+ratifying the same.
+
+     Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present,
+     the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one
+     thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of
+     the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we
+     have hereunto subscribed our names.
+
+GEORGE WASHINGTON,
+
+_President, and Deputy from Virginia._
+
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.             DELAWARE.
+
+John Langdon,              George Read,
+Nicholas Gilman.           Gunning Bedford, jr.,
+                           John Dickinson,
+MASSACHUSETTS.             Richard Bassett,
+                           Jacob Broom.
+Nathaniel Gorham,
+Rufus King.                MARYLAND.
+                           James McHenry,
+CONNECTICUT.               Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer,
+                           Daniel Carroll.
+Wm. Samuel Johnson,
+Roger Sherman.             VIRGINIA.
+
+NEW YORK.                  John Blair,
+                           James Madison, jr.
+Alexander Hamilton.
+                           NORTH CAROLINA.
+NEW JERSEY.
+                           William Blount,
+William Livingston,        Rich. Dobbs Spaight,
+David Brearley,            Hugh Williamson.
+William Patterson,
+Jonathan Dayton.           SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.              John Rutledge,
+Benjamin Franklin,         Charles C. Pinckney,
+Thomas Mifflin,            Charles Pinckney,
+Robert Morris,             Pierce Butler.
+George Clymer,
+Thomas Fitzsimons,         GEORGIA.
+Jared Ingersoll,
+James Wilson,              William Few,
+Gouverneur Morris.         Abraham Baldwin.
+
+Attest, WILLIAM JACKSON, _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
+
+
+ART. I.--Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
+religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
+freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
+to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
+
+ART. II.--A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a
+free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
+infringed.
+
+ART. III.--No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house
+without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to
+be prescribed by law.
+
+ART. IV.--The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
+papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
+not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause,
+supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
+to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
+
+ART. V.--No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise
+infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury,
+except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia
+when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any
+person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of
+life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be
+witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
+without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
+public use without just compensation.
+
+ART. VI.--In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
+right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and
+district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
+shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
+nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
+against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
+favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.
+
+ART. VII.--In suits of common law, where the value in controversy shall
+exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved;
+and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court
+of the United States than according to the rules of the common law.
+
+ART. VIII.--Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
+imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
+
+ART. IX.--The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall
+not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
+
+ART. X.--The powers not delegated to the United States by the
+Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
+States respectively, or to the people.
+
+ART. XI.--The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed
+to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against
+one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or
+subjects of any foreign State.
+
+ART. XII.--The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote
+by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall
+not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name
+in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
+ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make
+distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
+persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for
+each; which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to
+the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president
+of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
+Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the
+votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of
+votes for President shall be President, if such number be a majority of
+the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such a
+majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding
+three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of
+Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But,
+in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the
+representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this
+purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the
+States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
+And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President,
+whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
+day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
+President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
+disability of the President.
+
+2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President
+shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole
+number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then
+from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the
+Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of
+the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall
+be necessary to a choice.
+
+3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President
+shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.
+
+
+ARTICLE V. of the Constitution of the United States clearly and
+distinctly sets forth the mode and manner in which that instrument may
+be amended, as follows:
+
+"The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it
+necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
+application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
+shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either case
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
+Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the
+several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one
+or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress."
+
+In accordance with this article of the Constitution, the following
+resolution was proposed in the Senate, on February 1, 1864, adopted
+April 8, 1864, by a vote of 38 to 6, and was proposed in the House June
+15, 1864, adopted Jan. 31, 1865, by a vote of 119 to 56:
+
+_Resolved_, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America, in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses
+concurring, that the following article be proposed to the Legislatures,
+of the several States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the United
+States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures,
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of the said
+Constitution, namely:
+
+Art. XIII. 1st. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
+punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
+shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
+jurisdiction.
+
+The amendment was now sent by the Secretary of State to the Governors of
+the several States for ratification by the Legislatures; a majority vote
+in three-fourths being required to make it a law of the land.
+
+On Dec. 18, 1865, Secretary Seward officially announced to the country
+the ratification of the Amendment as follows:
+
+_To all to whom these presents may come, Greeting:_
+
+_Know ye_, That, whereas the Congress of the United States, on the 1st
+of February last, passed a resolution, which is in the words following,
+namely:
+
+"A resolution submitting to the Legislatures of the several States a
+proposition to amend the Constitution of the United States."
+
+"_Resolved_, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses
+concurring, that the following article be proposed to the Legislatures
+of the several States as an Amendment to the Constitution of the United
+States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures,
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes as a part of said
+Constitution, namely:
+
+"'ARTICLE XIII.
+
+"'SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
+punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
+shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
+jurisdiction.
+
+"'SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
+appropriate legislation.'"
+
+_And whereas_, It appears from official documents on file in this
+Department, that the Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
+proposed as aforesaid, has been ratified by the Legislatures of the
+States of Illinois, Rhode Island, Michigan, Maryland, New York, West
+Virginia, Maine, Kansas, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio,
+Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Vermont,
+Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut, New Hampshire, South Carolina,
+Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia, in all 27 States.
+
+_And whereas_, The whole number of States in the United States is 36.
+
+_And whereas_, The before specially named States, whose Legislatures
+have ratified the said proposed Amendment, constitute three-fourths of
+the whole number of States in the United States:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, William H. Seward, Secretary of
+State of the United States, by virtue and in pursuance of the second
+section of the act of Congress, approved the 20th of April, 1818,
+entitled "An act to provide for the publication of the laws of the
+United States, and for other purposes," do hereby certify that the
+Amendment aforesaid has become valid to all intents and purposes as a
+part of the Constitution of the United States.
+
+In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the Department of State to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this 18th day of December, in the year
+of our Lord 1865, and of the Independence of the United States of
+America the 90th.
+
+WM. H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+PROPOSED AMENDMENTS.
+
+     ADOPTED BY CONGRESS JUNE 13TH, 1866, AND WHEN RATIFIED BY
+     TWO-THIRDS OF THE LEGISLATURES BECOMES A PART OF THE CONSTITUTION.
+
+
+The joint resolution as passed is as follows:
+
+_Resolved_, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America, in Congress assembled, (two-thirds of both Houses
+concurring), That the following article be proposed to the Legislatures
+of the several States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the United
+States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures,
+shall be valid as part of the Constitution, namely:
+
+
+ARTICLE--.
+
+§ 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject
+to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the
+States wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law
+which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
+United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty
+or happiness, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within
+its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
+
+§ 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
+according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
+persons, excluding Indians not taxed. But whenever the right to vote at
+any election for the choice of electors for President and
+Vice-President, representatives in Congress, executive and judicial
+officers, or members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the
+male inhabitants of such State, being 21 years of age, and citizens of
+the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in
+rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be
+reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall
+bear to the whole number of male citizens 21 years of age in such State.
+
+§ 3. That no person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or
+elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or
+military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
+previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
+the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an
+executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
+of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
+against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But
+Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such
+disabilities.
+
+§ 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by
+law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for
+services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
+questioned. But neither the United States or any State shall assume or
+pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
+against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of
+any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held
+illegal and void.
+
+§ 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
+legislation, the provisions of this article.
+
+
+
+
+THE ORDINANCE OF 1787.
+
+     _Passed by Congress previous to the Adoption of the New
+     Constitution, and subsequently adopted by Congress, Aug. 7, 1789,
+     entitled, "An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the
+     United States north-west of the River Ohio."_
+
+     (All the Articles of this ordinance, previous to Article VI.,
+     relate to the organization and powers of the government of the
+     territory, the following section being all that relates to
+     slavery.)
+
+
+ARTICLE VI.
+
+There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said
+territory, otherwise than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party
+shall have been duly convicted: Provided always, that any person
+escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed
+in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully
+reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or
+service, as aforesaid.
+
+     Done by the United States in Congress assembled the thirteenth day
+     of July, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of the sovereignty and
+     Independence the twelfth.
+
+WILLIAM GRAYSON, _Chairman_.
+CHARLES THOMPSON, _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1793.
+
+ADOPTED FEBRUARY 12, 1793.
+
+     _An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping
+     from the Service of their Masters._
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled_, That whenever the executive
+authority of any State in the Union, or of either of the territories
+north-west or south of the River Ohio, shall demand any person, as a
+fugitive from justice, of the executive authority of any such State or
+Territory to which such person shall have fled, and shall, moreover,
+produce the copy of an indictment found, or an affidavit made before a
+magistrate of any State or Territory as aforesaid, charging the person
+so demanded with having committed treason, felony, or other crime,
+certified as authentic by the governor or chief magistrate of the State
+or Territory from whence the person so charged fled, it shall be the
+duty of the executive authority of the State or Territory to which such
+person shall have fled, to cause him or her to be arrested and secured,
+and notice of the arrest to be given to the executive authority making
+such demand, or to the agent of such authority appointed to receive the
+fugitive, and to cause the fugitive to be delivered to such agent when
+he shall appear. But if no such agent shall appear within six months
+from the time of the arrest, the prisoner may be discharged. And all
+costs or expenses incurred in the apprehending, securing, and
+transmitting such fugitive to the State or Territory making such demand,
+shall be paid by such State or Territory.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That any agent appointed as aforesaid, who
+shall receive the fugitive into his custody, shall be empowered to
+transport him or her to the State or Territory from which he or she
+shall have fled. And if any person or persons shall by force set at
+liberty or rescue the fugitive from such agent while transporting as
+aforesaid, the person or persons so offending shall, on conviction, be
+fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, and be imprisoned not
+exceeding one year.
+
+_And be it also enacted_, That when a person held to labor in any of
+the United States, or in either of the Territories on the north-west or
+south of the River Ohio, under the laws thereof, shall escape into any
+other of the said States or Territory, the person to whom such labor or
+service may be due, his agent or attorney, is hereby empowered to seize
+or arrest such fugitive from labor, and to take him or her before any
+judge of the Circuit or District Courts of the United States, residing
+or being within the State, or before any magistrate of a county, city,
+or town corporate, wherein such seizure or arrest shall be made, and
+upon proof to the satisfaction of such judge or magistrate, either by
+oral testimony or affidavit taken before, and certified by, a magistrate
+of any such State or Territory, that the person so seized or arrested
+doth, under the laws of the State or Territory from which he or she
+fled, owe services or labor to the person claiming him or her, it shall
+be the duty of such judge or magistrate to give a certificate thereof to
+such claimant, his agent or attorney, which shall be sufficient warrant
+for removing the said fugitive from labor to the State or Territory from
+which he or she fled.
+
+_And he it further enacted_, That any person who shall knowingly and
+willingly obstruct or hinder such claimant, his agent or attorney, in so
+seizing or arresting such fugitive from labor, or shall rescue such
+fugitive from such claimant, his agent or attorney, when so arrested
+pursuant to the authority herein given or declared, or shall harbor or
+conceal such person after notice that he or she was a fugitive from
+labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of the said offences, forfeit and
+pay the sum of five hundred dollars. Which penalty may be recovered by
+and for the benefit of such claimant, by action of debt, in any court
+proper to try the same; saving, moreover, to the person claiming such
+labor or service, his right of action for or on account of the said
+injuries, or either of them.
+
+
+
+
+THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1850.
+
+SIGNED SEPTEMBER 18, 1850.
+
+     _An Act to amend, and supplementary to the Act entitled "An Act
+     respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the
+     Service of their Masters," approved February twelfth, one thousand
+     seven hundred and ninety-three._
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled_, That the persons who have
+been, or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in virtue of any
+act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and who, in
+consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the powers
+that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the United
+States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime or offence
+against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the
+same under and by virtue of the thirty-third section of the act of the
+twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled
+"An Act to establish the judicial courts of the United States," shall
+be, and are hereby, authorized and required to exercise and discharge
+all the powers and duties conferred by this act.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That the Superior Court of each organized
+Territory of the United States shall have the same power to appoint
+commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and to
+take depositions of witnesses in civil causes, which is now possessed by
+the Circuit Court of the United States; and all commissioners who shall
+hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the Supreme Court of any
+organized Territory of the United States, shall possess all the powers,
+and exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the commissioners
+appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United States for similar
+purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and
+duties conferred by this act.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That the Circuit Courts of the United
+States, and the Superior Courts of each organized Territory of the
+United States, shall from time to time enlarge the number of
+commissioners, with a view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim
+fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed
+by this act.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That the commissioners above named shall
+have concurrent jurisdiction with the judges of the Circuit and District
+Courts of the United States, in their respective circuits and districts
+within the several States, and the judges of the Superior Courts of the
+Territories severally and collectively, in term time and vacation; and
+shall grant certificates to such claimants upon satisfactory proof being
+made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or
+labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State or
+Territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.
+
+_And he it further enacted_, That it shall be the duty of all marshals
+and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants and precepts issued
+under the provisions of this act, when to them directed; and should any
+marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant, or other
+process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute
+the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one
+thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the motion of such
+claimant, by the Circuit or District Court for the district of such
+marshal; and after arrest of such fugitive, by such marshal or his
+deputy, or whilst at any time in his custody, under the provisions of
+this act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the
+assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on
+his official bond, to be prosecuted for the benefit of such claimant,
+for the full value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the
+State, Territory, or district whence he escaped; and the better to
+enable said commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute their duties
+faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements of the
+constitution of the United States, and of this act, they are hereby
+authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to
+appoint, in writing under their hands, any one or more suitable persons,
+from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may
+be issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties;
+with authority to such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by
+them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their aid
+the bystanders, or _posse comitatus_ of the proper county, when
+necessary to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the
+constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of this act;
+and all good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist in the
+prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their services may
+be required, as aforesaid, for that purpose; and said warrants shall
+run, and be executed by said officers, any where in the State within
+which they are issued.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That when a person held to service or labor
+in any State or Territory of the United States has heretofore or shall
+hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United States,
+the person or persons to whom such service or labor may be due, or his,
+her, or their agent or attorney, duly authorized by power of attorney,
+in writing acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal
+officer or court of the State or Territory in which the same may be
+executed, may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by
+procuring a warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or
+commissioners aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district, or county, for
+the apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing
+and arresting such fugitive where the same can be done without process,
+and by taking, or causing such person to be taken forthwith before such
+court, judge, or commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and
+determine the case of such claimant in a summary manner; and upon
+satisfactory proof being made, by deposition or affidavit, in writing,
+to be taken and certified by such court, judge, or commissioner, or by
+other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and certified by some court,
+magistrate, justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to
+administer an oath and take depositions under the laws of the State or
+Territory from which such person owing service or labor may have
+escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy, or other authority as
+aforesaid, with the seal of the proper court or officer thereto
+attached, which seal shall be sufficient to establish the competency of
+the proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose
+service or labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so
+arrested does in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons
+claiming him or her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive
+may have escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out
+and deliver to such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a
+certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or
+labor due from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape
+from the State or Territory in which such service or labor was due to
+the State or Territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority
+to such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such
+reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary, under the
+circumstances of the case, to take and remove such fugitive person back
+to the State or Territory whence he or she may have escaped as
+aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act shall the testimony of
+such alleged fugitive be admitted in evidence; and the certificates in
+this and the first (fourth) section mentioned, shall be conclusive of
+the right of the person or persons in whose favor granted, to remove
+such fugitive to the State or Territory from which he escaped, and shall
+prevent all molestation of such person or persons by any process issued
+by any court, judge, magistrate, or other person whomsoever.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That any person who shall knowingly and
+willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or
+attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her, or them,
+from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, either with or
+without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue or attempt to rescue such
+fugitive from service or labor from the custody of such claimant, his or
+her agent or attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting as
+aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant to the authority herein given and
+declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist such person so owing service or
+labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such
+claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or persons legally
+authorized as aforesaid, or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive, so as
+to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after notice or
+knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service or
+labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a
+fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding
+six months, by indictment and conviction before the District Court of
+the United States for the district in which such offence may have been
+committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if
+committed within any one of the organized Territories of the United
+States, and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages to
+the party injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one thousand
+dollars for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered by
+action of debt in any of the district or territorial courts aforesaid,
+within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been committed.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That the marshals, their deputies, and the
+clerks of the said district and territorial courts, shall be paid for
+their services the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar
+services in other cases; and where such services are rendered
+exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the
+claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive
+may be discharged out of custody for the want of sufficient proof as
+aforesaid, then such fees are to be paid in the whole by such claimant,
+his agent or attorney; and in all cases where the proceedings are before
+a commissioner, he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for
+his services in each case, upon the delivery of the said certificate to
+the claimant, his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in
+cases where the proof shall not, in the opinion of such commissioner,
+warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services
+incident to such arrest or examination, to be paid in either case by the
+claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized
+to execute the process to be issued by such commissioner for the arrest
+and detention of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid, shall
+also be entitled to a fee of five dollars each, for each person he or
+they may arrest and take before any such commissioner, as aforesaid, at
+the instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may
+be deemed reasonable by such commissioners for such other additional
+services as may be necessarily performed by him or them; such as
+attending at the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and
+providing him with food and lodging during his detention and until the
+final determination of such commissioner; and, in general, for
+performing such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his or
+her attorney or agent, or commissioner in the premises. Such fees to be
+made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers of
+the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as near as
+may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their agents or
+attorneys, whether such supposed fugitives from service or labor be
+ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final determination of
+such commissioner or not.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That, upon affidavit made by the claimant
+of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such certificate has been
+issued that he has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will be
+rescued by force from his or her possession before he can be taken
+beyond the limits of the State in which the arrest is made, it shall be
+the duty of the officer making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his
+custody, and to remove him to the State whence he fled, and there
+deliver him to said claimant, his agent or attorney. And to this end,
+the officer aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to employ so
+many persons as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, and to
+retain them in his service so long as circumstances may require. The
+said officer and his assistants while so employed to receive the
+compensation, and to be allowed the same expenses, as are now allowed by
+law for transportation of criminals, to be certified by the judge of the
+district within which the arrest is made, and paid out of the Treasury
+of the United States.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That when any person held to service or
+labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of Columbia, shall
+escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or labor may be due,
+his, her, or their agent or attorney, may apply to any court of record
+therein, or judge thereof in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to
+such court, or judge in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the
+person escaping owed service or labor to such party. Whereupon the court
+shall cause a record to be made of the matters so proved, and also a
+general description of the person so escaping with such convenient
+certainty as may be; and a transcript of such record, authenticated by
+the attestation of the clerk and of the seal of the said court, being
+produced in any other State, Territory, or district in which the person
+so escaping may be found, and being exhibited to any judge,
+commissioner, or other officer authorized by the law of the United
+States to cause persons escaping from service or labor to be delivered
+up, shall be held and taken to be full and conclusive evidence of the
+fact of the escape, and that the service or labor of the person escaping
+is due to the party in such record mentioned. And upon the production by
+the said party of other and further evidence if necessary, either oral
+or by affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said record of
+the identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to
+the claimant. And the said court, commissioner, judge, or other person
+authorized by this act to grant certificates to claimants of fugitives,
+shall, upon the production of the record and other evidences aforesaid,
+grant to such claimant a certificate of his right to take any such
+person identified and proved to be owing service or labor as aforesaid,
+which shall authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport
+such person to the State or Territory from which he escaped. _Provided_,
+That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the
+production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid. But
+in its absence the claim shall be heard and determined upon other
+satisfactory proofs, competent in law.
+
+
+
+
+THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE.
+
+ADOPTED MARCH 6, 1820.
+
+     _An Act to authorize the People of the Missouri Territory to form a
+     Constitution and State Government, and for the Admission of such
+     State into the Union on an equal Footing with the original States,
+     and to prohibit Slavery in certain Territories._
+
+     (All the previous sections of this act relate entirely to the
+     formation of the Missouri Territory in the usual form of
+     territorial bills, the 8th section only relating to the slavery
+     question.)
+
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That in all that Territory ceded by France
+to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of
+thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included
+within the limits of the State contemplated by their act, slavery and
+involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes,
+whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is
+hereby, forever prohibited. _Provided always_, That any person escaping
+into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any
+State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully
+reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or
+service as aforesaid.
+
+
+
+
+THE STATES OF THE UNION.
+
+
+The following is a list of the States constituting the Union, with the
+dates of their admission. The thirty-six stars in our national flag are
+therefore designated as under:
+
+Delaware          Dec. 7, 1787.
+Pennsylvania      Dec. 12, 1787.
+New Jersey        Dec. 13, 1787.
+Georgia           Jan. 2, 1788.
+Connecticut       Jan. 9, 1788.
+Massachusetts     Feb. 6, 1788.
+Maryland          April 28, 1788.
+South Carolina    May 23, 1788.
+N. Hampshire      June 21, 1788.
+Virginia          June 26, 1788.
+New York          July 26, 1788.
+N. Carolina       Nov. 21, 1789.
+Rhode Island      May 29, 1790.
+Vermont           March 4, 1791.
+Kentucky          June 1, 1792.
+Tennessee         June 1, 1796.
+Ohio              Nov. 29, 1802.
+Louisiana         April 8, 1812.
+Indiana           Dec. 11, 1816.
+Mississippi       Dec. 16, 1817.
+Illinois          Dec. 3, 1818.
+Alabama           Dec. 14, 1819.
+Maine             March 15, 1820.
+Missouri          Aug. 10, 1821.
+Arkansas          June 15, 1836.
+Michigan          Jan. 26, 1837.
+Florida           March 3, 1845.
+Texas             Dec. 29, 1845.
+Iowa              Dec. 28, 1846.
+Wisconsin         May 29, 1848.
+California        Sept. 9, 1850.
+Minnesota         Dec., 1857.
+Oregon            Dec., 1858.
+Kansas            March, 1862.
+West Virginia     Feb., 1863.
+Nevada            Oct., 1864.
+
+
+
+
+INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+
+FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, DELIVERED APRIL 30, 1789.
+
+
+FELLOW-CITIZENS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES--Among the
+vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled me with
+greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by
+your order, and received on the fourteenth day of the present month. On
+the one hand I was summoned by my country, whose voice I can never hear
+but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the
+fondest predilection, and in my flattering hopes with an immutable
+decision as the asylum of my declining years; a retreat which was
+rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me, by the
+addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my
+health to the gradual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand,
+the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my
+country called me being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most
+experienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into his
+qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despondence one who,
+inheriting inferior endowments from nature, and unpracticed in the
+duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his
+own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver is, that
+it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just
+appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected. All I
+dare hope is, that if, in executing this task, I have been too much
+swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by any
+affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence of
+my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted my incapacity
+as well as disinclination, for the weighty and untried cares before me,
+my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, and its
+consequences be judged by my country with some share of the partiality
+with which they originated.
+
+Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the
+public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly
+improper to omit in this first official act, my fervent supplications to
+that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the
+councils of nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human
+defect that his benediction may consecrate to the liberties and
+happiness of the people of the United States, a government instituted by
+themselves for these essential purposes, and may enable every instrument
+employed in its administration to execute with success the functions
+allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the great author of
+every public and private good, I assure myself that it expresses your
+sentiments, not less than my own, nor those of my fellow-citizens at
+large less than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore
+the invisible hand which conducts the affairs of men more than the
+people of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to
+the character of an independent nation seems to have been distinguished
+by some token of providential agency, and in the important revolution
+just accomplished in the system of their united government the tranquil
+deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from
+which the event has resulted cannot be compared with the means by which
+most governments have been established without some return of pious
+gratitude along with a humble anticipation of the future blessings which
+the past seem to presage. These reflections arising out of the present
+crisis have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed.
+You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under
+the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can
+more auspiciously commence.
+
+By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty
+of the President "to recommend to your consideration such measures as he
+shall judge necessary and expedient." The circumstances under which I
+now meet you will acquit me from entering into that subject farther than
+to refer to the great constitutional charter under which you are
+assembled, and which in defining your powers designates the objects to
+which your attention is to be given. It will be more consistent with
+those circumstances, and far more congenial with the feelings which
+actuate me to substitute in place of a recommendation of particular
+measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the
+patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them.
+In these honorable qualifications, I behold the surest pledges that as
+on one side no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views, no
+party animosities will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which
+ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests,
+so on another, that the foundations of our national policy will be laid
+in the pure and immutable principles of private morality, and the
+pre-eminence of free government be exemplified by all the attributes
+which can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect of
+the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an
+ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is no truth more
+thoroughly established than that there exists in the economy and course
+of nature, an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between
+duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and
+magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of the public prosperity and
+felicity. Since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious
+smiles of heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the
+eternal rules of order and right which heaven itself has ordained, and
+since the preservation of the sacred fire of Liberty, and the destiny of
+the republican model of government are justly considered as deeply,
+perhaps as finally staked on the experiment entrusted to the hands of
+the American people. Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your
+care, it will remain with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of
+the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution
+is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of the
+objections which have been urged against the system, or by the degree
+of inquietude which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking
+particular recommendations on this subject in which I could be guided by
+no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to
+my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good,
+for I assure myself that while you carefully avoid every alteration
+which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government,
+or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence
+for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public
+harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question,
+how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or the latter be
+safely and advantageously promoted.
+
+To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will be most
+properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns myself,
+and will, therefore, be as brief as possible. When I was first honored
+with a call into the service of my country, then on the eve of an
+arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I contemplated my
+duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. From
+this resolution I have in no instance departed, and being still under
+the impressions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable to
+myself any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably
+included in a permanent provision for the executive department, and must
+accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I
+am placed, may, during my continuance in it, be limited to such actual
+expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.
+
+Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as as they have been awakened
+by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave,
+but not without resorting once more to the benign parent of the human
+race in humble supplication, that since he has been pleased to favor the
+American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect
+tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity
+on a form of government for the security of their union and the
+advancement of their happiness, so His divine blessing may be equally
+conspicuous in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the
+wise measures on which the success of this government must depend.
+
+
+
+
+WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS.
+
+
+FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS--The period for a new election of a citizen
+to administer the executive government of the United States not being
+far distant, and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be
+employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that
+important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce
+to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now
+apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered
+among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made.
+
+I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that
+this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the
+considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful
+citizen to his country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service
+which silence, in my situation, might imply, I am influenced by no
+diminution of zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of grateful
+respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a full conviction
+that the step is compatible with both.
+
+The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which your
+suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of
+inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared
+to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have been much
+earlier in my power, consistently with motives which I was not at
+liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which I had been
+reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this, previous
+to the last election, had been led to the preparation of an address to
+declare it to you; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and
+critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous
+advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the
+idea.
+
+I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as internal,
+no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with the
+sentiment of duty or propriety; and am persuaded, whatever partiality
+may be retained for my services, that, in the present circumstances of
+our country, you will not disapprove my determination to retire.
+
+The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust were
+explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will
+only say, that I have with good intentions contributed toward the
+organization and administration of the government the best exertions of
+which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious in the
+outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience, in my own
+eyes--perhaps still more in the eyes of others--has strengthened the
+motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of
+years admonishes me, more and more, that the shade of retirement is as
+necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that, if any
+circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were
+temporary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice and
+prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not
+forbid it.
+
+In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the
+career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the
+deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved
+country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for the
+steadfast confidence with which it has supported me, and for the
+opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable
+attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness
+unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these
+services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an
+instructive example in our annals, that, under circumstances in which
+the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead; amid
+appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often
+discouraging; in situations in which, not unfrequently, want of success
+has countenanced the spirit of criticism--the constancy of your support
+was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans by
+which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall
+carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows
+that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence;
+that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; that the free
+constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be sacredly
+maintained; that its administration, in every department, may be stamped
+with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of
+these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so
+careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will
+acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the
+affection, and the adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to
+it.
+
+Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare,
+which can not end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger
+natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present to
+offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent
+review, some sentiments, which are the result of much reflection, of no
+inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me all-important to the
+permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be afforded to you
+with the more freedom, as you can only see them in the disinterested
+warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motive
+to bias his counsel; nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your
+indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar
+occasion.
+
+Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts,
+no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the
+attachment.
+
+The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also now
+dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of
+your real independence, the support of your tranquillity at home, your
+peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty
+which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to forsee that from
+different causes and from different quarters much pains will be taken,
+many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this
+truth--as this is the point in your political fortress against which the
+batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and
+actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed--it is of
+infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of
+your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that
+you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it,
+accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of
+your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with
+jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion
+that it can, in any event, be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon
+the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our
+country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link
+together the various parts.
+
+For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens,
+by birth or choice of a common country, that country has a right to
+concentrate your affections. The name of _American_, which belongs to
+you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of
+patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations.
+With slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners,
+habits, and political principles. You have, in a common cause, fought
+and triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are the
+work of joint counsels and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings,
+and successes.
+
+But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves to
+your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more
+immediately to your interest; here every portion of our country finds
+the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the
+union of the whole.
+
+The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected by
+the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the productions of the
+latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial
+enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The South,
+in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its
+agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own
+channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular navigation
+invigorated; and while it contributes, in different ways, to nourish and
+increase the general mass of the national navigation, it looks forward
+to the protection of a maritime strength to which itself is unequally
+adapted. The East, in like intercourse with the West, already finds,
+and, in the progressive improvement of interior communication, by land
+and water, will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodities
+which it brings from abroad or manufactures at home. The West derives
+from the East supplies requisite for its growth and comfort, and, what
+is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must, of necessity, owe the
+secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its own productions to the
+weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side
+of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of interest as one
+nation. Any other tenure by which the West can hold this essential
+advantage, whether derived from its own separate strength or from an
+apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be
+intrinsically precarious.
+
+While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and
+particular interest in union, all the parts combined can not fail to
+find, in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater
+resource, proportionably greater security from external danger, a less
+frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations, and, what is of
+inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from those
+broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict
+neighboring countries, not tied together by the same government, which
+their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce, but which
+opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues would stimulate
+and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those
+over-grown military establishments, which, under any form of government,
+are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as
+particularly hostile to republican liberty; in this sense it is that
+your union ought to be considered as the main prop of your liberty, and
+that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the
+other.
+
+These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and
+virtuous mind, and exhibit a continuance of the Union as a primary
+object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government
+can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it. To listen to
+mere speculation, in such a case, were criminal. We are authorized to
+hope that a proper organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency
+of governments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy
+issue to the experiment. It is well worth a full and fair experiment.
+With such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts of
+our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its
+impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the
+patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken its
+bands.
+
+In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs, as a
+matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished
+for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations--Northern and
+Southern, Atlantic and Western--whence designing men may endeavor to
+excite a belief that there is real difference of local interests and
+views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within
+particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other
+districts. You can not shield yourselves too much against the jealousies
+and heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend
+to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by
+fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our Western country have lately
+had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen in the negotiation by
+the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the
+treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event
+throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the
+suspicions propagated among them, of a policy in the general government,
+and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their interests in regard to
+the Mississippi; they have been witnesses to the formation of two
+treaties--that with Great Britain and that with Spain--which secure to
+them everything they could desire in respect to our foreign relations,
+toward confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely
+for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which they were
+procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such
+there are, who would sever them from their brethren and connect them
+with aliens?
+
+To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a government for the whole
+is indispensable. No alliance, however strict, between the parts, can be
+an adequate substitute; they must inevitably experience the infractions
+and interruptions which all alliances, in all time, have experienced.
+Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first
+essay, by the adoption of a constitution of government better calculated
+than your former for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious
+management of your common concerns. This government, the offspring of
+your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full
+investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its
+principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with
+energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment,
+has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its
+authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are
+duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of liberty. The basis of our
+political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their
+constitutions of government; but the constitution which at any time
+exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole
+people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and
+the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of
+every individual to obey the established government.
+
+All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and
+associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design
+to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and
+action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this
+fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize
+faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put in the
+place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party--often a
+small but artful and enterprising minority of the community--and,
+according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the
+public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous
+projects of faction rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome
+plans, digested by common counsels, and modified by mutual interests.
+
+However combinations or associations of the above description may now
+and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time and
+things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and
+unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people, and
+to usurp for themselves the reins of government; destroying, afterward,
+the very engine which had lifted them to unjust dominion.
+
+Toward the preservation of your government, and the permanency of your
+present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily
+discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but
+also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its
+principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be
+to effect, in the forms of the constitution, alterations which will
+impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot be
+directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited,
+remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true
+character of governments as of other human institutions; that experience
+is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the
+existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes, upon the
+credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change, from
+the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember,
+especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests,
+in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is
+consistent with the perfect security of liberty is indispensable.
+Liberty itself will find in such a government, with powers properly
+distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little
+else than a name, where the government is too feeble to withstand the
+enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within the
+limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and
+tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property.
+
+I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with
+particular reference to the founding of them on geographical
+discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn
+you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the
+spirit of party generally.
+
+This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its
+root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists, under
+different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled,
+or repressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its
+greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
+
+The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the
+spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in different
+ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is
+itself a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a more
+formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result
+gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the
+absolute power of an individual; and, sooner or later, the chief of some
+prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors,
+turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins
+of public liberty.
+
+Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which,
+nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and
+continued mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the
+interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.
+
+It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public
+administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies
+and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another;
+foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It opens the door to
+foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the
+government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the
+policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will
+of another.
+
+There is an opinion that parties, in free countries, are useful checks
+upon the administration of the government, and serve to keep alive the
+spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true; and in
+governments of a monarchial cast, patriotism may look with indulgence,
+if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular
+character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be
+encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always
+be enough of that spirit for every salutatory purpose. And there being
+constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force of public
+opinion to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it
+demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest,
+instead of warming, it should consume.
+
+It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free
+country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its
+administration, to confine themselves within their respective
+constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one
+department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends
+to consolidate the powers of all the departments into one, and thus to
+create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just
+estimate of that love of power and proneness to abuse it which
+predominate in the human heart is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth
+of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of
+political power, by dividing and distributing it into different
+depositories, and constituting each the guardian of the public weal,
+against invasion by the others, has been evinced by experiments, ancient
+and modern--some of them in our own country and under our own eyes. To
+preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the
+opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the
+constitutional powers be, in any particular, wrong, let it be corrected
+by an amendment in the way which the constitution designates. But let
+there be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may
+be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free
+governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly
+overbalance, in permanent evil, any partial or transient benefit which
+the use can, at any time, yield.
+
+Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity,
+religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man
+claim the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great
+pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and
+citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to
+respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their
+connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked,
+Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the
+sense of religious obligation _desert_ the oaths which are the
+instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with
+caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without
+religion. Whatever maybe conceded to the influence of refined education
+on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to
+expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious
+principles.
+
+It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring
+of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force
+to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it
+can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the
+fabric?
+
+Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the
+general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as a structure of a
+government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public
+opinion should be enlightened.
+
+As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public
+credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as
+possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but
+remembering, also, that timely disbursements to prepare for danger
+frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding,
+likewise, the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of
+expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the
+debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned; not ungenerously
+throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The
+execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives, but it is
+necessary that public opinion should coöperate. To facilitate to them
+the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should
+practically bear in mind that toward the payment of debts there must be
+revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be
+devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant; that the
+intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the proper
+objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a
+decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of the
+government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the
+measures for obtaining revenue which the public exigencies may at any
+time dictate.
+
+Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; cultivate peace and
+harmony with all; religion and morality enjoin this conduct, and can it
+be that good policy does not really enjoin it? It will be worthy of a
+free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to
+mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided
+by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course
+of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any
+temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it?
+Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a
+nation with its virtue? The experiment, at least, is recommended by
+every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas! it is rendered
+impossible by its vices?
+
+In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that
+permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and
+passionate attachments for others, should be excluded, and that, in
+place of them, just and amicable feelings toward all should be
+cultivated. The nation which indulges toward another an habitual hatred,
+or an habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a slave to
+its animosity or its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it
+astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against
+another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay
+hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable
+when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence, frequent
+collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation,
+prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the
+government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The government
+sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts, through
+passion, what reason would reject; at other times it makes the animosity
+of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, instigated by pride,
+ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often,
+sometimes perhaps the liberty of nations, has been the victim.
+
+So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to another produces
+a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the
+illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common
+interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other,
+betrays the former into a participation into the quarrels and wars of
+the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also
+to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others,
+which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions, by
+unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by
+exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the
+parties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it gives to
+ambitions, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the
+favorite nation), facility to betray or sacrifice the interest of their
+own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding with
+the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable
+deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the
+base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation.
+
+As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments
+are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent
+patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic
+factions, to practice the art of seduction, to mislead public opinion,
+to influence or awe the public councils! Such an attachment of a small
+or weak toward a great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the
+satellite of the latter.
+
+Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to
+believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be
+_constantly_ awake, since history and experience prove that foreign
+influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But
+that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial, else it becomes the
+instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense
+against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and excessive
+dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on
+one side, and serve to vail, and even second, the arts of influence on
+the other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite,
+are liable to become suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes
+usurp the applause and confidence of the people, to surrender their
+interests.
+
+The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in
+extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little
+political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed
+engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us
+stop.
+
+Europe has set a of primary interests, which to us have none or a very
+remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies,
+the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence,
+therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial
+ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary
+combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.
+
+Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a
+different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient
+government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury
+from external annoyance, when we may take such an attitude as will cause
+the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously
+respected--when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making
+acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us
+provocation--when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by
+justice, shall counsel.
+
+Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own
+to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with that
+of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of
+European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice?
+
+It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any
+portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty
+to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing
+infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable
+to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best
+policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in
+their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be
+unwise, to extend them.
+
+Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, on a
+respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary
+alliances for extraordinary emergencies.
+
+Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by
+policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should
+hold an equal and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclusive
+favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of things;
+diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of commerce,
+but forcing nothing; establishing, with powers so disposed, in order to
+give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and
+to enable the government to support them, conventional rules of
+intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinions
+will permit, but temporary, and liable to be, from time to time,
+abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate;
+constantly keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for
+disinterested favors from another; that it must pay, with a portion of
+its independence, for whatever it may accept under that character; that
+by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of having given
+equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with
+ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to
+expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation, It is an
+illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to
+discard.
+
+In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and
+affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and
+lasting impression I could wish--that they will control the usual
+current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course
+which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations; but if I may even
+flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some
+occasional good, that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury
+of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, to
+guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism--this hope will be
+a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have
+been dictated.
+
+How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have been guided by
+the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and other
+evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and the world. To myself,
+the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed
+myself to be guided by them.
+
+In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of
+the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your
+approving voice, and by that of your representatives in both Houses of
+Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me,
+uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it.
+
+After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could
+obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the
+circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty
+and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined,
+as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation,
+perseverance, and firmness.
+
+The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it is
+not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe that,
+according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from
+being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually
+admitted by all.
+
+The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything
+more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every
+nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the
+relations of peace and amity toward other nations.
+
+The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will be best
+referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a predominant
+motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and
+mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without
+interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is
+necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.
+
+Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am
+unconscious of intentional error, I am, nevertheless, too sensible of my
+defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors.
+Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or
+mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me
+the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence,
+and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service
+with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be
+consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.
+
+Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated by
+that fervent love toward it which is so natural to a man who views in it
+the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations,
+I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that retreat in which I promise
+myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in
+the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under
+a free government--the ever favorite object of my heart--and the happy
+reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.
+
+GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+
+UNITED STATES, _17th September, 1796_.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION,
+
+ISSUED IN 1832, WHEN SOUTH CAROLINA UNDERTOOK TO ANNUL THE FEDERAL
+REVENUE LAW.
+
+
+Whereas a convention, assembled in the State of South Carolina, have
+passed an ordinance, by which they declare "that the several acts and
+parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be
+laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of
+foreign commodities, and now having actual operation and effect within
+the United States, and more especially 'two acts for the same purposes,
+passed on the 29th of May, 1828, and on the 14th of July, 1832,' are
+unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the
+true meaning and intent thereof, and are null and void, and no law," nor
+binding on the citizens of that State or its officers; and by the said
+ordinance it is further declared to be unlawful for any of the
+constituted authorities of the State, or of the United States, to
+enforce the payment of the duties imposed by the said acts within the
+same State, and that it is the duty of the legislature to pass such laws
+as may be necessary to give full effect to the said ordinances:
+
+And whereas, by the said ordinance it is further ordained, that, in no
+case of law or equity, decided in the courts of said State, wherein
+shall be drawn in question the validity of the said ordinance, or of the
+acts of the legislature that may be passed to give it effect, or of the
+said laws of the United States, no appeal shall be allowed to the
+Supreme Court of the United States, nor shall any copy of the record be
+permitted or allowed for that purpose; and that any person attempting to
+take such appeal, shall be punished as for a contempt of court:
+
+And, finally, the said ordinance declares that the people of South
+Carolina will maintain the said ordinance at every hazard; and that they
+will consider the passage of any act by Congress abolishing or closing
+the ports of the said State, or otherwise obstructing the free ingress
+or egress of vessels to and from the said ports, or any other act of the
+Federal Government to coerce the State, shut up her ports, destroy or
+harass her commerce, or to enforce the said acts otherwise than through
+the civil tribunals of the country, as inconsistent with the longer
+continuance of South Carolina in the Union; and that the people of the
+said State will thenceforth hold themselves absolved from all further
+obligation to maintain or preserve their political connection with the
+people of the other States, and will forthwith proceed to organize a
+separate government, and do all other acts and things which sovereign
+and independent States may of right do:
+
+And whereas the said ordinance prescribes to the people of South
+Carolina a course of conduct in direct violation of their duty as
+citizens of the United States, contrary to the laws of their country,
+subversive of its Constitution, and having for its object the
+destruction of the Union--that Union, which, coeval with our political
+existence, led our fathers, without any other ties to unite them than
+those of patriotism and common cause, through a sanguinary struggle to a
+glorious independence--that sacred Union, hitherto, inviolate, which,
+perfected by our happy Constitution, has brought us, by the favor of
+Heaven, to a state of prosperity at home, and high consideration abroad,
+rarely, if ever, equaled in the history of nations; to preserve this
+bond of our political existence from destruction, to maintain inviolate
+this state of national honor and prosperity, and to justify the
+confidence my fellow-citizens have reposed in me, I, Andrew Jackson,
+President of the United States, have thought proper to issue this, my
+PROCLAMATION, stating my views of the Constitution and laws applicable
+to the measures adopted by the Convention of South Carolina, and to the
+reasons they have put forth to sustain them, declaring the course which
+duty will require me to pursue, and, appealing to the understanding and
+patriotism of the people, warn them of the consequences that must
+inevitably result from an observance of the dictates of the Convention.
+
+Strict duty would require of me nothing more than the exercise of those
+powers with which I am now, or may hereafter be, invested, for
+preserving the Union, and for the execution of the laws. But the
+imposing aspect which opposition has assumed in this case, by clothing
+itself with State authority, and the deep interest which the people of
+the United States must all feel in preventing a resort to stronger
+measures, while there is a hope that anything will be yielded to
+reasoning and remonstrances, perhaps demand, and will certainly justify,
+a full exposition to South Carolina and the nation of the views I
+entertain of this important question, as well as a distinct enunciation
+of the course which my sense of duty will require me to pursue.
+
+The ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible right of resisting
+acts which are plainly unconstitutional, and too oppressive to be
+endured, but on the strange position that any one State may not only
+declare an act of Congress void, but prohibit its execution--that they
+may do this consistently with the Constitution--that the true
+construction of that instrument permits a State to retain its place in
+the Union, and yet be bound by no other of its laws than those it may
+choose to consider as constitutional. It is true they add, that, to
+justify this abrogation of a law, it must be palpably contrary to the
+Constitution; but it is evident, that to give the right of resisting
+laws of that description, coupled with the uncontrolled right to decide
+what laws deserve that character, is to give the power of resisting all
+laws. For, as by the theory, there is no appeal, the reasons alleged by
+the State, good or bad, must prevail. If it should be said that public
+opinion is a sufficient check against the abuse of this power, it may be
+asked why is it not deemed a sufficient guard against the passage of an
+unconstitutional act by Congress. There is, however, a restraint in this
+last case, which makes the assumed power of a State more indefensible,
+and which does not exist in the other. There are two appeals from an
+unconstitutional act passed by Congress--one to the judiciary, the other
+to the people and the States. There is no appeal from the State decision
+in theory; and the practical illustration shows that the courts are
+closed against an application to review it, both judges and jurors
+being sworn to decide in its favor. But reasoning on this subject is
+superfluous, when our social compact in express terms declares, that the
+laws of the United States, its Constitution, and treaties made under it,
+are the supreme law of the land; and for greater caution adds, "that the
+judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the
+constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." And
+it may be asserted, without fear of refutation, that no federative
+government could exist without a similar provision. Look, for a moment,
+to the consequence. If South Carolina considers the revenue laws
+unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent their execution in the port
+of Charleston, there would be a clear constitutional objection to their
+collection in every other port, and no revenue could be collected
+anywhere; for all imposts must be equal. It is no answer to repeat that
+an unconstitutional law is no law, so long as the question of its
+legality is to be decided by the State itself; for every law operating
+injuriously upon any local interest will be perhaps thought, and
+certainly represented, as unconstitutional, and, as has been shown,
+there is no appeal.
+
+If this doctrine had been established at an earlier day, the Union would
+have been dissolved in its infancy. The excise law in Pennsylvania, the
+embargo and non-intercourse law in the Eastern States, the carriage tax
+in Virginia, were all deemed unconstitutional, and were more unequal in
+their operation than any of the laws now complained of; but,
+fortunately, none of those States discovered that they had the right now
+claimed by South Carolina. The war into which we were forced, to support
+the dignity of the nation and the rights of our citizens, might have
+ended in defeat and disgrace, instead of victory and honor, if the
+States, who supposed it a ruinous and unconstitutional measure, had
+thought they possessed the right of nullifying the act by which it was
+declared, and denying supplies for its prosecution. Hardly and unequally
+as those measures bore upon several members of the Union, to the
+legislatures of none did this efficient and peaceable remedy, as it is
+called, suggest itself. The discovery of this important feature in our
+Constitution was reserved to the present day. To the statesmen of South
+Carolina belongs the invention, and upon the citizens of that State
+will, unfortunately, fall the evils of reducing it to practice.
+
+If the doctrine of a State veto upon the laws of the Union carries with
+it internal evidence of its impracticable absurdity, our constitutional
+history will also afford abundant proof that it would have been
+repudiated with indignation had it been proposed to form a feature in
+our government.
+
+In our colonial state, although dependent on another power, we very
+early considered ourselves as connected by common interest with each
+other. Leagues were formed for common defense, and before the
+Declaration of Independence, we were known in our aggregate character as
+the United Colonies of America. That decisive and important step was
+taken jointly. We declared ourselves a nation by a joint, not by several
+acts; and when the terms of our confederation were reduced to form, it
+was in that of a solemn league of several States, by which they agreed
+that they would, collectively, form one nation, for the purpose of
+conducting some certain domestic concerns, and all foreign relations. In
+the instrument forming that Union, is found an article which declares
+that "every State shall abide by the determinations of Congress on all
+questions which by that Confederation should be submitted to them."
+
+Under the Confederation, then, no State could legally annul a decision
+of the Congress, or refuse to submit to its execution; but no provision
+was made to enforce these decisions. Congress made requisitions, but
+they were not complied with. The government could not operate on
+individuals. They had no judiciary, no means of collecting revenue.
+
+But the defects of the Confederation need not be detailed. Under its
+operation we could scarcely be called a nation. We had neither
+prosperity at home nor consideration abroad. This state of things could
+not be endured, and our present happy Constitution was formed, but
+formed in vain, if this fatal doctrine prevails. It was formed for
+important objects that are announced in the preamble made in the name
+and by the authority of the people of the United States, whose delegates
+framed, and whose conventions approved, it.
+
+The most important among these objects, that which is placed first in
+rank, on which all the others rest, is "_to form a more perfect Union_."
+Now, it is possible that, even if there were no express provision giving
+supremacy to the Constitution and laws of the United States over those
+of the States, it can be conceived that an instrument made for the
+purpose of "_forming a more perfect Union_" than that of the
+Confederation, could be so constructed by the assembled wisdom of our
+country as to substitute for that confederation a form of government,
+dependent for its existence on the local interest, the party spirit of a
+State, or of a prevailing faction in a State? Every man, of plain,
+unsophisticated understanding, who hears the question, will give such an
+answer as will preserve the Union. Metaphysical subtlety, in pursuit of
+an impracticable theory, could alone have devised one that is calculated
+to destroy it.
+
+I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the United States,
+assumed by one State, _incompatible with the existence of the Union,
+contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized
+by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was
+founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed_.
+
+After this general view of the leading principle, we must examine the
+particular application of it which is made in the ordinance.
+
+The preamble rests its justification on these grounds: It assumes as a
+fact, that the obnoxious laws, although they purport to be laws for
+raising revenue, were in reality intended for the protection of
+manufactures, which purpose it asserts to be unconstitutional; that the
+operation of these laws is unequal; that the amount raised by them is
+greater than is required by the wants of the government; and, finally,
+that the proceeds are to be applied to objects unauthorized by the
+Constitution. These are the only causes alleged to justify an open
+opposition to the laws of the country, and a threat of seceding from the
+Union, if any attempt should be made to enforce them. The first actually
+acknowledges that the law in question was passed under power expressly
+given by the Constitution, to lay and collect imposts; but its
+constitutionality is drawn in question from the motives of those who
+passed it. However apparent this purpose may be in the present case,
+nothing can be more dangerous than to admit the position that an
+unconstitutional purpose, entertained by the members who assent to a law
+enacted under a constitutional power, shall make that law void; for how
+is that purpose to be ascertained? Who is to make the scrutiny? How
+often may bad purposes be falsely imputed? In how many cases are they
+concealed by false professions? In how many is no declaration of motive
+made? Admit this doctrine, and you give to the States an uncontrolled
+right to decide, and every law may be annulled under this pretext. If,
+therefore, the absurd and dangerous doctrine should be admitted, that a
+State may annul an unconstitutional law, or one that it deems such, it
+will not apply to the present case.
+
+The next objection is, that the laws in question operate unequally. This
+objection may be made with truth to every law that has been or can be
+passed. The wisdom of man never yet contrived a system of taxation that
+would operate with perfect equality. If the unequal operation of a law
+makes it unconstitutional, and if all laws of that description may be
+abrogated by any State for that cause, then, indeed, is the federal
+Constitution unworthy of the slightest efforts for its preservation. We
+have hitherto relied on it as the perpetual bond of our Union. We have
+received it as the work of the assembled wisdom of the nation. We have
+trusted to it as to the sheet-anchor of our safety, in the stormy times
+of conflict with a foreign or domestic foe. We have looked to it with
+sacred awe as the palladium of our liberties, and with all the
+solemnities of religion have pledged to each other our lives and
+fortunes here, and our hopes of happiness hereafter, in its defense and
+support. Were we mistaken, my countrymen, in attaching this importance
+to the Constitution of our country? Was our devotion paid to the
+wretched, inefficient, clumsy contrivance, which this new doctrine would
+make it? Did we pledge ourselves to the support of an airy nothing--a
+bubble that must be blown away by the first breath of disaffection? Was
+this self-destroying, visionary theory the work of the profound
+statesmen, the exalted patriots, to whom the task of constitutional
+reform was intrusted? Did the name of Washington sanction, did the
+States deliberately ratify, such an anomaly in the history of
+fundamental legislation? No. We were not mistaken. The letter of this
+great instrument is free from this radical fault; its language directly
+contradicts the imputation; its spirit, its evident intent, contradicts
+it. No, we did not err. Our Constitution does not contain the absurdity
+of giving power to make laws, and another power to resist them. The
+sages, whose memory will always be reverenced, have given us a
+practical, and, as they hoped, a permanent constitutional compact. The
+Father of his Country did not affix his revered name to so palpable an
+absurdity. Nor did the States, when they severally ratified it, do so
+under the impression that a veto on the laws of the United States was
+reserved to them, or that they could exercise it by application. Search
+the debates in all their conventions--examine the speeches of the most
+zealous opposers of federal authority--look at the amendments that were
+proposed. They are all silent--not a syllable uttered, not a vote given,
+not a motion made, to correct the explicit supremacy given to the laws
+of the Union over those of the States, or to show that implication, as
+is now contended, could defeat it. No, we have not erred! The
+Constitution is still the object of our reverence, the bond of our
+union, our defense in danger, the source of our prosperity in peace. It
+shall descend, as we have received it, uncorrupted by sophistical
+construction, to our posterity; and the sacrifices of local interest, of
+State prejudices, of personal animosities, that were made to bring it
+into existence, will again be patriotically offered for its support.
+
+The two remaining objections made by the ordinance to these laws are,
+that the sums intended to be raised by them are greater than are
+required, and that the proceeds will be unconstitutionally employed. The
+Constitution has given expressly to Congress the right of raising
+revenue, and of determining the sum the public exigencies will require.
+The States have no control over the exercise of this right other than
+that which results from the power of changing the representatives who
+abuse it, and thus procure redress. Congress may undoubtedly abuse this
+discretionary power, but the same may be said of others with which they
+are vested. Yet the discretion must exist somewhere. The Constitution
+has given it to the representatives of all the people, checked by the
+representatives of the States, and by the executive power. The South
+Carolina construction gives it to the legislature, or the convention of
+a single State, where neither the people of the different States, nor
+the States in their separate capacity, nor the chief magistrate elected
+by the people, have any representation. Which is the most discreet
+disposition of the power? I do not ask you, fellow-citizens, which is
+the constitutional disposition--that instrument speaks a language not to
+be misunderstood. But if you were assembled in general convention, which
+would you think the safest depository of this discretionary power in the
+last resort? Would you add a clause giving it to each of the States, or
+would you sanction the wise provisions already made by your
+Constitution? If this should be the result of your deliberations when
+providing for the future, are you--can you--- be ready to risk all that
+we hold dear, to establish, for a temporary and a local purpose, that
+which you must acknowledge to be destructive, and even absurd, as a
+general provision? Carry out the consequences of this right vested in
+the different States, and you must perceive that the crisis your conduct
+presents at this day would recur whenever any law of the United States
+displeased any of the States, and that we should soon cease to be a
+nation.
+
+The ordinance, with the same knowledge of the future that characterizes
+a former objection, tells you that the proceeds of the tax will be
+unconstitutionally applied. If this could be ascertained with certainty,
+the objection would, with more propriety, be reserved for the law so
+applying the proceeds, but surely can not be urged against the laws
+levying the duty.
+
+These are the allegations contained in the ordinance. Examine them
+seriously, my fellow-citizens--judge for yourselves. I appeal to you to
+determine whether they are so clear, so convincing, as to leave no doubt
+of their correctness; and even if you should come to this conclusion,
+how far they justify the reckless, destructive course which you are
+directed to pursue. Review these objections, and the conclusions drawn
+from them once more. What are they? Every law, then, for raising
+revenue, according to the South Carolina ordinance, may be rightfully
+annulled, unless it be so framed as no law ever will or can be framed.
+Congress have a right to pass laws for raising revenue, and each State
+has a right to oppose their execution--two rights directly opposed to
+each other; and yet is this absurdity supposed to be contained in an
+instrument drawn for the express purpose of avoiding collisions between
+the States and the general government, by an assembly of the most
+enlightened statesmen and purest patriots ever embodied for a similar
+purpose.
+
+In vain have these sages declared that Congress shall have power to lay
+and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises--in vain have they
+provided that they shall have power to pass laws which shall be
+necessary and proper to carry those powers into execution, that those
+laws and that Constitution shall be the "supreme law of the land; and
+that the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the
+constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." In
+vain have the people of the several States solemnly sanctioned these
+provisions, made them their paramount law, and individually sworn to
+support them whenever they were called on to execute any office.
+
+Vain provisions! Ineffectual restrictions! Vile profanation of oaths!
+Miserable mockery of legislation! If a bare majority of the voters in
+any one State may, on a real or supposed knowledge of the intent with
+which a law has been passed, declare themselves free from its
+operation--say here it gives too little, there too much, and operates
+unequally--here it suffers articles to be free that ought to be taxed,
+there it taxes those that ought to be free--in this case the proceeds
+are intended to be applied to purposes which we do not approve, in that
+the amount raised is more than is wanted. Congress, it is true, are
+invested by the Constitution with the right of deciding these questions
+according to their sound discretion. Congress is composed of the
+representatives of all the States, and of all the people of all the
+States; but WE, part of the people of one State, to whom the
+Constitution has given no power on the subject, from whom it has
+expressly taken it away--_we_, who have solemnly agreed that this
+Constitution shall be our law--_we_, most of whom have sworn to support
+it--_we_ now abrogate this law, and swear, and force others to swear,
+that it shall not be obeyed--and we do this, not because Congress have
+no right to pass such laws; this we do not allege; but because they
+have passed them with improper views. They are unconstitutional from the
+motives of those who pass them, which we can never with certainty know,
+from their unequal operation; although it is impossible from the nature
+of things that they should be equal--and from the disposition which we
+presume may be made of their proceeds, although that disposition has not
+been declared. This is the plain meaning of the ordinance in relation to
+laws which it abrogates for alleged unconstitutionality. But it does not
+stop here. It repeals, in express terms, an important part of the
+Constitution itself, and of laws passed to give it effect, which have
+never been alleged to be unconstitutional. The Constitution declares
+that the judicial powers of the United States extend to cases arising
+under the laws of the United States, and that such laws the Constitution
+and treaties shall be paramount to the State constitutions and laws. The
+judiciary act prescribes the mode by which the case may be brought
+before a court of the United States, by appeal, when a State tribunal
+shall decide against this provision of the Constitution. The ordinance
+declares there shall be no appeal; makes the State law paramount to the
+Constitution and laws of the United States; forces judges and jurors to
+swear that they will disregard their provisions; and even makes it penal
+in a suitor to attempt relief by appeal. It further declares that it
+shall not be lawful for the authorities of the United States, or of that
+State, to enforce the payment of duties imposed by the revenue laws
+within its limits.
+
+Here is a law of the United States, not even pretended to be
+unconstitutional, repealed by the authority of a small majority of the
+voters of a single State. Here is a provision of the Constitution which
+is solemnly abrogated by the same authority.
+
+On such expositions and reasonings, the ordinance grounds not only an
+assertion of the right to annul the laws of which it complains, but to
+enforce it by a threat of seceding from the Union, if any attempt is
+made to execute them.
+
+This right to secede is deduced from the nature of the Constitution,
+which they say is a compact between sovereign States, who have preserved
+their whole sovereignty, and therefore are subject to no superior; that
+because they made the compact, they can break it when in their opinion
+it has been departed from by the other States. Fallacious as this course
+of reasoning is, it enlists State pride, and finds advocates in the
+honest prejudices of those who have not studied the nature of our
+government sufficiently to see the radical error on which it rests.
+
+The people of the United States formed the Constitution, acting through
+the State legislatures, in making the compact, to meet and discuss its
+provisions, and acting in separate conventions when they ratified those
+provisions; but the term used in its construction show it to be a
+government in which the people of all the States collectively are
+represented. We are ONE PEOPLE in the choice of the President and
+Vice-President. Here the States have no other agency than to direct the
+mode in which the votes shall be given. The candidates having the
+majority of all the votes are chosen. The electors of a majority of
+States may have given their votes for one candidate, and yet another may
+be chosen. The people then, and not the States, are represented in the
+executive branch.
+
+In the House of Representatives there is this difference, that the
+people of one State do not, as in the case of President and
+Vice-President, all vote for all the members, each State electing only
+its own representatives. But this creates no material distinction. When
+chosen, they are all representatives of the United States, not
+representatives of the particular State from which they come. They are
+paid by the United States, not by the State; nor are they accountable to
+it for any act done in performance of their legislative functions; and
+however they may in practice, as it is their duty to do, consult and
+prefer the interests of their particular constituents when they come in
+conflict with any other partial or local interest, yet it is their first
+and highest duty, as representatives of the United States, to promote
+the general good.
+
+The Constitution of the United States, then, forms a _government_, not a
+league, and whether it be formed by compact between the States, or in
+any other manner, its character is the same. It is a government in which
+all the people are represented, which operates directly on the people
+individually, not upon the States; they retained all the power they did
+not grant. But each State having expressly parted with so many powers as
+to constitute jointly with the other States a single nation, can not
+from that period possess any right to secede, because such secession
+does not break a league, but destroys the unity of a nation, and any
+injury to that unity is not only a breach which would result from the
+contravention of a compact, but it is an offense against the whole
+Union. To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union, is
+to say that the United States is not a nation; because it would be a
+solecism to contend that any part of a nation might dissolve its
+connection with the other parts, to their injury or ruin, without
+committing any offense. Secession, like any other revolutionary act, may
+be morally justified by the extremity of oppression; but to call it a
+constitutional right, is confounding the meaning of terms, and can only
+be done through gross error, or to deceive those who are willing to
+assert a right, but would pause before they made a revolution, or incur
+the penalties consequent upon a failure.
+
+Because the Union was formed by compact, it is said the parties to that
+compact may, when they feel aggrieved, depart from it; but it is
+precisely because it is a compact that they cannot. A contract is an
+agreement or binding obligation. It may by its terms have a sanction or
+penalty for its breach, or it may not. If it contains no sanction, it
+may be broken with no other consequence than moral guilt; if it have a
+sanction, then the breach incurs the designated or implied penalty. A
+league between independent nations, generally, has no sanction other
+than a moral one; or if it should contain a penalty, as there is no
+common superior, it cannot be enforced. A government, on the contrary,
+always has a sanction, express or implied; and, in our case, it is both
+necessarily implied and expressly given. An attempt by force of arms to
+destroy a government is an offense, by whatever means the constitutional
+compact may have been formed; and such government has the right, by the
+law of self-defense, to pass acts for punishing the offender, unless
+that right is modified, restrained, or resumed by the constitutional
+act. In our system, although it is modified in the case of treason, yet
+authority is expressly given to pass all laws necessary to carry its
+powers into effect, and under this grant provision has been made for
+punishing acts which obstruct the due administration of the laws.
+
+It would seem superfluous to add anything to show the nature of that
+union which connects us; but as erroneous opinions on this subject are
+the foundation of doctrines the most destructive to our peace, I must
+give some further development to my views on this subject. No one,
+fellow-citizens, has a higher reverence for the reserved rights of the
+States than the magistrate who now addresses you. No one would make
+greater personal sacrifices, or official exertions, to defend them from
+violation; but equal care must be taken to prevent, on their part, an
+improper interference with, or resumption of, the rights they have
+vested in the nation. The line has not been so distinctly drawn as to
+avoid doubts in some cases of the exercise of power. Men of the best
+intentions and soundest views may differ in their construction of some
+parts of the Constitution; but there are others on which dispassionate
+reflection can leave no doubt. Of this nature appears to be the assumed
+right of secession. It rests, as we have seen, on the alleged and
+undivided sovereignty of the States, and of their having formed in this
+sovereign capacity a compact which is called the Constitution, from
+which, because they made it, they have the right to secede. Both of
+these positions are erroneous, and some of the arguments to prove them
+so have been anticipated.
+
+The States severally have not retained their entire sovereignty. It has
+been shown that in becoming parts of a nation, not members of a league,
+they surrendered many of their essential parts of sovereignty. The right
+to make treaties, declare war, levy taxes, exercise judicial and
+legislative powers, were all functions of sovereign power. The States,
+then, for all these important purposes, were no longer sovereign. The
+allegiance of their citizens was transferred in the first instance to
+the government of the United States; they became American citizens, and
+owed obedience to the Constitution of the United States, and to laws
+made in conformity with the powers vested in Congress. This last
+position has not been, and can not be, denied. How, then, can that State
+be said to be sovereign and independent whose citizens owe obedience to
+laws not made by it, and whose magistrates are sworn to disregard those
+laws, when they come in conflict with those passed by another? What
+shows conclusively that the States can not be said to have reserved an
+undivided sovereignty, is that they expressly ceded the right to punish
+treason--not treason against a separate power, but treason against the
+United States. Treason is an offense against _sovereignty_, and
+sovereignty must reside with the power to punish it. But the reserved
+rights of the States are not less sacred because they have for their
+common interest made the general government the depository of these
+powers. The unity of our political character (as has been shown for
+another purpose) commenced with its very existence. Under the royal
+government we had no separate character; our opposition to its
+oppression began as UNITED COLONIES. We were the UNITED STATES under the
+Confederation, and the name was perpetuated and the Union rendered more
+perfect by the federal Constitution. In none of these stages did we
+consider ourselves in any other light than as forming one nation.
+Treaties and alliances were made in the name of all. Troops were raised
+for the joint defense. How, then, with all these proofs, that under all
+changes of our position we had, for designated purposes and with defined
+powers, created national governments--how is it that the most perfect of
+these several modes of union should now be considered as a mere league
+that may be dissolved at pleasure? It is from an abuse of terms. Compact
+is used as synonymous with league, although the true term is not
+employed, because it would at once show the fallacy of the reasoning. It
+would not do to say that our Constitution was only a league, but it is
+labored to prove it a compact (which, in one sense, it is), and then to
+argue that as a league is a compact, every compact between nations must,
+of course, be a league, and that from such an engagement every sovereign
+power has a right to recede. But it has been shown that in this sense
+the States are not sovereign, and that even if they were, and the
+national Constitution had been formed by compact, there would be no
+right in any one State to exonerate itself from the obligation.
+
+So obvious are the reasons which forbid this secession, that it is
+necessary only to allude to them. The Union was formed for the benefit
+of all. It was produced by mutual sacrifice of interest and opinions.
+Can those sacrifices be recalled? Can the States, who magnanimously
+surrendered their title to the territories of the West, recall the
+grant? Will the inhabitants of the inland States agree to pay the duties
+that may be imposed without their assent by those on the Atlantic or the
+Gulf, for their own benefit? Shall there be a free port in one State,
+and enormous duties in another? No one believes that any right exists in
+a single State to involve all the others in these and countless other
+evils, contrary to engagements solemnly made. Every one must see that
+the other States, in self-defense, must oppose it at all hazards.
+
+These are the alternatives that are presented by the convention: A
+repeal of all the acts for raising revenue, leaving the government
+without the means of support; or an acquiesce in the dissolution of our
+Union by the secession of one of its members. When the first was
+proposed, it was known that it could not be listened to for a moment. It
+was known if force was applied to oppose the execution of the laws, that
+it must be repelled by force--that Congress could not, without involving
+itself in disgrace and the country in ruin, accede to the proposition;
+and yet if this is not done in a given day, or if any attempt is made to
+execute the laws, the State is, by the ordinance, declared to be out of
+the Union. The majority of a convention assembled for the purpose have
+dictated these terms, or rather this rejection of all terms, in the name
+of the people of South Carolina. It is true that the governor of the
+State speaks of the submission of their grievances to a convention of
+all the States; which, he says, they "sincerely and anxiously seek and
+desire." Yet this obvious and constitutional mode of obtaining the
+sense of the other States on the construction of the federal compact,
+and amending it, if necessary, has never been attempted by those who
+have urged the State on to this destructive measure. The State might
+have proposed a call for a general convention to the other States, and
+Congress, if a sufficient number of them concurred, must have called it.
+But the first magistrate of South Carolina, when he expressed a hope
+that, "on a review by Congress and the functionaries of the general
+government of the merits of the controversy," such a convention will be
+accorded to them, must have known that neither Congress, nor any
+functionary in the general government, has authority to call such a
+convention, unless it be demanded by two-thirds of the States. This
+suggestion, then, is another instance of the reckless inattention to the
+provisions of the Constitution with which this crisis has been madly
+hurried on; or of the attempt to persuade the people that a
+constitutional remedy has been sought and refused. If the legislature of
+South Carolina "anxiously desire" a general convention to consider their
+complaints, why have they not made application for it in the way the
+Constitution points out? The assertion that they "earnestly seek" it is
+completely negatived by the omission.
+
+This, then is the position in which we stand. A small majority of the
+citizens of one State in the Union have elected delegates to a State
+convention; that convention has ordained that all the revenue laws of
+the United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer a member
+of the Union. The governor of that State has recommended to the
+legislature the raising of an army to carry the secession into effect,
+and that he may be empowered to give clearances to vessels in the name
+of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws has yet been
+committed, but such a state of things is hourly apprehended, and it is
+the intent of this instrument to PROCLAIM, not only that the duty
+imposed on me by the Constitution, "to take care that the laws be
+faithfully executed," shall be performed to the extent of the powers
+already vested in me by law, or of such others as the wisdom of Congress
+shall devise and intrust to me for that purpose; but to warn the
+citizens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into an opposition to
+the laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience to the illegal and
+disorganizing ordinance of the convention--to exhort those who have
+refused to support it to persevere in their determination to uphold the
+Constitution and laws of their country, and to point out to all the
+perilous situation into which the good people of that State have been
+led, and that the course they are urged to pursue is one of ruin and
+disgrace to the very State whose rights they effect to support.
+
+Fellow-citizens of my native State! let me not only admonish you, as the
+first magistrate of our common country, not to incur the penalty of its
+laws, but use the influence that a father would over his children whom
+he saw rushing to a certain ruin. In that paternal language, with that
+paternal feeling, let me tell you, my countrymen, that you are deluded
+by men who are either deceived themselves or wish to deceive you. Mark
+under what pretenses you have been led on to the brink of insurrection
+and treason on which you stand! First a diminution of the value of our
+staple commodity, lowered by over-production in other quarters and the
+consequent diminution in the value of your lands, were the sole effect
+of the tariff laws. The effect of those laws was confessedly injurious,
+but the evil was greatly exaggerated by the unfounded theory you were
+taught to believe, that its burdens were in proportion to your exports,
+not to your consumption of imported articles. Your pride was roused by
+the assertions that a submission to these laws was a state of vassalage,
+and that resistance to them was equal, in patriotic merit, to the
+opposition our fathers offered to the oppressive laws of Great Britain.
+You were told that this opposition might be peaceably--might be
+constitutionally made--that you might enjoy all the advantages of the
+Union and bear none of its burdens. Eloquent appeals to your passions,
+to your State pride, to your native courage, to your sense of real
+injury, were used to prepare you for the period when the mask which
+concealed the hideous features of DISUNION should be taken off. It fell,
+and you were made to look with complacency on objects which not long
+since you would have regarded with horror. Look back to the arts which
+have brought you to this state--look forward to the consequences to
+which it must inevitably lead! Look back to what was first told you as
+an inducement to enter into this dangerous course. The great political
+truth was repeated to you that you had the revolutionary right of
+resisting all laws that were palpably unconstitutional and intolerably
+oppressive--it was added that the right to nullify a law rested on the
+same principle, but that it was a peaceable remedy! This character which
+was given to it, made you receive with too much confidence the
+assertions that were made of the unconstitutionality of the law and its
+oppressive effects. Mark, my fellow-citizens, that by the admission of
+your leaders the unconstitutionality must be _palpable_, or it will
+justify either resistance or nullification! What is the meaning of the
+word _palpable_ in the sense in which it is here used?--that which is
+apparent to every one, that which no man of ordinary intellect will fail
+to perceive. Is the unconstitutionality of these laws of that
+description? Let those among your leaders who once approved and
+advocated the principles of protective duties, answer the question; and
+let them choose whether they will be considered as incapable, then, of
+perceiving that which must have been apparent to every man of common
+understanding, or as imposing upon our confidence and endeavoring to
+mislead you now. In either case, they are unsafe guides in the perilous
+path they urge you to tread. Ponder well on this circumstance, and you
+will know how to appreciate the exaggerated language they address to
+you. They are not champions of liberty emulating the fame of our
+Revolutionary fathers, nor are you an oppressed people, contending, as
+they repeat to you, against worse than colonial vassalage. You are free
+members of a flourishing and happy Union. There is no settled design to
+oppress you. You have, indeed, felt the unequal operation of laws which
+may have been unwisely, not unconstitutionally passed; but that
+inequality must necessarily be removed. At the very moment when you were
+madly urged on to the unfortunate course you have begun, a change in
+public opinion has commenced. The nearly approaching payment of the
+public debt, and the consequent necessity of a diminution of duties, had
+already caused a considerable reduction, and that, too, on some articles
+of general consumption in your State. The importance of this change was
+underrated, and you were authoritatively told that no further
+alleviation of your burdens was to be expected, at the very time when
+the condition of the country imperiously demanded such a modification of
+the duties as should reduce them to a just and equitable scale. But, as
+apprehensive of the effect of this change in allaying your discontents,
+you were precipitated into a fearful state in which you now find
+yourselves.
+
+I have urged you to look back to the means that were used to hurry you
+on to the position you have now assumed, and forward to the consequences
+it will produce. Something more is necessary. Contemplate the condition
+of that country of which you still form an important part; consider its
+government uniting in one bond of common interest and general protection
+so many different States--giving to all their inhabitants the proud
+title of AMERICAN CITIZENS--protecting their commerce--securing their
+literature and arts--facilitating their intercommunication--defending
+their frontiers--and making their name respected in the remotest parts
+of the earth! Consider the extent of its territory, its increasing and
+happy population, its advance in arts, which render life agreeable, and
+the sciences which elevate the mind! See education spreading the lights
+of religion, morality, and general information into every cottage in
+this wide extent of our Territories and States! Behold it as the asylum
+where the wretched and the oppressed find a refuge and support! Look on
+this picture of happiness and honor, and say, WE, TOO, ARE CITIZENS OF
+AMERICA--Carolina is one of these proud States her arms have
+defended--her best blood has cemented this happy Union! And then add, if
+you can, without horror and remorse, this happy Union we will
+dissolve--this picture of peace and prosperity we will deface--this free
+intercourse we will interrupt--these fertile fields we will deluge with
+blood--the protection of that glorious flag we renounce--the very name
+of Americans we discard. And for what, mistaken men! For what do you
+throw away these inestimable blessings--for what would you exchange your
+share in the advantages and honor of the Union? For the dream of a
+separate independence--a dream interrupted by bloody conflicts with your
+neighbors, and a vile dependence on a foreign power. If your leaders
+could succeed in establishing a separation, what would be your
+situation? Are you united at home--are you free from the apprehension
+of civil discord, with all its fearful consequences? Do our neighboring
+republics, every day suffering some new revolution or contending with
+some new insurrection--do they excite your envy? But the dictates of a
+high duty oblige me solemnly to announce that you can not succeed. The
+laws of the United States must be executed. I have no discretionary
+power on the subject--my duty is emphatically pronounced in the
+Constitution. Those who told you that you might peaceably prevent their
+execution, deceived you--they could not have been deceived themselves.
+They know that a forcible opposition could alone prevent the execution
+of the laws, and they know that such opposition must be repelled. Their
+object is disunion; but be not deceived by names; disunion, by armed
+force, is TREASON. Are you really ready to incur this guilt? If you are,
+on the head of the instigators of the act be the dreadful
+consequences--on their heads be the dishonor, but on yours may fall the
+punishment--on your unhappy State will inevitably fall all the evils of
+the conflict you force upon the government of your country. It cannot
+accede to the mad project of disunion of which you would be the first
+victims--its first magistrate can not, if he would, avoid the
+performance of his duty--the consequence must be fearful for you,
+distressing to your fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of good
+government throughout the world. Its enemies have beheld our prosperity
+with a vexation they could not conceal--it was a standing refutation of
+their slavish doctrines, and they will point to our discord with the
+triumph of malignant joy. It is yet in your power to disappoint them.
+There is yet time to show that the descendants of the Pinckneys, the
+Sumpters, the Rutledges, and of the thousand other names which adorn the
+pages of your revolutionary history, will not abandon that Union to
+support which so many of them fought and bled and died. I adjure you, as
+you honor their memory--as you love the cause of freedom, to which they
+dedicated their lives--as you prize the peace of your country, the lives
+of its best citizens, and your own fair fame, to retrace your steps.
+Snatch from the archives of your State the disorganizing edict of its
+convention--bid its members to re-assemble and promulgate the decided
+expressions of your will to remain in the path which alone can conduct
+you to safety, prosperity, and honor--tell them that compared to
+disunion, all other evils are light, because that brings with it an
+accumulation of all--declare that you will never take the field unless
+the star-spangled banner of your country shall float over you--that you
+will not be stigmatized when dead, and dishonored and scorned while you
+live, as the authors of the first attack on the Constitution of your
+country!--its destroyers you can not be. You may disturb its peace--you
+may interrupt the course of its prosperity--you may cloud its reputation
+for stability--but its tranquillity will be restored, its prosperity
+will return, and the stain upon its national character will be
+transferred and remain an eternal blot on the memory of those who caused
+the disorder.
+
+Fellow-citizens of the United States! The threat of unhallowed
+disunion--the names of those, once respected, by whom it is uttered--the
+array of military force to support it--denote the approach of a crisis
+in our affairs on which the continuance of our unexampled prosperity,
+our political existence, and perhaps that of all free governments, may
+depend. The conjecture demanded a free, a full, and explicit
+enunciation, not only of my intentions, but of my principles of action;
+and as the claim was asserted of a right by a State to annul the laws of
+the Union, and even to secede from it at pleasure, a frank exposition of
+my opinions in relation to the origin and form of our government, and
+the construction I give to the instrument by which it was created,
+seemed to be proper. Having the fullest confidence in the justness of
+the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties which has been
+expressed, I rely with equal confidence on your undivided support in my
+determination to execute the laws--to preserve the Union by all
+constitutional means--to arrest, if possible, by moderate but firm
+measures, the necessity of a recourse to force; and, if it be the will
+of Heaven that the recurrence of its primeval curse on man for the
+shedding of a brother's blood should fall upon our land, that it be not
+called down by any offensive act on the part of the United States.
+
+Fellow-citizens! The momentous case is before you. On your undivided
+support of your government depends the decision of the great question it
+involves, whether your sacred Union will be preserved, and the blessing
+it secures to us as one people shall be perpetuated. No one can doubt
+that the unanimity with which that decision will be expressed, will be
+such as to inspire new confidence in republican institutions, and that
+the prudence, the wisdom, and the courage which it will bring to their
+defense, will transmit them unimpaired and invigorated to our children.
+
+May the Great Ruler of nations grant that the signal blessings with
+which He has favored ours may not, by the madness of party, or personal
+ambition, be disregarded and lost, and may His wise providence bring
+those who have produced this crisis to see the folly, before they feel
+the misery, of civil strife, and inspire a returning veneration for
+that Union which, if we may dare to penetrate His designs, He has
+chosen, as the only means of attaining the high destinies to which we
+may reasonably aspire.
+
+In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be
+hereunto affixed, having signed the same with my hand.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this 10th day of December, in the year
+of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, and of the
+independence of the United States the fifty-seventh.
+
+ANDREW JACKSON.
+
+By the President.
+
+EDW. LIVINGSOE, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+MONROE DOCTRINE.
+
+EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT MONROE'S ANNUAL MESSAGE, WASHINGTON, DEC. 2,
+1823.
+
+
+The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly
+in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men on that side
+of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating
+to themselves, we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with
+our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded, or
+seriously menaced, that we resent injuries or make preparations for our
+defence. With the movements in this hemisphere, we are, of necessity,
+more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all
+enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied
+powers is essentially different, in this respect, from that of America.
+This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective
+Governments. And to the defence of our own, which has been achieved by
+the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of
+their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed
+unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted.
+
+We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing
+between the United States and those powers, to declare, that we should
+consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion
+of this hemisphere, as dangerous to our peace and safety.
+
+With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power, we
+have not interfered, and shall not interfere. But, with the Governments
+who have declared their independence, and maintained it, and whose
+independence we have, on great consideration, and on just principles,
+acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of
+oppressing them, or controlling, in any other manner, their destiny, by
+any European power, in any other light than as the manifestation of an
+unfriendly disposition towards the United States.
+
+In the war between those new Governments and Spain, we declared our
+neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have
+adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur,
+which, in the judgment of the competent authorities of this Government,
+shall make a corresponding change on the part of the United States,
+indispensable to their security.
+
+
+
+
+THE DRED SCOTT DECISION.
+
+DRED SCOTT, PLAINTIFF IN ERROR, _vs._ JOHN F.A. SANDFORD.
+
+
+This case was brought up by writ of error, from the Circuit Court of the
+United States for the district of Missouri.
+
+It was an action of trespass _vi et armis_ instituted in the Circuit
+Court by Scott against Sanford.
+
+Prior to the institution of the present suit, an action was brought by
+Scott for his freedom in the Circuit Court of St. Louis county, (State
+court,) where there was a verdict and judgment in his favor. On a writ
+of error to the Supreme Court of the State, the judgment below was
+reversed, and the case remanded to the Circuit Court, where it was
+continued to await the decision of the case now in question.
+
+The declaration of Scott contained three counts: one, that Sandford had
+assaulted the plaintiff; one, that he had assaulted Harriet Scott, his
+wife; and one, that he had assaulted Eliza Scott and Lizzie Scott, his
+children.
+
+Sandford appeared, and filed the following plea:
+
+DRED SCOTT,         }
+_vs._               } _Plea to the Jurisdiction of the Court._
+JOHN F.A. SANDFORD. }
+
+
+APRIL TERM, 1854.
+
+And the said John F.A. Sandford, in his own proper person, comes and
+says that this court ought not to have or take further cognizance of the
+action aforesaid, because he says that said cause of action, and each
+and every of them, (if any such have accrued to the said Dred Scott,)
+accrued to the said Dred Scott out of the jurisdiction of this court,
+and exclusively within the jurisdiction of the courts of the State of
+Missouri, for that, to wit: the said plaintiff, Dred Scott, is not a
+citizen of the State of Missouri, as alleged in his declaration, because
+he is a negro of African descent; his ancestors were of pure African
+blood, and were brought into this country and sold as negro slaves, and
+this the said Sandford is ready to verify. Wherefore he prays judgment
+whether this court can or will take further cognizance of the action
+aforesaid.
+
+JOHN F.A. SANDFORD.
+
+To this plea there was a demurrer in the usual form, which was argued
+in April, 1854, when the court gave judgment that the demurrer should be
+sustained.
+
+In May, 1854, the defendant, in pursuance of an agreement between
+counsel, and with the leave of the court, pleaded in bar of the action:
+
+1. Not guilty.
+
+2. That the plaintiff was a negro slave, the lawful property of the
+defendant, and, as such, the defendant gently laid his hands upon him,
+and thereby had only restrained him, as the defendant had a right to do.
+
+3. That with respect to the wife and daughters of the plaintiff, in the
+second and third counts of the declaration mentioned, the defendant had,
+as to them, only acted in the same manner, and in virtue of the same
+legal right.
+
+In the first of these pleas, the plaintiff joined issue; and to the
+second and third filed replications alleging that the defendant, of his
+own wrong and without the cause in his second and third pleas alleged,
+committed the trespasses, etc.
+
+The counsel then filed the following agreed statement of facts, viz.:
+
+In the year 1834, the plaintiff was a negro slave belonging to Dr.
+Emerson, who was a surgeon in the army of the United States. In that
+year, 1834, said Dr. Emerson took the plaintiff from the State of
+Missouri to the military post at Rock Island in the State of Illinois,
+and held him there as a slave until the month of April or May, 1836. At
+the time last mentioned, said Dr. Emerson removed the plaintiff from
+said military post at Rock Island to the military post at Fort Snelling,
+situate on the west bank of the Mississippi river, in the Territory
+known as Upper Louisiana, acquired by the United States of France, and
+situate north of the latitude of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes
+north, and north of the State of Missouri. Said Dr. Emerson held the
+plaintiff in slavery at said Fort Snelling, from said last-mentioned
+date until the year 1838.
+
+In the year 1835, Harriet, who is named in the second count of the
+plaintiff's declaration, was the negro slave of Major Taliaferro, who
+belonged to the army of the United States. In that year, 1835, said
+Major Taliaferro took said Harriet to said Fort Snelling, a military
+post, situated as hereinbefore stated, and kept her there as a slave
+until the year 1836, and then sold and delivered her as a slave at said
+Fort Snelling unto the said Dr. Emerson hereinbefore named. Said Dr.
+Emerson held said Harriet in slavery at said Fort Snelling until the
+year 1838.
+
+In the year 1836, the plaintiff and said Harriet, at said Fort
+Snelling, with the consent of said Dr. Emerson, who then claimed to be
+their master and owner, intermarried, and took each other for husband
+and wife. Eliza and Lizzie, named in the third count of the plaintiff's
+declaration, are the fruit of that marriage. Eliza is about fourteen
+years old, and was born on board the steamboat Gipsey, north of the
+north line of the State of Missouri, and upon the river Mississippi.
+Lizzie is about seven years old, and was born in the State of Missouri,
+at the military post called Jefferson Barracks.
+
+In the year 1838, said Dr. Emerson removed the plaintiff and said
+Harriet and their said daughter Eliza, from said Fort Snelling to the
+State of Missouri, where they have ever since resided.
+
+Before the commencement of this suit, said Dr. Emerson sold and conveyed
+the plaintiff, said Harriet, Eliza, and Lizzie, to the defendant, as
+slaves, and the defendant has ever since claimed to hold them and each
+of them as slaves.
+
+At the times mentioned in the plaintiff's declaration, the defendant
+claiming to be owner as aforesaid, laid his hands upon said plaintiff,
+Harriet, Eliza, and Lizzie, and imprisoned them, doing in this respect,
+however, no more than what he might lawfully do if they were of right
+his slaves at such times.
+
+Further proof may be given on the trial for either party.
+
+It is agreed that Dred Scott brought suit for his freedom in the Circuit
+Court of St. Louis county; that there was a verdict and judgment in his
+favor; that on a writ of error to the Supreme Court, the judgment below
+was reversed, and the same remanded to the Circuit Court, where it has
+been continued to await the decision of this case.
+
+In May, 1854, the cause went before a jury, who found the following
+verdict, viz.: "As to the first issue joined in this case, we of the
+jury find the defendant not guilty; and as to the issue secondly above
+joined, we of the jury find that before and at the time when, &c., in
+the first count mentioned, the said Dred Scott was a negro slave, the
+lawful property of the defendant; and as to the issue thirdly above
+joined, we, the jury, find that before and at the time when, &c., in the
+second and third counts mentioned, the said Harriet, wife of said Dred
+Scott, and Eliza and Lizzie, the daughters of the said Dred Scott, were
+negro slaves, the lawful property of the defendant."
+
+Whereupon the court gave judgment for the defendant.
+
+After an ineffectual motion for a new trial, the plaintiff filed the
+following bill of exceptions.
+
+On the trial of this cause by the jury, the plaintiff, to maintain the
+issues on his part, read to the jury the following agreed statement of
+facts, (see agreement above.) No further testimony was given to the jury
+by either party. Thereupon the plaintiff moved the court to give to the
+jury the following instruction, viz.:
+
+"That upon the facts agreed to by the parties, they ought to find for
+the plaintiff. The court refused to give such instruction to the jury,
+and the plaintiff, to such refusal, then and there duly excepted."
+
+The court then gave the following instruction to the jury, on motion of
+the defendant:
+
+"The jury are instructed, that upon the facts in this case, the law is
+with the defendant." The plaintiff excepted to this instruction.
+
+Upon these exceptions, the case came up to this court.
+
+It was argued at December term, 1855, and ordered to be reargued at the
+present term.
+
+The opinion of the court, as delivered by Chief Justice Taney, being so
+lengthy, we omit all but the summing up, to wit:
+
+Upon the whole, therefore, it is the judgment of this court, that it
+appears by the record before us, that the plaintiff in error is not a
+citizen of Missouri, in the sense in which that word is used in the
+Constitution; and that the Circuit Court of the United States, for that
+reason, had no jurisdiction in the case, and could give no judgment in
+it. Its judgment for the defendant must, consequently, be reversed, and
+a mandate issued, directing the suit to be dismissed for want of
+jurisdiction.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+WITH THE VOTE FOR EACH CANDIDATE FOR OFFICE.
+
+
+BEFORE THE REVOLUTION.
+
+FIRST CONGRESS, Sept. 5, 1774. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, President.
+Born in Virginia, in 1723, died at Philadelphia, Oct. 22, 1785. Charles
+Thomson, of Pennsylvania, Secretary. Born in Ireland, 1730, died in
+Pennsylvania, Aug. 16, 1824.
+
+SECOND CONGRESS, May 10, 1775. Peyton Randolph, President. Resigned May
+24, 1775.
+
+John Hancock, of Massachusetts, elected his successor. He was born at
+Quincy, Mass., 1737, died Oct. 8, 1793. He was President of Congress
+until October, 1777.
+
+Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, President from Nov. 1, 1777, to Dec.
+1778. He was born at Charleston, S.C., 1724, died in South Carolina,
+Dec, 1792.
+
+John Jay, of New York, President from Dec. 10, 1778, to Sept. 27, 1779.
+He was born in New York City, Dec. 12, 1745, died at New York, May 17,
+1829.
+
+Samuel Huntingdon, of Connecticut, President from Sept. 28, 1779, until
+July 10, 1781. He was born in Connecticut, in 1732, died 1796.
+
+Thos. McKean, of Pennsylvania, President from July 1781, until Nov. 5,
+1781. He was born in Pennsylvania, March 19, 1734, died at Philadelphia,
+June 24, 1817.
+
+John Hanson, of Maryland, President from Nov. 5, 1781, to Nov. 4, 1782.
+
+Elias Boudinot, of New Jersey, President from Nov. 4, 1782, until Feb.
+4, 1783. He was born at Philadelphia, May 2, 1740, died 1824.
+
+Thomas Mifflin, of Pennsylvania, President from Feb. 4, 1783, to Nov.
+30, 1784. Born at Philadelphia, 1744, died in the same city, Jan. 21,
+1800.
+
+Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, President from Nov. 30, 1784, to Nov.
+23, 1785. He was born in Virginia, 1732, died 1794.
+
+John Hancock, of Massachusetts, President from Nov. 23, 1785, to June 6,
+1786.
+
+Nathaniel Gorham, of Massachusetts, President from June 6, 1786, to Feb.
+2, 1787. He was born at Charlestown, Mass., 1738, died June 11, 1796.
+
+Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania, President from Feb. 2, 1787, to Jan.
+28, 1788. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland,----, died in 1818.
+
+Cyrus Griffin, of Virginia, President from Jan. 28, 1788, to the end of
+the Congress under the Confederation, March 3, 1789. He was born in
+England, 1748, died in Virginia, 1810.
+
+
+UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.
+
+1789 to 1793.--George Washington, of Virginia, inaugurated as President
+of the United States, April 30, 1789. He was born upon Wakefield estate,
+Virginia, Feb. 22, (11th old style,) 1732, died at Mount Vernon, Dec.
+14, 1799.
+
+John Adams, of Massachusetts, Vice-President. Born at Braintree, Mass.,
+Oct. 19, 1735, died July 4, 1826, near Quincy, Mass.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--Geo. Washington, 69; John Adams, 34; John Jay, New
+York, 9; R.H. Harrison, Maryland, 6; John Rutledge, South Carolina, 6;
+John Hancock, Massachusetts, 4; Geo. Clinton, New York, 3; Sam'l
+Huntingdon, Connecticut, 2; John Milton, Georgia, 2; James Armstrong,
+Georgia, 1; Edward Telfair, Georgia, 1; Benj. Lincoln, Massachusetts,
+1--Total, 69. Ten States voted,--Rhode Island, New York, and North
+Carolina not voting, not having ratified the Constitution in time.
+
+1793 to 1797.--George Washington, President, inaugurated March 4, 1793.
+
+John Adams, Vice-President.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--Geo. Washington, 132; John Adams, 77; Geo. Clinton, 50;
+Thos. Jefferson, Virginia, 4; Aaron Burr, New York, 1.--Total, 132.
+Fifteen States voted.
+
+1797 to 1801.--John, Adams President, inaugurated March 4, 1797.
+
+Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Vice-President. Born at Shadwell,
+Virginia, April 13, 1743, died at Monticello, Virginia, July 4, 1826.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--John Adams, 71; Thomas Jefferson, 68; Thomas Pinckney,
+South Carolina, 59; Aaron Burr, 30; Sam'l Adams, Massachusetts, 15;
+Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut, 11; Geo. Clinton, 7; John Jay, 5; James
+Iredell, North Carolina, 3; George Washington, 2; John Henry, Maryland,
+2; S. Johnson, North Carolina, 2; Charles C. Pinckney, South Carolina,
+1.--Total 138. Sixteen States voting.
+
+1801 to 1805.--Thomas Jefferson, President, inaugurated March 4, 1801.
+
+Aaron Burr, of New York Vice-President. Born at Newark, N.J., Feb. 6,
+1756, died at Staten Island, N.Y., Sept. 14, 1836.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--Thos. Jefferson, 73; Aaron Burr, 73; John Adams, 65;
+Chas. C. Pinckney, 64; John Jay 1.--Total, 13. Sixteen States voting.
+
+There was no choice by the Electoral colleges, and the election was
+carried into the House of Representatives, and upon the 36th ballot, ten
+States voted for Jefferson, four States for Aaron Burr, and two States
+in blank. Jefferson was declared to be elected President, and Burr
+Vice-President. The Constitution was then amended, so that the
+Vice-President was voted for separately, instead of being the second on
+the vote for President.
+
+1805 to 1809.--Thomas Jefferson, President, inaugurated March 4, 1805.
+
+George Clinton, of New York, Vice-President. He was born in Ulster
+county, N.Y., 1739, died in Washington, D.C., April 20, 1812.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Thos. Jefferson, 162; Chas. Cotesworth
+Pinckney, 14.--Total, 176. Seven States voting. For Vice-President,
+George Clinton, 162; Rufus King, New York, 14.
+
+1809 to 1813.--James Madison, of Virginia, President, inaugurated March
+4, 1809. He was born March 16, 1751, in Prince George county, Va., and
+died at Montpelier, Va., June 28, 1836.
+
+George Clinton, of New York, Vice-President, until his death, April 20,
+1812.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Madison, 122; Geo. Clinton, 6;
+C.C. Pinckney, 47.--Total, 175. Seventeen States voting. For
+Vice-President, George Clinton, 113; James Madison, 3; James Monroe,
+Virginia, 3; John Langdon, New Hampshire, 9; Rufus King, New York, 47.
+
+1813 to 1817.--James Madison, of Virginia, President, inaugurated March
+4, 1813.
+
+Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, Vice-President, until his death, Nov.
+23, 1814. He was born at Marblehead, Mass., July 17, 1744, and died at
+Washington, D.C.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Madison, 128; De Witt Clinton, New
+York, 89.--Total, 217. Eighteen States voting. For Vice-President,
+Elbridge Gerry, 131; Jared Ingersoll, Pa., 86.
+
+1817 to 1821.--James Monroe, of Virginia, President, inaugurated March
+4, 1817. He was born in Westmoreland county, Va., 1759, and died in New
+York, July 4, 1831.
+
+Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, Vice-President. Born June 21, 1774, at
+Fox Meadows, N.Y., and died at Staten Island, June 11, 1825.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Monroe, 183; Rufus King,
+34.--Total, 221. Nineteen States voting. For Vice-President, Daniel D.
+Tompkins, 183; John Eager Howard, Maryland, 22; James Ross,
+Pennsylvania, 5; John Marshall, Virginia, 4; Robt. Goodloe Harper,
+Maryland, 3.
+
+1821 to 1825.--James Monroe, President, inaugurated March 4, 1821.
+
+Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Monroe, 231; John Quincy Adams,
+Massachusetts, 1.--Total, 232. Twenty-four States voting. For
+Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 218; Richard Stockton, New Jersey,
+8; Robert G. Harper, 1; Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, 1; Daniel Rodney,
+Delaware, 1.
+
+1825 to 1829.--John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, President,
+inaugurated March 4, 1825. He was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, July
+11, 1767, and died at Washington City, Feb. 23, 1848.
+
+John Caldwell Calhoun, of South Carolina, Vice-President. Born in
+Abbeville district, S.C., March 18, 1782, and died March 31, 1850, in
+Washington City.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, John Quincy Adams, 105,321; Andrew
+Jackson, Tennessee, 152,899; Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, 47,265; Henry
+Clay, Kentucky, 47,087.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President Andrew Jackson, 99; John Quincy Adams,
+84; Wm, H. Crawford, 41; Henry Clay, 37.--Total, 261. Twenty-four States
+voting.
+
+There being no choice by the Electoral colleges, the vote was taken into
+the House of Representatives. Adams received the votes of thirteen
+States, Jackson seven, and Crawford four. John Quincy Adams was
+therefore declared elected President.
+
+For Vice-President, the Electoral vote was John C. Calhoun, South
+Carolina, 182; Nathan Sanford, New York, 30; Nathaniel Macon, Georgia,
+24; Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, 13; Martin Van Buren, New York, 9; Henry
+Clay, Kentucky, 2.
+
+1829 to 1833.--Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1829. He was born in Mecklenburg county, N.C., March 15, 1767,
+and died at the Hermitage, Tenn., June 8, 1845.
+
+John Caldwell Calhoun, Vice-President, until his resignation, Dec. 28,
+1832.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Andrew Jackson, 650,028; John Quincy
+Adams, 512,158.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Andrew Jackson, 178; J.Q. Adams,
+83.--Total, 261. Twenty-four States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, 171; Richard Rush, Pennsylvania,
+83; Wm, Smith, South Carolina, 7.
+
+1833 to 1837.--Andrew Jackson, President, inaugurated March 4, 1833.
+
+Martin Van Buren, of New York, Vice-President. He was born at
+Kinderhook, N.Y., Dec. 5, 1782.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Andrew Jackson, 687,502; Henry Clay,
+550,189; Opposition, (John Floyd, Virginia, and Wm. Wirt, Maryland,)
+33,108.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Andrew Jackson, 219; Henry Clay, 49;
+John Floyd, 11; Wm. Wirt, 7.--Total 288. Twenty-four States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, Martin Van Buren, 189; John Sergeant, Pennsylvania,
+49; William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, 30; Henry Lee, Massachusetts, 11;
+Amos Ellmaker, Pennsylvania, 7.
+
+1837 to 1841.--Martin Van Buren, President, inaugurated March 4, 1837.
+
+Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, Vice-President. He was born in 1780,
+and died Nov. 19, 1850.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Martin Van Buren, 762,149; Opposition,
+(Wm. H. Harrison, Hugh L. White, Daniel Webster, W.P. Mangum,) 736,736.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Martin Van Buren, 170; Wm. H. Harrison,
+Ohio, 73; Hugh L. White, Tennessee, 26; Daniel Webster, Massachusetts,
+14; W.P. Mangum, 11.--Total, 294. Twenty-six States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, 147; Francis Granger,
+New York, 77; John Tyler, Virginia, 47; Wm. Smith, Alabama, 23.
+
+1841 to 1845--Wm. Henry Harrison, of Ohio, President, until his death,
+at Washington, April 4, 1841. He was inaugurated March 4, 1841. He was
+born in Berkeley county, Va., Feb. 9, 1773.
+
+John Tyler, of Virginia, Vice-President. He was born April, 1790, at
+Greenway, Charles City county, Va.
+
+John Tyler, of Virginia, became President by the death of W.H. Harrison.
+He took the oath of office April 6, 1841.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--Nov. 1840.--For President, Wm. Henry Harrison, 1,274,783;
+Martin Van Buren, 1,128,702; James G. Birney, New York, (Abolition,)
+7,609.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, W.H. Harrison, 234; M. Van Buren,
+60.--Total, 294. Twenty-six States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, John Tyler, 234; Richard M. Johnson, 48; L.W.
+Tazewell, South Carolina, 11; James K. Polk, Tennessee, 1.
+
+1845 to 1849.--James Knox Polk, of Tennessee, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1845. He was born in Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, Nov.
+2, 1795, and died at Nashville, Tennessee, June 15, 1849.
+
+George Mifflin Dallas, of Pennsylvania, Vice-President. Born in
+Philadelphia, July 10, 1792.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, James K. Polk, 1,335,834; Henry Clay,
+1,297,033; James G. Birney, 62,290.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James K. Polk, 170; Henry Clay,
+105.--Total, 275. Twenty-six States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, George M. Dallas, 170; Theodore Frelinghuysen, of
+New Jersey, 105.
+
+1849 to 1853.--Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1849. Born in Virginia, 1784, died in Washington City, July 9,
+1850.
+
+Millard Fillmore, of New York, Vice-President. Born in Locke township,
+Cayuga county, N.Y., Jan. 7, 1800.
+
+Millard Fillmore, President, after the death of Zachary Taylor, July 9,
+1850. He took the oath of office, July 10, 1850.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Zachary Taylor, 1,362,031; Lewis Cass, of
+Michigan, 1,222,445; Martin Van Buren, (Free-Soil,) 291,455.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Zachary Taylor, 163; Lewis Cass,
+127.--Total, 290. Thirty States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, Millard Fillmore, 163; William O. Butler, Kentucky,
+127.
+
+1853 to 1857.--Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, President, inaugurated
+March 5, 1853. He was born at Hillsboro, N.H., Nov. 23, 1804.
+
+William R. King, of Alabama, Vice-President. He was born in North
+Carolina, April 7, 1786, died at Cahawba, Ala., April 18, 1853.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Franklin Pierce, 1,590,490; Winfield
+Scott, 1,378,589; John P. Hale, New Hampshire, (Abolition,) 157,296.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Franklin Pierce, 254; Winfield Scott of
+New Jersey, 42.--Total, 296. Thirty-one States voting.
+
+For Vice President, Wm. R. King, 254; Wm. A. Graham, North Carolina, 42.
+
+1857 to 1861.--James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, President. He was born
+at Stony Batter, Franklin county, Penn., April 22, 1791.
+
+John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, Vice-President. Born near Lexington,
+Kentucky, Jan. 21, 1820.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, James Buchanan, (Democratic.) 1,832,232;
+John C. Fremont, California, (Republican,) 1,341,514; Millard Fillmore,
+New York, (American,) 874,707.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Buchanan, 174; John C. Fremont,
+109; Millard Fillmore, 8.--Total, 291. Thirty-one States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, John Breckenridge, 174; Wm. L. Dayton, New Jersey,
+109; A.J. Donelson, Tennessee, 8.--Total, 291.
+
+1861 to 1865.--Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1861. He was born near Muldraugh's Hill, Hardin county, Ky.,
+Feb. 1809.
+
+Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Vice-President. He was born at Paris, Oxford
+county, Me., Aug. 27, 1809.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Abraham Lincoln, (Republican,) 1,857,610;
+Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, (Democratic,) 1,365,976; John C.
+Breckenridge, of Kentucky, (Democratic,) 847,953; John Bell, of
+Tennessee, (Constitutional Union,) 590,631.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Abraham Lincoln, 180; John C.
+Breckinridge, 72; John Bell, 39; Stephen A. Douglas, 12.--Total, 291.
+Thirty-three States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, 180; Joseph Lane, Oregon,
+72; Edward Everett, Massachusetts, 39; Herschel V. Johnson, Georgia, 12.
+
+1865 to 1869.--Abraham Lincoln, President, inaugurated March 4, 1865.
+
+Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice-President.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Abraham Lincoln, (Republican,) 3,213,035;
+George B. McClellan, (Democrat,) 1,811,754.
+
+Upon the assassination of President Lincoln, April 14, 1865, Andrew
+Johnson, then Vice-President, assumed the Presidency, and Lafayette S.
+Foster, of Norwich, Conn., President of the Senate, became
+Vice-President.
+
+
+
+
+POPULAR NAMES OF STATES.
+
+
+Virginia, the Old Dominion.
+Massachusetts, the Bay State.
+Maine, the Border State.
+Rhode Island, Little Rhody.
+New York, the Empire State.
+New Hampshire, the Granite State.
+Vermont, the Green Mountain State.
+Connecticut, the Land of Steady Habits.
+Pennsylvania, the Keystone State.
+North Carolina, the Old North State.
+Ohio, the Buckeye State.
+South Carolina, the Palmetto State.
+Michigan, the Wolverine State.
+Kentucky, the Corn-Cracker.
+Delaware, the Blue Hen's Chicken.
+Missouri, the Puke State.
+Indiana, the Hoosier State.
+Illinois, the Sucker State.
+Iowa, the Hawkeye State.
+Wisconsin, the Badger State.
+Florida, the Peninsular State.
+Texas, the Lone Star State.
+
+
+
+
+BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION.
+
+
+The following statistics show the losses of life in the various battles
+of the American Revolution, also the dates of the several battles:
+
+                                       British  American
+                                       Loss.    Loss.
+
+Lexington, April 15, 1775                273     84
+Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775              1054    456
+Flatbush, August 12, 1776                400    200
+White Plains, August 26, 1776            400    400
+Trenton, December 25, 1776              1000      9
+Princeton, January 5, 1777               400    100
+Hubbardstown, August 17, 1777            800    800
+Bennington, August 16, 1777              800    100
+Brandywine, September 11, 1777           500   1100
+Stillwater, September 17, 1777           600    350
+Germantown, October 5, 1777              600   1250
+Saratoga, October 17, 1777[A]           5752   ....
+Red Hook, October 22, 1777               500     32
+Monmouth, June 25, 1778                  400    130
+Rhode Island, August 27, 1778            260    214
+Briar Creek, March 30, 1779               13    400
+Stony Point, July 15, 1779               600    100
+Camden, August 16, 1779                  375    610
+King's Mountain, October 1, 1780         950     66
+Cowpens, January 17, 1781                800     72
+Guilford C.H., March 15, 1781            532    400
+Hobkirk's Hill, April 25, 1781           400    460
+Eutaw Springs, September, 1781          1000    550
+Yorktown, October, 1781[A]              7072   ....
+
+            Total                     25,481   7913
+
+[A] Surrendered.
+
+
+
+
+NEUTRALITY LAW OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+AS AMENDED AND APPROVED BY CONGRESS, JULY 26, 1866.
+
+
+A Bill more effectually to preserve the neutral relations of the United
+States.
+
+_Be it enacted, &c._, That if any citizen of the United States shall,
+within the territory or jurisdiction thereof, accept and exercise a
+commission to serve a foreign prince, State, colony, district, or people
+in war by land or by sea against any prince, State, colony, district or
+people with whom the United States are at peace, the person so offending
+shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall on conviction thereof
+be punished by a fine of not exceeding $2,000 and imprisonment not
+exceeding two years, or either, at the discretion of the Court in which
+such offender may be convicted.
+
+SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That if any person shall, within
+the territory or jurisdiction of the United States enlist, or enter
+himself, or hire or retain another person to enlist or enter himself, or
+to go beyond the limits or jurisdiction of the United States, with
+intent to be enlisted or entered into the service of any foreign prince,
+State, colony, district or people as a soldier, or as a marine or seaman
+on board of any vessel-of-war, letter-of-marque or privateer, every
+person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall
+upon conviction therefor be punished by fine not exceeding $1,000, and
+imprisonment not exceeding two years, or either of them, at the
+discretion of the Court, in case such offender shall be convicted;
+provided that this act shall not be construed to extend to any subject
+or citizen of any foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, who
+shall transiently be within the United States, and shall be on board of
+any vessel of war, letter-of-marque or privateer, which, at the time of
+its arrival within the United States, was fitted and equipped as such,
+enlist or enter himself, and hire or retain another subject or citizen
+of the same foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, who is
+transiently in the United States, to enlist or enter himself to serve
+such foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, on board such
+vessel of war, letter-of-marque or privateer, if the United States shall
+then be at peace with such foreign prince, State, colony, district or
+people.
+
+SEC. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That if any person shall within the
+limits of the United States fit out and arm or attempt to fit out and
+arm, or procure to be fitted out and armed, or shall knowingly be
+concerned in the furnishing, fitting out and arming of any ship or
+vessel with intent that such ship or vessel shall be employed in the
+service of any foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, to
+cruise or commit hostilities against the subjects, citizens or property
+of any foreign prince, State, or any colony, district or people with
+whom the United States are at peace, or shall issue or deliver a
+commission within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States for
+any ship or vessel to the intent that she may be employed as aforesaid,
+or shall have on board any person or persons who shall have been
+enlisted, or shall have engaged to enlist or serve or shall be departing
+from the jurisdiction of the United States with intent to enlist or
+serve in contravention of the provisions of this act, every person so
+offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon
+conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $3,000, and
+imprisonment not exceeding three years, or either of them, at the
+discretion of the Court in which such offender shall be convicted; and
+every such ship and vessel, with her tackle, apparel and furniture,
+together with all materials, arms, ammunition and stores which may have
+been procured for the building and equipment thereof, shall be forfeited
+to the United States of America.
+
+SEC. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be lawful for any
+Collector of the Customs who is by law empowered to make seizures for
+any forfeiture incurred under any of the laws of Customs, to seize such
+ships and vessels in such places and in such manner in which the
+officers of the Customs are empowered to make seizures under the law for
+the collection and protection of the revenue, and that every such ship
+and vessel, with the tackle, apparel and furniture, together with all
+the materials, arms, ammunition and stores which may belong to or be on
+board such ship or vessel, may be prosecuted or condemned for the
+violation of the provisions of this act in like manner as ships or
+vessels may be prosecuted and condemned for any breach of the laws made
+for the collection and protection of the revenue.
+
+SEC. 5. _And be it further enacted_, That if any person shall within the
+territory or jurisdiction of the United States, increase or augment, or
+procure to be increased or augmented, or shall knowingly be concerned in
+increasing or augmenting the force of any ship of war, or cruiser, or
+other armed vessel, which at the time of her arrival within the United
+States was a ship of war, or cruiser, or armed vessel in the service of
+any foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, or belonged to
+the subjects or citizens of any such prince, State, colony, district or
+people, the same being at war with any foreign prince, State, colony,
+district or people with whom the United States are at peace, by adding
+to the number of guns of such vessel, or by changing those on board of
+her for guns of a larger calibre, or by addition thereto of any
+equipment solely applicable to war, or shall have on board any person or
+persons who shall have enlisted, or engaged to enlist or serve, or who
+shall be departing from the jurisdiction of the United States with
+intent to enlist or serve in contravention of the provisions of this
+act; every person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
+and shall upon conviction thereof be punished by fine or imprisonment,
+or either of them, at the discretion of the court in which such offender
+shall be convicted.
+
+SEC. 6. _And be it further enacted_, That the District Courts shall take
+cognizance of all complaints, informations, indictments, or other
+prosecutions, by whomsoever instituted, in cases of captures made within
+the waters of the United States or within a marine league of the coasts
+or shores thereof.
+
+SEC. 7. _And be it further enacted_, That in every case in which a
+vessel shall be fitted out and armed, or in which the force of any
+vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel shall be increased or
+augmented, in every case of the capture of a ship or vessel within the
+jurisdiction or protection of the United States, as before defined, and
+in every case in which any process issuing out of any court of the
+United States shall be disobeyed or resisted by any person or persons
+having the custody of any vessel of war, cruiser or other, armed vessel
+of any prince or State, or of any colony, district or people, or of any
+subjects or citizens of any foreign prince, State, or of any colony,
+district or people in any such case, it shall be lawful for the
+President of the United States, or such other person as he shall have
+empowered for that purpose to employ such part of the land and naval
+forces of the United States or of the militia thereof, for the purpose
+of taking of and detaining any such ship or vessel with her prize or
+prizes, if any, in order to the execution of the prohibition or
+penalties of this act, and to the restoring the prize or prizes in the
+cases in which restoration shall have been adjudged.
+
+SEC. 8. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be lawful for the
+President of the United States, or such person as he shall empower for
+that purpose, to employ such part of the land and naval forces of the
+United States, or of the militia thereof, as shall be necessary to
+compel any foreign ship or vessel to depart the United States in all
+cases in which, by the laws of nations or the treaties of the United
+States they ought not to remain within the United States.
+
+SEC. 9. _And be it further enacted_, That offences made punishable by
+the provisions of this act, committed by citizens of the United States,
+beyond the jurisdiction of the United States, may be prosecuted and
+tried before any court having jurisdiction of the offences prohibited by
+this act.
+
+SEC. 10. _And be it further enacted_, That nothing in this act shall be
+so construed as to prohibit citizens of the United States from selling
+vessels, ships or steamers built within the limits thereof, or materials
+or munitions of war, the growth or product of the same, to inhabitants
+of other countries, or to Governments not at war with the United States:
+provided that the operation of this section of this act shall be
+suspended by the President of the United States with regard to any
+classes of purchases, whenever the United States shall be engaged in
+war, or whenever the maintenance of friendly relations with any foreign
+nation may in his judgment require it.
+
+SEC. 11. _And be it further enacted_, That nothing in the foregoing act
+shall be construed to prevent the prosecution or punishment of treason,
+or any piracy or other felony defined by the laws of the United States.
+
+SEC. 12. _And be it further enacted_, That all acts and parts of acts
+inconsistent with the provisions of this act or inflicting any further
+or other penalty or forfeiture than are hereinbefore provided for. The
+acts forbidden herein are hereby repealed.
+
+
+
+
+POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+
+STATES.                   1850.      1860.
+
+Alabama                 771,623    964,296
+Arkansas                209,897    435,427
+California               92,597    380,015
+Connecticut             370,792    460,151
+Delaware                 91,532    112,218
+Florida                  87,445    140,439
+Georgia                 906,185  1,057,327
+Illinois                851,470  1,711,753
+Indiana                 988,416  1,350,479
+Iowa                    192,214    674,948
+Kansas                    ...      107,710
+Kentucky                982,405  1,155,713
+Louisiana               517,762    709,433
+Maine                   583,169    628,276
+Maryland                583,034    687,034
+Massachusetts           994,514  1,231,065
+Michigan                397,654    749,112
+Minnesota                 6,077    162,022
+Mississippi             606,026    791,395
+Missouri                682,044  1,173,317
+New Hampshire           317,976    326,072
+New Jersey              489,555    672,031
+New York              3,097,394  3,887,542
+North Carolina          869,039    992,667
+Ohio                  1,980,329  2,339,599
+Oregon                   12,093     52,464
+Pennsylvania          2,311,786  2,906,370
+Rhode Island            147,545    174,621
+South Carolina          668,507    703,812
+Tennessee             1,002,717  1,109,847
+Texas                   212,592    601,039
+Vermont                 314,120    315,116
+Virginia             1,421,661   1,596,083
+Wisconsin              305,391     775,873
+
+TERRITORIES, ETC.
+
+Colorado                ....        34,197
+Dakotah                 ....         4,839
+Nebraska                ....        28,842
+Nevada                  ....         6,857
+New Mexico              61,547      93,541
+Utah                    11,380      40,295
+Washington               1,201      11,578
+District of Columbia    51,687      75,076
+
+     Total          23,191,876  31,429,891
+
+
+SLAVE POPULATION IN THE U.S. IN 1860.
+
+STATES.        1850.    1860.
+
+Alabama                342,844    435,132
+Arkansas                47,100    111,104
+Delaware                 2,290      1,798
+Florida                 39,310     61,753
+Georgia                381,682    462,230
+Kentucky               210,981    225,490
+Louisiana              244,809    332,520
+Maryland                90,368     87,188
+Mississippi            309,878    436,696
+Missouri                87,422    114,965
+North Carolina         288,548    331,081
+South Carolina         384,984    402,541
+Tennessee              239,459    275,784
+Texas                   58,161    180,388
+Virginia               472,528    490,887
+Nebraska (Territory)    ..             10
+Utah         "          ..             29
+New Mexico   "              26         24
+District of Columbia     3,687      3,181
+
+   Total             3,204,077  3,952,801
+
+
+STATISTICS OF SLAVERY BEFORE THE REVOLUTION.
+
+AMERICAN SLAVERY IN 1715.
+
+In the reign of George I., the ascertained population of the Continental
+Colonies was as follows:
+
+                    White Men.  Negro Slaves.
+New Hampshire           9,500     150
+Massachusetts          94,000   2,000
+Rhode Island            7,500     500
+Connecticut            46,000   1,500
+New York               27,000   4,000
+Pennsylvania           43,300   2,500
+New Jersey             21,000   1,500
+Maryland               40,700   9,400
+Virginia               72,000  23,000
+North Carolina          7,500   3,700
+South Carolina          6,250  10,500
+
+    Total             375,000  58,550
+
+
+
+
+SPEECH OF HON. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
+
+DELIVERED AT CHICAGO, MAY 1ST, 1861.
+
+
+MR. CHAIRMAN: I thank you for the kind terms in which you have been
+pleased to welcome me. I thank the Committee and citizens of Chicago for
+this grand and imposing reception. I beg you to believe that I will not
+do you nor myself the injustice to believe this magnificent ovation is
+personal homage to myself. I rejoice to know that it expresses your
+devotion to the Constitution, the Union, and the flag of our country.
+(Cheers.)
+
+I will not conceal gratification at the uncontrovertible test this vast
+audience presents--that what political differences or party questions
+may have divided us, yet you all had a conviction that when the country
+should be in danger, my loyalty could be relied on. That the present
+danger is imminent, no man can conceal. If war must come--if the bayonet
+must be used to maintain the Constitution--I can say before God my
+conscience is clean. I have struggled long for a peaceful solution of
+the difficulty. I have not only tendered those States what was theirs of
+right, but I have gone to the very extreme of magnanimity.
+
+The return we receive is war, armies marched upon our capital,
+obstructions and dangers to our navigation, letters of marque to invite
+pirates to prey upon our commerce, a concerted movement to blot out the
+United States of America from the map of the globe. The question is, Are
+we to maintain the country of our fathers, or allow it to be stricken
+down by those who, when they can no longer govern, threaten to destroy?
+
+What cause, what excuse do disunionists give us for breaking up the best
+Government on which the sun of heaven ever shed its rays? They are
+dissatisfied with the result of a Presidential election. Did they never
+get beaten before? Are we to resort to the sword when we get defeated at
+the ballot box? I understand it that the voice of the people expressed
+in the mode appointed by the Constitution must command the obedience of
+every citizen. They assume, on the election of a particular candidate,
+that their rights are not safe in the Union. What evidence do they
+present of this? I defy any man to show any act on which it is based.
+What act has been omitted to be done? I appeal to these assembled
+thousands that so far as the constitutional rights of the Southern
+States, I will say the constitutional rights of slaveholders, are
+concerned, nothing has been done, and nothing omitted, of which they can
+complain.
+
+There has never been a time from the day that Washington was inaugurated
+first President of these United States, when the rights of the Southern
+States stood firmer under the laws of the land than they do now; there
+never was a time when they had not as good a cause for disunion as they
+have to-day. What good cause have they now that has not existed under
+every Administration?
+
+If they say the Territorial question--now, for the first time, there is
+no act of Congress prohibiting slavery anywhere. If it be the
+non-enforcement of the laws, the only complaints that I have heard have
+been of the too vigorous and faithful fulfilment of the Fugitive Slave
+Law. Then what reason have they?
+
+The slavery question is a mere excuse. The election of Lincoln is a mere
+pretext. The present secession movement is the result of an enormous
+conspiracy formed more than a year since--formed by leaders in the
+Southern Confederacy more than twelve months ago.
+
+They use the Slavery question as a means to aid the accomplishment of
+their ends. They desired the election of a Northern candidate, by a
+sectional vote, in order to show that the two sections cannot live
+together. When the history of the two years from the Lecompton charter
+down to the Presidential election shall be written, it will be shown
+that the scheme was deliberately made to break up this Union.
+
+They desired a Northern Republican to be elected by a purely Northern
+vote, and then assign this fact as a reason why the sections may not
+longer live together. If the disunion candidate in the late Presidential
+contest had carried the united South, their scheme was, the Northern
+candidate successful, to seize the Capital last spring, and by a united
+South and divided North hold it. That scheme was defeated in the defeat
+of the disunion candidate in several of the Southern States.
+
+But this is no time for a detail of causes. The conspiracy is now known.
+Armies have been raised, war is levied to accomplish it. There are only
+two sides to the question. Every man must be for the United States or
+against it. There can be no neutrals in this war; _only patriots--or
+traitors_.
+
+Thank God, Illinois is not divided on this question. (Cheers.) I know
+they expected to present a united South against a divided North. They
+hoped in the Northern States, party questions would bring civil war
+between Democrats and Republicans, when the South would step in with her
+cohorts, aid one party to conquer the other, and then make easy prey of
+the victors. Their scheme was carnage and civil war in the North.
+
+There is but one way to defeat this. In Illinois it is being so defeated
+by closing up the ranks. War will thus be prevented on our own soil.
+While there was a hope of peace, I was ready for any reasonable
+sacrifice or compromise to maintain it. But when the question comes of
+war in the cotton-fields of the South, or the corn-fields of Illinois, I
+say the farther off the better.
+
+We can not close our eyes to the sad and solemn fact that war does
+exist. The Government must be maintained, its enemies overthrown, and
+the more stupendous our preparations the less the bloodshed, and the
+shorter the struggle. But we must remember certain restraints on our
+action even in time of war. We are a Christian people, and the war must
+be prosecuted in a manner recognized by Christian nations.
+
+We must not invade Constitutional rights. The innocent must not suffer,
+nor women and children be the victims. Savages must not be let loose.
+But while I sanction no war on the rights of others, I will implore my
+countrymen not to lay down their arms until our own rights are
+recognized. (Cheers.)
+
+The Constitution and its guarantees are our birthright, and I am ready
+to enforce that inalienable right to the last extent. We can not
+recognize secession. Recognize it once, and you have not only dissolved
+government, but you have destroyed social order--upturned the
+foundations of society. You have inaugurated anarchy in its worst form,
+and will shortly experience all the horrors of the French Revolution.
+
+Then we have a solemn duty--to maintain the Government. The greater our
+unanimity, the speedier the day of peace. We have prejudices to overcome
+from the few short months since of a fierce party contest. Yet these
+must be allayed. Let us lay aside all criminations and recriminations as
+to the origin of these difficulties. When we shall have again a country
+with the United States flag floating over it, and respected on every
+inch of American soil, it will then be time enough to ask who and what
+brought all this upon us.
+
+I have said more than I intended to say. (Cries of "Go on.") It is a sad
+task to discuss questions so fearful as civil war; but sad as it is,
+bloody and disastrous as I expect it will be, I express it as my
+conviction before God, that it is the duty of every American citizen to
+rally round the flag of his country.
+
+I thank you again for this magnificent demonstration. By it you show you
+have laid aside party strife. Illinois has a proud position--United,
+firm, determined never to permit the Government to be destroyed.
+(Prolonged cheering.)
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S FIRST CALL FOR TROOPS.
+
+APRIL 15th, 1861.
+
+
+_Whereas_, the laws of the United States have been for some time past,
+and now are, opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, in the
+States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi,
+Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by
+the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in
+the marshals by law; now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of
+the United States, in virtue of the power in me vested by the
+Constitution and the laws, have thought fit to call forth the Militia of
+the several States of the Union to the aggregate number of 75,000, in
+order to suppress said combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly
+executed.
+
+The details for this object will be immediately communicated to the
+State authorities through the War Department. I appeal to all loyal
+citizens to favor, facilitate, and aid, this effort to maintain the
+honor, the integrity, and existence, of our national Union, and the
+perpetuity of popular government, and to redress wrongs already long
+enough endured. I deem it proper to say that the first service assigned
+to the forces hereby called forth will probably be to repossess the
+forts, places, and property which have been seized from the Union; and
+in every event the utmost care will be observed, consistently with the
+objects aforesaid, to avoid any devastation, any destruction of, or
+interference with property, or any disturbance of peaceful citizens of
+any part of the country; and I hereby command the persons composing the
+combinations aforesaid, to disperse and retire peaceably to their
+respective abodes, within twenty days from this date.
+
+Deeming that the present condition of public affairs presents an
+extraordinary occasion, I do hereby, in virtue of the power in me vested
+by the Constitution, convene both houses of Congress. The Senators and
+Representatives are, therefore, summoned to assemble at their respective
+chambers at twelve o'clock, noon, on Thursday, the fourth day of July
+next, then and there to consider and determine such measures as, in
+their wisdom, the public safety and interest may seem to demand.
+
+In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this fifteenth day of April, in the year
+of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the
+independence of the United States the eighty-fifth.
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+By the President.
+WILLIAM H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+TOTAL NUMBER OF TROOPS CALLED INTO SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION.
+
+The various calls of the President for men were as follows:
+
+1861,--3 months' men,            75,000
+1861,--3 years' men,            500,000
+1862,--3 years' men,            300,000
+1862,--9 months' men,           300,000
+1864,--3 years' men, February,  500,000
+1864,--3 years' men, March,     200,000
+1864,--3 years' men, July,      500,000
+1864,--3 years' men, December,  300,000
+
+     Total,                   2,675,000
+
+These do not include the militia that were brought into service during
+the various invasions of Lee's armies into Maryland and Pennsylvania.
+
+
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS OF THE N.Y. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
+
+SUSTAINING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND URGING A STRICT BLOCKADE OF
+SOUTHERN PORTS, APRIL 19TH, 1861.
+
+
+_Whereas_, Our country has, in the course of events, reached a crisis
+unprecedented in its past history, exposing it to extreme dangers, and
+involving the most momentous results; and _Whereas_, The President of
+the United States has, by his Proclamation, made known the dangers which
+threaten the stability of Government, and called upon the people to
+rally in support of the Constitution and laws; and _Whereas_, The
+merchants of New York, represented in this Chamber, have a deep stake in
+the results which may flow from the present exposed state of national
+affairs, as well as a jealous regard for the honor of that flag under
+whose protection they have extended the commerce of this city to the
+remotest part of the world; therefore,
+
+_Resolved_, That this Chamber, alive to the perils which have been
+gathering around our cherished form of Government and menacing its
+overthrow, has witnessed with lively satisfaction the determination of
+the President to maintain the Constitution and vindicate the supremacy
+of Government and law at every hazard. (Cheers.)
+
+_Resolved_, That the so-called secession of some of the Southern States
+having at last culminated in open war against the United States, the
+American people can no longer defer their decision between anarchy or
+despotism on the one side, and on the other liberty, order, and law
+under the most benign Government the world has ever known.
+
+_Resolved_, That this Chamber, forgetful of past differences of
+political opinion among its members, will, with unanimity and patriotic
+ardor, support the Government in this great crisis: and it hereby
+pledges its best efforts to sustain its credit and facilitate its
+financial operations. It also confidently appeals to all men of wealth
+to join in these efforts. (Applause.)
+
+_Resolved_, That while deploring the advent of civil war which has been
+precipitated on the country by the madness of the South, the Chamber is
+persuaded that policy and humanity alike demand that it should be met by
+the most prompt and energetic measures; and it accordingly recommends
+to Government the instant adoption and prosecution of a policy so
+vigorous and resistless, that it will crush out treason now and forever.
+(Applause.)
+
+_Resolved_, That the proposition of Mr. Jefferson Davis to issue letters
+of marque to whosoever may apply for them, emanating from no recognized
+Government, is not only without the sanction of public law, but
+piratical in its tendencies, and therefore deserving the stern
+condemnation of the civilized world. It cannot result in the fitting out
+of regular privateers, but may, in infesting the ocean with piratical
+cruisers, armed with traitorous commissions, to despoil our commerce and
+that of all other maritime nations. (Applause.)
+
+_Resolved_, That in view of this threatening evil, it is, in the opinion
+of this Chamber, the duty of our Government to issue at once a
+proclamation, warning all persons, that privateering under the
+commissions proposed will be dealt with as simple piracy. It owes this
+duty not merely to itself, but to other maritime nations, who have a
+right to demand that the United States Government shall promptly
+discountenance every attempt within its borders to legalize piracy. It
+should, also, at the earliest moment, blockade every Southern port, so
+as to prevent the egress and ingress of such vessels. (Immense
+applause.)
+
+_Resolved_, That the Secretary be directed to send copies of these
+resolutions to the Chambers of Commerce of other cities, inviting their
+co-operation in such measures as may be deemed effective in
+strengthening the hands of Government in this emergency.
+
+_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions, duly attested by the
+officers of the Chamber, be forwarded to the President of the United
+States.
+
+
+BLOCKADE RESOLUTIONS.
+
+_Whereas_, War against the Constitution and Government of these United
+States has been commenced, and is carried on by certain combinations of
+individuals, assuming to act for States at the South claiming to have
+seceded from the United States; and
+
+_Whereas_, Such combinations have officially promulgated an invitation
+for the enrollment of vessels, to act under their authorization, and as
+so-called "privateers," against the flag and commerce of the United
+States; therefore,
+
+_Resolved_, by the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, That
+the United States Government be recommended and urged to blockade the
+ports of such States, or any other State that shall join them, and that
+this measure is demanded for defence in war, as also for protection to
+the commerce of the United States against these so-called "privateers"
+invited to enrol under the authority of such States.
+
+_Resolved_, That the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York
+pledges its hearty and cordial support to such measures as the
+Government of the United States may, in its wisdom, inaugurate and carry
+through in the blockade of such ports.
+
+
+
+
+A PROCLAMATION,
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BLOCKADING THE
+SOUTHERN PORTS.
+
+
+_Whereas_ an insurrection against the Government of the United States
+has broken out in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
+Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and the laws of the United
+States for the collection of the revenue can not be efficiently executed
+therein conformably to that provision of the Constitution which requires
+duties to be uniform throughout the United States:
+
+And _Whereas_ a combination of persons, engaged in such insurrection,
+have threatened to grant pretended letters of marque to authorize the
+bearers thereof to commit assaults on the lives, vessels, and property
+of good citizens of the country lawfully engaged in commerce on the high
+seas, and in waters of the United States:
+
+And _Whereas_ an Executive Proclamation has been already issued,
+requiring the persons engaged in these disorderly proceedings to desist
+therefrom, calling out a militia force for the purpose of repressing the
+same, and convening Congress in extraordinary session to deliberate and
+determine thereon:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, with
+a view to the same purposes before mentioned, and to the protection of
+the public peace, and the lives and property of quiet and orderly
+citizens pursuing their lawful occupations, until Congress shall have
+assembled and deliberated on the said unlawful proceedings, or until the
+same shall have ceased, have further deemed advisable to set on foot a
+Blockade of the ports within the States aforesaid, in pursuance of the
+laws of the United States and of the laws of nations in such cases
+provided. For this purpose a competent force will be posted so as to
+prevent entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. If,
+therefore, with a view to violate such Blockade, a vessel shall
+approach, or shall attempt to leave any of the said ports, she will be
+duly warned by the Commander of one of the blockading vessels, who will
+endorse on her register the fact and date of such warning; and if the
+same vessel shall again attempt to enter or leave the blockaded port,
+she will be captured and sent to the nearest convenient port, for such
+proceedings against her and her cargo as prize as may be deemed
+advisable.
+
+And I hereby proclaim and declare, that if any person, under the
+pretended authority of said States, or under any other pretence, shall
+molest a vessel of the United States, or the persons or cargo on board
+of her, such person will be held amenable to the laws of the United
+States for the prevention and punishment of piracy.
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+By the President.
+WILLIAM H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+WASHINGTON, April 19, 1861.
+
+
+
+
+THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+
+Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord
+one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a Proclamation was issued by
+the President of the United States, containing among other things the
+following, to wit:
+
+"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand
+eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any
+State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be
+in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth and
+FOREVER FREE, and the Executive Government of the United States,
+including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and
+maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to
+repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for
+their actual freedom.
+
+"That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by
+proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which
+the people thereof respectively shall then be in rebellion against the
+United States, and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall
+on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United
+States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the
+qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the
+absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive
+evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in
+rebellion against the United States."
+
+Now, therefore, I, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
+Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the
+authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and
+necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first
+day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly
+proclaim for the full period of one hundred days from the day of the
+first above mentioned order, and designate, as the States and parts of
+States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion
+against the United States, the following, to wit: ARKANSAS, TEXAS,
+LOUISIANA, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson,
+St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terre Bonne,
+Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of
+Orleans), MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, FLORIDA, GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA, NORTH
+CAROLINA, and VIRGINIA (except the forty-eight counties designated as
+West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton,
+Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of
+Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are, for the present,
+left precisely as if this Proclamation were not issued.
+
+And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and
+declare that ALL PERSONS HELD AS SLAVES within said designated States
+and parts of States ARE, AND HENCEFORWARD SHALL BE FREE! and that the
+Executive Government of the United States, including the military and
+naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of
+said persons.
+
+And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free, to abstain
+from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence, and I recommend to
+them that in all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully for
+reasonable wages.
+
+And I further declar and make known that such persons of suitable
+condition will be received into the armed service of the United States
+to garrison forts, positions, stations and other places, and to man
+vessels of all sorts in said service.
+
+And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted
+by the Consitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate
+judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my name, and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this first day
+of January, in the year of our Lord one
+[L.S.] thousand eight hundred and sixty-three,
+and of the Independence of the United
+States the eighty-seventh.
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+By the President.
+WILLIAM H. SEWARD,
+_Secretary of State._
+
+
+THE CONFISCATION ACT.
+
+TO CONFISCATE PROPERTY USED FOR INSURRECTIONARY PURPOSES.
+
+
+_Be it enacted, etc._, That if, during the present or any future
+insurrection against the Government of the United States, after the
+President of the United States shall have declared, by proclamation,
+that the laws of the United States are opposed, and the execution
+thereof obstructed, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the
+ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the power vested in the
+marshals by law, any person or persons, his, her, or their agent,
+attorney, or employee, shall purchase or acquire, sell or give any
+property of whatsoever kind or description, with intent to use or employ
+the same, or suffer the same to be used or employed, in aiding,
+abetting, or promoting such insurrection or resistance to the laws, or
+any person or persons engaged therein; or if any person or persons,
+being the owner or owners of any such property, shall knowingly use or
+employ, or consent to the use or employment of the same as aforesaid,
+all such property is hereby declared to be lawful subject of prize and
+capture wherever found; and it shall be the duty of the President of the
+United States to cause the same to be seized, confiscated, and
+condemned.
+
+SEC. 2. Such prizes and capture shall be condemned in the district or
+circuit court of the United States, having jurisdiction of the amount,
+or in admiralty in any district in which the same may be seized, or into
+which they may be taken and proceedings first instituted.
+
+SEC. 3. The Attorney-General, or any district attorney of the United
+States in which said property may at the time be, may institute the
+proceedings of condemnation, and in such case they shall be wholly for
+the benefit of the United States; or any person may file an information
+with such attorney, in which case the proceedings shall be for the use
+of such informer and the United States in equal parts.
+
+SEC. 4. Whenever hereafter, during the present insurrection against the
+Government of the United States, any person claimed to be held to labor
+or service under the law of any State, shall be required or permitted by
+the person to whom such labor or service is claimed to be due, or by the
+lawful agent of such persons, to take up arms against the United
+States, or shall be required or permitted by the person to whom such
+labor or service is claimed to be due, or his lawful agent, to work or
+to be employed in or upon any fort, navy yard, dock, armory, ship,
+intrenchment, or in any military or naval service whatsoever, against
+the Government and lawful authority of the United States, then, and in
+every such case, the person to whom such labor or service is claimed to
+be due, shall forfeit his claim to such labor, any law of the State or
+of the United States to the contrary notwithstanding. And whenever
+thereafter the person claiming such labor or service shall seek to
+enforce his claim, it shall be a full and sufficient answer to such
+claim that the person whose service or labor is claimed had been
+employed in the hostile service against the Government of the United
+States, contrary to the provisions of this act.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN
+
+MARCH 4TH, 1861.
+
+
+_Fellow-Citizens of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with a custom as old as the Government itself, I appear
+before you to address you briefly, and to take, in your presence, the
+oath prescribed by the Constitution of the United States to be taken by
+the President, before he enters on the execution of his office.
+
+I do not consider it necessary, at present, for me to discuss those
+matters of administration about which there is no special anxiety or
+excitement. Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern
+States, that, by the accession of a Republican Administration, their
+property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered.
+There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed,
+the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed, and
+been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published
+speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those
+speeches, when I declare that "I have no purpose, directly or
+indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States
+where it exists." I believe I have no lawful right to do so; and I have
+no inclination to do so. Those who nominated and elected me, did so with
+the full knowledge that I had made this, and made many similar
+declarations, and had never recanted them. And, more than this, they
+placed in the platform, for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves
+and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read:
+
+"_Resolved_, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States,
+and especially the right of each State to order and control its own
+domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is
+essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance
+of our political fabric depend; and we denounce the lawless invasion by
+armed force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter under what
+pretext, as among the gravest of crimes."
+
+I now reiterate these sentiments; and in doing so I only press upon the
+public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the case is
+susceptible, that the property, peace, and security of no section are to
+be in anywise endangered by the now incoming Administration.
+
+I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the
+Constitution and the laws, can be given will be cheerfully given to all
+the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause, as cheerfully to
+one section as to another.
+
+There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from
+service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the
+Constitution as any other of its provisions:
+
+"No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof,
+escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation
+therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be
+delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be
+due."
+
+It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those who
+made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves; and the
+intention of the lawgiver is the law.
+
+All members of Congress swear their support to the whole
+Constitution--to this provision as well as any other. To the
+proposition, then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this
+clause "shall be delivered up," their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they
+would make the effort in good temper, could they not, with nearly equal
+unanimity, frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that
+unanimous oath?
+
+There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should be
+enforced by National or by State authority; but surely that difference
+is not a very material one. If the slave is to be surrendered, it can be
+of but little consequence to him or to others by which authority it is
+done; and should any one, in any case, be content that this oath shall
+go unkept on a merely unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be
+kept?
+
+Again, in any law upon this subject, ought not all the safeguards of
+liberty known in the civilized and humane jurisprudence to be
+introduced, so that a free man be not, in any case, surrendered as a
+slave? And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for
+the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guaranties that
+"the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and
+immunities of citizens of the several States?"
+
+I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations, and with
+no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical
+rules; and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of
+Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much
+safer for all, both in official and private stations, to conform to and
+abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed, than to violate any of
+them, trusting to find impunity in having them held to be
+unconstitutional.
+
+It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a President
+under our national Constitution. During that period fifteen different
+and very distinguished citizens have in succession administered the
+executive branch of the government. They have conducted it through many
+perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope for
+precedent, I now enter upon the same task, for the brief constitutional
+term of four years, under great and peculiar difficulties.
+
+A disruption of the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now
+formidably attempted. I hold that in the contemplation of universal law
+and of the Constitution, the Union of these States is perpetual.
+Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all
+national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper
+ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination.
+Continue to execute all the express provisions of our national
+Constitution, and the Union will endure forever, it being impossible to
+destroy it, except by some action not provided for in the instrument
+itself.
+
+Again, if the United States be not a government proper, but an
+association of States in the nature of a contract merely, can it, as a
+contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it?
+One party to a contract may violate it--break it, so to speak; but does
+it not require all to lawfully rescind it? Descending from these general
+principles we find the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union
+is perpetual, confirmed by the history of the Union itself.
+
+The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact,
+by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued in
+the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the
+faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged
+that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation, in 1778;
+and, finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and
+establishing the Constitution was to form a more perfect Union. But if
+the destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States be
+lawfully possible, the Union is less than before, the Constitution
+having lost the vital element of perpetuity.
+
+It follows from these views that no State, upon its own mere motion, can
+lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that
+effect, are legally void; and that acts of violence within any State or
+States against the authority of the United States, are insurrectionary
+or revolutionary, according to circumstances.
+
+I therefore consider that, in view of the Constitution and the laws, the
+Union is unbroken, and, to the extent of my ability, I shall take care,
+as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of
+the Union shall be faithfully executed in all the States. Doing this,
+which I deem to be only a simple duty on my part, I shall perfectly
+perform it, so far as is practicable, unless my rightful masters, the
+American people, shall withhold the requisition, or in some
+authoritative manner direct the contrary.
+
+I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the declared
+purpose of the Union that it will constitutionally defend and maintain
+itself.
+
+In doing this there need be no bloodshed or violence, and there shall be
+none unless it is forced upon the national authority.
+
+The power confided to me _will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the
+property and places belonging to the Government_, and collect the
+duties and imposts; but beyond what may be necessary for these objects
+there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people
+anywhere.
+
+Where hostility to the United States shall be so great and so universal
+as to prevent competent resident citizens from holding the Federal
+offices, there will be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers among the
+people that object. While the strict legal right may exist of the
+Government to enforce the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do
+so would be so irritating, and so nearly impracticable withal, that I
+deem it better to forego for the time the uses of such offices.
+
+The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts
+of the Union.
+
+So far as possible, the people everywhere shall have that sense of
+perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought and reflection.
+
+The course here indicated will be followed, unless current events and
+experience shall show a modification or change to be proper; and in
+every case and exigency my best discretion will be exercised according
+to the circumstances actually existing, and with a view and hope of a
+peaceful solution of the national troubles, and the restoration of
+fraternal sympathies and affections.
+
+That there are persons, in one section or another, who seek to destroy
+the Union at all events, and are glad of any pretext to do it, I will
+neither affirm nor deny. But if there be such, I need address no word to
+them.
+
+To those, however, who really love the Union, may I not speak, before
+entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national
+fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes? Would it not
+be well to ascertain why we do it? Will you hazard so desperate a step,
+while any portion of the ills you fly from, have no real existence? Will
+you, while the certain ills you fly to, are greater than all the real
+ones you fly from? Will you risk the commission of so fearful a mistake?
+All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights can
+be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right, plainly written in the
+Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily the human mind is so
+constituted, that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this.
+
+Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly-written
+provision of the Constitution has ever been denied. If, by the mere
+force of numbers, a majority should deprive a minority of any
+clearly-written constitutional right, it might, in a moral point of
+view, justify revolution; it certainly would, if such right were a
+vital one. But such is not our case.
+
+All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly
+assured to them by affirmations and negations, guaranties and
+prohibitions in the Constitution, that controversies never arise
+concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with a provision
+specifically applicable to every question which may occur in practical
+administration. No foresight can anticipate, nor any document of
+reasonable length contain, express provisions for all possible
+questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by national or by
+State authorities? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must
+Congress protect slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not
+expressly say. From questions of this class, spring all our
+constitutional controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities
+and minorities.
+
+If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the government
+must cease. There is no alternative for continuing the government but
+acquiescence on the one side or the other. If a minority in such a case,
+will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a precedent which in turn
+will ruin and divide them, for a minority of their own will secede from
+them whenever a majority refuses to be controlled by such a minority.
+For instance, why not any portion of a new confederacy, a year or two
+hence, arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of the present
+Union now claim to secede from it? All who cherish disunion sentiments
+are now being educated to the exact temper of doing this. Is there such
+perfect identity of interests among the States to compose a new Union as
+to produce harmony only, and prevent renewed secession? Plainly, the
+central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy.
+
+A majority held in restraint by constitutional check and limitation, and
+always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and
+sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects
+it, does, of necessity, fly to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is
+impossible; and the rule of a majority, as a permanent arrangement, is
+wholly inadmissible. So that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy
+or despotism in some form is all that is left.
+
+I do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional
+questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that
+such decisions must be binding in any case upon the parties to a suit,
+as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled to very high
+respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other departments
+of the government; and while it is obviously possible that such
+decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect
+following it, being limited to that particular case, with the chance
+that it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases,
+can better be borne than could the evils of a different practice.
+
+At the same time the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of
+the government upon the vital questions affecting the whole people is to
+be irrevocably fixed by the decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant
+they are made, as in ordinary litigation between parties in personal
+actions, the people will have ceased to be their own masters, unless
+having to that extent practically resigned their government into the
+hands of that eminent tribunal.
+
+Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the judges. It
+is a duty from which they may not shrink, to decide cases properly
+brought before them; and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn
+their decisions into political purposes. One section of our country
+believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other
+believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended; and this is the only
+substantial dispute; and the fugitive slave clause of the Constitution,
+and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade, are each as
+well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the
+moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. The great
+body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation in both cases, and
+a few break over in each. This, I think, cannot be perfectly cured, and
+it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections
+than before. The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would
+be ultimately revived, without restriction, in one section; while
+fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be
+surrendered at all by the other.
+
+Physically speaking we cannot separate--we cannot remove our respective
+sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall between them. A
+husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of the presence and beyond
+the reach of each other, but the different sections of our country
+cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face; and intercourse,
+either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible,
+then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory
+after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than
+friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between
+aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, you cannot
+fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on
+either, you cease fighting, the identical questions as to terms of
+intercourse are again upon you.
+
+This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit
+it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can
+exercise their constitutional right of amending, or their revolutionary
+right to dismember or overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact
+that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the
+national Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of
+amendment, I fully recognize the full authority of the people over the
+whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the
+instrument itself, and I should, under existing circumstances, favor,
+rather than oppose, a fair opportunity being afforded the people to act
+upon it.
+
+I will venture to add, that to me the convention mode seems preferable,
+in that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves,
+instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions
+originated by others not especially chosen for the purpose, and which
+might not be precisely such as they would wish either to accept or
+refuse. I understand that a proposed amendment to the Constitution
+(which amendment, however, I have not seen) has passed Congress, to the
+effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with the
+domestic institutions of States, including that of persons held to
+service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart from my
+purpose not to speak of particular amendments, so far as to say that,
+holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no
+objection to its being made express and irrevocable.
+
+The chief magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they
+have conferred none upon him to fix the terms for the separation of the
+States. The people themselves, also, can do this if they choose, but the
+Executive, as such, has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer
+the present government as it came to his hands, and to transmit it
+unimpaired by him to his successor. Why should there not be a patient
+confidence in the ultimate justice of the people? Is there any better or
+equal hope in the world? In our present differences is either party
+without faith of being in the right? If the Almighty Ruler of nations,
+with his eternal truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on
+yours of the South, that truth and that justice will surely prevail by
+the judgment of this great tribunal, the American people. By the frame
+of the Government under which we live, this same people have wisely
+given their public servants but little power for mischief, and have with
+equal wisdom provided for the return of that little to their own hands
+at very short intervals. While the people retain their virtue and
+vigilance, no administration, by any extreme wickedness or folly, can
+very seriously injure the Government in the short space of four years.
+
+My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon this whole
+subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time.
+
+If there be an object to hurry any of you, in hot haste, to a step which
+you would never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by
+taking time; but no good object can be frustrated by it.
+
+Such of you as are now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution
+unimpaired, and on the sensitive point, the laws of your own framing
+under it; while the new administration will have no immediate power, if
+it would, to change either.
+
+If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the right side in
+the dispute, there is still no single reason for precipitate action.
+Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him who
+has never yet forsaken this favored land, are still competent to adjust,
+in the best way, all our present difficulties.
+
+In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is
+the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.
+
+You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You
+have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government; while I
+shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it."
+
+I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be
+enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds
+of affection.
+
+The mystic cords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and
+patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad
+land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as
+surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.
+
+
+
+
+THE BALANCE SHEET OF THE GOVERNMENT,
+
+BEFORE AND SINCE THE WAR, 1859 AND 1865.
+
+
+The receipts into the Treasury during the fiscal year ending
+June 30, 1859, were as follows:
+
+From Customs                             $49,565,824 38
+From Public Lands                          1,756,687 30
+From Miscellaneous Sources                 2,082,559 33
+From Treasury Notes                        9,667,400 00
+From Loans                                18,620,000 00
+Aggregate resources for the year ending
+June 30, 1859                            $88,090,787 11
+
+Which amount was expended as follows:
+
+Civil, Foreign and Miscellan's           $23,635,820 94
+Interior (Indians and Pensions),           4,753,972 60
+War Department                            23,243,822 38
+Navy Department                           14,712,610 21
+Public Debt                               17,405,285 44
+
+Total expenses for the year              $83,751,511 57
+Balance in Treasury July 1, 1859           4,339,275 54
+
+The receipts into the Treasury during the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1865, was $1,898,532,533 24, of which were
+received:
+
+From loans applied to expenses          $864,863,499 17
+From loans applied to Public Debt        607,361,241 68
+From Internal Revenue                    209,464,215 25
+
+Expenditures for the year             $1,897,674,224 09
+War Department charged with            1,031,323,360 79
+Balance in Treasury July 1, 1865             858,309 15
+Total increase of Public Debt during the
+year                                     941,902,537 04
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S SECOND AND LAST INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
+
+MARCH 4, 1865.
+
+FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN: At this second appearing to take the oath of the
+Presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than
+there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of a
+course to be pursued seemed very fitting and proper. Now, at the
+expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been
+constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest
+which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the
+nation, little that is new could be presented.
+
+The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as
+well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust reasonably
+satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no
+prediction in regard to it is ventured.
+
+On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts were
+anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it; all sought
+to avoid it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this
+place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent
+agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war--seeking to
+dissolve the Union and divide the effects by negotiation. Both parties
+deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the
+nation survive; and the other would rather accept war than let it
+perish, and the war came.
+
+One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed
+generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it.
+These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that
+this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen,
+perpetuate, and extend this interest, was the object for which the
+insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government
+claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement
+of it.
+
+Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which
+it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the
+conflict might cease with, or even before the conflict itself should
+cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental
+and astounding.
+
+Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invoke his
+aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to
+ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of
+other men's faces; but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The
+prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered
+fully. The Almighty has his own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of
+offences, for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man
+by whom the offence cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery
+is one of these offences, which, in the providence of God, must needs
+come, but which, having continued through his appointed time, he now
+wills to remove, and that he gives to both North and South this terrible
+war as the woe due to those by whom the offence came, shall we discern
+therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers
+in a living God always ascribe to him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do
+we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may soon pass away. Yet, if God
+wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondman's two
+hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until
+every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid with another
+drawn by the sword; as was said three thousand years ago, so still it
+must be said, "The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous
+altogether."
+
+With malice toward none, with charity to all, with firmness in the
+right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the
+work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who
+shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans; to do
+all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among
+ourselves and with all nations.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY.
+
+ACCOMPANYING THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE, DECEMBER 8, 1863.
+
+
+WHEREAS, in and by the Constitution of the United States, it is provided
+that the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
+offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment;" and
+whereas a rebellion now exists whereby the loyal State governments of
+several States have for a long time been subverted, and many persons
+have committed and are now guilty of treason against the United States;
+and whereas, with reference to said rebellion and treason, laws have
+been enacted by Congress declaring forfeitures and confiscation of
+property and liberation of slaves, all upon terms and conditions therein
+stated; and also declaring that the President was thereby authorized at
+any time thereafter, by proclamation, to extend to persons who may have
+participated in the existing rebellion, in any State or part thereof,
+pardon and amnesty, with such exceptions and at such times and on such
+conditions as he may deem expedient for the public welfare; and whereas
+the congressional declaration for limited and conditional pardon accords
+with well established judicial exposition of the pardoning power; and
+whereas, with reference to said rebellion, the President of the United
+States has issued several proclamations with provisions in regard to the
+liberation of slaves; and whereas it is now desired by some persons
+heretofore engaged in said rebellion to resume their allegiance to the
+United States, and to reinaugurate loyal State governments within and
+for their respective States: Therefore,
+
+"I, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States, do proclaim,
+declare, and make known to all persons who have, directly or by
+implication, participated in the existing rebellion, except as
+hereinafter excepted, that a full pardon is hereby granted to them and
+each of them, with restoration of all rights of property, except as to
+slaves, and in property cases where rights of third parties shall have
+intervened, and upon the condition that every such person shall take and
+subscribe an oath, and thenceforward keep and maintain such oath
+inviolate; and which oath shall be registered for permanent
+preservation, and shall be of the tenor and effect following, to wit:
+
+"I, --------, do solemnly swear, in presence of Almighty God, that I will
+henceforth faithfully support, protect, and defend the Constitution of
+the United States, and the union of the States thereunder; and that I
+will in like manner, abide by and faithfully support all acts of
+Congress passed during the existing rebellion with reference to slaves,
+so long and so far as not repealed, modified, or held void by Congress,
+or by decision of the Supreme Court; and that I will, in like manner,
+abide by and faithfully support all proclamations of the President made
+during the existing rebellion having reference to slaves, so long and so
+far as not modified or declared void by decision of the Supreme Court.
+So help me God."
+
+The persons excepted from the benefits of the foregoing provisions are,
+all who are, or shall have been, civil or diplomatic officers or agents
+of the so-called confederate government; all who have left judicial
+stations under the United States to aid the rebellion; all who are, or
+shall have been, military or naval officers of said so-called
+confederate government, above the rank of colonel in the army, or of
+lieutenant in the navy; all who left seats in the United States Congress
+to aid the rebellion; all who resigned commissions in the Army or Navy
+of the United States, and afterwards aided the rebellion; and all who
+have engaged in any way in treating colored persons, or white persons in
+charge of such, otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war, and which
+persons may have been found in the United States Service as soldiers,
+seamen, or in any other capacity.
+
+And I do further proclaim, declare and make known, that whenever, in any
+of the States of Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee,
+Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and North Carolina, a number
+of persons, not less than one-tenth in number of the votes cast in such
+State at the presidential election of the year of our Lord 1860, each
+having taken the oath aforesaid, and not having since violated it, and
+being a qualified voter by the election law of the State existing
+immediately before the so-called act of secession, and excluding all
+others shall re-establish a State government which shall be republican,
+and in nowise contravening said oath, such shall be recognized as the
+true government of the State, and the State shall receive thereunder the
+benefits of the constitutional provision which declares that "the United
+States shall guaranty to every State in this Union a republican form of
+government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on
+application of the Legislature, or the Executive (when the Legislature
+cannot be convened), against domestic violence."
+
+And I do further proclaim, declare, and make known that any provision
+which may be adopted by such State government in relation to the freed
+people of such State, which shall recognize and declare their permanent
+freedom, provide for their education, and which may yet be consistent,
+as a temporary arrangement, with their present condition as a laboring,
+landless, and homeless class, will not be objected to by the National
+Executive. And it is suggested as not improper, that, in constructing a
+loyal State government in any State, the name of the State, the
+boundary, the subdivisions, the constitution, and the general code of
+laws, as before the rebellion, be maintained, subject only to the
+modifications made necessary by the conditions hereinbefore stated, and
+such others, if any, not contravening said conditions, and which may be
+deemed expedient by those framing the new State government.
+
+To avoid misunderstanding, it may be proper to say that this
+proclamation, so far as it relates to State governments, has no
+reference to States wherein loyal State governments have all the while
+been maintained. And for the same reason, it may be proper to further
+say that whether members sent to Congress from any State shall be
+admitted to seats, constitutionally rests exclusive with the respective
+Houses, and not to any extent with the Executive. And still further,
+that this proclamation is intended to present the people of the States
+wherein the national authority has been suspended, and loyal State
+governments have been subverted, a mode in and by which the national
+authority and loyal State governments may be re-established within said
+States, or in any of them; and, while the mode presented is the best the
+Executive can suggest, with his present impressions, it must not be
+understood that no other possible mode would be acceptable.
+
+Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, the 8th day of December,
+A.D. 1863, and of [L.S.] the independence of the United States of
+America the eighty-eighth.
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+By the President.
+WM. H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S AMNESTY PROCLAMATION.
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+_Whereas_, The President of the United States, on the 8th day of
+December, 1863, did, with the object of suppressing the existing
+rebellion, to induce all persons to lay down their arms, to return to
+their loyalty, and to restore the authority of the United States, issue
+proclamations offering amnesty and pardon to certain persons who had
+directly or by implication, engaged in said rebellion; and
+
+_Whereas_, Many persons who had so engaged in the late rebellion have,
+since the issuance of said proclamation, failed or neglected to take the
+benefits offered thereby; and
+
+_Whereas_, Many persons who have been justly deprived of all claim to
+amnesty and pardon thereunder, by reason of their participation directly
+or by implication in said rebellion, and continued in hostility to the
+Government of the United States since the date of said proclamation,
+now desire to apply for and obtain amnesty and pardon:
+
+To the end, therefore, that the authority of the Government of the
+United States may be restored, and that peace, and order, and freedom
+may be established, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States,
+do proclaim and declare, that I hereby grant to all persons who have
+directly or indirectly participated in the existing rebellion, except as
+hereafter excepted, amnesty and pardon, with restoration of all rights
+of property, except as to slaves, except in cases where legal
+proceedings under the laws of the United States, providing for the
+confiscation of property of persons engaged in rebellion, have been
+instituted, but on the condition, nevertheless, that every such person
+shall take and subscribe to the following oath, which shall be
+registered, for permanent preservation, and shall be of the tenor and
+effect following, to wit:
+
+I do solemnly swear or affirm in presence of Almighty God, that I will
+henceforth support, protect, and faithfully defend the Constitution of
+the United States, and will, in like manner, abide by and faithfully
+support all laws and proclamations which have been made during the
+existing rebellion with reference to the emancipation of slaves. So help
+me God.
+
+The following classes of persons are excepted from the benefits of this
+proclamation.
+
+1. All who are or have been pretended diplomatic officers, or otherwise
+domestic or foreign agents of the pretended Confederate States.
+
+2. All who left judicial stations under the United States to aid in the
+rebellion.
+
+3. All who have been military or naval officers of the pretended
+Confederate Government above the rank of colonel in the army, and
+lieutenant in the navy.
+
+4. All who left their seats in the Congress of the United States to aid
+in the rebellion.
+
+5. All who resigned or tendered the resignation of their commissions in
+the army and navy of the United States to evade their duty in resisting
+the rebellion.
+
+6. All who have engaged in any way in treating otherwise than lawfully
+as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States service as
+officers, soldiers, seamen, or in other capacities.
+
+7. All persons who have been or are absentees from the United States for
+the purpose of aiding the rebellion.
+
+8. All military or naval officers in the rebel service who were educated
+by the Government in the Military Academy at West Point, or at the
+United States Naval Academy.
+
+9. All persons who held the pretended offices of Governors of the
+States in insurrection against the United States.
+
+10. All persons who left their homes within the jurisdiction and
+protection of the United States, and passed beyond the Federal military
+lines into the so-called Confederate States for the purpose of aiding
+the rebellion.
+
+11. All persons who have engaged in the destruction of the commerce of
+the United States upon the high seas, and all persons who have made
+raids into the United States from Canada, or been engaged in destroying
+the commerce of the United States on the lakes and rivers that separate
+the British provinces from the United States.
+
+12. All persons who, at a time when they seek to obtain the benefits
+hereof by taking the oath herein prescribed, are in military, naval or
+civil confinement or custody, or under bond of the military or naval
+authorities or agents of the United States as prisoners of any kind,
+either before or after their conviction.
+
+13. All persons who have voluntarily participated in said rebellion, the
+estimated value of whose taxable property is over twenty thousand
+dollars.
+
+14. All persons who have taken the oath of amnesty, as prescribed in the
+President's proclamation of December 8, 1863, or the oath of allegiance
+to the United States since the date of said proclamation, and who have
+not thenceforward kept the same inviolate; provided, that special
+application may be made to the President for pardon by any person
+belonging to the excepted classes, and such clemency will be extended as
+may be consistent with the facts of the case and the peace and dignity
+of the United States. The Secretary of State will establish rules and
+regulations for administering and recording the said amnesty oath, so as
+to insure its benefits to the people, and guard the government against
+fraud.
+
+In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal
+of the United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this the 29th day of May, 1865, and of
+the independence of America the 89th.
+
+ANDREW JOHNSON.
+
+By the President,
+WM. H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+A PEACE PROCLAMATION.
+
+
+On the 20th of August, 1866, the President issued a proclamation
+announcing the return of peace and restoring the writ of _habeas corpus_
+in all the Southern States. Among the points made in this proclamation
+are the following:
+
+"There now exists no organized armed resistance of the misguided
+citizens or others to the authority of the United States in the States
+of Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee,
+Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Florida, and the laws can
+be sustained and enforced therein by the proper civil authority, State
+or Federal, and the people of the said States are well and loyally
+disposed, and have conformed, or will conform, in their legislation to
+the condition of affairs growing out of the amendment to the
+Constitution of the United States prohibiting slavery within the
+jurisdiction of the United States.
+
+"* * * The people of the several before mentioned States have, in the
+manner aforesaid, given satisfactory evidence that they acquiesce in
+this sovereign and important revolution of the national unity.
+
+"It is believed to be a fundamental principle of government that people
+who have revolted, and who have been overcome and subdued, must either
+be dealt with so as to induce them voluntarily to become friends, or
+else they must be held by absolute military power, or devastated so as
+to prevent them from ever again doing harm as enemies, which last named
+policy is abhorrent to humanity and freedom.
+
+"The Constitution of the United States provides for constitutional
+communities only as States, and not as territories, dependencies,
+provinces, or protectorates.
+
+"* * * Therefore, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, do
+hereby proclaim and declare that the insurrection which heretofore
+existed in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
+Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and
+Florida is at an end, and henceforth to be so regarded."
+
+
+
+
+CIVIL RIGHTS BILL.
+
+AS ADOPTED BY CONGRESS, MARCH, 1866.
+
+
+§ 1. That all persons in the United States, and not subject to any
+foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be
+citizens of the United States; and such citizens of every race and
+color, without regard to any previous condition of Slavery or
+involuntary service, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party
+shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same right, in every
+State and Territory, to make and enforce contracts, to sue, to be sued,
+be parties and give evidence; to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold,
+and convey personal property, and to full and equal benefit of all laws
+and proceedings for the security of person and property as are enjoyed
+by white citizens; and shall be subject to the like punishment, pains
+and penalties, and to none other; any law, statute, ordinance,
+regulation, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.
+
+§ 2. And that any person who, under color of any law, statute,
+ordinance, regulation, or custom, shall subject, or cause to be
+subjected, any inhabitant of any State or Territory to the deprivation
+of any right secured or protected by this act, or to punishment, pains,
+and penalties, on account of such person having at any time been held in
+a condition of slavery, or involuntary servitude, except for the
+punishment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, or
+by the reason of his color or race, than is prescribed for the
+punishment of white persons, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
+and, on conviction, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one
+thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both, in
+the discretion of the court.
+
+§ 3. That the district courts of the United States, within their
+respective districts, shall have, exclusively of the courts of the
+several States, cognizance of all crimes and offences committed against
+the provisions of this act, and also, concurrently with the circuit
+courts of the United States, of all causes civil and criminal, affecting
+persons who are denied, or can not enforce in the courts of judicial
+tribunal of the State or locality where they may be, any of the rights
+secured to them by the first section of this act; and if any suit or
+prosecution, civil or criminal, has been, or shall be commenced in any
+State court against any such person, for any cause whatsoever, civil or
+military, or any other person, any arrest or imprisonment, trespasses,
+or wrong done or committed by virtue or under color of authority derived
+from this act, or the act establishing a bureau for the relief of
+freedmen and refugees, and all acts amendatory thereof, or for refusing
+to do any act, upon the ground that it would be inconsistent with this
+act, such defendant shall have the right to remove such cause for trial
+to the proper district or circuit court, in the manner prescribed by the
+act relating to _habeas corpus_, and regulating judicial proceedings in
+certain cases, approved March 3, 1863, and all acts amendatory thereto.
+The jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters hereby conferred on the
+district and circuit courts of the United States shall be exercised and
+enforced, in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far as
+such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect; but in all cases
+where such laws are not adapted to the object, or are deficient in the
+provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish offences
+against the law, the common law, as modified and changed by the
+Constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having
+jurisdiction of the cause, civil or criminal, is held, so far as the
+same is not inconsistent with the Constitution, and laws of the United
+States, shall be extended, and govern the said courts in the trial and
+disposition of such causes, and, if of a criminal nature, in the
+infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.
+
+§ 4. That the district attorneys, marshals, and deputy marshals, of the
+United States, the commissioners appointed by the circuit and
+territorial courts of the United States, with power of arresting,
+imprisoning, or bailing offenders against the laws of the United States,
+the officers and agents of the Freedmen's Bureau, and every other
+officer who may be specially empowered by the President of the United
+States, shall be, and they are, hereby specially authorized and
+required, at the expense of the United States, to institute proceedings
+against all and every person who shall violate the provisions of this
+act, and cause him or them to be arrested and imprisoned, or bailed, as
+the case may be, for trial before such of the United States or
+territorial courts as by this act have cognizance of the offence, and,
+with a view to affording reasonable protection to all persons in their
+constitutional rights of equality before the law, without distinction of
+race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary
+servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall
+have been duly convicted, and the prompt discharge of the duties of
+this act, it shall be the duty of the circuit courts of the United
+States and the superior courts of the territories of the United States,
+from time to time, to increase the number of Commissioners, so as to
+afford a speedy and convenient means for the arrest and examination of
+persons charged with a violation of this act.
+
+§ 5. That said Commissioners shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the
+judges of the circuit and district courts of the United States, and the
+judges of the superior courts of the territories, severally and
+collectively, in term time and vacation, upon satisfactory proof being
+made, to issue warrants and precepts for arresting and bringing before
+them all offenders against the provisions of this act, and, on
+examination, to discharge, admit to bail, or commit them for trial, as
+the facts may warrant.
+
+§ 6. And such Commissioners are hereby authorized and required to
+exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred on them by
+this Act, and the same duties with regard to offences created by this
+act, as they are authorized by law to exercise with regard to other
+offences against the laws of the United States. That it shall be the
+duty of all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all
+warrants and precepts issued under the provisions of this act when to
+them directed, and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to
+receive such warrant or other process, when tendered, or to use all
+proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall on conviction
+thereof be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of the
+person upon whom the accused is alleged to have committed the offence;
+and the better to enable the said Commissioners to execute their duties
+faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the Constitution of the
+United States, and the requirements of this act, they are hereby
+authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to
+appoint, in writing under their hands, one or more suitable persons,
+from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may
+be issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties,
+and the person so appointed to execute any warrant or process as
+aforesaid shall have authority to summon and call to their aid the
+bystanders of a _posse comitatus_ of the proper county, or such portion
+of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as
+may be necessary to the performance of the duty with which they are
+charged, and to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the
+Constitution which prohibits slavery, in conformity with the provisions
+of this act; and said warrants shall run and be executed by said
+officers anywhere in the State or Territory within which they are
+issued.
+
+§ 7. That any person who shall knowingly and wrongfully obstruct, hinder
+or prevent any officer or other person charged with the execution of any
+warrant or process issued under the provisions of this act, or any
+person or persons lawfully assisting him or them, from arresting any
+person for whose apprehension such warrant or process may have been
+issued; or shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, such person from the
+custody of the officer, other person or persons, or those lawfully
+assisting, as aforesaid, when so arrested, pursuant to the authority
+herein given and declared; or shall aid, abet or assist any person so
+arrested as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from the
+custody of the officer or other persons legally authorized, as
+aforesaid, or shall harbor or conceal any person for whom a warrant or
+process shall have been issued as aforesaid, so as to prevent his
+discovery and arrest after notice of knowledge of the fact that a
+warrant has been issued for the apprehension of such person, shall for
+either of said offences be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand
+dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment before
+the district court of the United States for the district in which said
+offence may have been committed, or before the proper court of criminal
+jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized Territories
+of the United States.
+
+§ 8. That the district attorneys, the marshals, their deputies, and the
+clerks of the said district and territorial courts, shall be paid for
+their services the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar
+services in other cases; and in all cases where the proceedings are
+before a Commissioner he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in
+full for his services in each case, inclusive of all services incident
+to such arrest and examination. The person or persons authorized to
+execute the process to be issued by such Commissioners for the arrest of
+offenders against the provisions of this act, shall be entitled to a fee
+of five dollars for each person he or they may arrest and take before
+any such Commissioner, as aforesaid, with such other fees as may be
+deemed reasonable by such Commissioner for such other additional
+services as may be necessarily performed by him or them--such as
+attending at the examination, keeping the prisoner in custody, and
+providing food and lodgings during his detention and until the final
+determination of such Commissioner, and in general for performing such
+other duties as may be required in the premises, such fees to be made up
+in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers of the court
+of justice, within the proper district or county, as near as
+practicable, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States, on the
+certificate of the district within which the arrest is made, and to be
+recoverable from the defendant as part of the judgment in case of
+conviction.
+
+§ 9. That whenever the President of the United States shall have reason
+to believe that offences have been or are likely to be committed against
+the provisions of this act within any judicial district, it shall be
+lawful for him, in his discretion, to direct the judge, marshal and
+district attorney of such district to attend at such place within the
+district and for such time as he may designate, for the purpose of the
+more speedy arrest and trial of persons charged with the violation of
+this act; and it shall be the duty of every judge or other officer, when
+any such requisition shall be received by him, to attend at the place
+and for the time therein designated.
+
+§ 10. That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States, or
+such persons as he may empower for that purpose, to employ such part of
+the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as
+shall be necessary to prevent the violation and enforce the due
+execution of this act.
+
+§ 11. That upon all questions of law arising in any cause under the
+provisions of this act, a final appeal may be taken to the supreme court
+of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+FREEDMEN'S BUREAU BILL,
+
+AS AMENDED AND APPROVED BY THE XXXIXTH CONGRESS.
+
+     An act to continue in force and to amend "An act to establish a
+     Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees," and for other
+     purposes.
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled_, That the act to establish a
+Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees, approved March third,
+eighteen hundred and sixty-five, shall continue in force for the term of
+two years from and after the passage of this act.
+
+§ 2. _And be it further enacted_, That the supervision and care of said
+bureau shall extend to all loyal refugees and freedmen, so far as the
+same shall be necessary to enable them as speedily as practicable to
+become self-supporting citizens of the United States, and to aid them in
+making the freedom conferred by proclamation of the commander-in-chief,
+by emancipation under the laws of States, and by constitutional
+amendment, available to them and beneficial to the republic.
+
+§ 3. _And be it further enacted_, That the President shall, by and with
+the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint two assistant
+commissioners in addition to those authorized by the act to which this
+is an amendment, who shall give like bonds and receive the same annual
+salary provided in said act, and each of the assistant commissioners of
+the bureau shall have charge of one district containing such refugees or
+freedmen, to be assigned him by the Commissioner, with the approval of
+the President. And the Commissioner shall, under the direction of the
+President, and so far as the same shall be, in his judgment, necessary
+for the efficient and economical administration of the affairs of the
+bureau, appoint such agents, clerks, and assistants as maybe required
+for the proper conduct of the bureau. Military officers or enlisted men
+may be detailed for service and assigned to duty under this act; and the
+President may, if in his judgment safe and judicious so to do, detail
+from the army all the officers and agents of this bureau; but no officer
+so assigned shall have increase of pay or allowances. Each agent or
+clerk, not heretofore authorized by law, not being a military officer,
+shall have an annual salary of not less than five hundred dollars, nor
+more than twelve hundred dollars, according to the service required of
+him. And it shall be the duty of the Commissioner, when it can be done
+consistently with public interest, to appoint, as assistant
+commissioners, agents, and clerks, such men as have proved their loyalty
+by faithful service in the armies of the Union during the rebellion. And
+all persons appointed to service under this act and the act to which
+this is an amendment shall be so far deemed in the military service of
+the United States as to be under the military jurisdiction, and entitled
+to the military protection of the government while in discharge of the
+duties of their office.
+
+§ 4. _And be it further enacted_, That officers of the Veteran Reserve
+Corps or of the volunteer service, now on duty in the Freedmen's Bureau
+as assistant commissioners, agents, medical officers, or in other
+capacities, whose regiments or corps have been or may hereafter be
+mustered out of service, may be retained upon such duty as officers of
+said bureau, with the same compensation as is now provided by law for
+their respective grades; and the Secretary of War shall have power to
+fill vacancies until other officers can be detailed in their places
+without detriment to the public service.
+
+§ 5. _And be it further enacted_, That the second section of the act to
+which this is an amendment shall be deemed to authorize the Secretary of
+War to issue such medical stores or other supplies and transportation,
+and afford such medical or other aid as may be needful for the purpose
+named in said section: _Provided_, That no person shall be deemed
+"destitute," "suffering," or "dependent upon the government for
+support," within the meaning of this act, who is able to find
+employment, and could, by proper industry and exertion, avoid such
+destitution, suffering, or dependence.
+
+§ 6. Whereas, by the provisions of an act approved February sixth,
+eighteen hundred and sixty-three, entitled "An act to amend an act
+entitled 'An act for the collection of direct taxes in insurrectionary
+districts within the United States, and for other purposes,' approved
+June seventh, eighteen hundred and sixty-two," certain lands in the
+parishes of Saint Helena and Saint Luke, South Carolina, were bid in by
+the United States at public tax sales, and by the limitation of said act
+the time of redemption of said lands has expired; and whereas, in
+accordance with instructions issued by President Lincoln on the
+sixteenth day of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, to the
+United States direct tax commissioners for South Carolina, certain lands
+bid in by the United States in the parish of Saint Helena, in said
+State, were in part sold by the said tax commissioners to "heads of
+families of the African race," in parcels of not more than twenty acres
+to each purchaser; and whereas, under the said instructions, the said
+tax commissioners did also set apart as "school farms" certain parcels
+of land in said parish, numbered on their plats from one to
+thirty-three, inclusive, making an aggregate of six thousand acres, more
+or less: _Therefore, be it further enacted_, That the sales made to
+"heads of families of the African race," under the instructions of
+President Lincoln to the United States direct tax commissioners for
+South Carolina, of date of September sixteenth, eighteen hundred and
+sixty-three, are hereby confirmed and established; and all leases which
+have been made to such "heads of families," by said direct tax
+commissioners, shall be changed into certificates of sale in all cases
+wherein the lease provides for such substitution; and all the lands now
+remaining unsold, which come within the same designation, being eight
+thousand acres, more or less, shall be disposed of according to said
+instructions.
+
+§ 7. _And be it further enacted_, That all other lands bid in by the
+United States at tax sales, being thirty-eight thousand acres, more or
+less, and now in the hands of the said tax commissioners as the
+property of the United States, in the parishes of Saint Helena and
+Saint Luke, excepting the "school farms," as specified in the preceding
+section, and so much as may be necessary for military and naval purposes
+at Hilton Head, Bay Point, and Land's End, and excepting also the city
+of Port Royal, on Saint Helena island, and the town of Beaufort, shall
+be disposed of in parcels of twenty acres, at one dollar and fifty cents
+per acre, to such persons, and to such only, as have acquired and are
+now occupying lands under and agreeably to the provisions of General
+Sherman's special field order, dated at Savannah, Georgia, January
+sixteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, and the remaining lands, if
+any, shall be disposed of in like manner to such persons as had acquired
+lands agreeably to the said order of General Sherman, but who have been
+dispossessed by the restoration of the same to former owners:
+_Provided_, That the lands sold in compliance with the provisions of
+this and the preceding section shall not be alienated by their
+purchasers within six years from and after the passage of this act.
+
+§ 8. _And be it farther enacted_, That the "school farms" in the parish
+of Saint Helena, South Carolina, shall be sold, subject to any leases of
+the same, by the said tax commissioners, at public auction, on or before
+the first day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, at not less
+than ten dollars per acre; and the lots in the city of Port Royal, as
+laid down by the said tax commissioners, and the lots and houses in the
+town of Beaufort, which are still held in like manner, shall be sold at
+public auction; and the proceeds of said sales, after paying expenses of
+the surveys and sales, shall be invested in United States bonds, the
+interest of which shall be appropriated, under the direction of the
+Commissioner, to the support of schools, without distinction of color or
+race, on the islands in the parishes of Saint Helena and Saint Luke.
+
+§ 9. _And be it further enacted_, That the assistant commissioners for
+South Carolina and Georgia are hereby authorized to examine all claims
+to lands in their respective States which are claimed under the
+provisions of General Sherman's special field order, and to give each
+person having a valid claim a warrant upon the direct tax commissioners
+for South Carolina for twenty acres of land, and the said direct tax
+commissioners shall issue to every person, or to his or her heirs, but
+in no case to any assigns, presenting such warrant, a lease of twenty
+acres of land, as provided for in section 7, for the term of six years;
+but at any time thereafter, upon the payment of a sum not exceeding one
+dollar and fifty cents per acre, the person holding such lease shall be
+entitled to a certificate of sale of said tract of twenty acres from
+the direct tax commissioner or such officer as may be authorized to
+issue the same; but no warrant shall be held valid longer than two years
+after the issue of the same.
+
+§ 10. _And be it further enacted_, That the direct tax commissioners for
+South Carolina are hereby authorized and required at the earliest day
+practicable to survey the lands designated in section 7 into lots of
+twenty acres each, with proper metes and bounds distinctly marked, so
+that the several tracts shall be convenient in form, and as near as
+practicable have an average of fertility and woodland; and the expense
+of such surveys shall be paid from the proceeds of the sales of said
+lands, or, if sooner required, out of any moneys received for other
+lands on these islands, sold by the United States for taxes, and now in
+the hands of the direct tax commissioners.
+
+§ 11. _And be it further enacted_, That restoration of lands occupied by
+freedmen under General Sherman's field order, dated at Savannah,
+Georgia, January sixteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, shall not
+be made until after the crops of the present year shall have been
+gathered by the occupants of said lands, nor until a fair compensation
+shall have been made to them by the former owners of such lands or their
+legal representatives for all improvements or betterments erected or
+constructed thereon, and after due notice of the same being done shall
+have been given by the assistant commissioner.
+
+§ 12. _And be it further enacted_, That the Commissioner shall have
+power to seize, hold, use, lease, or sell all buildings and tenements,
+and any lands appertaining to the same, or otherwise, formerly held
+under color of title by the late so-called Confederate States, and not
+heretofore disposed of by the United States, and any buildings or lands
+held in trust for the same by any person or persons, and to use the same
+or appropriate the proceeds derived therefrom to the education of the
+freed people; and whenever the bureau shall cease to exist, such of said
+so-called Confederate States as shall have made provision for the
+education of their citizens without distinction of color shall receive
+the sum remaining unexpended of such sales or rentals, which shall be
+distributed among said States for educational purposes in proportion to
+their population.
+
+§ 13. _And be it further enacted_, That the Commissioner of this bureau
+shall at all times co-operate with private benevolent associations of
+citizens in aid of freedmen, and with agents and teachers, duly
+accredited and appointed by them, and shall hire or provide by lease
+buildings for purposes of education whenever such associations shall,
+without cost to the government, provide suitable teachers and means of
+instructions; and he shall furnish such protection as may be required
+for the safe conduct of such schools.
+
+§ 14. _And be it further enacted_, That in every State or district where
+the ordinary course of judicial proceedings has been interrupted by the
+rebellion, and until the same shall be fully restored, and in every
+State or district whose constitutional relations to the government have
+been practically discontinued by the rebellion, and until such State
+shall have been restored in such relations, and shall be duly
+represented in the Congress of the United States, the right to make and
+enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and give evidence, to inherit,
+purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, and
+to have full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings concerning
+personal liberty, personal security, and the acquisition, enjoyment, and
+disposition of estate, real and personal, including the constitutional
+right to bear arms, shall be secured to and enjoyed by all the citizens
+of such State or district without respect to race or color, or previous
+condition of slavery. And whenever in either of said States or districts
+the ordinary course of judicial proceedings has been interrupted by the
+rebellion, and until the same shall be fully restored, and until such
+State shall have been restored in its constitutional relations to the
+government, and shall be duly represented in the Congress of the United
+States, the President shall, through the Commissioner and the officers
+of the bureau, and under such rules and regulations as the President,
+through the Secretary of War, shall prescribe, extend military
+protection and have military jurisdiction over all cases and questions
+concerning the free enjoyment of such immunities and rights, and no
+penalty or punishment for any violation of law shall be imposed or
+permitted because of race or color, or previous condition of slavery,
+other or greater than the penalty or punishment to which white persons
+may be liable by law for the like offence. But the jurisdiction
+conferred by this section upon the officers of the bureau shall not
+exist in any State where the ordinary course of judicial proceedings has
+not been interrupted by the rebellion, and shall cease in every State
+when the courts of the State and of the United States are not disturbed
+in the peaceable course of justice, and after such State shall be fully
+restored in its constitutional relations to the government, and shall be
+duly represented in the Congress of the United States.
+
+§ 15. _And be it further enacted_, That all officers, agents, and
+employés of this bureau, before entering upon the duties of their
+office, shall take the oath prescribed in the first section of the act
+to which this is an amendment; and all acts or parts of acts
+inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.
+
+SCHUYLER COLFAX,
+
+_Speaker of the House of Representatives_.
+
+LAFAYETTE S. FOSTER,
+
+_President of Senate pro tempore_.
+
+
+IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES,
+
+_July_ 16, 1866.
+
+The President of the United States having returned to the House of
+Representatives, in which it originated, the bill entitled "An act to
+continue in force and to amend 'An act to establish a Bureau for the
+Relief of Freedmen and Refugees,' and for other purposes," with his
+objections thereto, the House of Representatives proceeded, in pursuance
+of the Constitution to reconsider the same; and
+
+_Resolved_, That the said bill pass, two-thirds of the House of
+Representatives agreeing to pass the same.
+
+Attest:                  EDWARD MCPHERSON,
+
+_Clerk House of Representatives of the United States._
+
+IN SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+_July 16, 1866._
+
+The Senate having proceeded, in pursuance of the Constitution, to
+reconsider the bill entitled "An act to continue in force and to amend
+'An act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees,'
+and for other purposes," returned to the House of Representatives by the
+President of the United States, with his objections, and sent by the
+House of Representatives to the Senate with the message of the President
+returning the bill--
+
+_Resolved_, That the bill do pass, two-thirds of the Senate agreeing to
+pass the same.
+
+Attest:                         J.W. FORNEY,
+
+_Secretary of the Senate of the United States._
+
+
+
+
+PROVOST MARSHAL-GENERAL'S REPORT.
+
+     SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MEN ENLISTED, NUMBER OF KILLED, WOUNDED, AND
+     DEATHS FROM DISEASE, DURING THE REBELLION.
+
+
+WASHINGTON, D.C., Friday, April 27, 1866.
+
+The following is a condensed summary of the results of the operations of
+this bureau, from its organization to the close of the war.
+
+1. By means of a full and exact enrollment of all persons liable to
+conscription, under the law of March 3 and its amendments, a complete
+exhibit of the military resources of the loyal States, in men, was made,
+showing an aggregate number of 2,254,063, not including 1,000,516
+soldiers actually under arms, when hostilities ceased.
+
+2. One million one hundred and twenty thousand six hundred and
+twenty-one men were raised, at an average cost (on account of
+recruitment exclusive of bounties,) of $9.84 per man, while the cost of
+recruiting of 1,356,593 raised prior to the organization of the Bureau
+was $34.01 per man. A saving of over seventy cents on the dollar in the
+cost of raising troops was thus effected under this Bureau,
+notwithstanding the increase in the price of subsistence,
+transportation, rents, &c., during the last two years of the war. (Item:
+The number above given does not embrace the naval credits allowed under
+the eighth section of the act of July 4, 1864, nor credits for drafted
+men who paid commutation, the recruits for the regular army, nor the
+credits allowed by the Adjutant-General subsequent to May 25, 1865, for
+men raised prior to that date.)
+
+3. Seventy-six thousand five hundred and twenty-six deserters were
+arrested and returned to the army. The vigilance and energy of the
+officers of the Bureau, in this line of the business, put an effectual
+check to the wide-spread evil of desertion, which, at one time, impaired
+so seriously the numerical strength and efficiency of the army.
+
+4. The quotas of men furnished by the various parts of the country were
+equalized, and a proportionate share of military service secured from
+each, thus removing the very serious inequality of recruitment, which
+had arisen during the first two years of the war, and which, when the
+bureau was organized, had become an almost insuperable obstacle to the
+further progress of raising troops.
+
+5. Records were completed showing minutely the physical condition of
+1,014,776 of the men examined, and tables of great scientific and
+professional value have been compiled from this data.
+
+6. The casualties in the entire military force of the nation during the
+war of the rebellion, as shown by the official muster-rolls and monthly
+returns, have been compiled with, in part, this result:
+
+KILLED IN ACTION OR DIED OF WOUNDS WHILE IN SERVICE.
+
+Commissioned officers                           5,221
+Enlisted men                                   90,868
+
+DIED FROM DISEASE OR ACCIDENT.
+
+Commissioned officers                           2,321
+Enlisted men                                  182,329
+                                             --------
+     Total loss in service                    280,739
+
+These figures have been carefully compiled from the complete official
+file of muster-rolls and monthly returns, but yet entire accuracy is not
+claimed for them, as errors and omissions to some extent doubtless
+prevailed in the rolls and returns. Deaths (from wounds or disease
+contracted in service) which occurred after the men left the army are
+not included in these figures.
+
+7. The system of recruitment established by the Bureau, under the laws
+of Congress, if permanently adopted, (with such improvement as
+experience may suggest,) will be capable of maintaining the numerical
+strength and improving the character of the army in time of peace, or of
+promptly and economically rendering available the National forces to any
+required extent in time of war.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES ARMY DURING THE GREAT CIVIL WAR OF 1861-65.
+
+The following statement shows the number of men furnished by each State:
+
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------------
+                     | Men furnished   | Aggregate No.   | Aggregate
+                     | under Act of    | of men          | No. of men
+                     | April 15, 1861, | furnish'd under | furnish'd
+      STATES.        | for 75,000      | all calls.      | reduced to
+                     | militia for     |                 | the 3 years'
+                     | for 3 months.   |                 | standard.
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------------
+Maine                |        771      |      71,745     |    56,595
+New Hampshire        |        779      |      34,605     |    30,827
+Vermont              |        782      |      35,246     |    29,052
+Massachusetts        |      3,736      |     151,785     |   123,844
+Rhode Island         |      3,147      |      23,711     |    17,878
+Connecticut          |      2,402      |      57,270     |    50,514
+New York             |     13,906      |     464,156     |   381,696
+New Jersey           |      3,123      |      79,511     |    55,785
+Pennsylvania         |     20,175      |     366,326     |   267,558
+Delaware             |        775      |      13,651     |    10,303
+Maryland             |        ...      |      49,731     |    40,692
+West Virginia        |        900      |      32,003     |    27,653
+District of Columbia |      4,720      |      16,872     |    11,506
+Ohio                 |     12,357      |     317,133     |   237,976
+Indiana              |      4,686      |     195,147     |   152,283
+Illinois             |      4,820      |     258,217     |   212,694
+Michigan             |        781      |      90,119     |    80,865
+Wisconsin            |        817      |      96,118     |    78,985
+Minnesota            |        930      |      25,034     |    19,675
+Iowa                 |        968      |      75,860     |    68,182
+Missouri             |     10,501      |     108,773     |    86,192
+Kentucky             |        ...      |      78,540     |    70,348
+Kansas               |        650      |      20,097     |    18,654
+Tennessee            |        ...      |      12,077     |    12,077
+Arkansas             |        ...      |         ...     |       ...
+North Carolina       |        ...      |         ...     |       ...
+California           |        ...      |       7,451     |     7,451
+Nevada               |        ...      |         216     |       216
+Oregon               |        ...      |         617     |       581
+Washington Ter'ty    |        ...      |         895     |       895
+Nebraska             |        ...      |       1,279     |       380
+Colorado             |        ...      |       1,762     |     1,762
+Dakota               |        ...      |         181     |       181
+New Mexico           |      1,510      |       2,395     |     1,011
+                     |     ------      |   ---------     | ---------
+Total                |     93,326      |   2,688,523     | 2,154,311
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------------
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE FLAG.
+
+BY A DISTINGUISHED HISTORIAN.
+
+
+Men, in the aggregate, demand something besides abstract ideas and
+principles. Hence the desire for symbols--something visible to the eye
+and that appeals to the senses. Every nation has a flag that represents
+the country--every army a common banner, which, to the soldier, stands
+for that army. It speaks to him in the din of battle, cheers him in the
+long and tedious march, and pleads with him on the disastrous retreat.
+
+Standards were originally carried on a pole or lance. It matters little
+what they may be, for the symbol is the same.
+
+In ancient times the Hebrew tribes had each its own standard--that of
+Ephraim, for instance, was a steer; of Benjamin, a wolf. Among the
+Greeks, the Athenians had an owl, and the Thebans a sphynx. The standard
+of Romulus was a bundle of hay tied to a pole, afterwards a human hand,
+and finally an eagle. Eagles were at first made of wood, then of
+silver, with thunderbolts of gold. Under Cæsar they were all gold,
+without thunderbolts, and were carried on a long pike. The Germans
+formerly fastened a streamer to a lance, which the duke carried in front
+of the army. Russia and Austria adopted the double headed eagle. The
+ancient national flag of England, all know, was the banner of St.
+George, a white field with a red cross. This was at first used in the
+Colonies, but several changes were afterwards made.
+
+Of course, when they separated from the mother country, it was necessary
+to have a distinct flag of their own, and the Continental Congress
+appointed Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. Harrison, a committee to take
+the subject into consideration. They repaired to the American army, a
+little over 9,000 strong, then assembled at Cambridge, and after due
+consideration, adopted one composed of seven white and seven red
+stripes, with the red and white crosses of St. George and St. Andrew,
+conjoined on a blue field in the corner, and named it "The Great Union
+Flag." The crosses of St. George and St. Andrew were retained to show
+the willingness of the colonies to return to their allegiance to the
+British crown, if their rights were secured. This flag was first hoisted
+on the first day of January, 1776. In the meantime, the various colonies
+had adopted distinctive badges, so that the different bodies of troops,
+that flocked to the army, had each its own banner. In Connecticut, each
+regiment had its own peculiar standard, on which were represented the
+arms of the colony, with the motto, "Qui transtulit sustinet"--(he who
+transplanted us will sustain us.) The one that Putnam gave to the breeze
+on Prospect Hill on the 18th of July, 1775, was a red flag, with this
+motto on one side, and on the other, the words inscribed, "An appeal to
+Heaven." That of the floating batteries was a white ground with the same
+"Appeal to Heaven" upon it. It is supposed that at Bunker Hill our
+troops carried a red flag, with a pine tree on a white field in the
+corner. The first flag in South Carolina was blue, with a crescent in
+the corner, and received its first baptism under Moultrie. In 1776, Col.
+Gadsen presented to Congress a flag to be used by the navy, which
+consisted of a rattle-snake on a yellow ground, with thirteen rattles,
+and coiled to strike. The motto was, "Don't tread on me." "The Great
+Union Flag," as described above, without the crosses, and sometimes with
+the rattle-snake and motto, "Don't tread on me," was used as a naval
+flag, and called the "Continental Flag."
+
+As the war progressed, different regiments and corps adopted peculiar
+flags, by which they were designated. The troops which Patrick Henry
+raised and called the "Culpepper Minute Men," had a banner with a
+rattle-snake on it, and the mottoes, "Don't tread on me," and "Liberty
+or death," together with their name. Morgan's celebrated riflemen,
+called the "Morgan Rifles," not only had a peculiar uniform, but a flag
+of their own, on which was inscribed, "XI. Virginia Regiment," and the
+words, "Morgan's Rifle Corps." On it was also the date, 1776, surrounded
+by a wreath of laurel. Wherever this banner floated, the soldiers knew
+that deadly work was being done.
+
+When the gallant Pulaski was raising a body of cavalry, in Baltimore,
+the nuns of Bethlehem sent him a banner of crimson silk, with emblems on
+it, wrought by their own hands. That of Washington's Life Guard was made
+of white silk, with various devices upon it, and the motto, "Conquer or
+die."
+
+It doubtless always will be customary in this country, during a war, for
+different regiments to have flags presented to them with various devices
+upon them. It was so during the recent war, but as the stars and stripes
+supplant them all, so in our revolutionary struggle, the "Great Union
+Flag," which was raised in Cambridge, took the place of all others and
+became the flag of the American army.
+
+But in 1777, Congress, on the 19th day of June, passed the following
+resolution: "_Resolved_, That the flag of the thirteen United States be
+thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, that the union be thirteen
+stars, white, in a blue field, representing a new constellation." A
+constellation, however, could not well be represented on a flag, and so
+it was changed into a circle of stars, to represent harmony and union.
+Red is supposed to represent courage, white, integrity of purpose, and
+blue, steadfastness, love, and faith. This flag, however, was not used
+till the following autumn, and waved first over the memorable battle
+field of Saratoga.
+
+Thus our flag was born, which to-day is known, respected, and feared
+round the entire globe. In 1794 it received a slight modification,
+evidently growing out of the intention at that time of Congress to add a
+new stripe with every additional State that came into the Union, for it
+passed that year the following resolution: "_Resolved_, That from and
+after the 1st day of May, Anno Domini 1795, the flag of the United
+States be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white. That the union be
+fifteen stars, white, in a blue field." In 1818, it was by another
+resolution of Congress, changed back into thirteen stripes, with
+twenty-one stars, in which it was provided that a new star should be
+added to the union on the admission of each new State. That resolution
+has never been rescinded, till now thirty-six stars blaze on our
+banner. The symbol of our nationality, the record of our glory, it has
+become dear to the heart of the people. On the sea and on the land its
+history has been one to swell the heart with pride. The most beautiful
+flag in the world in its appearance, it is stained by no disgrace, for
+it has triumphed in every struggle. Through three wars it bore us on to
+victory, and in this last terrible struggle against treason, though
+baptized in the blood of its own children, not a star has been effaced,
+and it still waves over a united nation.
+
+Whenever the "Star-Spangled Banner" is sung, the spontaneous outburst of
+the vast masses, as the chorus is reached, shows what a hold that flag
+has on the popular heart. It not only represents our nationality, but it
+is the _people's_ flag. It led them on to freedom--it does something
+more than appeal to their pride as a symbol of national greatness--it
+appeals to their affections as a friend of their dearest rights. We
+cannot better close this short history of our flag than by appending the
+following stirring poem of Drake:
+
+  WHEN freedom from her mountain height
+    Unfurled her standard to the air,
+  She tore the azure robes of night,
+    And set the stars of glory there!
+  She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
+  The milky baldric of the skies,
+  And striped its pure celestial white
+  With streakings of the morning light;
+  Then, from his mansion in the sun,
+  She called her eagle-bearer down,
+  And gave into his mighty hand
+  The symbol of her chosen land!
+
+  Majestic monarch of the cloud
+    Who rear'st aloft thy regal form,
+  To hear the tempest trumping loud
+  And see the lightning lances driven,
+    When strive the warriors of the storm,
+  And rolls the thunder drum of heaven,
+  Child of the sun! to thee 'tis given
+    To guard the banner of the free;
+  To hover in the sulphur smoke,
+  To ward away the battle stroke;
+  And bid its blendings shine afar,
+  Like rainbows on the cloud of war--
+    The harbinger of victory!
+
+  Flag of the brave! thy folds shall fly,
+  The sign of hope and triumph high,
+  When speaks the signal trumpet tone,
+  And the long line comes gleaming on,
+  (Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet,
+  Hath dimmed the glittering bayonet,)
+  Each soldier's eye shall brightly turn
+  To where thy sky-born glories burn,
+
+  And, as his springing steps advance,
+  Catch war and vengeance from the glance;
+  And when the cannon's mouthings loud
+  Heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud,
+  And gory sabres rise and fall,
+  Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall;
+  Then shall thy meteor glances glow,
+    And cowering foes shall shrink beneath
+  Each gallant arm that strikes below
+    That lovely messenger of death.
+
+  Flag of the seas! on ocean wave
+  Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave,
+  When death, careering on the gale,
+  Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail,
+  And frightened waves rush wildly back,
+  Before the broadside's reeling rack,
+  Each dying wanderer of the sea,
+  Shall look at once to heaven and thee,
+  And smile to see thy splendor fly,
+  In triumph o'er his closing eye.
+
+  Flag of the free, heart's hope and home!
+    By angel hands to valor given;
+  Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,
+    And all thy hues were born in heaven!
+  Forever float that standard sheet!
+    Where breathes the foe but falls before us?
+  With Freedom's soil beneath our feet,
+    And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us?
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Key-Notes of American Liberty, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KEY-NOTES OF AMERICAN LIBERTY ***
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Key-Notes of American Liberty, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Key-Notes of American Liberty
+       Comprising the most important speeches, proclamations, and
+              acts of Congress, from the foundation of the government
+              to the presen
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: E. B. Treat
+
+Release Date: May 15, 2009 [EBook #28831]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KEY-NOTES OF AMERICAN LIBERTY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Greg Bergquist and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from scans of public domain works at the
+University of Michigan's Making of America collection.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="tn">
+<p class="center"><big><b>Transcriber&#8217;s Note</b></big></p>
+<p class="noin">The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully preserved. Only obvious
+typographical errors have been corrected.</p>
+</div>
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="500" height="518" alt="George Washington" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><i>Eng<sup>d.</sup> by H.B. Hall, from the original Painting by
+Stuart.</i></span>
+</div>
+<hr />
+
+
+
+<h1>
+KEY-NOTES
+<br />
+<small>OF</small>
+<br />
+AMERICAN LIBERTY;</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><small>COMPRISING</small><br />
+<br />
+THE MOST IMPORTANT SPEECHES, PROCLAMATIONS, AND<br />
+ACTS OF CONGRESS, FROM THE FOUNDATION<br />
+OF THE GOVERNMENT TO THE<br />
+PRESENT TIME.<br />
+<br />
+<small>WITH A</small><br />
+<br />
+<big>HISTORY OF THE FLAG,</big><br />
+<br />
+<small>BY A DISTINGUISHED HISTORIAN.</small></p>
+
+<p class="t1"><br /><br /><br />Illustrated.<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK:<br />
+<big>E.B. TREAT &amp; CO.</big><br />
+<br />
+654 BROADWAY.<br />
+<br />
+CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: R.C. TREAT and C.W. LILLEY.<br />
+B.C. BAKER, DETROIT, MICH.   L.C. BRAINARD, ST. LOUIS, MO.<br />
+A.O. BRIGGS, CLEVELAND, O.   M. PITMAN &amp; CO., BOSTON, MASS.<br />
+A.L. TALCOTT, PITTSBURG, PA.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p class="center"><br /><br /><span class="smcap">Entered</span>, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by<br />
+
+E.B. TREAT.<br />
+
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern<br />
+District of New York.<br />
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br /><small>MACDONALD &amp; STONE, PRINTERS AND STEREOTYPERS, 43 CENTRE STREET, N.Y.</small><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">This</span> book appeals to the patriotic sentiments of all classes of readers.
+In its pages will be found those words of burning eloquence which
+lighted the fires of the American Revolution, stirring the hearts of our
+fathers to do battle for our independence; the words of wisdom which
+brought our ship of state safely through the storms of strife into the
+calms of peace, and all of the most important speeches and proclamations
+of our statesmen which guided our country during critical periods of our
+political life. It is a book of our country as a whole; all must read it
+with emotions of gratitude and pride at the grandeur and stability of
+our institutions as exemplified by the eloquent words of the statesmen
+and leading spirits of the great Republic.</p>
+
+<p>First in its pages, appropriately, will be found the "Declaration of
+Independence," the great corner stone of American liberty; and as a
+fitting close, one of our most distinguished historians has furnished a
+"History of the Flag,"&mdash;the Flag of the Union, the sacred emblem around
+which are clustered the memories of the thousands of heroes who have
+struggled to sustain it untarnished against both foreign and domestic
+foes. To the Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United
+States, and Washington's Farewell Address&mdash;truly "Key Notes to American
+Liberty"&mdash;have been added many important proclamations and congressional
+acts of a later day, namely: President Jackson's famous Nullification
+Proclamation to South Carolina, The Monroe Doctrine, Dred Scott
+Decision, Neutrality laws, with numerous documents, state papers and
+statistical matter growing out of the late Rebellion; all of which will
+be read with new and ever increasing interest. And as long as our
+Republic endures, these pages will be cherished as the representative of
+all that is great and good in our country; and will prove incentives to
+our children to follow in the footsteps of the patriots by whose genius
+and valor our institutions have been cherished and preserved, and
+liberty, like water made to run throughout the land free to all.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=" Contents">
+<tr>
+ <td align='right' colspan='2'><small>PAGE.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Declaration of Independence</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#DECLARATION_OF_INDEPENDENCE">9</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Constitution of the United States</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Amendments to the Constitution</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION">39</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Constitutional Amendment Abolishing Slavery</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_CONSTITUTIONAL_AMENDMENT">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Proposed Amendments of the XXXIXth Congress</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#PROPOSED_AMENDMENTS">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Ordinance of 1787</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_ORDINANCE_OF_1787">51</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Fugitive Slave Bill of 1793</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_FUGITIVE_SLAVE_BILL_OF_1793">52</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Fugitive Slave Bill of 1850</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_FUGITIVE_SLAVE_BILL_OF_1850">55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Missouri Compromise</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_MISSOURI_COMPROMISE">67</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">The States of the Union, with the Date of their Admission</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_STATES_OF_THE_UNION">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Inaugural Address of George Washington</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#INAUGURAL_ADDRESS_OF_GEORGE_WASHINGTON">70</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Washington's Farewell Address</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#WASHINGTONS_FAREWELL_ADDRESS">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">President Jackson's Proclamation to South Carolina</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#PRESIDENT_JACKSONS_PROCLAMATION">105</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Monroe Doctrine</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#MONROE_DOCTRINE">144</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Dred Scott Decision</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_DRED_SCOTT_DECISION">146</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States, with the Popular Vote for Each</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#PRESIDENTS_AND_VICE-PRESIDENTS_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES">154</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Popular Names of States</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#POPULAR_NAMES_OF_STATES">166</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Battles of the Revolution</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#BATTLES_OF_THE_REVOLUTION">167</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Neutrality Law of the United States</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#NEUTRALITY_LAW_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES">168</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Population of the United States</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#POPULATION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES">176</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Slave Population in the U.S. in 1860</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#SLAVE_POPULATION_IN_THE_US_IN_1860">177</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Statistics of Slavery Before the Revolution</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#STATISTICS_OF_SLAVERY_BEFORE_THE_REVOLUTION">178</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Speech of Hon. Stephen A. Douglas,&mdash;His Last Words for the Union</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#SPEECH_OF_HON_STEPHEN_A_DOUGLAS">179</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">President Lincoln's First Call For Troops</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#PRESIDENT_LINCOLNS_FIRST_CALL_FOR_TROOPS">186</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Total Number of Troops called into Service during the Rebellion</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#TOTAL_NUMBER_OF_TROOPS_CALLED_INTO_SERVICE_DURING_THE_REBELLION">188</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Resolutions of the N.Y. Chamber of Commerce</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_NY_CHAMBER_OF_COMMERCE">189</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Blockade Proclamation, by President Lincoln</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#A_PROCLAMATION">194</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Emancipation Proclamation</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_EMANCIPATION_PROCLAMATION">197</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Confiscation Act</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_CONFISCATION_ACT">201</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">First Inaugural Address of President Lincoln</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#FIRST_INAUGURAL_ADDRESS_OF_PRESIDENT_LINCOLN">204</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Balance Sheet of the Government, before and since the War, 1859 and 1865</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_BALANCE_SHEET_OF_THE_GOVERNMENT">221</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">President Lincoln's Second and Last Inaugural Address</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#PRESIDENT_LINCOLNS_SECOND_AND_LAST_INAUGURAL_ADDRESS">222</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">President Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#PRESIDENT_LINCOLNS_PROCLAMATION_OF_AMNESTY">226</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">President Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#PRESIDENT_JOHNSONS_AMNESTY_PROCLAMATION">232</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">President Johnson's Peace Proclamation</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#A_PEACE_PROCLAMATION">237</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Civil Rights Bill</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#CIVIL_RIGHTS_BILL">239</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Freedmen's Bureau Bill</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#FREEDMENS_BUREAU_BILL">248</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">Provost Marshal-General's Report,</span> of the killed and wounded during the Rebellion,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#PROVOST_MARSHAL-GENERALS_REPORT">261</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">The United States Army</span>, showing the number of men furnished from each State during the Rebellion,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#THE_UNITED_STATES_ARMY_DURING_THE_GREAT_CIVIL_WAR_OF_1861-65">265</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class="smcap">History of the Flag</span>,</td>
+ <td align='right'><a href="#HISTORY_OF_THE_FLAG">266</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+<p class="t1">Key-Notes of American Liberty.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+<h2><a name="DECLARATION_OF_INDEPENDENCE" id="DECLARATION_OF_INDEPENDENCE"></a>DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.</h2>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">In Congress</span>, July 4, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>By the Representatives of the United States, in Congress assembled.</i>
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DECLARATION.</h3>
+
+<p>When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
+to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another,
+and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal
+station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a
+decent respect for the opinions of mankind requires that they should
+declare the causes which impel them to the separation.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p><p>We hold these truths to be self-evident:&mdash;that all men are created
+equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable
+rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
+happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among
+men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that
+whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends it is
+the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a
+new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing
+its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect
+their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that
+governments long established should not be changed for light and
+transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind
+are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right
+themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But
+when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
+same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism,
+it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and
+to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the
+patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity
+which constrains them to alter their former system of government.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> The
+history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated
+injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment
+of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be
+submitted to a candid world.</p>
+
+<p>He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for
+the public good.</p>
+
+<p>He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
+importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should
+be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
+to them.</p>
+
+<p>He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
+districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
+representation in the legislature&mdash;a right inestimable to them, and
+formidable to tyrants only.</p>
+
+<p>He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
+uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,
+for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
+measures.</p>
+
+<p>He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with
+manly firmness, his invasions on the right of the people.</p>
+
+<p>He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others
+to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
+annihilation, have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> returned to the people at large for their exercise;
+the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of
+invasion from without and convulsions within.</p>
+
+<p>He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
+purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing
+to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the
+conditions of new appropriations of lands.</p>
+
+<p>He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent
+to laws for establishing judiciary powers.</p>
+
+<p>He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their
+offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.</p>
+
+<p>He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
+officers, to harass our people and eat out their substance.</p>
+
+<p>He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the
+consent of our legislatures.</p>
+
+<p>He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to
+the civil power.</p>
+
+<p>He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to
+our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to
+their acts of pretended legislation,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p><p>For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:</p>
+
+<p>For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders
+which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States:</p>
+
+<p>For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world:</p>
+
+<p>For imposing taxes on us without our consent:</p>
+
+<p>For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury:</p>
+
+<p>For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences:</p>
+
+<p>For abolishing the free system of English law in a neighboring province,
+establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its
+boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for
+introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies:</p>
+
+<p>For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
+altering fundamentally the forms of our government:</p>
+
+<p>For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested
+with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.</p>
+
+<p>He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection,
+and waging war against us.</p>
+
+<p>He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> burned our towns, and
+destroyed the lives of our people.</p>
+
+<p>He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to
+complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun,
+with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
+most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
+nation.</p>
+
+<p>He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
+to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
+friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.</p>
+
+<p>He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to
+bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,
+whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all
+ages, sexes, and conditions.</p>
+
+<p>In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
+the most humble terms; our petitions have been answered only by repeated
+injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may
+define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.</p>
+
+<p>Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have
+warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to
+extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> have reminded them of
+the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
+appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
+them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations,
+which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
+They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We
+must therefore acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our
+separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in
+war&mdash;in peace, friends.</p>
+
+<p>We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in
+General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world
+for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the
+authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
+declare that these United Colonies are, and of good right ought to be,
+free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance
+to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and
+the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and
+that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war,
+conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all
+other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for
+the support of this declaration, with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> firm reliance on the protection
+of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our
+fortunes, and our sacred honor.</p>
+
+<p>Signed by order and in behalf of the Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+JOHN HANCOCK, <i>President</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Attested, <span class="smcap">Charles Thompson</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" width="65%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Declaration Signatures">
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>NEW HAMPSHIRE.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>PENNSYLVANIA.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Josiah Bartlett,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Robert Morris,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>William Whipple,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Benjamin Rush,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Matthew Thornton.</td>
+ <td align='left'>Benjamin Franklin,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td align='left'>George Clymer,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>MASSACHUSETTS BAY.</small></td>
+ <td align='left'>John Morton,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Samuel Adams,</td>
+ <td align='left'>James Smith,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>John Adams,</td>
+ <td align='left'>George Taylor,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Robert Treat Paine,</td>
+ <td align='left'>James Wilson,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Eldridge Gerry.</td>
+ <td align='left'>George Ross.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>RHODE ISLAND, ETC.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>DELAWARE.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Stephen Hopkins,</td>
+ <td align='left'>C&aelig;sar Rodney,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>William Ellery.</td>
+ <td align='left'>George Read,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td align='left'>Thomas M'Kean.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>CONNECTICUT.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>MARYLAND.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Roger Sherman,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Samuel Chase,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Samuel Huntington,</td>
+ <td align='left'>William Paca,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>William Williams,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Thomas Stone,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Oliver Wolcott.</td>
+ <td align='left'>Charles Carroll, of Carrollton.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>NEW YORK.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>VIRGINIA.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>William Floyd,</td>
+ <td align='left'>George Wythe,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Philip Livingston,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Richard Henry Lee,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Francis Lewis,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Thomas Jefferson,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Lewis Morris.</td>
+ <td align='left'>Benjamin Harrison,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td align='left'>Thomas Nelson, jr.,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>NEW JERSEY.</small></td>
+ <td align='left'>Francis Lightfoot Lee,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Richard Stockton,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Carter Braxton.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>John Witherspoon,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Thomas Heyward, jr.,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Francis Hopkinson,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Thomas Lynch, jr.,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>John Hart,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Arthur Middleton.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Abraham Clark.</td>
+ <td align='center'><small>GEORGIA.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span><small>NORTH CAROLINA.</small></td>
+ <td align='left'>Button Gwinnett,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>William Hooper,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Lyman Hall,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Joseph Hewes,</td>
+ <td align='left'>George Walton.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>John Penn.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>SOUTH CAROLINA.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Edward Rutledge,</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES" id="CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES"></a>CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more
+perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity,
+provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and
+secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do
+ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
+America.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>ARTICLE I.</h4>
+
+<p>&sect; I.&mdash;All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
+Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House
+of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; II.&mdash;1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
+chosen every second year by the people of the several States; and the
+electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
+electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p><p>2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained the
+age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
+States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of the State
+in which he shall be chosen.</p>
+
+<p>3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
+several States which may be included within this Union, according to
+their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the
+whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
+term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
+other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years
+after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
+every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
+direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every
+thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;
+and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of <i>New Hampshire</i>
+shall be entitled to choose three; <i>Massachusetts</i>, eight; <i>Rhode Island
+and Providence Plantations</i>, one; <i>Connecticut</i>, five; <i>New York</i>, six;
+<i>New Jersey</i>, four; <i>Pennsylvania</i>, eight; <i>Delaware</i>, one; <i>Maryland</i>,
+six; <i>Virginia</i>, ten; <i>North Carolina</i>, five; <i>South Carolina</i>, five;
+<i>Georgia</i>, three.</p>
+
+<p>4. When vacancies happen in the representation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> of any State, the
+executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
+vacancies.</p>
+
+<p>5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other
+officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; III.&mdash;1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
+senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six
+years; and each senator shall have one vote.</p>
+
+<p>2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
+election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three
+classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated
+at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the
+expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of
+the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and
+if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of
+the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary
+appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then
+fill such vacancies.</p>
+
+<p>3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age of
+thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
+who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he
+shall be chosen.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p><p>4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
+Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.</p>
+
+<p>5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president
+pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall
+exercise the office of President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
+sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
+President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall
+preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of
+two-thirds of the members present.</p>
+
+<p>7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to
+removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
+of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party
+convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment,
+trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; IV.&mdash;1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for
+Senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the
+legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or
+alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p><p>2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such
+meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
+law appoint a different day.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; V.&mdash;1. Each house shall be judge of the elections, returns, and
+qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall
+constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
+from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
+absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house
+may provide.</p>
+
+<p>2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
+members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of
+two-thirds, expel a member.</p>
+
+<p>3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
+time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment,
+require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on
+any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be
+entered on the journal.</p>
+
+<p>4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
+consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
+place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; VI.&mdash;1. The senators and representatives shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> receive a compensation
+for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the
+treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason,
+felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
+attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or
+returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house
+they shall not be questioned in any other place.</p>
+
+<p>2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was
+elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
+United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
+shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any
+office under the United States shall be a member of either house during
+his continuance in office.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; VII.&mdash;1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
+Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments,
+as on other bills.</p>
+
+<p>2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
+the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President
+of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he
+shall return it with his objections, to that house in which it shall
+have originated, who shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> enter the objections at large on their
+journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
+two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
+together with the objections, to the other house; and if approved by
+two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases
+the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the
+name of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on
+the journals of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be
+returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it
+shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like
+manner as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by their adjournment,
+prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law.</p>
+
+<p>3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
+Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
+question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
+United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved
+by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of
+the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
+limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; VIII.&mdash;The Congress shall have power&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p><p>1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the
+debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the
+United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform
+throughout the United States:</p>
+
+<p>2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States:</p>
+
+<p>3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
+States, and with the Indian tribes:</p>
+
+<p>4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
+the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States:</p>
+
+<p>5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
+fix the standard of weights and measures:</p>
+
+<p>6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
+current coin of the United States:</p>
+
+<p>7. To establish post offices and post roads:</p>
+
+<p>8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for
+limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
+respective writings and discoveries:</p>
+
+<p>9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court:</p>
+
+<p>10. To define and punish piracies and felonies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> committed on the high
+seas, and offences against the law of nations:</p>
+
+<p>11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
+concerning captures on land and water:</p>
+
+<p>12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that
+use shall be for a longer term than two years:</p>
+
+<p>13. To provide and maintain a navy:</p>
+
+<p>14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and
+naval forces:</p>
+
+<p>15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
+Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:</p>
+
+<p>16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
+for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
+United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of
+the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to
+the discipline prescribed by Congress:</p>
+
+<p>17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over
+such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
+particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
+government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all
+places purchased by the consent of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> the legislature of the State in
+which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
+dock yards, and other needful building: And,</p>
+
+<p>18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
+into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
+Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any
+department or officer thereof.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; IX.&mdash;1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
+States, now existing, shall think proper to admit, shall not be
+prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred
+and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not
+exceeding ten dollars for each person.</p>
+
+<p>2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
+unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
+require it.</p>
+
+<p>3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed.</p>
+
+<p>4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
+to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.</p>
+
+<p>5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any States. No
+preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to
+the ports of one State over those of another; nor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> shall vessels bound
+to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in
+another.</p>
+
+<p>6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
+appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
+receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
+time to time.</p>
+
+<p>7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no
+person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without
+the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,
+or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; X.&mdash;1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
+confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit
+bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in
+payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or
+impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.</p>
+
+<p>2. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or
+duties on imports or exports, except what maybe absolutely necessary for
+executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and
+imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of
+the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> subject
+to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the
+consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of
+war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another
+State or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually
+invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ARTICLE II.</h4>
+
+<p>&sect; I.&mdash;1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
+United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of
+four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same
+term, be elected as follows:</p>
+
+<p>2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof
+may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators
+and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress;
+but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust
+or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.</p>
+
+<p>3. [Annulled. See Amendments, Art. 12.]</p>
+
+<p>4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
+day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same
+throughout the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p><p>5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United
+States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
+eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
+eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of
+thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
+resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said
+office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress
+may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or
+inability both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what
+officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act
+accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be
+elected.</p>
+
+<p>7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
+compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
+period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive,
+within that period, any other emolument from the United States, or any
+of them.</p>
+
+<p>8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
+following oath or affirmation:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
+office of President of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> United States, and will, to the best of my
+ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United
+States."</p>
+
+<p>&sect; II.&mdash;1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy
+of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when
+called into the actual service of the United States: he may require the
+opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive
+departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective
+offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
+offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.</p>
+
+<p>2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present
+concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of
+the Senate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and
+consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
+United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
+and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law,
+vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in
+the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of
+departments.</p>
+
+<p>3. The President shall have power to fill up all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> vacancies that may
+happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which
+shall expire at the end of the next session.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; III.&mdash;He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of
+the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such
+measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
+extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in
+case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of
+adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
+he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take
+care that the laws are faithfully executed; and shall commission all the
+officers of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; IV.&mdash;The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the
+United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and
+conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ARTICLE III.</h4>
+
+<p>&sect; I.&mdash;The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one
+Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from
+time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and
+inferior courts, shall hold their offices<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> during good behavior, and
+shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which
+shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.</p>
+
+<p>&sect;II.&mdash;1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity
+arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and
+treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority; to all
+cases affecting ambassadors, and other public ministers, and consuls; to
+all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to
+which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two
+or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between
+citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State,
+claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or
+the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects.</p>
+
+<p>2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and
+consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court
+shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned,
+the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and
+fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress
+shall make.</p>
+
+<p>3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
+jury; and such trial shall be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> held in the State where such crimes shall
+have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial
+shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
+directed.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; III.&mdash;1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
+levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them
+aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the
+testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confessions in open
+court.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason;
+but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or
+forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ARTICLE IV.</h4>
+
+<p>&sect; I.&mdash;Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public
+acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the
+Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts,
+records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; II.&mdash;1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
+and immunities of citizens in the several States.</p>
+
+<p>2. A person charged in any State with treason,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> felony, or other crime,
+who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on
+demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
+delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
+crime.</p>
+
+<p>3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
+thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
+regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall
+be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
+be due.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; III.&mdash;1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
+but no new State shall shall be formed or erected within the
+jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction
+of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the
+legislature of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful
+rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property
+belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
+be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of
+any particular State.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; IV.&mdash;The United States shall guaranty to every State of this Union a
+republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
+invasion, and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> on application of the legislature, or of the executive,
+(when the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ARTICLE V.</h4>
+
+<p>The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it
+necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
+application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
+shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case,
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
+Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the
+several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one
+or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
+provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one
+thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first
+and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that
+no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
+in the Senate.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VI.</h4>
+
+<p>1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the
+adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
+States under this Constitution as under the confederation.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p><p>2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
+made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be
+made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law
+of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby; any
+thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
+notwithstanding.</p>
+
+<p>3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of
+the several State legislatures, and all executive and all judicial
+officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be
+bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no
+religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
+or public trust under the United States.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VII.</h4>
+
+<p>The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient
+for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
+ratifying the same.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present,
+the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one
+thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of
+the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we
+have hereunto subscribed our names.</p></div>
+
+<p class="right">
+GEORGE WASHINGTON,<br />
+<br />
+<i>President, and Deputy from Virginia.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" width="65%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Constitution Signatures">
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>NEW HAMPSHIRE.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>DELAWARE.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>John Langdon,</td>
+ <td align='left'>George Read,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Nicholas Gilman.</td>
+ <td align='left'>Gunning Bedford, jr.,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>MASSACHUSETTS.</small></td>
+ <td align='left'>John Dickinson,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Nathaniel Gorham,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Richard Bassett,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Rufus King.</td>
+ <td align='left'>Jacob Broom.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>CONNECTICUT.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>MARYLAND.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Wm. Samuel Johnson,</td>
+ <td align='left'>James McHenry,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Roger Sherman.</td>
+ <td align='left'>Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td align='left'>Daniel Carroll.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>NEW YORK.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>VIRGINIA.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Alexander Hamilton.</td>
+ <td align='left'>John Blair,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td align='left'>James Madison, jr.</td></tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>NEW JERSEY.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>NORTH CAROLINA.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>William Livingston,</td>
+ <td align='left'>William Blount,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>David Brearley,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Rich. Dobbs Spaight,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>William Patterson,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Hugh Williamson.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Jonathan Dayton.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>PENNSYLVANIA.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>SOUTH CAROLINA.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Benjamin Franklin,</td>
+ <td align='left'>John Rutledge,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Thomas Mifflin,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Charles C. Pinckney,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Robert Morris,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Charles Pinckney,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>George Clymer,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Pierce Butler.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Thomas Fitzsimons,</td>
+ <td align='center'><small>GEORGIA.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Jared Ingersoll,</td>
+ <td align='left'>William Few,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>James Wilson,</td>
+ <td align='left'>Abraham Baldwin.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Gouverneur Morris.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p class="right">Attest, <span class="smcap">William Jackson</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION" id="AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION"></a>AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. I.</span>&mdash;Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
+religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
+freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
+to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. II.</span>&mdash;A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a
+free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
+infringed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. III.</span>&mdash;No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house
+without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to
+be prescribed by law.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. IV.</span>&mdash;The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
+papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
+not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> probable cause,
+supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
+to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. V.</span>&mdash;No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise
+infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury,
+except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia
+when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any
+person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of
+life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be
+witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
+without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
+public use without just compensation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. VI.</span>&mdash;In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
+right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and
+district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
+shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
+nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
+against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
+favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. VII.</span>&mdash;In suits of common law, where the value in controversy shall
+exceed twenty dollars, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> right of trial by jury shall be preserved;
+and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court
+of the United States than according to the rules of the common law.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. VIII.</span>&mdash;Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
+imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. IX.</span>&mdash;The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall
+not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. X.</span>&mdash;The powers not delegated to the United States by the
+Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
+States respectively, or to the people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. XI.</span>&mdash;The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed
+to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against
+one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or
+subjects of any foreign State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. XII.</span>&mdash;The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote
+by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall
+not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name
+in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
+ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make
+distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for
+each; which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to
+the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president
+of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
+Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the
+votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of
+votes for President shall be President, if such number be a majority of
+the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such a
+majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding
+three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of
+Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But,
+in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the
+representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this
+purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the
+States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
+And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President,
+whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
+day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
+President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
+disability of the President.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p><p>2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President
+shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole
+number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then
+from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the
+Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of
+the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall
+be necessary to a choice.</p>
+
+<p>3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President
+shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_CONSTITUTIONAL_AMENDMENT" id="THE_CONSTITUTIONAL_AMENDMENT"></a>THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article V.</span> of the Constitution of the United States clearly and
+distinctly sets forth the mode and manner in which that instrument may
+be amended, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it
+necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
+application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
+shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either case
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
+Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the
+several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one
+or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress."</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with this article of the Constitution, the following
+resolution was proposed in the Senate, on February 1, 1864, adopted
+April 8, 1864, by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> a vote of 38 to 6, and was proposed in the House June
+15, 1864, adopted Jan. 31, 1865, by a vote of 119 to 56:</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America, in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses
+concurring, that the following article be proposed to the Legislatures,
+of the several States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the United
+States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures,
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of the said
+Constitution, namely:</p>
+
+<p>Art. XIII. 1st. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
+punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
+shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
+jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p>The amendment was now sent by the Secretary of State to the Governors of
+the several States for ratification by the Legislatures; a majority vote
+in three-fourths being required to make it a law of the land.</p>
+
+<p>On Dec. 18, 1865, Secretary Seward officially announced to the country
+the ratification of the Amendment as follows:</p>
+
+<p><i>To all to whom these presents may come, Greeting:</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Know ye</i>, That, whereas the Congress of the United States, on the 1st
+of February last, passed a resolution, which is in the words following,
+namely:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p><p>"A resolution submitting to the Legislatures of the several States a
+proposition to amend the Constitution of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses
+concurring, that the following article be proposed to the Legislatures
+of the several States as an Amendment to the Constitution of the United
+States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures,
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes as a part of said
+Constitution, namely:</p>
+
+<p>"'<span class="smcap">Article XIII.</span></p>
+
+<p>"'<span class="smcap">Section</span> 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
+punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
+shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
+jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p>"'<span class="smcap">Section</span> 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
+appropriate legislation.'"</p>
+
+<p><i>And whereas</i>, It appears from official documents on file in this
+Department, that the Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
+proposed as aforesaid, has been ratified by the Legislatures of the
+States of Illinois, Rhode Island, Michigan, Maryland, New York, West
+Virginia, Maine, Kansas, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio,
+Missouri,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> Nevada, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Vermont,
+Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut, New Hampshire, South Carolina,
+Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia, in all 27 States.</p>
+
+<p><i>And whereas</i>, The whole number of States in the United States is 36.</p>
+
+<p><i>And whereas</i>, The before specially named States, whose Legislatures
+have ratified the said proposed Amendment, constitute three-fourths of
+the whole number of States in the United States:</p>
+
+<p>Now, therefore, be it known that I, William H. Seward, Secretary of
+State of the United States, by virtue and in pursuance of the second
+section of the act of Congress, approved the 20th of April, 1818,
+entitled "An act to provide for the publication of the laws of the
+United States, and for other purposes," do hereby certify that the
+Amendment aforesaid has become valid to all intents and purposes as a
+part of the Constitution of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the Department of State to be affixed.</p>
+
+<p>Done at the City of Washington, this 18th day of December, in the year
+of our Lord 1865, and of the Independence of the United States of
+America the 90th.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Wm. H. Seward</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PROPOSED_AMENDMENTS" id="PROPOSED_AMENDMENTS"></a>PROPOSED AMENDMENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">ADOPTED BY CONGRESS JUNE 13TH, 1866, AND WHEN RATIFIED BY
+TWO-THIRDS OF THE LEGISLATURES BECOMES A PART OF THE CONSTITUTION.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>The joint resolution as passed is as follows:</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America, in Congress assembled, (two-thirds of both Houses
+concurring), That the following article be proposed to the Legislatures
+of the several States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the United
+States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures,
+shall be valid as part of the Constitution, namely:</p>
+
+
+<h4>ARTICLE&mdash;.</h4>
+
+<p>&sect; 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject
+to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the
+States wherein they reside. No State shall make or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> enforce any law
+which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
+United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty
+or happiness, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within
+its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
+according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
+persons, excluding Indians not taxed. But whenever the right to vote at
+any election for the choice of electors for President and
+Vice-President, representatives in Congress, executive and judicial
+officers, or members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the
+male inhabitants of such State, being 21 years of age, and citizens of
+the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in
+rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be
+reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall
+bear to the whole number of male citizens 21 years of age in such State.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 3. That no person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or
+elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or
+military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
+previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
+the United States, or as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> a member of any State Legislature, or as an
+executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
+of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
+against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But
+Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such
+disabilities.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by
+law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for
+services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
+questioned. But neither the United States or any State shall assume or
+pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
+against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of
+any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held
+illegal and void.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
+legislation, the provisions of this article.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_ORDINANCE_OF_1787" id="THE_ORDINANCE_OF_1787"></a>THE ORDINANCE OF 1787.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><i>Passed by Congress previous to the Adoption of the New
+Constitution, and subsequently adopted by Congress, Aug. 7, 1789,
+entitled, "An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the
+United States north-west of the River Ohio."</i></p>
+
+<p>(All the Articles of this ordinance, previous to Article VI.,
+relate to the organization and powers of the government of the
+territory, the following section being all that relates to
+slavery.)</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VI.</h4>
+
+<p>There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said
+territory, otherwise than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party
+shall have been duly convicted: Provided always, that any person
+escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed
+in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully
+reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or
+service, as aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Done by the United States in Congress assembled the thirteenth day
+of July, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of the sovereignty and
+Independence the twelfth.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">William Grayson</span>, <i>Chairman</i>.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Thompson</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_FUGITIVE_SLAVE_BILL_OF_1793" id="THE_FUGITIVE_SLAVE_BILL_OF_1793"></a>THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1793.</h2>
+
+<h4>ADOPTED FEBRUARY 12, 1793.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><i>An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping
+from the Service of their Masters.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That whenever the executive
+authority of any State in the Union, or of either of the territories
+north-west or south of the River Ohio, shall demand any person, as a
+fugitive from justice, of the executive authority of any such State or
+Territory to which such person shall have fled, and shall, moreover,
+produce the copy of an indictment found, or an affidavit made before a
+magistrate of any State or Territory as aforesaid, charging the person
+so demanded with having committed treason, felony, or other crime,
+certified as authentic by the governor or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> chief magistrate of the State
+or Territory from whence the person so charged fled, it shall be the
+duty of the executive authority of the State or Territory to which such
+person shall have fled, to cause him or her to be arrested and secured,
+and notice of the arrest to be given to the executive authority making
+such demand, or to the agent of such authority appointed to receive the
+fugitive, and to cause the fugitive to be delivered to such agent when
+he shall appear. But if no such agent shall appear within six months
+from the time of the arrest, the prisoner may be discharged. And all
+costs or expenses incurred in the apprehending, securing, and
+transmitting such fugitive to the State or Territory making such demand,
+shall be paid by such State or Territory.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That any agent appointed as aforesaid, who
+shall receive the fugitive into his custody, shall be empowered to
+transport him or her to the State or Territory from which he or she
+shall have fled. And if any person or persons shall by force set at
+liberty or rescue the fugitive from such agent while transporting as
+aforesaid, the person or persons so offending shall, on conviction, be
+fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, and be imprisoned not
+exceeding one year.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it also enacted</i>, That when a person held<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> to labor in any of
+the United States, or in either of the Territories on the north-west or
+south of the River Ohio, under the laws thereof, shall escape into any
+other of the said States or Territory, the person to whom such labor or
+service may be due, his agent or attorney, is hereby empowered to seize
+or arrest such fugitive from labor, and to take him or her before any
+judge of the Circuit or District Courts of the United States, residing
+or being within the State, or before any magistrate of a county, city,
+or town corporate, wherein such seizure or arrest shall be made, and
+upon proof to the satisfaction of such judge or magistrate, either by
+oral testimony or affidavit taken before, and certified by, a magistrate
+of any such State or Territory, that the person so seized or arrested
+doth, under the laws of the State or Territory from which he or she
+fled, owe services or labor to the person claiming him or her, it shall
+be the duty of such judge or magistrate to give a certificate thereof to
+such claimant, his agent or attorney, which shall be sufficient warrant
+for removing the said fugitive from labor to the State or Territory from
+which he or she fled.</p>
+
+<p><i>And he it further enacted</i>, That any person who shall knowingly and
+willingly obstruct or hinder such claimant, his agent or attorney, in so
+seizing or arresting such fugitive from labor, or shall rescue<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> such
+fugitive from such claimant, his agent or attorney, when so arrested
+pursuant to the authority herein given or declared, or shall harbor or
+conceal such person after notice that he or she was a fugitive from
+labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of the said offences, forfeit and
+pay the sum of five hundred dollars. Which penalty may be recovered by
+and for the benefit of such claimant, by action of debt, in any court
+proper to try the same; saving, moreover, to the person claiming such
+labor or service, his right of action for or on account of the said
+injuries, or either of them.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="THE_FUGITIVE_SLAVE_BILL_OF_1850" id="THE_FUGITIVE_SLAVE_BILL_OF_1850"></a>THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1850.</h2>
+
+<h4>SIGNED SEPTEMBER 18, 1850.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><i>An Act to amend, and supplementary to the Act entitled "An Act
+respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the
+Service of their Masters," approved February twelfth, one thousand
+seven hundred and ninety-three.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the persons who have
+been, or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> virtue of any
+act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and who, in
+consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the powers
+that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the United
+States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime or offence
+against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the
+same under and by virtue of the thirty-third section of the act of the
+twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled
+"An Act to establish the judicial courts of the United States," shall
+be, and are hereby, authorized and required to exercise and discharge
+all the powers and duties conferred by this act.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Superior Court of each organized
+Territory of the United States shall have the same power to appoint
+commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and to
+take depositions of witnesses in civil causes, which is now possessed by
+the Circuit Court of the United States; and all commissioners who shall
+hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the Supreme Court of any
+organized Territory of the United States, shall possess all the powers,
+and exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the commissioners
+appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United States for similar
+purposes, and shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and
+duties conferred by this act.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Circuit Courts of the United
+States, and the Superior Courts of each organized Territory of the
+United States, shall from time to time enlarge the number of
+commissioners, with a view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim
+fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed
+by this act.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the commissioners above named shall
+have concurrent jurisdiction with the judges of the Circuit and District
+Courts of the United States, in their respective circuits and districts
+within the several States, and the judges of the Superior Courts of the
+Territories severally and collectively, in term time and vacation; and
+shall grant certificates to such claimants upon satisfactory proof being
+made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or
+labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State or
+Territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.</p>
+
+<p><i>And he it further enacted</i>, That it shall be the duty of all marshals
+and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants and precepts issued
+under the provisions of this act, when to them directed; and should any
+marshal or deputy marshal refuse to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> receive such warrant, or other
+process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute
+the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one
+thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the motion of such
+claimant, by the Circuit or District Court for the district of such
+marshal; and after arrest of such fugitive, by such marshal or his
+deputy, or whilst at any time in his custody, under the provisions of
+this act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the
+assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on
+his official bond, to be prosecuted for the benefit of such claimant,
+for the full value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the
+State, Territory, or district whence he escaped; and the better to
+enable said commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute their duties
+faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements of the
+constitution of the United States, and of this act, they are hereby
+authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to
+appoint, in writing under their hands, any one or more suitable persons,
+from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may
+be issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties;
+with authority to such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by
+them, to execute process as aforesaid,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> to summon and call to their aid
+the bystanders, or <i>posse comitatus</i> of the proper county, when
+necessary to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the
+constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of this act;
+and all good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist in the
+prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their services may
+be required, as aforesaid, for that purpose; and said warrants shall
+run, and be executed by said officers, any where in the State within
+which they are issued.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That when a person held to service or labor
+in any State or Territory of the United States has heretofore or shall
+hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United States,
+the person or persons to whom such service or labor may be due, or his,
+her, or their agent or attorney, duly authorized by power of attorney,
+in writing acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal
+officer or court of the State or Territory in which the same may be
+executed, may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by
+procuring a warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or
+commissioners aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district, or county, for
+the apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing
+and arresting such fugitive where the same can be done without process,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+and by taking, or causing such person to be taken forthwith before such
+court, judge, or commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and
+determine the case of such claimant in a summary manner; and upon
+satisfactory proof being made, by deposition or affidavit, in writing,
+to be taken and certified by such court, judge, or commissioner, or by
+other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and certified by some court,
+magistrate, justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to
+administer an oath and take depositions under the laws of the State or
+Territory from which such person owing service or labor may have
+escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy, or other authority as
+aforesaid, with the seal of the proper court or officer thereto
+attached, which seal shall be sufficient to establish the competency of
+the proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose
+service or labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so
+arrested does in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons
+claiming him or her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive
+may have escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out
+and deliver to such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a
+certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or
+labor due from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape
+from the State or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> Territory in which such service or labor was due to
+the State or Territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority
+to such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such
+reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary, under the
+circumstances of the case, to take and remove such fugitive person back
+to the State or Territory whence he or she may have escaped as
+aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act shall the testimony of
+such alleged fugitive be admitted in evidence; and the certificates in
+this and the first (fourth) section mentioned, shall be conclusive of
+the right of the person or persons in whose favor granted, to remove
+such fugitive to the State or Territory from which he escaped, and shall
+prevent all molestation of such person or persons by any process issued
+by any court, judge, magistrate, or other person whomsoever.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That any person who shall knowingly and
+willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or
+attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her, or them,
+from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, either with or
+without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue or attempt to rescue such
+fugitive from service or labor from the custody of such claimant, his or
+her agent or attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting as
+aforesaid, when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> so arrested pursuant to the authority herein given and
+declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist such person so owing service or
+labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such
+claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or persons legally
+authorized as aforesaid, or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive, so as
+to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after notice or
+knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service or
+labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a
+fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding
+six months, by indictment and conviction before the District Court of
+the United States for the district in which such offence may have been
+committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if
+committed within any one of the organized Territories of the United
+States, and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages to
+the party injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one thousand
+dollars for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered by
+action of debt in any of the district or territorial courts aforesaid,
+within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been committed.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the marshals, their deputies, and the
+clerks of the said district and territorial courts, shall be paid for
+their services the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> like fees as may be allowed to them for similar
+services in other cases; and where such services are rendered
+exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the
+claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive
+may be discharged out of custody for the want of sufficient proof as
+aforesaid, then such fees are to be paid in the whole by such claimant,
+his agent or attorney; and in all cases where the proceedings are before
+a commissioner, he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for
+his services in each case, upon the delivery of the said certificate to
+the claimant, his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in
+cases where the proof shall not, in the opinion of such commissioner,
+warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services
+incident to such arrest or examination, to be paid in either case by the
+claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized
+to execute the process to be issued by such commissioner for the arrest
+and detention of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid, shall
+also be entitled to a fee of five dollars each, for each person he or
+they may arrest and take before any such commissioner, as aforesaid, at
+the instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may
+be deemed reasonable by such commissioners for such other additional
+services as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> may be necessarily performed by him or them; such as
+attending at the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and
+providing him with food and lodging during his detention and until the
+final determination of such commissioner; and, in general, for
+performing such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his or
+her attorney or agent, or commissioner in the premises. Such fees to be
+made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers of
+the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as near as
+may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their agents or
+attorneys, whether such supposed fugitives from service or labor be
+ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final determination of
+such commissioner or not.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That, upon affidavit made by the claimant
+of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such certificate has been
+issued that he has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will be
+rescued by force from his or her possession before he can be taken
+beyond the limits of the State in which the arrest is made, it shall be
+the duty of the officer making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his
+custody, and to remove him to the State whence he fled, and there
+deliver him to said claimant, his agent or attorney. And to this end,
+the officer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to employ so
+many persons as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, and to
+retain them in his service so long as circumstances may require. The
+said officer and his assistants while so employed to receive the
+compensation, and to be allowed the same expenses, as are now allowed by
+law for transportation of criminals, to be certified by the judge of the
+district within which the arrest is made, and paid out of the Treasury
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That when any person held to service or
+labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of Columbia, shall
+escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or labor may be due,
+his, her, or their agent or attorney, may apply to any court of record
+therein, or judge thereof in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to
+such court, or judge in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the
+person escaping owed service or labor to such party. Whereupon the court
+shall cause a record to be made of the matters so proved, and also a
+general description of the person so escaping with such convenient
+certainty as may be; and a transcript of such record, authenticated by
+the attestation of the clerk and of the seal of the said court, being
+produced in any other State, Territory, or district in which the person
+so escaping may be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> found, and being exhibited to any judge,
+commissioner, or other officer authorized by the law of the United
+States to cause persons escaping from service or labor to be delivered
+up, shall be held and taken to be full and conclusive evidence of the
+fact of the escape, and that the service or labor of the person escaping
+is due to the party in such record mentioned. And upon the production by
+the said party of other and further evidence if necessary, either oral
+or by affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said record of
+the identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to
+the claimant. And the said court, commissioner, judge, or other person
+authorized by this act to grant certificates to claimants of fugitives,
+shall, upon the production of the record and other evidences aforesaid,
+grant to such claimant a certificate of his right to take any such
+person identified and proved to be owing service or labor as aforesaid,
+which shall authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport
+such person to the State or Territory from which he escaped. <i>Provided</i>,
+That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the
+production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid. But
+in its absence the claim shall be heard and determined upon other
+satisfactory proofs, competent in law.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_MISSOURI_COMPROMISE" id="THE_MISSOURI_COMPROMISE"></a>THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE.</h2>
+
+<h4>ADOPTED MARCH 6, 1820.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><i>An Act to authorize the People of the Missouri Territory to form a
+Constitution and State Government, and for the Admission of such
+State into the Union on an equal Footing with the original States,
+and to prohibit Slavery in certain Territories.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><small>(All the previous sections of this act relate entirely to the
+formation of the Missouri Territory in the usual form of
+territorial bills, the 8th section only relating to the slavery
+question.)</small></p>
+
+
+<p><i>And be it further enacted</i>, That in all that Territory ceded by France
+to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of
+thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included
+within the limits of the State contemplated by their act, slavery and
+involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes,
+whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> shall be, and is
+hereby, forever prohibited. <i>Provided always</i>, That any person escaping
+into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any
+State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully
+reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or
+service as aforesaid.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_STATES_OF_THE_UNION" id="THE_STATES_OF_THE_UNION"></a>THE STATES OF THE UNION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following is a list of the States constituting the Union, with the
+dates of their admission. The thirty-six stars in our national flag are
+therefore designated as under:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Date States Joined the Union">
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Delaware</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec. 7, 1787.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec. 12, 1787.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New Jersey</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec. 13, 1787.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Georgia</td>
+ <td align='left'>Jan. 2, 1788.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Connecticut</td>
+ <td align='left'>Jan. 9, 1788.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Massachusetts</td>
+ <td align='left'>Feb. 6, 1788.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Maryland</td>
+ <td align='left'>April 28, 1788.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>South Carolina</td>
+ <td align='left'>May 23, 1788.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>N. Hampshire</td>
+ <td align='left'>June 21, 1788.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Virginia</td>
+ <td align='left'>June 26, 1788.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New York</td>
+ <td align='left'>July 26, 1788.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>N. Carolina</td>
+ <td align='left'>Nov. 21, 1789.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Rhode Island</td>
+ <td align='left'>May 29, 1790.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Vermont</td>
+ <td align='left'>March 4, 1791.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Kentucky</td>
+ <td align='left'>June 1, 1792.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Tennessee</td>
+ <td align='left'>June 1, 1796.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Ohio</td>
+ <td align='left'>Nov. 29, 1802.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Louisiana</td>
+ <td align='left'>April 8, 1812.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Indiana</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec. 11, 1816.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Mississippi</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec. 16, 1817.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Illinois</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec. 3, 1818.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Alabama</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec. 14, 1819.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Maine</td>
+ <td align='left'>March 15, 1820.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Missouri</td>
+ <td align='left'>Aug. 10, 1821.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Arkansas</td>
+ <td align='left'>June 15, 1836.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Michigan</td>
+ <td align='left'>Jan. 26, 1837.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Florida</td>
+ <td align='left'>March 3, 1845.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Texas</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec. 29, 1845.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Iowa</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec. 28, 1846.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Wisconsin</td>
+ <td align='left'>May 29, 1848.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>California</td>
+ <td align='left'>Sept. 9, 1850.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Minnesota</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec., 1857.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Oregon</td>
+ <td align='left'>Dec., 1858.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Kansas</td>
+ <td align='left'>March, 1862.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>West Virginia</td>
+ <td align='left'>Feb., 1863.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Nevada</td>
+ <td align='left'>Oct., 1864.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INAUGURAL_ADDRESS_OF_GEORGE_WASHINGTON" id="INAUGURAL_ADDRESS_OF_GEORGE_WASHINGTON"></a>INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON.</h2>
+
+<h4>FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, DELIVERED APRIL 30, 1789.</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives</span>&mdash;Among the
+vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled me with
+greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by
+your order, and received on the fourteenth day of the present month. On
+the one hand I was summoned by my country, whose voice I can never hear
+but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the
+fondest predilection, and in my flattering hopes with an immutable
+decision as the asylum of my declining years; a retreat which was
+rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me, by the
+addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my
+health to the gradual waste committed on it by time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> On the other hand,
+the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my
+country called me being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most
+experienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into his
+qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despondence one who,
+inheriting inferior endowments from nature, and unpracticed in the
+duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his
+own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver is, that
+it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just
+appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected. All I
+dare hope is, that if, in executing this task, I have been too much
+swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by any
+affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence of
+my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted my incapacity
+as well as disinclination, for the weighty and untried cares before me,
+my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, and its
+consequences be judged by my country with some share of the partiality
+with which they originated.</p>
+
+<p>Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the
+public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly
+improper to omit in this first official act, my fervent supplications to
+that Almighty Being who rules over the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> universe, who presides in the
+councils of nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human
+defect that his benediction may consecrate to the liberties and
+happiness of the people of the United States, a government instituted by
+themselves for these essential purposes, and may enable every instrument
+employed in its administration to execute with success the functions
+allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the great author of
+every public and private good, I assure myself that it expresses your
+sentiments, not less than my own, nor those of my fellow-citizens at
+large less than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore
+the invisible hand which conducts the affairs of men more than the
+people of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to
+the character of an independent nation seems to have been distinguished
+by some token of providential agency, and in the important revolution
+just accomplished in the system of their united government the tranquil
+deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from
+which the event has resulted cannot be compared with the means by which
+most governments have been established without some return of pious
+gratitude along with a humble anticipation of the future blessings which
+the past seem to presage. These reflections arising out of the present
+crisis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed.
+You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under
+the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can
+more auspiciously commence.</p>
+
+<p>By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty
+of the President "to recommend to your consideration such measures as he
+shall judge necessary and expedient." The circumstances under which I
+now meet you will acquit me from entering into that subject farther than
+to refer to the great constitutional charter under which you are
+assembled, and which in defining your powers designates the objects to
+which your attention is to be given. It will be more consistent with
+those circumstances, and far more congenial with the feelings which
+actuate me to substitute in place of a recommendation of particular
+measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the
+patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them.
+In these honorable qualifications, I behold the surest pledges that as
+on one side no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views, no
+party animosities will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which
+ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests,
+so on another, that the foundations of our national policy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> will be laid
+in the pure and immutable principles of private morality, and the
+pre-eminence of free government be exemplified by all the attributes
+which can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect of
+the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an
+ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is no truth more
+thoroughly established than that there exists in the economy and course
+of nature, an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between
+duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and
+magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of the public prosperity and
+felicity. Since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious
+smiles of heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the
+eternal rules of order and right which heaven itself has ordained, and
+since the preservation of the sacred fire of Liberty, and the destiny of
+the republican model of government are justly considered as deeply,
+perhaps as finally staked on the experiment entrusted to the hands of
+the American people. Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your
+care, it will remain with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of
+the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution
+is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of the
+objections which have been urged against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> the system, or by the degree
+of inquietude which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking
+particular recommendations on this subject in which I could be guided by
+no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to
+my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good,
+for I assure myself that while you carefully avoid every alteration
+which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government,
+or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence
+for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public
+harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question,
+how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or the latter be
+safely and advantageously promoted.</p>
+
+<p>To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will be most
+properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns myself,
+and will, therefore, be as brief as possible. When I was first honored
+with a call into the service of my country, then on the eve of an
+arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I contemplated my
+duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. From
+this resolution I have in no instance departed, and being still under
+the impressions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> to
+myself any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably
+included in a permanent provision for the executive department, and must
+accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I
+am placed, may, during my continuance in it, be limited to such actual
+expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as as they have been awakened
+by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave,
+but not without resorting once more to the benign parent of the human
+race in humble supplication, that since he has been pleased to favor the
+American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect
+tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity
+on a form of government for the security of their union and the
+advancement of their happiness, so His divine blessing may be equally
+conspicuous in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the
+wise measures on which the success of this government must depend.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="WASHINGTONS_FAREWELL_ADDRESS" id="WASHINGTONS_FAREWELL_ADDRESS"></a>WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Friends and Fellow-Citizens</span>&mdash;The period for a new election of a citizen
+to administer the executive government of the United States not being
+far distant, and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be
+employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that
+important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce
+to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now
+apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered
+among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made.</p>
+
+<p>I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that
+this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the
+considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful
+citizen to his country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service
+which silence, in my situation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> might imply, I am influenced by no
+diminution of zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of grateful
+respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a full conviction
+that the step is compatible with both.</p>
+
+<p>The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which your
+suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of
+inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared
+to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have been much
+earlier in my power, consistently with motives which I was not at
+liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which I had been
+reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this, previous
+to the last election, had been led to the preparation of an address to
+declare it to you; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and
+critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous
+advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the
+idea.</p>
+
+<p>I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as internal,
+no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with the
+sentiment of duty or propriety; and am persuaded, whatever partiality
+may be retained for my services, that, in the present circumstances of
+our country, you will not disapprove my determination to retire.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p><p>The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust were
+explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will
+only say, that I have with good intentions contributed toward the
+organization and administration of the government the best exertions of
+which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious in the
+outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience, in my own
+eyes&mdash;perhaps still more in the eyes of others&mdash;has strengthened the
+motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of
+years admonishes me, more and more, that the shade of retirement is as
+necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that, if any
+circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were
+temporary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice and
+prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not
+forbid it.</p>
+
+<p>In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the
+career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the
+deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved
+country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for the
+steadfast confidence with which it has supported me, and for the
+opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable
+attachment, by services faithful and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> persevering, though in usefulness
+unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these
+services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an
+instructive example in our annals, that, under circumstances in which
+the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead; amid
+appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often
+discouraging; in situations in which, not unfrequently, want of success
+has countenanced the spirit of criticism&mdash;the constancy of your support
+was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans by
+which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall
+carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows
+that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence;
+that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; that the free
+constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be sacredly
+maintained; that its administration, in every department, may be stamped
+with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of
+these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so
+careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will
+acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the
+affection, and the adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to
+it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p><p>Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare,
+which can not end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger
+natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present to
+offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent
+review, some sentiments, which are the result of much reflection, of no
+inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me all-important to the
+permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be afforded to you
+with the more freedom, as you can only see them in the disinterested
+warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motive
+to bias his counsel; nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your
+indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar
+occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts,
+no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the
+attachment.</p>
+
+<p>The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also now
+dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of
+your real independence, the support of your tranquillity at home, your
+peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty
+which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to forsee that from
+different causes and from different quarters much pains will be taken,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this
+truth&mdash;as this is the point in your political fortress against which the
+batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and
+actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed&mdash;it is of
+infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of
+your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that
+you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it,
+accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of
+your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with
+jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion
+that it can, in any event, be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon
+the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our
+country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link
+together the various parts.</p>
+
+<p>For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens,
+by birth or choice of a common country, that country has a right to
+concentrate your affections. The name of <i>American</i>, which belongs to
+you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of
+patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations.
+With slight shades of difference, you have the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> religion, manners,
+habits, and political principles. You have, in a common cause, fought
+and triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are the
+work of joint counsels and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings,
+and successes.</p>
+
+<p>But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves to
+your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more
+immediately to your interest; here every portion of our country finds
+the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the
+union of the whole.</p>
+
+<p>The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected by
+the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the productions of the
+latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial
+enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The South,
+in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its
+agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own
+channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular navigation
+invigorated; and while it contributes, in different ways, to nourish and
+increase the general mass of the national navigation, it looks forward
+to the protection of a maritime strength to which itself is unequally
+adapted. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> East, in like intercourse with the West, already finds,
+and, in the progressive improvement of interior communication, by land
+and water, will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodities
+which it brings from abroad or manufactures at home. The West derives
+from the East supplies requisite for its growth and comfort, and, what
+is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must, of necessity, owe the
+secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its own productions to the
+weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side
+of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of interest as one
+nation. Any other tenure by which the West can hold this essential
+advantage, whether derived from its own separate strength or from an
+apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be
+intrinsically precarious.</p>
+
+<p>While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and
+particular interest in union, all the parts combined can not fail to
+find, in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater
+resource, proportionably greater security from external danger, a less
+frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations, and, what is of
+inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from those
+broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict
+neighboring countries, not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> tied together by the same government, which
+their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce, but which
+opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues would stimulate
+and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those
+over-grown military establishments, which, under any form of government,
+are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as
+particularly hostile to republican liberty; in this sense it is that
+your union ought to be considered as the main prop of your liberty, and
+that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the
+other.</p>
+
+<p>These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and
+virtuous mind, and exhibit a continuance of the Union as a primary
+object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government
+can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it. To listen to
+mere speculation, in such a case, were criminal. We are authorized to
+hope that a proper organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency
+of governments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy
+issue to the experiment. It is well worth a full and fair experiment.
+With such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts of
+our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its
+impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken its
+bands.</p>
+
+<p>In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs, as a
+matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished
+for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations&mdash;Northern and
+Southern, Atlantic and Western&mdash;whence designing men may endeavor to
+excite a belief that there is real difference of local interests and
+views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within
+particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other
+districts. You can not shield yourselves too much against the jealousies
+and heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend
+to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by
+fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our Western country have lately
+had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen in the negotiation by
+the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the
+treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event
+throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the
+suspicions propagated among them, of a policy in the general government,
+and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their interests in regard to
+the Mississippi; they have been witnesses to the formation of two
+treaties&mdash;that with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> Great Britain and that with Spain&mdash;which secure to
+them everything they could desire in respect to our foreign relations,
+toward confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely
+for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which they were
+procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such
+there are, who would sever them from their brethren and connect them
+with aliens?</p>
+
+<p>To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a government for the whole
+is indispensable. No alliance, however strict, between the parts, can be
+an adequate substitute; they must inevitably experience the infractions
+and interruptions which all alliances, in all time, have experienced.
+Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first
+essay, by the adoption of a constitution of government better calculated
+than your former for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious
+management of your common concerns. This government, the offspring of
+your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full
+investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its
+principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with
+energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment,
+has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its
+authority, compliance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are
+duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of liberty. The basis of our
+political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their
+constitutions of government; but the constitution which at any time
+exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole
+people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and
+the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of
+every individual to obey the established government.</p>
+
+<p>All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and
+associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design
+to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and
+action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this
+fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize
+faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put in the
+place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party&mdash;often a
+small but artful and enterprising minority of the community&mdash;and,
+according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the
+public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous
+projects of faction rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome
+plans, digested by common counsels, and modified by mutual interests.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p><p>However combinations or associations of the above description may now
+and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time and
+things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and
+unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people, and
+to usurp for themselves the reins of government; destroying, afterward,
+the very engine which had lifted them to unjust dominion.</p>
+
+<p>Toward the preservation of your government, and the permanency of your
+present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily
+discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but
+also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its
+principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be
+to effect, in the forms of the constitution, alterations which will
+impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot be
+directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited,
+remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true
+character of governments as of other human institutions; that experience
+is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the
+existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes, upon the
+credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change, from
+the endless variety<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> of hypothesis and opinion; and remember,
+especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests,
+in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is
+consistent with the perfect security of liberty is indispensable.
+Liberty itself will find in such a government, with powers properly
+distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little
+else than a name, where the government is too feeble to withstand the
+enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within the
+limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and
+tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property.</p>
+
+<p>I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with
+particular reference to the founding of them on geographical
+discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn
+you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the
+spirit of party generally.</p>
+
+<p>This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its
+root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists, under
+different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled,
+or repressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its
+greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the
+spirit of revenge, natural to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> party dissension, which, in different
+ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is
+itself a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a more
+formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result
+gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the
+absolute power of an individual; and, sooner or later, the chief of some
+prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors,
+turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins
+of public liberty.</p>
+
+<p>Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which,
+nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and
+continued mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the
+interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.</p>
+
+<p>It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public
+administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies
+and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another;
+foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It opens the door to
+foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the
+government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the
+policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will
+of another.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p><p>There is an opinion that parties, in free countries, are useful checks
+upon the administration of the government, and serve to keep alive the
+spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true; and in
+governments of a monarchial cast, patriotism may look with indulgence,
+if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular
+character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be
+encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always
+be enough of that spirit for every salutatory purpose. And there being
+constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force of public
+opinion to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it
+demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest,
+instead of warming, it should consume.</p>
+
+<p>It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free
+country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its
+administration, to confine themselves within their respective
+constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one
+department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends
+to consolidate the powers of all the departments into one, and thus to
+create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just
+estimate of that love of power and proneness to abuse it which
+predominate in the human heart is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> sufficient to satisfy us of the truth
+of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of
+political power, by dividing and distributing it into different
+depositories, and constituting each the guardian of the public weal,
+against invasion by the others, has been evinced by experiments, ancient
+and modern&mdash;some of them in our own country and under our own eyes. To
+preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the
+opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the
+constitutional powers be, in any particular, wrong, let it be corrected
+by an amendment in the way which the constitution designates. But let
+there be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may
+be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free
+governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly
+overbalance, in permanent evil, any partial or transient benefit which
+the use can, at any time, yield.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity,
+religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man
+claim the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great
+pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and
+citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their
+connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked,
+Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the
+sense of religious obligation <i>desert</i> the oaths which are the
+instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with
+caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without
+religion. Whatever maybe conceded to the influence of refined education
+on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to
+expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious
+principles.</p>
+
+<p>It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring
+of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force
+to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it
+can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the
+fabric?</p>
+
+<p>Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the
+general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as a structure of a
+government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public
+opinion should be enlightened.</p>
+
+<p>As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public
+credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as
+possible;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but
+remembering, also, that timely disbursements to prepare for danger
+frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding,
+likewise, the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of
+expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the
+debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned; not ungenerously
+throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The
+execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives, but it is
+necessary that public opinion should co&ouml;perate. To facilitate to them
+the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should
+practically bear in mind that toward the payment of debts there must be
+revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be
+devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant; that the
+intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the proper
+objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a
+decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of the
+government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the
+measures for obtaining revenue which the public exigencies may at any
+time dictate.</p>
+
+<p>Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; cultivate peace and
+harmony with all; religion and morality enjoin this conduct, and can it
+be that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> good policy does not really enjoin it? It will be worthy of a
+free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to
+mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided
+by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course
+of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any
+temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it?
+Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a
+nation with its virtue? The experiment, at least, is recommended by
+every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas! it is rendered
+impossible by its vices?</p>
+
+<p>In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that
+permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and
+passionate attachments for others, should be excluded, and that, in
+place of them, just and amicable feelings toward all should be
+cultivated. The nation which indulges toward another an habitual hatred,
+or an habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a slave to
+its animosity or its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it
+astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against
+another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay
+hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> and intractable
+when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence, frequent
+collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation,
+prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the
+government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The government
+sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts, through
+passion, what reason would reject; at other times it makes the animosity
+of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, instigated by pride,
+ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often,
+sometimes perhaps the liberty of nations, has been the victim.</p>
+
+<p>So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to another produces
+a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the
+illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common
+interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other,
+betrays the former into a participation into the quarrels and wars of
+the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also
+to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others,
+which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions, by
+unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by
+exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the
+parties from whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> equal privileges are withheld; and it gives to
+ambitions, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the
+favorite nation), facility to betray or sacrifice the interest of their
+own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding with
+the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable
+deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the
+base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation.</p>
+
+<p>As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments
+are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent
+patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic
+factions, to practice the art of seduction, to mislead public opinion,
+to influence or awe the public councils! Such an attachment of a small
+or weak toward a great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the
+satellite of the latter.</p>
+
+<p>Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to
+believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be
+<i>constantly</i> awake, since history and experience prove that foreign
+influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But
+that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial, else it becomes the
+instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense
+against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> nation, and excessive
+dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on
+one side, and serve to vail, and even second, the arts of influence on
+the other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite,
+are liable to become suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes
+usurp the applause and confidence of the people, to surrender their
+interests.</p>
+
+<p>The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in
+extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little
+political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed
+engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us
+stop.</p>
+
+<p>Europe has set a of primary interests, which to us have none or a very
+remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies,
+the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence,
+therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial
+ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary
+combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.</p>
+
+<p>Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a
+different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient
+government, the period is not far off when we may defy material <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>injury
+from external annoyance, when we may take such an attitude as will cause
+the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously
+respected&mdash;when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making
+acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us
+provocation&mdash;when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by
+justice, shall counsel.</p>
+
+<p>Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own
+to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with that
+of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of
+European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice?</p>
+
+<p>It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any
+portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty
+to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing
+infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable
+to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best
+policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in
+their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be
+unwise, to extend them.</p>
+
+<p>Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, on a
+respectable defensive posture,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> we may safely trust to temporary
+alliances for extraordinary emergencies.</p>
+
+<p>Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by
+policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should
+hold an equal and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclusive
+favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of things;
+diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of commerce,
+but forcing nothing; establishing, with powers so disposed, in order to
+give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and
+to enable the government to support them, conventional rules of
+intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinions
+will permit, but temporary, and liable to be, from time to time,
+abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate;
+constantly keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for
+disinterested favors from another; that it must pay, with a portion of
+its independence, for whatever it may accept under that character; that
+by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of having given
+equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with
+ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to
+expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> It is an
+illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to
+discard.</p>
+
+<p>In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and
+affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and
+lasting impression I could wish&mdash;that they will control the usual
+current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course
+which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations; but if I may even
+flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some
+occasional good, that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury
+of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, to
+guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism&mdash;this hope will be
+a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have
+been dictated.</p>
+
+<p>How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have been guided by
+the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and other
+evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and the world. To myself,
+the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed
+myself to be guided by them.</p>
+
+<p>In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of
+the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your
+approving voice, and by that of your representatives in both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> Houses of
+Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me,
+uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it.</p>
+
+<p>After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could
+obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the
+circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty
+and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined,
+as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation,
+perseverance, and firmness.</p>
+
+<p>The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it is
+not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe that,
+according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from
+being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually
+admitted by all.</p>
+
+<p>The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything
+more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every
+nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the
+relations of peace and amity toward other nations.</p>
+
+<p>The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will be best
+referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a predominant
+motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and
+mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without
+interruption, to that degree of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> strength and consistency which is
+necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.</p>
+
+<p>Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am
+unconscious of intentional error, I am, nevertheless, too sensible of my
+defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors.
+Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or
+mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me
+the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence,
+and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service
+with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be
+consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.</p>
+
+<p>Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated by
+that fervent love toward it which is so natural to a man who views in it
+the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations,
+I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that retreat in which I promise
+myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in
+the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under
+a free government&mdash;the ever favorite object of my heart&mdash;and the happy
+reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">George Washington.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">United States</span>, <i>17th September, 1796</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PRESIDENT_JACKSONS_PROCLAMATION" id="PRESIDENT_JACKSONS_PROCLAMATION"></a>PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION,</h2>
+
+<h4>ISSUED IN 1832, WHEN SOUTH CAROLINA UNDERTOOK TO ANNUL THE FEDERAL
+REVENUE LAW.
+</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span> a convention, assembled in the State of South Carolina, have
+passed an ordinance, by which they declare "that the several acts and
+parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be
+laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of
+foreign commodities, and now having actual operation and effect within
+the United States, and more especially 'two acts for the same purposes,
+passed on the 29th of May, 1828, and on the 14th of July, 1832,' are
+unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the
+true meaning and intent thereof, and are null and void, and no law," nor
+binding on the citizens of that State or its officers; and by the said
+ordinance it is further declared to be unlawful for any of the
+constituted authorities of the State, or of the United States, to
+enforce<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> the payment of the duties imposed by the said acts within the
+same State, and that it is the duty of the legislature to pass such laws
+as may be necessary to give full effect to the said ordinances:</p>
+
+<p>And whereas, by the said ordinance it is further ordained, that, in no
+case of law or equity, decided in the courts of said State, wherein
+shall be drawn in question the validity of the said ordinance, or of the
+acts of the legislature that may be passed to give it effect, or of the
+said laws of the United States, no appeal shall be allowed to the
+Supreme Court of the United States, nor shall any copy of the record be
+permitted or allowed for that purpose; and that any person attempting to
+take such appeal, shall be punished as for a contempt of court:</p>
+
+<p>And, finally, the said ordinance declares that the people of South
+Carolina will maintain the said ordinance at every hazard; and that they
+will consider the passage of any act by Congress abolishing or closing
+the ports of the said State, or otherwise obstructing the free ingress
+or egress of vessels to and from the said ports, or any other act of the
+Federal Government to coerce the State, shut up her ports, destroy or
+harass her commerce, or to enforce the said acts otherwise than through
+the civil tribunals of the country, as inconsistent with the longer
+continuance of South Carolina in the Union; and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> the people of the
+said State will thenceforth hold themselves absolved from all further
+obligation to maintain or preserve their political connection with the
+people of the other States, and will forthwith proceed to organize a
+separate government, and do all other acts and things which sovereign
+and independent States may of right do:</p>
+
+<p>And whereas the said ordinance prescribes to the people of South
+Carolina a course of conduct in direct violation of their duty as
+citizens of the United States, contrary to the laws of their country,
+subversive of its Constitution, and having for its object the
+destruction of the Union&mdash;that Union, which, coeval with our political
+existence, led our fathers, without any other ties to unite them than
+those of patriotism and common cause, through a sanguinary struggle to a
+glorious independence&mdash;that sacred Union, hitherto, inviolate, which,
+perfected by our happy Constitution, has brought us, by the favor of
+Heaven, to a state of prosperity at home, and high consideration abroad,
+rarely, if ever, equaled in the history of nations; to preserve this
+bond of our political existence from destruction, to maintain inviolate
+this state of national honor and prosperity, and to justify the
+confidence my fellow-citizens have reposed in me, I, Andrew Jackson,
+President of the United States, have thought proper to issue this, my
+<span class="smcap">Proclamation</span>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> stating my views of the Constitution and laws applicable
+to the measures adopted by the Convention of South Carolina, and to the
+reasons they have put forth to sustain them, declaring the course which
+duty will require me to pursue, and, appealing to the understanding and
+patriotism of the people, warn them of the consequences that must
+inevitably result from an observance of the dictates of the Convention.</p>
+
+<p>Strict duty would require of me nothing more than the exercise of those
+powers with which I am now, or may hereafter be, invested, for
+preserving the Union, and for the execution of the laws. But the
+imposing aspect which opposition has assumed in this case, by clothing
+itself with State authority, and the deep interest which the people of
+the United States must all feel in preventing a resort to stronger
+measures, while there is a hope that anything will be yielded to
+reasoning and remonstrances, perhaps demand, and will certainly justify,
+a full exposition to South Carolina and the nation of the views I
+entertain of this important question, as well as a distinct enunciation
+of the course which my sense of duty will require me to pursue.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible right of resisting
+acts which are plainly unconstitutional, and too oppressive to be
+endured, but on the strange position that any one State may not only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+declare an act of Congress void, but prohibit its execution&mdash;that they
+may do this consistently with the Constitution&mdash;that the true
+construction of that instrument permits a State to retain its place in
+the Union, and yet be bound by no other of its laws than those it may
+choose to consider as constitutional. It is true they add, that, to
+justify this abrogation of a law, it must be palpably contrary to the
+Constitution; but it is evident, that to give the right of resisting
+laws of that description, coupled with the uncontrolled right to decide
+what laws deserve that character, is to give the power of resisting all
+laws. For, as by the theory, there is no appeal, the reasons alleged by
+the State, good or bad, must prevail. If it should be said that public
+opinion is a sufficient check against the abuse of this power, it may be
+asked why is it not deemed a sufficient guard against the passage of an
+unconstitutional act by Congress. There is, however, a restraint in this
+last case, which makes the assumed power of a State more indefensible,
+and which does not exist in the other. There are two appeals from an
+unconstitutional act passed by Congress&mdash;one to the judiciary, the other
+to the people and the States. There is no appeal from the State decision
+in theory; and the practical illustration shows that the courts are
+closed against an application to review it, both judges and jurors
+being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> sworn to decide in its favor. But reasoning on this subject is
+superfluous, when our social compact in express terms declares, that the
+laws of the United States, its Constitution, and treaties made under it,
+are the supreme law of the land; and for greater caution adds, "that the
+judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the
+constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." And
+it may be asserted, without fear of refutation, that no federative
+government could exist without a similar provision. Look, for a moment,
+to the consequence. If South Carolina considers the revenue laws
+unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent their execution in the port
+of Charleston, there would be a clear constitutional objection to their
+collection in every other port, and no revenue could be collected
+anywhere; for all imposts must be equal. It is no answer to repeat that
+an unconstitutional law is no law, so long as the question of its
+legality is to be decided by the State itself; for every law operating
+injuriously upon any local interest will be perhaps thought, and
+certainly represented, as unconstitutional, and, as has been shown,
+there is no appeal.</p>
+
+<p>If this doctrine had been established at an earlier day, the Union would
+have been dissolved in its infancy. The excise law in Pennsylvania, the
+embargo and non-intercourse law in the Eastern States,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> the carriage tax
+in Virginia, were all deemed unconstitutional, and were more unequal in
+their operation than any of the laws now complained of; but,
+fortunately, none of those States discovered that they had the right now
+claimed by South Carolina. The war into which we were forced, to support
+the dignity of the nation and the rights of our citizens, might have
+ended in defeat and disgrace, instead of victory and honor, if the
+States, who supposed it a ruinous and unconstitutional measure, had
+thought they possessed the right of nullifying the act by which it was
+declared, and denying supplies for its prosecution. Hardly and unequally
+as those measures bore upon several members of the Union, to the
+legislatures of none did this efficient and peaceable remedy, as it is
+called, suggest itself. The discovery of this important feature in our
+Constitution was reserved to the present day. To the statesmen of South
+Carolina belongs the invention, and upon the citizens of that State
+will, unfortunately, fall the evils of reducing it to practice.</p>
+
+<p>If the doctrine of a State veto upon the laws of the Union carries with
+it internal evidence of its impracticable absurdity, our constitutional
+history will also afford abundant proof that it would have been
+repudiated with indignation had it been proposed to form a feature in
+our government.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p><p>In our colonial state, although dependent on another power, we very
+early considered ourselves as connected by common interest with each
+other. Leagues were formed for common defense, and before the
+Declaration of Independence, we were known in our aggregate character as
+the United Colonies of America. That decisive and important step was
+taken jointly. We declared ourselves a nation by a joint, not by several
+acts; and when the terms of our confederation were reduced to form, it
+was in that of a solemn league of several States, by which they agreed
+that they would, collectively, form one nation, for the purpose of
+conducting some certain domestic concerns, and all foreign relations. In
+the instrument forming that Union, is found an article which declares
+that "every State shall abide by the determinations of Congress on all
+questions which by that Confederation should be submitted to them."</p>
+
+<p>Under the Confederation, then, no State could legally annul a decision
+of the Congress, or refuse to submit to its execution; but no provision
+was made to enforce these decisions. Congress made requisitions, but
+they were not complied with. The government could not operate on
+individuals. They had no judiciary, no means of collecting revenue.</p>
+
+<p>But the defects of the Confederation need not be detailed. Under its
+operation we could scarcely be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> called a nation. We had neither
+prosperity at home nor consideration abroad. This state of things could
+not be endured, and our present happy Constitution was formed, but
+formed in vain, if this fatal doctrine prevails. It was formed for
+important objects that are announced in the preamble made in the name
+and by the authority of the people of the United States, whose delegates
+framed, and whose conventions approved, it.</p>
+
+<p>The most important among these objects, that which is placed first in
+rank, on which all the others rest, is "<i>to form a more perfect Union</i>."
+Now, it is possible that, even if there were no express provision giving
+supremacy to the Constitution and laws of the United States over those
+of the States, it can be conceived that an instrument made for the
+purpose of "<i>forming a more perfect Union</i>" than that of the
+Confederation, could be so constructed by the assembled wisdom of our
+country as to substitute for that confederation a form of government,
+dependent for its existence on the local interest, the party spirit of a
+State, or of a prevailing faction in a State? Every man, of plain,
+unsophisticated understanding, who hears the question, will give such an
+answer as will preserve the Union. Metaphysical subtlety, in pursuit of
+an impracticable theory, could alone have devised one that is calculated
+to destroy it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p><p>I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the United States,
+assumed by one State, <i>incompatible with the existence of the Union,
+contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized
+by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was
+founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After this general view of the leading principle, we must examine the
+particular application of it which is made in the ordinance.</p>
+
+<p>The preamble rests its justification on these grounds: It assumes as a
+fact, that the obnoxious laws, although they purport to be laws for
+raising revenue, were in reality intended for the protection of
+manufactures, which purpose it asserts to be unconstitutional; that the
+operation of these laws is unequal; that the amount raised by them is
+greater than is required by the wants of the government; and, finally,
+that the proceeds are to be applied to objects unauthorized by the
+Constitution. These are the only causes alleged to justify an open
+opposition to the laws of the country, and a threat of seceding from the
+Union, if any attempt should be made to enforce them. The first actually
+acknowledges that the law in question was passed under power expressly
+given by the Constitution, to lay and collect imposts; but its
+constitutionality is drawn in question<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> from the motives of those who
+passed it. However apparent this purpose may be in the present case,
+nothing can be more dangerous than to admit the position that an
+unconstitutional purpose, entertained by the members who assent to a law
+enacted under a constitutional power, shall make that law void; for how
+is that purpose to be ascertained? Who is to make the scrutiny? How
+often may bad purposes be falsely imputed? In how many cases are they
+concealed by false professions? In how many is no declaration of motive
+made? Admit this doctrine, and you give to the States an uncontrolled
+right to decide, and every law may be annulled under this pretext. If,
+therefore, the absurd and dangerous doctrine should be admitted, that a
+State may annul an unconstitutional law, or one that it deems such, it
+will not apply to the present case.</p>
+
+<p>The next objection is, that the laws in question operate unequally. This
+objection may be made with truth to every law that has been or can be
+passed. The wisdom of man never yet contrived a system of taxation that
+would operate with perfect equality. If the unequal operation of a law
+makes it unconstitutional, and if all laws of that description may be
+abrogated by any State for that cause, then, indeed, is the federal
+Constitution unworthy of the slightest efforts for its preservation. We
+have hitherto<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> relied on it as the perpetual bond of our Union. We have
+received it as the work of the assembled wisdom of the nation. We have
+trusted to it as to the sheet-anchor of our safety, in the stormy times
+of conflict with a foreign or domestic foe. We have looked to it with
+sacred awe as the palladium of our liberties, and with all the
+solemnities of religion have pledged to each other our lives and
+fortunes here, and our hopes of happiness hereafter, in its defense and
+support. Were we mistaken, my countrymen, in attaching this importance
+to the Constitution of our country? Was our devotion paid to the
+wretched, inefficient, clumsy contrivance, which this new doctrine would
+make it? Did we pledge ourselves to the support of an airy nothing&mdash;a
+bubble that must be blown away by the first breath of disaffection? Was
+this self-destroying, visionary theory the work of the profound
+statesmen, the exalted patriots, to whom the task of constitutional
+reform was intrusted? Did the name of Washington sanction, did the
+States deliberately ratify, such an anomaly in the history of
+fundamental legislation? No. We were not mistaken. The letter of this
+great instrument is free from this radical fault; its language directly
+contradicts the imputation; its spirit, its evident intent, contradicts
+it. No, we did not err. Our Constitution does not contain the absurdity
+of giving power<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> to make laws, and another power to resist them. The
+sages, whose memory will always be reverenced, have given us a
+practical, and, as they hoped, a permanent constitutional compact. The
+Father of his Country did not affix his revered name to so palpable an
+absurdity. Nor did the States, when they severally ratified it, do so
+under the impression that a veto on the laws of the United States was
+reserved to them, or that they could exercise it by application. Search
+the debates in all their conventions&mdash;examine the speeches of the most
+zealous opposers of federal authority&mdash;look at the amendments that were
+proposed. They are all silent&mdash;not a syllable uttered, not a vote given,
+not a motion made, to correct the explicit supremacy given to the laws
+of the Union over those of the States, or to show that implication, as
+is now contended, could defeat it. No, we have not erred! The
+Constitution is still the object of our reverence, the bond of our
+union, our defense in danger, the source of our prosperity in peace. It
+shall descend, as we have received it, uncorrupted by sophistical
+construction, to our posterity; and the sacrifices of local interest, of
+State prejudices, of personal animosities, that were made to bring it
+into existence, will again be patriotically offered for its support.</p>
+
+<p>The two remaining objections made by the ordinance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> to these laws are,
+that the sums intended to be raised by them are greater than are
+required, and that the proceeds will be unconstitutionally employed. The
+Constitution has given expressly to Congress the right of raising
+revenue, and of determining the sum the public exigencies will require.
+The States have no control over the exercise of this right other than
+that which results from the power of changing the representatives who
+abuse it, and thus procure redress. Congress may undoubtedly abuse this
+discretionary power, but the same may be said of others with which they
+are vested. Yet the discretion must exist somewhere. The Constitution
+has given it to the representatives of all the people, checked by the
+representatives of the States, and by the executive power. The South
+Carolina construction gives it to the legislature, or the convention of
+a single State, where neither the people of the different States, nor
+the States in their separate capacity, nor the chief magistrate elected
+by the people, have any representation. Which is the most discreet
+disposition of the power? I do not ask you, fellow-citizens, which is
+the constitutional disposition&mdash;that instrument speaks a language not to
+be misunderstood. But if you were assembled in general convention, which
+would you think the safest depository of this discretionary power in the
+last resort? Would you add a clause giving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> it to each of the States, or
+would you sanction the wise provisions already made by your
+Constitution? If this should be the result of your deliberations when
+providing for the future, are you&mdash;can you&mdash;- be ready to risk all that
+we hold dear, to establish, for a temporary and a local purpose, that
+which you must acknowledge to be destructive, and even absurd, as a
+general provision? Carry out the consequences of this right vested in
+the different States, and you must perceive that the crisis your conduct
+presents at this day would recur whenever any law of the United States
+displeased any of the States, and that we should soon cease to be a
+nation.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinance, with the same knowledge of the future that characterizes
+a former objection, tells you that the proceeds of the tax will be
+unconstitutionally applied. If this could be ascertained with certainty,
+the objection would, with more propriety, be reserved for the law so
+applying the proceeds, but surely can not be urged against the laws
+levying the duty.</p>
+
+<p>These are the allegations contained in the ordinance. Examine them
+seriously, my fellow-citizens&mdash;judge for yourselves. I appeal to you to
+determine whether they are so clear, so convincing, as to leave no doubt
+of their correctness; and even if you should come to this conclusion,
+how far they justify<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> the reckless, destructive course which you are
+directed to pursue. Review these objections, and the conclusions drawn
+from them once more. What are they? Every law, then, for raising
+revenue, according to the South Carolina ordinance, may be rightfully
+annulled, unless it be so framed as no law ever will or can be framed.
+Congress have a right to pass laws for raising revenue, and each State
+has a right to oppose their execution&mdash;two rights directly opposed to
+each other; and yet is this absurdity supposed to be contained in an
+instrument drawn for the express purpose of avoiding collisions between
+the States and the general government, by an assembly of the most
+enlightened statesmen and purest patriots ever embodied for a similar
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>In vain have these sages declared that Congress shall have power to lay
+and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises&mdash;in vain have they
+provided that they shall have power to pass laws which shall be
+necessary and proper to carry those powers into execution, that those
+laws and that Constitution shall be the "supreme law of the land; and
+that the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the
+constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." In
+vain have the people of the several States solemnly sanctioned these
+provisions, made them their paramount law, and individually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> sworn to
+support them whenever they were called on to execute any office.</p>
+
+<p>Vain provisions! Ineffectual restrictions! Vile profanation of oaths!
+Miserable mockery of legislation! If a bare majority of the voters in
+any one State may, on a real or supposed knowledge of the intent with
+which a law has been passed, declare themselves free from its
+operation&mdash;say here it gives too little, there too much, and operates
+unequally&mdash;here it suffers articles to be free that ought to be taxed,
+there it taxes those that ought to be free&mdash;in this case the proceeds
+are intended to be applied to purposes which we do not approve, in that
+the amount raised is more than is wanted. Congress, it is true, are
+invested by the Constitution with the right of deciding these questions
+according to their sound discretion. Congress is composed of the
+representatives of all the States, and of all the people of all the
+States; but <span class="caps">WE</span>, part of the people of one State, to whom the
+Constitution has given no power on the subject, from whom it has
+expressly taken it away&mdash;<i>we</i>, who have solemnly agreed that this
+Constitution shall be our law&mdash;<i>we</i>, most of whom have sworn to support
+it&mdash;<i>we</i> now abrogate this law, and swear, and force others to swear,
+that it shall not be obeyed&mdash;and we do this, not because Congress have
+no right to pass such laws; this we do not allege;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> but because they
+have passed them with improper views. They are unconstitutional from the
+motives of those who pass them, which we can never with certainty know,
+from their unequal operation; although it is impossible from the nature
+of things that they should be equal&mdash;and from the disposition which we
+presume may be made of their proceeds, although that disposition has not
+been declared. This is the plain meaning of the ordinance in relation to
+laws which it abrogates for alleged unconstitutionality. But it does not
+stop here. It repeals, in express terms, an important part of the
+Constitution itself, and of laws passed to give it effect, which have
+never been alleged to be unconstitutional. The Constitution declares
+that the judicial powers of the United States extend to cases arising
+under the laws of the United States, and that such laws the Constitution
+and treaties shall be paramount to the State constitutions and laws. The
+judiciary act prescribes the mode by which the case may be brought
+before a court of the United States, by appeal, when a State tribunal
+shall decide against this provision of the Constitution. The ordinance
+declares there shall be no appeal; makes the State law paramount to the
+Constitution and laws of the United States; forces judges and jurors to
+swear that they will disregard their provisions; and even makes it penal
+in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> a suitor to attempt relief by appeal. It further declares that it
+shall not be lawful for the authorities of the United States, or of that
+State, to enforce the payment of duties imposed by the revenue laws
+within its limits.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a law of the United States, not even pretended to be
+unconstitutional, repealed by the authority of a small majority of the
+voters of a single State. Here is a provision of the Constitution which
+is solemnly abrogated by the same authority.</p>
+
+<p>On such expositions and reasonings, the ordinance grounds not only an
+assertion of the right to annul the laws of which it complains, but to
+enforce it by a threat of seceding from the Union, if any attempt is
+made to execute them.</p>
+
+<p>This right to secede is deduced from the nature of the Constitution,
+which they say is a compact between sovereign States, who have preserved
+their whole sovereignty, and therefore are subject to no superior; that
+because they made the compact, they can break it when in their opinion
+it has been departed from by the other States. Fallacious as this course
+of reasoning is, it enlists State pride, and finds advocates in the
+honest prejudices of those who have not studied the nature of our
+government sufficiently to see the radical error on which it rests.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the United States formed the Constitution,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> acting through
+the State legislatures, in making the compact, to meet and discuss its
+provisions, and acting in separate conventions when they ratified those
+provisions; but the term used in its construction show it to be a
+government in which the people of all the States collectively are
+represented. We are <span class="caps">ONE PEOPLE</span> in the choice of the President and
+Vice-President. Here the States have no other agency than to direct the
+mode in which the votes shall be given. The candidates having the
+majority of all the votes are chosen. The electors of a majority of
+States may have given their votes for one candidate, and yet another may
+be chosen. The people then, and not the States, are represented in the
+executive branch.</p>
+
+<p>In the House of Representatives there is this difference, that the
+people of one State do not, as in the case of President and
+Vice-President, all vote for all the members, each State electing only
+its own representatives. But this creates no material distinction. When
+chosen, they are all representatives of the United States, not
+representatives of the particular State from which they come. They are
+paid by the United States, not by the State; nor are they accountable to
+it for any act done in performance of their legislative functions; and
+however they may in practice, as it is their duty to do, consult and
+prefer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> the interests of their particular constituents when they come in
+conflict with any other partial or local interest, yet it is their first
+and highest duty, as representatives of the United States, to promote
+the general good.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution of the United States, then, forms a <i>government</i>, not a
+league, and whether it be formed by compact between the States, or in
+any other manner, its character is the same. It is a government in which
+all the people are represented, which operates directly on the people
+individually, not upon the States; they retained all the power they did
+not grant. But each State having expressly parted with so many powers as
+to constitute jointly with the other States a single nation, can not
+from that period possess any right to secede, because such secession
+does not break a league, but destroys the unity of a nation, and any
+injury to that unity is not only a breach which would result from the
+contravention of a compact, but it is an offense against the whole
+Union. To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union, is
+to say that the United States is not a nation; because it would be a
+solecism to contend that any part of a nation might dissolve its
+connection with the other parts, to their injury or ruin, without
+committing any offense. Secession, like any other revolutionary act, may
+be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> morally justified by the extremity of oppression; but to call it a
+constitutional right, is confounding the meaning of terms, and can only
+be done through gross error, or to deceive those who are willing to
+assert a right, but would pause before they made a revolution, or incur
+the penalties consequent upon a failure.</p>
+
+<p>Because the Union was formed by compact, it is said the parties to that
+compact may, when they feel aggrieved, depart from it; but it is
+precisely because it is a compact that they cannot. A contract is an
+agreement or binding obligation. It may by its terms have a sanction or
+penalty for its breach, or it may not. If it contains no sanction, it
+may be broken with no other consequence than moral guilt; if it have a
+sanction, then the breach incurs the designated or implied penalty. A
+league between independent nations, generally, has no sanction other
+than a moral one; or if it should contain a penalty, as there is no
+common superior, it cannot be enforced. A government, on the contrary,
+always has a sanction, express or implied; and, in our case, it is both
+necessarily implied and expressly given. An attempt by force of arms to
+destroy a government is an offense, by whatever means the constitutional
+compact may have been formed; and such government has the right, by the
+law of self-defense,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> to pass acts for punishing the offender, unless
+that right is modified, restrained, or resumed by the constitutional
+act. In our system, although it is modified in the case of treason, yet
+authority is expressly given to pass all laws necessary to carry its
+powers into effect, and under this grant provision has been made for
+punishing acts which obstruct the due administration of the laws.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem superfluous to add anything to show the nature of that
+union which connects us; but as erroneous opinions on this subject are
+the foundation of doctrines the most destructive to our peace, I must
+give some further development to my views on this subject. No one,
+fellow-citizens, has a higher reverence for the reserved rights of the
+States than the magistrate who now addresses you. No one would make
+greater personal sacrifices, or official exertions, to defend them from
+violation; but equal care must be taken to prevent, on their part, an
+improper interference with, or resumption of, the rights they have
+vested in the nation. The line has not been so distinctly drawn as to
+avoid doubts in some cases of the exercise of power. Men of the best
+intentions and soundest views may differ in their construction of some
+parts of the Constitution; but there are others on which dispassionate
+reflection can leave no doubt. Of this nature appears to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> the assumed
+right of secession. It rests, as we have seen, on the alleged and
+undivided sovereignty of the States, and of their having formed in this
+sovereign capacity a compact which is called the Constitution, from
+which, because they made it, they have the right to secede. Both of
+these positions are erroneous, and some of the arguments to prove them
+so have been anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>The States severally have not retained their entire sovereignty. It has
+been shown that in becoming parts of a nation, not members of a league,
+they surrendered many of their essential parts of sovereignty. The right
+to make treaties, declare war, levy taxes, exercise judicial and
+legislative powers, were all functions of sovereign power. The States,
+then, for all these important purposes, were no longer sovereign. The
+allegiance of their citizens was transferred in the first instance to
+the government of the United States; they became American citizens, and
+owed obedience to the Constitution of the United States, and to laws
+made in conformity with the powers vested in Congress. This last
+position has not been, and can not be, denied. How, then, can that State
+be said to be sovereign and independent whose citizens owe obedience to
+laws not made by it, and whose magistrates are sworn to disregard those
+laws, when they come in conflict<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> with those passed by another? What
+shows conclusively that the States can not be said to have reserved an
+undivided sovereignty, is that they expressly ceded the right to punish
+treason&mdash;not treason against a separate power, but treason against the
+United States. Treason is an offense against <i>sovereignty</i>, and
+sovereignty must reside with the power to punish it. But the reserved
+rights of the States are not less sacred because they have for their
+common interest made the general government the depository of these
+powers. The unity of our political character (as has been shown for
+another purpose) commenced with its very existence. Under the royal
+government we had no separate character; our opposition to its
+oppression began as <span class="caps">UNITED COLONIES</span>. We were the <span class="smcap">United States</span> under the
+Confederation, and the name was perpetuated and the Union rendered more
+perfect by the federal Constitution. In none of these stages did we
+consider ourselves in any other light than as forming one nation.
+Treaties and alliances were made in the name of all. Troops were raised
+for the joint defense. How, then, with all these proofs, that under all
+changes of our position we had, for designated purposes and with defined
+powers, created national governments&mdash;how is it that the most perfect of
+these several modes of union should now be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> considered as a mere league
+that may be dissolved at pleasure? It is from an abuse of terms. Compact
+is used as synonymous with league, although the true term is not
+employed, because it would at once show the fallacy of the reasoning. It
+would not do to say that our Constitution was only a league, but it is
+labored to prove it a compact (which, in one sense, it is), and then to
+argue that as a league is a compact, every compact between nations must,
+of course, be a league, and that from such an engagement every sovereign
+power has a right to recede. But it has been shown that in this sense
+the States are not sovereign, and that even if they were, and the
+national Constitution had been formed by compact, there would be no
+right in any one State to exonerate itself from the obligation.</p>
+
+<p>So obvious are the reasons which forbid this secession, that it is
+necessary only to allude to them. The Union was formed for the benefit
+of all. It was produced by mutual sacrifice of interest and opinions.
+Can those sacrifices be recalled? Can the States, who magnanimously
+surrendered their title to the territories of the West, recall the
+grant? Will the inhabitants of the inland States agree to pay the duties
+that may be imposed without their assent by those on the Atlantic or the
+Gulf, for their own benefit? Shall there be a free port in one State,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+and enormous duties in another? No one believes that any right exists in
+a single State to involve all the others in these and countless other
+evils, contrary to engagements solemnly made. Every one must see that
+the other States, in self-defense, must oppose it at all hazards.</p>
+
+<p>These are the alternatives that are presented by the convention: A
+repeal of all the acts for raising revenue, leaving the government
+without the means of support; or an acquiesce in the dissolution of our
+Union by the secession of one of its members. When the first was
+proposed, it was known that it could not be listened to for a moment. It
+was known if force was applied to oppose the execution of the laws, that
+it must be repelled by force&mdash;that Congress could not, without involving
+itself in disgrace and the country in ruin, accede to the proposition;
+and yet if this is not done in a given day, or if any attempt is made to
+execute the laws, the State is, by the ordinance, declared to be out of
+the Union. The majority of a convention assembled for the purpose have
+dictated these terms, or rather this rejection of all terms, in the name
+of the people of South Carolina. It is true that the governor of the
+State speaks of the submission of their grievances to a convention of
+all the States; which, he says, they "sincerely and anxiously seek and
+desire." Yet this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> obvious and constitutional mode of obtaining the
+sense of the other States on the construction of the federal compact,
+and amending it, if necessary, has never been attempted by those who
+have urged the State on to this destructive measure. The State might
+have proposed a call for a general convention to the other States, and
+Congress, if a sufficient number of them concurred, must have called it.
+But the first magistrate of South Carolina, when he expressed a hope
+that, "on a review by Congress and the functionaries of the general
+government of the merits of the controversy," such a convention will be
+accorded to them, must have known that neither Congress, nor any
+functionary in the general government, has authority to call such a
+convention, unless it be demanded by two-thirds of the States. This
+suggestion, then, is another instance of the reckless inattention to the
+provisions of the Constitution with which this crisis has been madly
+hurried on; or of the attempt to persuade the people that a
+constitutional remedy has been sought and refused. If the legislature of
+South Carolina "anxiously desire" a general convention to consider their
+complaints, why have they not made application for it in the way the
+Constitution points out? The assertion that they "earnestly seek" it is
+completely negatived by the omission.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p><p>This, then is the position in which we stand. A small majority of the
+citizens of one State in the Union have elected delegates to a State
+convention; that convention has ordained that all the revenue laws of
+the United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer a member
+of the Union. The governor of that State has recommended to the
+legislature the raising of an army to carry the secession into effect,
+and that he may be empowered to give clearances to vessels in the name
+of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws has yet been
+committed, but such a state of things is hourly apprehended, and it is
+the intent of this instrument to PROCLAIM, not only that the duty
+imposed on me by the Constitution, "to take care that the laws be
+faithfully executed," shall be performed to the extent of the powers
+already vested in me by law, or of such others as the wisdom of Congress
+shall devise and intrust to me for that purpose; but to warn the
+citizens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into an opposition to
+the laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience to the illegal and
+disorganizing ordinance of the convention&mdash;to exhort those who have
+refused to support it to persevere in their determination to uphold the
+Constitution and laws of their country, and to point out to all the
+perilous situation into which the good people of that State have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> been
+led, and that the course they are urged to pursue is one of ruin and
+disgrace to the very State whose rights they effect to support.</p>
+
+<p>Fellow-citizens of my native State! let me not only admonish you, as the
+first magistrate of our common country, not to incur the penalty of its
+laws, but use the influence that a father would over his children whom
+he saw rushing to a certain ruin. In that paternal language, with that
+paternal feeling, let me tell you, my countrymen, that you are deluded
+by men who are either deceived themselves or wish to deceive you. Mark
+under what pretenses you have been led on to the brink of insurrection
+and treason on which you stand! First a diminution of the value of our
+staple commodity, lowered by over-production in other quarters and the
+consequent diminution in the value of your lands, were the sole effect
+of the tariff laws. The effect of those laws was confessedly injurious,
+but the evil was greatly exaggerated by the unfounded theory you were
+taught to believe, that its burdens were in proportion to your exports,
+not to your consumption of imported articles. Your pride was roused by
+the assertions that a submission to these laws was a state of vassalage,
+and that resistance to them was equal, in patriotic merit, to the
+opposition our fathers offered to the oppressive laws of Great Britain.
+You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> were told that this opposition might be peaceably&mdash;might be
+constitutionally made&mdash;that you might enjoy all the advantages of the
+Union and bear none of its burdens. Eloquent appeals to your passions,
+to your State pride, to your native courage, to your sense of real
+injury, were used to prepare you for the period when the mask which
+concealed the hideous features of <span class="caps">DISUNION</span> should be taken off. It fell,
+and you were made to look with complacency on objects which not long
+since you would have regarded with horror. Look back to the arts which
+have brought you to this state&mdash;look forward to the consequences to
+which it must inevitably lead! Look back to what was first told you as
+an inducement to enter into this dangerous course. The great political
+truth was repeated to you that you had the revolutionary right of
+resisting all laws that were palpably unconstitutional and intolerably
+oppressive&mdash;it was added that the right to nullify a law rested on the
+same principle, but that it was a peaceable remedy! This character which
+was given to it, made you receive with too much confidence the
+assertions that were made of the unconstitutionality of the law and its
+oppressive effects. Mark, my fellow-citizens, that by the admission of
+your leaders the unconstitutionality must be <i>palpable</i>, or it will
+justify either resistance or nullification! What is the meaning of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+word <i>palpable</i> in the sense in which it is here used?&mdash;that which is
+apparent to every one, that which no man of ordinary intellect will fail
+to perceive. Is the unconstitutionality of these laws of that
+description? Let those among your leaders who once approved and
+advocated the principles of protective duties, answer the question; and
+let them choose whether they will be considered as incapable, then, of
+perceiving that which must have been apparent to every man of common
+understanding, or as imposing upon our confidence and endeavoring to
+mislead you now. In either case, they are unsafe guides in the perilous
+path they urge you to tread. Ponder well on this circumstance, and you
+will know how to appreciate the exaggerated language they address to
+you. They are not champions of liberty emulating the fame of our
+Revolutionary fathers, nor are you an oppressed people, contending, as
+they repeat to you, against worse than colonial vassalage. You are free
+members of a flourishing and happy Union. There is no settled design to
+oppress you. You have, indeed, felt the unequal operation of laws which
+may have been unwisely, not unconstitutionally passed; but that
+inequality must necessarily be removed. At the very moment when you were
+madly urged on to the unfortunate course you have begun, a change in
+public opinion has commenced.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> The nearly approaching payment of the
+public debt, and the consequent necessity of a diminution of duties, had
+already caused a considerable reduction, and that, too, on some articles
+of general consumption in your State. The importance of this change was
+underrated, and you were authoritatively told that no further
+alleviation of your burdens was to be expected, at the very time when
+the condition of the country imperiously demanded such a modification of
+the duties as should reduce them to a just and equitable scale. But, as
+apprehensive of the effect of this change in allaying your discontents,
+you were precipitated into a fearful state in which you now find
+yourselves.</p>
+
+<p>I have urged you to look back to the means that were used to hurry you
+on to the position you have now assumed, and forward to the consequences
+it will produce. Something more is necessary. Contemplate the condition
+of that country of which you still form an important part; consider its
+government uniting in one bond of common interest and general protection
+so many different States&mdash;giving to all their inhabitants the proud
+title of <span class="smcap">American citizens</span>&mdash;protecting their commerce&mdash;securing their
+literature and arts&mdash;facilitating their intercommunication&mdash;defending
+their frontiers&mdash;and making their name respected in the remotest parts
+of the earth!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> Consider the extent of its territory, its increasing and
+happy population, its advance in arts, which render life agreeable, and
+the sciences which elevate the mind! See education spreading the lights
+of religion, morality, and general information into every cottage in
+this wide extent of our Territories and States! Behold it as the asylum
+where the wretched and the oppressed find a refuge and support! Look on
+this picture of happiness and honor, and say, <span class="smcap">we, too, are citizens of
+America</span>&mdash;Carolina is one of these proud States her arms have
+defended&mdash;her best blood has cemented this happy Union! And then add, if
+you can, without horror and remorse, this happy Union we will
+dissolve&mdash;this picture of peace and prosperity we will deface&mdash;this free
+intercourse we will interrupt&mdash;these fertile fields we will deluge with
+blood&mdash;the protection of that glorious flag we renounce&mdash;the very name
+of Americans we discard. And for what, mistaken men! For what do you
+throw away these inestimable blessings&mdash;for what would you exchange your
+share in the advantages and honor of the Union? For the dream of a
+separate independence&mdash;a dream interrupted by bloody conflicts with your
+neighbors, and a vile dependence on a foreign power. If your leaders
+could succeed in establishing a separation, what would be your
+situation? Are you united at home&mdash;are you free from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> apprehension
+of civil discord, with all its fearful consequences? Do our neighboring
+republics, every day suffering some new revolution or contending with
+some new insurrection&mdash;do they excite your envy? But the dictates of a
+high duty oblige me solemnly to announce that you can not succeed. The
+laws of the United States must be executed. I have no discretionary
+power on the subject&mdash;my duty is emphatically pronounced in the
+Constitution. Those who told you that you might peaceably prevent their
+execution, deceived you&mdash;they could not have been deceived themselves.
+They know that a forcible opposition could alone prevent the execution
+of the laws, and they know that such opposition must be repelled. Their
+object is disunion; but be not deceived by names; disunion, by armed
+force, is <span class="caps">TREASON</span>. Are you really ready to incur this guilt? If you are,
+on the head of the instigators of the act be the dreadful
+consequences&mdash;on their heads be the dishonor, but on yours may fall the
+punishment&mdash;on your unhappy State will inevitably fall all the evils of
+the conflict you force upon the government of your country. It cannot
+accede to the mad project of disunion of which you would be the first
+victims&mdash;its first magistrate can not, if he would, avoid the
+performance of his duty&mdash;the consequence must be fearful for you,
+distressing to your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of good
+government throughout the world. Its enemies have beheld our prosperity
+with a vexation they could not conceal&mdash;it was a standing refutation of
+their slavish doctrines, and they will point to our discord with the
+triumph of malignant joy. It is yet in your power to disappoint them.
+There is yet time to show that the descendants of the Pinckneys, the
+Sumpters, the Rutledges, and of the thousand other names which adorn the
+pages of your revolutionary history, will not abandon that Union to
+support which so many of them fought and bled and died. I adjure you, as
+you honor their memory&mdash;as you love the cause of freedom, to which they
+dedicated their lives&mdash;as you prize the peace of your country, the lives
+of its best citizens, and your own fair fame, to retrace your steps.
+Snatch from the archives of your State the disorganizing edict of its
+convention&mdash;bid its members to re-assemble and promulgate the decided
+expressions of your will to remain in the path which alone can conduct
+you to safety, prosperity, and honor&mdash;tell them that compared to
+disunion, all other evils are light, because that brings with it an
+accumulation of all&mdash;declare that you will never take the field unless
+the star-spangled banner of your country shall float over you&mdash;that you
+will not be stigmatized when dead, and dishonored and scorned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> while you
+live, as the authors of the first attack on the Constitution of your
+country!&mdash;its destroyers you can not be. You may disturb its peace&mdash;you
+may interrupt the course of its prosperity&mdash;you may cloud its reputation
+for stability&mdash;but its tranquillity will be restored, its prosperity
+will return, and the stain upon its national character will be
+transferred and remain an eternal blot on the memory of those who caused
+the disorder.</p>
+
+<p>Fellow-citizens of the United States! The threat of unhallowed
+disunion&mdash;the names of those, once respected, by whom it is uttered&mdash;the
+array of military force to support it&mdash;denote the approach of a crisis
+in our affairs on which the continuance of our unexampled prosperity,
+our political existence, and perhaps that of all free governments, may
+depend. The conjecture demanded a free, a full, and explicit
+enunciation, not only of my intentions, but of my principles of action;
+and as the claim was asserted of a right by a State to annul the laws of
+the Union, and even to secede from it at pleasure, a frank exposition of
+my opinions in relation to the origin and form of our government, and
+the construction I give to the instrument by which it was created,
+seemed to be proper. Having the fullest confidence in the justness of
+the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties which has been
+expressed, I rely with equal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> confidence on your undivided support in my
+determination to execute the laws&mdash;to preserve the Union by all
+constitutional means&mdash;to arrest, if possible, by moderate but firm
+measures, the necessity of a recourse to force; and, if it be the will
+of Heaven that the recurrence of its primeval curse on man for the
+shedding of a brother's blood should fall upon our land, that it be not
+called down by any offensive act on the part of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Fellow-citizens! The momentous case is before you. On your undivided
+support of your government depends the decision of the great question it
+involves, whether your sacred Union will be preserved, and the blessing
+it secures to us as one people shall be perpetuated. No one can doubt
+that the unanimity with which that decision will be expressed, will be
+such as to inspire new confidence in republican institutions, and that
+the prudence, the wisdom, and the courage which it will bring to their
+defense, will transmit them unimpaired and invigorated to our children.</p>
+
+<p>May the Great Ruler of nations grant that the signal blessings with
+which He has favored ours may not, by the madness of party, or personal
+ambition, be disregarded and lost, and may His wise providence bring
+those who have produced this crisis to see the folly, before they feel
+the misery, of civil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> strife, and inspire a returning veneration for
+that Union which, if we may dare to penetrate His designs, He has
+chosen, as the only means of attaining the high destinies to which we
+may reasonably aspire.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be
+hereunto affixed, having signed the same with my hand.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Done at the City of Washington, this 10th day of December, in the year
+of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, and of the
+independence of the United States the fifty-seventh.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson.</span></p>
+
+<p class="noin">By the President.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edw. Livingsoe</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="MONROE_DOCTRINE" id="MONROE_DOCTRINE"></a>MONROE DOCTRINE.</h2>
+
+<h4>EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT MONROE'S ANNUAL MESSAGE, WASHINGTON, DEC. 2,
+1823.</h4>
+
+
+<p>The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly
+in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men on that side
+of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating
+to themselves, we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with
+our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded, or
+seriously menaced, that we resent injuries or make preparations for our
+defence. With the movements in this hemisphere, we are, of necessity,
+more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all
+enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied
+powers is essentially different, in this respect, from that of America.
+This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective
+Governments. And to the defence of our own, which has been achieved by
+the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of
+their most enlightened citizens, and under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> which we have enjoyed
+unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted.</p>
+
+<p>We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing
+between the United States and those powers, to declare, that we should
+consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion
+of this hemisphere, as dangerous to our peace and safety.</p>
+
+<p>With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power, we
+have not interfered, and shall not interfere. But, with the Governments
+who have declared their independence, and maintained it, and whose
+independence we have, on great consideration, and on just principles,
+acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of
+oppressing them, or controlling, in any other manner, their destiny, by
+any European power, in any other light than as the manifestation of an
+unfriendly disposition towards the United States.</p>
+
+<p>In the war between those new Governments and Spain, we declared our
+neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have
+adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur,
+which, in the judgment of the competent authorities of this Government,
+shall make a corresponding change on the part of the United States,
+indispensable to their security.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_DRED_SCOTT_DECISION" id="THE_DRED_SCOTT_DECISION"></a>THE DRED SCOTT DECISION.</h2>
+
+<h4>DRED SCOTT, PLAINTIFF IN ERROR, <i>vs.</i> JOHN F.A. SANDFORD.</h4>
+
+
+<p>This case was brought up by writ of error, from the Circuit Court of the
+United States for the district of Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>It was an action of trespass <i>vi et armis</i> instituted in the Circuit
+Court by Scott against Sanford.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to the institution of the present suit, an action was brought by
+Scott for his freedom in the Circuit Court of St. Louis county, (State
+court,) where there was a verdict and judgment in his favor. On a writ
+of error to the Supreme Court of the State, the judgment below was
+reversed, and the case remanded to the Circuit Court, where it was
+continued to await the decision of the case now in question.</p>
+
+<p>The declaration of Scott contained three counts: one, that Sandford had
+assaulted the plaintiff; one,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> that he had assaulted Harriet Scott, his
+wife; and one, that he had assaulted Eliza Scott and Lizzie Scott, his
+children.</p>
+
+<p>Sandford appeared, and filed the following plea:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Dred Scott">
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><span class="smcap">Dred Scott</span>,<br />
+ <i>vs.</i><br /><span class="smcap">John F.A. Sandford</span>.</td>
+ <td align='left'><span class="stache">}</span></td>
+ <td align='left'><i>Plea to the Jurisdiction of the Court.</i></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">April Term</span>, 1854.</h4>
+
+<p>And the said John F.A. Sandford, in his own proper person, comes and
+says that this court ought not to have or take further cognizance of the
+action aforesaid, because he says that said cause of action, and each
+and every of them, (if any such have accrued to the said Dred Scott,)
+accrued to the said Dred Scott out of the jurisdiction of this court,
+and exclusively within the jurisdiction of the courts of the State of
+Missouri, for that, to wit: the said plaintiff, Dred Scott, is not a
+citizen of the State of Missouri, as alleged in his declaration, because
+he is a negro of African descent; his ancestors were of pure African
+blood, and were brought into this country and sold as negro slaves, and
+this the said Sandford is ready to verify. Wherefore he prays judgment
+whether this court can or will take further cognizance of the action
+aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">John F.A. Sandford.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p><p>To this plea there was a demurrer in the usual form, which was argued
+in April, 1854, when the court gave judgment that the demurrer should be
+sustained.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1854, the defendant, in pursuance of an agreement between
+counsel, and with the leave of the court, pleaded in bar of the action:</p>
+
+<p>1. Not guilty.</p>
+
+<p>2. That the plaintiff was a negro slave, the lawful property of the
+defendant, and, as such, the defendant gently laid his hands upon him,
+and thereby had only restrained him, as the defendant had a right to do.</p>
+
+<p>3. That with respect to the wife and daughters of the plaintiff, in the
+second and third counts of the declaration mentioned, the defendant had,
+as to them, only acted in the same manner, and in virtue of the same
+legal right.</p>
+
+<p>In the first of these pleas, the plaintiff joined issue; and to the
+second and third filed replications alleging that the defendant, of his
+own wrong and without the cause in his second and third pleas alleged,
+committed the trespasses, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The counsel then filed the following agreed statement of facts, viz.:</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1834, the plaintiff was a negro slave belonging to Dr.
+Emerson, who was a surgeon in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> army of the United States. In that
+year, 1834, said Dr. Emerson took the plaintiff from the State of
+Missouri to the military post at Rock Island in the State of Illinois,
+and held him there as a slave until the month of April or May, 1836. At
+the time last mentioned, said Dr. Emerson removed the plaintiff from
+said military post at Rock Island to the military post at Fort Snelling,
+situate on the west bank of the Mississippi river, in the Territory
+known as Upper Louisiana, acquired by the United States of France, and
+situate north of the latitude of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes
+north, and north of the State of Missouri. Said Dr. Emerson held the
+plaintiff in slavery at said Fort Snelling, from said last-mentioned
+date until the year 1838.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1835, Harriet, who is named in the second count of the
+plaintiff's declaration, was the negro slave of Major Taliaferro, who
+belonged to the army of the United States. In that year, 1835, said
+Major Taliaferro took said Harriet to said Fort Snelling, a military
+post, situated as hereinbefore stated, and kept her there as a slave
+until the year 1836, and then sold and delivered her as a slave at said
+Fort Snelling unto the said Dr. Emerson hereinbefore named. Said Dr.
+Emerson held said Harriet in slavery at said Fort Snelling until the
+year 1838.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p><p>In the year 1836, the plaintiff and said Harriet, at said Fort
+Snelling, with the consent of said Dr. Emerson, who then claimed to be
+their master and owner, intermarried, and took each other for husband
+and wife. Eliza and Lizzie, named in the third count of the plaintiff's
+declaration, are the fruit of that marriage. Eliza is about fourteen
+years old, and was born on board the steamboat Gipsey, north of the
+north line of the State of Missouri, and upon the river Mississippi.
+Lizzie is about seven years old, and was born in the State of Missouri,
+at the military post called Jefferson Barracks.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1838, said Dr. Emerson removed the plaintiff and said
+Harriet and their said daughter Eliza, from said Fort Snelling to the
+State of Missouri, where they have ever since resided.</p>
+
+<p>Before the commencement of this suit, said Dr. Emerson sold and conveyed
+the plaintiff, said Harriet, Eliza, and Lizzie, to the defendant, as
+slaves, and the defendant has ever since claimed to hold them and each
+of them as slaves.</p>
+
+<p>At the times mentioned in the plaintiff's declaration, the defendant
+claiming to be owner as aforesaid, laid his hands upon said plaintiff,
+Harriet, Eliza, and Lizzie, and imprisoned them, doing in this respect,
+however, no more than what he might lawfully do if they were of right
+his slaves at such times.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p><p>Further proof may be given on the trial for either party.</p>
+
+<p>It is agreed that Dred Scott brought suit for his freedom in the Circuit
+Court of St. Louis county; that there was a verdict and judgment in his
+favor; that on a writ of error to the Supreme Court, the judgment below
+was reversed, and the same remanded to the Circuit Court, where it has
+been continued to await the decision of this case.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1854, the cause went before a jury, who found the following
+verdict, viz.: "As to the first issue joined in this case, we of the
+jury find the defendant not guilty; and as to the issue secondly above
+joined, we of the jury find that before and at the time when, &amp;c., in
+the first count mentioned, the said Dred Scott was a negro slave, the
+lawful property of the defendant; and as to the issue thirdly above
+joined, we, the jury, find that before and at the time when, &amp;c., in the
+second and third counts mentioned, the said Harriet, wife of said Dred
+Scott, and Eliza and Lizzie, the daughters of the said Dred Scott, were
+negro slaves, the lawful property of the defendant."</p>
+
+<p>Whereupon the court gave judgment for the defendant.</p>
+
+<p>After an ineffectual motion for a new trial, the plaintiff filed the
+following bill of exceptions.</p>
+
+<p>On the trial of this cause by the jury, the plaintiff,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> to maintain the
+issues on his part, read to the jury the following agreed statement of
+facts, (see agreement above.) No further testimony was given to the jury
+by either party. Thereupon the plaintiff moved the court to give to the
+jury the following instruction, viz.:</p>
+
+<p>"That upon the facts agreed to by the parties, they ought to find for
+the plaintiff. The court refused to give such instruction to the jury,
+and the plaintiff, to such refusal, then and there duly excepted."</p>
+
+<p>The court then gave the following instruction to the jury, on motion of
+the defendant:</p>
+
+<p>"The jury are instructed, that upon the facts in this case, the law is
+with the defendant." The plaintiff excepted to this instruction.</p>
+
+<p>Upon these exceptions, the case came up to this court.</p>
+
+<p>It was argued at December term, 1855, and ordered to be reargued at the
+present term.</p>
+
+<p>The opinion of the court, as delivered by Chief Justice Taney, being so
+lengthy, we omit all but the summing up, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>Upon the whole, therefore, it is the judgment of this court, that it
+appears by the record before us, that the plaintiff in error is not a
+citizen of Missouri, in the sense in which that word is used in the
+Constitution;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> and that the Circuit Court of the United States, for that
+reason, had no jurisdiction in the case, and could give no judgment in
+it. Its judgment for the defendant must, consequently, be reversed, and
+a mandate issued, directing the suit to be dismissed for want of
+jurisdiction.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PRESIDENTS_AND_VICE-PRESIDENTS_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES" id="PRESIDENTS_AND_VICE-PRESIDENTS_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES"></a>PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.</h2>
+
+<h4>WITH THE VOTE FOR EACH CANDIDATE FOR OFFICE.</h4>
+
+
+<h3>BEFORE THE REVOLUTION.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First Congress</span>, Sept. 5, 1774. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, President.
+Born in Virginia, in 1723, died at Philadelphia, Oct. 22, 1785. Charles
+Thomson, of Pennsylvania, Secretary. Born in Ireland, 1730, died in
+Pennsylvania, Aug. 16, 1824.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Second Congress</span>, May 10, 1775. Peyton Randolph, President. Resigned May
+24, 1775.</p>
+
+<p>John Hancock, of Massachusetts, elected his successor. He was born at
+Quincy, Mass., 1737, died Oct. 8, 1793. He was President of Congress
+until October, 1777.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, President from Nov. 1, 1777, to Dec.
+1778. He was born at Charleston, S.C., 1724, died in South Carolina,
+Dec, 1792.</p>
+
+<p>John Jay, of New York, President from Dec. 10,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> 1778, to Sept. 27, 1779.
+He was born in New York City, Dec. 12, 1745, died at New York, May 17,
+1829.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Huntingdon, of Connecticut, President from Sept. 28, 1779, until
+July 10, 1781. He was born in Connecticut, in 1732, died 1796.</p>
+
+<p>Thos. McKean, of Pennsylvania, President from July 1781, until Nov. 5,
+1781. He was born in Pennsylvania, March 19, 1734, died at Philadelphia,
+June 24, 1817.</p>
+
+<p>John Hanson, of Maryland, President from Nov. 5, 1781, to Nov. 4, 1782.</p>
+
+<p>Elias Boudinot, of New Jersey, President from Nov. 4, 1782, until Feb.
+4, 1783. He was born at Philadelphia, May 2, 1740, died 1824.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Mifflin, of Pennsylvania, President from Feb. 4, 1783, to Nov.
+30, 1784. Born at Philadelphia, 1744, died in the same city, Jan. 21,
+1800.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, President from Nov. 30, 1784, to Nov.
+23, 1785. He was born in Virginia, 1732, died 1794.</p>
+
+<p>John Hancock, of Massachusetts, President from Nov. 23, 1785, to June 6,
+1786.</p>
+
+<p>Nathaniel Gorham, of Massachusetts, President from June 6, 1786, to Feb.
+2, 1787. He was born at Charlestown, Mass., 1738, died June 11, 1796.</p>
+
+<p>Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania, President from Feb. 2, 1787, to Jan.
+28, 1788. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland,&mdash;&mdash;, died in 1818.</p>
+
+<p>Cyrus Griffin, of Virginia, President from Jan. 28, 1788, to the end of
+the Congress under the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> Confederation, March 3, 1789. He was born in
+England, 1748, died in Virginia, 1810.</p>
+
+
+<h3>UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.</h3>
+
+<p>1789 to 1793.&mdash;George Washington, of Virginia, inaugurated as President
+of the United States, April 30, 1789. He was born upon Wakefield estate,
+Virginia, Feb. 22, (11th old style,) 1732, died at Mount Vernon, Dec.
+14, 1799.</p>
+
+<p>John Adams, of Massachusetts, Vice-President. Born at Braintree, Mass.,
+Oct. 19, 1735, died July 4, 1826, near Quincy, Mass.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;Geo. Washington, 69; John Adams, 34; John Jay, New
+York, 9; R.H. Harrison, Maryland, 6; John Rutledge, South Carolina, 6;
+John Hancock, Massachusetts, 4; Geo. Clinton, New York, 3; Sam'l
+Huntingdon, Connecticut, 2; John Milton, Georgia, 2; James Armstrong,
+Georgia, 1; Edward Telfair, Georgia, 1; Benj. Lincoln, Massachusetts,
+1&mdash;Total, 69. Ten States voted,&mdash;Rhode Island, New York, and North
+Carolina not voting, not having ratified the Constitution in time.</p>
+
+<p>1793 to 1797.&mdash;George Washington, President, inaugurated March 4, 1793.</p>
+
+<p>John Adams, Vice-President.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;Geo. Washington, 132; John Adams, 77; Geo. Clinton, 50;
+Thos. Jefferson, Virginia, 4; Aaron Burr, New York, 1.&mdash;Total, 132.
+Fifteen States voted.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p><p>1797 to 1801.&mdash;John, Adams President, inaugurated March 4, 1797.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Vice-President. Born at Shadwell,
+Virginia, April 13, 1743, died at Monticello, Virginia, July 4, 1826.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;John Adams, 71; Thomas Jefferson, 68; Thomas Pinckney,
+South Carolina, 59; Aaron Burr, 30; Sam'l Adams, Massachusetts, 15;
+Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut, 11; Geo. Clinton, 7; John Jay, 5; James
+Iredell, North Carolina, 3; George Washington, 2; John Henry, Maryland,
+2; S. Johnson, North Carolina, 2; Charles C. Pinckney, South Carolina,
+1.&mdash;Total 138. Sixteen States voting.</p>
+
+<p>1801 to 1805.&mdash;Thomas Jefferson, President, inaugurated March 4, 1801.</p>
+
+<p>Aaron Burr, of New York Vice-President. Born at Newark, N.J., Feb. 6,
+1756, died at Staten Island, N.Y., Sept. 14, 1836.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;Thos. Jefferson, 73; Aaron Burr, 73; John Adams, 65;
+Chas. C. Pinckney, 64; John Jay 1.&mdash;Total, 13. Sixteen States voting.</p>
+
+<p>There was no choice by the Electoral colleges, and the election was
+carried into the House of Representatives, and upon the 36th ballot, ten
+States voted for Jefferson, four States for Aaron Burr, and two States
+in blank. Jefferson was declared to be elected President, and Burr
+Vice-President. The Constitution was then amended, so that the
+Vice-President was voted for separately, instead of being the second on
+the vote for President.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p><p>1805 to 1809.&mdash;Thomas Jefferson, President, inaugurated March 4, 1805.</p>
+
+<p>George Clinton, of New York, Vice-President. He was born in Ulster
+county, N.Y., 1739, died in Washington, D.C., April 20, 1812.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Thos. Jefferson, 162; Chas. Cotesworth
+Pinckney, 14.&mdash;Total, 176. Seven States voting. For Vice-President,
+George Clinton, 162; Rufus King, New York, 14.</p>
+
+<p>1809 to 1813.&mdash;James Madison, of Virginia, President, inaugurated March
+4, 1809. He was born March 16, 1751, in Prince George county, Va., and
+died at Montpelier, Va., June 28, 1836.</p>
+
+<p>George Clinton, of New York, Vice-President, until his death, April 20,
+1812.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, James Madison, 122; Geo. Clinton, 6;
+C.C. Pinckney, 47.&mdash;Total, 175. Seventeen States voting. For
+Vice-President, George Clinton, 113; James Madison, 3; James Monroe,
+Virginia, 3; John Langdon, New Hampshire, 9; Rufus King, New York, 47.</p>
+
+<p>1813 to 1817.&mdash;James Madison, of Virginia, President, inaugurated March
+4, 1813.</p>
+
+<p>Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, Vice-President, until his death, Nov.
+23, 1814. He was born at Marblehead, Mass., July 17, 1744, and died at
+Washington, D.C.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, James Madison, 128; De Witt Clinton, New
+York, 89.&mdash;Total, 217. Eighteen States voting. For Vice-President,
+Elbridge Gerry, 131; Jared Ingersoll, Pa., 86.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p><p>1817 to 1821.&mdash;James Monroe, of Virginia, President, inaugurated March
+4, 1817. He was born in Westmoreland county, Va., 1759, and died in New
+York, July 4, 1831.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, Vice-President. Born June 21, 1774, at
+Fox Meadows, N.Y., and died at Staten Island, June 11, 1825.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, James Monroe, 183; Rufus King,
+34.&mdash;Total, 221. Nineteen States voting. For Vice-President, Daniel D.
+Tompkins, 183; John Eager Howard, Maryland, 22; James Ross,
+Pennsylvania, 5; John Marshall, Virginia, 4; Robt. Goodloe Harper,
+Maryland, 3.</p>
+
+<p>1821 to 1825.&mdash;James Monroe, President, inaugurated March 4, 1821.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, James Monroe, 231; John Quincy Adams,
+Massachusetts, 1.&mdash;Total, 232. Twenty-four States voting. For
+Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 218; Richard Stockton, New Jersey,
+8; Robert G. Harper, 1; Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, 1; Daniel Rodney,
+Delaware, 1.</p>
+
+<p>1825 to 1829.&mdash;John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, President,
+inaugurated March 4, 1825. He was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, July
+11, 1767, and died at Washington City, Feb. 23, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>John Caldwell Calhoun, of South Carolina, Vice-President. Born in
+Abbeville district, S.C., March 18, 1782, and died March 31, 1850, in
+Washington City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, John Quincy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> Adams, 105,321; Andrew
+Jackson, Tennessee, 152,899; Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, 47,265; Henry
+Clay, Kentucky, 47,087.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President Andrew Jackson, 99; John Quincy Adams,
+84; Wm, H. Crawford, 41; Henry Clay, 37.&mdash;Total, 261. Twenty-four States
+voting.</p>
+
+<p>There being no choice by the Electoral colleges, the vote was taken into
+the House of Representatives. Adams received the votes of thirteen
+States, Jackson seven, and Crawford four. John Quincy Adams was
+therefore declared elected President.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice-President, the Electoral vote was John C. Calhoun, South
+Carolina, 182; Nathan Sanford, New York, 30; Nathaniel Macon, Georgia,
+24; Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, 13; Martin Van Buren, New York, 9; Henry
+Clay, Kentucky, 2.</p>
+
+<p>1829 to 1833.&mdash;Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1829. He was born in Mecklenburg county, N.C., March 15, 1767,
+and died at the Hermitage, Tenn., June 8, 1845.</p>
+
+<p>John Caldwell Calhoun, Vice-President, until his resignation, Dec. 28,
+1832.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Andrew Jackson, 650,028; John Quincy
+Adams, 512,158.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Andrew Jackson, 178; J.Q. Adams,
+83.&mdash;Total, 261. Twenty-four States voting.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, 171; Richard Rush, Pennsylvania,
+83; Wm, Smith, South Carolina, 7.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p><p>1833 to 1837.&mdash;Andrew Jackson, President, inaugurated March 4, 1833.</p>
+
+<p>Martin Van Buren, of New York, Vice-President. He was born at
+Kinderhook, N.Y., Dec. 5, 1782.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Andrew Jackson, 687,502; Henry Clay,
+550,189; Opposition, (John Floyd, Virginia, and Wm. Wirt, Maryland,)
+33,108.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Andrew Jackson, 219; Henry Clay, 49;
+John Floyd, 11; Wm. Wirt, 7.&mdash;Total 288. Twenty-four States voting.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice-President, Martin Van Buren, 189; John Sergeant, Pennsylvania,
+49; William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, 30; Henry Lee, Massachusetts, 11;
+Amos Ellmaker, Pennsylvania, 7.</p>
+
+<p>1837 to 1841.&mdash;Martin Van Buren, President, inaugurated March 4, 1837.</p>
+
+<p>Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, Vice-President. He was born in 1780,
+and died Nov. 19, 1850.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Martin Van Buren, 762,149; Opposition,
+(Wm. H. Harrison, Hugh L. White, Daniel Webster, W.P. Mangum,) 736,736.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Martin Van Buren, 170; Wm. H. Harrison,
+Ohio, 73; Hugh L. White, Tennessee, 26; Daniel Webster, Massachusetts,
+14; W.P. Mangum, 11.&mdash;Total, 294. Twenty-six States voting.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice-President, Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, 147; Francis Granger,
+New York, 77; John Tyler, Virginia, 47; Wm. Smith, Alabama, 23.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p><p>1841 to 1845&mdash;Wm. Henry Harrison, of Ohio, President, until his death,
+at Washington, April 4, 1841. He was inaugurated March 4, 1841. He was
+born in Berkeley county, Va., Feb. 9, 1773.</p>
+
+<p>John Tyler, of Virginia, Vice-President. He was born April, 1790, at
+Greenway, Charles City county, Va.</p>
+
+<p>John Tyler, of Virginia, became President by the death of W.H. Harrison.
+He took the oath of office April 6, 1841.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;Nov. 1840.&mdash;For President, Wm. Henry Harrison, 1,274,783;
+Martin Van Buren, 1,128,702; James G. Birney, New York, (Abolition,)
+7,609.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, W.H. Harrison, 234; M. Van Buren,
+60.&mdash;Total, 294. Twenty-six States voting.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice-President, John Tyler, 234; Richard M. Johnson, 48; L.W.
+Tazewell, South Carolina, 11; James K. Polk, Tennessee, 1.</p>
+
+<p>1845 to 1849.&mdash;James Knox Polk, of Tennessee, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1845. He was born in Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, Nov.
+2, 1795, and died at Nashville, Tennessee, June 15, 1849.</p>
+
+<p>George Mifflin Dallas, of Pennsylvania, Vice-President. Born in
+Philadelphia, July 10, 1792.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, James K. Polk, 1,335,834; Henry Clay,
+1,297,033; James G. Birney, 62,290.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, James K. Polk,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> 170; Henry Clay,
+105.&mdash;Total, 275. Twenty-six States voting.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice-President, George M. Dallas, 170; Theodore Frelinghuysen, of
+New Jersey, 105.</p>
+
+<p>1849 to 1853.&mdash;Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1849. Born in Virginia, 1784, died in Washington City, July 9,
+1850.</p>
+
+<p>Millard Fillmore, of New York, Vice-President. Born in Locke township,
+Cayuga county, N.Y., Jan. 7, 1800.</p>
+
+<p>Millard Fillmore, President, after the death of Zachary Taylor, July 9,
+1850. He took the oath of office, July 10, 1850.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Zachary Taylor, 1,362,031; Lewis Cass, of
+Michigan, 1,222,445; Martin Van Buren, (Free-Soil,) 291,455.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Zachary Taylor, 163; Lewis Cass,
+127.&mdash;Total, 290. Thirty States voting.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice-President, Millard Fillmore, 163; William O. Butler, Kentucky,
+127.</p>
+
+<p>1853 to 1857.&mdash;Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, President, inaugurated
+March 5, 1853. He was born at Hillsboro, N.H., Nov. 23, 1804.</p>
+
+<p>William R. King, of Alabama, Vice-President. He was born in North
+Carolina, April 7, 1786, died at Cahawba, Ala., April 18, 1853.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Franklin Pierce, 1,590,490; Winfield
+Scott, 1,378,589; John P. Hale, New Hampshire, (Abolition,) 157,296.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p><p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Franklin Pierce, 254; Winfield Scott of
+New Jersey, 42.&mdash;Total, 296. Thirty-one States voting.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice President, Wm. R. King, 254; Wm. A. Graham, North Carolina, 42.</p>
+
+<p>1857 to 1861.&mdash;James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, President. He was born
+at Stony Batter, Franklin county, Penn., April 22, 1791.</p>
+
+<p>John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, Vice-President. Born near Lexington,
+Kentucky, Jan. 21, 1820.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, James Buchanan, (Democratic.) 1,832,232;
+John C. Fremont, California, (Republican,) 1,341,514; Millard Fillmore,
+New York, (American,) 874,707.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, James Buchanan, 174; John C. Fremont,
+109; Millard Fillmore, 8.&mdash;Total, 291. Thirty-one States voting.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice-President, John Breckenridge, 174; Wm. L. Dayton, New Jersey,
+109; A.J. Donelson, Tennessee, 8.&mdash;Total, 291.</p>
+
+<p>1861 to 1865.&mdash;Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1861. He was born near Muldraugh's Hill, Hardin county, Ky.,
+Feb. 1809.</p>
+
+<p>Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Vice-President. He was born at Paris, Oxford
+county, Me., Aug. 27, 1809.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Abraham Lincoln, (Republican,) 1,857,610;
+Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, (Democratic,) 1,365,976; John C.
+Breckenridge,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> of Kentucky, (Democratic,) 847,953; John Bell, of
+Tennessee, (Constitutional Union,) 590,631.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Electoral vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Abraham Lincoln, 180; John C.
+Breckinridge, 72; John Bell, 39; Stephen A. Douglas, 12.&mdash;Total, 291.
+Thirty-three States voting.</p>
+
+<p>For Vice-President, Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, 180; Joseph Lane, Oregon,
+72; Edward Everett, Massachusetts, 39; Herschel V. Johnson, Georgia, 12.</p>
+
+<p>1865 to 1869.&mdash;Abraham Lincoln, President, inaugurated March 4, 1865.</p>
+
+<p>Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice-President.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Popular vote.</span>&mdash;For President, Abraham Lincoln, (Republican,) 3,213,035;
+George B. McClellan, (Democrat,) 1,811,754.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the assassination of President Lincoln, April 14, 1865, Andrew
+Johnson, then Vice-President, assumed the Presidency, and Lafayette S.
+Foster, of Norwich, Conn., President of the Senate, became
+Vice-President.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="POPULAR_NAMES_OF_STATES" id="POPULAR_NAMES_OF_STATES"></a>POPULAR NAMES OF STATES.</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Popular Names of States">
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia, the Old Dominion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts, the Bay State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maine, the Border State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rhode Island, Little Rhody.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York, the Empire State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Hampshire, the Granite State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vermont, the Green Mountain State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut, the Land of Steady Habits.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania, the Keystone State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina, the Old North State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio, the Buckeye State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>South Carolina, the Palmetto State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Michigan, the Wolverine State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky, the Corn-Cracker.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Delaware, the Blue Hen's Chicken.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Missouri, the Puke State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana, the Hoosier State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Illinois, the Sucker State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iowa, the Hawkeye State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wisconsin, the Badger State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Florida, the Peninsular State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Texas, the Lone Star State.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="BATTLES_OF_THE_REVOLUTION" id="BATTLES_OF_THE_REVOLUTION"></a>BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following statistics show the losses of life in the various battles
+of the American Revolution, also the dates of the several battles:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" width="70%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="6" summary="Battle Deaths in the American Revolution">
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td align='center'>British<br />Loss.</td>
+ <td align='center'>American<br />Loss.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Lexington, April 15, 1775</td>
+ <td align='right'>273</td>
+ <td align='right'>84</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775</td>
+ <td align='right'>1054</td>
+ <td align='right'>456</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Flatbush, August 12, 1776</td>
+ <td align='right'>400</td>
+ <td align='right'>200</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>White Plains, August 26, 1776</td>
+ <td align='right'>400</td>
+ <td align='right'>400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Trenton, December 25, 1776</td>
+ <td align='right'>1000</td>
+ <td align='right'>9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Princeton, January 5, 1777</td>
+ <td align='right'>400</td>
+ <td align='right'>100</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Hubbardstown, August 17, 1777</td>
+ <td align='right'>800</td>
+ <td align='right'>800</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Bennington, August 16, 1777</td>
+ <td align='right'>800</td>
+ <td align='right'>100</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Brandywine, September 11, 1777</td>
+ <td align='right'>500</td>
+ <td align='right'>1100</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Stillwater, September 17, 1777</td>
+ <td align='right'>600</td>
+ <td align='right'>350</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Germantown, October 5, 1777</td>
+ <td align='right'>600</td>
+ <td align='right'>1250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Saratoga, October 17, 1777<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td>
+ <td align='right'>5752</td>
+ <td align='right'>....</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Red Hook, October 22, 1777</td>
+ <td align='right'>500</td>
+ <td align='right'>32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Monmouth, June 25, 1778</td>
+ <td align='right'>400</td>
+ <td align='right'>130</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Rhode Island, August 27, 1778</td>
+ <td align='right'>260</td>
+ <td align='right'>214</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Briar Creek, March 30, 1779</td>
+ <td align='right'>13</td>
+ <td align='right'>400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Stony Point, July 15, 1779</td>
+ <td align='right'>600</td>
+ <td align='right'>100</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Camden, August 16, 1779</td>
+ <td align='right'>375</td>
+ <td align='right'>610</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>King's Mountain, October 1, 1780</td>
+ <td align='right'>950</td>
+ <td align='right'>66</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Cowpens, January 17, 1781</td>
+ <td align='right'>800</td>
+ <td align='right'>72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Guilford C.H., March 15, 1781</td>
+ <td align='right'>532</td>
+ <td align='right'>400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Hobkirk's Hill, April 25, 1781</td>
+ <td align='right'>400</td>
+ <td align='right'>460</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Eutaw Springs, September, 1781</td>
+ <td align='right'>1000</td>
+ <td align='right'>550</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Yorktown, October, 1781<a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>7072</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>....</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>Total</td>
+ <td align='right'>25,481</td>
+ <td align='right'>7913</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Surrendered.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="NEUTRALITY_LAW_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES" id="NEUTRALITY_LAW_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES"></a>NEUTRALITY LAW OF THE UNITED STATES,</h2>
+
+<h4>AS AMENDED AND APPROVED BY CONGRESS, JULY 26, 1866.</h4>
+
+
+<p class="center">A Bill more effectually to preserve the neutral relations of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted, &amp;c.</i>, That if any citizen of the United States shall,
+within the territory or jurisdiction thereof, accept and exercise a
+commission to serve a foreign prince, State, colony, district, or people
+in war by land or by sea against any prince, State, colony, district or
+people with whom the United States are at peace, the person so offending
+shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall on conviction thereof
+be punished by a fine of not exceeding $2,000 and imprisonment not
+exceeding two years, or either, at the discretion of the Court in which
+such offender may be convicted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That if any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> person shall, within
+the territory or jurisdiction of the United States enlist, or enter
+himself, or hire or retain another person to enlist or enter himself, or
+to go beyond the limits or jurisdiction of the United States, with
+intent to be enlisted or entered into the service of any foreign prince,
+State, colony, district or people as a soldier, or as a marine or seaman
+on board of any vessel-of-war, letter-of-marque or privateer, every
+person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall
+upon conviction therefor be punished by fine not exceeding $1,000, and
+imprisonment not exceeding two years, or either of them, at the
+discretion of the Court, in case such offender shall be convicted;
+provided that this act shall not be construed to extend to any subject
+or citizen of any foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, who
+shall transiently be within the United States, and shall be on board of
+any vessel of war, letter-of-marque or privateer, which, at the time of
+its arrival within the United States, was fitted and equipped as such,
+enlist or enter himself, and hire or retain another subject or citizen
+of the same foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, who is
+transiently in the United States, to enlist or enter himself to serve
+such foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, on board such
+vessel of war, letter-of-marque or privateer, if the United States shall
+then be at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> peace with such foreign prince, State, colony, district or
+people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That if any person shall within the
+limits of the United States fit out and arm or attempt to fit out and
+arm, or procure to be fitted out and armed, or shall knowingly be
+concerned in the furnishing, fitting out and arming of any ship or
+vessel with intent that such ship or vessel shall be employed in the
+service of any foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, to
+cruise or commit hostilities against the subjects, citizens or property
+of any foreign prince, State, or any colony, district or people with
+whom the United States are at peace, or shall issue or deliver a
+commission within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States for
+any ship or vessel to the intent that she may be employed as aforesaid,
+or shall have on board any person or persons who shall have been
+enlisted, or shall have engaged to enlist or serve or shall be departing
+from the jurisdiction of the United States with intent to enlist or
+serve in contravention of the provisions of this act, every person so
+offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon
+conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $3,000, and
+imprisonment not exceeding three years, or either of them, at the
+discretion of the Court in which such offender shall be convicted; and
+every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> such ship and vessel, with her tackle, apparel and furniture,
+together with all materials, arms, ammunition and stores which may have
+been procured for the building and equipment thereof, shall be forfeited
+to the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That it shall be lawful for any
+Collector of the Customs who is by law empowered to make seizures for
+any forfeiture incurred under any of the laws of Customs, to seize such
+ships and vessels in such places and in such manner in which the
+officers of the Customs are empowered to make seizures under the law for
+the collection and protection of the revenue, and that every such ship
+and vessel, with the tackle, apparel and furniture, together with all
+the materials, arms, ammunition and stores which may belong to or be on
+board such ship or vessel, may be prosecuted or condemned for the
+violation of the provisions of this act in like manner as ships or
+vessels may be prosecuted and condemned for any breach of the laws made
+for the collection and protection of the revenue.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That if any person shall within the
+territory or jurisdiction of the United States, increase or augment, or
+procure to be increased or augmented, or shall knowingly be concerned in
+increasing or augmenting the force of any ship of war, or cruiser, or
+other armed vessel, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> at the time of her arrival within the United
+States was a ship of war, or cruiser, or armed vessel in the service of
+any foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, or belonged to
+the subjects or citizens of any such prince, State, colony, district or
+people, the same being at war with any foreign prince, State, colony,
+district or people with whom the United States are at peace, by adding
+to the number of guns of such vessel, or by changing those on board of
+her for guns of a larger calibre, or by addition thereto of any
+equipment solely applicable to war, or shall have on board any person or
+persons who shall have enlisted, or engaged to enlist or serve, or who
+shall be departing from the jurisdiction of the United States with
+intent to enlist or serve in contravention of the provisions of this
+act; every person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
+and shall upon conviction thereof be punished by fine or imprisonment,
+or either of them, at the discretion of the court in which such offender
+shall be convicted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the District Courts shall take
+cognizance of all complaints, informations, indictments, or other
+prosecutions, by whomsoever instituted, in cases of captures made within
+the waters of the United States or within a marine league of the coasts
+or shores thereof.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That in every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> case in which a
+vessel shall be fitted out and armed, or in which the force of any
+vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel shall be increased or
+augmented, in every case of the capture of a ship or vessel within the
+jurisdiction or protection of the United States, as before defined, and
+in every case in which any process issuing out of any court of the
+United States shall be disobeyed or resisted by any person or persons
+having the custody of any vessel of war, cruiser or other, armed vessel
+of any prince or State, or of any colony, district or people, or of any
+subjects or citizens of any foreign prince, State, or of any colony,
+district or people in any such case, it shall be lawful for the
+President of the United States, or such other person as he shall have
+empowered for that purpose to employ such part of the land and naval
+forces of the United States or of the militia thereof, for the purpose
+of taking of and detaining any such ship or vessel with her prize or
+prizes, if any, in order to the execution of the prohibition or
+penalties of this act, and to the restoring the prize or prizes in the
+cases in which restoration shall have been adjudged.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That it shall be lawful for the
+President of the United States, or such person as he shall empower for
+that purpose, to employ such part of the land and naval forces of the
+United States, or of the militia thereof, as shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> be necessary to
+compel any foreign ship or vessel to depart the United States in all
+cases in which, by the laws of nations or the treaties of the United
+States they ought not to remain within the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That offences made punishable by
+the provisions of this act, committed by citizens of the United States,
+beyond the jurisdiction of the United States, may be prosecuted and
+tried before any court having jurisdiction of the offences prohibited by
+this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That nothing in this act shall be
+so construed as to prohibit citizens of the United States from selling
+vessels, ships or steamers built within the limits thereof, or materials
+or munitions of war, the growth or product of the same, to inhabitants
+of other countries, or to Governments not at war with the United States:
+provided that the operation of this section of this act shall be
+suspended by the President of the United States with regard to any
+classes of purchases, whenever the United States shall be engaged in
+war, or whenever the maintenance of friendly relations with any foreign
+nation may in his judgment require it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That nothing in the foregoing act
+shall be construed to prevent the prosecution or punishment of treason,
+or any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> piracy or other felony defined by the laws of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That all acts and parts of acts
+inconsistent with the provisions of this act or inflicting any further
+or other penalty or forfeiture than are hereinbefore provided for. The
+acts forbidden herein are hereby repealed.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="POPULATION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES" id="POPULATION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES"></a>POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="6" summary="Population">
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small><span class="smcap">States.</span></small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>1850.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>1860.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Alabama</td>
+ <td align='right'>771,623</td>
+ <td align='right'>964,296</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Arkansas</td>
+ <td align='right'>209,897</td>
+ <td align='right'>435,427</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>California</td>
+ <td align='right'>92,597</td>
+ <td align='right'>380,015</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Connecticut</td>
+ <td align='right'>370,792</td>
+ <td align='right'>460,151</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Delaware</td>
+ <td align='right'>91,532</td>
+ <td align='right'>112,218</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Florida</td>
+ <td align='right'>87,445</td>
+ <td align='right'>140,439</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Georgia</td>
+ <td align='right'>906,185</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,057,327</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Illinois</td>
+ <td align='right'>851,470</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,711,753</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Indiana</td>
+ <td align='right'>988,416</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,350,479</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Iowa</td>
+ <td align='right'>192,214</td>
+ <td align='right'>674,948</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Kansas</td>
+ <td align='right'>...</td>
+ <td align='right'>107,710</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Kentucky</td>
+ <td align='right'>982,405</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,155,713</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Louisiana</td>
+ <td align='right'>517,762</td>
+ <td align='right'>709,433</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Maine</td>
+ <td align='right'>583,169</td>
+ <td align='right'>628,276</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Maryland</td>
+ <td align='right'>583,034</td>
+ <td align='right'>687,034</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Massachusetts</td>
+ <td align='right'>994,514</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,231,065</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Michigan</td>
+ <td align='right'>397,654</td>
+ <td align='right'>749,112</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Minnesota</td>
+ <td align='right'>6,077</td>
+ <td align='right'>162,022</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Mississippi</td>
+ <td align='right'>606,026</td>
+ <td align='right'>791,395</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Missouri</td>
+ <td align='right'>682,044</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,173,317</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New Hampshire</td>
+ <td align='right'>317,976</td>
+ <td align='right'>326,072</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New Jersey</td>
+ <td align='right'>489,555</td>
+ <td align='right'>672,031</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New York</td>
+ <td align='right'>3,097,394</td>
+ <td align='right'>3,887,542</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>North Carolina</td>
+ <td align='right'>869,039</td>
+ <td align='right'>992,667</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Ohio</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,980,329</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,339,599<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Oregon</td>
+ <td align='right'>12,093</td>
+ <td align='right'>52,464</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,311,786</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,906,370</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Rhode Island</td>
+ <td align='right'>147,545</td>
+ <td align='right'>174,621</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>South Carolina</td>
+ <td align='right'>668,507</td>
+ <td align='right'>703,812</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Tennessee</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,002,717</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,109,847</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Texas</td>
+ <td align='right'>212,592</td>
+ <td align='right'>601,039</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Vermont</td>
+ <td align='right'>314,120</td>
+ <td align='right'>315,116</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Virginia</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,421,661</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,596,083</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Wisconsin</td>
+ <td align='right'>305,391</td>
+ <td align='right'>775,873</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small><span class="smcap">Territories, etc.</span></small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Colorado</td>
+ <td align='right'>....</td>
+ <td align='right'>34,197</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Dakotah</td>
+ <td align='right'>....</td>
+ <td align='right'>4,839</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Nebraska</td>
+ <td align='right'>....</td>
+ <td align='right'>28,842</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Nevada</td>
+ <td align='right'>....</td>
+ <td align='right'>6,857</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New Mexico</td>
+ <td align='right'>61,547</td>
+ <td align='right'>93,541</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Utah</td>
+ <td align='right'>11,380</td>
+ <td align='right'>40,295</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Washington</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,201</td>
+ <td align='right'>11,578</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>District of Columbia</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>51,687</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>75,076</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>Total</td>
+ <td align='right'>23,191,876</td>
+ <td align='right'>31,429,891</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><a name="SLAVE_POPULATION_IN_THE_US_IN_1860" id="SLAVE_POPULATION_IN_THE_US_IN_1860"></a><big>SLAVE POPULATION IN THE U.S. IN 1860.</big></p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="6" summary="Slave Population">
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small><span class="smcap">States.</span></small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>1850.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>1860.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Alabama</td>
+ <td align='right'>342,844</td>
+ <td align='right'>435,132</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Arkansas</td>
+ <td align='right'>47,100</td>
+ <td align='right'>111,104</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Delaware</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,290</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,798</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Florida</td>
+ <td align='right'>39,310</td>
+ <td align='right'>61,753</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Georgia</td>
+ <td align='right'>381,682</td>
+ <td align='right'>462,230</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Kentucky</td>
+ <td align='right'>210,981</td>
+ <td align='right'>225,490</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Louisiana</td>
+ <td align='right'>244,809</td>
+ <td align='right'>332,520</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Maryland</td>
+ <td align='right'>90,368</td>
+ <td align='right'>87,188</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Mississippi</td>
+ <td align='right'>309,878</td>
+ <td align='right'>436,696</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>Missouri</td>
+ <td align='right'>87,422</td>
+ <td align='right'>114,965</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>North Carolina</td>
+ <td align='right'>288,548</td>
+ <td align='right'>331,081</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>South Carolina</td>
+ <td align='right'>384,984</td>
+ <td align='right'>402,541</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Tennessee</td>
+ <td align='right'>239,459</td>
+ <td align='right'>275,784</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Texas</td>
+ <td align='right'>58,161</td>
+ <td align='right'>180,388</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Virginia</td>
+ <td align='right'>472,528</td>
+ <td align='right'>490,887</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Nebraska (Territory)</td>
+ <td align='center'>..</td>
+ <td align='right'>10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Utah "</td>
+ <td align='center'>..</td>
+ <td align='right'>29</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New Mexico "</td>
+ <td align='right'>26</td>
+ <td align='right'>24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>District of Columbia</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>3,687</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>3,181</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>Total</td>
+ <td align='right'>3,204,077</td>
+ <td align='right'>3,952,801</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+<p class="center"><a name="STATISTICS_OF_SLAVERY_BEFORE_THE_REVOLUTION" id="STATISTICS_OF_SLAVERY_BEFORE_THE_REVOLUTION"></a><big>STATISTICS OF SLAVERY BEFORE THE REVOLUTION.</big></p>
+
+<p class="center">AMERICAN SLAVERY IN 1715.</p>
+
+<p>In the reign of George I., the ascertained population of the Continental
+Colonies was as follows:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="6" summary="American Slaves White and Negro">
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>&nbsp;</td>
+ <td align='center'><small>White Men.</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>Negro Slaves.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New Hampshire</td>
+ <td align='right'>9,500</td>
+ <td align='right'>150</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Massachusetts</td>
+ <td align='right'>94,000</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Rhode Island</td>
+ <td align='right'>7,500</td>
+ <td align='right'>500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Connecticut</td>
+ <td align='right'>46,000</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New York</td>
+ <td align='right'>27,000</td>
+ <td align='right'>4,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td align='right'>43,300</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>New Jersey</td>
+ <td align='right'>21,000</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Maryland</td>
+ <td align='right'>40,700</td>
+ <td align='right'>9,400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Virginia</td>
+ <td align='right'>72,000</td>
+ <td align='right'>23,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>North Carolina</td>
+ <td align='right'>7,500</td>
+ <td align='right'>3,700</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>South Carolina</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>6,250</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>10,500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>Total</td>
+ <td align='right'>375,000</td>
+ <td align='right'>58,550</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SPEECH_OF_HON_STEPHEN_A_DOUGLAS" id="SPEECH_OF_HON_STEPHEN_A_DOUGLAS"></a>SPEECH OF HON. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.</h2>
+
+<h4>DELIVERED AT CHICAGO, MAY 1ST, 1861.</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Chairman:</span> I thank you for the kind terms in which you have been
+pleased to welcome me. I thank the Committee and citizens of Chicago for
+this grand and imposing reception. I beg you to believe that I will not
+do you nor myself the injustice to believe this magnificent ovation is
+personal homage to myself. I rejoice to know that it expresses your
+devotion to the Constitution, the Union, and the flag of our country.
+(Cheers.)</p>
+
+<p>I will not conceal gratification at the uncontrovertible test this vast
+audience presents&mdash;that what political differences or party questions
+may have divided us, yet you all had a conviction that when the country
+should be in danger, my loyalty could be relied on. That the present
+danger is imminent, no man can conceal. If war must come&mdash;if the bayonet
+must be used to maintain the Constitution&mdash;I can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> say before God my
+conscience is clean. I have struggled long for a peaceful solution of
+the difficulty. I have not only tendered those States what was theirs of
+right, but I have gone to the very extreme of magnanimity.</p>
+
+<p>The return we receive is war, armies marched upon our capital,
+obstructions and dangers to our navigation, letters of marque to invite
+pirates to prey upon our commerce, a concerted movement to blot out the
+United States of America from the map of the globe. The question is, Are
+we to maintain the country of our fathers, or allow it to be stricken
+down by those who, when they can no longer govern, threaten to destroy?</p>
+
+<p>What cause, what excuse do disunionists give us for breaking up the best
+Government on which the sun of heaven ever shed its rays? They are
+dissatisfied with the result of a Presidential election. Did they never
+get beaten before? Are we to resort to the sword when we get defeated at
+the ballot box? I understand it that the voice of the people expressed
+in the mode appointed by the Constitution must command the obedience of
+every citizen. They assume, on the election of a particular candidate,
+that their rights are not safe in the Union. What evidence do they
+present of this? I defy any man to show any act on which it is based.
+What act has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> been omitted to be done? I appeal to these assembled
+thousands that so far as the constitutional rights of the Southern
+States, I will say the constitutional rights of slaveholders, are
+concerned, nothing has been done, and nothing omitted, of which they can
+complain.</p>
+
+<p>There has never been a time from the day that Washington was inaugurated
+first President of these United States, when the rights of the Southern
+States stood firmer under the laws of the land than they do now; there
+never was a time when they had not as good a cause for disunion as they
+have to-day. What good cause have they now that has not existed under
+every Administration?</p>
+
+<p>If they say the Territorial question&mdash;now, for the first time, there is
+no act of Congress prohibiting slavery anywhere. If it be the
+non-enforcement of the laws, the only complaints that I have heard have
+been of the too vigorous and faithful fulfilment of the Fugitive Slave
+Law. Then what reason have they?</p>
+
+<p>The slavery question is a mere excuse. The election of Lincoln is a mere
+pretext. The present secession movement is the result of an enormous
+conspiracy formed more than a year since&mdash;formed by leaders in the
+Southern Confederacy more than twelve months ago.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p><p>They use the Slavery question as a means to aid the accomplishment of
+their ends. They desired the election of a Northern candidate, by a
+sectional vote, in order to show that the two sections cannot live
+together. When the history of the two years from the Lecompton charter
+down to the Presidential election shall be written, it will be shown
+that the scheme was deliberately made to break up this Union.</p>
+
+<p>They desired a Northern Republican to be elected by a purely Northern
+vote, and then assign this fact as a reason why the sections may not
+longer live together. If the disunion candidate in the late Presidential
+contest had carried the united South, their scheme was, the Northern
+candidate successful, to seize the Capital last spring, and by a united
+South and divided North hold it. That scheme was defeated in the defeat
+of the disunion candidate in several of the Southern States.</p>
+
+<p>But this is no time for a detail of causes. The conspiracy is now known.
+Armies have been raised, war is levied to accomplish it. There are only
+two sides to the question. Every man must be for the United States or
+against it. There can be no neutrals in this war; <i>only patriots&mdash;or
+traitors</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thank God, Illinois is not divided on this question. (Cheers.) I know
+they expected to present a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> united South against a divided North. They
+hoped in the Northern States, party questions would bring civil war
+between Democrats and Republicans, when the South would step in with her
+cohorts, aid one party to conquer the other, and then make easy prey of
+the victors. Their scheme was carnage and civil war in the North.</p>
+
+<p>There is but one way to defeat this. In Illinois it is being so defeated
+by closing up the ranks. War will thus be prevented on our own soil.
+While there was a hope of peace, I was ready for any reasonable
+sacrifice or compromise to maintain it. But when the question comes of
+war in the cotton-fields of the South, or the corn-fields of Illinois, I
+say the farther off the better.</p>
+
+<p>We can not close our eyes to the sad and solemn fact that war does
+exist. The Government must be maintained, its enemies overthrown, and
+the more stupendous our preparations the less the bloodshed, and the
+shorter the struggle. But we must remember certain restraints on our
+action even in time of war. We are a Christian people, and the war must
+be prosecuted in a manner recognized by Christian nations.</p>
+
+<p>We must not invade Constitutional rights. The innocent must not suffer,
+nor women and children be the victims. Savages must not be let loose.
+But<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> while I sanction no war on the rights of others, I will implore my
+countrymen not to lay down their arms until our own rights are
+recognized. (Cheers.)</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution and its guarantees are our birthright, and I am ready
+to enforce that inalienable right to the last extent. We can not
+recognize secession. Recognize it once, and you have not only dissolved
+government, but you have destroyed social order&mdash;upturned the
+foundations of society. You have inaugurated anarchy in its worst form,
+and will shortly experience all the horrors of the French Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Then we have a solemn duty&mdash;to maintain the Government. The greater our
+unanimity, the speedier the day of peace. We have prejudices to overcome
+from the few short months since of a fierce party contest. Yet these
+must be allayed. Let us lay aside all criminations and recriminations as
+to the origin of these difficulties. When we shall have again a country
+with the United States flag floating over it, and respected on every
+inch of American soil, it will then be time enough to ask who and what
+brought all this upon us.</p>
+
+<p>I have said more than I intended to say. (Cries of "Go on.") It is a sad
+task to discuss questions so fearful as civil war; but sad as it is,
+bloody and disastrous as I expect it will be, I express it as my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
+conviction before God, that it is the duty of every American citizen to
+rally round the flag of his country.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you again for this magnificent demonstration. By it you show you
+have laid aside party strife. Illinois has a proud position&mdash;United,
+firm, determined never to permit the Government to be destroyed.
+(Prolonged cheering.)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PRESIDENT_LINCOLNS_FIRST_CALL_FOR_TROOPS" id="PRESIDENT_LINCOLNS_FIRST_CALL_FOR_TROOPS"></a>PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S FIRST CALL FOR TROOPS.</h2>
+
+<h4>APRIL 15th, 1861.</h4>
+
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i>, the laws of the United States have been for some time past,
+and now are, opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, in the
+States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi,
+Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by
+the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in
+the marshals by law; now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of
+the United States, in virtue of the power in me vested by the
+Constitution and the laws, have thought fit to call forth the Militia of
+the several States of the Union to the aggregate number of 75,000, in
+order to suppress said combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly
+executed.</p>
+
+<p>The details for this object will be immediately communicated to the
+State authorities through the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> War Department. I appeal to all loyal
+citizens to favor, facilitate, and aid, this effort to maintain the
+honor, the integrity, and existence, of our national Union, and the
+perpetuity of popular government, and to redress wrongs already long
+enough endured. I deem it proper to say that the first service assigned
+to the forces hereby called forth will probably be to repossess the
+forts, places, and property which have been seized from the Union; and
+in every event the utmost care will be observed, consistently with the
+objects aforesaid, to avoid any devastation, any destruction of, or
+interference with property, or any disturbance of peaceful citizens of
+any part of the country; and I hereby command the persons composing the
+combinations aforesaid, to disperse and retire peaceably to their
+respective abodes, within twenty days from this date.</p>
+
+<p>Deeming that the present condition of public affairs presents an
+extraordinary occasion, I do hereby, in virtue of the power in me vested
+by the Constitution, convene both houses of Congress. The Senators and
+Representatives are, therefore, summoned to assemble at their respective
+chambers at twelve o'clock, noon, on Thursday, the fourth day of July
+next, then and there to consider and determine such measures as, in
+their wisdom, the public safety and interest may seem to demand.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p><p>In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.</p>
+
+<p>Done at the City of Washington, this fifteenth day of April, in the year
+of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the
+independence of the United States the eighty-fifth.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln.</span></p>
+
+<p class="noin">By the President.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Seward</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="TOTAL_NUMBER_OF_TROOPS_CALLED_INTO_SERVICE_DURING_THE_REBELLION" id="TOTAL_NUMBER_OF_TROOPS_CALLED_INTO_SERVICE_DURING_THE_REBELLION"></a>TOTAL NUMBER OF TROOPS CALLED INTO SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> various calls of the President for men were as follows:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Civil War Troop Calls">
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>1861,&mdash;3 months' men,</td>
+ <td align='right'>75,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>1861,&mdash;3 years' men,</td>
+ <td align='right'>500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>1862,&mdash;3 years' men,</td>
+ <td align='right'>300,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>1862,&mdash;9 months' men,</td>
+ <td align='right'>300,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>1864,&mdash;3 years' men, February,</td>
+ <td align='right'>500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>1864,&mdash;3 years' men, March,</td>
+ <td align='right'>200,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>1864,&mdash;3 years' men, July,</td>
+ <td align='right'>500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>1864,&mdash;3 years' men, December,</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>300,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>Total,</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,675,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>These do not include the militia that were brought into service during
+the various invasions of Lee's armies into Maryland and Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_NY_CHAMBER_OF_COMMERCE" id="RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_NY_CHAMBER_OF_COMMERCE"></a>RESOLUTIONS OF THE N.Y. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.</h2>
+
+<h4>SUSTAINING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND URGING A STRICT BLOCKADE OF
+SOUTHERN PORTS, APRIL 19TH, 1861.</h4>
+
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i>, Our country has, in the course of events, reached a crisis
+unprecedented in its past history, exposing it to extreme dangers, and
+involving the most momentous results; and <i>Whereas</i>, The President of
+the United States has, by his Proclamation, made known the dangers which
+threaten the stability of Government, and called upon the people to
+rally in support of the Constitution and laws; and <i>Whereas</i>, The
+merchants of New York, represented in this Chamber, have a deep stake in
+the results which may flow from the present exposed state of national
+affairs, as well as a jealous regard for the honor of that flag under
+whose protection they have extended the commerce of this city to the
+remotest part of the world; therefore,</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p><p><i>Resolved</i>, That this Chamber, alive to the perils which have been
+gathering around our cherished form of Government and menacing its
+overthrow, has witnessed with lively satisfaction the determination of
+the President to maintain the Constitution and vindicate the supremacy
+of Government and law at every hazard. (Cheers.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the so-called secession of some of the Southern States
+having at last culminated in open war against the United States, the
+American people can no longer defer their decision between anarchy or
+despotism on the one side, and on the other liberty, order, and law
+under the most benign Government the world has ever known.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That this Chamber, forgetful of past differences of
+political opinion among its members, will, with unanimity and patriotic
+ardor, support the Government in this great crisis: and it hereby
+pledges its best efforts to sustain its credit and facilitate its
+financial operations. It also confidently appeals to all men of wealth
+to join in these efforts. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That while deploring the advent of civil war which has been
+precipitated on the country by the madness of the South, the Chamber is
+persuaded that policy and humanity alike demand that it should be met by
+the most prompt and energetic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> measures; and it accordingly recommends
+to Government the instant adoption and prosecution of a policy so
+vigorous and resistless, that it will crush out treason now and forever.
+(Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the proposition of Mr. Jefferson Davis to issue letters
+of marque to whosoever may apply for them, emanating from no recognized
+Government, is not only without the sanction of public law, but
+piratical in its tendencies, and therefore deserving the stern
+condemnation of the civilized world. It cannot result in the fitting out
+of regular privateers, but may, in infesting the ocean with piratical
+cruisers, armed with traitorous commissions, to despoil our commerce and
+that of all other maritime nations. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That in view of this threatening evil, it is, in the opinion
+of this Chamber, the duty of our Government to issue at once a
+proclamation, warning all persons, that privateering under the
+commissions proposed will be dealt with as simple piracy. It owes this
+duty not merely to itself, but to other maritime nations, who have a
+right to demand that the United States Government shall promptly
+discountenance every attempt within its borders to legalize piracy. It
+should, also, at the earliest moment, blockade every Southern port, so
+as to prevent the egress and ingress of such vessels. (Immense
+applause.)</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p><p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Secretary be directed to send copies of these
+resolutions to the Chambers of Commerce of other cities, inviting their
+co-operation in such measures as may be deemed effective in
+strengthening the hands of Government in this emergency.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That a copy of these resolutions, duly attested by the
+officers of the Chamber, be forwarded to the President of the United
+States.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BLOCKADE RESOLUTIONS.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i>, War against the Constitution and Government of these United
+States has been commenced, and is carried on by certain combinations of
+individuals, assuming to act for States at the South claiming to have
+seceded from the United States; and</p>
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i>, Such combinations have officially promulgated an invitation
+for the enrollment of vessels, to act under their authorization, and as
+so-called "privateers," against the flag and commerce of the United
+States; therefore,</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, by the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, That
+the United States Government be recommended and urged to blockade the
+ports of such States, or any other State that shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> join them, and that
+this measure is demanded for defence in war, as also for protection to
+the commerce of the United States against these so-called "privateers"
+invited to enrol under the authority of such States.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York
+pledges its hearty and cordial support to such measures as the
+Government of the United States may, in its wisdom, inaugurate and carry
+through in the blockade of such ports.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="A_PROCLAMATION" id="A_PROCLAMATION"></a>A PROCLAMATION,</h2>
+
+<h4>BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BLOCKADING THE
+SOUTHERN PORTS.</h4>
+
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i> an insurrection against the Government of the United States
+has broken out in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
+Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and the laws of the United
+States for the collection of the revenue can not be efficiently executed
+therein conformably to that provision of the Constitution which requires
+duties to be uniform throughout the United States:</p>
+
+<p>And <i>Whereas</i> a combination of persons, engaged in such insurrection,
+have threatened to grant pretended letters of marque to authorize the
+bearers thereof to commit assaults on the lives, vessels, and property
+of good citizens of the country lawfully engaged in commerce on the high
+seas, and in waters of the United States:</p>
+
+<p>And <i>Whereas</i> an Executive Proclamation has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> been already issued,
+requiring the persons engaged in these disorderly proceedings to desist
+therefrom, calling out a militia force for the purpose of repressing the
+same, and convening Congress in extraordinary session to deliberate and
+determine thereon:</p>
+
+<p>Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, with
+a view to the same purposes before mentioned, and to the protection of
+the public peace, and the lives and property of quiet and orderly
+citizens pursuing their lawful occupations, until Congress shall have
+assembled and deliberated on the said unlawful proceedings, or until the
+same shall have ceased, have further deemed advisable to set on foot a
+Blockade of the ports within the States aforesaid, in pursuance of the
+laws of the United States and of the laws of nations in such cases
+provided. For this purpose a competent force will be posted so as to
+prevent entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. If,
+therefore, with a view to violate such Blockade, a vessel shall
+approach, or shall attempt to leave any of the said ports, she will be
+duly warned by the Commander of one of the blockading vessels, who will
+endorse on her register the fact and date of such warning; and if the
+same vessel shall again attempt to enter or leave the blockaded port,
+she will be captured and sent to the nearest convenient port, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> such
+proceedings against her and her cargo as prize as may be deemed
+advisable.</p>
+
+<p>And I hereby proclaim and declare, that if any person, under the
+pretended authority of said States, or under any other pretence, shall
+molest a vessel of the United States, or the persons or cargo on board
+of her, such person will be held amenable to the laws of the United
+States for the prevention and punishment of piracy.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln.</span></p>
+
+<p class="noin">By the President.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">William H. Seward</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</p>
+
+<p><small><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, April 19, 1861.</small>
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_EMANCIPATION_PROCLAMATION" id="THE_EMANCIPATION_PROCLAMATION"></a>THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.</h2>
+
+<h4>BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</h4>
+
+
+<p>Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord
+one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a Proclamation was issued by
+the President of the United States, containing among other things the
+following, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand
+eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any
+State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be
+in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth and
+<span class="caps">FOREVER FREE</span>, and the Executive Government of the United States,
+including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and
+maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to
+repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for
+their actual freedom.</p>
+
+<p>"That the Executive will, on the first day of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> January aforesaid, by
+proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which
+the people thereof respectively shall then be in rebellion against the
+United States, and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall
+on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United
+States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the
+qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the
+absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive
+evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in
+rebellion against the United States."</p>
+
+<p>Now, therefore, I, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
+Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the
+authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and
+necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first
+day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly
+proclaim for the full period of one hundred days from the day of the
+first above mentioned order, and designate, as the States and parts of
+States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion
+against the United States, the following, to wit:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> ARKANSAS, TEXAS,
+LOUISIANA, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson,
+St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terre Bonne,
+Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of
+Orleans), MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, FLORIDA, GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA, NORTH
+CAROLINA, and VIRGINIA (except the forty-eight counties designated as
+West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton,
+Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of
+Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are, for the present,
+left precisely as if this Proclamation were not issued.</p>
+
+<p>And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and
+declare that <span class="caps">ALL PERSONS HELD AS SLAVES</span> within said designated States
+and parts of States <span class="caps">ARE, AND HENCEFORWARD</span> SHALL BE FREE! and that the
+Executive Government of the United States, including the military and
+naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of
+said persons.</p>
+
+<p>And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free, to abstain
+from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence, and I recommend to
+them that in all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully for
+reasonable wages.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p><p>And I further declar and make known that such persons of suitable
+condition will be received into the armed service of the United States
+to garrison forts, positions, stations and other places, and to man
+vessels of all sorts in said service.</p>
+
+<p>And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted
+by the Consitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate
+judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my name, and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">
+Done at the City of Washington, this first day<br />
+of January, in the year of our Lord one<br />
+[<span class="caps">L.S.</span>] thousand eight hundred and sixty-three,<br />
+and of the Independence of the United<br />
+States the eighty-seventh.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="right">ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">By the President.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Seward</span>,<br />
+<i>Secretary of State.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p><h2><a name="THE_CONFISCATION_ACT" id="THE_CONFISCATION_ACT"></a>THE CONFISCATION ACT.</h2>
+
+<h4>TO CONFISCATE PROPERTY USED FOR INSURRECTIONARY PURPOSES.</h4>
+
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted, etc.</i>, That if, during the present or any future
+insurrection against the Government of the United States, after the
+President of the United States shall have declared, by proclamation,
+that the laws of the United States are opposed, and the execution
+thereof obstructed, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the
+ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the power vested in the
+marshals by law, any person or persons, his, her, or their agent,
+attorney, or employee, shall purchase or acquire, sell or give any
+property of whatsoever kind or description, with intent to use or employ
+the same, or suffer the same to be used or employed, in aiding,
+abetting, or promoting such insurrection or resistance to the laws, or
+any person or persons engaged therein; or if any person or persons,
+being the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> owner or owners of any such property, shall knowingly use or
+employ, or consent to the use or employment of the same as aforesaid,
+all such property is hereby declared to be lawful subject of prize and
+capture wherever found; and it shall be the duty of the President of the
+United States to cause the same to be seized, confiscated, and
+condemned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> Such prizes and capture shall be condemned in the district or
+circuit court of the United States, having jurisdiction of the amount,
+or in admiralty in any district in which the same may be seized, or into
+which they may be taken and proceedings first instituted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The Attorney-General, or any district attorney of the United
+States in which said property may at the time be, may institute the
+proceedings of condemnation, and in such case they shall be wholly for
+the benefit of the United States; or any person may file an information
+with such attorney, in which case the proceedings shall be for the use
+of such informer and the United States in equal parts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> Whenever hereafter, during the present insurrection against the
+Government of the United States, any person claimed to be held to labor
+or service under the law of any State, shall be required or permitted by
+the person to whom such labor or service is claimed to be due, or by the
+lawful agent of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> such persons, to take up arms against the United
+States, or shall be required or permitted by the person to whom such
+labor or service is claimed to be due, or his lawful agent, to work or
+to be employed in or upon any fort, navy yard, dock, armory, ship,
+intrenchment, or in any military or naval service whatsoever, against
+the Government and lawful authority of the United States, then, and in
+every such case, the person to whom such labor or service is claimed to
+be due, shall forfeit his claim to such labor, any law of the State or
+of the United States to the contrary notwithstanding. And whenever
+thereafter the person claiming such labor or service shall seek to
+enforce his claim, it shall be a full and sufficient answer to such
+claim that the person whose service or labor is claimed had been
+employed in the hostile service against the Government of the United
+States, contrary to the provisions of this act.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FIRST_INAUGURAL_ADDRESS_OF_PRESIDENT_LINCOLN" id="FIRST_INAUGURAL_ADDRESS_OF_PRESIDENT_LINCOLN"></a>FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN</h2>
+
+<h4>MARCH 4TH, 1861.</h4>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Fellow-Citizens of the United States</i>:</p>
+
+<p>In compliance with a custom as old as the Government itself, I appear
+before you to address you briefly, and to take, in your presence, the
+oath prescribed by the Constitution of the United States to be taken by
+the President, before he enters on the execution of his office.</p>
+
+<p>I do not consider it necessary, at present, for me to discuss those
+matters of administration about which there is no special anxiety or
+excitement. Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern
+States, that, by the accession of a Republican Administration, their
+property and their peace<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> and personal security are to be endangered.
+There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed,
+the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed, and
+been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published
+speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those
+speeches, when I declare that "I have no purpose, directly or
+indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States
+where it exists." I believe I have no lawful right to do so; and I have
+no inclination to do so. Those who nominated and elected me, did so with
+the full knowledge that I had made this, and made many similar
+declarations, and had never recanted them. And, more than this, they
+placed in the platform, for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves
+and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States,
+and especially the right of each State to order and control its own
+domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is
+essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance
+of our political fabric depend; and we denounce the lawless invasion by
+armed force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter under what
+pretext, as among the gravest of crimes."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p><p>I now reiterate these sentiments; and in doing so I only press upon the
+public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the case is
+susceptible, that the property, peace, and security of no section are to
+be in anywise endangered by the now incoming Administration.</p>
+
+<p>I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the
+Constitution and the laws, can be given will be cheerfully given to all
+the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause, as cheerfully to
+one section as to another.</p>
+
+<p>There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from
+service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the
+Constitution as any other of its provisions:</p>
+
+<p>"No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof,
+escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation
+therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be
+delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be
+due."</p>
+
+<p>It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those who
+made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves; and the
+intention of the lawgiver is the law.</p>
+
+<p>All members of Congress swear their support to the whole
+Constitution&mdash;to this provision as well as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> any other. To the
+proposition, then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this
+clause "shall be delivered up," their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they
+would make the effort in good temper, could they not, with nearly equal
+unanimity, frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that
+unanimous oath?</p>
+
+<p>There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should be
+enforced by National or by State authority; but surely that difference
+is not a very material one. If the slave is to be surrendered, it can be
+of but little consequence to him or to others by which authority it is
+done; and should any one, in any case, be content that this oath shall
+go unkept on a merely unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be
+kept?</p>
+
+<p>Again, in any law upon this subject, ought not all the safeguards of
+liberty known in the civilized and humane jurisprudence to be
+introduced, so that a free man be not, in any case, surrendered as a
+slave? And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for
+the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guaranties that
+"the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and
+immunities of citizens of the several States?"</p>
+
+<p>I take the official oath to-day with no mental<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> reservations, and with
+no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical
+rules; and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of
+Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much
+safer for all, both in official and private stations, to conform to and
+abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed, than to violate any of
+them, trusting to find impunity in having them held to be
+unconstitutional.</p>
+
+<p>It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a President
+under our national Constitution. During that period fifteen different
+and very distinguished citizens have in succession administered the
+executive branch of the government. They have conducted it through many
+perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope for
+precedent, I now enter upon the same task, for the brief constitutional
+term of four years, under great and peculiar difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>A disruption of the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now
+formidably attempted. I hold that in the contemplation of universal law
+and of the Constitution, the Union of these States is perpetual.
+Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all
+national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper
+ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>
+Continue to execute all the express provisions of our national
+Constitution, and the Union will endure forever, it being impossible to
+destroy it, except by some action not provided for in the instrument
+itself.</p>
+
+<p>Again, if the United States be not a government proper, but an
+association of States in the nature of a contract merely, can it, as a
+contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it?
+One party to a contract may violate it&mdash;break it, so to speak; but does
+it not require all to lawfully rescind it? Descending from these general
+principles we find the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union
+is perpetual, confirmed by the history of the Union itself.</p>
+
+<p>The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact,
+by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued in
+the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the
+faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged
+that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation, in 1778;
+and, finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and
+establishing the Constitution was to form a more perfect Union. But if
+the destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States be
+lawfully possible, the Union is less than before,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> the Constitution
+having lost the vital element of perpetuity.</p>
+
+<p>It follows from these views that no State, upon its own mere motion, can
+lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that
+effect, are legally void; and that acts of violence within any State or
+States against the authority of the United States, are insurrectionary
+or revolutionary, according to circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>I therefore consider that, in view of the Constitution and the laws, the
+Union is unbroken, and, to the extent of my ability, I shall take care,
+as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of
+the Union shall be faithfully executed in all the States. Doing this,
+which I deem to be only a simple duty on my part, I shall perfectly
+perform it, so far as is practicable, unless my rightful masters, the
+American people, shall withhold the requisition, or in some
+authoritative manner direct the contrary.</p>
+
+<p>I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the declared
+purpose of the Union that it will constitutionally defend and maintain
+itself.</p>
+
+<p>In doing this there need be no bloodshed or violence, and there shall be
+none unless it is forced upon the national authority.</p>
+
+<p>The power confided to me <i>will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the
+property and places belonging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> to the Government</i>, and collect the
+duties and imposts; but beyond what may be necessary for these objects
+there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people
+anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Where hostility to the United States shall be so great and so universal
+as to prevent competent resident citizens from holding the Federal
+offices, there will be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers among the
+people that object. While the strict legal right may exist of the
+Government to enforce the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do
+so would be so irritating, and so nearly impracticable withal, that I
+deem it better to forego for the time the uses of such offices.</p>
+
+<p>The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts
+of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>So far as possible, the people everywhere shall have that sense of
+perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought and reflection.</p>
+
+<p>The course here indicated will be followed, unless current events and
+experience shall show a modification or change to be proper; and in
+every case and exigency my best discretion will be exercised according
+to the circumstances actually existing, and with a view and hope of a
+peaceful solution of the national troubles, and the restoration of
+fraternal sympathies and affections.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p><p>That there are persons, in one section or another, who seek to destroy
+the Union at all events, and are glad of any pretext to do it, I will
+neither affirm nor deny. But if there be such, I need address no word to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>To those, however, who really love the Union, may I not speak, before
+entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national
+fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes? Would it not
+be well to ascertain why we do it? Will you hazard so desperate a step,
+while any portion of the ills you fly from, have no real existence? Will
+you, while the certain ills you fly to, are greater than all the real
+ones you fly from? Will you risk the commission of so fearful a mistake?
+All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights can
+be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right, plainly written in the
+Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily the human mind is so
+constituted, that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this.</p>
+
+<p>Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly-written
+provision of the Constitution has ever been denied. If, by the mere
+force of numbers, a majority should deprive a minority of any
+clearly-written constitutional right, it might, in a moral point of
+view, justify revolution; it certainly would,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> if such right were a
+vital one. But such is not our case.</p>
+
+<p>All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly
+assured to them by affirmations and negations, guaranties and
+prohibitions in the Constitution, that controversies never arise
+concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with a provision
+specifically applicable to every question which may occur in practical
+administration. No foresight can anticipate, nor any document of
+reasonable length contain, express provisions for all possible
+questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by national or by
+State authorities? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must
+Congress protect slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not
+expressly say. From questions of this class, spring all our
+constitutional controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities
+and minorities.</p>
+
+<p>If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the government
+must cease. There is no alternative for continuing the government but
+acquiescence on the one side or the other. If a minority in such a case,
+will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a precedent which in turn
+will ruin and divide them, for a minority of their own will secede from
+them whenever a majority refuses to be controlled by such a minority.
+For instance, why not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> any portion of a new confederacy, a year or two
+hence, arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of the present
+Union now claim to secede from it? All who cherish disunion sentiments
+are now being educated to the exact temper of doing this. Is there such
+perfect identity of interests among the States to compose a new Union as
+to produce harmony only, and prevent renewed secession? Plainly, the
+central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy.</p>
+
+<p>A majority held in restraint by constitutional check and limitation, and
+always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and
+sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects
+it, does, of necessity, fly to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is
+impossible; and the rule of a majority, as a permanent arrangement, is
+wholly inadmissible. So that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy
+or despotism in some form is all that is left.</p>
+
+<p>I do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional
+questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that
+such decisions must be binding in any case upon the parties to a suit,
+as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled to very high
+respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other departments
+of the government; and while it is obviously possible that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> such
+decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect
+following it, being limited to that particular case, with the chance
+that it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases,
+can better be borne than could the evils of a different practice.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of
+the government upon the vital questions affecting the whole people is to
+be irrevocably fixed by the decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant
+they are made, as in ordinary litigation between parties in personal
+actions, the people will have ceased to be their own masters, unless
+having to that extent practically resigned their government into the
+hands of that eminent tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the judges. It
+is a duty from which they may not shrink, to decide cases properly
+brought before them; and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn
+their decisions into political purposes. One section of our country
+believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other
+believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended; and this is the only
+substantial dispute; and the fugitive slave clause of the Constitution,
+and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade, are each as
+well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> where the
+moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. The great
+body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation in both cases, and
+a few break over in each. This, I think, cannot be perfectly cured, and
+it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections
+than before. The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would
+be ultimately revived, without restriction, in one section; while
+fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be
+surrendered at all by the other.</p>
+
+<p>Physically speaking we cannot separate&mdash;we cannot remove our respective
+sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall between them. A
+husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of the presence and beyond
+the reach of each other, but the different sections of our country
+cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face; and intercourse,
+either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible,
+then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory
+after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than
+friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between
+aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, you cannot
+fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on
+either, you cease<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> fighting, the identical questions as to terms of
+intercourse are again upon you.</p>
+
+<p>This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit
+it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can
+exercise their constitutional right of amending, or their revolutionary
+right to dismember or overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact
+that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the
+national Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of
+amendment, I fully recognize the full authority of the people over the
+whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the
+instrument itself, and I should, under existing circumstances, favor,
+rather than oppose, a fair opportunity being afforded the people to act
+upon it.</p>
+
+<p>I will venture to add, that to me the convention mode seems preferable,
+in that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves,
+instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions
+originated by others not especially chosen for the purpose, and which
+might not be precisely such as they would wish either to accept or
+refuse. I understand that a proposed amendment to the Constitution
+(which amendment, however, I have not seen) has passed Congress, to the
+effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with the
+domestic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> institutions of States, including that of persons held to
+service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart from my
+purpose not to speak of particular amendments, so far as to say that,
+holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no
+objection to its being made express and irrevocable.</p>
+
+<p>The chief magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they
+have conferred none upon him to fix the terms for the separation of the
+States. The people themselves, also, can do this if they choose, but the
+Executive, as such, has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer
+the present government as it came to his hands, and to transmit it
+unimpaired by him to his successor. Why should there not be a patient
+confidence in the ultimate justice of the people? Is there any better or
+equal hope in the world? In our present differences is either party
+without faith of being in the right? If the Almighty Ruler of nations,
+with his eternal truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on
+yours of the South, that truth and that justice will surely prevail by
+the judgment of this great tribunal, the American people. By the frame
+of the Government under which we live, this same people have wisely
+given their public servants but little power for mischief, and have with
+equal wisdom provided<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> for the return of that little to their own hands
+at very short intervals. While the people retain their virtue and
+vigilance, no administration, by any extreme wickedness or folly, can
+very seriously injure the Government in the short space of four years.</p>
+
+<p>My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon this whole
+subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time.</p>
+
+<p>If there be an object to hurry any of you, in hot haste, to a step which
+you would never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by
+taking time; but no good object can be frustrated by it.</p>
+
+<p>Such of you as are now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution
+unimpaired, and on the sensitive point, the laws of your own framing
+under it; while the new administration will have no immediate power, if
+it would, to change either.</p>
+
+<p>If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the right side in
+the dispute, there is still no single reason for precipitate action.
+Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him who
+has never yet forsaken this favored land, are still competent to adjust,
+in the best way, all our present difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is
+the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p><p>You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You
+have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government; while I
+shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it."</p>
+
+<p>I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be
+enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds
+of affection.</p>
+
+<p>The mystic cords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and
+patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad
+land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as
+surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_BALANCE_SHEET_OF_THE_GOVERNMENT" id="THE_BALANCE_SHEET_OF_THE_GOVERNMENT"></a>THE BALANCE SHEET OF THE GOVERNMENT,</h2>
+
+<p><span class="caps">BEFORE AND SINCE THE WAR</span>, 1859 <span class="caps">AND</span> 1865.</p>
+
+
+<p>
+The receipts into the Treasury during the fiscal year ending<br />
+June 30, 1859, were as follows:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Treasury Receipts">
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>From Customs</td>
+ <td align='right'>$49,565,824 38</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>From Public Lands</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,756,687 30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>From Miscellaneous Sources</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,082,559 33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>From Treasury Notes</td>
+ <td align='right'>9,667,400 00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>From Loans</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>18,620,000 00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>Aggregate resources for the year ending</td></tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>June 30, 1859</td>
+ <td align='right'>$88,090,787 11</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Which amount was expended as follows:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Treasury Receipts">
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Civil, Foreign and Miscellan's</td>
+ <td align='right'>$23,635,820 94</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Interior (Indians and Pensions),</td>
+ <td align='right'>4,753,972 60</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>War Department</td>
+ <td align='right'>23,243,822 38</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Navy Department</td>
+ <td align='right'>14,712,610 21</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Public Debt</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>17,405,285 44</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Total expenses for the year</td>
+ <td align='right'>$83,751,511 57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Balance in Treasury July 1, 1859</td>
+ <td align='right'>4,339,275 54</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The receipts into the Treasury during the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1865, was $1,898,532,533 24, of which were
+received:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="1865 Balances">
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>From loans applied to expenses</td>
+ <td align='right'>$864,863,499 17</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>From loans applied to Public Debt</td>
+ <td align='right'>607,361,241 68</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>From Internal Revenue</td>
+ <td align='right'>209,464,215 25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Expenditures for the year</td>
+ <td align='right'>$1,897,674,224 09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>War Department charged with</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,031,323,360 79</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Balance in Treasury July 1, 1865</td>
+ <td align='right'>858,309 15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Total increase of Public Debt during the year</td>
+ <td align='right'>941,902,537 04</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PRESIDENT_LINCOLNS_SECOND_AND_LAST_INAUGURAL_ADDRESS" id="PRESIDENT_LINCOLNS_SECOND_AND_LAST_INAUGURAL_ADDRESS"></a>PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S SECOND AND LAST INAUGURAL ADDRESS.</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">March 4, 1865.</span></h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fellow-Countrymen:</span> At this second appearing to take the oath of the
+Presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than
+there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of a
+course to be pursued seemed very fitting and proper. Now, at the
+expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been
+constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest
+which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the
+nation, little that is new could be presented.</p>
+
+<p>The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as
+well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust reasonably
+satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no
+prediction in regard to it is ventured.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p><p>On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts were
+anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it; all sought
+to avoid it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this
+place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent
+agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war&mdash;seeking to
+dissolve the Union and divide the effects by negotiation. Both parties
+deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the
+nation survive; and the other would rather accept war than let it
+perish, and the war came.</p>
+
+<p>One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed
+generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it.
+These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that
+this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen,
+perpetuate, and extend this interest, was the object for which the
+insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government
+claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement
+of it.</p>
+
+<p>Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which
+it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the
+conflict might cease with, or even before the conflict itself should
+cease. Each looked for an easier triumph,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> and a result less fundamental
+and astounding.</p>
+
+<p>Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invoke his
+aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to
+ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of
+other men's faces; but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The
+prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered
+fully. The Almighty has his own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of
+offences, for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man
+by whom the offence cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery
+is one of these offences, which, in the providence of God, must needs
+come, but which, having continued through his appointed time, he now
+wills to remove, and that he gives to both North and South this terrible
+war as the woe due to those by whom the offence came, shall we discern
+therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers
+in a living God always ascribe to him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do
+we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may soon pass away. Yet, if God
+wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondman's two
+hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until
+every drop of blood drawn with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> the lash, shall be paid with another
+drawn by the sword; as was said three thousand years ago, so still it
+must be said, "The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous
+altogether."</p>
+
+<p>With malice toward none, with charity to all, with firmness in the
+right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the
+work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who
+shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans; to do
+all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among
+ourselves and with all nations.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PRESIDENT_LINCOLNS_PROCLAMATION_OF_AMNESTY" id="PRESIDENT_LINCOLNS_PROCLAMATION_OF_AMNESTY"></a>PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY.</h2>
+
+<h4>ACCOMPANYING THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE, DECEMBER 8, 1863.</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, in and by the Constitution of the United States, it is provided
+that the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
+offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment;" and
+whereas a rebellion now exists whereby the loyal State governments of
+several States have for a long time been subverted, and many persons
+have committed and are now guilty of treason against the United States;
+and whereas, with reference to said rebellion and treason, laws have
+been enacted by Congress declaring forfeitures and confiscation of
+property and liberation of slaves, all upon terms and conditions therein
+stated; and also declaring that the President was thereby authorized at
+any time thereafter, by proclamation, to extend to persons who may have
+participated in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> existing rebellion, in any State or part thereof,
+pardon and amnesty, with such exceptions and at such times and on such
+conditions as he may deem expedient for the public welfare; and whereas
+the congressional declaration for limited and conditional pardon accords
+with well established judicial exposition of the pardoning power; and
+whereas, with reference to said rebellion, the President of the United
+States has issued several proclamations with provisions in regard to the
+liberation of slaves; and whereas it is now desired by some persons
+heretofore engaged in said rebellion to resume their allegiance to the
+United States, and to reinaugurate loyal State governments within and
+for their respective States: Therefore,</p>
+
+<p>"I, <span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>, President of the United States, do proclaim,
+declare, and make known to all persons who have, directly or by
+implication, participated in the existing rebellion, except as
+hereinafter excepted, that a full pardon is hereby granted to them and
+each of them, with restoration of all rights of property, except as to
+slaves, and in property cases where rights of third parties shall have
+intervened, and upon the condition that every such person shall take and
+subscribe an oath, and thenceforward keep and maintain such oath
+inviolate; and which oath shall be registered for permanent
+preservation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> and shall be of the tenor and effect following, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>"I, &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;, do solemnly swear, in presence of Almighty God, that I will
+henceforth faithfully support, protect, and defend the Constitution of
+the United States, and the union of the States thereunder; and that I
+will in like manner, abide by and faithfully support all acts of
+Congress passed during the existing rebellion with reference to slaves,
+so long and so far as not repealed, modified, or held void by Congress,
+or by decision of the Supreme Court; and that I will, in like manner,
+abide by and faithfully support all proclamations of the President made
+during the existing rebellion having reference to slaves, so long and so
+far as not modified or declared void by decision of the Supreme Court.
+So help me God."</p>
+
+<p>The persons excepted from the benefits of the foregoing provisions are,
+all who are, or shall have been, civil or diplomatic officers or agents
+of the so-called confederate government; all who have left judicial
+stations under the United States to aid the rebellion; all who are, or
+shall have been, military or naval officers of said so-called
+confederate government, above the rank of colonel in the army, or of
+lieutenant in the navy; all who left seats in the United States Congress
+to aid the rebellion; all who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> resigned commissions in the Army or Navy
+of the United States, and afterwards aided the rebellion; and all who
+have engaged in any way in treating colored persons, or white persons in
+charge of such, otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war, and which
+persons may have been found in the United States Service as soldiers,
+seamen, or in any other capacity.</p>
+
+<p>And I do further proclaim, declare and make known, that whenever, in any
+of the States of Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee,
+Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and North Carolina, a number
+of persons, not less than one-tenth in number of the votes cast in such
+State at the presidential election of the year of our Lord 1860, each
+having taken the oath aforesaid, and not having since violated it, and
+being a qualified voter by the election law of the State existing
+immediately before the so-called act of secession, and excluding all
+others shall re-establish a State government which shall be republican,
+and in nowise contravening said oath, such shall be recognized as the
+true government of the State, and the State shall receive thereunder the
+benefits of the constitutional provision which declares that "the United
+States shall guaranty to every State in this Union a republican form of
+government, and shall protect each of them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> against invasion; and, on
+application of the Legislature, or the Executive (when the Legislature
+cannot be convened), against domestic violence."</p>
+
+<p>And I do further proclaim, declare, and make known that any provision
+which may be adopted by such State government in relation to the freed
+people of such State, which shall recognize and declare their permanent
+freedom, provide for their education, and which may yet be consistent,
+as a temporary arrangement, with their present condition as a laboring,
+landless, and homeless class, will not be objected to by the National
+Executive. And it is suggested as not improper, that, in constructing a
+loyal State government in any State, the name of the State, the
+boundary, the subdivisions, the constitution, and the general code of
+laws, as before the rebellion, be maintained, subject only to the
+modifications made necessary by the conditions hereinbefore stated, and
+such others, if any, not contravening said conditions, and which may be
+deemed expedient by those framing the new State government.</p>
+
+<p>To avoid misunderstanding, it may be proper to say that this
+proclamation, so far as it relates to State governments, has no
+reference to States wherein loyal State governments have all the while
+been maintained. And for the same reason, it may be proper to further
+say that whether members sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> to Congress from any State shall be
+admitted to seats, constitutionally rests exclusive with the respective
+Houses, and not to any extent with the Executive. And still further,
+that this proclamation is intended to present the people of the States
+wherein the national authority has been suspended, and loyal State
+governments have been subverted, a mode in and by which the national
+authority and loyal State governments may be re-established within said
+States, or in any of them; and, while the mode presented is the best the
+Executive can suggest, with his present impressions, it must not be
+understood that no other possible mode would be acceptable.</p>
+
+<p>Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, the 8th day of December,
+<span class="caps">A.D.</span> 1863, and of [<span class="caps">L.S.</span>] the independence of the United States of
+America the eighty-eighth.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">By the President.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. H. Seward</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PRESIDENT_JOHNSONS_AMNESTY_PROCLAMATION" id="PRESIDENT_JOHNSONS_AMNESTY_PROCLAMATION"></a>PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S AMNESTY PROCLAMATION.</h2>
+
+<h4>BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i>, The President of the United States, on the 8th day of
+December, 1863, did, with the object of suppressing the existing
+rebellion, to induce all persons to lay down their arms, to return to
+their loyalty, and to restore the authority of the United States, issue
+proclamations offering amnesty and pardon to certain persons who had
+directly or by implication, engaged in said rebellion; and</p>
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i>, Many persons who had so engaged in the late rebellion have,
+since the issuance of said proclamation, failed or neglected to take the
+benefits offered thereby; and</p>
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i>, Many persons who have been justly deprived of all claim to
+amnesty and pardon thereunder, by reason of their participation directly
+or by implication in said rebellion, and continued in hostility to the
+Government of the United States since<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> the date of said proclamation,
+now desire to apply for and obtain amnesty and pardon:</p>
+
+<p>To the end, therefore, that the authority of the Government of the
+United States may be restored, and that peace, and order, and freedom
+may be established, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States,
+do proclaim and declare, that I hereby grant to all persons who have
+directly or indirectly participated in the existing rebellion, except as
+hereafter excepted, amnesty and pardon, with restoration of all rights
+of property, except as to slaves, except in cases where legal
+proceedings under the laws of the United States, providing for the
+confiscation of property of persons engaged in rebellion, have been
+instituted, but on the condition, nevertheless, that every such person
+shall take and subscribe to the following oath, which shall be
+registered, for permanent preservation, and shall be of the tenor and
+effect following, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>I do solemnly swear or affirm in presence of Almighty God, that I will
+henceforth support, protect, and faithfully defend the Constitution of
+the United States, and will, in like manner, abide by and faithfully
+support all laws and proclamations which have been made during the
+existing rebellion with reference to the emancipation of slaves. So help
+me God.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p><p>The following classes of persons are excepted from the benefits of this
+proclamation.</p>
+
+<p>1. All who are or have been pretended diplomatic officers, or otherwise
+domestic or foreign agents of the pretended Confederate States.</p>
+
+<p>2. All who left judicial stations under the United States to aid in the
+rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>3. All who have been military or naval officers of the pretended
+Confederate Government above the rank of colonel in the army, and
+lieutenant in the navy.</p>
+
+<p>4. All who left their seats in the Congress of the United States to aid
+in the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>5. All who resigned or tendered the resignation of their commissions in
+the army and navy of the United States to evade their duty in resisting
+the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>6. All who have engaged in any way in treating otherwise than lawfully
+as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States service as
+officers, soldiers, seamen, or in other capacities.</p>
+
+<p>7. All persons who have been or are absentees from the United States for
+the purpose of aiding the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>8. All military or naval officers in the rebel service who were educated
+by the Government in the Military Academy at West Point, or at the
+United States Naval Academy.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p><p>9. All persons who held the pretended offices of Governors of the
+States in insurrection against the United States.</p>
+
+<p>10. All persons who left their homes within the jurisdiction and
+protection of the United States, and passed beyond the Federal military
+lines into the so-called Confederate States for the purpose of aiding
+the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>11. All persons who have engaged in the destruction of the commerce of
+the United States upon the high seas, and all persons who have made
+raids into the United States from Canada, or been engaged in destroying
+the commerce of the United States on the lakes and rivers that separate
+the British provinces from the United States.</p>
+
+<p>12. All persons who, at a time when they seek to obtain the benefits
+hereof by taking the oath herein prescribed, are in military, naval or
+civil confinement or custody, or under bond of the military or naval
+authorities or agents of the United States as prisoners of any kind,
+either before or after their conviction.</p>
+
+<p>13. All persons who have voluntarily participated in said rebellion, the
+estimated value of whose taxable property is over twenty thousand
+dollars.</p>
+
+<p>14. All persons who have taken the oath of amnesty, as prescribed in the
+President's proclamation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> of December 8, 1863, or the oath of allegiance
+to the United States since the date of said proclamation, and who have
+not thenceforward kept the same inviolate; provided, that special
+application may be made to the President for pardon by any person
+belonging to the excepted classes, and such clemency will be extended as
+may be consistent with the facts of the case and the peace and dignity
+of the United States. The Secretary of State will establish rules and
+regulations for administering and recording the said amnesty oath, so as
+to insure its benefits to the people, and guard the government against
+fraud.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal
+of the United States to be affixed.</p>
+
+<p>Done at the City of Washington, this the 29th day of May, 1865, and of
+the independence of America the 89th.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+ANDREW JOHNSON.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">By the President,</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. H. Seward</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="A_PEACE_PROCLAMATION" id="A_PEACE_PROCLAMATION"></a>A PEACE PROCLAMATION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>On the 20th of August, 1866, the President issued a proclamation
+announcing the return of peace and restoring the writ of <i>habeas corpus</i>
+in all the Southern States. Among the points made in this proclamation
+are the following:</p>
+
+<p>"There now exists no organized armed resistance of the misguided
+citizens or others to the authority of the United States in the States
+of Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee,
+Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Florida, and the laws can
+be sustained and enforced therein by the proper civil authority, State
+or Federal, and the people of the said States are well and loyally
+disposed, and have conformed, or will conform, in their legislation to
+the condition of affairs growing out of the amendment to the
+Constitution of the United<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> States prohibiting slavery within the
+jurisdiction of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>"* * * The people of the several before mentioned States have, in the
+manner aforesaid, given satisfactory evidence that they acquiesce in
+this sovereign and important revolution of the national unity.</p>
+
+<p>"It is believed to be a fundamental principle of government that people
+who have revolted, and who have been overcome and subdued, must either
+be dealt with so as to induce them voluntarily to become friends, or
+else they must be held by absolute military power, or devastated so as
+to prevent them from ever again doing harm as enemies, which last named
+policy is abhorrent to humanity and freedom.</p>
+
+<p>"The Constitution of the United States provides for constitutional
+communities only as States, and not as territories, dependencies,
+provinces, or protectorates.</p>
+
+<p>"* * * Therefore, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, do
+hereby proclaim and declare that the insurrection which heretofore
+existed in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
+Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and
+Florida is at an end, and henceforth to be so regarded."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CIVIL_RIGHTS_BILL" id="CIVIL_RIGHTS_BILL"></a>CIVIL RIGHTS BILL.</h2>
+
+<h4>AS ADOPTED BY CONGRESS, MARCH, 1866.</h4>
+
+
+<p>&sect; 1. That all persons in the United States, and not subject to any
+foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be
+citizens of the United States; and such citizens of every race and
+color, without regard to any previous condition of Slavery or
+involuntary service, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party
+shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same right, in every
+State and Territory, to make and enforce contracts, to sue, to be sued,
+be parties and give evidence; to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold,
+and convey personal property, and to full and equal benefit of all laws
+and proceedings for the security of person and property as are enjoyed
+by white citizens; and shall be subject to the like punishment, pains
+and penalties, and to none other; any law, statute, ordinance,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>
+regulation, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 2. And that any person who, under color of any law, statute,
+ordinance, regulation, or custom, shall subject, or cause to be
+subjected, any inhabitant of any State or Territory to the deprivation
+of any right secured or protected by this act, or to punishment, pains,
+and penalties, on account of such person having at any time been held in
+a condition of slavery, or involuntary servitude, except for the
+punishment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, or
+by the reason of his color or race, than is prescribed for the
+punishment of white persons, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
+and, on conviction, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one
+thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both, in
+the discretion of the court.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 3. That the district courts of the United States, within their
+respective districts, shall have, exclusively of the courts of the
+several States, cognizance of all crimes and offences committed against
+the provisions of this act, and also, concurrently with the circuit
+courts of the United States, of all causes civil and criminal, affecting
+persons who are denied, or can not enforce in the courts of judicial
+tribunal of the State or locality where they may be, any of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> the rights
+secured to them by the first section of this act; and if any suit or
+prosecution, civil or criminal, has been, or shall be commenced in any
+State court against any such person, for any cause whatsoever, civil or
+military, or any other person, any arrest or imprisonment, trespasses,
+or wrong done or committed by virtue or under color of authority derived
+from this act, or the act establishing a bureau for the relief of
+freedmen and refugees, and all acts amendatory thereof, or for refusing
+to do any act, upon the ground that it would be inconsistent with this
+act, such defendant shall have the right to remove such cause for trial
+to the proper district or circuit court, in the manner prescribed by the
+act relating to <i>habeas corpus</i>, and regulating judicial proceedings in
+certain cases, approved March 3, 1863, and all acts amendatory thereto.
+The jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters hereby conferred on the
+district and circuit courts of the United States shall be exercised and
+enforced, in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far as
+such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect; but in all cases
+where such laws are not adapted to the object, or are deficient in the
+provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish offences
+against the law, the common law, as modified and changed by the
+Constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having
+jurisdiction<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> of the cause, civil or criminal, is held, so far as the
+same is not inconsistent with the Constitution, and laws of the United
+States, shall be extended, and govern the said courts in the trial and
+disposition of such causes, and, if of a criminal nature, in the
+infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 4. That the district attorneys, marshals, and deputy marshals, of the
+United States, the commissioners appointed by the circuit and
+territorial courts of the United States, with power of arresting,
+imprisoning, or bailing offenders against the laws of the United States,
+the officers and agents of the Freedmen's Bureau, and every other
+officer who may be specially empowered by the President of the United
+States, shall be, and they are, hereby specially authorized and
+required, at the expense of the United States, to institute proceedings
+against all and every person who shall violate the provisions of this
+act, and cause him or them to be arrested and imprisoned, or bailed, as
+the case may be, for trial before such of the United States or
+territorial courts as by this act have cognizance of the offence, and,
+with a view to affording reasonable protection to all persons in their
+constitutional rights of equality before the law, without distinction of
+race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary
+servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall
+have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> duly convicted, and the prompt discharge of the duties of
+this act, it shall be the duty of the circuit courts of the United
+States and the superior courts of the territories of the United States,
+from time to time, to increase the number of Commissioners, so as to
+afford a speedy and convenient means for the arrest and examination of
+persons charged with a violation of this act.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 5. That said Commissioners shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the
+judges of the circuit and district courts of the United States, and the
+judges of the superior courts of the territories, severally and
+collectively, in term time and vacation, upon satisfactory proof being
+made, to issue warrants and precepts for arresting and bringing before
+them all offenders against the provisions of this act, and, on
+examination, to discharge, admit to bail, or commit them for trial, as
+the facts may warrant.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 6. And such Commissioners are hereby authorized and required to
+exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred on them by
+this Act, and the same duties with regard to offences created by this
+act, as they are authorized by law to exercise with regard to other
+offences against the laws of the United States. That it shall be the
+duty of all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all
+warrants and precepts issued under the provisions of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> this act when to
+them directed, and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to
+receive such warrant or other process, when tendered, or to use all
+proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall on conviction
+thereof be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of the
+person upon whom the accused is alleged to have committed the offence;
+and the better to enable the said Commissioners to execute their duties
+faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the Constitution of the
+United States, and the requirements of this act, they are hereby
+authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to
+appoint, in writing under their hands, one or more suitable persons,
+from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may
+be issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties,
+and the person so appointed to execute any warrant or process as
+aforesaid shall have authority to summon and call to their aid the
+bystanders of a <i>posse comitatus</i> of the proper county, or such portion
+of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as
+may be necessary to the performance of the duty with which they are
+charged, and to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the
+Constitution which prohibits slavery, in conformity with the provisions
+of this act; and said warrants shall run and be executed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> said
+officers anywhere in the State or Territory within which they are
+issued.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 7. That any person who shall knowingly and wrongfully obstruct, hinder
+or prevent any officer or other person charged with the execution of any
+warrant or process issued under the provisions of this act, or any
+person or persons lawfully assisting him or them, from arresting any
+person for whose apprehension such warrant or process may have been
+issued; or shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, such person from the
+custody of the officer, other person or persons, or those lawfully
+assisting, as aforesaid, when so arrested, pursuant to the authority
+herein given and declared; or shall aid, abet or assist any person so
+arrested as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from the
+custody of the officer or other persons legally authorized, as
+aforesaid, or shall harbor or conceal any person for whom a warrant or
+process shall have been issued as aforesaid, so as to prevent his
+discovery and arrest after notice of knowledge of the fact that a
+warrant has been issued for the apprehension of such person, shall for
+either of said offences be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand
+dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment before
+the district court of the United States for the district in which said
+offence may have been committed, or before the proper court<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> of criminal
+jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized Territories
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 8. That the district attorneys, the marshals, their deputies, and the
+clerks of the said district and territorial courts, shall be paid for
+their services the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar
+services in other cases; and in all cases where the proceedings are
+before a Commissioner he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in
+full for his services in each case, inclusive of all services incident
+to such arrest and examination. The person or persons authorized to
+execute the process to be issued by such Commissioners for the arrest of
+offenders against the provisions of this act, shall be entitled to a fee
+of five dollars for each person he or they may arrest and take before
+any such Commissioner, as aforesaid, with such other fees as may be
+deemed reasonable by such Commissioner for such other additional
+services as may be necessarily performed by him or them&mdash;such as
+attending at the examination, keeping the prisoner in custody, and
+providing food and lodgings during his detention and until the final
+determination of such Commissioner, and in general for performing such
+other duties as may be required in the premises, such fees to be made up
+in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers of the court
+of justice, within the proper district or county, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> near as
+practicable, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States, on the
+certificate of the district within which the arrest is made, and to be
+recoverable from the defendant as part of the judgment in case of
+conviction.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 9. That whenever the President of the United States shall have reason
+to believe that offences have been or are likely to be committed against
+the provisions of this act within any judicial district, it shall be
+lawful for him, in his discretion, to direct the judge, marshal and
+district attorney of such district to attend at such place within the
+district and for such time as he may designate, for the purpose of the
+more speedy arrest and trial of persons charged with the violation of
+this act; and it shall be the duty of every judge or other officer, when
+any such requisition shall be received by him, to attend at the place
+and for the time therein designated.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 10. That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States, or
+such persons as he may empower for that purpose, to employ such part of
+the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as
+shall be necessary to prevent the violation and enforce the due
+execution of this act.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 11. That upon all questions of law arising in any cause under the
+provisions of this act, a final appeal may be taken to the supreme court
+of the United States.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FREEDMENS_BUREAU_BILL" id="FREEDMENS_BUREAU_BILL"></a>FREEDMEN'S BUREAU BILL,</h2>
+
+<h4>AS AMENDED AND APPROVED BY THE XXXIXTH CONGRESS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">An act to continue in force and to amend "An act to establish a
+Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees," and for other
+purposes.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the act to establish a
+Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees, approved March third,
+eighteen hundred and sixty-five, shall continue in force for the term of
+two years from and after the passage of this act.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 2. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the supervision and care of said
+bureau shall extend to all loyal refugees and freedmen, so far as the
+same shall be necessary to enable them as speedily as practicable to
+become self-supporting citizens of the United States, and to aid them in
+making the freedom conferred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> by proclamation of the commander-in-chief,
+by emancipation under the laws of States, and by constitutional
+amendment, available to them and beneficial to the republic.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 3. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the President shall, by and with
+the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint two assistant
+commissioners in addition to those authorized by the act to which this
+is an amendment, who shall give like bonds and receive the same annual
+salary provided in said act, and each of the assistant commissioners of
+the bureau shall have charge of one district containing such refugees or
+freedmen, to be assigned him by the Commissioner, with the approval of
+the President. And the Commissioner shall, under the direction of the
+President, and so far as the same shall be, in his judgment, necessary
+for the efficient and economical administration of the affairs of the
+bureau, appoint such agents, clerks, and assistants as maybe required
+for the proper conduct of the bureau. Military officers or enlisted men
+may be detailed for service and assigned to duty under this act; and the
+President may, if in his judgment safe and judicious so to do, detail
+from the army all the officers and agents of this bureau; but no officer
+so assigned shall have increase of pay or allowances. Each agent or
+clerk, not heretofore authorized by law, not being a military<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> officer,
+shall have an annual salary of not less than five hundred dollars, nor
+more than twelve hundred dollars, according to the service required of
+him. And it shall be the duty of the Commissioner, when it can be done
+consistently with public interest, to appoint, as assistant
+commissioners, agents, and clerks, such men as have proved their loyalty
+by faithful service in the armies of the Union during the rebellion. And
+all persons appointed to service under this act and the act to which
+this is an amendment shall be so far deemed in the military service of
+the United States as to be under the military jurisdiction, and entitled
+to the military protection of the government while in discharge of the
+duties of their office.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 4. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That officers of the Veteran Reserve
+Corps or of the volunteer service, now on duty in the Freedmen's Bureau
+as assistant commissioners, agents, medical officers, or in other
+capacities, whose regiments or corps have been or may hereafter be
+mustered out of service, may be retained upon such duty as officers of
+said bureau, with the same compensation as is now provided by law for
+their respective grades; and the Secretary of War shall have power to
+fill vacancies until other officers can be detailed in their places
+without detriment to the public service.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p><p>&sect; 5. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the second section of the act to
+which this is an amendment shall be deemed to authorize the Secretary of
+War to issue such medical stores or other supplies and transportation,
+and afford such medical or other aid as may be needful for the purpose
+named in said section: <i>Provided</i>, That no person shall be deemed
+"destitute," "suffering," or "dependent upon the government for
+support," within the meaning of this act, who is able to find
+employment, and could, by proper industry and exertion, avoid such
+destitution, suffering, or dependence.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 6. Whereas, by the provisions of an act approved February sixth,
+eighteen hundred and sixty-three, entitled "An act to amend an act
+entitled 'An act for the collection of direct taxes in insurrectionary
+districts within the United States, and for other purposes,' approved
+June seventh, eighteen hundred and sixty-two," certain lands in the
+parishes of Saint Helena and Saint Luke, South Carolina, were bid in by
+the United States at public tax sales, and by the limitation of said act
+the time of redemption of said lands has expired; and whereas, in
+accordance with instructions issued by President Lincoln on the
+sixteenth day of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, to the
+United States direct tax commissioners for South Carolina, certain lands
+bid in by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> the United States in the parish of Saint Helena, in said
+State, were in part sold by the said tax commissioners to "heads of
+families of the African race," in parcels of not more than twenty acres
+to each purchaser; and whereas, under the said instructions, the said
+tax commissioners did also set apart as "school farms" certain parcels
+of land in said parish, numbered on their plats from one to
+thirty-three, inclusive, making an aggregate of six thousand acres, more
+or less: <i>Therefore, be it further enacted</i>, That the sales made to
+"heads of families of the African race," under the instructions of
+President Lincoln to the United States direct tax commissioners for
+South Carolina, of date of September sixteenth, eighteen hundred and
+sixty-three, are hereby confirmed and established; and all leases which
+have been made to such "heads of families," by said direct tax
+commissioners, shall be changed into certificates of sale in all cases
+wherein the lease provides for such substitution; and all the lands now
+remaining unsold, which come within the same designation, being eight
+thousand acres, more or less, shall be disposed of according to said
+instructions.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 7. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That all other lands bid in by the
+United States at tax sales, being thirty-eight thousand acres, more or
+less, and now in the hands of the said tax commissioners as the
+property<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> of the United States, in the parishes of Saint Helena and
+Saint Luke, excepting the "school farms," as specified in the preceding
+section, and so much as may be necessary for military and naval purposes
+at Hilton Head, Bay Point, and Land's End, and excepting also the city
+of Port Royal, on Saint Helena island, and the town of Beaufort, shall
+be disposed of in parcels of twenty acres, at one dollar and fifty cents
+per acre, to such persons, and to such only, as have acquired and are
+now occupying lands under and agreeably to the provisions of General
+Sherman's special field order, dated at Savannah, Georgia, January
+sixteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, and the remaining lands, if
+any, shall be disposed of in like manner to such persons as had acquired
+lands agreeably to the said order of General Sherman, but who have been
+dispossessed by the restoration of the same to former owners:
+<i>Provided</i>, That the lands sold in compliance with the provisions of
+this and the preceding section shall not be alienated by their
+purchasers within six years from and after the passage of this act.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 8. <i>And be it farther enacted</i>, That the "school farms" in the parish
+of Saint Helena, South Carolina, shall be sold, subject to any leases of
+the same, by the said tax commissioners, at public auction, on or before
+the first day of January, eighteen hundred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> and sixty-seven, at not less
+than ten dollars per acre; and the lots in the city of Port Royal, as
+laid down by the said tax commissioners, and the lots and houses in the
+town of Beaufort, which are still held in like manner, shall be sold at
+public auction; and the proceeds of said sales, after paying expenses of
+the surveys and sales, shall be invested in United States bonds, the
+interest of which shall be appropriated, under the direction of the
+Commissioner, to the support of schools, without distinction of color or
+race, on the islands in the parishes of Saint Helena and Saint Luke.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 9. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the assistant commissioners for
+South Carolina and Georgia are hereby authorized to examine all claims
+to lands in their respective States which are claimed under the
+provisions of General Sherman's special field order, and to give each
+person having a valid claim a warrant upon the direct tax commissioners
+for South Carolina for twenty acres of land, and the said direct tax
+commissioners shall issue to every person, or to his or her heirs, but
+in no case to any assigns, presenting such warrant, a lease of twenty
+acres of land, as provided for in section 7, for the term of six years;
+but at any time thereafter, upon the payment of a sum not exceeding one
+dollar and fifty cents per acre, the person holding such lease shall be
+entitled to a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> certificate of sale of said tract of twenty acres from
+the direct tax commissioner or such officer as may be authorized to
+issue the same; but no warrant shall be held valid longer than two years
+after the issue of the same.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 10. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the direct tax commissioners for
+South Carolina are hereby authorized and required at the earliest day
+practicable to survey the lands designated in section 7 into lots of
+twenty acres each, with proper metes and bounds distinctly marked, so
+that the several tracts shall be convenient in form, and as near as
+practicable have an average of fertility and woodland; and the expense
+of such surveys shall be paid from the proceeds of the sales of said
+lands, or, if sooner required, out of any moneys received for other
+lands on these islands, sold by the United States for taxes, and now in
+the hands of the direct tax commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 11. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That restoration of lands occupied by
+freedmen under General Sherman's field order, dated at Savannah,
+Georgia, January sixteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, shall not
+be made until after the crops of the present year shall have been
+gathered by the occupants of said lands, nor until a fair compensation
+shall have been made to them by the former owners of such lands or their
+legal representatives for all improvements or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> betterments erected or
+constructed thereon, and after due notice of the same being done shall
+have been given by the assistant commissioner.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 12. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Commissioner shall have
+power to seize, hold, use, lease, or sell all buildings and tenements,
+and any lands appertaining to the same, or otherwise, formerly held
+under color of title by the late so-called Confederate States, and not
+heretofore disposed of by the United States, and any buildings or lands
+held in trust for the same by any person or persons, and to use the same
+or appropriate the proceeds derived therefrom to the education of the
+freed people; and whenever the bureau shall cease to exist, such of said
+so-called Confederate States as shall have made provision for the
+education of their citizens without distinction of color shall receive
+the sum remaining unexpended of such sales or rentals, which shall be
+distributed among said States for educational purposes in proportion to
+their population.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 13. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Commissioner of this bureau
+shall at all times co-operate with private benevolent associations of
+citizens in aid of freedmen, and with agents and teachers, duly
+accredited and appointed by them, and shall hire or provide by lease
+buildings for purposes of education whenever such associations shall,
+without cost to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> government, provide suitable teachers and means of
+instructions; and he shall furnish such protection as may be required
+for the safe conduct of such schools.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 14. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That in every State or district where
+the ordinary course of judicial proceedings has been interrupted by the
+rebellion, and until the same shall be fully restored, and in every
+State or district whose constitutional relations to the government have
+been practically discontinued by the rebellion, and until such State
+shall have been restored in such relations, and shall be duly
+represented in the Congress of the United States, the right to make and
+enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and give evidence, to inherit,
+purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, and
+to have full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings concerning
+personal liberty, personal security, and the acquisition, enjoyment, and
+disposition of estate, real and personal, including the constitutional
+right to bear arms, shall be secured to and enjoyed by all the citizens
+of such State or district without respect to race or color, or previous
+condition of slavery. And whenever in either of said States or districts
+the ordinary course of judicial proceedings has been interrupted by the
+rebellion, and until the same shall be fully restored, and until such
+State shall have been restored in its constitutional relations to the
+government,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> and shall be duly represented in the Congress of the United
+States, the President shall, through the Commissioner and the officers
+of the bureau, and under such rules and regulations as the President,
+through the Secretary of War, shall prescribe, extend military
+protection and have military jurisdiction over all cases and questions
+concerning the free enjoyment of such immunities and rights, and no
+penalty or punishment for any violation of law shall be imposed or
+permitted because of race or color, or previous condition of slavery,
+other or greater than the penalty or punishment to which white persons
+may be liable by law for the like offence. But the jurisdiction
+conferred by this section upon the officers of the bureau shall not
+exist in any State where the ordinary course of judicial proceedings has
+not been interrupted by the rebellion, and shall cease in every State
+when the courts of the State and of the United States are not disturbed
+in the peaceable course of justice, and after such State shall be fully
+restored in its constitutional relations to the government, and shall be
+duly represented in the Congress of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>&sect; 15. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That all officers, agents, and
+employ&eacute;s of this bureau, before entering upon the duties of their
+office, shall take the oath prescribed in the first section of the act
+to which this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> is an amendment; and all acts or parts of acts
+inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Schuyler Colfax</span>,<br />
+<br />
+<i>Speaker of the House of Representatives</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lafayette S. Foster</span>,<br />
+<br />
+<i>President of Senate pro tempore</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">In the House of Representatives United States</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<i>July</i> 16, 1866.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The President of the United States having returned to the House of
+Representatives, in which it originated, the bill entitled "An act to
+continue in force and to amend 'An act to establish a Bureau for the
+Relief of Freedmen and Refugees,' and for other purposes," with his
+objections thereto, the House of Representatives proceeded, in pursuance
+of the Constitution to reconsider the same; and</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the said bill pass, two-thirds of the House of
+Representatives agreeing to pass the same.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+Attest: <span class="smcap">Edward McPherson</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Clerk House of Representatives of the United States.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">In Senate of the United States</span>,<br />
+
+<i>July 16, 1866.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Senate having proceeded, in pursuance of the Constitution, to
+reconsider the bill entitled "An<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> act to continue in force and to amend
+'An act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees,'
+and for other purposes," returned to the House of Representatives by the
+President of the United States, with his objections, and sent by the
+House of Representatives to the Senate with the message of the President
+returning the bill&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the bill do pass, two-thirds of the Senate agreeing to
+pass the same.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+Attest: <span class="smcap">J.W. Forney</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Secretary of the Senate of the United States.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PROVOST_MARSHAL-GENERALS_REPORT" id="PROVOST_MARSHAL-GENERALS_REPORT"></a>PROVOST MARSHAL-GENERAL'S REPORT.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MEN ENLISTED, NUMBER OF KILLED, WOUNDED, AND
+DEATHS FROM DISEASE, DURING THE REBELLION.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Washington, D.C.</span>, Friday, April 27, 1866.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The following is a condensed summary of the results of the operations of
+this bureau, from its organization to the close of the war.</p>
+
+<p>1. By means of a full and exact enrollment of all persons liable to
+conscription, under the law of March 3 and its amendments, a complete
+exhibit of the military resources of the loyal States, in men, was made,
+showing an aggregate number of 2,254,063, not including 1,000,516
+soldiers actually under arms, when hostilities ceased.</p>
+
+<p>2. One million one hundred and twenty thousand six hundred and
+twenty-one men were raised, at an average cost (on account of
+recruitment exclusive of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> bounties,) of $9.84 per man, while the cost of
+recruiting of 1,356,593 raised prior to the organization of the Bureau
+was $34.01 per man. A saving of over seventy cents on the dollar in the
+cost of raising troops was thus effected under this Bureau,
+notwithstanding the increase in the price of subsistence,
+transportation, rents, &amp;c., during the last two years of the war. (Item:
+The number above given does not embrace the naval credits allowed under
+the eighth section of the act of July 4, 1864, nor credits for drafted
+men who paid commutation, the recruits for the regular army, nor the
+credits allowed by the Adjutant-General subsequent to May 25, 1865, for
+men raised prior to that date.)</p>
+
+<p>3. Seventy-six thousand five hundred and twenty-six deserters were
+arrested and returned to the army. The vigilance and energy of the
+officers of the Bureau, in this line of the business, put an effectual
+check to the wide-spread evil of desertion, which, at one time, impaired
+so seriously the numerical strength and efficiency of the army.</p>
+
+<p>4. The quotas of men furnished by the various parts of the country were
+equalized, and a proportionate share of military service secured from
+each, thus removing the very serious inequality of recruitment, which
+had arisen during the first two years of the war, and which, when the
+bureau was organized,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> had become an almost insuperable obstacle to the
+further progress of raising troops.</p>
+
+<p>5. Records were completed showing minutely the physical condition of
+1,014,776 of the men examined, and tables of great scientific and
+professional value have been compiled from this data.</p>
+
+<p>6. The casualties in the entire military force of the nation during the
+war of the rebellion, as shown by the official muster-rolls and monthly
+returns, have been compiled with, in part, this result:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Civil War Casualties">
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>KILLED IN ACTION OR DIED OF WOUNDS WHILE IN SERVICE.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Commissioned officers</td>
+ <td align='right'>5,221</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Enlisted men</td>
+ <td align='right'>90,868</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>DIED FROM DISEASE OR ACCIDENT.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Commissioned officers</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,321</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='left'>Enlisted men</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>182,329</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'>Total loss in service</td>
+ <td align='right'>280,739</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>These figures have been carefully compiled from the complete official
+file of muster-rolls and monthly returns, but yet entire accuracy is not
+claimed for them, as errors and omissions to some extent doubtless
+prevailed in the rolls and returns. Deaths (from wounds or disease
+contracted in service) which occurred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> after the men left the army are
+not included in these figures.</p>
+
+<p>7. The system of recruitment established by the Bureau, under the laws
+of Congress, if permanently adopted, (with such improvement as
+experience may suggest,) will be capable of maintaining the numerical
+strength and improving the character of the army in time of peace, or of
+promptly and economically rendering available the National forces to any
+required extent in time of war.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+<h4><a name="THE_UNITED_STATES_ARMY_DURING_THE_GREAT_CIVIL_WAR_OF_1861-65" id="THE_UNITED_STATES_ARMY_DURING_THE_GREAT_CIVIL_WAR_OF_1861-65"></a>THE UNITED STATES ARMY DURING THE GREAT CIVIL WAR OF 1861-65.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> following statement shows the number of men furnished by each State:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Civil War US Army Troops">
+<tr class='tr1'>
+ <td class='tdcbr'><small>STATES.</small></td>
+ <td class='tdcbr'><small>Men furnished<br />under Act of<br />April 15, 1861,<br />for 75,000 militia<br />for 3 months.</small></td>
+ <td class='tdcbr'><small>Aggregate No.<br />of men furnish'd<br />under all calls</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>Aggregate No.<br />of men furnish'd<br />under all calls,<br />reduced to the 3<br />years' standard.</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Maine</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>771</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>71,745</td>
+ <td align='right'>56,595</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>779</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>34,605</td>
+ <td align='right'>30,827</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Vermont</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>782</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>35,246</td>
+ <td align='right'>29,052</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>3,736</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>151,785</td>
+ <td align='right'>123,844</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>3,147</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>23,711</td>
+ <td align='right'>17,878</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Connecticut</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>2,402</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>57,270</td>
+ <td align='right'>50,514</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>New York</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>13,906</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>464,156</td>
+ <td align='right'>381,696</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>New Jersey</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>3,123</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>79,511</td>
+ <td align='right'>55,785</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>20,175</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>366,326</td>
+ <td align='right'>267,558</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Delaware</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>775</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>13,651</td>
+ <td align='right'>10,303</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Maryland</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>49,731</td>
+ <td align='right'>40,692</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>West Virginia</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>900</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>32,003</td>
+ <td align='right'>27,653</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>District of Columbia</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>4,720</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>16,872</td>
+ <td align='right'> 11,506</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Ohio</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>12,357</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>317,133</td>
+ <td align='right'>237,976</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Indiana</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>4,686</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>195,147</td>
+ <td align='right'>152,283</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Illinois</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>4,820</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>258,217</td>
+ <td align='right'>212,694</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Michigan</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>781</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>90,119</td>
+ <td align='right'>80,865</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Wisconsin</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>817</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>96,118</td>
+ <td align='right'>78,985</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Minnesota</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>930</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>25,034</td>
+ <td align='right'>19,675</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Iowa</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>968</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>75,860</td>
+ <td align='right'>68,182</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Missouri</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>10,501</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>108,773</td>
+ <td align='right'>86,192</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Kentucky</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>78,540</td>
+ <td align='right'>70,348</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Kansas</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>650</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>20,097</td>
+ <td align='right'>18,654</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Tennessee</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>12,077</td>
+ <td align='right'>12,077</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Arkansas</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td align='right'>...</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>North Carolina</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td align='right'>...</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>California</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>7,451</td>
+ <td align='right'>7,451</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Nevada</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>216</td>
+ <td align='right'>216</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Oregon</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>617</td>
+ <td align='right'>581</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Washington Ter'ty</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>895</td>
+ <td align='right'>895</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Nebraska</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>1,279</td>
+ <td align='right'>380</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Colorado</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>1,762</td>
+ <td align='right'>1,762</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>Dakota</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>...</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>181</td>
+ <td align='right'>181</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class='tdlbr'>New Mexico</td>
+ <td class='tdrbrbb'>1,510</td>
+ <td class='tdrbrbb'>2,395</td>
+ <td class='tdrbb'>1,011</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='tr2'>
+ <td class='tdlbrpl'>Total</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>93,326</td>
+ <td class='tdrbr'>2,688,523</td>
+ <td align='right'>2,154,311</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="HISTORY_OF_THE_FLAG" id="HISTORY_OF_THE_FLAG"></a>HISTORY OF THE FLAG.</h2>
+
+<h4>BY A DISTINGUISHED HISTORIAN.</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Men</span>, in the aggregate, demand something besides abstract ideas and
+principles. Hence the desire for symbols&mdash;something visible to the eye
+and that appeals to the senses. Every nation has a flag that represents
+the country&mdash;every army a common banner, which, to the soldier, stands
+for that army. It speaks to him in the din of battle, cheers him in the
+long and tedious march, and pleads with him on the disastrous retreat.</p>
+
+<p>Standards were originally carried on a pole or lance. It matters little
+what they may be, for the symbol is the same.</p>
+
+<p>In ancient times the Hebrew tribes had each its own standard&mdash;that of
+Ephraim, for instance, was a steer; of Benjamin, a wolf. Among the
+Greeks, the Athenians had an owl, and the Thebans a sphynx. The standard
+of Romulus was a bundle of hay tied to a pole, afterwards a human hand,
+and finally an eagle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> Eagles were at first made of wood, then of
+silver, with thunderbolts of gold. Under C&aelig;sar they were all gold,
+without thunderbolts, and were carried on a long pike. The Germans
+formerly fastened a streamer to a lance, which the duke carried in front
+of the army. Russia and Austria adopted the double headed eagle. The
+ancient national flag of England, all know, was the banner of St.
+George, a white field with a red cross. This was at first used in the
+Colonies, but several changes were afterwards made.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, when they separated from the mother country, it was necessary
+to have a distinct flag of their own, and the Continental Congress
+appointed Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. Harrison, a committee to take
+the subject into consideration. They repaired to the American army, a
+little over 9,000 strong, then assembled at Cambridge, and after due
+consideration, adopted one composed of seven white and seven red
+stripes, with the red and white crosses of St. George and St. Andrew,
+conjoined on a blue field in the corner, and named it "The Great Union
+Flag." The crosses of St. George and St. Andrew were retained to show
+the willingness of the colonies to return to their allegiance to the
+British crown, if their rights were secured. This flag was first hoisted
+on the first day of January, 1776. In the meantime, the various colonies
+had adopted distinctive badges,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> so that the different bodies of troops,
+that flocked to the army, had each its own banner. In Connecticut, each
+regiment had its own peculiar standard, on which were represented the
+arms of the colony, with the motto, "Qui transtulit sustinet"&mdash;(he who
+transplanted us will sustain us.) The one that Putnam gave to the breeze
+on Prospect Hill on the 18th of July, 1775, was a red flag, with this
+motto on one side, and on the other, the words inscribed, "An appeal to
+Heaven." That of the floating batteries was a white ground with the same
+"Appeal to Heaven" upon it. It is supposed that at Bunker Hill our
+troops carried a red flag, with a pine tree on a white field in the
+corner. The first flag in South Carolina was blue, with a crescent in
+the corner, and received its first baptism under Moultrie. In 1776, Col.
+Gadsen presented to Congress a flag to be used by the navy, which
+consisted of a rattle-snake on a yellow ground, with thirteen rattles,
+and coiled to strike. The motto was, "Don't tread on me." "The Great
+Union Flag," as described above, without the crosses, and sometimes with
+the rattle-snake and motto, "Don't tread on me," was used as a naval
+flag, and called the "Continental Flag."</p>
+
+<p>As the war progressed, different regiments and corps adopted peculiar
+flags, by which they were designated. The troops which Patrick Henry
+raised<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> and called the "Culpepper Minute Men," had a banner with a
+rattle-snake on it, and the mottoes, "Don't tread on me," and "Liberty
+or death," together with their name. Morgan's celebrated riflemen,
+called the "Morgan Rifles," not only had a peculiar uniform, but a flag
+of their own, on which was inscribed, "XI. Virginia Regiment," and the
+words, "Morgan's Rifle Corps." On it was also the date, 1776, surrounded
+by a wreath of laurel. Wherever this banner floated, the soldiers knew
+that deadly work was being done.</p>
+
+<p>When the gallant Pulaski was raising a body of cavalry, in Baltimore,
+the nuns of Bethlehem sent him a banner of crimson silk, with emblems on
+it, wrought by their own hands. That of Washington's Life Guard was made
+of white silk, with various devices upon it, and the motto, "Conquer or
+die."</p>
+
+<p>It doubtless always will be customary in this country, during a war, for
+different regiments to have flags presented to them with various devices
+upon them. It was so during the recent war, but as the stars and stripes
+supplant them all, so in our revolutionary struggle, the "Great Union
+Flag," which was raised in Cambridge, took the place of all others and
+became the flag of the American army.</p>
+
+<p>But in 1777, Congress, on the 19th day of June, passed the following
+resolution: "<i>Resolved</i>, That<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> the flag of the thirteen United States be
+thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, that the union be thirteen
+stars, white, in a blue field, representing a new constellation." A
+constellation, however, could not well be represented on a flag, and so
+it was changed into a circle of stars, to represent harmony and union.
+Red is supposed to represent courage, white, integrity of purpose, and
+blue, steadfastness, love, and faith. This flag, however, was not used
+till the following autumn, and waved first over the memorable battle
+field of Saratoga.</p>
+
+<p>Thus our flag was born, which to-day is known, respected, and feared
+round the entire globe. In 1794 it received a slight modification,
+evidently growing out of the intention at that time of Congress to add a
+new stripe with every additional State that came into the Union, for it
+passed that year the following resolution: "<i>Resolved</i>, That from and
+after the 1st day of May, Anno Domini 1795, the flag of the United
+States be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white. That the union be
+fifteen stars, white, in a blue field." In 1818, it was by another
+resolution of Congress, changed back into thirteen stripes, with
+twenty-one stars, in which it was provided that a new star should be
+added to the union on the admission of each new State. That resolution
+has never been rescinded, till now thirty-six stars blaze on our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>
+banner. The symbol of our nationality, the record of our glory, it has
+become dear to the heart of the people. On the sea and on the land its
+history has been one to swell the heart with pride. The most beautiful
+flag in the world in its appearance, it is stained by no disgrace, for
+it has triumphed in every struggle. Through three wars it bore us on to
+victory, and in this last terrible struggle against treason, though
+baptized in the blood of its own children, not a star has been effaced,
+and it still waves over a united nation.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever the "Star-Spangled Banner" is sung, the spontaneous outburst of
+the vast masses, as the chorus is reached, shows what a hold that flag
+has on the popular heart. It not only represents our nationality, but it
+is the <i>people's</i> flag. It led them on to freedom&mdash;it does something
+more than appeal to their pride as a symbol of national greatness&mdash;it
+appeals to their affections as a friend of their dearest rights. We
+cannot better close this short history of our flag than by appending the
+following stirring poem of Drake:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+<span class="smcap">When</span> freedom from her mountain height<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unfurled her standard to the air,</span><br />
+She tore the azure robes of night,<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">And set the stars of glory there!</span><br />
+She mingled with its gorgeous dyes<br />
+The milky baldric of the skies,<br />
+And striped its pure celestial white<br />
+With streakings of the morning light;<br />
+Then, from his mansion in the sun,<br />
+She called her eagle-bearer down,<br />
+And gave into his mighty hand<br />
+The symbol of her chosen land!<br />
+<br />
+Majestic monarch of the cloud<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who rear'st aloft thy regal form,</span><br />
+To hear the tempest trumping loud<br />
+And see the lightning lances driven,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When strive the warriors of the storm,</span><br />
+And rolls the thunder drum of heaven,<br />
+Child of the sun! to thee 'tis given<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To guard the banner of the free;</span><br />
+To hover in the sulphur smoke,<br />
+To ward away the battle stroke;<br />
+And bid its blendings shine afar,<br />
+Like rainbows on the cloud of war&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The harbinger of victory!</span><br />
+<br />
+Flag of the brave! thy folds shall fly,<br />
+The sign of hope and triumph high,<br />
+When speaks the signal trumpet tone,<br />
+And the long line comes gleaming on,<br />
+(Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet,<br />
+Hath dimmed the glittering bayonet,)<br />
+Each soldier's eye shall brightly turn<br />
+To where thy sky-born glories burn,<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>And, as his springing steps advance,<br />
+Catch war and vengeance from the glance;<br />
+And when the cannon's mouthings loud<br />
+Heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud,<br />
+And gory sabres rise and fall,<br />
+Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall;<br />
+Then shall thy meteor glances glow,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And cowering foes shall shrink beneath</span><br />
+Each gallant arm that strikes below<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That lovely messenger of death.</span><br />
+<br />
+Flag of the seas! on ocean wave<br />
+Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave,<br />
+When death, careering on the gale,<br />
+Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail,<br />
+And frightened waves rush wildly back,<br />
+Before the broadside's reeling rack,<br />
+Each dying wanderer of the sea,<br />
+Shall look at once to heaven and thee,<br />
+And smile to see thy splendor fly,<br />
+In triumph o'er his closing eye.<br />
+<br />
+Flag of the free, heart's hope and home!<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By angel hands to valor given;</span><br />
+Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And all thy hues were born in heaven!</span><br />
+Forever float that standard sheet!<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where breathes the foe but falls before us?</span><br />
+With Freedom's soil beneath our feet,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us?</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Key-Notes of American Liberty, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KEY-NOTES OF AMERICAN LIBERTY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 28831-h.htm or 28831-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/8/3/28831/
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,6686 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Key-Notes of American Liberty, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Key-Notes of American Liberty
+       Comprising the most important speeches, proclamations, and
+       acts of Congress, from the foundation of the government
+       to the presen
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: E. B. Treat
+
+Release Date: May 15, 2009 [EBook #28831]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KEY-NOTES OF AMERICAN LIBERTY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Greg Bergquist and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from scans of public domain works at the
+University of Michigan's Making of America collection.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully
+preserved. Only obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+[Illustration: Engd. by H.B. Hall, from the original Painting by
+Stuart.]
+
+
+
+
+  KEY-NOTES
+
+  OF
+
+  AMERICAN LIBERTY;
+
+  COMPRISING
+
+  THE MOST IMPORTANT SPEECHES, PROCLAMATIONS, AND
+  ACTS OF CONGRESS, FROM THE FOUNDATION
+  OF THE GOVERNMENT TO THE
+  PRESENT TIME.
+
+  WITH A
+
+  HISTORY OF THE FLAG,
+
+  BY A DISTINGUISHED HISTORIAN.
+
+  Illustrated.
+
+  NEW YORK:
+
+  E.B. TREAT & CO.
+
+  654 BROADWAY.
+
+  CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: R.C. TREAT and C.W. LILLEY.
+  B.C. BAKER, DETROIT, MICH.   L.C. BRAINARD, ST. LOUIS, MO.
+  A.O. BRIGGS, CLEVELAND, O.   M. PITMAN & CO., BOSTON, MASS.
+  A.L. TALCOTT, PITTSBURG, PA.
+
+
+
+
+ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by
+
+E.B. TREAT.
+
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
+Southern District of New York.
+
+MACDONALD & STONE, PRINTERS AND STEREOTYPERS, 43 CENTRE STREET, N.Y.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This book appeals to the patriotic sentiments of all classes of readers.
+In its pages will be found those words of burning eloquence which
+lighted the fires of the American Revolution, stirring the hearts of our
+fathers to do battle for our independence; the words of wisdom which
+brought our ship of state safely through the storms of strife into the
+calms of peace, and all of the most important speeches and proclamations
+of our statesmen which guided our country during critical periods of our
+political life. It is a book of our country as a whole; all must read it
+with emotions of gratitude and pride at the grandeur and stability of
+our institutions as exemplified by the eloquent words of the statesmen
+and leading spirits of the great Republic.
+
+First in its pages, appropriately, will be found the "Declaration of
+Independence," the great corner stone of American liberty; and as a
+fitting close, one of our most distinguished historians has furnished a
+"History of the Flag,"--the Flag of the Union, the sacred emblem around
+which are clustered the memories of the thousands of heroes who have
+struggled to sustain it untarnished against both foreign and domestic
+foes. To the Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United
+States, and Washington's Farewell Address--truly "Key Notes to American
+Liberty"--have been added many important proclamations and congressional
+acts of a later day, namely: President Jackson's famous Nullification
+Proclamation to South Carolina, The Monroe Doctrine, Dred Scott
+Decision, Neutrality laws, with numerous documents, state papers and
+statistical matter growing out of the late Rebellion; all of which will
+be read with new and ever increasing interest. And as long as our
+Republic endures, these pages will be cherished as the representative of
+all that is great and good in our country; and will prove incentives to
+our children to follow in the footsteps of the patriots by whose genius
+and valor our institutions have been cherished and preserved, and
+liberty, like water made to run throughout the land free to all.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                     PAGE.
+
+  DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,                           9
+
+  CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES,                    18
+
+  AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION,                       39
+
+  CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ABOLISHING SLAVERY,          44
+
+  PROPOSED AMENDMENTS OF THE XXXIXTH CONGRESS,          48
+
+  THE ORDINANCE OF 1787,                                51
+
+  THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1793,                      52
+
+  THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1850,                      55
+
+  THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE,                              67
+
+  THE STATES OF THE UNION, WITH THE DATE OF THEIR
+  ADMISSION,                                            69
+
+  INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON,               70
+
+  WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS,                        77
+
+  PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION TO SOUTH
+  CAROLINA,                                            105
+
+  MONROE DOCTRINE,                                     144
+
+  DRED SCOTT DECISION,                                 146
+
+  PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED
+  STATES, WITH THE POPULAR VOTE FOR EACH,              154
+
+  POPULAR NAMES OF STATES,                             166
+
+  BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION,                           167
+
+  NEUTRALITY LAW OF THE UNITED STATES,                 168
+
+  POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES,                     176
+
+  SLAVE POPULATION IN THE U.S. IN 1860,                177
+
+  STATISTICS OF SLAVERY BEFORE THE REVOLUTION,         178
+
+  SPEECH OF HON. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS,--HIS LAST
+  WORDS FOR THE UNION,                                 179
+
+  PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S FIRST CALL FOR TROOPS,           186
+
+  TOTAL NUMBER OF TROOPS CALLED INTO SERVICE DURING
+  THE REBELLION,                                       188
+
+  RESOLUTIONS OF THE N.Y. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,         189
+
+  BLOCKADE PROCLAMATION, BY PRESIDENT LINCOLN,         194
+
+  EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION,                           197
+
+  CONFISCATION ACT,                                    201
+
+  FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN,        204
+
+  BALANCE SHEET OF THE GOVERNMENT, BEFORE AND SINCE
+  THE WAR, 1859 AND 1865,                              221
+
+  PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S SECOND AND LAST INAUGURAL
+  ADDRESS,                                             222
+
+  PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY,         226
+
+  PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S AMNESTY PROCLAMATION,            232
+
+  PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S PEACE PROCLAMATION,              237
+
+  THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL,                               239
+
+  FREEDMEN'S BUREAU BILL,                              248
+
+  PROVOST MARSHAL-GENERAL'S REPORT, OF THE KILLED AND
+  WOUNDED DURING THE REBELLION,                        261
+
+  THE UNITED STATES ARMY, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MEN
+  FURNISHED FROM EACH STATE DURING THE REBELLION,      265
+
+  HISTORY OF THE FLAG,                                 266
+
+
+
+
+Key-Notes of American Liberty.
+
+
+
+
+DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
+
+                            IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
+
+_By the Representatives of the United States, in Congress assembled._
+
+
+A DECLARATION.
+
+When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
+to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another,
+and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal
+station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a
+decent respect for the opinions of mankind requires that they should
+declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
+
+We hold these truths to be self-evident:--that all men are created
+equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable
+rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
+happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among
+men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that
+whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends it is
+the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a
+new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing
+its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect
+their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that
+governments long established should not be changed for light and
+transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind
+are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right
+themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But
+when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
+same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism,
+it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and
+to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the
+patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity
+which constrains them to alter their former system of government. The
+history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated
+injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment
+of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be
+submitted to a candid world.
+
+He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for
+the public good.
+
+He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
+importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should
+be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
+to them.
+
+He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
+districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
+representation in the legislature--a right inestimable to them, and
+formidable to tyrants only.
+
+He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
+uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,
+for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
+measures.
+
+He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with
+manly firmness, his invasions on the right of the people.
+
+He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others
+to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
+annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;
+the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of
+invasion from without and convulsions within.
+
+He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
+purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing
+to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the
+conditions of new appropriations of lands.
+
+He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent
+to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
+
+He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their
+offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.
+
+He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
+officers, to harass our people and eat out their substance.
+
+He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the
+consent of our legislatures.
+
+He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to
+the civil power.
+
+He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to
+our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to
+their acts of pretended legislation,--
+
+For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
+
+For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders
+which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States:
+
+For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world:
+
+For imposing taxes on us without our consent:
+
+For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury:
+
+For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences:
+
+For abolishing the free system of English law in a neighboring province,
+establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its
+boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for
+introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies:
+
+For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
+altering fundamentally the forms of our government:
+
+For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested
+with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
+
+He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection,
+and waging war against us.
+
+He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and
+destroyed the lives of our people.
+
+He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to
+complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun,
+with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
+most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
+nation.
+
+He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
+to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
+friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
+
+He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to
+bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,
+whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all
+ages, sexes, and conditions.
+
+In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
+the most humble terms; our petitions have been answered only by repeated
+injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may
+define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
+
+Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have
+warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to
+extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
+the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
+appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
+them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations,
+which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
+They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We
+must therefore acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our
+separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in
+war--in peace, friends.
+
+We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in
+General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world
+for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the
+authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
+declare that these United Colonies are, and of good right ought to be,
+free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance
+to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and
+the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and
+that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war,
+conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all
+other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for
+the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection
+of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our
+fortunes, and our sacred honor.
+
+Signed by order and in behalf of the Congress.
+
+JOHN HANCOCK, _President_.
+
+Attested, CHARLES THOMPSON, _Secretary_.
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.             PENNSYLVANIA.
+
+Josiah Bartlett,           Robert Morris,
+William Whipple,           Benjamin Rush,
+Matthew Thornton.          Benjamin Franklin,
+                           John Morton,
+MASSACHUSETTS BAY.         George Clymer,
+                           James Smith,
+Samuel Adams,              George Taylor,
+John Adams,                James Wilson,
+Robert Treat Paine,        George Ross.
+Eldridge Gerry.
+                           DELAWARE.
+RHODE ISLAND, ETC.
+                           Caesar Rodney,
+Stephen Hopkins,           George Read,
+William Ellery.            Thomas M'Kean.
+
+CONNECTICUT.               MARYLAND.
+
+Roger Sherman,             Samuel Chase,
+Samuel Huntington,         William Paca,
+William Williams,          Thomas Stone,
+Oliver Wolcott.            Charles Carroll, of Carrollton.
+
+NEW YORK.                  VIRGINIA.
+
+William Floyd,             George Wythe,
+Philip Livingston,         Richard Henry Lee,
+Francis Lewis,             Thomas Jefferson,
+Lewis Morris.              Benjamin Harrison,
+                           Thomas Nelson, jr.,
+NEW JERSEY.                Francis Lightfoot Lee,
+                           Carter Braxton.
+Richard Stockton,
+John Witherspoon,
+Francis Hopkinson,
+John Hart,
+Abraham Clark.
+
+NORTH CAROLINA.            Thomas Heyward, jr.,
+                           Thomas Lynch, jr.,
+William Hooper,            Arthur Middleton.
+Joseph Hewes,
+John Penn.                 GEORGIA.
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA.            Button Gwinnett,
+                           Lyman Hall,
+Edward Rutledge,           George Walton.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+     We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more
+     perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity,
+     provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and
+     secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do
+     ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
+     America.
+
+
+ARTICLE I.
+
+Sec. I.--All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
+Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House
+of Representatives.
+
+Sec. II.--1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
+chosen every second year by the people of the several States; and the
+electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
+electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.
+
+2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained the
+age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
+States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of the State
+in which he shall be chosen.
+
+3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
+several States which may be included within this Union, according to
+their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the
+whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
+term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
+other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years
+after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
+every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
+direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every
+thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;
+and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of _New Hampshire_
+shall be entitled to choose three; _Massachusetts_, eight; _Rhode Island
+and Providence Plantations_, one; _Connecticut_, five; _New York_, six;
+_New Jersey_, four; _Pennsylvania_, eight; _Delaware_, one; _Maryland_,
+six; _Virginia_, ten; _North Carolina_, five; _South Carolina_, five;
+_Georgia_, three.
+
+4. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State, the
+executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
+vacancies.
+
+5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other
+officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
+
+Sec. III.--1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
+senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six
+years; and each senator shall have one vote.
+
+2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
+election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three
+classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated
+at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the
+expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of
+the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and
+if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of
+the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary
+appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then
+fill such vacancies.
+
+3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age of
+thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
+who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he
+shall be chosen.
+
+4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
+Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
+
+5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president
+pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall
+exercise the office of President of the United States.
+
+6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
+sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
+President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall
+preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of
+two-thirds of the members present.
+
+7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to
+removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
+of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party
+convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment,
+trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law.
+
+Sec. IV.--1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for
+Senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the
+legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or
+alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.
+
+2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such
+meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
+law appoint a different day.
+
+Sec. V.--1. Each house shall be judge of the elections, returns, and
+qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall
+constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
+from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
+absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house
+may provide.
+
+2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
+members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of
+two-thirds, expel a member.
+
+3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
+time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment,
+require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on
+any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be
+entered on the journal.
+
+4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
+consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
+place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
+
+Sec. VI.--1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation
+for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the
+treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason,
+felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
+attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or
+returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house
+they shall not be questioned in any other place.
+
+2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was
+elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
+United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
+shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any
+office under the United States shall be a member of either house during
+his continuance in office.
+
+Sec. VII.--1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
+Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments,
+as on other bills.
+
+2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
+the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President
+of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he
+shall return it with his objections, to that house in which it shall
+have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
+journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
+two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
+together with the objections, to the other house; and if approved by
+two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases
+the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the
+name of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on
+the journals of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be
+returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it
+shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like
+manner as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by their adjournment,
+prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law.
+
+3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
+Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
+question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
+United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved
+by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of
+the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
+limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
+
+Sec. VIII.--The Congress shall have power--
+
+1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the
+debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the
+United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform
+throughout the United States:
+
+2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States:
+
+3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
+States, and with the Indian tribes:
+
+4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
+the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States:
+
+5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
+fix the standard of weights and measures:
+
+6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
+current coin of the United States:
+
+7. To establish post offices and post roads:
+
+8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for
+limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
+respective writings and discoveries:
+
+9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court:
+
+10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
+seas, and offences against the law of nations:
+
+11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
+concerning captures on land and water:
+
+12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that
+use shall be for a longer term than two years:
+
+13. To provide and maintain a navy:
+
+14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and
+naval forces:
+
+15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
+Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:
+
+16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
+for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
+United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of
+the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to
+the discipline prescribed by Congress:
+
+17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over
+such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
+particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
+government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all
+places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in
+which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
+dock yards, and other needful building: And,
+
+18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
+into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
+Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any
+department or officer thereof.
+
+Sec. IX.--1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
+States, now existing, shall think proper to admit, shall not be
+prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred
+and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not
+exceeding ten dollars for each person.
+
+2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
+unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
+require it.
+
+3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed.
+
+4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
+to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
+
+5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any States. No
+preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to
+the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound
+to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in
+another.
+
+6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
+appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
+receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
+time to time.
+
+7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no
+person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without
+the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,
+or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State.
+
+Sec. X.--1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
+confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit
+bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in
+payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or
+impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.
+
+2. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or
+duties on imports or exports, except what maybe absolutely necessary for
+executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and
+imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of
+the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject
+to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the
+consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of
+war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another
+State or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually
+invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
+
+
+ARTICLE II.
+
+Sec. I.--1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
+United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of
+four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same
+term, be elected as follows:
+
+2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof
+may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators
+and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress;
+but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust
+or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
+
+3. [Annulled. See Amendments, Art. 12.]
+
+4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
+day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same
+throughout the United States.
+
+5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United
+States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
+eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
+eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of
+thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
+States.
+
+6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
+resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said
+office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress
+may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or
+inability both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what
+officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act
+accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be
+elected.
+
+7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
+compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
+period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive,
+within that period, any other emolument from the United States, or any
+of them.
+
+8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
+following oath or affirmation:--
+
+"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
+office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my
+ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United
+States."
+
+Sec. II.--1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy
+of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when
+called into the actual service of the United States: he may require the
+opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive
+departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective
+offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
+offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
+
+2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present
+concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of
+the Senate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and
+consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
+United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
+and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law,
+vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in
+the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of
+departments.
+
+3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
+happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which
+shall expire at the end of the next session.
+
+Sec. III.--He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of
+the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such
+measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
+extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in
+case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of
+adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
+he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take
+care that the laws are faithfully executed; and shall commission all the
+officers of the United States.
+
+Sec. IV.--The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the
+United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and
+conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
+
+
+ARTICLE III.
+
+Sec. I.--The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one
+Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from
+time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and
+inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
+shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which
+shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
+
+Sec.II.--1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity
+arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and
+treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority; to all
+cases affecting ambassadors, and other public ministers, and consuls; to
+all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to
+which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two
+or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between
+citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State,
+claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or
+the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects.
+
+2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and
+consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court
+shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned,
+the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and
+fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress
+shall make.
+
+3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
+jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where such crimes shall
+have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial
+shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
+directed.
+
+Sec. III.--1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
+levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them
+aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the
+testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confessions in open
+court.
+
+2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason;
+but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or
+forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV.
+
+Sec. I.--Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public
+acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the
+Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts,
+records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
+
+Sec. II.--1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
+and immunities of citizens in the several States.
+
+2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
+who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on
+demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
+delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
+crime.
+
+3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
+thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
+regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall
+be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
+be due.
+
+Sec. III.--1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
+but no new State shall shall be formed or erected within the
+jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction
+of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the
+legislature of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.
+
+2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful
+rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property
+belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
+be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of
+any particular State.
+
+Sec. IV.--The United States shall guaranty to every State of this Union a
+republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
+invasion, and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive,
+(when the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence.
+
+
+ARTICLE V.
+
+The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it
+necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
+application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
+shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case,
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
+Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the
+several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one
+or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
+provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one
+thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first
+and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that
+no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
+in the Senate.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI.
+
+1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the
+adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
+States under this Constitution as under the confederation.
+
+2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
+made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be
+made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law
+of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby; any
+thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
+notwithstanding.
+
+3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of
+the several State legislatures, and all executive and all judicial
+officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be
+bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no
+religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
+or public trust under the United States.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII.
+
+The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient
+for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
+ratifying the same.
+
+     Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present,
+     the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one
+     thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of
+     the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we
+     have hereunto subscribed our names.
+
+GEORGE WASHINGTON,
+
+_President, and Deputy from Virginia._
+
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.             DELAWARE.
+
+John Langdon,              George Read,
+Nicholas Gilman.           Gunning Bedford, jr.,
+                           John Dickinson,
+MASSACHUSETTS.             Richard Bassett,
+                           Jacob Broom.
+Nathaniel Gorham,
+Rufus King.                MARYLAND.
+                           James McHenry,
+CONNECTICUT.               Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer,
+                           Daniel Carroll.
+Wm. Samuel Johnson,
+Roger Sherman.             VIRGINIA.
+
+NEW YORK.                  John Blair,
+                           James Madison, jr.
+Alexander Hamilton.
+                           NORTH CAROLINA.
+NEW JERSEY.
+                           William Blount,
+William Livingston,        Rich. Dobbs Spaight,
+David Brearley,            Hugh Williamson.
+William Patterson,
+Jonathan Dayton.           SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.              John Rutledge,
+Benjamin Franklin,         Charles C. Pinckney,
+Thomas Mifflin,            Charles Pinckney,
+Robert Morris,             Pierce Butler.
+George Clymer,
+Thomas Fitzsimons,         GEORGIA.
+Jared Ingersoll,
+James Wilson,              William Few,
+Gouverneur Morris.         Abraham Baldwin.
+
+Attest, WILLIAM JACKSON, _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
+
+
+ART. I.--Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
+religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
+freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
+to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
+
+ART. II.--A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a
+free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
+infringed.
+
+ART. III.--No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house
+without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to
+be prescribed by law.
+
+ART. IV.--The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
+papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
+not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause,
+supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
+to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
+
+ART. V.--No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise
+infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury,
+except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia
+when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any
+person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of
+life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be
+witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
+without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
+public use without just compensation.
+
+ART. VI.--In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
+right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and
+district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
+shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
+nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
+against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
+favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.
+
+ART. VII.--In suits of common law, where the value in controversy shall
+exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved;
+and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court
+of the United States than according to the rules of the common law.
+
+ART. VIII.--Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
+imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
+
+ART. IX.--The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall
+not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
+
+ART. X.--The powers not delegated to the United States by the
+Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
+States respectively, or to the people.
+
+ART. XI.--The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed
+to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against
+one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or
+subjects of any foreign State.
+
+ART. XII.--The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote
+by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall
+not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name
+in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
+ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make
+distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
+persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for
+each; which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to
+the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president
+of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
+Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the
+votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of
+votes for President shall be President, if such number be a majority of
+the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such a
+majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding
+three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of
+Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But,
+in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the
+representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this
+purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the
+States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
+And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President,
+whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
+day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
+President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
+disability of the President.
+
+2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President
+shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole
+number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then
+from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the
+Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of
+the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall
+be necessary to a choice.
+
+3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President
+shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.
+
+
+ARTICLE V. of the Constitution of the United States clearly and
+distinctly sets forth the mode and manner in which that instrument may
+be amended, as follows:
+
+"The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it
+necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
+application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
+shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either case
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
+Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the
+several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one
+or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress."
+
+In accordance with this article of the Constitution, the following
+resolution was proposed in the Senate, on February 1, 1864, adopted
+April 8, 1864, by a vote of 38 to 6, and was proposed in the House June
+15, 1864, adopted Jan. 31, 1865, by a vote of 119 to 56:
+
+_Resolved_, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America, in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses
+concurring, that the following article be proposed to the Legislatures,
+of the several States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the United
+States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures,
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of the said
+Constitution, namely:
+
+Art. XIII. 1st. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
+punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
+shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
+jurisdiction.
+
+The amendment was now sent by the Secretary of State to the Governors of
+the several States for ratification by the Legislatures; a majority vote
+in three-fourths being required to make it a law of the land.
+
+On Dec. 18, 1865, Secretary Seward officially announced to the country
+the ratification of the Amendment as follows:
+
+_To all to whom these presents may come, Greeting:_
+
+_Know ye_, That, whereas the Congress of the United States, on the 1st
+of February last, passed a resolution, which is in the words following,
+namely:
+
+"A resolution submitting to the Legislatures of the several States a
+proposition to amend the Constitution of the United States."
+
+"_Resolved_, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses
+concurring, that the following article be proposed to the Legislatures
+of the several States as an Amendment to the Constitution of the United
+States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures,
+shall be valid to all intents and purposes as a part of said
+Constitution, namely:
+
+"'ARTICLE XIII.
+
+"'SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
+punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
+shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
+jurisdiction.
+
+"'SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
+appropriate legislation.'"
+
+_And whereas_, It appears from official documents on file in this
+Department, that the Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
+proposed as aforesaid, has been ratified by the Legislatures of the
+States of Illinois, Rhode Island, Michigan, Maryland, New York, West
+Virginia, Maine, Kansas, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio,
+Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Vermont,
+Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut, New Hampshire, South Carolina,
+Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia, in all 27 States.
+
+_And whereas_, The whole number of States in the United States is 36.
+
+_And whereas_, The before specially named States, whose Legislatures
+have ratified the said proposed Amendment, constitute three-fourths of
+the whole number of States in the United States:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, William H. Seward, Secretary of
+State of the United States, by virtue and in pursuance of the second
+section of the act of Congress, approved the 20th of April, 1818,
+entitled "An act to provide for the publication of the laws of the
+United States, and for other purposes," do hereby certify that the
+Amendment aforesaid has become valid to all intents and purposes as a
+part of the Constitution of the United States.
+
+In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the Department of State to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this 18th day of December, in the year
+of our Lord 1865, and of the Independence of the United States of
+America the 90th.
+
+WM. H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+PROPOSED AMENDMENTS.
+
+     ADOPTED BY CONGRESS JUNE 13TH, 1866, AND WHEN RATIFIED BY
+     TWO-THIRDS OF THE LEGISLATURES BECOMES A PART OF THE CONSTITUTION.
+
+
+The joint resolution as passed is as follows:
+
+_Resolved_, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America, in Congress assembled, (two-thirds of both Houses
+concurring), That the following article be proposed to the Legislatures
+of the several States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the United
+States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures,
+shall be valid as part of the Constitution, namely:
+
+
+ARTICLE--.
+
+Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject
+to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the
+States wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law
+which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
+United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty
+or happiness, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within
+its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
+
+Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
+according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
+persons, excluding Indians not taxed. But whenever the right to vote at
+any election for the choice of electors for President and
+Vice-President, representatives in Congress, executive and judicial
+officers, or members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the
+male inhabitants of such State, being 21 years of age, and citizens of
+the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in
+rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be
+reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall
+bear to the whole number of male citizens 21 years of age in such State.
+
+Sec. 3. That no person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or
+elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or
+military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
+previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
+the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an
+executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
+of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
+against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But
+Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such
+disabilities.
+
+Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by
+law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for
+services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
+questioned. But neither the United States or any State shall assume or
+pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
+against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of
+any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held
+illegal and void.
+
+Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
+legislation, the provisions of this article.
+
+
+
+
+THE ORDINANCE OF 1787.
+
+     _Passed by Congress previous to the Adoption of the New
+     Constitution, and subsequently adopted by Congress, Aug. 7, 1789,
+     entitled, "An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the
+     United States north-west of the River Ohio."_
+
+     (All the Articles of this ordinance, previous to Article VI.,
+     relate to the organization and powers of the government of the
+     territory, the following section being all that relates to
+     slavery.)
+
+
+ARTICLE VI.
+
+There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said
+territory, otherwise than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party
+shall have been duly convicted: Provided always, that any person
+escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed
+in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully
+reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or
+service, as aforesaid.
+
+     Done by the United States in Congress assembled the thirteenth day
+     of July, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of the sovereignty and
+     Independence the twelfth.
+
+WILLIAM GRAYSON, _Chairman_.
+CHARLES THOMPSON, _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1793.
+
+ADOPTED FEBRUARY 12, 1793.
+
+     _An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping
+     from the Service of their Masters._
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled_, That whenever the executive
+authority of any State in the Union, or of either of the territories
+north-west or south of the River Ohio, shall demand any person, as a
+fugitive from justice, of the executive authority of any such State or
+Territory to which such person shall have fled, and shall, moreover,
+produce the copy of an indictment found, or an affidavit made before a
+magistrate of any State or Territory as aforesaid, charging the person
+so demanded with having committed treason, felony, or other crime,
+certified as authentic by the governor or chief magistrate of the State
+or Territory from whence the person so charged fled, it shall be the
+duty of the executive authority of the State or Territory to which such
+person shall have fled, to cause him or her to be arrested and secured,
+and notice of the arrest to be given to the executive authority making
+such demand, or to the agent of such authority appointed to receive the
+fugitive, and to cause the fugitive to be delivered to such agent when
+he shall appear. But if no such agent shall appear within six months
+from the time of the arrest, the prisoner may be discharged. And all
+costs or expenses incurred in the apprehending, securing, and
+transmitting such fugitive to the State or Territory making such demand,
+shall be paid by such State or Territory.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That any agent appointed as aforesaid, who
+shall receive the fugitive into his custody, shall be empowered to
+transport him or her to the State or Territory from which he or she
+shall have fled. And if any person or persons shall by force set at
+liberty or rescue the fugitive from such agent while transporting as
+aforesaid, the person or persons so offending shall, on conviction, be
+fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, and be imprisoned not
+exceeding one year.
+
+_And be it also enacted_, That when a person held to labor in any of
+the United States, or in either of the Territories on the north-west or
+south of the River Ohio, under the laws thereof, shall escape into any
+other of the said States or Territory, the person to whom such labor or
+service may be due, his agent or attorney, is hereby empowered to seize
+or arrest such fugitive from labor, and to take him or her before any
+judge of the Circuit or District Courts of the United States, residing
+or being within the State, or before any magistrate of a county, city,
+or town corporate, wherein such seizure or arrest shall be made, and
+upon proof to the satisfaction of such judge or magistrate, either by
+oral testimony or affidavit taken before, and certified by, a magistrate
+of any such State or Territory, that the person so seized or arrested
+doth, under the laws of the State or Territory from which he or she
+fled, owe services or labor to the person claiming him or her, it shall
+be the duty of such judge or magistrate to give a certificate thereof to
+such claimant, his agent or attorney, which shall be sufficient warrant
+for removing the said fugitive from labor to the State or Territory from
+which he or she fled.
+
+_And he it further enacted_, That any person who shall knowingly and
+willingly obstruct or hinder such claimant, his agent or attorney, in so
+seizing or arresting such fugitive from labor, or shall rescue such
+fugitive from such claimant, his agent or attorney, when so arrested
+pursuant to the authority herein given or declared, or shall harbor or
+conceal such person after notice that he or she was a fugitive from
+labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of the said offences, forfeit and
+pay the sum of five hundred dollars. Which penalty may be recovered by
+and for the benefit of such claimant, by action of debt, in any court
+proper to try the same; saving, moreover, to the person claiming such
+labor or service, his right of action for or on account of the said
+injuries, or either of them.
+
+
+
+
+THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1850.
+
+SIGNED SEPTEMBER 18, 1850.
+
+     _An Act to amend, and supplementary to the Act entitled "An Act
+     respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the
+     Service of their Masters," approved February twelfth, one thousand
+     seven hundred and ninety-three._
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled_, That the persons who have
+been, or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in virtue of any
+act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and who, in
+consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the powers
+that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the United
+States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime or offence
+against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the
+same under and by virtue of the thirty-third section of the act of the
+twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled
+"An Act to establish the judicial courts of the United States," shall
+be, and are hereby, authorized and required to exercise and discharge
+all the powers and duties conferred by this act.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That the Superior Court of each organized
+Territory of the United States shall have the same power to appoint
+commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and to
+take depositions of witnesses in civil causes, which is now possessed by
+the Circuit Court of the United States; and all commissioners who shall
+hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the Supreme Court of any
+organized Territory of the United States, shall possess all the powers,
+and exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the commissioners
+appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United States for similar
+purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and
+duties conferred by this act.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That the Circuit Courts of the United
+States, and the Superior Courts of each organized Territory of the
+United States, shall from time to time enlarge the number of
+commissioners, with a view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim
+fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed
+by this act.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That the commissioners above named shall
+have concurrent jurisdiction with the judges of the Circuit and District
+Courts of the United States, in their respective circuits and districts
+within the several States, and the judges of the Superior Courts of the
+Territories severally and collectively, in term time and vacation; and
+shall grant certificates to such claimants upon satisfactory proof being
+made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or
+labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State or
+Territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.
+
+_And he it further enacted_, That it shall be the duty of all marshals
+and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants and precepts issued
+under the provisions of this act, when to them directed; and should any
+marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant, or other
+process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute
+the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one
+thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the motion of such
+claimant, by the Circuit or District Court for the district of such
+marshal; and after arrest of such fugitive, by such marshal or his
+deputy, or whilst at any time in his custody, under the provisions of
+this act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the
+assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on
+his official bond, to be prosecuted for the benefit of such claimant,
+for the full value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the
+State, Territory, or district whence he escaped; and the better to
+enable said commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute their duties
+faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements of the
+constitution of the United States, and of this act, they are hereby
+authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to
+appoint, in writing under their hands, any one or more suitable persons,
+from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may
+be issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties;
+with authority to such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by
+them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their aid
+the bystanders, or _posse comitatus_ of the proper county, when
+necessary to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the
+constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of this act;
+and all good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist in the
+prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their services may
+be required, as aforesaid, for that purpose; and said warrants shall
+run, and be executed by said officers, any where in the State within
+which they are issued.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That when a person held to service or labor
+in any State or Territory of the United States has heretofore or shall
+hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United States,
+the person or persons to whom such service or labor may be due, or his,
+her, or their agent or attorney, duly authorized by power of attorney,
+in writing acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal
+officer or court of the State or Territory in which the same may be
+executed, may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by
+procuring a warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or
+commissioners aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district, or county, for
+the apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing
+and arresting such fugitive where the same can be done without process,
+and by taking, or causing such person to be taken forthwith before such
+court, judge, or commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and
+determine the case of such claimant in a summary manner; and upon
+satisfactory proof being made, by deposition or affidavit, in writing,
+to be taken and certified by such court, judge, or commissioner, or by
+other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and certified by some court,
+magistrate, justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to
+administer an oath and take depositions under the laws of the State or
+Territory from which such person owing service or labor may have
+escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy, or other authority as
+aforesaid, with the seal of the proper court or officer thereto
+attached, which seal shall be sufficient to establish the competency of
+the proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose
+service or labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so
+arrested does in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons
+claiming him or her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive
+may have escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out
+and deliver to such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a
+certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or
+labor due from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape
+from the State or Territory in which such service or labor was due to
+the State or Territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority
+to such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such
+reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary, under the
+circumstances of the case, to take and remove such fugitive person back
+to the State or Territory whence he or she may have escaped as
+aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act shall the testimony of
+such alleged fugitive be admitted in evidence; and the certificates in
+this and the first (fourth) section mentioned, shall be conclusive of
+the right of the person or persons in whose favor granted, to remove
+such fugitive to the State or Territory from which he escaped, and shall
+prevent all molestation of such person or persons by any process issued
+by any court, judge, magistrate, or other person whomsoever.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That any person who shall knowingly and
+willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or
+attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her, or them,
+from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, either with or
+without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue or attempt to rescue such
+fugitive from service or labor from the custody of such claimant, his or
+her agent or attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting as
+aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant to the authority herein given and
+declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist such person so owing service or
+labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such
+claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or persons legally
+authorized as aforesaid, or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive, so as
+to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after notice or
+knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service or
+labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a
+fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding
+six months, by indictment and conviction before the District Court of
+the United States for the district in which such offence may have been
+committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if
+committed within any one of the organized Territories of the United
+States, and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages to
+the party injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one thousand
+dollars for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered by
+action of debt in any of the district or territorial courts aforesaid,
+within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been committed.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That the marshals, their deputies, and the
+clerks of the said district and territorial courts, shall be paid for
+their services the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar
+services in other cases; and where such services are rendered
+exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the
+claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive
+may be discharged out of custody for the want of sufficient proof as
+aforesaid, then such fees are to be paid in the whole by such claimant,
+his agent or attorney; and in all cases where the proceedings are before
+a commissioner, he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for
+his services in each case, upon the delivery of the said certificate to
+the claimant, his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in
+cases where the proof shall not, in the opinion of such commissioner,
+warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services
+incident to such arrest or examination, to be paid in either case by the
+claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized
+to execute the process to be issued by such commissioner for the arrest
+and detention of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid, shall
+also be entitled to a fee of five dollars each, for each person he or
+they may arrest and take before any such commissioner, as aforesaid, at
+the instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may
+be deemed reasonable by such commissioners for such other additional
+services as may be necessarily performed by him or them; such as
+attending at the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and
+providing him with food and lodging during his detention and until the
+final determination of such commissioner; and, in general, for
+performing such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his or
+her attorney or agent, or commissioner in the premises. Such fees to be
+made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers of
+the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as near as
+may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their agents or
+attorneys, whether such supposed fugitives from service or labor be
+ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final determination of
+such commissioner or not.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That, upon affidavit made by the claimant
+of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such certificate has been
+issued that he has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will be
+rescued by force from his or her possession before he can be taken
+beyond the limits of the State in which the arrest is made, it shall be
+the duty of the officer making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his
+custody, and to remove him to the State whence he fled, and there
+deliver him to said claimant, his agent or attorney. And to this end,
+the officer aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to employ so
+many persons as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, and to
+retain them in his service so long as circumstances may require. The
+said officer and his assistants while so employed to receive the
+compensation, and to be allowed the same expenses, as are now allowed by
+law for transportation of criminals, to be certified by the judge of the
+district within which the arrest is made, and paid out of the Treasury
+of the United States.
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That when any person held to service or
+labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of Columbia, shall
+escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or labor may be due,
+his, her, or their agent or attorney, may apply to any court of record
+therein, or judge thereof in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to
+such court, or judge in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the
+person escaping owed service or labor to such party. Whereupon the court
+shall cause a record to be made of the matters so proved, and also a
+general description of the person so escaping with such convenient
+certainty as may be; and a transcript of such record, authenticated by
+the attestation of the clerk and of the seal of the said court, being
+produced in any other State, Territory, or district in which the person
+so escaping may be found, and being exhibited to any judge,
+commissioner, or other officer authorized by the law of the United
+States to cause persons escaping from service or labor to be delivered
+up, shall be held and taken to be full and conclusive evidence of the
+fact of the escape, and that the service or labor of the person escaping
+is due to the party in such record mentioned. And upon the production by
+the said party of other and further evidence if necessary, either oral
+or by affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said record of
+the identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to
+the claimant. And the said court, commissioner, judge, or other person
+authorized by this act to grant certificates to claimants of fugitives,
+shall, upon the production of the record and other evidences aforesaid,
+grant to such claimant a certificate of his right to take any such
+person identified and proved to be owing service or labor as aforesaid,
+which shall authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport
+such person to the State or Territory from which he escaped. _Provided_,
+That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the
+production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid. But
+in its absence the claim shall be heard and determined upon other
+satisfactory proofs, competent in law.
+
+
+
+
+THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE.
+
+ADOPTED MARCH 6, 1820.
+
+     _An Act to authorize the People of the Missouri Territory to form a
+     Constitution and State Government, and for the Admission of such
+     State into the Union on an equal Footing with the original States,
+     and to prohibit Slavery in certain Territories._
+
+     (All the previous sections of this act relate entirely to the
+     formation of the Missouri Territory in the usual form of
+     territorial bills, the 8th section only relating to the slavery
+     question.)
+
+
+_And be it further enacted_, That in all that Territory ceded by France
+to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of
+thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included
+within the limits of the State contemplated by their act, slavery and
+involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes,
+whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is
+hereby, forever prohibited. _Provided always_, That any person escaping
+into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any
+State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully
+reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or
+service as aforesaid.
+
+
+
+
+THE STATES OF THE UNION.
+
+
+The following is a list of the States constituting the Union, with the
+dates of their admission. The thirty-six stars in our national flag are
+therefore designated as under:
+
+Delaware          Dec. 7, 1787.
+Pennsylvania      Dec. 12, 1787.
+New Jersey        Dec. 13, 1787.
+Georgia           Jan. 2, 1788.
+Connecticut       Jan. 9, 1788.
+Massachusetts     Feb. 6, 1788.
+Maryland          April 28, 1788.
+South Carolina    May 23, 1788.
+N. Hampshire      June 21, 1788.
+Virginia          June 26, 1788.
+New York          July 26, 1788.
+N. Carolina       Nov. 21, 1789.
+Rhode Island      May 29, 1790.
+Vermont           March 4, 1791.
+Kentucky          June 1, 1792.
+Tennessee         June 1, 1796.
+Ohio              Nov. 29, 1802.
+Louisiana         April 8, 1812.
+Indiana           Dec. 11, 1816.
+Mississippi       Dec. 16, 1817.
+Illinois          Dec. 3, 1818.
+Alabama           Dec. 14, 1819.
+Maine             March 15, 1820.
+Missouri          Aug. 10, 1821.
+Arkansas          June 15, 1836.
+Michigan          Jan. 26, 1837.
+Florida           March 3, 1845.
+Texas             Dec. 29, 1845.
+Iowa              Dec. 28, 1846.
+Wisconsin         May 29, 1848.
+California        Sept. 9, 1850.
+Minnesota         Dec., 1857.
+Oregon            Dec., 1858.
+Kansas            March, 1862.
+West Virginia     Feb., 1863.
+Nevada            Oct., 1864.
+
+
+
+
+INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+
+FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, DELIVERED APRIL 30, 1789.
+
+
+FELLOW-CITIZENS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES--Among the
+vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled me with
+greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by
+your order, and received on the fourteenth day of the present month. On
+the one hand I was summoned by my country, whose voice I can never hear
+but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the
+fondest predilection, and in my flattering hopes with an immutable
+decision as the asylum of my declining years; a retreat which was
+rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me, by the
+addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my
+health to the gradual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand,
+the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my
+country called me being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most
+experienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into his
+qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despondence one who,
+inheriting inferior endowments from nature, and unpracticed in the
+duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his
+own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver is, that
+it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just
+appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected. All I
+dare hope is, that if, in executing this task, I have been too much
+swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by any
+affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence of
+my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted my incapacity
+as well as disinclination, for the weighty and untried cares before me,
+my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, and its
+consequences be judged by my country with some share of the partiality
+with which they originated.
+
+Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the
+public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly
+improper to omit in this first official act, my fervent supplications to
+that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the
+councils of nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human
+defect that his benediction may consecrate to the liberties and
+happiness of the people of the United States, a government instituted by
+themselves for these essential purposes, and may enable every instrument
+employed in its administration to execute with success the functions
+allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the great author of
+every public and private good, I assure myself that it expresses your
+sentiments, not less than my own, nor those of my fellow-citizens at
+large less than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore
+the invisible hand which conducts the affairs of men more than the
+people of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to
+the character of an independent nation seems to have been distinguished
+by some token of providential agency, and in the important revolution
+just accomplished in the system of their united government the tranquil
+deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from
+which the event has resulted cannot be compared with the means by which
+most governments have been established without some return of pious
+gratitude along with a humble anticipation of the future blessings which
+the past seem to presage. These reflections arising out of the present
+crisis have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed.
+You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under
+the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can
+more auspiciously commence.
+
+By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty
+of the President "to recommend to your consideration such measures as he
+shall judge necessary and expedient." The circumstances under which I
+now meet you will acquit me from entering into that subject farther than
+to refer to the great constitutional charter under which you are
+assembled, and which in defining your powers designates the objects to
+which your attention is to be given. It will be more consistent with
+those circumstances, and far more congenial with the feelings which
+actuate me to substitute in place of a recommendation of particular
+measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the
+patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them.
+In these honorable qualifications, I behold the surest pledges that as
+on one side no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views, no
+party animosities will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which
+ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests,
+so on another, that the foundations of our national policy will be laid
+in the pure and immutable principles of private morality, and the
+pre-eminence of free government be exemplified by all the attributes
+which can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect of
+the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an
+ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is no truth more
+thoroughly established than that there exists in the economy and course
+of nature, an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between
+duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and
+magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of the public prosperity and
+felicity. Since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious
+smiles of heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the
+eternal rules of order and right which heaven itself has ordained, and
+since the preservation of the sacred fire of Liberty, and the destiny of
+the republican model of government are justly considered as deeply,
+perhaps as finally staked on the experiment entrusted to the hands of
+the American people. Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your
+care, it will remain with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of
+the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution
+is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of the
+objections which have been urged against the system, or by the degree
+of inquietude which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking
+particular recommendations on this subject in which I could be guided by
+no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to
+my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good,
+for I assure myself that while you carefully avoid every alteration
+which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government,
+or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence
+for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public
+harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question,
+how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or the latter be
+safely and advantageously promoted.
+
+To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will be most
+properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns myself,
+and will, therefore, be as brief as possible. When I was first honored
+with a call into the service of my country, then on the eve of an
+arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I contemplated my
+duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. From
+this resolution I have in no instance departed, and being still under
+the impressions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable to
+myself any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably
+included in a permanent provision for the executive department, and must
+accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I
+am placed, may, during my continuance in it, be limited to such actual
+expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.
+
+Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as as they have been awakened
+by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave,
+but not without resorting once more to the benign parent of the human
+race in humble supplication, that since he has been pleased to favor the
+American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect
+tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity
+on a form of government for the security of their union and the
+advancement of their happiness, so His divine blessing may be equally
+conspicuous in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the
+wise measures on which the success of this government must depend.
+
+
+
+
+WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS.
+
+
+FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS--The period for a new election of a citizen
+to administer the executive government of the United States not being
+far distant, and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be
+employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that
+important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce
+to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now
+apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered
+among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made.
+
+I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that
+this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the
+considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful
+citizen to his country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service
+which silence, in my situation, might imply, I am influenced by no
+diminution of zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of grateful
+respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a full conviction
+that the step is compatible with both.
+
+The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which your
+suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of
+inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared
+to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have been much
+earlier in my power, consistently with motives which I was not at
+liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which I had been
+reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this, previous
+to the last election, had been led to the preparation of an address to
+declare it to you; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and
+critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous
+advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the
+idea.
+
+I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as internal,
+no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with the
+sentiment of duty or propriety; and am persuaded, whatever partiality
+may be retained for my services, that, in the present circumstances of
+our country, you will not disapprove my determination to retire.
+
+The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust were
+explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will
+only say, that I have with good intentions contributed toward the
+organization and administration of the government the best exertions of
+which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious in the
+outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience, in my own
+eyes--perhaps still more in the eyes of others--has strengthened the
+motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of
+years admonishes me, more and more, that the shade of retirement is as
+necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that, if any
+circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were
+temporary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice and
+prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not
+forbid it.
+
+In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the
+career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the
+deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved
+country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for the
+steadfast confidence with which it has supported me, and for the
+opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable
+attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness
+unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these
+services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an
+instructive example in our annals, that, under circumstances in which
+the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead; amid
+appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often
+discouraging; in situations in which, not unfrequently, want of success
+has countenanced the spirit of criticism--the constancy of your support
+was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans by
+which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall
+carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows
+that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence;
+that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; that the free
+constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be sacredly
+maintained; that its administration, in every department, may be stamped
+with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of
+these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so
+careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will
+acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the
+affection, and the adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to
+it.
+
+Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare,
+which can not end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger
+natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present to
+offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent
+review, some sentiments, which are the result of much reflection, of no
+inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me all-important to the
+permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be afforded to you
+with the more freedom, as you can only see them in the disinterested
+warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motive
+to bias his counsel; nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your
+indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar
+occasion.
+
+Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts,
+no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the
+attachment.
+
+The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also now
+dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of
+your real independence, the support of your tranquillity at home, your
+peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty
+which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to forsee that from
+different causes and from different quarters much pains will be taken,
+many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this
+truth--as this is the point in your political fortress against which the
+batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and
+actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed--it is of
+infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of
+your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that
+you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it,
+accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of
+your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with
+jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion
+that it can, in any event, be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon
+the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our
+country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link
+together the various parts.
+
+For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens,
+by birth or choice of a common country, that country has a right to
+concentrate your affections. The name of _American_, which belongs to
+you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of
+patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations.
+With slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners,
+habits, and political principles. You have, in a common cause, fought
+and triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are the
+work of joint counsels and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings,
+and successes.
+
+But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves to
+your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more
+immediately to your interest; here every portion of our country finds
+the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the
+union of the whole.
+
+The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected by
+the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the productions of the
+latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial
+enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The South,
+in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its
+agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own
+channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular navigation
+invigorated; and while it contributes, in different ways, to nourish and
+increase the general mass of the national navigation, it looks forward
+to the protection of a maritime strength to which itself is unequally
+adapted. The East, in like intercourse with the West, already finds,
+and, in the progressive improvement of interior communication, by land
+and water, will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodities
+which it brings from abroad or manufactures at home. The West derives
+from the East supplies requisite for its growth and comfort, and, what
+is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must, of necessity, owe the
+secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its own productions to the
+weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side
+of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of interest as one
+nation. Any other tenure by which the West can hold this essential
+advantage, whether derived from its own separate strength or from an
+apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be
+intrinsically precarious.
+
+While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and
+particular interest in union, all the parts combined can not fail to
+find, in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater
+resource, proportionably greater security from external danger, a less
+frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations, and, what is of
+inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from those
+broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict
+neighboring countries, not tied together by the same government, which
+their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce, but which
+opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues would stimulate
+and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those
+over-grown military establishments, which, under any form of government,
+are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as
+particularly hostile to republican liberty; in this sense it is that
+your union ought to be considered as the main prop of your liberty, and
+that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the
+other.
+
+These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and
+virtuous mind, and exhibit a continuance of the Union as a primary
+object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government
+can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it. To listen to
+mere speculation, in such a case, were criminal. We are authorized to
+hope that a proper organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency
+of governments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy
+issue to the experiment. It is well worth a full and fair experiment.
+With such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts of
+our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its
+impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the
+patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken its
+bands.
+
+In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs, as a
+matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished
+for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations--Northern and
+Southern, Atlantic and Western--whence designing men may endeavor to
+excite a belief that there is real difference of local interests and
+views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within
+particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other
+districts. You can not shield yourselves too much against the jealousies
+and heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend
+to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by
+fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our Western country have lately
+had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen in the negotiation by
+the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the
+treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event
+throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the
+suspicions propagated among them, of a policy in the general government,
+and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their interests in regard to
+the Mississippi; they have been witnesses to the formation of two
+treaties--that with Great Britain and that with Spain--which secure to
+them everything they could desire in respect to our foreign relations,
+toward confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely
+for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which they were
+procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such
+there are, who would sever them from their brethren and connect them
+with aliens?
+
+To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a government for the whole
+is indispensable. No alliance, however strict, between the parts, can be
+an adequate substitute; they must inevitably experience the infractions
+and interruptions which all alliances, in all time, have experienced.
+Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first
+essay, by the adoption of a constitution of government better calculated
+than your former for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious
+management of your common concerns. This government, the offspring of
+your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full
+investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its
+principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with
+energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment,
+has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its
+authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are
+duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of liberty. The basis of our
+political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their
+constitutions of government; but the constitution which at any time
+exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole
+people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and
+the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of
+every individual to obey the established government.
+
+All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and
+associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design
+to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and
+action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this
+fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize
+faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put in the
+place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party--often a
+small but artful and enterprising minority of the community--and,
+according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the
+public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous
+projects of faction rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome
+plans, digested by common counsels, and modified by mutual interests.
+
+However combinations or associations of the above description may now
+and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time and
+things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and
+unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people, and
+to usurp for themselves the reins of government; destroying, afterward,
+the very engine which had lifted them to unjust dominion.
+
+Toward the preservation of your government, and the permanency of your
+present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily
+discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but
+also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its
+principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be
+to effect, in the forms of the constitution, alterations which will
+impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot be
+directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited,
+remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true
+character of governments as of other human institutions; that experience
+is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the
+existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes, upon the
+credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change, from
+the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember,
+especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests,
+in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is
+consistent with the perfect security of liberty is indispensable.
+Liberty itself will find in such a government, with powers properly
+distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little
+else than a name, where the government is too feeble to withstand the
+enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within the
+limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and
+tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property.
+
+I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with
+particular reference to the founding of them on geographical
+discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn
+you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the
+spirit of party generally.
+
+This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its
+root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists, under
+different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled,
+or repressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its
+greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
+
+The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the
+spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in different
+ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is
+itself a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a more
+formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result
+gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the
+absolute power of an individual; and, sooner or later, the chief of some
+prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors,
+turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins
+of public liberty.
+
+Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which,
+nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and
+continued mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the
+interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.
+
+It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public
+administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies
+and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another;
+foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It opens the door to
+foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the
+government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the
+policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will
+of another.
+
+There is an opinion that parties, in free countries, are useful checks
+upon the administration of the government, and serve to keep alive the
+spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true; and in
+governments of a monarchial cast, patriotism may look with indulgence,
+if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular
+character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be
+encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always
+be enough of that spirit for every salutatory purpose. And there being
+constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force of public
+opinion to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it
+demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest,
+instead of warming, it should consume.
+
+It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free
+country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its
+administration, to confine themselves within their respective
+constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one
+department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends
+to consolidate the powers of all the departments into one, and thus to
+create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just
+estimate of that love of power and proneness to abuse it which
+predominate in the human heart is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth
+of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of
+political power, by dividing and distributing it into different
+depositories, and constituting each the guardian of the public weal,
+against invasion by the others, has been evinced by experiments, ancient
+and modern--some of them in our own country and under our own eyes. To
+preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the
+opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the
+constitutional powers be, in any particular, wrong, let it be corrected
+by an amendment in the way which the constitution designates. But let
+there be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may
+be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free
+governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly
+overbalance, in permanent evil, any partial or transient benefit which
+the use can, at any time, yield.
+
+Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity,
+religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man
+claim the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great
+pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and
+citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to
+respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their
+connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked,
+Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the
+sense of religious obligation _desert_ the oaths which are the
+instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with
+caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without
+religion. Whatever maybe conceded to the influence of refined education
+on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to
+expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious
+principles.
+
+It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring
+of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force
+to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it
+can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the
+fabric?
+
+Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the
+general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as a structure of a
+government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public
+opinion should be enlightened.
+
+As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public
+credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as
+possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but
+remembering, also, that timely disbursements to prepare for danger
+frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding,
+likewise, the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of
+expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the
+debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned; not ungenerously
+throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The
+execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives, but it is
+necessary that public opinion should cooperate. To facilitate to them
+the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should
+practically bear in mind that toward the payment of debts there must be
+revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be
+devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant; that the
+intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the proper
+objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a
+decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of the
+government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the
+measures for obtaining revenue which the public exigencies may at any
+time dictate.
+
+Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; cultivate peace and
+harmony with all; religion and morality enjoin this conduct, and can it
+be that good policy does not really enjoin it? It will be worthy of a
+free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to
+mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided
+by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course
+of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any
+temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it?
+Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a
+nation with its virtue? The experiment, at least, is recommended by
+every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas! it is rendered
+impossible by its vices?
+
+In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that
+permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and
+passionate attachments for others, should be excluded, and that, in
+place of them, just and amicable feelings toward all should be
+cultivated. The nation which indulges toward another an habitual hatred,
+or an habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a slave to
+its animosity or its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it
+astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against
+another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay
+hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable
+when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence, frequent
+collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation,
+prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the
+government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The government
+sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts, through
+passion, what reason would reject; at other times it makes the animosity
+of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, instigated by pride,
+ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often,
+sometimes perhaps the liberty of nations, has been the victim.
+
+So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to another produces
+a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the
+illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common
+interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other,
+betrays the former into a participation into the quarrels and wars of
+the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also
+to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others,
+which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions, by
+unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by
+exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the
+parties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it gives to
+ambitions, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the
+favorite nation), facility to betray or sacrifice the interest of their
+own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding with
+the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable
+deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the
+base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation.
+
+As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments
+are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent
+patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic
+factions, to practice the art of seduction, to mislead public opinion,
+to influence or awe the public councils! Such an attachment of a small
+or weak toward a great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the
+satellite of the latter.
+
+Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to
+believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be
+_constantly_ awake, since history and experience prove that foreign
+influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But
+that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial, else it becomes the
+instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense
+against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and excessive
+dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on
+one side, and serve to vail, and even second, the arts of influence on
+the other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite,
+are liable to become suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes
+usurp the applause and confidence of the people, to surrender their
+interests.
+
+The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in
+extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little
+political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed
+engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us
+stop.
+
+Europe has set a of primary interests, which to us have none or a very
+remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies,
+the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence,
+therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial
+ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary
+combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.
+
+Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a
+different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient
+government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury
+from external annoyance, when we may take such an attitude as will cause
+the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously
+respected--when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making
+acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us
+provocation--when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by
+justice, shall counsel.
+
+Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own
+to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with that
+of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of
+European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice?
+
+It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any
+portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty
+to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing
+infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable
+to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best
+policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in
+their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be
+unwise, to extend them.
+
+Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, on a
+respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary
+alliances for extraordinary emergencies.
+
+Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by
+policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should
+hold an equal and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclusive
+favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of things;
+diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of commerce,
+but forcing nothing; establishing, with powers so disposed, in order to
+give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and
+to enable the government to support them, conventional rules of
+intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinions
+will permit, but temporary, and liable to be, from time to time,
+abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate;
+constantly keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for
+disinterested favors from another; that it must pay, with a portion of
+its independence, for whatever it may accept under that character; that
+by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of having given
+equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with
+ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to
+expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation, It is an
+illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to
+discard.
+
+In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and
+affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and
+lasting impression I could wish--that they will control the usual
+current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course
+which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations; but if I may even
+flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some
+occasional good, that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury
+of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, to
+guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism--this hope will be
+a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have
+been dictated.
+
+How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have been guided by
+the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and other
+evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and the world. To myself,
+the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed
+myself to be guided by them.
+
+In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of
+the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your
+approving voice, and by that of your representatives in both Houses of
+Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me,
+uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it.
+
+After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could
+obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the
+circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty
+and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined,
+as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation,
+perseverance, and firmness.
+
+The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it is
+not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe that,
+according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from
+being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually
+admitted by all.
+
+The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything
+more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every
+nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the
+relations of peace and amity toward other nations.
+
+The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will be best
+referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a predominant
+motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and
+mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without
+interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is
+necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.
+
+Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am
+unconscious of intentional error, I am, nevertheless, too sensible of my
+defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors.
+Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or
+mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me
+the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence,
+and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service
+with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be
+consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.
+
+Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated by
+that fervent love toward it which is so natural to a man who views in it
+the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations,
+I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that retreat in which I promise
+myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in
+the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under
+a free government--the ever favorite object of my heart--and the happy
+reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.
+
+GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+
+UNITED STATES, _17th September, 1796_.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION,
+
+ISSUED IN 1832, WHEN SOUTH CAROLINA UNDERTOOK TO ANNUL THE FEDERAL
+REVENUE LAW.
+
+
+Whereas a convention, assembled in the State of South Carolina, have
+passed an ordinance, by which they declare "that the several acts and
+parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be
+laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of
+foreign commodities, and now having actual operation and effect within
+the United States, and more especially 'two acts for the same purposes,
+passed on the 29th of May, 1828, and on the 14th of July, 1832,' are
+unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the
+true meaning and intent thereof, and are null and void, and no law," nor
+binding on the citizens of that State or its officers; and by the said
+ordinance it is further declared to be unlawful for any of the
+constituted authorities of the State, or of the United States, to
+enforce the payment of the duties imposed by the said acts within the
+same State, and that it is the duty of the legislature to pass such laws
+as may be necessary to give full effect to the said ordinances:
+
+And whereas, by the said ordinance it is further ordained, that, in no
+case of law or equity, decided in the courts of said State, wherein
+shall be drawn in question the validity of the said ordinance, or of the
+acts of the legislature that may be passed to give it effect, or of the
+said laws of the United States, no appeal shall be allowed to the
+Supreme Court of the United States, nor shall any copy of the record be
+permitted or allowed for that purpose; and that any person attempting to
+take such appeal, shall be punished as for a contempt of court:
+
+And, finally, the said ordinance declares that the people of South
+Carolina will maintain the said ordinance at every hazard; and that they
+will consider the passage of any act by Congress abolishing or closing
+the ports of the said State, or otherwise obstructing the free ingress
+or egress of vessels to and from the said ports, or any other act of the
+Federal Government to coerce the State, shut up her ports, destroy or
+harass her commerce, or to enforce the said acts otherwise than through
+the civil tribunals of the country, as inconsistent with the longer
+continuance of South Carolina in the Union; and that the people of the
+said State will thenceforth hold themselves absolved from all further
+obligation to maintain or preserve their political connection with the
+people of the other States, and will forthwith proceed to organize a
+separate government, and do all other acts and things which sovereign
+and independent States may of right do:
+
+And whereas the said ordinance prescribes to the people of South
+Carolina a course of conduct in direct violation of their duty as
+citizens of the United States, contrary to the laws of their country,
+subversive of its Constitution, and having for its object the
+destruction of the Union--that Union, which, coeval with our political
+existence, led our fathers, without any other ties to unite them than
+those of patriotism and common cause, through a sanguinary struggle to a
+glorious independence--that sacred Union, hitherto, inviolate, which,
+perfected by our happy Constitution, has brought us, by the favor of
+Heaven, to a state of prosperity at home, and high consideration abroad,
+rarely, if ever, equaled in the history of nations; to preserve this
+bond of our political existence from destruction, to maintain inviolate
+this state of national honor and prosperity, and to justify the
+confidence my fellow-citizens have reposed in me, I, Andrew Jackson,
+President of the United States, have thought proper to issue this, my
+PROCLAMATION, stating my views of the Constitution and laws applicable
+to the measures adopted by the Convention of South Carolina, and to the
+reasons they have put forth to sustain them, declaring the course which
+duty will require me to pursue, and, appealing to the understanding and
+patriotism of the people, warn them of the consequences that must
+inevitably result from an observance of the dictates of the Convention.
+
+Strict duty would require of me nothing more than the exercise of those
+powers with which I am now, or may hereafter be, invested, for
+preserving the Union, and for the execution of the laws. But the
+imposing aspect which opposition has assumed in this case, by clothing
+itself with State authority, and the deep interest which the people of
+the United States must all feel in preventing a resort to stronger
+measures, while there is a hope that anything will be yielded to
+reasoning and remonstrances, perhaps demand, and will certainly justify,
+a full exposition to South Carolina and the nation of the views I
+entertain of this important question, as well as a distinct enunciation
+of the course which my sense of duty will require me to pursue.
+
+The ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible right of resisting
+acts which are plainly unconstitutional, and too oppressive to be
+endured, but on the strange position that any one State may not only
+declare an act of Congress void, but prohibit its execution--that they
+may do this consistently with the Constitution--that the true
+construction of that instrument permits a State to retain its place in
+the Union, and yet be bound by no other of its laws than those it may
+choose to consider as constitutional. It is true they add, that, to
+justify this abrogation of a law, it must be palpably contrary to the
+Constitution; but it is evident, that to give the right of resisting
+laws of that description, coupled with the uncontrolled right to decide
+what laws deserve that character, is to give the power of resisting all
+laws. For, as by the theory, there is no appeal, the reasons alleged by
+the State, good or bad, must prevail. If it should be said that public
+opinion is a sufficient check against the abuse of this power, it may be
+asked why is it not deemed a sufficient guard against the passage of an
+unconstitutional act by Congress. There is, however, a restraint in this
+last case, which makes the assumed power of a State more indefensible,
+and which does not exist in the other. There are two appeals from an
+unconstitutional act passed by Congress--one to the judiciary, the other
+to the people and the States. There is no appeal from the State decision
+in theory; and the practical illustration shows that the courts are
+closed against an application to review it, both judges and jurors
+being sworn to decide in its favor. But reasoning on this subject is
+superfluous, when our social compact in express terms declares, that the
+laws of the United States, its Constitution, and treaties made under it,
+are the supreme law of the land; and for greater caution adds, "that the
+judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the
+constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." And
+it may be asserted, without fear of refutation, that no federative
+government could exist without a similar provision. Look, for a moment,
+to the consequence. If South Carolina considers the revenue laws
+unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent their execution in the port
+of Charleston, there would be a clear constitutional objection to their
+collection in every other port, and no revenue could be collected
+anywhere; for all imposts must be equal. It is no answer to repeat that
+an unconstitutional law is no law, so long as the question of its
+legality is to be decided by the State itself; for every law operating
+injuriously upon any local interest will be perhaps thought, and
+certainly represented, as unconstitutional, and, as has been shown,
+there is no appeal.
+
+If this doctrine had been established at an earlier day, the Union would
+have been dissolved in its infancy. The excise law in Pennsylvania, the
+embargo and non-intercourse law in the Eastern States, the carriage tax
+in Virginia, were all deemed unconstitutional, and were more unequal in
+their operation than any of the laws now complained of; but,
+fortunately, none of those States discovered that they had the right now
+claimed by South Carolina. The war into which we were forced, to support
+the dignity of the nation and the rights of our citizens, might have
+ended in defeat and disgrace, instead of victory and honor, if the
+States, who supposed it a ruinous and unconstitutional measure, had
+thought they possessed the right of nullifying the act by which it was
+declared, and denying supplies for its prosecution. Hardly and unequally
+as those measures bore upon several members of the Union, to the
+legislatures of none did this efficient and peaceable remedy, as it is
+called, suggest itself. The discovery of this important feature in our
+Constitution was reserved to the present day. To the statesmen of South
+Carolina belongs the invention, and upon the citizens of that State
+will, unfortunately, fall the evils of reducing it to practice.
+
+If the doctrine of a State veto upon the laws of the Union carries with
+it internal evidence of its impracticable absurdity, our constitutional
+history will also afford abundant proof that it would have been
+repudiated with indignation had it been proposed to form a feature in
+our government.
+
+In our colonial state, although dependent on another power, we very
+early considered ourselves as connected by common interest with each
+other. Leagues were formed for common defense, and before the
+Declaration of Independence, we were known in our aggregate character as
+the United Colonies of America. That decisive and important step was
+taken jointly. We declared ourselves a nation by a joint, not by several
+acts; and when the terms of our confederation were reduced to form, it
+was in that of a solemn league of several States, by which they agreed
+that they would, collectively, form one nation, for the purpose of
+conducting some certain domestic concerns, and all foreign relations. In
+the instrument forming that Union, is found an article which declares
+that "every State shall abide by the determinations of Congress on all
+questions which by that Confederation should be submitted to them."
+
+Under the Confederation, then, no State could legally annul a decision
+of the Congress, or refuse to submit to its execution; but no provision
+was made to enforce these decisions. Congress made requisitions, but
+they were not complied with. The government could not operate on
+individuals. They had no judiciary, no means of collecting revenue.
+
+But the defects of the Confederation need not be detailed. Under its
+operation we could scarcely be called a nation. We had neither
+prosperity at home nor consideration abroad. This state of things could
+not be endured, and our present happy Constitution was formed, but
+formed in vain, if this fatal doctrine prevails. It was formed for
+important objects that are announced in the preamble made in the name
+and by the authority of the people of the United States, whose delegates
+framed, and whose conventions approved, it.
+
+The most important among these objects, that which is placed first in
+rank, on which all the others rest, is "_to form a more perfect Union_."
+Now, it is possible that, even if there were no express provision giving
+supremacy to the Constitution and laws of the United States over those
+of the States, it can be conceived that an instrument made for the
+purpose of "_forming a more perfect Union_" than that of the
+Confederation, could be so constructed by the assembled wisdom of our
+country as to substitute for that confederation a form of government,
+dependent for its existence on the local interest, the party spirit of a
+State, or of a prevailing faction in a State? Every man, of plain,
+unsophisticated understanding, who hears the question, will give such an
+answer as will preserve the Union. Metaphysical subtlety, in pursuit of
+an impracticable theory, could alone have devised one that is calculated
+to destroy it.
+
+I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the United States,
+assumed by one State, _incompatible with the existence of the Union,
+contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized
+by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was
+founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed_.
+
+After this general view of the leading principle, we must examine the
+particular application of it which is made in the ordinance.
+
+The preamble rests its justification on these grounds: It assumes as a
+fact, that the obnoxious laws, although they purport to be laws for
+raising revenue, were in reality intended for the protection of
+manufactures, which purpose it asserts to be unconstitutional; that the
+operation of these laws is unequal; that the amount raised by them is
+greater than is required by the wants of the government; and, finally,
+that the proceeds are to be applied to objects unauthorized by the
+Constitution. These are the only causes alleged to justify an open
+opposition to the laws of the country, and a threat of seceding from the
+Union, if any attempt should be made to enforce them. The first actually
+acknowledges that the law in question was passed under power expressly
+given by the Constitution, to lay and collect imposts; but its
+constitutionality is drawn in question from the motives of those who
+passed it. However apparent this purpose may be in the present case,
+nothing can be more dangerous than to admit the position that an
+unconstitutional purpose, entertained by the members who assent to a law
+enacted under a constitutional power, shall make that law void; for how
+is that purpose to be ascertained? Who is to make the scrutiny? How
+often may bad purposes be falsely imputed? In how many cases are they
+concealed by false professions? In how many is no declaration of motive
+made? Admit this doctrine, and you give to the States an uncontrolled
+right to decide, and every law may be annulled under this pretext. If,
+therefore, the absurd and dangerous doctrine should be admitted, that a
+State may annul an unconstitutional law, or one that it deems such, it
+will not apply to the present case.
+
+The next objection is, that the laws in question operate unequally. This
+objection may be made with truth to every law that has been or can be
+passed. The wisdom of man never yet contrived a system of taxation that
+would operate with perfect equality. If the unequal operation of a law
+makes it unconstitutional, and if all laws of that description may be
+abrogated by any State for that cause, then, indeed, is the federal
+Constitution unworthy of the slightest efforts for its preservation. We
+have hitherto relied on it as the perpetual bond of our Union. We have
+received it as the work of the assembled wisdom of the nation. We have
+trusted to it as to the sheet-anchor of our safety, in the stormy times
+of conflict with a foreign or domestic foe. We have looked to it with
+sacred awe as the palladium of our liberties, and with all the
+solemnities of religion have pledged to each other our lives and
+fortunes here, and our hopes of happiness hereafter, in its defense and
+support. Were we mistaken, my countrymen, in attaching this importance
+to the Constitution of our country? Was our devotion paid to the
+wretched, inefficient, clumsy contrivance, which this new doctrine would
+make it? Did we pledge ourselves to the support of an airy nothing--a
+bubble that must be blown away by the first breath of disaffection? Was
+this self-destroying, visionary theory the work of the profound
+statesmen, the exalted patriots, to whom the task of constitutional
+reform was intrusted? Did the name of Washington sanction, did the
+States deliberately ratify, such an anomaly in the history of
+fundamental legislation? No. We were not mistaken. The letter of this
+great instrument is free from this radical fault; its language directly
+contradicts the imputation; its spirit, its evident intent, contradicts
+it. No, we did not err. Our Constitution does not contain the absurdity
+of giving power to make laws, and another power to resist them. The
+sages, whose memory will always be reverenced, have given us a
+practical, and, as they hoped, a permanent constitutional compact. The
+Father of his Country did not affix his revered name to so palpable an
+absurdity. Nor did the States, when they severally ratified it, do so
+under the impression that a veto on the laws of the United States was
+reserved to them, or that they could exercise it by application. Search
+the debates in all their conventions--examine the speeches of the most
+zealous opposers of federal authority--look at the amendments that were
+proposed. They are all silent--not a syllable uttered, not a vote given,
+not a motion made, to correct the explicit supremacy given to the laws
+of the Union over those of the States, or to show that implication, as
+is now contended, could defeat it. No, we have not erred! The
+Constitution is still the object of our reverence, the bond of our
+union, our defense in danger, the source of our prosperity in peace. It
+shall descend, as we have received it, uncorrupted by sophistical
+construction, to our posterity; and the sacrifices of local interest, of
+State prejudices, of personal animosities, that were made to bring it
+into existence, will again be patriotically offered for its support.
+
+The two remaining objections made by the ordinance to these laws are,
+that the sums intended to be raised by them are greater than are
+required, and that the proceeds will be unconstitutionally employed. The
+Constitution has given expressly to Congress the right of raising
+revenue, and of determining the sum the public exigencies will require.
+The States have no control over the exercise of this right other than
+that which results from the power of changing the representatives who
+abuse it, and thus procure redress. Congress may undoubtedly abuse this
+discretionary power, but the same may be said of others with which they
+are vested. Yet the discretion must exist somewhere. The Constitution
+has given it to the representatives of all the people, checked by the
+representatives of the States, and by the executive power. The South
+Carolina construction gives it to the legislature, or the convention of
+a single State, where neither the people of the different States, nor
+the States in their separate capacity, nor the chief magistrate elected
+by the people, have any representation. Which is the most discreet
+disposition of the power? I do not ask you, fellow-citizens, which is
+the constitutional disposition--that instrument speaks a language not to
+be misunderstood. But if you were assembled in general convention, which
+would you think the safest depository of this discretionary power in the
+last resort? Would you add a clause giving it to each of the States, or
+would you sanction the wise provisions already made by your
+Constitution? If this should be the result of your deliberations when
+providing for the future, are you--can you--- be ready to risk all that
+we hold dear, to establish, for a temporary and a local purpose, that
+which you must acknowledge to be destructive, and even absurd, as a
+general provision? Carry out the consequences of this right vested in
+the different States, and you must perceive that the crisis your conduct
+presents at this day would recur whenever any law of the United States
+displeased any of the States, and that we should soon cease to be a
+nation.
+
+The ordinance, with the same knowledge of the future that characterizes
+a former objection, tells you that the proceeds of the tax will be
+unconstitutionally applied. If this could be ascertained with certainty,
+the objection would, with more propriety, be reserved for the law so
+applying the proceeds, but surely can not be urged against the laws
+levying the duty.
+
+These are the allegations contained in the ordinance. Examine them
+seriously, my fellow-citizens--judge for yourselves. I appeal to you to
+determine whether they are so clear, so convincing, as to leave no doubt
+of their correctness; and even if you should come to this conclusion,
+how far they justify the reckless, destructive course which you are
+directed to pursue. Review these objections, and the conclusions drawn
+from them once more. What are they? Every law, then, for raising
+revenue, according to the South Carolina ordinance, may be rightfully
+annulled, unless it be so framed as no law ever will or can be framed.
+Congress have a right to pass laws for raising revenue, and each State
+has a right to oppose their execution--two rights directly opposed to
+each other; and yet is this absurdity supposed to be contained in an
+instrument drawn for the express purpose of avoiding collisions between
+the States and the general government, by an assembly of the most
+enlightened statesmen and purest patriots ever embodied for a similar
+purpose.
+
+In vain have these sages declared that Congress shall have power to lay
+and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises--in vain have they
+provided that they shall have power to pass laws which shall be
+necessary and proper to carry those powers into execution, that those
+laws and that Constitution shall be the "supreme law of the land; and
+that the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the
+constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." In
+vain have the people of the several States solemnly sanctioned these
+provisions, made them their paramount law, and individually sworn to
+support them whenever they were called on to execute any office.
+
+Vain provisions! Ineffectual restrictions! Vile profanation of oaths!
+Miserable mockery of legislation! If a bare majority of the voters in
+any one State may, on a real or supposed knowledge of the intent with
+which a law has been passed, declare themselves free from its
+operation--say here it gives too little, there too much, and operates
+unequally--here it suffers articles to be free that ought to be taxed,
+there it taxes those that ought to be free--in this case the proceeds
+are intended to be applied to purposes which we do not approve, in that
+the amount raised is more than is wanted. Congress, it is true, are
+invested by the Constitution with the right of deciding these questions
+according to their sound discretion. Congress is composed of the
+representatives of all the States, and of all the people of all the
+States; but WE, part of the people of one State, to whom the
+Constitution has given no power on the subject, from whom it has
+expressly taken it away--_we_, who have solemnly agreed that this
+Constitution shall be our law--_we_, most of whom have sworn to support
+it--_we_ now abrogate this law, and swear, and force others to swear,
+that it shall not be obeyed--and we do this, not because Congress have
+no right to pass such laws; this we do not allege; but because they
+have passed them with improper views. They are unconstitutional from the
+motives of those who pass them, which we can never with certainty know,
+from their unequal operation; although it is impossible from the nature
+of things that they should be equal--and from the disposition which we
+presume may be made of their proceeds, although that disposition has not
+been declared. This is the plain meaning of the ordinance in relation to
+laws which it abrogates for alleged unconstitutionality. But it does not
+stop here. It repeals, in express terms, an important part of the
+Constitution itself, and of laws passed to give it effect, which have
+never been alleged to be unconstitutional. The Constitution declares
+that the judicial powers of the United States extend to cases arising
+under the laws of the United States, and that such laws the Constitution
+and treaties shall be paramount to the State constitutions and laws. The
+judiciary act prescribes the mode by which the case may be brought
+before a court of the United States, by appeal, when a State tribunal
+shall decide against this provision of the Constitution. The ordinance
+declares there shall be no appeal; makes the State law paramount to the
+Constitution and laws of the United States; forces judges and jurors to
+swear that they will disregard their provisions; and even makes it penal
+in a suitor to attempt relief by appeal. It further declares that it
+shall not be lawful for the authorities of the United States, or of that
+State, to enforce the payment of duties imposed by the revenue laws
+within its limits.
+
+Here is a law of the United States, not even pretended to be
+unconstitutional, repealed by the authority of a small majority of the
+voters of a single State. Here is a provision of the Constitution which
+is solemnly abrogated by the same authority.
+
+On such expositions and reasonings, the ordinance grounds not only an
+assertion of the right to annul the laws of which it complains, but to
+enforce it by a threat of seceding from the Union, if any attempt is
+made to execute them.
+
+This right to secede is deduced from the nature of the Constitution,
+which they say is a compact between sovereign States, who have preserved
+their whole sovereignty, and therefore are subject to no superior; that
+because they made the compact, they can break it when in their opinion
+it has been departed from by the other States. Fallacious as this course
+of reasoning is, it enlists State pride, and finds advocates in the
+honest prejudices of those who have not studied the nature of our
+government sufficiently to see the radical error on which it rests.
+
+The people of the United States formed the Constitution, acting through
+the State legislatures, in making the compact, to meet and discuss its
+provisions, and acting in separate conventions when they ratified those
+provisions; but the term used in its construction show it to be a
+government in which the people of all the States collectively are
+represented. We are ONE PEOPLE in the choice of the President and
+Vice-President. Here the States have no other agency than to direct the
+mode in which the votes shall be given. The candidates having the
+majority of all the votes are chosen. The electors of a majority of
+States may have given their votes for one candidate, and yet another may
+be chosen. The people then, and not the States, are represented in the
+executive branch.
+
+In the House of Representatives there is this difference, that the
+people of one State do not, as in the case of President and
+Vice-President, all vote for all the members, each State electing only
+its own representatives. But this creates no material distinction. When
+chosen, they are all representatives of the United States, not
+representatives of the particular State from which they come. They are
+paid by the United States, not by the State; nor are they accountable to
+it for any act done in performance of their legislative functions; and
+however they may in practice, as it is their duty to do, consult and
+prefer the interests of their particular constituents when they come in
+conflict with any other partial or local interest, yet it is their first
+and highest duty, as representatives of the United States, to promote
+the general good.
+
+The Constitution of the United States, then, forms a _government_, not a
+league, and whether it be formed by compact between the States, or in
+any other manner, its character is the same. It is a government in which
+all the people are represented, which operates directly on the people
+individually, not upon the States; they retained all the power they did
+not grant. But each State having expressly parted with so many powers as
+to constitute jointly with the other States a single nation, can not
+from that period possess any right to secede, because such secession
+does not break a league, but destroys the unity of a nation, and any
+injury to that unity is not only a breach which would result from the
+contravention of a compact, but it is an offense against the whole
+Union. To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union, is
+to say that the United States is not a nation; because it would be a
+solecism to contend that any part of a nation might dissolve its
+connection with the other parts, to their injury or ruin, without
+committing any offense. Secession, like any other revolutionary act, may
+be morally justified by the extremity of oppression; but to call it a
+constitutional right, is confounding the meaning of terms, and can only
+be done through gross error, or to deceive those who are willing to
+assert a right, but would pause before they made a revolution, or incur
+the penalties consequent upon a failure.
+
+Because the Union was formed by compact, it is said the parties to that
+compact may, when they feel aggrieved, depart from it; but it is
+precisely because it is a compact that they cannot. A contract is an
+agreement or binding obligation. It may by its terms have a sanction or
+penalty for its breach, or it may not. If it contains no sanction, it
+may be broken with no other consequence than moral guilt; if it have a
+sanction, then the breach incurs the designated or implied penalty. A
+league between independent nations, generally, has no sanction other
+than a moral one; or if it should contain a penalty, as there is no
+common superior, it cannot be enforced. A government, on the contrary,
+always has a sanction, express or implied; and, in our case, it is both
+necessarily implied and expressly given. An attempt by force of arms to
+destroy a government is an offense, by whatever means the constitutional
+compact may have been formed; and such government has the right, by the
+law of self-defense, to pass acts for punishing the offender, unless
+that right is modified, restrained, or resumed by the constitutional
+act. In our system, although it is modified in the case of treason, yet
+authority is expressly given to pass all laws necessary to carry its
+powers into effect, and under this grant provision has been made for
+punishing acts which obstruct the due administration of the laws.
+
+It would seem superfluous to add anything to show the nature of that
+union which connects us; but as erroneous opinions on this subject are
+the foundation of doctrines the most destructive to our peace, I must
+give some further development to my views on this subject. No one,
+fellow-citizens, has a higher reverence for the reserved rights of the
+States than the magistrate who now addresses you. No one would make
+greater personal sacrifices, or official exertions, to defend them from
+violation; but equal care must be taken to prevent, on their part, an
+improper interference with, or resumption of, the rights they have
+vested in the nation. The line has not been so distinctly drawn as to
+avoid doubts in some cases of the exercise of power. Men of the best
+intentions and soundest views may differ in their construction of some
+parts of the Constitution; but there are others on which dispassionate
+reflection can leave no doubt. Of this nature appears to be the assumed
+right of secession. It rests, as we have seen, on the alleged and
+undivided sovereignty of the States, and of their having formed in this
+sovereign capacity a compact which is called the Constitution, from
+which, because they made it, they have the right to secede. Both of
+these positions are erroneous, and some of the arguments to prove them
+so have been anticipated.
+
+The States severally have not retained their entire sovereignty. It has
+been shown that in becoming parts of a nation, not members of a league,
+they surrendered many of their essential parts of sovereignty. The right
+to make treaties, declare war, levy taxes, exercise judicial and
+legislative powers, were all functions of sovereign power. The States,
+then, for all these important purposes, were no longer sovereign. The
+allegiance of their citizens was transferred in the first instance to
+the government of the United States; they became American citizens, and
+owed obedience to the Constitution of the United States, and to laws
+made in conformity with the powers vested in Congress. This last
+position has not been, and can not be, denied. How, then, can that State
+be said to be sovereign and independent whose citizens owe obedience to
+laws not made by it, and whose magistrates are sworn to disregard those
+laws, when they come in conflict with those passed by another? What
+shows conclusively that the States can not be said to have reserved an
+undivided sovereignty, is that they expressly ceded the right to punish
+treason--not treason against a separate power, but treason against the
+United States. Treason is an offense against _sovereignty_, and
+sovereignty must reside with the power to punish it. But the reserved
+rights of the States are not less sacred because they have for their
+common interest made the general government the depository of these
+powers. The unity of our political character (as has been shown for
+another purpose) commenced with its very existence. Under the royal
+government we had no separate character; our opposition to its
+oppression began as UNITED COLONIES. We were the UNITED STATES under the
+Confederation, and the name was perpetuated and the Union rendered more
+perfect by the federal Constitution. In none of these stages did we
+consider ourselves in any other light than as forming one nation.
+Treaties and alliances were made in the name of all. Troops were raised
+for the joint defense. How, then, with all these proofs, that under all
+changes of our position we had, for designated purposes and with defined
+powers, created national governments--how is it that the most perfect of
+these several modes of union should now be considered as a mere league
+that may be dissolved at pleasure? It is from an abuse of terms. Compact
+is used as synonymous with league, although the true term is not
+employed, because it would at once show the fallacy of the reasoning. It
+would not do to say that our Constitution was only a league, but it is
+labored to prove it a compact (which, in one sense, it is), and then to
+argue that as a league is a compact, every compact between nations must,
+of course, be a league, and that from such an engagement every sovereign
+power has a right to recede. But it has been shown that in this sense
+the States are not sovereign, and that even if they were, and the
+national Constitution had been formed by compact, there would be no
+right in any one State to exonerate itself from the obligation.
+
+So obvious are the reasons which forbid this secession, that it is
+necessary only to allude to them. The Union was formed for the benefit
+of all. It was produced by mutual sacrifice of interest and opinions.
+Can those sacrifices be recalled? Can the States, who magnanimously
+surrendered their title to the territories of the West, recall the
+grant? Will the inhabitants of the inland States agree to pay the duties
+that may be imposed without their assent by those on the Atlantic or the
+Gulf, for their own benefit? Shall there be a free port in one State,
+and enormous duties in another? No one believes that any right exists in
+a single State to involve all the others in these and countless other
+evils, contrary to engagements solemnly made. Every one must see that
+the other States, in self-defense, must oppose it at all hazards.
+
+These are the alternatives that are presented by the convention: A
+repeal of all the acts for raising revenue, leaving the government
+without the means of support; or an acquiesce in the dissolution of our
+Union by the secession of one of its members. When the first was
+proposed, it was known that it could not be listened to for a moment. It
+was known if force was applied to oppose the execution of the laws, that
+it must be repelled by force--that Congress could not, without involving
+itself in disgrace and the country in ruin, accede to the proposition;
+and yet if this is not done in a given day, or if any attempt is made to
+execute the laws, the State is, by the ordinance, declared to be out of
+the Union. The majority of a convention assembled for the purpose have
+dictated these terms, or rather this rejection of all terms, in the name
+of the people of South Carolina. It is true that the governor of the
+State speaks of the submission of their grievances to a convention of
+all the States; which, he says, they "sincerely and anxiously seek and
+desire." Yet this obvious and constitutional mode of obtaining the
+sense of the other States on the construction of the federal compact,
+and amending it, if necessary, has never been attempted by those who
+have urged the State on to this destructive measure. The State might
+have proposed a call for a general convention to the other States, and
+Congress, if a sufficient number of them concurred, must have called it.
+But the first magistrate of South Carolina, when he expressed a hope
+that, "on a review by Congress and the functionaries of the general
+government of the merits of the controversy," such a convention will be
+accorded to them, must have known that neither Congress, nor any
+functionary in the general government, has authority to call such a
+convention, unless it be demanded by two-thirds of the States. This
+suggestion, then, is another instance of the reckless inattention to the
+provisions of the Constitution with which this crisis has been madly
+hurried on; or of the attempt to persuade the people that a
+constitutional remedy has been sought and refused. If the legislature of
+South Carolina "anxiously desire" a general convention to consider their
+complaints, why have they not made application for it in the way the
+Constitution points out? The assertion that they "earnestly seek" it is
+completely negatived by the omission.
+
+This, then is the position in which we stand. A small majority of the
+citizens of one State in the Union have elected delegates to a State
+convention; that convention has ordained that all the revenue laws of
+the United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer a member
+of the Union. The governor of that State has recommended to the
+legislature the raising of an army to carry the secession into effect,
+and that he may be empowered to give clearances to vessels in the name
+of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws has yet been
+committed, but such a state of things is hourly apprehended, and it is
+the intent of this instrument to PROCLAIM, not only that the duty
+imposed on me by the Constitution, "to take care that the laws be
+faithfully executed," shall be performed to the extent of the powers
+already vested in me by law, or of such others as the wisdom of Congress
+shall devise and intrust to me for that purpose; but to warn the
+citizens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into an opposition to
+the laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience to the illegal and
+disorganizing ordinance of the convention--to exhort those who have
+refused to support it to persevere in their determination to uphold the
+Constitution and laws of their country, and to point out to all the
+perilous situation into which the good people of that State have been
+led, and that the course they are urged to pursue is one of ruin and
+disgrace to the very State whose rights they effect to support.
+
+Fellow-citizens of my native State! let me not only admonish you, as the
+first magistrate of our common country, not to incur the penalty of its
+laws, but use the influence that a father would over his children whom
+he saw rushing to a certain ruin. In that paternal language, with that
+paternal feeling, let me tell you, my countrymen, that you are deluded
+by men who are either deceived themselves or wish to deceive you. Mark
+under what pretenses you have been led on to the brink of insurrection
+and treason on which you stand! First a diminution of the value of our
+staple commodity, lowered by over-production in other quarters and the
+consequent diminution in the value of your lands, were the sole effect
+of the tariff laws. The effect of those laws was confessedly injurious,
+but the evil was greatly exaggerated by the unfounded theory you were
+taught to believe, that its burdens were in proportion to your exports,
+not to your consumption of imported articles. Your pride was roused by
+the assertions that a submission to these laws was a state of vassalage,
+and that resistance to them was equal, in patriotic merit, to the
+opposition our fathers offered to the oppressive laws of Great Britain.
+You were told that this opposition might be peaceably--might be
+constitutionally made--that you might enjoy all the advantages of the
+Union and bear none of its burdens. Eloquent appeals to your passions,
+to your State pride, to your native courage, to your sense of real
+injury, were used to prepare you for the period when the mask which
+concealed the hideous features of DISUNION should be taken off. It fell,
+and you were made to look with complacency on objects which not long
+since you would have regarded with horror. Look back to the arts which
+have brought you to this state--look forward to the consequences to
+which it must inevitably lead! Look back to what was first told you as
+an inducement to enter into this dangerous course. The great political
+truth was repeated to you that you had the revolutionary right of
+resisting all laws that were palpably unconstitutional and intolerably
+oppressive--it was added that the right to nullify a law rested on the
+same principle, but that it was a peaceable remedy! This character which
+was given to it, made you receive with too much confidence the
+assertions that were made of the unconstitutionality of the law and its
+oppressive effects. Mark, my fellow-citizens, that by the admission of
+your leaders the unconstitutionality must be _palpable_, or it will
+justify either resistance or nullification! What is the meaning of the
+word _palpable_ in the sense in which it is here used?--that which is
+apparent to every one, that which no man of ordinary intellect will fail
+to perceive. Is the unconstitutionality of these laws of that
+description? Let those among your leaders who once approved and
+advocated the principles of protective duties, answer the question; and
+let them choose whether they will be considered as incapable, then, of
+perceiving that which must have been apparent to every man of common
+understanding, or as imposing upon our confidence and endeavoring to
+mislead you now. In either case, they are unsafe guides in the perilous
+path they urge you to tread. Ponder well on this circumstance, and you
+will know how to appreciate the exaggerated language they address to
+you. They are not champions of liberty emulating the fame of our
+Revolutionary fathers, nor are you an oppressed people, contending, as
+they repeat to you, against worse than colonial vassalage. You are free
+members of a flourishing and happy Union. There is no settled design to
+oppress you. You have, indeed, felt the unequal operation of laws which
+may have been unwisely, not unconstitutionally passed; but that
+inequality must necessarily be removed. At the very moment when you were
+madly urged on to the unfortunate course you have begun, a change in
+public opinion has commenced. The nearly approaching payment of the
+public debt, and the consequent necessity of a diminution of duties, had
+already caused a considerable reduction, and that, too, on some articles
+of general consumption in your State. The importance of this change was
+underrated, and you were authoritatively told that no further
+alleviation of your burdens was to be expected, at the very time when
+the condition of the country imperiously demanded such a modification of
+the duties as should reduce them to a just and equitable scale. But, as
+apprehensive of the effect of this change in allaying your discontents,
+you were precipitated into a fearful state in which you now find
+yourselves.
+
+I have urged you to look back to the means that were used to hurry you
+on to the position you have now assumed, and forward to the consequences
+it will produce. Something more is necessary. Contemplate the condition
+of that country of which you still form an important part; consider its
+government uniting in one bond of common interest and general protection
+so many different States--giving to all their inhabitants the proud
+title of AMERICAN CITIZENS--protecting their commerce--securing their
+literature and arts--facilitating their intercommunication--defending
+their frontiers--and making their name respected in the remotest parts
+of the earth! Consider the extent of its territory, its increasing and
+happy population, its advance in arts, which render life agreeable, and
+the sciences which elevate the mind! See education spreading the lights
+of religion, morality, and general information into every cottage in
+this wide extent of our Territories and States! Behold it as the asylum
+where the wretched and the oppressed find a refuge and support! Look on
+this picture of happiness and honor, and say, WE, TOO, ARE CITIZENS OF
+AMERICA--Carolina is one of these proud States her arms have
+defended--her best blood has cemented this happy Union! And then add, if
+you can, without horror and remorse, this happy Union we will
+dissolve--this picture of peace and prosperity we will deface--this free
+intercourse we will interrupt--these fertile fields we will deluge with
+blood--the protection of that glorious flag we renounce--the very name
+of Americans we discard. And for what, mistaken men! For what do you
+throw away these inestimable blessings--for what would you exchange your
+share in the advantages and honor of the Union? For the dream of a
+separate independence--a dream interrupted by bloody conflicts with your
+neighbors, and a vile dependence on a foreign power. If your leaders
+could succeed in establishing a separation, what would be your
+situation? Are you united at home--are you free from the apprehension
+of civil discord, with all its fearful consequences? Do our neighboring
+republics, every day suffering some new revolution or contending with
+some new insurrection--do they excite your envy? But the dictates of a
+high duty oblige me solemnly to announce that you can not succeed. The
+laws of the United States must be executed. I have no discretionary
+power on the subject--my duty is emphatically pronounced in the
+Constitution. Those who told you that you might peaceably prevent their
+execution, deceived you--they could not have been deceived themselves.
+They know that a forcible opposition could alone prevent the execution
+of the laws, and they know that such opposition must be repelled. Their
+object is disunion; but be not deceived by names; disunion, by armed
+force, is TREASON. Are you really ready to incur this guilt? If you are,
+on the head of the instigators of the act be the dreadful
+consequences--on their heads be the dishonor, but on yours may fall the
+punishment--on your unhappy State will inevitably fall all the evils of
+the conflict you force upon the government of your country. It cannot
+accede to the mad project of disunion of which you would be the first
+victims--its first magistrate can not, if he would, avoid the
+performance of his duty--the consequence must be fearful for you,
+distressing to your fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of good
+government throughout the world. Its enemies have beheld our prosperity
+with a vexation they could not conceal--it was a standing refutation of
+their slavish doctrines, and they will point to our discord with the
+triumph of malignant joy. It is yet in your power to disappoint them.
+There is yet time to show that the descendants of the Pinckneys, the
+Sumpters, the Rutledges, and of the thousand other names which adorn the
+pages of your revolutionary history, will not abandon that Union to
+support which so many of them fought and bled and died. I adjure you, as
+you honor their memory--as you love the cause of freedom, to which they
+dedicated their lives--as you prize the peace of your country, the lives
+of its best citizens, and your own fair fame, to retrace your steps.
+Snatch from the archives of your State the disorganizing edict of its
+convention--bid its members to re-assemble and promulgate the decided
+expressions of your will to remain in the path which alone can conduct
+you to safety, prosperity, and honor--tell them that compared to
+disunion, all other evils are light, because that brings with it an
+accumulation of all--declare that you will never take the field unless
+the star-spangled banner of your country shall float over you--that you
+will not be stigmatized when dead, and dishonored and scorned while you
+live, as the authors of the first attack on the Constitution of your
+country!--its destroyers you can not be. You may disturb its peace--you
+may interrupt the course of its prosperity--you may cloud its reputation
+for stability--but its tranquillity will be restored, its prosperity
+will return, and the stain upon its national character will be
+transferred and remain an eternal blot on the memory of those who caused
+the disorder.
+
+Fellow-citizens of the United States! The threat of unhallowed
+disunion--the names of those, once respected, by whom it is uttered--the
+array of military force to support it--denote the approach of a crisis
+in our affairs on which the continuance of our unexampled prosperity,
+our political existence, and perhaps that of all free governments, may
+depend. The conjecture demanded a free, a full, and explicit
+enunciation, not only of my intentions, but of my principles of action;
+and as the claim was asserted of a right by a State to annul the laws of
+the Union, and even to secede from it at pleasure, a frank exposition of
+my opinions in relation to the origin and form of our government, and
+the construction I give to the instrument by which it was created,
+seemed to be proper. Having the fullest confidence in the justness of
+the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties which has been
+expressed, I rely with equal confidence on your undivided support in my
+determination to execute the laws--to preserve the Union by all
+constitutional means--to arrest, if possible, by moderate but firm
+measures, the necessity of a recourse to force; and, if it be the will
+of Heaven that the recurrence of its primeval curse on man for the
+shedding of a brother's blood should fall upon our land, that it be not
+called down by any offensive act on the part of the United States.
+
+Fellow-citizens! The momentous case is before you. On your undivided
+support of your government depends the decision of the great question it
+involves, whether your sacred Union will be preserved, and the blessing
+it secures to us as one people shall be perpetuated. No one can doubt
+that the unanimity with which that decision will be expressed, will be
+such as to inspire new confidence in republican institutions, and that
+the prudence, the wisdom, and the courage which it will bring to their
+defense, will transmit them unimpaired and invigorated to our children.
+
+May the Great Ruler of nations grant that the signal blessings with
+which He has favored ours may not, by the madness of party, or personal
+ambition, be disregarded and lost, and may His wise providence bring
+those who have produced this crisis to see the folly, before they feel
+the misery, of civil strife, and inspire a returning veneration for
+that Union which, if we may dare to penetrate His designs, He has
+chosen, as the only means of attaining the high destinies to which we
+may reasonably aspire.
+
+In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be
+hereunto affixed, having signed the same with my hand.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this 10th day of December, in the year
+of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, and of the
+independence of the United States the fifty-seventh.
+
+ANDREW JACKSON.
+
+By the President.
+
+EDW. LIVINGSOE, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+MONROE DOCTRINE.
+
+EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT MONROE'S ANNUAL MESSAGE, WASHINGTON, DEC. 2,
+1823.
+
+
+The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly
+in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men on that side
+of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating
+to themselves, we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with
+our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded, or
+seriously menaced, that we resent injuries or make preparations for our
+defence. With the movements in this hemisphere, we are, of necessity,
+more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all
+enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied
+powers is essentially different, in this respect, from that of America.
+This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective
+Governments. And to the defence of our own, which has been achieved by
+the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of
+their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed
+unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted.
+
+We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing
+between the United States and those powers, to declare, that we should
+consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion
+of this hemisphere, as dangerous to our peace and safety.
+
+With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power, we
+have not interfered, and shall not interfere. But, with the Governments
+who have declared their independence, and maintained it, and whose
+independence we have, on great consideration, and on just principles,
+acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of
+oppressing them, or controlling, in any other manner, their destiny, by
+any European power, in any other light than as the manifestation of an
+unfriendly disposition towards the United States.
+
+In the war between those new Governments and Spain, we declared our
+neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have
+adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur,
+which, in the judgment of the competent authorities of this Government,
+shall make a corresponding change on the part of the United States,
+indispensable to their security.
+
+
+
+
+THE DRED SCOTT DECISION.
+
+DRED SCOTT, PLAINTIFF IN ERROR, _vs._ JOHN F.A. SANDFORD.
+
+
+This case was brought up by writ of error, from the Circuit Court of the
+United States for the district of Missouri.
+
+It was an action of trespass _vi et armis_ instituted in the Circuit
+Court by Scott against Sanford.
+
+Prior to the institution of the present suit, an action was brought by
+Scott for his freedom in the Circuit Court of St. Louis county, (State
+court,) where there was a verdict and judgment in his favor. On a writ
+of error to the Supreme Court of the State, the judgment below was
+reversed, and the case remanded to the Circuit Court, where it was
+continued to await the decision of the case now in question.
+
+The declaration of Scott contained three counts: one, that Sandford had
+assaulted the plaintiff; one, that he had assaulted Harriet Scott, his
+wife; and one, that he had assaulted Eliza Scott and Lizzie Scott, his
+children.
+
+Sandford appeared, and filed the following plea:
+
+DRED SCOTT,         }
+_vs._               } _Plea to the Jurisdiction of the Court._
+JOHN F.A. SANDFORD. }
+
+
+APRIL TERM, 1854.
+
+And the said John F.A. Sandford, in his own proper person, comes and
+says that this court ought not to have or take further cognizance of the
+action aforesaid, because he says that said cause of action, and each
+and every of them, (if any such have accrued to the said Dred Scott,)
+accrued to the said Dred Scott out of the jurisdiction of this court,
+and exclusively within the jurisdiction of the courts of the State of
+Missouri, for that, to wit: the said plaintiff, Dred Scott, is not a
+citizen of the State of Missouri, as alleged in his declaration, because
+he is a negro of African descent; his ancestors were of pure African
+blood, and were brought into this country and sold as negro slaves, and
+this the said Sandford is ready to verify. Wherefore he prays judgment
+whether this court can or will take further cognizance of the action
+aforesaid.
+
+JOHN F.A. SANDFORD.
+
+To this plea there was a demurrer in the usual form, which was argued
+in April, 1854, when the court gave judgment that the demurrer should be
+sustained.
+
+In May, 1854, the defendant, in pursuance of an agreement between
+counsel, and with the leave of the court, pleaded in bar of the action:
+
+1. Not guilty.
+
+2. That the plaintiff was a negro slave, the lawful property of the
+defendant, and, as such, the defendant gently laid his hands upon him,
+and thereby had only restrained him, as the defendant had a right to do.
+
+3. That with respect to the wife and daughters of the plaintiff, in the
+second and third counts of the declaration mentioned, the defendant had,
+as to them, only acted in the same manner, and in virtue of the same
+legal right.
+
+In the first of these pleas, the plaintiff joined issue; and to the
+second and third filed replications alleging that the defendant, of his
+own wrong and without the cause in his second and third pleas alleged,
+committed the trespasses, etc.
+
+The counsel then filed the following agreed statement of facts, viz.:
+
+In the year 1834, the plaintiff was a negro slave belonging to Dr.
+Emerson, who was a surgeon in the army of the United States. In that
+year, 1834, said Dr. Emerson took the plaintiff from the State of
+Missouri to the military post at Rock Island in the State of Illinois,
+and held him there as a slave until the month of April or May, 1836. At
+the time last mentioned, said Dr. Emerson removed the plaintiff from
+said military post at Rock Island to the military post at Fort Snelling,
+situate on the west bank of the Mississippi river, in the Territory
+known as Upper Louisiana, acquired by the United States of France, and
+situate north of the latitude of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes
+north, and north of the State of Missouri. Said Dr. Emerson held the
+plaintiff in slavery at said Fort Snelling, from said last-mentioned
+date until the year 1838.
+
+In the year 1835, Harriet, who is named in the second count of the
+plaintiff's declaration, was the negro slave of Major Taliaferro, who
+belonged to the army of the United States. In that year, 1835, said
+Major Taliaferro took said Harriet to said Fort Snelling, a military
+post, situated as hereinbefore stated, and kept her there as a slave
+until the year 1836, and then sold and delivered her as a slave at said
+Fort Snelling unto the said Dr. Emerson hereinbefore named. Said Dr.
+Emerson held said Harriet in slavery at said Fort Snelling until the
+year 1838.
+
+In the year 1836, the plaintiff and said Harriet, at said Fort
+Snelling, with the consent of said Dr. Emerson, who then claimed to be
+their master and owner, intermarried, and took each other for husband
+and wife. Eliza and Lizzie, named in the third count of the plaintiff's
+declaration, are the fruit of that marriage. Eliza is about fourteen
+years old, and was born on board the steamboat Gipsey, north of the
+north line of the State of Missouri, and upon the river Mississippi.
+Lizzie is about seven years old, and was born in the State of Missouri,
+at the military post called Jefferson Barracks.
+
+In the year 1838, said Dr. Emerson removed the plaintiff and said
+Harriet and their said daughter Eliza, from said Fort Snelling to the
+State of Missouri, where they have ever since resided.
+
+Before the commencement of this suit, said Dr. Emerson sold and conveyed
+the plaintiff, said Harriet, Eliza, and Lizzie, to the defendant, as
+slaves, and the defendant has ever since claimed to hold them and each
+of them as slaves.
+
+At the times mentioned in the plaintiff's declaration, the defendant
+claiming to be owner as aforesaid, laid his hands upon said plaintiff,
+Harriet, Eliza, and Lizzie, and imprisoned them, doing in this respect,
+however, no more than what he might lawfully do if they were of right
+his slaves at such times.
+
+Further proof may be given on the trial for either party.
+
+It is agreed that Dred Scott brought suit for his freedom in the Circuit
+Court of St. Louis county; that there was a verdict and judgment in his
+favor; that on a writ of error to the Supreme Court, the judgment below
+was reversed, and the same remanded to the Circuit Court, where it has
+been continued to await the decision of this case.
+
+In May, 1854, the cause went before a jury, who found the following
+verdict, viz.: "As to the first issue joined in this case, we of the
+jury find the defendant not guilty; and as to the issue secondly above
+joined, we of the jury find that before and at the time when, &c., in
+the first count mentioned, the said Dred Scott was a negro slave, the
+lawful property of the defendant; and as to the issue thirdly above
+joined, we, the jury, find that before and at the time when, &c., in the
+second and third counts mentioned, the said Harriet, wife of said Dred
+Scott, and Eliza and Lizzie, the daughters of the said Dred Scott, were
+negro slaves, the lawful property of the defendant."
+
+Whereupon the court gave judgment for the defendant.
+
+After an ineffectual motion for a new trial, the plaintiff filed the
+following bill of exceptions.
+
+On the trial of this cause by the jury, the plaintiff, to maintain the
+issues on his part, read to the jury the following agreed statement of
+facts, (see agreement above.) No further testimony was given to the jury
+by either party. Thereupon the plaintiff moved the court to give to the
+jury the following instruction, viz.:
+
+"That upon the facts agreed to by the parties, they ought to find for
+the plaintiff. The court refused to give such instruction to the jury,
+and the plaintiff, to such refusal, then and there duly excepted."
+
+The court then gave the following instruction to the jury, on motion of
+the defendant:
+
+"The jury are instructed, that upon the facts in this case, the law is
+with the defendant." The plaintiff excepted to this instruction.
+
+Upon these exceptions, the case came up to this court.
+
+It was argued at December term, 1855, and ordered to be reargued at the
+present term.
+
+The opinion of the court, as delivered by Chief Justice Taney, being so
+lengthy, we omit all but the summing up, to wit:
+
+Upon the whole, therefore, it is the judgment of this court, that it
+appears by the record before us, that the plaintiff in error is not a
+citizen of Missouri, in the sense in which that word is used in the
+Constitution; and that the Circuit Court of the United States, for that
+reason, had no jurisdiction in the case, and could give no judgment in
+it. Its judgment for the defendant must, consequently, be reversed, and
+a mandate issued, directing the suit to be dismissed for want of
+jurisdiction.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+WITH THE VOTE FOR EACH CANDIDATE FOR OFFICE.
+
+
+BEFORE THE REVOLUTION.
+
+FIRST CONGRESS, Sept. 5, 1774. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, President.
+Born in Virginia, in 1723, died at Philadelphia, Oct. 22, 1785. Charles
+Thomson, of Pennsylvania, Secretary. Born in Ireland, 1730, died in
+Pennsylvania, Aug. 16, 1824.
+
+SECOND CONGRESS, May 10, 1775. Peyton Randolph, President. Resigned May
+24, 1775.
+
+John Hancock, of Massachusetts, elected his successor. He was born at
+Quincy, Mass., 1737, died Oct. 8, 1793. He was President of Congress
+until October, 1777.
+
+Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, President from Nov. 1, 1777, to Dec.
+1778. He was born at Charleston, S.C., 1724, died in South Carolina,
+Dec, 1792.
+
+John Jay, of New York, President from Dec. 10, 1778, to Sept. 27, 1779.
+He was born in New York City, Dec. 12, 1745, died at New York, May 17,
+1829.
+
+Samuel Huntingdon, of Connecticut, President from Sept. 28, 1779, until
+July 10, 1781. He was born in Connecticut, in 1732, died 1796.
+
+Thos. McKean, of Pennsylvania, President from July 1781, until Nov. 5,
+1781. He was born in Pennsylvania, March 19, 1734, died at Philadelphia,
+June 24, 1817.
+
+John Hanson, of Maryland, President from Nov. 5, 1781, to Nov. 4, 1782.
+
+Elias Boudinot, of New Jersey, President from Nov. 4, 1782, until Feb.
+4, 1783. He was born at Philadelphia, May 2, 1740, died 1824.
+
+Thomas Mifflin, of Pennsylvania, President from Feb. 4, 1783, to Nov.
+30, 1784. Born at Philadelphia, 1744, died in the same city, Jan. 21,
+1800.
+
+Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, President from Nov. 30, 1784, to Nov.
+23, 1785. He was born in Virginia, 1732, died 1794.
+
+John Hancock, of Massachusetts, President from Nov. 23, 1785, to June 6,
+1786.
+
+Nathaniel Gorham, of Massachusetts, President from June 6, 1786, to Feb.
+2, 1787. He was born at Charlestown, Mass., 1738, died June 11, 1796.
+
+Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania, President from Feb. 2, 1787, to Jan.
+28, 1788. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland,----, died in 1818.
+
+Cyrus Griffin, of Virginia, President from Jan. 28, 1788, to the end of
+the Congress under the Confederation, March 3, 1789. He was born in
+England, 1748, died in Virginia, 1810.
+
+
+UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.
+
+1789 to 1793.--George Washington, of Virginia, inaugurated as President
+of the United States, April 30, 1789. He was born upon Wakefield estate,
+Virginia, Feb. 22, (11th old style,) 1732, died at Mount Vernon, Dec.
+14, 1799.
+
+John Adams, of Massachusetts, Vice-President. Born at Braintree, Mass.,
+Oct. 19, 1735, died July 4, 1826, near Quincy, Mass.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--Geo. Washington, 69; John Adams, 34; John Jay, New
+York, 9; R.H. Harrison, Maryland, 6; John Rutledge, South Carolina, 6;
+John Hancock, Massachusetts, 4; Geo. Clinton, New York, 3; Sam'l
+Huntingdon, Connecticut, 2; John Milton, Georgia, 2; James Armstrong,
+Georgia, 1; Edward Telfair, Georgia, 1; Benj. Lincoln, Massachusetts,
+1--Total, 69. Ten States voted,--Rhode Island, New York, and North
+Carolina not voting, not having ratified the Constitution in time.
+
+1793 to 1797.--George Washington, President, inaugurated March 4, 1793.
+
+John Adams, Vice-President.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--Geo. Washington, 132; John Adams, 77; Geo. Clinton, 50;
+Thos. Jefferson, Virginia, 4; Aaron Burr, New York, 1.--Total, 132.
+Fifteen States voted.
+
+1797 to 1801.--John, Adams President, inaugurated March 4, 1797.
+
+Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Vice-President. Born at Shadwell,
+Virginia, April 13, 1743, died at Monticello, Virginia, July 4, 1826.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--John Adams, 71; Thomas Jefferson, 68; Thomas Pinckney,
+South Carolina, 59; Aaron Burr, 30; Sam'l Adams, Massachusetts, 15;
+Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut, 11; Geo. Clinton, 7; John Jay, 5; James
+Iredell, North Carolina, 3; George Washington, 2; John Henry, Maryland,
+2; S. Johnson, North Carolina, 2; Charles C. Pinckney, South Carolina,
+1.--Total 138. Sixteen States voting.
+
+1801 to 1805.--Thomas Jefferson, President, inaugurated March 4, 1801.
+
+Aaron Burr, of New York Vice-President. Born at Newark, N.J., Feb. 6,
+1756, died at Staten Island, N.Y., Sept. 14, 1836.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--Thos. Jefferson, 73; Aaron Burr, 73; John Adams, 65;
+Chas. C. Pinckney, 64; John Jay 1.--Total, 13. Sixteen States voting.
+
+There was no choice by the Electoral colleges, and the election was
+carried into the House of Representatives, and upon the 36th ballot, ten
+States voted for Jefferson, four States for Aaron Burr, and two States
+in blank. Jefferson was declared to be elected President, and Burr
+Vice-President. The Constitution was then amended, so that the
+Vice-President was voted for separately, instead of being the second on
+the vote for President.
+
+1805 to 1809.--Thomas Jefferson, President, inaugurated March 4, 1805.
+
+George Clinton, of New York, Vice-President. He was born in Ulster
+county, N.Y., 1739, died in Washington, D.C., April 20, 1812.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Thos. Jefferson, 162; Chas. Cotesworth
+Pinckney, 14.--Total, 176. Seven States voting. For Vice-President,
+George Clinton, 162; Rufus King, New York, 14.
+
+1809 to 1813.--James Madison, of Virginia, President, inaugurated March
+4, 1809. He was born March 16, 1751, in Prince George county, Va., and
+died at Montpelier, Va., June 28, 1836.
+
+George Clinton, of New York, Vice-President, until his death, April 20,
+1812.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Madison, 122; Geo. Clinton, 6;
+C.C. Pinckney, 47.--Total, 175. Seventeen States voting. For
+Vice-President, George Clinton, 113; James Madison, 3; James Monroe,
+Virginia, 3; John Langdon, New Hampshire, 9; Rufus King, New York, 47.
+
+1813 to 1817.--James Madison, of Virginia, President, inaugurated March
+4, 1813.
+
+Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, Vice-President, until his death, Nov.
+23, 1814. He was born at Marblehead, Mass., July 17, 1744, and died at
+Washington, D.C.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Madison, 128; De Witt Clinton, New
+York, 89.--Total, 217. Eighteen States voting. For Vice-President,
+Elbridge Gerry, 131; Jared Ingersoll, Pa., 86.
+
+1817 to 1821.--James Monroe, of Virginia, President, inaugurated March
+4, 1817. He was born in Westmoreland county, Va., 1759, and died in New
+York, July 4, 1831.
+
+Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, Vice-President. Born June 21, 1774, at
+Fox Meadows, N.Y., and died at Staten Island, June 11, 1825.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Monroe, 183; Rufus King,
+34.--Total, 221. Nineteen States voting. For Vice-President, Daniel D.
+Tompkins, 183; John Eager Howard, Maryland, 22; James Ross,
+Pennsylvania, 5; John Marshall, Virginia, 4; Robt. Goodloe Harper,
+Maryland, 3.
+
+1821 to 1825.--James Monroe, President, inaugurated March 4, 1821.
+
+Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Monroe, 231; John Quincy Adams,
+Massachusetts, 1.--Total, 232. Twenty-four States voting. For
+Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 218; Richard Stockton, New Jersey,
+8; Robert G. Harper, 1; Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, 1; Daniel Rodney,
+Delaware, 1.
+
+1825 to 1829.--John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, President,
+inaugurated March 4, 1825. He was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, July
+11, 1767, and died at Washington City, Feb. 23, 1848.
+
+John Caldwell Calhoun, of South Carolina, Vice-President. Born in
+Abbeville district, S.C., March 18, 1782, and died March 31, 1850, in
+Washington City.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, John Quincy Adams, 105,321; Andrew
+Jackson, Tennessee, 152,899; Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, 47,265; Henry
+Clay, Kentucky, 47,087.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President Andrew Jackson, 99; John Quincy Adams,
+84; Wm, H. Crawford, 41; Henry Clay, 37.--Total, 261. Twenty-four States
+voting.
+
+There being no choice by the Electoral colleges, the vote was taken into
+the House of Representatives. Adams received the votes of thirteen
+States, Jackson seven, and Crawford four. John Quincy Adams was
+therefore declared elected President.
+
+For Vice-President, the Electoral vote was John C. Calhoun, South
+Carolina, 182; Nathan Sanford, New York, 30; Nathaniel Macon, Georgia,
+24; Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, 13; Martin Van Buren, New York, 9; Henry
+Clay, Kentucky, 2.
+
+1829 to 1833.--Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1829. He was born in Mecklenburg county, N.C., March 15, 1767,
+and died at the Hermitage, Tenn., June 8, 1845.
+
+John Caldwell Calhoun, Vice-President, until his resignation, Dec. 28,
+1832.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Andrew Jackson, 650,028; John Quincy
+Adams, 512,158.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Andrew Jackson, 178; J.Q. Adams,
+83.--Total, 261. Twenty-four States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, 171; Richard Rush, Pennsylvania,
+83; Wm, Smith, South Carolina, 7.
+
+1833 to 1837.--Andrew Jackson, President, inaugurated March 4, 1833.
+
+Martin Van Buren, of New York, Vice-President. He was born at
+Kinderhook, N.Y., Dec. 5, 1782.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Andrew Jackson, 687,502; Henry Clay,
+550,189; Opposition, (John Floyd, Virginia, and Wm. Wirt, Maryland,)
+33,108.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Andrew Jackson, 219; Henry Clay, 49;
+John Floyd, 11; Wm. Wirt, 7.--Total 288. Twenty-four States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, Martin Van Buren, 189; John Sergeant, Pennsylvania,
+49; William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, 30; Henry Lee, Massachusetts, 11;
+Amos Ellmaker, Pennsylvania, 7.
+
+1837 to 1841.--Martin Van Buren, President, inaugurated March 4, 1837.
+
+Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, Vice-President. He was born in 1780,
+and died Nov. 19, 1850.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Martin Van Buren, 762,149; Opposition,
+(Wm. H. Harrison, Hugh L. White, Daniel Webster, W.P. Mangum,) 736,736.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Martin Van Buren, 170; Wm. H. Harrison,
+Ohio, 73; Hugh L. White, Tennessee, 26; Daniel Webster, Massachusetts,
+14; W.P. Mangum, 11.--Total, 294. Twenty-six States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, 147; Francis Granger,
+New York, 77; John Tyler, Virginia, 47; Wm. Smith, Alabama, 23.
+
+1841 to 1845--Wm. Henry Harrison, of Ohio, President, until his death,
+at Washington, April 4, 1841. He was inaugurated March 4, 1841. He was
+born in Berkeley county, Va., Feb. 9, 1773.
+
+John Tyler, of Virginia, Vice-President. He was born April, 1790, at
+Greenway, Charles City county, Va.
+
+John Tyler, of Virginia, became President by the death of W.H. Harrison.
+He took the oath of office April 6, 1841.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--Nov. 1840.--For President, Wm. Henry Harrison, 1,274,783;
+Martin Van Buren, 1,128,702; James G. Birney, New York, (Abolition,)
+7,609.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, W.H. Harrison, 234; M. Van Buren,
+60.--Total, 294. Twenty-six States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, John Tyler, 234; Richard M. Johnson, 48; L.W.
+Tazewell, South Carolina, 11; James K. Polk, Tennessee, 1.
+
+1845 to 1849.--James Knox Polk, of Tennessee, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1845. He was born in Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, Nov.
+2, 1795, and died at Nashville, Tennessee, June 15, 1849.
+
+George Mifflin Dallas, of Pennsylvania, Vice-President. Born in
+Philadelphia, July 10, 1792.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, James K. Polk, 1,335,834; Henry Clay,
+1,297,033; James G. Birney, 62,290.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James K. Polk, 170; Henry Clay,
+105.--Total, 275. Twenty-six States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, George M. Dallas, 170; Theodore Frelinghuysen, of
+New Jersey, 105.
+
+1849 to 1853.--Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1849. Born in Virginia, 1784, died in Washington City, July 9,
+1850.
+
+Millard Fillmore, of New York, Vice-President. Born in Locke township,
+Cayuga county, N.Y., Jan. 7, 1800.
+
+Millard Fillmore, President, after the death of Zachary Taylor, July 9,
+1850. He took the oath of office, July 10, 1850.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Zachary Taylor, 1,362,031; Lewis Cass, of
+Michigan, 1,222,445; Martin Van Buren, (Free-Soil,) 291,455.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Zachary Taylor, 163; Lewis Cass,
+127.--Total, 290. Thirty States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, Millard Fillmore, 163; William O. Butler, Kentucky,
+127.
+
+1853 to 1857.--Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, President, inaugurated
+March 5, 1853. He was born at Hillsboro, N.H., Nov. 23, 1804.
+
+William R. King, of Alabama, Vice-President. He was born in North
+Carolina, April 7, 1786, died at Cahawba, Ala., April 18, 1853.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Franklin Pierce, 1,590,490; Winfield
+Scott, 1,378,589; John P. Hale, New Hampshire, (Abolition,) 157,296.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Franklin Pierce, 254; Winfield Scott of
+New Jersey, 42.--Total, 296. Thirty-one States voting.
+
+For Vice President, Wm. R. King, 254; Wm. A. Graham, North Carolina, 42.
+
+1857 to 1861.--James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, President. He was born
+at Stony Batter, Franklin county, Penn., April 22, 1791.
+
+John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, Vice-President. Born near Lexington,
+Kentucky, Jan. 21, 1820.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, James Buchanan, (Democratic.) 1,832,232;
+John C. Fremont, California, (Republican,) 1,341,514; Millard Fillmore,
+New York, (American,) 874,707.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, James Buchanan, 174; John C. Fremont,
+109; Millard Fillmore, 8.--Total, 291. Thirty-one States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, John Breckenridge, 174; Wm. L. Dayton, New Jersey,
+109; A.J. Donelson, Tennessee, 8.--Total, 291.
+
+1861 to 1865.--Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, President, inaugurated
+March 4, 1861. He was born near Muldraugh's Hill, Hardin county, Ky.,
+Feb. 1809.
+
+Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Vice-President. He was born at Paris, Oxford
+county, Me., Aug. 27, 1809.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Abraham Lincoln, (Republican,) 1,857,610;
+Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, (Democratic,) 1,365,976; John C.
+Breckenridge, of Kentucky, (Democratic,) 847,953; John Bell, of
+Tennessee, (Constitutional Union,) 590,631.
+
+ELECTORAL VOTE.--For President, Abraham Lincoln, 180; John C.
+Breckinridge, 72; John Bell, 39; Stephen A. Douglas, 12.--Total, 291.
+Thirty-three States voting.
+
+For Vice-President, Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, 180; Joseph Lane, Oregon,
+72; Edward Everett, Massachusetts, 39; Herschel V. Johnson, Georgia, 12.
+
+1865 to 1869.--Abraham Lincoln, President, inaugurated March 4, 1865.
+
+Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice-President.
+
+POPULAR VOTE.--For President, Abraham Lincoln, (Republican,) 3,213,035;
+George B. McClellan, (Democrat,) 1,811,754.
+
+Upon the assassination of President Lincoln, April 14, 1865, Andrew
+Johnson, then Vice-President, assumed the Presidency, and Lafayette S.
+Foster, of Norwich, Conn., President of the Senate, became
+Vice-President.
+
+
+
+
+POPULAR NAMES OF STATES.
+
+
+Virginia, the Old Dominion.
+Massachusetts, the Bay State.
+Maine, the Border State.
+Rhode Island, Little Rhody.
+New York, the Empire State.
+New Hampshire, the Granite State.
+Vermont, the Green Mountain State.
+Connecticut, the Land of Steady Habits.
+Pennsylvania, the Keystone State.
+North Carolina, the Old North State.
+Ohio, the Buckeye State.
+South Carolina, the Palmetto State.
+Michigan, the Wolverine State.
+Kentucky, the Corn-Cracker.
+Delaware, the Blue Hen's Chicken.
+Missouri, the Puke State.
+Indiana, the Hoosier State.
+Illinois, the Sucker State.
+Iowa, the Hawkeye State.
+Wisconsin, the Badger State.
+Florida, the Peninsular State.
+Texas, the Lone Star State.
+
+
+
+
+BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION.
+
+
+The following statistics show the losses of life in the various battles
+of the American Revolution, also the dates of the several battles:
+
+                                       British  American
+                                       Loss.    Loss.
+
+Lexington, April 15, 1775                273     84
+Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775              1054    456
+Flatbush, August 12, 1776                400    200
+White Plains, August 26, 1776            400    400
+Trenton, December 25, 1776              1000      9
+Princeton, January 5, 1777               400    100
+Hubbardstown, August 17, 1777            800    800
+Bennington, August 16, 1777              800    100
+Brandywine, September 11, 1777           500   1100
+Stillwater, September 17, 1777           600    350
+Germantown, October 5, 1777              600   1250
+Saratoga, October 17, 1777[A]           5752   ....
+Red Hook, October 22, 1777               500     32
+Monmouth, June 25, 1778                  400    130
+Rhode Island, August 27, 1778            260    214
+Briar Creek, March 30, 1779               13    400
+Stony Point, July 15, 1779               600    100
+Camden, August 16, 1779                  375    610
+King's Mountain, October 1, 1780         950     66
+Cowpens, January 17, 1781                800     72
+Guilford C.H., March 15, 1781            532    400
+Hobkirk's Hill, April 25, 1781           400    460
+Eutaw Springs, September, 1781          1000    550
+Yorktown, October, 1781[A]              7072   ....
+
+            Total                     25,481   7913
+
+[A] Surrendered.
+
+
+
+
+NEUTRALITY LAW OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+AS AMENDED AND APPROVED BY CONGRESS, JULY 26, 1866.
+
+
+A Bill more effectually to preserve the neutral relations of the United
+States.
+
+_Be it enacted, &c._, That if any citizen of the United States shall,
+within the territory or jurisdiction thereof, accept and exercise a
+commission to serve a foreign prince, State, colony, district, or people
+in war by land or by sea against any prince, State, colony, district or
+people with whom the United States are at peace, the person so offending
+shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall on conviction thereof
+be punished by a fine of not exceeding $2,000 and imprisonment not
+exceeding two years, or either, at the discretion of the Court in which
+such offender may be convicted.
+
+SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That if any person shall, within
+the territory or jurisdiction of the United States enlist, or enter
+himself, or hire or retain another person to enlist or enter himself, or
+to go beyond the limits or jurisdiction of the United States, with
+intent to be enlisted or entered into the service of any foreign prince,
+State, colony, district or people as a soldier, or as a marine or seaman
+on board of any vessel-of-war, letter-of-marque or privateer, every
+person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall
+upon conviction therefor be punished by fine not exceeding $1,000, and
+imprisonment not exceeding two years, or either of them, at the
+discretion of the Court, in case such offender shall be convicted;
+provided that this act shall not be construed to extend to any subject
+or citizen of any foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, who
+shall transiently be within the United States, and shall be on board of
+any vessel of war, letter-of-marque or privateer, which, at the time of
+its arrival within the United States, was fitted and equipped as such,
+enlist or enter himself, and hire or retain another subject or citizen
+of the same foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, who is
+transiently in the United States, to enlist or enter himself to serve
+such foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, on board such
+vessel of war, letter-of-marque or privateer, if the United States shall
+then be at peace with such foreign prince, State, colony, district or
+people.
+
+SEC. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That if any person shall within the
+limits of the United States fit out and arm or attempt to fit out and
+arm, or procure to be fitted out and armed, or shall knowingly be
+concerned in the furnishing, fitting out and arming of any ship or
+vessel with intent that such ship or vessel shall be employed in the
+service of any foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, to
+cruise or commit hostilities against the subjects, citizens or property
+of any foreign prince, State, or any colony, district or people with
+whom the United States are at peace, or shall issue or deliver a
+commission within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States for
+any ship or vessel to the intent that she may be employed as aforesaid,
+or shall have on board any person or persons who shall have been
+enlisted, or shall have engaged to enlist or serve or shall be departing
+from the jurisdiction of the United States with intent to enlist or
+serve in contravention of the provisions of this act, every person so
+offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon
+conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $3,000, and
+imprisonment not exceeding three years, or either of them, at the
+discretion of the Court in which such offender shall be convicted; and
+every such ship and vessel, with her tackle, apparel and furniture,
+together with all materials, arms, ammunition and stores which may have
+been procured for the building and equipment thereof, shall be forfeited
+to the United States of America.
+
+SEC. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be lawful for any
+Collector of the Customs who is by law empowered to make seizures for
+any forfeiture incurred under any of the laws of Customs, to seize such
+ships and vessels in such places and in such manner in which the
+officers of the Customs are empowered to make seizures under the law for
+the collection and protection of the revenue, and that every such ship
+and vessel, with the tackle, apparel and furniture, together with all
+the materials, arms, ammunition and stores which may belong to or be on
+board such ship or vessel, may be prosecuted or condemned for the
+violation of the provisions of this act in like manner as ships or
+vessels may be prosecuted and condemned for any breach of the laws made
+for the collection and protection of the revenue.
+
+SEC. 5. _And be it further enacted_, That if any person shall within the
+territory or jurisdiction of the United States, increase or augment, or
+procure to be increased or augmented, or shall knowingly be concerned in
+increasing or augmenting the force of any ship of war, or cruiser, or
+other armed vessel, which at the time of her arrival within the United
+States was a ship of war, or cruiser, or armed vessel in the service of
+any foreign prince, State, colony, district or people, or belonged to
+the subjects or citizens of any such prince, State, colony, district or
+people, the same being at war with any foreign prince, State, colony,
+district or people with whom the United States are at peace, by adding
+to the number of guns of such vessel, or by changing those on board of
+her for guns of a larger calibre, or by addition thereto of any
+equipment solely applicable to war, or shall have on board any person or
+persons who shall have enlisted, or engaged to enlist or serve, or who
+shall be departing from the jurisdiction of the United States with
+intent to enlist or serve in contravention of the provisions of this
+act; every person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
+and shall upon conviction thereof be punished by fine or imprisonment,
+or either of them, at the discretion of the court in which such offender
+shall be convicted.
+
+SEC. 6. _And be it further enacted_, That the District Courts shall take
+cognizance of all complaints, informations, indictments, or other
+prosecutions, by whomsoever instituted, in cases of captures made within
+the waters of the United States or within a marine league of the coasts
+or shores thereof.
+
+SEC. 7. _And be it further enacted_, That in every case in which a
+vessel shall be fitted out and armed, or in which the force of any
+vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel shall be increased or
+augmented, in every case of the capture of a ship or vessel within the
+jurisdiction or protection of the United States, as before defined, and
+in every case in which any process issuing out of any court of the
+United States shall be disobeyed or resisted by any person or persons
+having the custody of any vessel of war, cruiser or other, armed vessel
+of any prince or State, or of any colony, district or people, or of any
+subjects or citizens of any foreign prince, State, or of any colony,
+district or people in any such case, it shall be lawful for the
+President of the United States, or such other person as he shall have
+empowered for that purpose to employ such part of the land and naval
+forces of the United States or of the militia thereof, for the purpose
+of taking of and detaining any such ship or vessel with her prize or
+prizes, if any, in order to the execution of the prohibition or
+penalties of this act, and to the restoring the prize or prizes in the
+cases in which restoration shall have been adjudged.
+
+SEC. 8. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be lawful for the
+President of the United States, or such person as he shall empower for
+that purpose, to employ such part of the land and naval forces of the
+United States, or of the militia thereof, as shall be necessary to
+compel any foreign ship or vessel to depart the United States in all
+cases in which, by the laws of nations or the treaties of the United
+States they ought not to remain within the United States.
+
+SEC. 9. _And be it further enacted_, That offences made punishable by
+the provisions of this act, committed by citizens of the United States,
+beyond the jurisdiction of the United States, may be prosecuted and
+tried before any court having jurisdiction of the offences prohibited by
+this act.
+
+SEC. 10. _And be it further enacted_, That nothing in this act shall be
+so construed as to prohibit citizens of the United States from selling
+vessels, ships or steamers built within the limits thereof, or materials
+or munitions of war, the growth or product of the same, to inhabitants
+of other countries, or to Governments not at war with the United States:
+provided that the operation of this section of this act shall be
+suspended by the President of the United States with regard to any
+classes of purchases, whenever the United States shall be engaged in
+war, or whenever the maintenance of friendly relations with any foreign
+nation may in his judgment require it.
+
+SEC. 11. _And be it further enacted_, That nothing in the foregoing act
+shall be construed to prevent the prosecution or punishment of treason,
+or any piracy or other felony defined by the laws of the United States.
+
+SEC. 12. _And be it further enacted_, That all acts and parts of acts
+inconsistent with the provisions of this act or inflicting any further
+or other penalty or forfeiture than are hereinbefore provided for. The
+acts forbidden herein are hereby repealed.
+
+
+
+
+POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+
+STATES.                   1850.      1860.
+
+Alabama                 771,623    964,296
+Arkansas                209,897    435,427
+California               92,597    380,015
+Connecticut             370,792    460,151
+Delaware                 91,532    112,218
+Florida                  87,445    140,439
+Georgia                 906,185  1,057,327
+Illinois                851,470  1,711,753
+Indiana                 988,416  1,350,479
+Iowa                    192,214    674,948
+Kansas                    ...      107,710
+Kentucky                982,405  1,155,713
+Louisiana               517,762    709,433
+Maine                   583,169    628,276
+Maryland                583,034    687,034
+Massachusetts           994,514  1,231,065
+Michigan                397,654    749,112
+Minnesota                 6,077    162,022
+Mississippi             606,026    791,395
+Missouri                682,044  1,173,317
+New Hampshire           317,976    326,072
+New Jersey              489,555    672,031
+New York              3,097,394  3,887,542
+North Carolina          869,039    992,667
+Ohio                  1,980,329  2,339,599
+Oregon                   12,093     52,464
+Pennsylvania          2,311,786  2,906,370
+Rhode Island            147,545    174,621
+South Carolina          668,507    703,812
+Tennessee             1,002,717  1,109,847
+Texas                   212,592    601,039
+Vermont                 314,120    315,116
+Virginia             1,421,661   1,596,083
+Wisconsin              305,391     775,873
+
+TERRITORIES, ETC.
+
+Colorado                ....        34,197
+Dakotah                 ....         4,839
+Nebraska                ....        28,842
+Nevada                  ....         6,857
+New Mexico              61,547      93,541
+Utah                    11,380      40,295
+Washington               1,201      11,578
+District of Columbia    51,687      75,076
+
+     Total          23,191,876  31,429,891
+
+
+SLAVE POPULATION IN THE U.S. IN 1860.
+
+STATES.        1850.    1860.
+
+Alabama                342,844    435,132
+Arkansas                47,100    111,104
+Delaware                 2,290      1,798
+Florida                 39,310     61,753
+Georgia                381,682    462,230
+Kentucky               210,981    225,490
+Louisiana              244,809    332,520
+Maryland                90,368     87,188
+Mississippi            309,878    436,696
+Missouri                87,422    114,965
+North Carolina         288,548    331,081
+South Carolina         384,984    402,541
+Tennessee              239,459    275,784
+Texas                   58,161    180,388
+Virginia               472,528    490,887
+Nebraska (Territory)    ..             10
+Utah         "          ..             29
+New Mexico   "              26         24
+District of Columbia     3,687      3,181
+
+   Total             3,204,077  3,952,801
+
+
+STATISTICS OF SLAVERY BEFORE THE REVOLUTION.
+
+AMERICAN SLAVERY IN 1715.
+
+In the reign of George I., the ascertained population of the Continental
+Colonies was as follows:
+
+                    White Men.  Negro Slaves.
+New Hampshire           9,500     150
+Massachusetts          94,000   2,000
+Rhode Island            7,500     500
+Connecticut            46,000   1,500
+New York               27,000   4,000
+Pennsylvania           43,300   2,500
+New Jersey             21,000   1,500
+Maryland               40,700   9,400
+Virginia               72,000  23,000
+North Carolina          7,500   3,700
+South Carolina          6,250  10,500
+
+    Total             375,000  58,550
+
+
+
+
+SPEECH OF HON. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
+
+DELIVERED AT CHICAGO, MAY 1ST, 1861.
+
+
+MR. CHAIRMAN: I thank you for the kind terms in which you have been
+pleased to welcome me. I thank the Committee and citizens of Chicago for
+this grand and imposing reception. I beg you to believe that I will not
+do you nor myself the injustice to believe this magnificent ovation is
+personal homage to myself. I rejoice to know that it expresses your
+devotion to the Constitution, the Union, and the flag of our country.
+(Cheers.)
+
+I will not conceal gratification at the uncontrovertible test this vast
+audience presents--that what political differences or party questions
+may have divided us, yet you all had a conviction that when the country
+should be in danger, my loyalty could be relied on. That the present
+danger is imminent, no man can conceal. If war must come--if the bayonet
+must be used to maintain the Constitution--I can say before God my
+conscience is clean. I have struggled long for a peaceful solution of
+the difficulty. I have not only tendered those States what was theirs of
+right, but I have gone to the very extreme of magnanimity.
+
+The return we receive is war, armies marched upon our capital,
+obstructions and dangers to our navigation, letters of marque to invite
+pirates to prey upon our commerce, a concerted movement to blot out the
+United States of America from the map of the globe. The question is, Are
+we to maintain the country of our fathers, or allow it to be stricken
+down by those who, when they can no longer govern, threaten to destroy?
+
+What cause, what excuse do disunionists give us for breaking up the best
+Government on which the sun of heaven ever shed its rays? They are
+dissatisfied with the result of a Presidential election. Did they never
+get beaten before? Are we to resort to the sword when we get defeated at
+the ballot box? I understand it that the voice of the people expressed
+in the mode appointed by the Constitution must command the obedience of
+every citizen. They assume, on the election of a particular candidate,
+that their rights are not safe in the Union. What evidence do they
+present of this? I defy any man to show any act on which it is based.
+What act has been omitted to be done? I appeal to these assembled
+thousands that so far as the constitutional rights of the Southern
+States, I will say the constitutional rights of slaveholders, are
+concerned, nothing has been done, and nothing omitted, of which they can
+complain.
+
+There has never been a time from the day that Washington was inaugurated
+first President of these United States, when the rights of the Southern
+States stood firmer under the laws of the land than they do now; there
+never was a time when they had not as good a cause for disunion as they
+have to-day. What good cause have they now that has not existed under
+every Administration?
+
+If they say the Territorial question--now, for the first time, there is
+no act of Congress prohibiting slavery anywhere. If it be the
+non-enforcement of the laws, the only complaints that I have heard have
+been of the too vigorous and faithful fulfilment of the Fugitive Slave
+Law. Then what reason have they?
+
+The slavery question is a mere excuse. The election of Lincoln is a mere
+pretext. The present secession movement is the result of an enormous
+conspiracy formed more than a year since--formed by leaders in the
+Southern Confederacy more than twelve months ago.
+
+They use the Slavery question as a means to aid the accomplishment of
+their ends. They desired the election of a Northern candidate, by a
+sectional vote, in order to show that the two sections cannot live
+together. When the history of the two years from the Lecompton charter
+down to the Presidential election shall be written, it will be shown
+that the scheme was deliberately made to break up this Union.
+
+They desired a Northern Republican to be elected by a purely Northern
+vote, and then assign this fact as a reason why the sections may not
+longer live together. If the disunion candidate in the late Presidential
+contest had carried the united South, their scheme was, the Northern
+candidate successful, to seize the Capital last spring, and by a united
+South and divided North hold it. That scheme was defeated in the defeat
+of the disunion candidate in several of the Southern States.
+
+But this is no time for a detail of causes. The conspiracy is now known.
+Armies have been raised, war is levied to accomplish it. There are only
+two sides to the question. Every man must be for the United States or
+against it. There can be no neutrals in this war; _only patriots--or
+traitors_.
+
+Thank God, Illinois is not divided on this question. (Cheers.) I know
+they expected to present a united South against a divided North. They
+hoped in the Northern States, party questions would bring civil war
+between Democrats and Republicans, when the South would step in with her
+cohorts, aid one party to conquer the other, and then make easy prey of
+the victors. Their scheme was carnage and civil war in the North.
+
+There is but one way to defeat this. In Illinois it is being so defeated
+by closing up the ranks. War will thus be prevented on our own soil.
+While there was a hope of peace, I was ready for any reasonable
+sacrifice or compromise to maintain it. But when the question comes of
+war in the cotton-fields of the South, or the corn-fields of Illinois, I
+say the farther off the better.
+
+We can not close our eyes to the sad and solemn fact that war does
+exist. The Government must be maintained, its enemies overthrown, and
+the more stupendous our preparations the less the bloodshed, and the
+shorter the struggle. But we must remember certain restraints on our
+action even in time of war. We are a Christian people, and the war must
+be prosecuted in a manner recognized by Christian nations.
+
+We must not invade Constitutional rights. The innocent must not suffer,
+nor women and children be the victims. Savages must not be let loose.
+But while I sanction no war on the rights of others, I will implore my
+countrymen not to lay down their arms until our own rights are
+recognized. (Cheers.)
+
+The Constitution and its guarantees are our birthright, and I am ready
+to enforce that inalienable right to the last extent. We can not
+recognize secession. Recognize it once, and you have not only dissolved
+government, but you have destroyed social order--upturned the
+foundations of society. You have inaugurated anarchy in its worst form,
+and will shortly experience all the horrors of the French Revolution.
+
+Then we have a solemn duty--to maintain the Government. The greater our
+unanimity, the speedier the day of peace. We have prejudices to overcome
+from the few short months since of a fierce party contest. Yet these
+must be allayed. Let us lay aside all criminations and recriminations as
+to the origin of these difficulties. When we shall have again a country
+with the United States flag floating over it, and respected on every
+inch of American soil, it will then be time enough to ask who and what
+brought all this upon us.
+
+I have said more than I intended to say. (Cries of "Go on.") It is a sad
+task to discuss questions so fearful as civil war; but sad as it is,
+bloody and disastrous as I expect it will be, I express it as my
+conviction before God, that it is the duty of every American citizen to
+rally round the flag of his country.
+
+I thank you again for this magnificent demonstration. By it you show you
+have laid aside party strife. Illinois has a proud position--United,
+firm, determined never to permit the Government to be destroyed.
+(Prolonged cheering.)
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S FIRST CALL FOR TROOPS.
+
+APRIL 15th, 1861.
+
+
+_Whereas_, the laws of the United States have been for some time past,
+and now are, opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, in the
+States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi,
+Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by
+the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in
+the marshals by law; now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of
+the United States, in virtue of the power in me vested by the
+Constitution and the laws, have thought fit to call forth the Militia of
+the several States of the Union to the aggregate number of 75,000, in
+order to suppress said combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly
+executed.
+
+The details for this object will be immediately communicated to the
+State authorities through the War Department. I appeal to all loyal
+citizens to favor, facilitate, and aid, this effort to maintain the
+honor, the integrity, and existence, of our national Union, and the
+perpetuity of popular government, and to redress wrongs already long
+enough endured. I deem it proper to say that the first service assigned
+to the forces hereby called forth will probably be to repossess the
+forts, places, and property which have been seized from the Union; and
+in every event the utmost care will be observed, consistently with the
+objects aforesaid, to avoid any devastation, any destruction of, or
+interference with property, or any disturbance of peaceful citizens of
+any part of the country; and I hereby command the persons composing the
+combinations aforesaid, to disperse and retire peaceably to their
+respective abodes, within twenty days from this date.
+
+Deeming that the present condition of public affairs presents an
+extraordinary occasion, I do hereby, in virtue of the power in me vested
+by the Constitution, convene both houses of Congress. The Senators and
+Representatives are, therefore, summoned to assemble at their respective
+chambers at twelve o'clock, noon, on Thursday, the fourth day of July
+next, then and there to consider and determine such measures as, in
+their wisdom, the public safety and interest may seem to demand.
+
+In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this fifteenth day of April, in the year
+of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the
+independence of the United States the eighty-fifth.
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+By the President.
+WILLIAM H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+TOTAL NUMBER OF TROOPS CALLED INTO SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION.
+
+The various calls of the President for men were as follows:
+
+1861,--3 months' men,            75,000
+1861,--3 years' men,            500,000
+1862,--3 years' men,            300,000
+1862,--9 months' men,           300,000
+1864,--3 years' men, February,  500,000
+1864,--3 years' men, March,     200,000
+1864,--3 years' men, July,      500,000
+1864,--3 years' men, December,  300,000
+
+     Total,                   2,675,000
+
+These do not include the militia that were brought into service during
+the various invasions of Lee's armies into Maryland and Pennsylvania.
+
+
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS OF THE N.Y. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
+
+SUSTAINING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND URGING A STRICT BLOCKADE OF
+SOUTHERN PORTS, APRIL 19TH, 1861.
+
+
+_Whereas_, Our country has, in the course of events, reached a crisis
+unprecedented in its past history, exposing it to extreme dangers, and
+involving the most momentous results; and _Whereas_, The President of
+the United States has, by his Proclamation, made known the dangers which
+threaten the stability of Government, and called upon the people to
+rally in support of the Constitution and laws; and _Whereas_, The
+merchants of New York, represented in this Chamber, have a deep stake in
+the results which may flow from the present exposed state of national
+affairs, as well as a jealous regard for the honor of that flag under
+whose protection they have extended the commerce of this city to the
+remotest part of the world; therefore,
+
+_Resolved_, That this Chamber, alive to the perils which have been
+gathering around our cherished form of Government and menacing its
+overthrow, has witnessed with lively satisfaction the determination of
+the President to maintain the Constitution and vindicate the supremacy
+of Government and law at every hazard. (Cheers.)
+
+_Resolved_, That the so-called secession of some of the Southern States
+having at last culminated in open war against the United States, the
+American people can no longer defer their decision between anarchy or
+despotism on the one side, and on the other liberty, order, and law
+under the most benign Government the world has ever known.
+
+_Resolved_, That this Chamber, forgetful of past differences of
+political opinion among its members, will, with unanimity and patriotic
+ardor, support the Government in this great crisis: and it hereby
+pledges its best efforts to sustain its credit and facilitate its
+financial operations. It also confidently appeals to all men of wealth
+to join in these efforts. (Applause.)
+
+_Resolved_, That while deploring the advent of civil war which has been
+precipitated on the country by the madness of the South, the Chamber is
+persuaded that policy and humanity alike demand that it should be met by
+the most prompt and energetic measures; and it accordingly recommends
+to Government the instant adoption and prosecution of a policy so
+vigorous and resistless, that it will crush out treason now and forever.
+(Applause.)
+
+_Resolved_, That the proposition of Mr. Jefferson Davis to issue letters
+of marque to whosoever may apply for them, emanating from no recognized
+Government, is not only without the sanction of public law, but
+piratical in its tendencies, and therefore deserving the stern
+condemnation of the civilized world. It cannot result in the fitting out
+of regular privateers, but may, in infesting the ocean with piratical
+cruisers, armed with traitorous commissions, to despoil our commerce and
+that of all other maritime nations. (Applause.)
+
+_Resolved_, That in view of this threatening evil, it is, in the opinion
+of this Chamber, the duty of our Government to issue at once a
+proclamation, warning all persons, that privateering under the
+commissions proposed will be dealt with as simple piracy. It owes this
+duty not merely to itself, but to other maritime nations, who have a
+right to demand that the United States Government shall promptly
+discountenance every attempt within its borders to legalize piracy. It
+should, also, at the earliest moment, blockade every Southern port, so
+as to prevent the egress and ingress of such vessels. (Immense
+applause.)
+
+_Resolved_, That the Secretary be directed to send copies of these
+resolutions to the Chambers of Commerce of other cities, inviting their
+co-operation in such measures as may be deemed effective in
+strengthening the hands of Government in this emergency.
+
+_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions, duly attested by the
+officers of the Chamber, be forwarded to the President of the United
+States.
+
+
+BLOCKADE RESOLUTIONS.
+
+_Whereas_, War against the Constitution and Government of these United
+States has been commenced, and is carried on by certain combinations of
+individuals, assuming to act for States at the South claiming to have
+seceded from the United States; and
+
+_Whereas_, Such combinations have officially promulgated an invitation
+for the enrollment of vessels, to act under their authorization, and as
+so-called "privateers," against the flag and commerce of the United
+States; therefore,
+
+_Resolved_, by the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, That
+the United States Government be recommended and urged to blockade the
+ports of such States, or any other State that shall join them, and that
+this measure is demanded for defence in war, as also for protection to
+the commerce of the United States against these so-called "privateers"
+invited to enrol under the authority of such States.
+
+_Resolved_, That the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York
+pledges its hearty and cordial support to such measures as the
+Government of the United States may, in its wisdom, inaugurate and carry
+through in the blockade of such ports.
+
+
+
+
+A PROCLAMATION,
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BLOCKADING THE
+SOUTHERN PORTS.
+
+
+_Whereas_ an insurrection against the Government of the United States
+has broken out in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
+Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and the laws of the United
+States for the collection of the revenue can not be efficiently executed
+therein conformably to that provision of the Constitution which requires
+duties to be uniform throughout the United States:
+
+And _Whereas_ a combination of persons, engaged in such insurrection,
+have threatened to grant pretended letters of marque to authorize the
+bearers thereof to commit assaults on the lives, vessels, and property
+of good citizens of the country lawfully engaged in commerce on the high
+seas, and in waters of the United States:
+
+And _Whereas_ an Executive Proclamation has been already issued,
+requiring the persons engaged in these disorderly proceedings to desist
+therefrom, calling out a militia force for the purpose of repressing the
+same, and convening Congress in extraordinary session to deliberate and
+determine thereon:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, with
+a view to the same purposes before mentioned, and to the protection of
+the public peace, and the lives and property of quiet and orderly
+citizens pursuing their lawful occupations, until Congress shall have
+assembled and deliberated on the said unlawful proceedings, or until the
+same shall have ceased, have further deemed advisable to set on foot a
+Blockade of the ports within the States aforesaid, in pursuance of the
+laws of the United States and of the laws of nations in such cases
+provided. For this purpose a competent force will be posted so as to
+prevent entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. If,
+therefore, with a view to violate such Blockade, a vessel shall
+approach, or shall attempt to leave any of the said ports, she will be
+duly warned by the Commander of one of the blockading vessels, who will
+endorse on her register the fact and date of such warning; and if the
+same vessel shall again attempt to enter or leave the blockaded port,
+she will be captured and sent to the nearest convenient port, for such
+proceedings against her and her cargo as prize as may be deemed
+advisable.
+
+And I hereby proclaim and declare, that if any person, under the
+pretended authority of said States, or under any other pretence, shall
+molest a vessel of the United States, or the persons or cargo on board
+of her, such person will be held amenable to the laws of the United
+States for the prevention and punishment of piracy.
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+By the President.
+WILLIAM H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+WASHINGTON, April 19, 1861.
+
+
+
+
+THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+
+Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord
+one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a Proclamation was issued by
+the President of the United States, containing among other things the
+following, to wit:
+
+"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand
+eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any
+State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be
+in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth and
+FOREVER FREE, and the Executive Government of the United States,
+including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and
+maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to
+repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for
+their actual freedom.
+
+"That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by
+proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which
+the people thereof respectively shall then be in rebellion against the
+United States, and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall
+on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United
+States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the
+qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the
+absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive
+evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in
+rebellion against the United States."
+
+Now, therefore, I, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
+Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the
+authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and
+necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first
+day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly
+proclaim for the full period of one hundred days from the day of the
+first above mentioned order, and designate, as the States and parts of
+States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion
+against the United States, the following, to wit: ARKANSAS, TEXAS,
+LOUISIANA, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson,
+St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terre Bonne,
+Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of
+Orleans), MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, FLORIDA, GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA, NORTH
+CAROLINA, and VIRGINIA (except the forty-eight counties designated as
+West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton,
+Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of
+Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are, for the present,
+left precisely as if this Proclamation were not issued.
+
+And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and
+declare that ALL PERSONS HELD AS SLAVES within said designated States
+and parts of States ARE, AND HENCEFORWARD SHALL BE FREE! and that the
+Executive Government of the United States, including the military and
+naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of
+said persons.
+
+And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free, to abstain
+from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence, and I recommend to
+them that in all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully for
+reasonable wages.
+
+And I further declar and make known that such persons of suitable
+condition will be received into the armed service of the United States
+to garrison forts, positions, stations and other places, and to man
+vessels of all sorts in said service.
+
+And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted
+by the Consitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate
+judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my name, and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this first day
+of January, in the year of our Lord one
+[L.S.] thousand eight hundred and sixty-three,
+and of the Independence of the United
+States the eighty-seventh.
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+By the President.
+WILLIAM H. SEWARD,
+_Secretary of State._
+
+
+THE CONFISCATION ACT.
+
+TO CONFISCATE PROPERTY USED FOR INSURRECTIONARY PURPOSES.
+
+
+_Be it enacted, etc._, That if, during the present or any future
+insurrection against the Government of the United States, after the
+President of the United States shall have declared, by proclamation,
+that the laws of the United States are opposed, and the execution
+thereof obstructed, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the
+ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the power vested in the
+marshals by law, any person or persons, his, her, or their agent,
+attorney, or employee, shall purchase or acquire, sell or give any
+property of whatsoever kind or description, with intent to use or employ
+the same, or suffer the same to be used or employed, in aiding,
+abetting, or promoting such insurrection or resistance to the laws, or
+any person or persons engaged therein; or if any person or persons,
+being the owner or owners of any such property, shall knowingly use or
+employ, or consent to the use or employment of the same as aforesaid,
+all such property is hereby declared to be lawful subject of prize and
+capture wherever found; and it shall be the duty of the President of the
+United States to cause the same to be seized, confiscated, and
+condemned.
+
+SEC. 2. Such prizes and capture shall be condemned in the district or
+circuit court of the United States, having jurisdiction of the amount,
+or in admiralty in any district in which the same may be seized, or into
+which they may be taken and proceedings first instituted.
+
+SEC. 3. The Attorney-General, or any district attorney of the United
+States in which said property may at the time be, may institute the
+proceedings of condemnation, and in such case they shall be wholly for
+the benefit of the United States; or any person may file an information
+with such attorney, in which case the proceedings shall be for the use
+of such informer and the United States in equal parts.
+
+SEC. 4. Whenever hereafter, during the present insurrection against the
+Government of the United States, any person claimed to be held to labor
+or service under the law of any State, shall be required or permitted by
+the person to whom such labor or service is claimed to be due, or by the
+lawful agent of such persons, to take up arms against the United
+States, or shall be required or permitted by the person to whom such
+labor or service is claimed to be due, or his lawful agent, to work or
+to be employed in or upon any fort, navy yard, dock, armory, ship,
+intrenchment, or in any military or naval service whatsoever, against
+the Government and lawful authority of the United States, then, and in
+every such case, the person to whom such labor or service is claimed to
+be due, shall forfeit his claim to such labor, any law of the State or
+of the United States to the contrary notwithstanding. And whenever
+thereafter the person claiming such labor or service shall seek to
+enforce his claim, it shall be a full and sufficient answer to such
+claim that the person whose service or labor is claimed had been
+employed in the hostile service against the Government of the United
+States, contrary to the provisions of this act.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN
+
+MARCH 4TH, 1861.
+
+
+_Fellow-Citizens of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with a custom as old as the Government itself, I appear
+before you to address you briefly, and to take, in your presence, the
+oath prescribed by the Constitution of the United States to be taken by
+the President, before he enters on the execution of his office.
+
+I do not consider it necessary, at present, for me to discuss those
+matters of administration about which there is no special anxiety or
+excitement. Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern
+States, that, by the accession of a Republican Administration, their
+property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered.
+There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed,
+the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed, and
+been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published
+speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those
+speeches, when I declare that "I have no purpose, directly or
+indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States
+where it exists." I believe I have no lawful right to do so; and I have
+no inclination to do so. Those who nominated and elected me, did so with
+the full knowledge that I had made this, and made many similar
+declarations, and had never recanted them. And, more than this, they
+placed in the platform, for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves
+and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read:
+
+"_Resolved_, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States,
+and especially the right of each State to order and control its own
+domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is
+essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance
+of our political fabric depend; and we denounce the lawless invasion by
+armed force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter under what
+pretext, as among the gravest of crimes."
+
+I now reiterate these sentiments; and in doing so I only press upon the
+public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the case is
+susceptible, that the property, peace, and security of no section are to
+be in anywise endangered by the now incoming Administration.
+
+I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the
+Constitution and the laws, can be given will be cheerfully given to all
+the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause, as cheerfully to
+one section as to another.
+
+There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from
+service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the
+Constitution as any other of its provisions:
+
+"No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof,
+escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation
+therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be
+delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be
+due."
+
+It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those who
+made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves; and the
+intention of the lawgiver is the law.
+
+All members of Congress swear their support to the whole
+Constitution--to this provision as well as any other. To the
+proposition, then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this
+clause "shall be delivered up," their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they
+would make the effort in good temper, could they not, with nearly equal
+unanimity, frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that
+unanimous oath?
+
+There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should be
+enforced by National or by State authority; but surely that difference
+is not a very material one. If the slave is to be surrendered, it can be
+of but little consequence to him or to others by which authority it is
+done; and should any one, in any case, be content that this oath shall
+go unkept on a merely unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be
+kept?
+
+Again, in any law upon this subject, ought not all the safeguards of
+liberty known in the civilized and humane jurisprudence to be
+introduced, so that a free man be not, in any case, surrendered as a
+slave? And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for
+the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guaranties that
+"the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and
+immunities of citizens of the several States?"
+
+I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations, and with
+no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical
+rules; and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of
+Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much
+safer for all, both in official and private stations, to conform to and
+abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed, than to violate any of
+them, trusting to find impunity in having them held to be
+unconstitutional.
+
+It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a President
+under our national Constitution. During that period fifteen different
+and very distinguished citizens have in succession administered the
+executive branch of the government. They have conducted it through many
+perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope for
+precedent, I now enter upon the same task, for the brief constitutional
+term of four years, under great and peculiar difficulties.
+
+A disruption of the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now
+formidably attempted. I hold that in the contemplation of universal law
+and of the Constitution, the Union of these States is perpetual.
+Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all
+national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper
+ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination.
+Continue to execute all the express provisions of our national
+Constitution, and the Union will endure forever, it being impossible to
+destroy it, except by some action not provided for in the instrument
+itself.
+
+Again, if the United States be not a government proper, but an
+association of States in the nature of a contract merely, can it, as a
+contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it?
+One party to a contract may violate it--break it, so to speak; but does
+it not require all to lawfully rescind it? Descending from these general
+principles we find the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union
+is perpetual, confirmed by the history of the Union itself.
+
+The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact,
+by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued in
+the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the
+faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged
+that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation, in 1778;
+and, finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and
+establishing the Constitution was to form a more perfect Union. But if
+the destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States be
+lawfully possible, the Union is less than before, the Constitution
+having lost the vital element of perpetuity.
+
+It follows from these views that no State, upon its own mere motion, can
+lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that
+effect, are legally void; and that acts of violence within any State or
+States against the authority of the United States, are insurrectionary
+or revolutionary, according to circumstances.
+
+I therefore consider that, in view of the Constitution and the laws, the
+Union is unbroken, and, to the extent of my ability, I shall take care,
+as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of
+the Union shall be faithfully executed in all the States. Doing this,
+which I deem to be only a simple duty on my part, I shall perfectly
+perform it, so far as is practicable, unless my rightful masters, the
+American people, shall withhold the requisition, or in some
+authoritative manner direct the contrary.
+
+I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the declared
+purpose of the Union that it will constitutionally defend and maintain
+itself.
+
+In doing this there need be no bloodshed or violence, and there shall be
+none unless it is forced upon the national authority.
+
+The power confided to me _will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the
+property and places belonging to the Government_, and collect the
+duties and imposts; but beyond what may be necessary for these objects
+there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people
+anywhere.
+
+Where hostility to the United States shall be so great and so universal
+as to prevent competent resident citizens from holding the Federal
+offices, there will be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers among the
+people that object. While the strict legal right may exist of the
+Government to enforce the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do
+so would be so irritating, and so nearly impracticable withal, that I
+deem it better to forego for the time the uses of such offices.
+
+The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts
+of the Union.
+
+So far as possible, the people everywhere shall have that sense of
+perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought and reflection.
+
+The course here indicated will be followed, unless current events and
+experience shall show a modification or change to be proper; and in
+every case and exigency my best discretion will be exercised according
+to the circumstances actually existing, and with a view and hope of a
+peaceful solution of the national troubles, and the restoration of
+fraternal sympathies and affections.
+
+That there are persons, in one section or another, who seek to destroy
+the Union at all events, and are glad of any pretext to do it, I will
+neither affirm nor deny. But if there be such, I need address no word to
+them.
+
+To those, however, who really love the Union, may I not speak, before
+entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national
+fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes? Would it not
+be well to ascertain why we do it? Will you hazard so desperate a step,
+while any portion of the ills you fly from, have no real existence? Will
+you, while the certain ills you fly to, are greater than all the real
+ones you fly from? Will you risk the commission of so fearful a mistake?
+All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights can
+be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right, plainly written in the
+Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily the human mind is so
+constituted, that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this.
+
+Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly-written
+provision of the Constitution has ever been denied. If, by the mere
+force of numbers, a majority should deprive a minority of any
+clearly-written constitutional right, it might, in a moral point of
+view, justify revolution; it certainly would, if such right were a
+vital one. But such is not our case.
+
+All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly
+assured to them by affirmations and negations, guaranties and
+prohibitions in the Constitution, that controversies never arise
+concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with a provision
+specifically applicable to every question which may occur in practical
+administration. No foresight can anticipate, nor any document of
+reasonable length contain, express provisions for all possible
+questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by national or by
+State authorities? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must
+Congress protect slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not
+expressly say. From questions of this class, spring all our
+constitutional controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities
+and minorities.
+
+If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the government
+must cease. There is no alternative for continuing the government but
+acquiescence on the one side or the other. If a minority in such a case,
+will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a precedent which in turn
+will ruin and divide them, for a minority of their own will secede from
+them whenever a majority refuses to be controlled by such a minority.
+For instance, why not any portion of a new confederacy, a year or two
+hence, arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of the present
+Union now claim to secede from it? All who cherish disunion sentiments
+are now being educated to the exact temper of doing this. Is there such
+perfect identity of interests among the States to compose a new Union as
+to produce harmony only, and prevent renewed secession? Plainly, the
+central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy.
+
+A majority held in restraint by constitutional check and limitation, and
+always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and
+sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects
+it, does, of necessity, fly to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is
+impossible; and the rule of a majority, as a permanent arrangement, is
+wholly inadmissible. So that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy
+or despotism in some form is all that is left.
+
+I do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional
+questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that
+such decisions must be binding in any case upon the parties to a suit,
+as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled to very high
+respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other departments
+of the government; and while it is obviously possible that such
+decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect
+following it, being limited to that particular case, with the chance
+that it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases,
+can better be borne than could the evils of a different practice.
+
+At the same time the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of
+the government upon the vital questions affecting the whole people is to
+be irrevocably fixed by the decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant
+they are made, as in ordinary litigation between parties in personal
+actions, the people will have ceased to be their own masters, unless
+having to that extent practically resigned their government into the
+hands of that eminent tribunal.
+
+Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the judges. It
+is a duty from which they may not shrink, to decide cases properly
+brought before them; and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn
+their decisions into political purposes. One section of our country
+believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other
+believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended; and this is the only
+substantial dispute; and the fugitive slave clause of the Constitution,
+and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade, are each as
+well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the
+moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. The great
+body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation in both cases, and
+a few break over in each. This, I think, cannot be perfectly cured, and
+it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections
+than before. The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would
+be ultimately revived, without restriction, in one section; while
+fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be
+surrendered at all by the other.
+
+Physically speaking we cannot separate--we cannot remove our respective
+sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall between them. A
+husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of the presence and beyond
+the reach of each other, but the different sections of our country
+cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face; and intercourse,
+either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible,
+then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory
+after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than
+friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between
+aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, you cannot
+fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on
+either, you cease fighting, the identical questions as to terms of
+intercourse are again upon you.
+
+This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit
+it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can
+exercise their constitutional right of amending, or their revolutionary
+right to dismember or overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact
+that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the
+national Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of
+amendment, I fully recognize the full authority of the people over the
+whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the
+instrument itself, and I should, under existing circumstances, favor,
+rather than oppose, a fair opportunity being afforded the people to act
+upon it.
+
+I will venture to add, that to me the convention mode seems preferable,
+in that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves,
+instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions
+originated by others not especially chosen for the purpose, and which
+might not be precisely such as they would wish either to accept or
+refuse. I understand that a proposed amendment to the Constitution
+(which amendment, however, I have not seen) has passed Congress, to the
+effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with the
+domestic institutions of States, including that of persons held to
+service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart from my
+purpose not to speak of particular amendments, so far as to say that,
+holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no
+objection to its being made express and irrevocable.
+
+The chief magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they
+have conferred none upon him to fix the terms for the separation of the
+States. The people themselves, also, can do this if they choose, but the
+Executive, as such, has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer
+the present government as it came to his hands, and to transmit it
+unimpaired by him to his successor. Why should there not be a patient
+confidence in the ultimate justice of the people? Is there any better or
+equal hope in the world? In our present differences is either party
+without faith of being in the right? If the Almighty Ruler of nations,
+with his eternal truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on
+yours of the South, that truth and that justice will surely prevail by
+the judgment of this great tribunal, the American people. By the frame
+of the Government under which we live, this same people have wisely
+given their public servants but little power for mischief, and have with
+equal wisdom provided for the return of that little to their own hands
+at very short intervals. While the people retain their virtue and
+vigilance, no administration, by any extreme wickedness or folly, can
+very seriously injure the Government in the short space of four years.
+
+My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon this whole
+subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time.
+
+If there be an object to hurry any of you, in hot haste, to a step which
+you would never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by
+taking time; but no good object can be frustrated by it.
+
+Such of you as are now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution
+unimpaired, and on the sensitive point, the laws of your own framing
+under it; while the new administration will have no immediate power, if
+it would, to change either.
+
+If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the right side in
+the dispute, there is still no single reason for precipitate action.
+Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him who
+has never yet forsaken this favored land, are still competent to adjust,
+in the best way, all our present difficulties.
+
+In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is
+the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.
+
+You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You
+have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government; while I
+shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it."
+
+I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be
+enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds
+of affection.
+
+The mystic cords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and
+patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad
+land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as
+surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.
+
+
+
+
+THE BALANCE SHEET OF THE GOVERNMENT,
+
+BEFORE AND SINCE THE WAR, 1859 AND 1865.
+
+
+The receipts into the Treasury during the fiscal year ending
+June 30, 1859, were as follows:
+
+From Customs                             $49,565,824 38
+From Public Lands                          1,756,687 30
+From Miscellaneous Sources                 2,082,559 33
+From Treasury Notes                        9,667,400 00
+From Loans                                18,620,000 00
+Aggregate resources for the year ending
+June 30, 1859                            $88,090,787 11
+
+Which amount was expended as follows:
+
+Civil, Foreign and Miscellan's           $23,635,820 94
+Interior (Indians and Pensions),           4,753,972 60
+War Department                            23,243,822 38
+Navy Department                           14,712,610 21
+Public Debt                               17,405,285 44
+
+Total expenses for the year              $83,751,511 57
+Balance in Treasury July 1, 1859           4,339,275 54
+
+The receipts into the Treasury during the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1865, was $1,898,532,533 24, of which were
+received:
+
+From loans applied to expenses          $864,863,499 17
+From loans applied to Public Debt        607,361,241 68
+From Internal Revenue                    209,464,215 25
+
+Expenditures for the year             $1,897,674,224 09
+War Department charged with            1,031,323,360 79
+Balance in Treasury July 1, 1865             858,309 15
+Total increase of Public Debt during the
+year                                     941,902,537 04
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S SECOND AND LAST INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
+
+MARCH 4, 1865.
+
+FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN: At this second appearing to take the oath of the
+Presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than
+there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of a
+course to be pursued seemed very fitting and proper. Now, at the
+expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been
+constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest
+which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the
+nation, little that is new could be presented.
+
+The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as
+well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust reasonably
+satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no
+prediction in regard to it is ventured.
+
+On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts were
+anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it; all sought
+to avoid it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this
+place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent
+agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war--seeking to
+dissolve the Union and divide the effects by negotiation. Both parties
+deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the
+nation survive; and the other would rather accept war than let it
+perish, and the war came.
+
+One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed
+generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it.
+These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that
+this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen,
+perpetuate, and extend this interest, was the object for which the
+insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government
+claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement
+of it.
+
+Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which
+it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the
+conflict might cease with, or even before the conflict itself should
+cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental
+and astounding.
+
+Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invoke his
+aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to
+ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of
+other men's faces; but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The
+prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered
+fully. The Almighty has his own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of
+offences, for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man
+by whom the offence cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery
+is one of these offences, which, in the providence of God, must needs
+come, but which, having continued through his appointed time, he now
+wills to remove, and that he gives to both North and South this terrible
+war as the woe due to those by whom the offence came, shall we discern
+therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers
+in a living God always ascribe to him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do
+we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may soon pass away. Yet, if God
+wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondman's two
+hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until
+every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid with another
+drawn by the sword; as was said three thousand years ago, so still it
+must be said, "The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous
+altogether."
+
+With malice toward none, with charity to all, with firmness in the
+right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the
+work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who
+shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans; to do
+all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among
+ourselves and with all nations.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY.
+
+ACCOMPANYING THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE, DECEMBER 8, 1863.
+
+
+WHEREAS, in and by the Constitution of the United States, it is provided
+that the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
+offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment;" and
+whereas a rebellion now exists whereby the loyal State governments of
+several States have for a long time been subverted, and many persons
+have committed and are now guilty of treason against the United States;
+and whereas, with reference to said rebellion and treason, laws have
+been enacted by Congress declaring forfeitures and confiscation of
+property and liberation of slaves, all upon terms and conditions therein
+stated; and also declaring that the President was thereby authorized at
+any time thereafter, by proclamation, to extend to persons who may have
+participated in the existing rebellion, in any State or part thereof,
+pardon and amnesty, with such exceptions and at such times and on such
+conditions as he may deem expedient for the public welfare; and whereas
+the congressional declaration for limited and conditional pardon accords
+with well established judicial exposition of the pardoning power; and
+whereas, with reference to said rebellion, the President of the United
+States has issued several proclamations with provisions in regard to the
+liberation of slaves; and whereas it is now desired by some persons
+heretofore engaged in said rebellion to resume their allegiance to the
+United States, and to reinaugurate loyal State governments within and
+for their respective States: Therefore,
+
+"I, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States, do proclaim,
+declare, and make known to all persons who have, directly or by
+implication, participated in the existing rebellion, except as
+hereinafter excepted, that a full pardon is hereby granted to them and
+each of them, with restoration of all rights of property, except as to
+slaves, and in property cases where rights of third parties shall have
+intervened, and upon the condition that every such person shall take and
+subscribe an oath, and thenceforward keep and maintain such oath
+inviolate; and which oath shall be registered for permanent
+preservation, and shall be of the tenor and effect following, to wit:
+
+"I, --------, do solemnly swear, in presence of Almighty God, that I will
+henceforth faithfully support, protect, and defend the Constitution of
+the United States, and the union of the States thereunder; and that I
+will in like manner, abide by and faithfully support all acts of
+Congress passed during the existing rebellion with reference to slaves,
+so long and so far as not repealed, modified, or held void by Congress,
+or by decision of the Supreme Court; and that I will, in like manner,
+abide by and faithfully support all proclamations of the President made
+during the existing rebellion having reference to slaves, so long and so
+far as not modified or declared void by decision of the Supreme Court.
+So help me God."
+
+The persons excepted from the benefits of the foregoing provisions are,
+all who are, or shall have been, civil or diplomatic officers or agents
+of the so-called confederate government; all who have left judicial
+stations under the United States to aid the rebellion; all who are, or
+shall have been, military or naval officers of said so-called
+confederate government, above the rank of colonel in the army, or of
+lieutenant in the navy; all who left seats in the United States Congress
+to aid the rebellion; all who resigned commissions in the Army or Navy
+of the United States, and afterwards aided the rebellion; and all who
+have engaged in any way in treating colored persons, or white persons in
+charge of such, otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war, and which
+persons may have been found in the United States Service as soldiers,
+seamen, or in any other capacity.
+
+And I do further proclaim, declare and make known, that whenever, in any
+of the States of Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee,
+Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and North Carolina, a number
+of persons, not less than one-tenth in number of the votes cast in such
+State at the presidential election of the year of our Lord 1860, each
+having taken the oath aforesaid, and not having since violated it, and
+being a qualified voter by the election law of the State existing
+immediately before the so-called act of secession, and excluding all
+others shall re-establish a State government which shall be republican,
+and in nowise contravening said oath, such shall be recognized as the
+true government of the State, and the State shall receive thereunder the
+benefits of the constitutional provision which declares that "the United
+States shall guaranty to every State in this Union a republican form of
+government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on
+application of the Legislature, or the Executive (when the Legislature
+cannot be convened), against domestic violence."
+
+And I do further proclaim, declare, and make known that any provision
+which may be adopted by such State government in relation to the freed
+people of such State, which shall recognize and declare their permanent
+freedom, provide for their education, and which may yet be consistent,
+as a temporary arrangement, with their present condition as a laboring,
+landless, and homeless class, will not be objected to by the National
+Executive. And it is suggested as not improper, that, in constructing a
+loyal State government in any State, the name of the State, the
+boundary, the subdivisions, the constitution, and the general code of
+laws, as before the rebellion, be maintained, subject only to the
+modifications made necessary by the conditions hereinbefore stated, and
+such others, if any, not contravening said conditions, and which may be
+deemed expedient by those framing the new State government.
+
+To avoid misunderstanding, it may be proper to say that this
+proclamation, so far as it relates to State governments, has no
+reference to States wherein loyal State governments have all the while
+been maintained. And for the same reason, it may be proper to further
+say that whether members sent to Congress from any State shall be
+admitted to seats, constitutionally rests exclusive with the respective
+Houses, and not to any extent with the Executive. And still further,
+that this proclamation is intended to present the people of the States
+wherein the national authority has been suspended, and loyal State
+governments have been subverted, a mode in and by which the national
+authority and loyal State governments may be re-established within said
+States, or in any of them; and, while the mode presented is the best the
+Executive can suggest, with his present impressions, it must not be
+understood that no other possible mode would be acceptable.
+
+Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, the 8th day of December,
+A.D. 1863, and of [L.S.] the independence of the United States of
+America the eighty-eighth.
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+By the President.
+WM. H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S AMNESTY PROCLAMATION.
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+_Whereas_, The President of the United States, on the 8th day of
+December, 1863, did, with the object of suppressing the existing
+rebellion, to induce all persons to lay down their arms, to return to
+their loyalty, and to restore the authority of the United States, issue
+proclamations offering amnesty and pardon to certain persons who had
+directly or by implication, engaged in said rebellion; and
+
+_Whereas_, Many persons who had so engaged in the late rebellion have,
+since the issuance of said proclamation, failed or neglected to take the
+benefits offered thereby; and
+
+_Whereas_, Many persons who have been justly deprived of all claim to
+amnesty and pardon thereunder, by reason of their participation directly
+or by implication in said rebellion, and continued in hostility to the
+Government of the United States since the date of said proclamation,
+now desire to apply for and obtain amnesty and pardon:
+
+To the end, therefore, that the authority of the Government of the
+United States may be restored, and that peace, and order, and freedom
+may be established, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States,
+do proclaim and declare, that I hereby grant to all persons who have
+directly or indirectly participated in the existing rebellion, except as
+hereafter excepted, amnesty and pardon, with restoration of all rights
+of property, except as to slaves, except in cases where legal
+proceedings under the laws of the United States, providing for the
+confiscation of property of persons engaged in rebellion, have been
+instituted, but on the condition, nevertheless, that every such person
+shall take and subscribe to the following oath, which shall be
+registered, for permanent preservation, and shall be of the tenor and
+effect following, to wit:
+
+I do solemnly swear or affirm in presence of Almighty God, that I will
+henceforth support, protect, and faithfully defend the Constitution of
+the United States, and will, in like manner, abide by and faithfully
+support all laws and proclamations which have been made during the
+existing rebellion with reference to the emancipation of slaves. So help
+me God.
+
+The following classes of persons are excepted from the benefits of this
+proclamation.
+
+1. All who are or have been pretended diplomatic officers, or otherwise
+domestic or foreign agents of the pretended Confederate States.
+
+2. All who left judicial stations under the United States to aid in the
+rebellion.
+
+3. All who have been military or naval officers of the pretended
+Confederate Government above the rank of colonel in the army, and
+lieutenant in the navy.
+
+4. All who left their seats in the Congress of the United States to aid
+in the rebellion.
+
+5. All who resigned or tendered the resignation of their commissions in
+the army and navy of the United States to evade their duty in resisting
+the rebellion.
+
+6. All who have engaged in any way in treating otherwise than lawfully
+as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States service as
+officers, soldiers, seamen, or in other capacities.
+
+7. All persons who have been or are absentees from the United States for
+the purpose of aiding the rebellion.
+
+8. All military or naval officers in the rebel service who were educated
+by the Government in the Military Academy at West Point, or at the
+United States Naval Academy.
+
+9. All persons who held the pretended offices of Governors of the
+States in insurrection against the United States.
+
+10. All persons who left their homes within the jurisdiction and
+protection of the United States, and passed beyond the Federal military
+lines into the so-called Confederate States for the purpose of aiding
+the rebellion.
+
+11. All persons who have engaged in the destruction of the commerce of
+the United States upon the high seas, and all persons who have made
+raids into the United States from Canada, or been engaged in destroying
+the commerce of the United States on the lakes and rivers that separate
+the British provinces from the United States.
+
+12. All persons who, at a time when they seek to obtain the benefits
+hereof by taking the oath herein prescribed, are in military, naval or
+civil confinement or custody, or under bond of the military or naval
+authorities or agents of the United States as prisoners of any kind,
+either before or after their conviction.
+
+13. All persons who have voluntarily participated in said rebellion, the
+estimated value of whose taxable property is over twenty thousand
+dollars.
+
+14. All persons who have taken the oath of amnesty, as prescribed in the
+President's proclamation of December 8, 1863, or the oath of allegiance
+to the United States since the date of said proclamation, and who have
+not thenceforward kept the same inviolate; provided, that special
+application may be made to the President for pardon by any person
+belonging to the excepted classes, and such clemency will be extended as
+may be consistent with the facts of the case and the peace and dignity
+of the United States. The Secretary of State will establish rules and
+regulations for administering and recording the said amnesty oath, so as
+to insure its benefits to the people, and guard the government against
+fraud.
+
+In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal
+of the United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this the 29th day of May, 1865, and of
+the independence of America the 89th.
+
+ANDREW JOHNSON.
+
+By the President,
+WM. H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+A PEACE PROCLAMATION.
+
+
+On the 20th of August, 1866, the President issued a proclamation
+announcing the return of peace and restoring the writ of _habeas corpus_
+in all the Southern States. Among the points made in this proclamation
+are the following:
+
+"There now exists no organized armed resistance of the misguided
+citizens or others to the authority of the United States in the States
+of Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee,
+Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Florida, and the laws can
+be sustained and enforced therein by the proper civil authority, State
+or Federal, and the people of the said States are well and loyally
+disposed, and have conformed, or will conform, in their legislation to
+the condition of affairs growing out of the amendment to the
+Constitution of the United States prohibiting slavery within the
+jurisdiction of the United States.
+
+"* * * The people of the several before mentioned States have, in the
+manner aforesaid, given satisfactory evidence that they acquiesce in
+this sovereign and important revolution of the national unity.
+
+"It is believed to be a fundamental principle of government that people
+who have revolted, and who have been overcome and subdued, must either
+be dealt with so as to induce them voluntarily to become friends, or
+else they must be held by absolute military power, or devastated so as
+to prevent them from ever again doing harm as enemies, which last named
+policy is abhorrent to humanity and freedom.
+
+"The Constitution of the United States provides for constitutional
+communities only as States, and not as territories, dependencies,
+provinces, or protectorates.
+
+"* * * Therefore, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, do
+hereby proclaim and declare that the insurrection which heretofore
+existed in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
+Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and
+Florida is at an end, and henceforth to be so regarded."
+
+
+
+
+CIVIL RIGHTS BILL.
+
+AS ADOPTED BY CONGRESS, MARCH, 1866.
+
+
+Sec. 1. That all persons in the United States, and not subject to any
+foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be
+citizens of the United States; and such citizens of every race and
+color, without regard to any previous condition of Slavery or
+involuntary service, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party
+shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same right, in every
+State and Territory, to make and enforce contracts, to sue, to be sued,
+be parties and give evidence; to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold,
+and convey personal property, and to full and equal benefit of all laws
+and proceedings for the security of person and property as are enjoyed
+by white citizens; and shall be subject to the like punishment, pains
+and penalties, and to none other; any law, statute, ordinance,
+regulation, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.
+
+Sec. 2. And that any person who, under color of any law, statute,
+ordinance, regulation, or custom, shall subject, or cause to be
+subjected, any inhabitant of any State or Territory to the deprivation
+of any right secured or protected by this act, or to punishment, pains,
+and penalties, on account of such person having at any time been held in
+a condition of slavery, or involuntary servitude, except for the
+punishment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, or
+by the reason of his color or race, than is prescribed for the
+punishment of white persons, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
+and, on conviction, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one
+thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both, in
+the discretion of the court.
+
+Sec. 3. That the district courts of the United States, within their
+respective districts, shall have, exclusively of the courts of the
+several States, cognizance of all crimes and offences committed against
+the provisions of this act, and also, concurrently with the circuit
+courts of the United States, of all causes civil and criminal, affecting
+persons who are denied, or can not enforce in the courts of judicial
+tribunal of the State or locality where they may be, any of the rights
+secured to them by the first section of this act; and if any suit or
+prosecution, civil or criminal, has been, or shall be commenced in any
+State court against any such person, for any cause whatsoever, civil or
+military, or any other person, any arrest or imprisonment, trespasses,
+or wrong done or committed by virtue or under color of authority derived
+from this act, or the act establishing a bureau for the relief of
+freedmen and refugees, and all acts amendatory thereof, or for refusing
+to do any act, upon the ground that it would be inconsistent with this
+act, such defendant shall have the right to remove such cause for trial
+to the proper district or circuit court, in the manner prescribed by the
+act relating to _habeas corpus_, and regulating judicial proceedings in
+certain cases, approved March 3, 1863, and all acts amendatory thereto.
+The jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters hereby conferred on the
+district and circuit courts of the United States shall be exercised and
+enforced, in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far as
+such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect; but in all cases
+where such laws are not adapted to the object, or are deficient in the
+provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish offences
+against the law, the common law, as modified and changed by the
+Constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having
+jurisdiction of the cause, civil or criminal, is held, so far as the
+same is not inconsistent with the Constitution, and laws of the United
+States, shall be extended, and govern the said courts in the trial and
+disposition of such causes, and, if of a criminal nature, in the
+infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.
+
+Sec. 4. That the district attorneys, marshals, and deputy marshals, of the
+United States, the commissioners appointed by the circuit and
+territorial courts of the United States, with power of arresting,
+imprisoning, or bailing offenders against the laws of the United States,
+the officers and agents of the Freedmen's Bureau, and every other
+officer who may be specially empowered by the President of the United
+States, shall be, and they are, hereby specially authorized and
+required, at the expense of the United States, to institute proceedings
+against all and every person who shall violate the provisions of this
+act, and cause him or them to be arrested and imprisoned, or bailed, as
+the case may be, for trial before such of the United States or
+territorial courts as by this act have cognizance of the offence, and,
+with a view to affording reasonable protection to all persons in their
+constitutional rights of equality before the law, without distinction of
+race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary
+servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall
+have been duly convicted, and the prompt discharge of the duties of
+this act, it shall be the duty of the circuit courts of the United
+States and the superior courts of the territories of the United States,
+from time to time, to increase the number of Commissioners, so as to
+afford a speedy and convenient means for the arrest and examination of
+persons charged with a violation of this act.
+
+Sec. 5. That said Commissioners shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the
+judges of the circuit and district courts of the United States, and the
+judges of the superior courts of the territories, severally and
+collectively, in term time and vacation, upon satisfactory proof being
+made, to issue warrants and precepts for arresting and bringing before
+them all offenders against the provisions of this act, and, on
+examination, to discharge, admit to bail, or commit them for trial, as
+the facts may warrant.
+
+Sec. 6. And such Commissioners are hereby authorized and required to
+exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred on them by
+this Act, and the same duties with regard to offences created by this
+act, as they are authorized by law to exercise with regard to other
+offences against the laws of the United States. That it shall be the
+duty of all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all
+warrants and precepts issued under the provisions of this act when to
+them directed, and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to
+receive such warrant or other process, when tendered, or to use all
+proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall on conviction
+thereof be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of the
+person upon whom the accused is alleged to have committed the offence;
+and the better to enable the said Commissioners to execute their duties
+faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the Constitution of the
+United States, and the requirements of this act, they are hereby
+authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to
+appoint, in writing under their hands, one or more suitable persons,
+from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may
+be issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties,
+and the person so appointed to execute any warrant or process as
+aforesaid shall have authority to summon and call to their aid the
+bystanders of a _posse comitatus_ of the proper county, or such portion
+of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as
+may be necessary to the performance of the duty with which they are
+charged, and to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the
+Constitution which prohibits slavery, in conformity with the provisions
+of this act; and said warrants shall run and be executed by said
+officers anywhere in the State or Territory within which they are
+issued.
+
+Sec. 7. That any person who shall knowingly and wrongfully obstruct, hinder
+or prevent any officer or other person charged with the execution of any
+warrant or process issued under the provisions of this act, or any
+person or persons lawfully assisting him or them, from arresting any
+person for whose apprehension such warrant or process may have been
+issued; or shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, such person from the
+custody of the officer, other person or persons, or those lawfully
+assisting, as aforesaid, when so arrested, pursuant to the authority
+herein given and declared; or shall aid, abet or assist any person so
+arrested as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from the
+custody of the officer or other persons legally authorized, as
+aforesaid, or shall harbor or conceal any person for whom a warrant or
+process shall have been issued as aforesaid, so as to prevent his
+discovery and arrest after notice of knowledge of the fact that a
+warrant has been issued for the apprehension of such person, shall for
+either of said offences be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand
+dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment before
+the district court of the United States for the district in which said
+offence may have been committed, or before the proper court of criminal
+jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized Territories
+of the United States.
+
+Sec. 8. That the district attorneys, the marshals, their deputies, and the
+clerks of the said district and territorial courts, shall be paid for
+their services the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar
+services in other cases; and in all cases where the proceedings are
+before a Commissioner he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in
+full for his services in each case, inclusive of all services incident
+to such arrest and examination. The person or persons authorized to
+execute the process to be issued by such Commissioners for the arrest of
+offenders against the provisions of this act, shall be entitled to a fee
+of five dollars for each person he or they may arrest and take before
+any such Commissioner, as aforesaid, with such other fees as may be
+deemed reasonable by such Commissioner for such other additional
+services as may be necessarily performed by him or them--such as
+attending at the examination, keeping the prisoner in custody, and
+providing food and lodgings during his detention and until the final
+determination of such Commissioner, and in general for performing such
+other duties as may be required in the premises, such fees to be made up
+in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers of the court
+of justice, within the proper district or county, as near as
+practicable, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States, on the
+certificate of the district within which the arrest is made, and to be
+recoverable from the defendant as part of the judgment in case of
+conviction.
+
+Sec. 9. That whenever the President of the United States shall have reason
+to believe that offences have been or are likely to be committed against
+the provisions of this act within any judicial district, it shall be
+lawful for him, in his discretion, to direct the judge, marshal and
+district attorney of such district to attend at such place within the
+district and for such time as he may designate, for the purpose of the
+more speedy arrest and trial of persons charged with the violation of
+this act; and it shall be the duty of every judge or other officer, when
+any such requisition shall be received by him, to attend at the place
+and for the time therein designated.
+
+Sec. 10. That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States, or
+such persons as he may empower for that purpose, to employ such part of
+the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as
+shall be necessary to prevent the violation and enforce the due
+execution of this act.
+
+Sec. 11. That upon all questions of law arising in any cause under the
+provisions of this act, a final appeal may be taken to the supreme court
+of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+FREEDMEN'S BUREAU BILL,
+
+AS AMENDED AND APPROVED BY THE XXXIXTH CONGRESS.
+
+     An act to continue in force and to amend "An act to establish a
+     Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees," and for other
+     purposes.
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled_, That the act to establish a
+Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees, approved March third,
+eighteen hundred and sixty-five, shall continue in force for the term of
+two years from and after the passage of this act.
+
+Sec. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That the supervision and care of said
+bureau shall extend to all loyal refugees and freedmen, so far as the
+same shall be necessary to enable them as speedily as practicable to
+become self-supporting citizens of the United States, and to aid them in
+making the freedom conferred by proclamation of the commander-in-chief,
+by emancipation under the laws of States, and by constitutional
+amendment, available to them and beneficial to the republic.
+
+Sec. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That the President shall, by and with
+the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint two assistant
+commissioners in addition to those authorized by the act to which this
+is an amendment, who shall give like bonds and receive the same annual
+salary provided in said act, and each of the assistant commissioners of
+the bureau shall have charge of one district containing such refugees or
+freedmen, to be assigned him by the Commissioner, with the approval of
+the President. And the Commissioner shall, under the direction of the
+President, and so far as the same shall be, in his judgment, necessary
+for the efficient and economical administration of the affairs of the
+bureau, appoint such agents, clerks, and assistants as maybe required
+for the proper conduct of the bureau. Military officers or enlisted men
+may be detailed for service and assigned to duty under this act; and the
+President may, if in his judgment safe and judicious so to do, detail
+from the army all the officers and agents of this bureau; but no officer
+so assigned shall have increase of pay or allowances. Each agent or
+clerk, not heretofore authorized by law, not being a military officer,
+shall have an annual salary of not less than five hundred dollars, nor
+more than twelve hundred dollars, according to the service required of
+him. And it shall be the duty of the Commissioner, when it can be done
+consistently with public interest, to appoint, as assistant
+commissioners, agents, and clerks, such men as have proved their loyalty
+by faithful service in the armies of the Union during the rebellion. And
+all persons appointed to service under this act and the act to which
+this is an amendment shall be so far deemed in the military service of
+the United States as to be under the military jurisdiction, and entitled
+to the military protection of the government while in discharge of the
+duties of their office.
+
+Sec. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That officers of the Veteran Reserve
+Corps or of the volunteer service, now on duty in the Freedmen's Bureau
+as assistant commissioners, agents, medical officers, or in other
+capacities, whose regiments or corps have been or may hereafter be
+mustered out of service, may be retained upon such duty as officers of
+said bureau, with the same compensation as is now provided by law for
+their respective grades; and the Secretary of War shall have power to
+fill vacancies until other officers can be detailed in their places
+without detriment to the public service.
+
+Sec. 5. _And be it further enacted_, That the second section of the act to
+which this is an amendment shall be deemed to authorize the Secretary of
+War to issue such medical stores or other supplies and transportation,
+and afford such medical or other aid as may be needful for the purpose
+named in said section: _Provided_, That no person shall be deemed
+"destitute," "suffering," or "dependent upon the government for
+support," within the meaning of this act, who is able to find
+employment, and could, by proper industry and exertion, avoid such
+destitution, suffering, or dependence.
+
+Sec. 6. Whereas, by the provisions of an act approved February sixth,
+eighteen hundred and sixty-three, entitled "An act to amend an act
+entitled 'An act for the collection of direct taxes in insurrectionary
+districts within the United States, and for other purposes,' approved
+June seventh, eighteen hundred and sixty-two," certain lands in the
+parishes of Saint Helena and Saint Luke, South Carolina, were bid in by
+the United States at public tax sales, and by the limitation of said act
+the time of redemption of said lands has expired; and whereas, in
+accordance with instructions issued by President Lincoln on the
+sixteenth day of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, to the
+United States direct tax commissioners for South Carolina, certain lands
+bid in by the United States in the parish of Saint Helena, in said
+State, were in part sold by the said tax commissioners to "heads of
+families of the African race," in parcels of not more than twenty acres
+to each purchaser; and whereas, under the said instructions, the said
+tax commissioners did also set apart as "school farms" certain parcels
+of land in said parish, numbered on their plats from one to
+thirty-three, inclusive, making an aggregate of six thousand acres, more
+or less: _Therefore, be it further enacted_, That the sales made to
+"heads of families of the African race," under the instructions of
+President Lincoln to the United States direct tax commissioners for
+South Carolina, of date of September sixteenth, eighteen hundred and
+sixty-three, are hereby confirmed and established; and all leases which
+have been made to such "heads of families," by said direct tax
+commissioners, shall be changed into certificates of sale in all cases
+wherein the lease provides for such substitution; and all the lands now
+remaining unsold, which come within the same designation, being eight
+thousand acres, more or less, shall be disposed of according to said
+instructions.
+
+Sec. 7. _And be it further enacted_, That all other lands bid in by the
+United States at tax sales, being thirty-eight thousand acres, more or
+less, and now in the hands of the said tax commissioners as the
+property of the United States, in the parishes of Saint Helena and
+Saint Luke, excepting the "school farms," as specified in the preceding
+section, and so much as may be necessary for military and naval purposes
+at Hilton Head, Bay Point, and Land's End, and excepting also the city
+of Port Royal, on Saint Helena island, and the town of Beaufort, shall
+be disposed of in parcels of twenty acres, at one dollar and fifty cents
+per acre, to such persons, and to such only, as have acquired and are
+now occupying lands under and agreeably to the provisions of General
+Sherman's special field order, dated at Savannah, Georgia, January
+sixteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, and the remaining lands, if
+any, shall be disposed of in like manner to such persons as had acquired
+lands agreeably to the said order of General Sherman, but who have been
+dispossessed by the restoration of the same to former owners:
+_Provided_, That the lands sold in compliance with the provisions of
+this and the preceding section shall not be alienated by their
+purchasers within six years from and after the passage of this act.
+
+Sec. 8. _And be it farther enacted_, That the "school farms" in the parish
+of Saint Helena, South Carolina, shall be sold, subject to any leases of
+the same, by the said tax commissioners, at public auction, on or before
+the first day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, at not less
+than ten dollars per acre; and the lots in the city of Port Royal, as
+laid down by the said tax commissioners, and the lots and houses in the
+town of Beaufort, which are still held in like manner, shall be sold at
+public auction; and the proceeds of said sales, after paying expenses of
+the surveys and sales, shall be invested in United States bonds, the
+interest of which shall be appropriated, under the direction of the
+Commissioner, to the support of schools, without distinction of color or
+race, on the islands in the parishes of Saint Helena and Saint Luke.
+
+Sec. 9. _And be it further enacted_, That the assistant commissioners for
+South Carolina and Georgia are hereby authorized to examine all claims
+to lands in their respective States which are claimed under the
+provisions of General Sherman's special field order, and to give each
+person having a valid claim a warrant upon the direct tax commissioners
+for South Carolina for twenty acres of land, and the said direct tax
+commissioners shall issue to every person, or to his or her heirs, but
+in no case to any assigns, presenting such warrant, a lease of twenty
+acres of land, as provided for in section 7, for the term of six years;
+but at any time thereafter, upon the payment of a sum not exceeding one
+dollar and fifty cents per acre, the person holding such lease shall be
+entitled to a certificate of sale of said tract of twenty acres from
+the direct tax commissioner or such officer as may be authorized to
+issue the same; but no warrant shall be held valid longer than two years
+after the issue of the same.
+
+Sec. 10. _And be it further enacted_, That the direct tax commissioners for
+South Carolina are hereby authorized and required at the earliest day
+practicable to survey the lands designated in section 7 into lots of
+twenty acres each, with proper metes and bounds distinctly marked, so
+that the several tracts shall be convenient in form, and as near as
+practicable have an average of fertility and woodland; and the expense
+of such surveys shall be paid from the proceeds of the sales of said
+lands, or, if sooner required, out of any moneys received for other
+lands on these islands, sold by the United States for taxes, and now in
+the hands of the direct tax commissioners.
+
+Sec. 11. _And be it further enacted_, That restoration of lands occupied by
+freedmen under General Sherman's field order, dated at Savannah,
+Georgia, January sixteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, shall not
+be made until after the crops of the present year shall have been
+gathered by the occupants of said lands, nor until a fair compensation
+shall have been made to them by the former owners of such lands or their
+legal representatives for all improvements or betterments erected or
+constructed thereon, and after due notice of the same being done shall
+have been given by the assistant commissioner.
+
+Sec. 12. _And be it further enacted_, That the Commissioner shall have
+power to seize, hold, use, lease, or sell all buildings and tenements,
+and any lands appertaining to the same, or otherwise, formerly held
+under color of title by the late so-called Confederate States, and not
+heretofore disposed of by the United States, and any buildings or lands
+held in trust for the same by any person or persons, and to use the same
+or appropriate the proceeds derived therefrom to the education of the
+freed people; and whenever the bureau shall cease to exist, such of said
+so-called Confederate States as shall have made provision for the
+education of their citizens without distinction of color shall receive
+the sum remaining unexpended of such sales or rentals, which shall be
+distributed among said States for educational purposes in proportion to
+their population.
+
+Sec. 13. _And be it further enacted_, That the Commissioner of this bureau
+shall at all times co-operate with private benevolent associations of
+citizens in aid of freedmen, and with agents and teachers, duly
+accredited and appointed by them, and shall hire or provide by lease
+buildings for purposes of education whenever such associations shall,
+without cost to the government, provide suitable teachers and means of
+instructions; and he shall furnish such protection as may be required
+for the safe conduct of such schools.
+
+Sec. 14. _And be it further enacted_, That in every State or district where
+the ordinary course of judicial proceedings has been interrupted by the
+rebellion, and until the same shall be fully restored, and in every
+State or district whose constitutional relations to the government have
+been practically discontinued by the rebellion, and until such State
+shall have been restored in such relations, and shall be duly
+represented in the Congress of the United States, the right to make and
+enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and give evidence, to inherit,
+purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, and
+to have full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings concerning
+personal liberty, personal security, and the acquisition, enjoyment, and
+disposition of estate, real and personal, including the constitutional
+right to bear arms, shall be secured to and enjoyed by all the citizens
+of such State or district without respect to race or color, or previous
+condition of slavery. And whenever in either of said States or districts
+the ordinary course of judicial proceedings has been interrupted by the
+rebellion, and until the same shall be fully restored, and until such
+State shall have been restored in its constitutional relations to the
+government, and shall be duly represented in the Congress of the United
+States, the President shall, through the Commissioner and the officers
+of the bureau, and under such rules and regulations as the President,
+through the Secretary of War, shall prescribe, extend military
+protection and have military jurisdiction over all cases and questions
+concerning the free enjoyment of such immunities and rights, and no
+penalty or punishment for any violation of law shall be imposed or
+permitted because of race or color, or previous condition of slavery,
+other or greater than the penalty or punishment to which white persons
+may be liable by law for the like offence. But the jurisdiction
+conferred by this section upon the officers of the bureau shall not
+exist in any State where the ordinary course of judicial proceedings has
+not been interrupted by the rebellion, and shall cease in every State
+when the courts of the State and of the United States are not disturbed
+in the peaceable course of justice, and after such State shall be fully
+restored in its constitutional relations to the government, and shall be
+duly represented in the Congress of the United States.
+
+Sec. 15. _And be it further enacted_, That all officers, agents, and
+employes of this bureau, before entering upon the duties of their
+office, shall take the oath prescribed in the first section of the act
+to which this is an amendment; and all acts or parts of acts
+inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.
+
+SCHUYLER COLFAX,
+
+_Speaker of the House of Representatives_.
+
+LAFAYETTE S. FOSTER,
+
+_President of Senate pro tempore_.
+
+
+IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES,
+
+_July_ 16, 1866.
+
+The President of the United States having returned to the House of
+Representatives, in which it originated, the bill entitled "An act to
+continue in force and to amend 'An act to establish a Bureau for the
+Relief of Freedmen and Refugees,' and for other purposes," with his
+objections thereto, the House of Representatives proceeded, in pursuance
+of the Constitution to reconsider the same; and
+
+_Resolved_, That the said bill pass, two-thirds of the House of
+Representatives agreeing to pass the same.
+
+Attest:                  EDWARD MCPHERSON,
+
+_Clerk House of Representatives of the United States._
+
+IN SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+_July 16, 1866._
+
+The Senate having proceeded, in pursuance of the Constitution, to
+reconsider the bill entitled "An act to continue in force and to amend
+'An act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees,'
+and for other purposes," returned to the House of Representatives by the
+President of the United States, with his objections, and sent by the
+House of Representatives to the Senate with the message of the President
+returning the bill--
+
+_Resolved_, That the bill do pass, two-thirds of the Senate agreeing to
+pass the same.
+
+Attest:                         J.W. FORNEY,
+
+_Secretary of the Senate of the United States._
+
+
+
+
+PROVOST MARSHAL-GENERAL'S REPORT.
+
+     SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MEN ENLISTED, NUMBER OF KILLED, WOUNDED, AND
+     DEATHS FROM DISEASE, DURING THE REBELLION.
+
+
+WASHINGTON, D.C., Friday, April 27, 1866.
+
+The following is a condensed summary of the results of the operations of
+this bureau, from its organization to the close of the war.
+
+1. By means of a full and exact enrollment of all persons liable to
+conscription, under the law of March 3 and its amendments, a complete
+exhibit of the military resources of the loyal States, in men, was made,
+showing an aggregate number of 2,254,063, not including 1,000,516
+soldiers actually under arms, when hostilities ceased.
+
+2. One million one hundred and twenty thousand six hundred and
+twenty-one men were raised, at an average cost (on account of
+recruitment exclusive of bounties,) of $9.84 per man, while the cost of
+recruiting of 1,356,593 raised prior to the organization of the Bureau
+was $34.01 per man. A saving of over seventy cents on the dollar in the
+cost of raising troops was thus effected under this Bureau,
+notwithstanding the increase in the price of subsistence,
+transportation, rents, &c., during the last two years of the war. (Item:
+The number above given does not embrace the naval credits allowed under
+the eighth section of the act of July 4, 1864, nor credits for drafted
+men who paid commutation, the recruits for the regular army, nor the
+credits allowed by the Adjutant-General subsequent to May 25, 1865, for
+men raised prior to that date.)
+
+3. Seventy-six thousand five hundred and twenty-six deserters were
+arrested and returned to the army. The vigilance and energy of the
+officers of the Bureau, in this line of the business, put an effectual
+check to the wide-spread evil of desertion, which, at one time, impaired
+so seriously the numerical strength and efficiency of the army.
+
+4. The quotas of men furnished by the various parts of the country were
+equalized, and a proportionate share of military service secured from
+each, thus removing the very serious inequality of recruitment, which
+had arisen during the first two years of the war, and which, when the
+bureau was organized, had become an almost insuperable obstacle to the
+further progress of raising troops.
+
+5. Records were completed showing minutely the physical condition of
+1,014,776 of the men examined, and tables of great scientific and
+professional value have been compiled from this data.
+
+6. The casualties in the entire military force of the nation during the
+war of the rebellion, as shown by the official muster-rolls and monthly
+returns, have been compiled with, in part, this result:
+
+KILLED IN ACTION OR DIED OF WOUNDS WHILE IN SERVICE.
+
+Commissioned officers                           5,221
+Enlisted men                                   90,868
+
+DIED FROM DISEASE OR ACCIDENT.
+
+Commissioned officers                           2,321
+Enlisted men                                  182,329
+                                             --------
+     Total loss in service                    280,739
+
+These figures have been carefully compiled from the complete official
+file of muster-rolls and monthly returns, but yet entire accuracy is not
+claimed for them, as errors and omissions to some extent doubtless
+prevailed in the rolls and returns. Deaths (from wounds or disease
+contracted in service) which occurred after the men left the army are
+not included in these figures.
+
+7. The system of recruitment established by the Bureau, under the laws
+of Congress, if permanently adopted, (with such improvement as
+experience may suggest,) will be capable of maintaining the numerical
+strength and improving the character of the army in time of peace, or of
+promptly and economically rendering available the National forces to any
+required extent in time of war.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES ARMY DURING THE GREAT CIVIL WAR OF 1861-65.
+
+The following statement shows the number of men furnished by each State:
+
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------------
+                     | Men furnished   | Aggregate No.   | Aggregate
+                     | under Act of    | of men          | No. of men
+                     | April 15, 1861, | furnish'd under | furnish'd
+      STATES.        | for 75,000      | all calls.      | reduced to
+                     | militia for     |                 | the 3 years'
+                     | for 3 months.   |                 | standard.
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------------
+Maine                |        771      |      71,745     |    56,595
+New Hampshire        |        779      |      34,605     |    30,827
+Vermont              |        782      |      35,246     |    29,052
+Massachusetts        |      3,736      |     151,785     |   123,844
+Rhode Island         |      3,147      |      23,711     |    17,878
+Connecticut          |      2,402      |      57,270     |    50,514
+New York             |     13,906      |     464,156     |   381,696
+New Jersey           |      3,123      |      79,511     |    55,785
+Pennsylvania         |     20,175      |     366,326     |   267,558
+Delaware             |        775      |      13,651     |    10,303
+Maryland             |        ...      |      49,731     |    40,692
+West Virginia        |        900      |      32,003     |    27,653
+District of Columbia |      4,720      |      16,872     |    11,506
+Ohio                 |     12,357      |     317,133     |   237,976
+Indiana              |      4,686      |     195,147     |   152,283
+Illinois             |      4,820      |     258,217     |   212,694
+Michigan             |        781      |      90,119     |    80,865
+Wisconsin            |        817      |      96,118     |    78,985
+Minnesota            |        930      |      25,034     |    19,675
+Iowa                 |        968      |      75,860     |    68,182
+Missouri             |     10,501      |     108,773     |    86,192
+Kentucky             |        ...      |      78,540     |    70,348
+Kansas               |        650      |      20,097     |    18,654
+Tennessee            |        ...      |      12,077     |    12,077
+Arkansas             |        ...      |         ...     |       ...
+North Carolina       |        ...      |         ...     |       ...
+California           |        ...      |       7,451     |     7,451
+Nevada               |        ...      |         216     |       216
+Oregon               |        ...      |         617     |       581
+Washington Ter'ty    |        ...      |         895     |       895
+Nebraska             |        ...      |       1,279     |       380
+Colorado             |        ...      |       1,762     |     1,762
+Dakota               |        ...      |         181     |       181
+New Mexico           |      1,510      |       2,395     |     1,011
+                     |     ------      |   ---------     | ---------
+Total                |     93,326      |   2,688,523     | 2,154,311
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------------
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE FLAG.
+
+BY A DISTINGUISHED HISTORIAN.
+
+
+Men, in the aggregate, demand something besides abstract ideas and
+principles. Hence the desire for symbols--something visible to the eye
+and that appeals to the senses. Every nation has a flag that represents
+the country--every army a common banner, which, to the soldier, stands
+for that army. It speaks to him in the din of battle, cheers him in the
+long and tedious march, and pleads with him on the disastrous retreat.
+
+Standards were originally carried on a pole or lance. It matters little
+what they may be, for the symbol is the same.
+
+In ancient times the Hebrew tribes had each its own standard--that of
+Ephraim, for instance, was a steer; of Benjamin, a wolf. Among the
+Greeks, the Athenians had an owl, and the Thebans a sphynx. The standard
+of Romulus was a bundle of hay tied to a pole, afterwards a human hand,
+and finally an eagle. Eagles were at first made of wood, then of
+silver, with thunderbolts of gold. Under Caesar they were all gold,
+without thunderbolts, and were carried on a long pike. The Germans
+formerly fastened a streamer to a lance, which the duke carried in front
+of the army. Russia and Austria adopted the double headed eagle. The
+ancient national flag of England, all know, was the banner of St.
+George, a white field with a red cross. This was at first used in the
+Colonies, but several changes were afterwards made.
+
+Of course, when they separated from the mother country, it was necessary
+to have a distinct flag of their own, and the Continental Congress
+appointed Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. Harrison, a committee to take
+the subject into consideration. They repaired to the American army, a
+little over 9,000 strong, then assembled at Cambridge, and after due
+consideration, adopted one composed of seven white and seven red
+stripes, with the red and white crosses of St. George and St. Andrew,
+conjoined on a blue field in the corner, and named it "The Great Union
+Flag." The crosses of St. George and St. Andrew were retained to show
+the willingness of the colonies to return to their allegiance to the
+British crown, if their rights were secured. This flag was first hoisted
+on the first day of January, 1776. In the meantime, the various colonies
+had adopted distinctive badges, so that the different bodies of troops,
+that flocked to the army, had each its own banner. In Connecticut, each
+regiment had its own peculiar standard, on which were represented the
+arms of the colony, with the motto, "Qui transtulit sustinet"--(he who
+transplanted us will sustain us.) The one that Putnam gave to the breeze
+on Prospect Hill on the 18th of July, 1775, was a red flag, with this
+motto on one side, and on the other, the words inscribed, "An appeal to
+Heaven." That of the floating batteries was a white ground with the same
+"Appeal to Heaven" upon it. It is supposed that at Bunker Hill our
+troops carried a red flag, with a pine tree on a white field in the
+corner. The first flag in South Carolina was blue, with a crescent in
+the corner, and received its first baptism under Moultrie. In 1776, Col.
+Gadsen presented to Congress a flag to be used by the navy, which
+consisted of a rattle-snake on a yellow ground, with thirteen rattles,
+and coiled to strike. The motto was, "Don't tread on me." "The Great
+Union Flag," as described above, without the crosses, and sometimes with
+the rattle-snake and motto, "Don't tread on me," was used as a naval
+flag, and called the "Continental Flag."
+
+As the war progressed, different regiments and corps adopted peculiar
+flags, by which they were designated. The troops which Patrick Henry
+raised and called the "Culpepper Minute Men," had a banner with a
+rattle-snake on it, and the mottoes, "Don't tread on me," and "Liberty
+or death," together with their name. Morgan's celebrated riflemen,
+called the "Morgan Rifles," not only had a peculiar uniform, but a flag
+of their own, on which was inscribed, "XI. Virginia Regiment," and the
+words, "Morgan's Rifle Corps." On it was also the date, 1776, surrounded
+by a wreath of laurel. Wherever this banner floated, the soldiers knew
+that deadly work was being done.
+
+When the gallant Pulaski was raising a body of cavalry, in Baltimore,
+the nuns of Bethlehem sent him a banner of crimson silk, with emblems on
+it, wrought by their own hands. That of Washington's Life Guard was made
+of white silk, with various devices upon it, and the motto, "Conquer or
+die."
+
+It doubtless always will be customary in this country, during a war, for
+different regiments to have flags presented to them with various devices
+upon them. It was so during the recent war, but as the stars and stripes
+supplant them all, so in our revolutionary struggle, the "Great Union
+Flag," which was raised in Cambridge, took the place of all others and
+became the flag of the American army.
+
+But in 1777, Congress, on the 19th day of June, passed the following
+resolution: "_Resolved_, That the flag of the thirteen United States be
+thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, that the union be thirteen
+stars, white, in a blue field, representing a new constellation." A
+constellation, however, could not well be represented on a flag, and so
+it was changed into a circle of stars, to represent harmony and union.
+Red is supposed to represent courage, white, integrity of purpose, and
+blue, steadfastness, love, and faith. This flag, however, was not used
+till the following autumn, and waved first over the memorable battle
+field of Saratoga.
+
+Thus our flag was born, which to-day is known, respected, and feared
+round the entire globe. In 1794 it received a slight modification,
+evidently growing out of the intention at that time of Congress to add a
+new stripe with every additional State that came into the Union, for it
+passed that year the following resolution: "_Resolved_, That from and
+after the 1st day of May, Anno Domini 1795, the flag of the United
+States be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white. That the union be
+fifteen stars, white, in a blue field." In 1818, it was by another
+resolution of Congress, changed back into thirteen stripes, with
+twenty-one stars, in which it was provided that a new star should be
+added to the union on the admission of each new State. That resolution
+has never been rescinded, till now thirty-six stars blaze on our
+banner. The symbol of our nationality, the record of our glory, it has
+become dear to the heart of the people. On the sea and on the land its
+history has been one to swell the heart with pride. The most beautiful
+flag in the world in its appearance, it is stained by no disgrace, for
+it has triumphed in every struggle. Through three wars it bore us on to
+victory, and in this last terrible struggle against treason, though
+baptized in the blood of its own children, not a star has been effaced,
+and it still waves over a united nation.
+
+Whenever the "Star-Spangled Banner" is sung, the spontaneous outburst of
+the vast masses, as the chorus is reached, shows what a hold that flag
+has on the popular heart. It not only represents our nationality, but it
+is the _people's_ flag. It led them on to freedom--it does something
+more than appeal to their pride as a symbol of national greatness--it
+appeals to their affections as a friend of their dearest rights. We
+cannot better close this short history of our flag than by appending the
+following stirring poem of Drake:
+
+  WHEN freedom from her mountain height
+    Unfurled her standard to the air,
+  She tore the azure robes of night,
+    And set the stars of glory there!
+  She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
+  The milky baldric of the skies,
+  And striped its pure celestial white
+  With streakings of the morning light;
+  Then, from his mansion in the sun,
+  She called her eagle-bearer down,
+  And gave into his mighty hand
+  The symbol of her chosen land!
+
+  Majestic monarch of the cloud
+    Who rear'st aloft thy regal form,
+  To hear the tempest trumping loud
+  And see the lightning lances driven,
+    When strive the warriors of the storm,
+  And rolls the thunder drum of heaven,
+  Child of the sun! to thee 'tis given
+    To guard the banner of the free;
+  To hover in the sulphur smoke,
+  To ward away the battle stroke;
+  And bid its blendings shine afar,
+  Like rainbows on the cloud of war--
+    The harbinger of victory!
+
+  Flag of the brave! thy folds shall fly,
+  The sign of hope and triumph high,
+  When speaks the signal trumpet tone,
+  And the long line comes gleaming on,
+  (Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet,
+  Hath dimmed the glittering bayonet,)
+  Each soldier's eye shall brightly turn
+  To where thy sky-born glories burn,
+
+  And, as his springing steps advance,
+  Catch war and vengeance from the glance;
+  And when the cannon's mouthings loud
+  Heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud,
+  And gory sabres rise and fall,
+  Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall;
+  Then shall thy meteor glances glow,
+    And cowering foes shall shrink beneath
+  Each gallant arm that strikes below
+    That lovely messenger of death.
+
+  Flag of the seas! on ocean wave
+  Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave,
+  When death, careering on the gale,
+  Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail,
+  And frightened waves rush wildly back,
+  Before the broadside's reeling rack,
+  Each dying wanderer of the sea,
+  Shall look at once to heaven and thee,
+  And smile to see thy splendor fly,
+  In triumph o'er his closing eye.
+
+  Flag of the free, heart's hope and home!
+    By angel hands to valor given;
+  Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,
+    And all thy hues were born in heaven!
+  Forever float that standard sheet!
+    Where breathes the foe but falls before us?
+  With Freedom's soil beneath our feet,
+    And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us?
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Key-Notes of American Liberty, by Various
+
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